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Firoz Khan

2026-05-06T18:31:16Z

MalissaHardaway: created

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{distinguish|Firose Khan}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Firoz Khan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Firoz Khan
| birth_date = 9 January 1962
| citizenship = Indian
| spouse(s) = Kashmira
| children = 3 (including [[Jibraan Khan]])
| occupation = Actor
| known_for = [[Arjuna]] in [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]
| yearsactive = 1984–2016
}}

'''Arjun Firoz Khan''' is an Indian actor, best known for playing the character of warrior prince [[Arjuna]] in [[B. R. Chopra]]'s epic television series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/A-film-on-Mahabharata/articleshow/11564233.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919142942/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-20/tv/30646770_1_marathi-films-film-industry-small-screen |url-status=live |archive-date=19 September 2013 |title=A film on Mahabharata |date=20 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-04-18}}</ref> He has also acted in negative roles in several [[Hindi language]] movies and television series.

== Personal life ==
Firoz Khan belongs to a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] family of the [[Afridi]] clan with ancestral roots in [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tankha |first=Madhur |date=29 August 2012 |title=Mahabharat’s Arjun gets blacklisted! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/mahabharats-arjun-gets-blacklisted/article3834854.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260506182457/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/mahabharats-arjun-gets-blacklisted/article3834854.ece |archive-date=2026-05-06 |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |quote=The Afridi Pathan from Peshawar (...)}}</ref> Khan is a [[Muslim]] and has participated in [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin_markaz |date=2020-11-27 |title=Jamaat-e-Islami Hind Mumbai delegation meets actor Arjun-Feroz Khan, gifts holy Quran - Jamaat-e-Islami Hind |url=https://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/meets-actor-arjun-feroz-khan-gifts-holy-quran/,%20https://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/meets-actor-arjun-feroz-khan-gifts-holy-quran/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Khan is married to Kashmira. The couple has three children – a son and two daughters. His son, [[Jibraan Khan]] is also an actor who played the role of [[Dhruva]] in [[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|''Vishnu Puran'']] and the lead role of Sahir Singh Rajput in the 2024 movie ''[[Ishq Vishk Rebound]]''.<ref>{{Citation|last=composer.|first=Johar, Yash, 1929-2004, producer. Johar, Karan, 1972- screenwriter, director. Bachchan, Amitabh, 1942- actor. Bhaduri, Jaya, actor. Khan, Shah Rukh, 1965- actor. Kajol, actor. Roshan, Hrithik, actor. Kapoor, Kareena, actor. Khan, Farah, choreographer. Pandit, Jatin, composer. Shrivastava, Aadesh, composer. Shandilya, Sandesh|title=Kabhi khushi kabhie gham--|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/954470984|oclc=954470984|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2020 |title=In pics: Mahabharat's Arjun aka Firoz Khan's son is the spitting image of his father |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahabarats-arjun-aka-feroz-khan-and-ramayans-sunil-lahris-sons-are-spitting-image-of-their-fathers-in-pics/amp_etphotostory/79569197.cms |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>

Due to the similarity with the name of actor [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], he changed his name to Arjun professionally, with suggestions from [[B. R. Chopra]] and [[Rahi Masoom Raza]], the director and the writer of [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|''Mahabharat'']] respectively.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 2020 |title=Mahabharat's Arjun Firoz Khan Says Changing His Name Gave Him Everything He'd Dreamed of |publisher=News18.com |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mahabharats-arjun-firoz-khan-says-changing-his-name-gave-him-everything-hed-dreamed-of-2594135.html |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Manzil Manzil]]''
| Rupesh
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Zabardast]]''
| Bikram Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986
| ''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]''
| Manohar Joshi
|
|-
| ''[[Mazloom]]''
| Rajan Vijay Singh
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1988
| ''[[Kanwarlal]]''
| Jaggan Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]''
| Ratan Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''
| Arjun Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Jungle Ki Beti]]''
|
|
|-
| 1989
| ''Ajeeb Itefaq''
| Singer
| Guest role
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Sher Dil (Indian film)|Sher Dil]]''
| Rapist
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Naya Zaher]]''
| Inspector Vikram
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1992
| ''[[Kal Ki Awaz]]''
| DSP Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Jigar]]''
| Duryodhan
|
|-
| ''[[Tirangaa (film)|Tirangaa]]''
| Rasik Nath Gundaswamy
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1993
|''[[Game (1993 film)|Game]]''
|Raghu
|
|-
| ''[[Phool Aur Angaar]]''
| Kaalicharan
|
|-
| ''[[Aadmi (1993 film)|Aadmi]]''
| Trikaal's Goon
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1994
| ''[[Mr. Azaad]]''
| Hiravat Mishra's Son
|
|-
| ''[[Brahma (1994 film)|Brahma]]''
| Sunder
|
|-
| ''[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1994 film)|Aa Gale Lag Jaa]]''
| Sikander Khanna
|
|-
|''[[Zaalim]]''
| Vinod
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995
| ''[[Karan Arjun]]''
| Naahar Singh
|
|-
|''[[The Don (1995 film)|The Don]]''
|ACP Patil
|
|-
| ''[[Kalyug Ke Avtaar]]''
| Vicky
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1996
| ''[[Hum Hain Khalnayak]]''
| Film Producer (Role)
|
|-
| ''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]''
| Thakur's Son
|
|-
| ''Rangbaaz''
| Goga
|
|-
| ''[[Hello Daddy]]''
| Ji Jo
| Kannada film
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1997
| ''[[Mohabbat (1997 film)|Mohabbat]]''
| Goon
|
|-
| ''[[Do Ankhen Barah Hath]]''
| Police Inspector
|
|-
| ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''
| Police Inspector Feroz Khan
| Guest role
|-
| ''[[Vishwavidhaata]]''
| Goon
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998
| ''[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]''
| Singhal's Man
|
|-
|''[[Tirchhi Topiwale|Tircchi Topiwale]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirchhi Topiwale - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2526 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mehndi (1998 film)|Mehndi]]''
| Billoo (Eunuch/Hijra)
|
|-
| ''[[Mafia Raaj]]''
| Jacky Jackal
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999
| ''[[Maa Kasam (1999 film)|Maa Kasam]]''
| Inspector Gashal
|
|-
|''[[Lohpurush]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lohpurush - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2463 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|Babu Hatela/Inspector Kulkarni
|
|-
| ''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]''
| Arjun Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Dada (1999 hindi film)|Dada]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dada (1999) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/dada-8513/cast-crew |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
| Hitman
|
|-
|2000
| ''[[Jwalamukhi (2000 film)|Jwalamukhi]]''
| Nagarjuna
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| ''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]''
| Monty
|
|-
| ''Arjun Devaa''
| Jahangir Khan
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Rishtey (2002 film)|Rishtey]]''
| Trainer and Friend
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kutumba]]''
| Jayaraj Patil
| Kannada film
|-
|2004
|''[[Kanchana Ganga (2004 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]''
|
|Kannada film
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Chand Sa Roshan Chehra]]''
|
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Yeh Raat]]''
| Yograj
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana 2]]''
| Sikh Inspector in London
|
|-
|''[[Mahabharat Aur Barbareek]]''
| [[Arjuna|Arjun]]
|
|-
|2015
|''2 Chehare''
|Tony
|
|-
|2016
|''[[I Don't Watch TV]]''
|Himself
|Web Series
|}

=== Television series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Serial !! Role!! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Bahadur Shah Zafar (TV series)|Bahadur Shah Zafar]]'' ||[[Nawab Wajid Ali Shah]] || Rowspan="6"|[[DD National]] ||Only in Episode no 8 and 9
|-
|1988-1990||''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''||[[Arjuna|Arjun]]||
|-
| 1996 ||''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]'' ||Peter Gomes ||
|-
| Rowspan="2"| 1997-1998 ||''[[Betaal Pachisi (TV series)|Betaal Pachisi]]'' || Magician ||
|-
|''[[Mahabharat Katha]]''||[[Arjuna|Arjun]] ||
|-
| 1999-2000 || ''[[Gul Sanobar]]'' || Almaas ||
|-
| 2000-2001 || ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]'' || [[Jamadagni|Rishi Jamadagni]] || [[Zee TV]]||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[CID (Indian TV series)]]'' ||Siddarth || [[Sony Entertainment Television]] || Episode 858
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arjun}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Afridi people]]

Nanguneri Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T13:28:04Z

MalissaHardaway: new data

{{short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency

| name = Nanguneri
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 227
| map_image = Constitution-Nanguneri.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
| mla = [[Ruby R. Manoharan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 257,177
}}
'''Nanguneri''' is an assembly constituency located in [[Tirunelveli district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> It falls under [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|rowspan=3| [[M. G. Sankar|M.G. Sankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[N. Duraipandian]]
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[T. Ganapathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3| [[M. John Vincent]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[M. Mani Achiyur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[V. Paulraj Natesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[S. V. Krishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[S. Manickaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[H. Vasanthakumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[A. Narayanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| H. Vasanthakumar (Resigned on 29 May 2019 after being elected to Lok Sabha)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nanguneri-to-face-bypolls-as-congress-mla-vasanthakumar-resigns/article27283560.ece|title=Nanguneri to face bypoll as Congress MLA Vasanthakumar resigns|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|date=2019-05-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| |2019 by-election
| [[V. Narayanan (politician)|V. Reddiarpatti Narayanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Ruby R. Manoharan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|40.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|72.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|27.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.77}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Christian Manoharan|party=Indian National Congress Committee|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R.Thevar muthu|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvam|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Reddiya patti Ayya Vaigundar Narayanan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =2,54,420 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web |title=nanguneri Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a227|access-date= 26 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ruby R. Manoharan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=75,902 |percentage=39.74% |change=-3.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ganesaraja |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,416 |percentage=31.11% |change=-2.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Paramasiva Iyyappan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,870 |percentage=16.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Veerapandi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=17,654 |percentage=9.24% |change=+7.9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,537 |percentage=0.80% |change=-0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kathiravan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,154 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,486 |percentage=8.63% |change=-1.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=190,985 |percentage=68.80% |change= -2.54% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=615 |percentage=0.32% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 277,578 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: [[Nanguneri]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[V. Narayanan (politician)|V. Reddiarpatti Narayanan]]
|votes =95,377
|percentage = 55.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =[[Ruby R. Manoharan]]
|votes = 61,932
|percentage = 36.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =A. Hari Nadar
|votes = 4,243

|percentage = 2.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate =S. Raja Narayanan
|votes =3,494
|percentage =2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 33,445
|percentage = 19.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,70,687
|percentage = 66.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[H. Vasanthakumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=74,932 |percentage=43.45% |change=+6.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vijayakumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,617 |percentage=33.41% |change=-12.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Suresh Alias Kasinivendan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=14,203 |percentage=8.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jeyabalan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,446 |percentage=5.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Manikandan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,609 |percentage=3.83% |change=+0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Karvannan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,325 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Essakkimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,903 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,399 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,315 |percentage=10.04% |change=1.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=172,470 |percentage=71.35% |change= -3.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 241,732 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Narayanan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,510 |percentage=45.91% |change=+13.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[H. Vasanthakumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,230 |percentage=37.31% |change=-14.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Dhevanathan Yadav |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=13,425 |percentage=9.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mahakannan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,290 |percentage=3.71% |change=+2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,207 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ananth |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,075 |percentage=1.45% |change=-0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Senaidurainadar |party=Independent politician |votes=940 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,280 |percentage=8.61% |change=-10.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=190,748 |percentage=74.80% |change= 9.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,677 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[H. Vasanthakumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,170 |percentage=51.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Sooriyakumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,095 |percentage=32.58% |change=-18.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sankar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=6,869 |percentage=6.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Packia Raj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,700 |percentage=2.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Navaneetha Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,964 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Pandy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,872 |percentage=1.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nellai R. Sollalagan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,335 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Youkendran |party=Independent politician |votes=908 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,075 |percentage=19.18% |change=9.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=104,665 |percentage=65.66% |change= 13.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,393 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.21% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Manickaraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,619 |percentage=51.54% |change=+14.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramachandran |party=Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi |votes=37,458 |percentage=41.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tamil Mani Noble |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,942 |percentage=3.25% |change=-3.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Essakkipandi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,711 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ratnaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=965 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Bothiraj |party=Independent politician |votes=755 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,161 |percentage=10.13% |change=6.73% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,450 |percentage=51.93% |change= -8.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,269 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 11.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. V. Krishnan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=37,342 |percentage=40.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. A. Karunakaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,193 |percentage=36.87% |change=-36.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Vamadevan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,002 |percentage=6.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jeyakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,349 |percentage=5.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Uma Sankar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,890 |percentage=4.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthiah Swamy Dassan |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=2,144 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,139 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,149 |percentage=3.40% |change=-45.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,737 |percentage=60.40% |change= 1.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,580 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -32.63% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Paulraj Natesan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,514 |percentage=72.90% |change=+52.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Mani Achiyur]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,294 |percentage=23.69% |change=-8.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,292 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,220 |percentage=49.20% |change=47.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=89,870 |percentage=58.54% |change= -9.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,676 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 41.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Mani Achiyur]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,222 |percentage=31.87% |change=-8.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sironmani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,729 |percentage=30.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. A. Karunagaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,576 |percentage=20.64% |change=-37.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Selvin Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,566 |percentage=9.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. S. M. Yusuf |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,408 |percentage=6.76% |change=-51.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,493 |percentage=1.57% |change=-16.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,837 |percentage=67.80% |change= -0.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,173 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -26.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. John Vincent]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,825 |percentage=58.00% |change=+5.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Namdi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,807 |percentage=40.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Devasahayam |party=Independent politician |votes=469 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Pitchai |party=Independent politician |votes=418 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,018 |percentage=17.74% |change=11.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,014 |percentage=68.41% |change= 8.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,639 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. John Vincent]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,725 |percentage=52.18% |change=+24.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Thangaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,676 |percentage=46.43% |change=+27.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Subba Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,049 |percentage=5.75% |change= 5.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,383 |percentage=59.80% |change= 3.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,072 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Janata Party |swing= 24.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. John Vincent]] |party=Janata Party |votes=18,668 |percentage=27.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Veliah |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,464 |percentage=27.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajagopalan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,877 |percentage=19.12% |change=-27.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sudalaiyandi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,381 |percentage=13.93% |change=-39.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=7,485 |percentage=11.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vallinayagam |party=Independent politician |votes=484 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=204 |percentage=0.30% |change= -6.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,359 |percentage=56.54% |change= -10.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,256 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -25.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ganapathy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,099 |percentage=53.42% |change=+6.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. T. Thavasikani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,863 |percentage=46.58% |change=-6.76 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,236 |percentage=6.84% |change= 0.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,962 |percentage=67.07% |change= -2.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,502 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Duraipandian]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,269 |percentage=53.34% |change=+9.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. G. Nadar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,097 |percentage=46.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,172 |percentage=6.69% |change= -1.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,366 |percentage=69.70% |change= -7.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,044 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. G. Sankar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,548 |percentage=43.97% |change=-6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Madasamy |party=Swatantra Party |votes=23,211 |percentage=35.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthumanickam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,996 |percentage=15.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muthiah Nadar |party=We Tamils |votes=3,173 |percentage=4.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,337 |percentage=8.22% |change= -3.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,928 |percentage=76.85% |change= 24.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,398 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. G. Sankar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,786 |percentage=50.15% |change=-1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Madasami |party=Independent politician |votes=16,898 |percentage=38.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Thothadri |party=Independent politician |votes=3,336 |percentage=7.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumarasami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,425 |percentage=3.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,888 |percentage=11.25% |change= -14.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,445 |percentage=51.93% |change= -11.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,654 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nanguneri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. G. Sankar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,849 |percentage=51.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Madasami |party=Independent politician |votes=12,289 |percentage=25.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gnamuthu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,076 |percentage=16.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. N. Kanthayya |party=Independent politician |votes=2,789 |percentage=5.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,560 |percentage=26.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,003 |percentage=63.58% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,499 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|8.48|N|77.67|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Sikhism in Sindh

2026-04-30T06:13:04Z

MalissaHardaway: Started New Info!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox religious group||group=Sikhism in Sindh {{small|سنڌ ۾ سک ڌرم}}|pop=|langs=[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]{{•}}[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{•}}[[Hindi]]{{•}}[[Urdu]]|image=Photograph of a Sikh Akali-Nihang from the Punjab in Sindh, ca.1862–72 (cropped).jpg|flag=|regions=[[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]]{{•}}[[Sukkur]]{{•}}[[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]]|religions=[[Sikhism]]|image_caption=Photograph of an Akali-Nihang from the Punjab in Sindh, ca.1862–72|flag_size=}}
{{Sindhis}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Sikhism in Sindh''', or '''Sindhi Sikhs''', is a minor religious affiliation, adhered to by 5,182 people or around 0.01% of the total population as per [[2023 Pakistani census]].<ref name="Census2023B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results|title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref> The religion has a long history in [[Sindh]], with the [[Udasi]] and [[Nanakpanthi]] [[Sects of Sikhism|sects]] playing a prominent role. In recent years, mainstream [[Tat Khalsa|Khalsa Sikhism]] has made inroads. Local Sindhi beliefs and practices often blur the line between [[Hinduism]] and [[Sikhism]], an example of [[religious syncretism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Regional perspectives on India's Partition: Shifting the Vantage Points |date=May 4, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |others=Anjali Gera Roy, Nandi Bhatia |isbn=9781000829242 |chapter=Sikhism in Sindh}}</ref> Sikhism was popularized in Sindh by the missionary work of Nanakpanthi traders and Udasi saints.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{Cite book |last1=Takhar |first1=Opinderjit Kaur |title=Global Sikhs: Histories, Practices and Identities |last2=Jakobsh |first2=Doris R. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781000847352 |series=Routledge Critical Sikh Studies |quote=Unlike Sufi shrines, the Sindhi mandir has escaped academic attention in the tracing of pre-partition syncretic traditions partially because of the geographical boundaries of Sikh and Panjab studies. The history of Sikhism in Sindh and the appeal of particular forms of Sikhism among Sindhi mandir can provide a glimpse into the co-existence of Sikh and Hindu practices in the Sindhi mandir. It was Richard F. Burton who, in his book Sindh & the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus (1851), "describes the curious mix of Hindu and Sikh practices among Sindhi Hindus". He observes that "they show a general tendency towards the faith of Nanak Shah, and that many castes have so intermingled the religion of the Sikhs with their original Hinduism, that we can scarcely discern the line of demarcation (1851)." The historical reason for the prevalence of these syncretic practices in Sindh was due to the Sindhis being introduced to Sikhism by the Udasi panth popularized by Guru Nanak's son Sri Chand whose followers are known as Nanakpanthi Sikhs in Sindh. Nanakpanth refers to Sikhs who follow the teachings of Guru Nanak without observing the five Ks prescribed for Khalsa Sikhs and do not find Hinduism as conflictual with Sikhism. Unlike Nanakpanthis who follow the rituals of Hinduism, performed idol worship and are Hindus except that they kept Guru Granth Sahib in their places of worship, new categories of sikhs in Sindh who describe themselves as Gursikhs claim to bow their heads only in front of the Guru Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Nanakpanthi and Udasi are both Sikh sects; a major difference is that Udasis adopt life-long celibacy, whilst Nanakpanthis marry and have children.<ref name="Kalhoro2">{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |date=26 May 2013 |title=The Sikhs of Sindh |url=https://sikhchic.com/history/the_sikhs_of_sindh |website=Originally published on The Friday Times, republished on SikhChic}}</ref>

In the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]], the Sikh marriages are registered under the [[Hindu marriage laws in Pakistan#Sindh Hindu Marriage Act of 2016|Sindh Hindu Marriage Act of 2016]].<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |date=15 February 2016 |title=Sindh Assembly approves Hindu Marriage Bill |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1239719 |access-date=29 January 2021 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref> Sindhis (mostly those settled in Gujarat) are one of the largest groups to visit Kartarpur Sahib.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Yudhvir |date=Jun 16, 2024 |title=Sindhi, Marwari Hindus among top visitors to Kartarpur Sahib |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sindhi-and-marwari-hindus-among-top-visitors-to-kartarpur-sahib/articleshow/111030215.cms |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Since 1947, a sizeable portation of Sindhi Sikhs migrated to the Republic of India, whilst some remained behind in Pakistan.

Sindhi Sikhs internally categorize themselves into different groups, such as Bandai, Nawabshahi, or Naichan, among others.<ref name=":15">Kothari, Rita & Thadhani, Jasbirkaur. (2016). ''Sindhi Sikhs in India: The Missing People''. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 39. 1-18. 10.1080/00856401.2016.1233716. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309276179_Sindhi_Sikhs_in_India_The_Missing_People</ref>

== History ==

=== Origins ===
Punjab and Sindh share geographic, linguistic, and cultural ties, with there being overlappings, [[Khushwant Singh]] characterizes this relationship as being marked by "both proximity and wariness".<ref name=":15" /> Thus, Sindh and Punjab both form a northwestern Indian space which is distinct from the Indian mainstream.<ref name=":15" /> [[Guru Nanak]] may have travelled through Sindh as he travelled from Punjab to the coast during his ''udasis'' (travels).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramey |first=S. |title=Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond |date=Oct 27, 2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780230616226 |pages=16}}</ref> It may be plausible that parts of northern Sindh, such as Sukkur and Shikarpur, became influenced by Guru Nanak during his travels, however there is a paucity of conclusive evidence and it cannot be determined if Sindhis converted to Sikhism at the time.<ref name=":15" /> The question of determining when Sindhis began converting to Sikhism is difficult as many Sindhi Hindus adopted Sikh beliefs and practices without "formalizing" a relationship with Sikhism nor shedding their old identity.<ref name=":15" />

By the late 16th century during the guruship tenure of [[Guru Amar Das]], territorial deputies or vicars known as a ''[[masand]]'' were established, including in Sindh.<ref name=":15" /> The Sindhi surname Masand originates from this event.<ref name=":15" /> Sikhism was initially a peaceful movement but was gradually martialized through the later gurus after [[Guru Arjan|Guru Arjan's]] execution, with a joint concept of ''[[Sant Sipahi|sant-sipahi]]'' being practiced, however Sikhism in Sindh mostly continued following the ''sant'' side of Sikhism, however there are some exceptions with the martial ''sipahi'' side being evoked.<ref name=":15" />

=== Spread of Sikhism ===
The foundation of Sikhism in Sindh took firmer roots during the early 17th century.<ref name=":0" /> This was facilitated by a trade-network linking southwestern Punjab and Sindh and the ancient Indus River trade.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |title=Inter-religious Practices and Saint Veneration in the Muslim World: Khidr/Khizr from the Middle East to South Asia |date=Oct 13, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |others=Michel Boivin, Manoël Pénicaud |isbn=9781000985962}}</ref>{{Rp|page=90}} The first arrivals were Nanakpanthi traders, who mostly drew from the [[Arora]] caste, with others being [[Khatri]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Other scholars, such as Matthew Cook, stress upon the importance the Lohana caste played in the transmission of Sikhism to Sindh, as they made-up around half of the Hindu population of Sindh by the mid-19th century and were "in the orbit of Sikh cultural hegemony".<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=|pages=90–91}}<ref name=":15" /> Cook believes that during the 18th century, Punjabi migrants moved to Sindh, where they were absorbed by the Lohana community, and were responsible for the spread of Sikhism in the region.<ref name=":15" /> Scott Levi claims that during the [[Decline of the Mughal Empire|decline of the Mughal authority]] and [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Afghan invasions of Punjab]], firms operating in Multan in southern Punjab shifted their operations to Shikarpur in Sindh, making possible the spread of Sikhism.<ref name=":15" /> There exists a traditional story of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] recruiting followers from Sindh in the 17th century.<ref name=":15" /> After the death of his master, Guru Gobind Singh, in 1708, it is said [[Bhai Gurdas Singh]] traveled to [[Sindh]], where he did missionary work spreading the tenets of Sikhism in the local area of [[Shikarpur District|Shikarpur]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=Sri Dasam Granth: Facts Beyond Doubt |publisher=Sri Guru Granth Sahib Academy |year=2021 |isbn=9781527282773 |edition=1st |location=Malaysia |pages=302–304 |quote=}}</ref> Traditional lore claims he lived to an impressive age of 150.<ref name=":02" /> His life is commemorated in the Khatwari [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamsal]] of Bhai Gurdas in Shikarpur, Sindh.<ref name=":02" />

There is a theory that when the [[Arab conquest of Sindh|Arabs conquered Sindh in 711]], many Hindu refugees fled [[Aror]] and departed to settle in Punjab, later-on during the rise of the [[Kalhora dynasty|Kalhoras]] as independent rulers, there was a back-migration of the descendants of those earlier refugees, such as [[Lohana]]s, [[Bhatia caste|Bhatias]], and Khatris, bringing Sikhism they had adopted in Punjab with them to Sindh.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=90}} Sindhis may have been drawn to the ''sahaj'' teachings of Guru Nanak, which is described as a "method of gentle discipline".<ref name=":15" /> Another factor which aided the adoption of Sikhism in Sindh was the fact that Sindhi Hindus were followers of "mercantile pragmatism", which allowed for the absence of strict, rigid socio-cultural hierarchies involving [[Caste system in India|caste]] and sect, which fit-in well with the egalitarian and universal message of Sikhism.<ref name=":15" /> Also, [[Sufism]] rather than Quranic Islam was prevalent in Sindh, which also influenced non-Muslims in the region.<ref name=":15" />

These early Sindhi Sikh pioneers were differentiated from [[Khalsa]] Sikhs, as they did not place importance on [[Kesh (Sikhism)|maintaining uncut hair]], donning the [[five Ks]], nor did they adhere to the ''[[rehat]]namas'' (codes of conduct).<ref name=":0" /> The success of the Nanakpanthis in spreading Sikhism in Sindh is attributed to their ability to adopt the local culture and language of the places they settled.<ref name=":0" /> The Nanakpanthis stressed upon the ''[[nirankar]]'' concept, a formless conceptualization of the divine.<ref name=":0" />

The places of worship of Nanakpanthis in Sindh was originally called a ''tikana'', with the gurdwara term not being used initially.<ref name=":0" /> The Udasis also established ''darbar'' centres in Sindh, such as the Sadh Belo complex, where heterodoxical practices and beliefs of ascetics were followed which were not ordained by orthodox Khalsa Sikhism.<ref name=":0" /> During unrest in Punjab during the 18th century, both Punjabi Sikh and Hindus migrants moved to Sindh, with many being traders and others being warriors.<ref name=":0" /> This group of migrants were mostly ''[[Sahajdhari|sehajdharis]]'', some were Bandais whom were followers of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]].<ref name=":0" /> The Sindhi Sikhs were categorized based on region, such Nawabshahi and Naichi.<ref name=":0" />

In the early 19th century, the [[Sikh Empire]] of Punjab bordered the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur Dynasty]] of Sindh to the south.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=89}} The Sikh Empire had conquered [[Multan]] in 1818, with [[Ranjit Singh]] having ambitions and designs to invade Sindh and seize [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]] afterwards, which was an economic centre.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=90}} Ranjit Singh suggested an alliance to [[Shah Shujah Durrani]] of Afghanistan, proposing to split up the Sindhi territory gained by the proposed conquest between them.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=90}} However, successful delays by the Talpurs and the arrival of the British in the area led to the abandoning of the plan.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=89–90}}

=== Colonial period ===
By the late 19th century, Khalsa Sikhs had emerged in the urban areas of Sindh but remained a minority in the midst of heterodoxical Sikh groups.<ref name=":0" /> Thariya Singh (1826–1926) of Kandharan village was [[Amrit Sanskar|baptized]] into Sikhism in the 1870s and spent years prosletyzing Sikhism to local Sindhi Hindus, which led to the conversion of many.{{Efn|Thariya Singh's name is alternatively spelt as 'Tharia'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15" /> Although Thariya was baptized into the Khalsa, he did not go against the syncretic practices of Sindh, which aided his success in winning over sehajdhari Hindu converts.<ref name=":0" /> He also popularized the practice of ''gurudino'' ("giving to the gurus"), whereby the eldest son of a Hindu family was raised and baptized as a Sikh, a practice which was also common in Punjab and Balochistan at the time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15" /> Thariya promoted the singing of devotional music, [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]] communal kitchens, Udasi ascetic practices, congregational dancing in the style of Sufis, the recitation of extracts of Hindu scriptures, respecting holymen from various ''[[sampradaya]]s'', acceptance of practitioners of the local [[Folk religion|folk Islam]] of the region, celebrating ''[[Gurpurb|gurpurabs]]'', and holding ''[[kirtan]]'' musical performances during ''[[Amrit Velā|amrit vela]]'' ("ambrosial time").<ref name=":0" />[[File:Equestrian depiction of Udero Lal (Jhulelal), alongside Pir Patho and Lal Shahbaz, published in 'Janam Sakhi Shri Amar Udero Lal Sahib' (Karachi, 1923).jpg|thumb|Equestrian depiction of Udero Lal ([[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]]), alongside Pir Patho and [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar|Lal Shahbaz]], published in 'Janam Sakhi Shri Amar Udero Lal Sahib' (Karachi, 1923). Jhulelal is venerated by many Sindhi Sikhs.]]The [[Singh Sabha Movement|Singh Sabha movement]] in Punjab and its mission of promoting a monolithic Sikh identity did not impact Sindhi Sikhs much, failing to leave a lasting change on the beliefs and practices of Sindhi Sikhs, thus religious syncretism between Sikhism, Islam, and Hinduism continued in Sindh and religious differentiation and boundaries did not materialize as it did in Punjab during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Ballantyne |first=Tony |title=Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World |date=Aug 16, 2006 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9780822338246 |pages=73 |chapter=Entangled Pasts}}</ref> Outside of Punjab, boundaries between Sikhs and Hindus still remained undefined and blurry.<ref name=":10" /> Sindhi Sikhs did not adopt the ''Sikh Marriage Act'' of 1909, preferring to maintain their syncretic ways.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, Sindhi Sikhs worshipped local [[Hindu deities|Indic deities]], such as [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]], donned a ''[[Tilaka|tilak]]'' on their forehead, visited ''[[dargah]]s'' of regional Sufi [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]], and venerated ''dehdhari gurus'' (living gurus), which contrasted with Khalsa Sikhs of the Punjab, who had become the dominant face of Sikhism by the early 20th century.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gold |first=Daniel |title=Provincial Hinduism: Religion and Community in Gwalior City |date=Jan 14, 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190212506 |pages=145–149}}</ref> Due to these factors, it is difficult to categorize what is Hindu and what is Sikh in pre-partition Sindh.<ref name=":0" /> Meanwhile, religious boundaries in neighbouring Punjab had been drawn through the Singh Sabha movement, the [[Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925|''Sikh Gurdwaras Act'']] of 1925, and SGPC, as per [[Harjot Oberoi]].<ref name=":15" />

During the period of Sikh migration during the colonial-period, diasporic Punjabi Sikhs and Sindhis often formed close-bonds with one another in their new countries of residence, especially in southeast Asia, due to the affinities that Nanakpanthi Sindhs had toward Sikhism, allowing them to attach to the Punjabi Sikhs and working jointly together on causes, also worshipping together in the same religious spaces.<ref name=":10" /> An example of this colonial diasporic bond is how the Sindwork firm [[Wassiamull Assomull|Wassiamall Assomull]] donated funds toward the construction of a gurdwara in [[Manila]] in the [[Philippines]] in 1933.<ref name=":10" />

The ''[[Japji Sahib|Japji]]'' and ''[[Sukhmani Sahib|Sukhmani]]'' prayers of Sikhism were translated into Hindi by the local Singh Sabha outfit of [[Sukkur]].<ref name=":0" /> However, the Hindus and Sikhs of Sindh were still cognizant of themselves being two different groups, yet minor economic and social conflicts between them did not push them to antagonizing each-other and breaking-off ties.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, there were no major conflicts between Sindhi Hindus and Sikhs during the 1930s and 1940s, even as the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] began to gain ground in Sindh at the time.<ref name=":0" /> Yet again, this contrasts with the situation in Punjab, where relations between Sikhs and Hindus had soured during the colonial-period.<ref name=":0" />

=== Partition of India ===
During the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Sindh had initially been calm between July and August 1947 following the partition violence in neighbouring Punjab but Sindhi Sikhs were fearful they would suffer the same fate as their Punjabi co-religionists in West Punjab.<ref name=":15" /> Sindhi Sikhs were specifically targeted by Muslims due to the role Punjabi Sikhs played during the violence in [[East Punjab]].<ref name=":15" /> Sindhi Sikhs motivations to migrate to India were dominated by fear of violence and retribution, in-contrast to the motivations of Sindhi Hindus, which differed.<ref name=":15" />

Many Sindhi Sikhs left for the [[India|Republic of India]] in large groups through ships via ports in [[Karachi]] to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and [[Gujarat]] and also by trains via [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]] to Rajasthan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15" /> Sindhi Sikhs and Hindus followed the same refugee routes to India.<ref name=":15" /> Some rich Sindhi Sikh refugees travelled by plane to Delhi during the partition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15" /> The modes of transportation of Sindhi Sikh refugees differs from that of Punjabi Sikh refugees fleeing [[West Punjab]], as Sindh did not experience human-columns journeying to their new homes.<ref name=":0" /> There exists accounts of Sindhi Muslims helping Sikhs and Hindus escape to India in safety.<ref name=":15" /> When they arrived in India, the refugees often took-up residence in the abandoned dwellings formerly owned by Muslims, who had made the reverse journey of fleeing to Pakistan.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the Sindhi arrivals forcibly repossessed the homes of local Muslims who had remained.<ref name=":0" /> The administrations of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan, and Delhi provided shelter for the Sindhi refugees in the form of refugee camps.<ref name=":0" /> Sindhi Sikh refugee arrivals via train in [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] dispersed to other parts of Rajasthan, namely [[Beawar]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Ajmer]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Bikaner]] and other towns.<ref name=":0" />

The Sindhi refugees were often discriminated by their new neighbours, thus forming ghettos.<ref name=":0" /> One of these ethnic ghettos formed was Ulhasnagar.<ref name=":0" /> Sindhi Sikhs and Sindhi Hindus often congregated together in this early-period of post-independence India.<ref name=":15" />

=== Post-1947 ===
The initial 1947 refugee wave was followed by another wave in the 1950s of Sindhis coming to India from Pakistan, however the second wave was due to different motivations based around economic and marital factors.<ref name=":0" />

In 1952, a Devanagari transliteration of the entire Guru Granth Sahib was published by Sindhis in India, specifically by Jethanand Lalwani.<ref name=":15" /> Up until Operation Blue Star in 1984 and the aftermath, it was common for diasporic Sindhi Hindus to share gurdwaras with mainstream Sikhs in cities like [[Jakarta]] and Manila.<ref name=":15" /> However, the practice of these different groups sharing religious spaces has since declined.<ref name=":15" /> The Sindhi Sikhs generally became disillusioned with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] after 1984.<ref name=":15" /> Some Sindhi Sikh families were targeted during the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 anti-Sikh pogroms]] in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mander |first=Harsh |date=31 October 2016 |title=‘If Sardarji had been alive…’ How anti-Sikh lynch mobs changed Lachmi’s life on October 31, 1984 |url=https://scroll.in/article/820336/if-sardarji-had-been-alive-how-anti-sikh-lynch-mobs-changed-lachmis-life-on-october-31-1984 |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=Scroll India}}</ref>

In 1988, the first issue of the ''Directory of Sindhi Sikhs of Ulhasnagar'' was published.<ref name=":0" /> The directory records the names and surnames, alongside paternal names, of all the Sindhi Sikh members of the Guru Nanak Darbar of Ulhasnagar.<ref name=":0" /> It was followed by later issues published in 1992, 1998, 2001–02, and 2009, which were updates to the directory.<ref name=":0" /> Jaspirat Singh, son of Meharvan Singh, is the current head of the Guru Nanak Darbar of Ulhasnagar.<ref name=":0" /> This Sindhi Sikh organization practices unique traditions, such as ''kaladhaga'' (a black, talisman thread said to ward off evil from black magic and witchcraft) and ''Ichhpuran Diwas'' (day of wish fulfillment, carried-out twice a year where token payments and gift exchanges occur with a forty-day [[Akhand Path|uninterrupted]] reading of the Sikh scripture).<ref name=":0" />

Recently, there has been a newer trend of Sindhis adopting Khalsa-orientated Sikhism and rejecting the traditionalist and syncretic Nanakpanthi and Udasi sects.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Global Sikhs: Histories, Practices and Identities |date=Mar 13, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |others=Opinderjit Kaur Takhar, Doris R. Jakobsh |isbn=9781000847352 |quote=The historical reason for the prevalence of these syncretic practices in Sindh was due to the Sindhis being introduced to Sikhism by the Udasi panth popularized by Guru Nanak's son Sri Chand whose followers are known as Nanakpanthi Sikhs in Sindh. Nanakpanth refers to Sikhs who follow the teachings of Guru Nanak without observing the five Ks prescribed for Khalsa Sikhs and do not find Hinduism as conflictual with Sikhism.Unlike Nanakpanthis who follow the rituals of Hinduism, performed idol worship and are Hindus except that they kept Guru Granth Sahib in their places of worship, new categories of Sikhs in Sindh who describe themselves as Gursikhs claim to bow their heads only in front of the Guru Granth Sahib.}}</ref> These Sikhs call themselves ''[[gursikh]]s'' and only pay obscience to the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=":2" /> According to Sindhi Sikh scholar Jasbirkaur Thadhani, there has been a shift in recent times amongst the Sindhi Sikh community away from Sindhi-ness and toward the Khalsa, manifested in the changing of surnames, as an example.<ref name=":15" />

In January 2023, controversy occurred due to tensions between [[Nihang]]s from Punjab and Sindhi Sikhs in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] over the practices of venerating the Guru Granth Sahib in the [[Idolatry in Sikhism|presence of idols]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Yudhvir |date=Jan 30, 2023 |title=SGPC's delegation meets Sindhi leaders in MP's Indore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/sgpcs-delegation-meets-sindhi-leaders-in-mps-indore/articleshow/97458602.cms |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=January 13, 2023 |title=Indore: Sindhi community returns copies of Guru Granth Sahib to Gurdwara after Nihangs object to the scripture being placed beside idols in temples |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-sindhi-community-returns-copies-of-guru-granth-sahib-to-gurdwara-after-nihangs-object-to-the-scripture-being-placed-beside-idols-in-temples |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=The Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=Jan 19, 2023 |title=Sindhi Samaj hands over 92 copies of Guru Granth Sahib to Gurudwaras in Indore |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/sindhi-samaj-hands-over-92-copies-of-guru-granth-sahib-to-gurudwaras-in-indore/na20230119150220847847494 |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=ETV Bharat}}</ref> In the aftermath, Sindhi groups forfeited ownership of fifty copies of the sacred Sikh text to local gurdwaras due to claims of intimidation directed at them by the Nihangs.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> Another report claims a higher figure of ninety-two copies being given over to gurdwaras by the Sindhis.<ref name=":14" /> The [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] later met with Sindhi Sikh representatives on the issue.<ref name=":11" /> In the aftermath, the SGPC leader [[Harjinder Singh Dhami]] put out a statement that the Sindhi connection to Sikhism should remain intact and that no Sindhi organization should be coerced into giving-up a copy of the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=":11" /> The matter was later discussed at the [[Akal Takht]].<ref name=":11" />

In India, Sindhi Sikhs continue to practice religious syncretism, such as in the case with the Guru Nanak Darbar of Ulhasnagar, however they face pressures from Punjabi Sikhs to adopt the hegemonic beliefs and practices of formalized Sikhism as followed in Punjab.<ref name=":0" /> Punjabi Sikhs have labelled the Guru Nanak Darbar as being a ''[[Dera (organization)|dera]]'' and not a gurdwara, due to these differences.<ref name=":0" />

Sindhi Sikhs in India today live in dispersed communities around the country, being highly urbanized.<ref name=":15" /> They maintain social and business relations with Sindhi Hindus but marriages across the religious divide have been declining in recent times.<ref name=":15" /> There is a trend of Punjabification of Sindhi Sikh marriages, folk-songs, greetings, and procreation rites in present-day India, due to the pressures placed on the community to assimilate to the mainstream Punjabi Sikh culture prevalent in India, causing a loss of authentic Sindhi traditions.<ref name=":15" />

== Sects ==

=== Udasis ===
{{Main articles|Udasi}}
{{Udasi}}
Sindh has a large number of people who may be best described as Udasis.<ref name="Kalhoro2" /> The area of northern Sindh was especially influenced by Udasipanth.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Inderjeet |date=2017-03-24 |title=Sindhi Hindus & Nanakpanthis in Pakistan |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/sindhi-hindus-nanakpanthis-pakistan |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref> The Udasi temples of Sindh are known as [[Durbar (court)|''darbars'']].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |date=14 December 2018 |title=Udasi Sikh Saints of Sindh |url=https://www.academia.edu/38014703 |website=Originally published on The Friday Times, republished on Academia.edu}}</ref> It is said that Sri Chand himself visited [[Thatta District|Thatta]] in Sindh, where a darbar commemorates his stay.<ref name=":3" /> Sri Chand travelled to Sindh in the second half of the 16th century during the reign of the [[Tarkhan dynasty]].<ref name=":6" /> He established a dhuni (campfire) at [[Rohri]] and another at Faqir Jo Goth, the latter of which is around 5 kilometres from [[Thatta]].<ref name=":6" />

After the passing of Gurditta, the second Udasi leader, the leadership passed to four preachers, with [[Bhai Almast]] being one of these four.<ref name=":6" /> Almast travelled to Sindh, where he conducted missionary activities and successfully converted many Sindhis to the Udasipanth.<ref name=":6" /> His place of residence was at Rohri, at the dhuni established by Sri Chand.<ref name=":6" /> Those newly converted appended ''Ram'' or ''Das'' to the end of their names.<ref name=":6" /> The ''mahants'' (who appended the prefix Bava or Bao, meaning "ascetic" at the beginning of their names and refer to their title of leadership as ''[[Gaddi Nashin|Gadhisar]]'') of the Baba Sri Chand Darbar (colloquially known as Raj Ghaat) in Faqir Jo Goth, such as the first mahant, Bava Balkram Das, conducted missionary activities in the area and faraway (even as distant as Nepal) as did his successors.<ref name=":6" /> His two successors, Bava Pooran Das and Bava Lachman Das, were not only missionaries but also masters at [[Hatha yoga|hathi yoga]].<ref name=":6" /> Sikhism became popularized in Sindh due to the missionary works of these Udasi saints.<ref name="Taylor & Francis" /><ref name=":5">Jatt, Zahida. (2018). Devotion Transcending Regional Boundaries: An Exploration of the Origin, Adaption and Development of Udasipanth in Sindh. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322343647_Devotion_Transcending_Regional_Boundaries_An_Exploration_of_the_Origin_Adaption_and_Development_of_Udasipanth_in_Sindh</ref><ref name="Kalhoro2" /> Udasi temples in Sindh typically houses both the Guru Granth Sahib as well images of various Hindu deities.<ref name="Falzon">{{Cite book |last=Falzon |first=M. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mzh7EAAAQBAJ&dq=sindhi+guru+granth+sahib&pg=PT23 |title=Selling Anything Anywhere: Sindhis and Global Trade |date=2022-07-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-578-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kalhoro2" /> There is said to be an Udasi temple dedicated to a saint in every town and city of Sindh.<ref name=":6" /> During the reign of the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]] Mirs of [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]] (1783–1955), many Udasi darbars were constructed and Udasi saints were accepted to settle in the state.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |date=21 December 2018 |title=Mirs and Minorities |url=https://www.academia.edu/38046277 |website=Originally published on The Friday Times, republished on Academia.edu}}</ref>
[[File:Photograph_of_the_Sadh_Belo_complex_in_Sindh,_ca.1940.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Sadh Belo complex in Sindh, ca.1940]]
A darbar at Godhu Shah in Khairpur (known as the Godhu Shah Darbar, Nanga Darbar, or Gurpota Darbar) is believed to have been founded by a grandson of one of the Sikh gurus (''Gurpota'') whom became an Udasi under the guidance of a mahant, it is associated with the Nanga sect of Udasis.<ref name=":7" /> Another Udasi saint who spread the faith in Sindh was Rai Sahib Gokal Singh, who established a darbar in Gokalpur Kot in Garhi Yashin.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |date=2023-03-04 |title=Temples And Darbars Of Garhi Yasin |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2023/03/04/temples-and-darbars-of-garhi-yasin/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=The Friday Times - Naya Daur |language=en-US}}</ref> Baba Wasti Ram, an Udasi saint, established a darbar in Garhi Yasin town.<ref name=":8" /> Baba Wasti Ram and his successors, Baba Khushi Ram Sahib (a talented mystic), Baba Agya Ram (established a darbar in Aurangabad village), and Baba Piyara Ram (established in a darbar in Maari village), spread the Udasi teachings in the [[Shikarpur District|Shikarpur]] area.<ref name=":8" /> One prominent Udasi saint, [[Bankhandi]], originally from either Nepal or near Delhi, was the founder of [[Sadh Belo]] in [[Sukkur District|Sukkur]], Sindh in 1823.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Memon |first=Sarfaraz |date=26 June 2022 |title=Sindh's Sadh Belo Temple |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2363411/culture-and-hertiage |work=T-Magazine}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Rasheed |first=Shaikh Abdul |date=2017-09-18 |title=Sadh Belo Temple the most frequented religious site |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/116400/sadh-belo-temple-the-most-frequented-religious-site/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Daily Times |language=}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2018 |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island you won't forget |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island-you-wont-forget-1.2177507 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |last=Jatt |first=Zahida Rehman |date=June 12, 2018 |title=Sadh Belo temple: an abode of Udasipanth in Sindh |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1413676 |website=dawn.com}}</ref>

In recent times, veneration of the folkdeity [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]] has crept into the practices of Udasi darbars in Sindh.<ref name=":6" /> The liberal attitude of Sindhi Muslims may have helped the Udasis take root in Sindh rather than being pushed out on the basis of religious intolerance and persecution.<ref name=":6" />

The most well-known Udasi darbars of Sindh are:<ref name=":6" />

* Baba Bankhandi Darbar at Sadh Belo, Sukkur
* Baba Sarup Das Darbar (alias Halani Darbar) at Naushero Feroz
* Khushi Ram Darbar at Rohri
* Samad Udasin at Shikarpur
* Chhat Darbar at Shikarpur
* Wadi Darbar at Pir Jo Goth
* Jumna Das Darbar

=== Jagiasi ===
The Jagiasis are a Sikh sect cognate with the Udasis, whose founder is attributed as being Baba Lakhmi Das, the younger son of Guru Nanak.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Jotwani |first=Moti Lal |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |isbn=817380204I |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=II: E-L |location=Patiala |pages=318}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Malkani |first=Dada Kewalram Ratanmal |title=The Sindh Story: A Great Account on Sindh |others=Sani Hussain Panhwar |pages=123 |quote=Guru Nanak's two sons Baba Lakhmichand and Baba Srichand, gave rise to the Jagiasu and Udasi schools of preachers. They also established many temples. Chief of them was Bawa Gurpat Saheb, the twelfth-generation descendant of Guru Nanak. He played a notable role in Sindhi society. No wonder the Sindhis are very familiar with Sikh scriptures. Today even important Sindhi Muslim leaders such as G.M. Syed feel that the teachings of Guru Nanak would be good for all Sindhis and Punjabis.}}</ref><ref name="Jotwani 1979 65–66">{{Cite book |last=Jotwani |first=Motilal Wadhumal |title=Sindhi Literature and Society |publisher=Rajesh Publications |year=1979 |pages=65–66}}</ref> They were prevalent in Sindh, with their principal places of activity being Khairpur, Hyderabad, Halani, and Kandyaro.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":192">{{Cite book |last=Malkani |first=Dada Kewalram Ratanmal |title=The Sindh Story: A Great Account on Sindh |others=Sani Hussain Panhwar |pages=123 |quote=Guru Nanak's two sons Baba Lakhmichand and Baba Srichand, gave rise to the Jagiasu and Udasi schools of preachers. They also established many temples. Chief of them was Bawa Gurpat Saheb, the twelfth-generation descendant of Guru Nanak. He played a notable role in Sindhi society. No wonder the Sindhis are very familiar with Sikh scriptures. Today even important Sindhi Muslim leaders such as G.M. Syed feel that the teachings of Guru Nanak would be good for all Sindhis and Punjabis.}}</ref><ref name="Jotwani 1979 65–662">{{Cite book |last=Jotwani |first=Motilal Wadhumal |title=Sindhi Literature and Society |publisher=Rajesh Publications |year=1979 |pages=65–66}}</ref> The followers of this sect were similar to Udasis, mixing in syncretic Hindu rituals, however unlike the Udasis they did not remain celibate but instead lived the life of a householder, marrying and having children.<ref name=":4" /> They did not usually practice the Sikh baptism, thus were not Khalsa Sikhs but instead were ''[[Sahajdhari|sehajdharis]]'' (gradualist Sikhs), who generally believed in the Sikh gurus and their teachings but many did not fully undergo the baptism, whilst others did maintain ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'' and became Khalsa.<ref name=":4" /> They recite the Guru Granth Sahib and reject idolatry.<ref name=":4" /> Some append ''[[Singh]]'' to their name whilst others do not.<ref name=":4" /> The sect was prevalent in Sindh during the period of Baba Gurupat, a descendant of Guru Nanak, who lived around the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":193">{{Cite book |last=Malkani |first=Dada Kewalram Ratanmal |title=The Sindh Story: A Great Account on Sindh |others=Sani Hussain Panhwar |pages=123 |quote=Guru Nanak's two sons Baba Lakhmichand and Baba Srichand, gave rise to the Jagiasu and Udasi schools of preachers. They also established many temples. Chief of them was Bawa Gurpat Saheb, the twelfth-generation descendant of Guru Nanak. He played a notable role in Sindhi society. No wonder the Sindhis are very familiar with Sikh scriptures. Today even important Sindhi Muslim leaders such as G.M. Syed feel that the teachings of Guru Nanak would be good for all Sindhis and Punjabis.}}</ref><ref name="Jotwani 1979 65–663">{{Cite book |last=Jotwani |first=Motilal Wadhumal |title=Sindhi Literature and Society |publisher=Rajesh Publications |year=1979 |pages=65–66}}</ref> Baba Gurupat went to Sindh with a letter of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and brought it to a local chief named Mir Sohrab Khan, with Baba Gurupat establishing many Jagiasi shrines in Sindh, known as ''tikanas'' (meaning "seat").<ref name=":4" /> The last will of Baba Gurupat dates to 29 July 1857 and contained the signatures of many Jagiasi and Udasi figures of Sindh.<ref name=":4" />

=== Nanakpanthis ===
{{Main articles|Nanakpanthi}}
Sikhs from the Punjab may have settled in Sindh during the 16th century to escape persecution, and they and their descendants gradually formed the basis of the Nanakpanthi community.<ref name=":5" /> Guru Nanak reportedly traveled through Sindh, reaching the [[Shikarpur District|Shikarpur]] area and impacting local spirituality.<ref name="Singh-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Bhupinder |title=Nanakpanthis |url=https://www.sikhinstitute.org/oct_2020.html |journal=Abstracts of Sikh Studies |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |publication-date=October 2020 |volume=XXII |issue=4}}</ref> In the 1881 and 1891 Indian censuses, the Sindhi Hindu community could not decide to identify as Hindu or Sikh.<ref>{{cite book |last=Albinia |first=Alice |author-link=Alice Albinia |title=Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River |date=21 June 2012 |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=978-1-84854-786-5}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2023}} Many Sindhi Nanakpanthis migrated to India during the 1947 partition, and are found in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan.<ref name="Singh-2020" /> Many Sindhi Hindus in India and Pakistan admire Guru Nanak and regularly visit gurudwaras.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 April 2018 |title=Nanakpanthi Saints of Sindh |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2018/04/13/nanakpanthi-saints-of-sindh/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 September 2017 |title='Nanakpanthis' in Sindh face hate campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/nanakpanthis-in-sindh-face-hate-campaign/articleshow/60715615.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> A Sindhi temple typically houses the Guru Granth Sahib and images of Hindu deities.<ref name="Falzon" /> A Nanakpanthi temple is known as a ''tikano'' or ''tikana'' (a term also used for [[Sewapanthi]] temples).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=R. N. |title=Historical Development of Sikhism: Religion to Politics |publisher=Commonwealth |year=2003 |isbn=9788171697038 |series=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Heritage |pages=81–82}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Falzon |first=Mark-Anthony |title=Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860-2000 |publisher=Brill |year=2004 |isbn=978-90-04-14008-0 |series=International Comparative Social Studies |volume=9 |location=Leiden |pages=73–74}}</ref><ref name="Kalhoro2" /> They are prevalent in Sindh,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramey |first=Steven W. |title=Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |isbn=9780230616226 |edition=1st |pages=180–81}}</ref><ref name="Kalhoro2" /> where [[religious syncretism]] of Hinduism and Sikhism is observed and religious boundaries become blurry and ill-defined.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhi |first=Gobind |title=Sadhu Hiranand: The Man and His Mission |publisher=National Book Trust, India |year=1998 |series=National Biography |pages=5}}</ref><ref name="Falzon-2022">{{Cite book |last=Falzon |first=M. A. |title=Selling Anything Anywhere: Sindhis and Global Trade |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |year=2022 |isbn=9789354925788 |chapter=Glossary |quote=tikana: a mandir which usually includes both the Sikh Guru Granth Sahib and images of Hindu deities.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |date=25 May 2018 |title=Muslim saints and their Hindu devotees |url=https://www.academia.edu/37860938 |website=Originally published on The Friday Times, republished on Academia.edu}}</ref> A ''tikana'' usually houses a copy of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] alongside images of [[Hindu deities|Indic deities]].<ref name="Falzon-2022" /><ref name="Kalhoro2" /> Most of the Sindhi Hindus can be categorized as Nanakpanthis, as they venerate Guru Nanak and the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=":1" /> Due to them not being bound by Khalsa norms, the Nanakpanthis of Sindh usually cut their hair, do not wear a turban, and also venerate local deities and Sufi and Hindu saints.<ref name=":1" /> However, Sindhi men cover the top of their head with a handkerchief within places of worship, tucked behind their ears to make it hold and not fall-off.<ref name=":1" />

=== Sewapanthis ===
{{Main articles|Sewapanthi}}
[[Bhai Kanhaiya]] was sent by Guru Gobind Singh to Sindh in-order to propagate the Sikh religion amongst the locals of the region.<ref name=":43">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Inderjeet |date=24 January 2018 |title=Sikhi & Sindhis |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikhi-sindhis |work=SikhNet}}</ref><ref name=":522">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=T. R. |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Ruler and Warrior |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University |year=2005 |isbn=9788185322353 |pages=99}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite book |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference, Volume 27, Part 1 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1991 |isbn=9788173802201 |pages=63}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Malkani |first=K. R. |title=The Sindh Story |publisher=Allied |year=1984 |pages=152}}</ref> He is locally known as ''Khat Waro Bao'' or ''Khaatwala Baba'' in Sindh as he would preach whilst seated on a bed.<ref name=":43" /><ref name=":522" /><ref name=":62" /><ref name=":72" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Inderjeet |date=24 January 2018 |title=Sikhi & Sindhis |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikhi-sindhis |work=SikhNet}}</ref> The Khat Wari Darbar in [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]] is a Sindhi temple dedicated to him.<ref name=":43" /> After his passing, he was succeeded as head of the Sewapanthi sect by Bhai Sewa Ram.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=3, M-R |location=Patiala |pages=299 |oclc=29703420 |quote=PARCHl BHAl SEVA RAM is a biographical sketch, in Punjabi verse, of Bhai Seva Ram who led the Sevapanthi sect after the death of its founder Bhai Kanhaiya, a disciple of Guru Gobind Singh}}</ref> His successor would continue preaching and proselytizing Sikhism in Sindh.<ref name=":43" /> Many of the followers of the Sewapanthi sect were ethnic [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] Sikhs.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagraj |title=A complete guide to Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Unistar Books |isbn=978-81-7142-754-3 |location=Chandigarh, India |pages=249 |oclc=319683249 |quote=Sewa Panthi Sampardai: Literally sewa panthi sampardai means fellowship of service. It was founded by Bhai Ghahnaiya, who during the siege of Anandpur toured the battlefield carrying water and serving it to the friend and foe alike. Sewa Panthis are principally Sindhi Sikhs, celibate and very few. They have established a big dera at Goniana Mandi in Bathinda district and now are mainly devoted to the cause of education in addition to preaching of Sikhism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramey |first=Steven W. |title=Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |isbn=9780230616226 |edition=1st |pages=180–81}}</ref> A Sewapanthi temple is known as a ''Tikana'' (a term also used for [[Nanakpanthi]] temples).<ref name=":142">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=R. N. |title=Historical Development of Sikhism: Religion to Politics |publisher=Commonwealth |year=2003 |isbn=9788171697038 |series=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Heritage |pages=81–82}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Falzon |first=Mark-Anthony |title=Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860-2000 |publisher=Brill |year=2004 |isbn=978-90-04-14008-0 |series=International Comparative Social Studies |volume=9 |location=Leiden |pages=73–74}}</ref> At a tikana is usually a copy of the primary Sikh scripture, [[Guru Granth Sahib]], alongside images of [[Hindu deities|Indic deities]].<ref name=":152">{{Cite book |last=Falzon |first=M. A. |title=Selling Anything Anywhere: Sindhis and Global Trade |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |year=2022 |isbn=9789354925788 |chapter=Glossary |quote=tikana: a mandir which usually includes both the Sikh Guru Granth Sahib and images of Hindu deities.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Armentrout |first1=Donald S. |title=Religion in the Contemporary South: Changes, Continuities, and Contexts |last2=Norman |first2=Corrie E. |publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57233-361-1 |location=Knoxville, Tennessee |pages=220 }}</ref>

=== Bandais ===
A few of the Sikh refugees who fled from Punjab to settle in Sindh in the 18th century were Bandais, meaning followers of Banda Singh Bahadur.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=Regional perspectives on India's Partition: Shifting the Vantage Points |date=May 4, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |others=Anjali Gera Roy, Nandi Bhatia |isbn=9781000829242 |chapter=Sikhism in Sindh}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

=== Pakistan ===
According to the [[Census in British India|1941 British India census]], around 32,000 Sikhs lived in Sindh.<ref name=":15" /> Per community estimates published in a 2014 Karachi paper, there are approximately 10,000 Sindhi Sikhs in Pakistan.<ref name="Tunio">{{Cite news |last=Tunio |first=Hafeez |date=31 May 2020 |title=Shikarpur's Sikhs serve humanity beyond religion |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2232679/1-shikarpurs-sikhs-serve-humanity-beyond-religion/?amp=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227055506/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2232679/1-shikarpurs-sikhs-serve-humanity-beyond-religion?amp=1 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=2 July 2020 |newspaper=The Express Tribune |location=Pakistan}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> As per the [[2023 Pakistani census]], Sikhism is adhered to by 5,182 people or around 0.01% of the total population of present-day [[Sindh]] province.<ref name="Census2023B" />

=== India ===
A 2009 household survey counted 20,000 Sindhi Sikhs in India.<ref name=":15" /> A 2016 paper estimated the number of Sindhi Sikhs in India to be between 18,000 and 20,000.<ref name=":15" />

== Language ==
Sindhi Sikhs speak [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and often [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as well.<ref name=":15" /> Some who moved to Punjab following partition were influenced to give-up their native-language and speak Punjabi instead.<ref name=":15" /> Due to the prominence of [[Gurmukhi]] in Sikhism, many Sindhi Sikhs are proficient in the script.<ref name=":15" />

== Public and scholarly perception ==
Sindhi Sikhs are often met with confusion from others about their identity, as Sikhs are associated with Punjab in popular imagination and not Sindh.<ref name=":15" /> Some Sindhi Sikhs have been asked if they are converts to Sikhism from unknowing questioners.<ref name=":15" /> Studies on the experience of Sindhi Sikhs have been limited and they have seldom been taken into account in works on the 1947 partition, the Sindhi community, nor Sikhism.<ref name=":15" /> Sindhi Sikhs are often treated as an "extension of Sindhi Hindus", thus explaining their seeming omission in scholarly works, which focuses on Sindhi Muslims and Hindus.<ref name=":15" /> Scholars of [[Sikh Studies|Sikh studies]] have also neglected the internal diversity of the Sikh community, leading to the neglect of non-mainstream groups, instead focusing on Sikh spiritual authority and the Sikh past, and the form of Sikhism in Punjab.<ref name=":15" />

== Relation with Hinduism ==
Sindhi Hindus tend to hold Guru Nanak's teachings in special regard.<ref name=":0" /> According to Daniel Gold, [[Hinduism in Sindh]] has been influenced by Sikhism and by mystical Islam, leading to the uniqueness and peculiarities of Sindhi Hindus in contrast to other populations of Hindus.<ref name=":1" /> Examples of these unique practices which differentiates them from mainstream Hinduism includes sponsoring recitations from the Guru Granth Sahib (usually performed by Khalsa Sikhs) and chanting ''[[waheguru]]'', which is a term for the divine associated with Sikhism.<ref name=":1" /> Some Sindhi Hindus have distanced themselves from veneration of Guru Nanak and the Guru Granth in modern-day India, wishing to be accepted as Hindus by their fellow co-religionists, believing that Nanak and the Granth are too associated with Sikhism.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Sikh–Sindhian relations]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Sikhism in Pakistan}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikhism in Pakistan]]

Sultan Khan (chess player)

2026-04-29T12:47:57Z

MalissaHardaway:

{{short description|Pakistani chess grandmaster (1903–1966)}}
{{About|the South Asian chess player|other uses|Sultan Khan (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox chess player
|image=Mirsultankhan.gif|
|name=Sultan Khan
|birthname=
|country=[[British Raj|British India]] (1903–1947) [[Pakistan]] (1947–1966)
|birth_date=1903
|birth_place=[[Mitha Tiwana]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] (today [[Khushab District]], Pakistan)
|death_date={{Death date and age|1966|04|25|1903|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Sargodha district|Sargodha]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
|title=Honorary [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (posthumous, 2024)
}}
'''Sultan Khan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and {{langx|ur|{{nq|میاں سلطان خان}}}}, 1903 – 25 April 1966; often erroneously<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doggers |first=Peter |date=2024-02-05 |title=Honorary Grandmaster Title Posthumously Awarded To Sultan Khan |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/honorary-grandmaster-title-posthumously-awarded-to-sultan-khan |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US |quote=She added that the correct name of her grandfather is Mian Sultan Khan, saying: "Mir was added erroneously by western writers."}}</ref> given the honorific ''[[Mir (title)|Mir]] Sultan Khan'' or ''Mir [[Malik]] Sultan Khan''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=King |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUXcDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Mir%22 |title=Sultan Khan: The Indian Servant Who Became Chess Champion of the British Empire |date=2020-04-08 |publisher=New In Chess |isbn=978-90-5691-876-7 |language=en |quote=Sultan Khan is often accorded two other names, Mir Malik, but these are honorific. Mir is akin to addressing someone as 'sir'}}</ref>) was a chess player from [[British Raj|British India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=How 'Sultan' of Indian chess won over Brits, beat Capablanca |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2020%2F04%2F21&entity=Ar01213&sk=9AB3D778&mode=text#=undefined |website=How ‘Sultan’ of Indian chess won over Brits, beat Capablanca - The Times of India |publisher=Times of India |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811230048/https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2020%2F04%2F21&entity=Ar01213&sk=9AB3D778&mode=text |archive-date=11 August 2021 |date=21 April 2020 |quote="He was born in Pakistan’s side of the Punjab and died there as a Pakistan citizen due to tuberculosis in 1966." |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Dr Atiyab Sultan and Ather Sultan |title=CHESS: THE WRATH OF KHAN |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1557393 |website=CHESS: THE WRATH OF KHAN - Newspaper - DAWN.COM |publisher=DAWN News |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725000415/https://www.dawn.com/news/1557393 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |date=17 May 2020 |quote="Formally speaking, he was a British subject from 1903-1947 and then a proud Pakistani citizen till his demise in 1966. As such, he is a Pakistani asset and deserves an honourable mention in the sporting history of the country." |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Dr Atiyab Sultan |title=' Sultan Khan by Daniel King'- A granddaughter's review |url=https://www.chess.com/blog/atiyabsultan/sultan-khan-by-daniel-king-a-granddaughters-review |website=' Sultan Khan by Daniel King'- A granddaughter's review - Chess.com |publisher=chess.com |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811224756/https://www.chess.com/blog/atiyabsultan/sultan-khan-by-daniel-king-a-granddaughters-review |archive-date=11 August 2021 |date=30 April 2020 |quote="Formally speaking, Sultan Khan was a [[British subject]] for the first 44 years of his life (1903-47) and then a very proud Pakistani citizen from 1947 till his demise in 1966. He had no connection with the country that is now India other than for transit during travel or to play tournament matches, something that he also did in England, Czech republic, Switzerland, etc. That does not make him a citizen of these countries any more than it makes him an Indian. Moreover, given the tense political realities of the region, King should have been careful and sensitive before proclaiming him as such, as he has denied a dead man his conscious decision of statehood. Khan chose to be resident in Pakistan and contrary to King’s assertion that he offered no political opinions, Khan was a patriot and believed firmly in Pakistan, a homeland created for South Asia’s Muslim population in 1947." |url-status=live}}</ref> and later a citizen of [[Pakistan]], who was the strongest Asian player of the early 1930s. The son of a Muslim landlord and preacher, Khan travelled with Colonel Nawab Sir [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan|Umar Hayat Khan]] (''Sir Umar''), to Britain, where he took the chess world by storm. In an international chess career of less than five years (1929–33), he won the [[British Chess Championship|British Championship]] three times in four attempts (1929, 1932, 1933), and had tournament and match results that placed him among the top ten players in the world. Sir Umar then brought him back to his homeland, where he gave up chess and returned to cultivate his ancestral farmlands in the area which became [[Pakistan]]. He lived there before dying in his sixties in the city of [[Sargodha]]. [[David Hooper (chess player)|David Hooper]] and [[Kenneth Whyld]] have called him "perhaps the greatest natural player of modern times".<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402">David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, ''The Oxford Companion to Chess'' (2nd ed. 1992), Oxford University Press, p. 402. {{ISBN|0-19-866164-9}}.</ref> In 2024 [[FIDE]] posthumously awarded him the title of Honorary [[Grandmaster (Chess)|Grandmaster]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rehman |first=Zia Ur |date=2024-02-02 |title=Caretaker Prime Minister Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar receives an award conferred upon Late Mir Sultan Khan, a Chess player, posthumously from the President of International Chess Federation Mr. Arkady Dvorkovich and President Asian Chess Federation Mr. Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan. |url=https://www.app.com.pk/photos-section/caretaker-prime-minister-anwaar-ul-haq-kakar-receives-an-award-conferred-upon-late-mir-sultan-khan-a-chess-player-posthumously-from-the-president-of-international-chess-federation-mr-arkady-dvorkov/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Chess career==
[[File: Mir-sultan-khan-9bd870fc-ef0f-4ed4-af7a-b7758a9ae33-resize-750.jpg|thumb|Sultan Khan with his trophy after winning the British Chess Championship (1932)]]
Sultan Khan was born in 1903 in [[Mitha Tiwana]], [[Khushab]], [[Sargodha]] (then British India, today [[Pakistan]]), to a Punjabi Muslim [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]] family of [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]] and landlords.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sultan|first1=Ather|last2=Sultan|first2=Atiyab|date=17 May 2020|title=CHESS:The Wrath of Khan|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1557393|work=Dawn|access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref> He learned [[Indian chess]] from his father at the age of nine.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref name="Sunnucksp.443">[[Anne Sunnucks]], ''The Encyclopaedia of Chess'', St. Martin's Press, 1970, p. 443.</ref> By the time he was 21 he was considered the strongest player in Punjab.<ref name="Sunnucksp.443"/> At that time, Sir Umar took him into his household with the idea of teaching him the European version of the game and introducing him to European master [[chess]].<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref name="Sunnucksp.443"/> In 1928, he won the all-India championship, scoring eight wins, one [[draw (chess)|draw]], and no losses.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref name="Sunnucksp.443"/><ref>[[Raymond Keene]], writing in [[Harry Golombek]] (editor), ''Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess'', Crown Publishing, 1977, p. 313. {{ISBN|0-517-53146-1}}.</ref>

In the spring of 1929, Sir Umar took him to London, where a training tournament was organized for his benefit.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref name=" Sunnucksp.444"/> Due to his inexperience and lack of [[chess theory|theoretical knowledge]], he did poorly, tying for last place with H. G. Conde, behind [[William Winter (chess player)|William Winter]] and [[Frederick Yates (chess player)|Frederick Yates]]. After the tournament, Winter and Yates trained with him to help prepare him for the [[British Chess Championship]] to be held that summer.<ref name="Sunnucksp.444"/> To everyone's surprise, he won.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref name="Sunnucksp.444"/><ref>[[Philip W. Sergeant]], ''A Century of British Chess'', David McKay, 1934, pp. 278–79, 331–32.</ref> Soon afterwards, he went back to India with Sir Umar.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref name="Sunnucksp.444"/>

Returning to Europe in May 1930, Sultan Khan began an international chess career that included wins over many of the world's leading players.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/> His best results were second to [[Savielly Tartakower]] at [[Liège]] 1930; third at [[Hastings International Chess Congress|Hastings]] 1930–31 (+5−2=2) behind future World Champion [[Max Euwe]] and former World Champion [[José Raúl Capablanca]]; fourth at Hastings 1931–32; fourth at [[Bern]] 1932 (+10−3=2); and a tie for third with [[Isaac Kashdan]] at London 1932, behind World Champion [[Alexander Alekhine]] and [[Salo Flohr]].<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/> Sultan Khan again won the British Championship in 1932 and 1933.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref>Sergeant, pp. 279–81, 331.</ref> In matches he narrowly defeated Tartakower in 1931 (+4−3=5) and narrowly lost to Flohr in 1932 (+1−2=3).<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=92188|title=Sultan Khan - Tartakower (1931)|website=www.chessgames.com}}</ref>

Sultan Khan thrice played [[Glossary of chess#First board|first board]] for England at [[Chess Olympiad]]s. At [[3rd Chess Olympiad|Hamburg 1930]], there was still no rule that teams must put their best player on the top board, and some teams, unconvinced of his strength, matched their second or even third-best player against him.<ref>Coles, pp. 42–43.</ref> He scored nine wins, four draws, and four losses (64.7%).<ref>Árpád Földeák, ''Chess Olympiads 1927–1968'', Dover Publications, 1979, p. 50. {{ISBN|0-486-23733-8}}.</ref><ref name="Colesp.18">Coles, p. 18.</ref> At [[4th Chess Olympiad|Prague 1931]], he faced a much stronger field.<ref name="Colesp.67">Coles, p. 67.</ref> He had an outstanding result, scoring eight wins, seven draws, and two losses (67.6%).<ref name="Colesp.18"/><ref>Földeák, p. 72.</ref> This included wins against Flohr and [[Akiba Rubinstein]] and draws with Alekhine, Kashdan, [[Ernst Grünfeld]], [[Gideon Ståhlberg]], and [[Efim Bogoljubow]].<ref name=" Colesp.67"/> At [[5th Chess Olympiad|Folkestone 1933]], he had his worst result, an even score, winning four games, drawing six, and losing four.<ref>Földeák, p. 92.</ref><ref>Coles, pp. 18, 120.</ref> Once again, his opponents included the world's best players, such as Alekhine, Flohr, Kashdan, Tartakower, Grünfeld, Ståhlberg, and [[Lajos Steiner]].<ref>Coles, p. 120.</ref>

[[Reuben Fine]] wrote of him:<ref>[[Reuben Fine]], ''Lessons From My Games'', New York, 1958, pp. 24–25, quoted in [[Edward Winter (chess historian)|Edward Winter]], [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/sultankhan.html Sultan Khan (2003)].</ref>
<blockquote>The story of the Indian Sultan Khan turned out to be a most unusual one. The "Sultan" was not the term of status that we supposed it to be; it was merely a first name. He spoke English poorly and kept score in Hindustani. It was said that he could not even read the European notations. {{parabr}}
After the tournament [the 1933 Folkestone Olympiad] the American team was invited to the home of Sultan Khan's master in London. When we were ushered in we were greeted by the [[maharajah]] with the remark, "It is an honor for you to be here; ordinarily I converse only with my greyhounds." Although he was a [[Islam|Mohammedan]], the maharajah had been granted special permission to drink intoxicating beverages, and he made liberal use of this dispensation. He presented us with a four-page printed biography telling of his life and exploits; so far as we could see his greatest achievement was to have been born a maharajah. </blockquote>

In December 1933, Sir Umar took him back to India.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref name="Sunnucksp.444">Sunnucks, p. 444.</ref><ref name="FineWorld'sGreatp.181">[[Reuben Fine]], ''The World's Great Chess Games'', Dover, 1983, p. 181. {{ISBN|0-486-24512-8}}.</ref> In 1935, he won a match against V. K. Khadilkar, yielding just one draw in ten games.<ref name="Sunnucksp.444"/><ref name="Colesp.11">Coles, p. 11.</ref> The chess world never heard from him again.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref name="Sunnucksp.444"/><ref name="FineWorld'sGreatp.181"/>

==Later life==

[[Miss Fatima]], also a servant of Sir Umar, had won the British Ladies Championship in 1933 by a remarkable three-point margin, scoring ten wins, one draw, and no losses.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.402"/><ref>Sergeant, pp. 281, 338.</ref> She said that Sultan Khan, upon his return to India, felt as though he had been freed from prison.<ref>Hooper & Whyld, pp. 402–03.</ref> In the damp English climate, he had been continually afflicted with [[malaria]], colds, influenza, and throat infections, often arriving to play with his neck swathed in bandages.<ref name="Sunnucksp.444"/><ref name="Colesp.11"/><ref name="HooperWhyldp.403">Hooper & Whyld, p. 403.</ref><ref>Coles, p. 8.</ref> Sir Umar died in 1944. Sultan Khan lived for the rest of his life with his family in Sargodha.<ref name="Sunnucksp.444"/><ref name="Colesp.11"/><ref name="HooperWhyldp.403"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1966.04.27 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19660427-01.1.3 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=gpa.eastview.com}}</ref> Ather Sultan, his eldest son, recalled that he would not coach his children at chess, telling them that they should do something more useful with their lives.<ref name="HooperWhyldp.403"/>

Sultan Khan died of [[tuberculosis]] in [[Sargodha]], Pakistan (the same district where he had been born) on 25 April 1966.<ref name="Sunnucksp.444"/><ref name="Colesp.11"/><ref>[[Jeremy Gaige]], ''Chess Personalia: A Biobibliography'', McFarland, 1987, p. 412. {{ISBN|0-7864-2353-6}}.</ref> Sultan Khan's son Ather Sultan is a graduate of the London School of Economics and retired as an Inspector General of Police from the Government of Pakistan. {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} His granddaughter, Atiyab Sultan, holds a doctorate from the University of Cambridge. {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==Legacy==
Sultan Khan was the first person of color to achieve success in the chess world at the highest level. His story has been distorted and mythologized in many popular accounts of his life and career. Some of these accounts describe him as something of an [[idiot savant]], an illiterate servant with a miraculous gift for chess, such as British Grandmaster Daniel King's 2020 biography ''Sultan Khan: The Indian Servant who became Chess Champion of the British Empire''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=King |first1=Daniel |title=Sultan Khan: The Indian Servant Who Became Chess Champion of the British Empire |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sultan-Khan-Servant-Champion-British/dp/9056918745 |website=Amazon |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

Members of Sultan Khan's family have endeavored to correct these misconceptions. Sultan Khan's granddaughter Atiyab Sultan clarified three issues with King's book in a blog post on the online platform [[Chess.com]], explaining that Sultan Khan held a Pakistani identity, not Indian; that he came from a respected and influential family; and that he was not illiterate or menial. In this blog post, she writes, "It can be tempting for a certain class of writers to cast achievements of people of colour as extraordinary and miraculous and so they seek to dehumanize them as illiterate savages defying gravity, because the truth that they could succeed purely on merit is too hard to bear."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sultan |first1=Atiyab |title='Sultan Khan by Daniel King'- A granddaughter's review |url=https://www.chess.com/blog/atiyabsultan/sultan-khan-by-daniel-king-a-granddaughters-review |website=chess.com |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

Sultan Khan's son and granddaughter have collaborated to write their own version of his biography, ''Endgame of Empire: Sultan Khan, Asia's First Grandmaster''. The book takes Sultan Khan's life in the context of British colonialism and includes the first detailed account of his life before and after his chess career. It is being published by Fordham University Press and is set to release on 09 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Endgame of Empire |url=https://fordhampress.com/endgame-of-empire-hb-9781531513108.html |website=fordhampress.com |publisher=Fordham University Press |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

==Chess strength==

In his brief but meteoric career, Sultan Khan rose to the top of the chess world, playing on even terms with the world's best players. By [[Arpad Elo]]'s calculation, his playing strength during his five-year peak was equivalent to an [[Elo rating]] of 2530.<ref>Arpad E. Elo, ''The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present'', Arco Publishing, 1978, p. 195.</ref>

In 1950, when FIDE first awarded the titles of International Grandmaster and [[International Master]], Sultan Khan had not played for 15 years. However, FIDE made a practice of awarding titles to some long-retired players who had distinguished careers earlier in their lives, such as Rubinstein and [[Carlos Torre]].<ref>FIDE awarded Rubinstein the International Grandmaster title on its first title list in 1950. Elo, p. 65. It awarded Torre the International Master title in 1963 and the International Grandmaster title in 1977, and Khan the Grandmaster title in 2024. Sunnucks, p. 462; Elo, p. 189. Elo lists Sultan Khan on a list of "Untitled Chessmasters". Elo, p. 195.</ref>

Hooper and Whyld write of him:<ref name="HooperWhyldp.403"/>
<blockquote>When Sultan Khan first travelled to Europe his English was so rudimentary that he needed an interpreter. Unable to read or write, he never studied any books on the game, and he was put into the hands of trainers who were also his rivals in play. He never mastered [[chess opening|openings]] which, by nature empirical, cannot be learned by the application of common sense alone. Under these adverse circumstances, and having known international chess for a mere seven years, only half of which was spent in Europe, Sultan Khan nevertheless had few peers in the [[chess middlegame|middlegame]], was among the world's best two or three [[chess endgame|endgame]] players, and one of the world's best ten players. This achievement brought admiration from Capablanca who called him a genius, an accolade he rarely bestowed.</blockquote>

FIDE awarded the title of Honorary Grandmaster to Khan posthumously on February 2, 2024. FIDE president [[Arkady Dvorkovich]] presented the award to [[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Anwaar ul Haq Kakar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fawad |first=Fawad Hassan |date=2024-02-02 |title=PAKISTAN'S RECEIVES FIRST CHESS GRAND MASTER AWARD GIVEN TO LATE MIR SULTAN KHAN |url=https://ipc.gov.pk/NewsDetail/MmU2OTNhZjUtMDI5NC00MGNhLTg5MzYtOTk3NjFhZDNmMDdj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202172913/https://ipc.gov.pk/NewsDetail/MmU2OTNhZjUtMDI5NC00MGNhLTg5MzYtOTk3NjFhZDNmMDdj |archive-date=2024-02-02 |website=Ministry of Inter-Provincial Coordination}}</ref><ref>[https://www.fide.com/news/2873 FIDE delegation meets with Pakistan's President and PM], 5 February 2024</ref>

==Notable games==
{{AN chess|pos=secright}}
*Probably Sultan Khan's most famous game is his win as [[White and Black in chess|White]] against Capablanca at Hastings 1930–31:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSYpwQYXbKE | title=This is Sultan Khan - the Servant who Defeated Champions | website=[[YouTube]] | date=3 August 2017 }}</ref> {{parabr}}1.Nf3 Nf6 2.d4 b6 3.c4 Bb7 4.Nc3 e6 5.a3 d5 6.cxd5 exd5 7.Bg5 Be7 8.e3 0-0 9.Bd3 Ne4 10.Bf4 Nd7 11.Qc2 f5 12.Nb5 Bd6 13.Nxd6 cxd6 14.h4 Rc8 15.Qb3 Qe7 16.Nd2 Ndf6 17.Nxe4 fxe4 18.Be2 Rc6 19.g4 Rfc8 20.g5 Ne8 21.Bg4 Rc1+ 22.Kd2 R8c2+ 23.Qxc2 Rxc2+ 24.Kxc2 Qc7+ 25.Kd2 Qc4 26.Be2 Qb3 27.Rab1 Kf7 28.Rhc1 Ke7 29.Rc3 Qa4 30.b4 Qd7 31.Rbc1 a6 32.Rg1 Qa4 33.Rgc1 Qd7 34.h5 Kd8 35.R1c2 Qh3 36.Kc1 Qh4 37.Kb2 Qh3 38.Rc1 Qh4 39.R3c2 Qh3 40.a4 Qh4 41.Ka3 Qh3 42.Bg3 Qf5 43.Bh4 g6 44.h6 Qd7 45.b5 a5 46.Bg3 Qf5 47.Bf4 Qh3 48.Kb2 Qg2 49.Kb1 Qh3 50.Ka1 Qg2 51.Kb2 Qh3 52.Rg1 Bc8 53.Rc6 Qh4 54.Rgc1 Bg4 55.Bf1 Qh5 56.Re1 Qh1 57.Rec1 Qh5 58.Kc3 Qh4 59.Bg3 Qxg5 60.Kd2 Qh5 61.Rxb6 Ke7 62.Rb7+ Ke6 63.b6 Nf6 64.Bb5 Qh3 65.Rb8 {{chessAN|1–0}} Black {{chessgloss|resigned}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1135510 |title=Sultan Khan vs. Capablanca, Hastings 1930–31 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=26 January 2009 }}</ref>
*Sultan Khan won this crushing victory as [[White and Black in chess|Black]] against the Russo-Belgian player [[Victor Soultanbeieff]] at Liège 1930: {{parabr}}1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 b6 3.c4 e6 4.g3 Bb7 5.Bg2 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 Bxd2+ 7.Nbxd2 0-0 8.0-0 c5 9.Qc2 Nc6 10.dxc5 bxc5 11.e4 Qc7 12.Rfe1 d6 13.Rac1 h6 14.a3 Nd7 15.Qc3 a5 16.Nh4 g5 17.Qe3 Qd8 18.Nhf3 Qe7 19.h3 Rab8 20.b3 Ba8 21.Nb1 Nde5 22.a4 Nxf3+ 23.Bxf3 Nd4 24.Bd1 f5 25.exf5 Rxf5 26.Rc3 Rbf8 27.Rf1 Rf3! 28.Bxf3 Rxf3 {{chessAN|0–1}} White resigned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1135513 |title=Soultanbeieff vs. Sultan Khan, Liege 1930 |website=[[ChessGames.com]] |access-date=26 January 2009 }}</ref>
*In this game from Liège 1930, long-time American champion [[Frank Marshall (chess player)|Frank Marshall]] (Black) tries to add to his long list of [[Glossary of chess#Brilliancy|brilliancies]], but Sultan Khan defends coolly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1135515 |title=Sultan Khan vs. Marshall, Liege 1930 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=6 February 2009 }}</ref> His biographer calls his play "a wonderful example of ''sang-froid'' under pressure":<ref name="Colesp.52">R. N. Coles, ''Mir Sultan Khan'' (2nd ed. 1977), British Chess Magazine, p. 52.</ref> {{parabr}}'''1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4 3. Qxd4 Nc6 4. Qe3 Nf6 5. Nc3 Be7''' Coles writes, "Sultan has unwittingly chosen one of the more hazardous openings against a master with a record of brilliancies in open games, and as will be seen Marshall is psychologically unable to resist a try for a brilliancy against this inexperienced opponent."<ref>Coles, p. 51.</ref> '''6. Bd2 d5 7. exd5 Nxd5 8. Nxd5 Qxd5 9. Ne2 Bg4 10. Nf4 Qd7 11. f3 0-0-0 12. 0-0-0''' Avoiding the complications of 12.fxg4 Bh4+.<ref name="Colesp.52" /> '''12... Rhe8{{chesspunc|?!}}''' Marshall insists on a piece sacrifice rather than retreating the bishop.<ref name="Colesp.52"/> '''13. fxg4 Bb4 14. Qf2{{chesspunc|!}}''' Not falling for 14.Qb3{{chesspunc|??}} Qxd2+! 15.Rxd2 Re1+ and mate next.<ref name="Colesp.52"/> '''14... Bc5 15. Qf3!''' Allowing the queen to interpose on d1 if Black plays the queen sacrifice. '''15... Re3 16. Qd5!''' Not 16.Bxe3?? Bxe3+, winning. Now 16...Qxd5 17.Nxd5 Rxd5 18.Bc4! leaves White an {{chessgloss|exchange}} ahead.<ref name="Colesp.52"/> '''16... Qe7 17. Qf5+ Kb8 18. Nd3 Rdxd3''' "Tantamount to resignation."<ref name="Colesp.52"/> '''19. Bxd3 Nd4 20. Qxh7 a6 21. Bxe3 Qxe3+ 22. Kb1 Nc6 23. Qe4 Qh6 24. c3 Bd6 25. h4 Ne5 26. Bc2 Qe6 1–0''' Black lost on time.<ref name="Colesp.52"/>

==See also==
*[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* Mir Sultan Khan: online games collection (BritBase) [http://www.saund.co.uk/britbase/pgn/sultan-khan-viewer.html BritBase: Chess Games played by Mir Sultan Khan, from 1928 to 1935]
* {{chessgames player|id=23857}}
*[http://www.saund.co.uk/britbase/britchamps.html BritBase – List of all British Chess Champions from 1904 to present]
* [[Edward Winter (chess historian)|Edward Winter]], [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/sultankhan.html Sultan Khan] (2003)
* [http://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2011/02/the-ramanujan-of-chess.html#more The Ramanujan of Chess] essay by Hartosh Singh Bal at [[3 Quarks Daily]], 28 February 2011
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYCwOpjKab0&ab_channel=TheWorldTodaywithTariqAli ''Rear Window - Indian chess champions of the early 20th century''], short documentary film

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sultan}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Pakistani chess players]]
[[Category:20th-century British chess players]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:People from Sargodha District]]
[[Category:20th-century chess players]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]

Lehra Assembly constituency

2026-04-22T16:34:12Z

MalissaHardaway:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lehra
| type = SLA
| map_image = 99-Lehra.svg
| constituency_no = 99
| mla = [[Barinder Kumar Goyal]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:173020}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2027|05}}
}}
'''Lehra Assembly constituency''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Sangrur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |access-date=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

[[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]), who was the first and only female Chief minister of Punjab. She won five consecutive times from Lehra constituency from 1992.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/ex-cm-rajinder-kaur-bhattal-faces-tough-challenge-in-home-constituency-of-lehragaga/story-ziZaag55q63UxCgv1FFvLM.html|title=Ex-CM Rajinder Kaur Bhattal|date=4 Feb 2017|via=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== List of MLAs ==
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/lehra.html|title=Lehra Assembly constituency (Punjab)|access-date=4 Feb 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center"
! Name
! width=75|Portrait
! colspan="2"|Term of office
! colspan=2|Political party (Alliance)
|- align="center"
| Pritam Singh
|
| 1962
| 1967
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|- align=center
| [[Brish Bhan]]
|
| 1967
| 1969
|- align=center
| [[Harchand Singh Longowal]]
|
|1969
|1970
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
|H. Singh
|
|1970
|1972
|- align=center
|Harish Bhan
|
|1972
|1977
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align=center
|Chitwant Singh
|
|1977
|1980
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|- align="center"
|Amar Singh
|
|1980
|1985
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|- align="center"
|Inderjit Singh
|
|1985
|1987
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
|[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
|
|1987
|1992
| ||[[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
|- align=center
| rowspan="5" |[[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[File:Rajinder Kaur Bhattal.jpg|75px]]
|1992
|1997
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|- align=center
|1997
| 2002
|- align="center"
|2002
|2007
|- align="center"
|2007
|2012
|- align="center"
|2012
|2017
|- align="center"
|[[Parminder Singh Dhindsa]]<ref name=election2017/>
|[[File:Parminder singh dhindsa.png|75px]]
|2017
|2022
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
|[[Barinder Kumar Goyal]]<ref name=election2022/>
|
|2022
|Incumbent
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Lehra<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Barinder Kumar Goyal]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:60058}}
|percentage = 43.59
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)
|candidate = [[Parminder Singh Dhindsa]]
|votes = {{formatnum:33540}}
|percentage = 24.34
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:20450}}
|percentage = 14.84
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Gobind Singh Longowal
|votes = {{formatnum:12038}}
|percentage = 8.74
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sher Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)
|votes = {{formatnum:4991}}
|percentage = 3.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Satwant Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1546}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1071}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26518}}
|percentage = 19.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:137776}}
|percentage = 79.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:173020}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Lehra<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Parminder Singh Dhindsa]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:65550}}
|percentage = 47.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:38735}}
|percentage = 28.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jasvir Singh (politician)|Jasvir Singh]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:25089}}
|percentage = 18.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = NOTA
|votes = {{formatnum:962}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26815}}
|percentage = 19.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:137242}}
|percentage = 85.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:162111}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Lehra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 44706
|percentage = 37.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sukhwant Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 41351
|percentage = 34.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
|party = People's Party of Punjab
|votes = 26136
|percentage = 21.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagjit Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3232
|percentage = 2.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajvir Singh
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1725
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3355
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 119944
|percentage = 85.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sangrur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|29.94|75.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sangrur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in East Punjab]]

Devalkunda

2026-04-21T12:31:39Z

MalissaHardaway: created

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devalkunda
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Kundapura]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1766
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =KA
| website =
}}

'''Devalkunda''' is a village in the [[Kundapur]] taluk of [[Udupi|Udupi district]]. As of 2011, Devalkunda has a total population of 1766 people consisting of 994 male and 129 female residents. The village occupies a total area of 542.35 hectares with a population density of 3.256 people per hectare. As of 2011, the total literacy rate was 77.18% which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.<ref name="udupi-census">{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 2011, Devalkunda has an employment rate of over 34.26%, 48.76% of whom are employed over 183 days in a year.<ref name="udupi-census" />

== Ammonia leak ==
In 2019, the Malpe Fresh Marine plant, a fish storage facility located in Devalkunda suffered a leak in ammonia gas that led to over 74 labourers falling seriously ill<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-12 |title=75 fall sick as ammonia leaks at fish processing plant |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/75-fall-sick-as-ammonia-leaks-at-fish-processing-plant-753929.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kundapura]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Baghbar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:47:31Z

MalissaHardaway: Made Some Data V1 - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baghbar
| constituency_no = 45
| type = SLA
| map_image = Baghbar Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| district = [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors = {{formatnum:165834}}
| abolished = 2023
}}
'''Baghbar''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Baghbar forms part of the [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=Lok Sabha and Vidan Sabha Constituencies list
|accessdate=18 December 2020
|work=Assam
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate=2006-05-04
}}</ref> The constituency covered Baghbar thana (excluding Jania (Part) and Titapani mouzas) in Barpeta sub-division.

This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
* 1967: J. Ahmed, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].
* 1972: Jalal Uddin, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1978: Ibrahim Ali, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1983: Ibrahim Ali, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1985: Sheikh Abdul Hamid, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].
* 1991: Dildar Rezza, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1996: Sheikh Abdul Hamid, [[United Minorities Front (Assam)]].
* 2001: Dildar Rezza, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 2006: Dildar Rezza, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 2011: [[Sherman Ali Ahmed]], [[All India United Democratic Front]].
* 2016: [[Sherman Ali Ahmed]], [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Bag ref1">{{cite news |title=Baghbar Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Sherman Ali Ahmed of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/baghbar-election-result-2021-live-updates-baghbar-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3694676.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Sherman Ali Ahmed]]<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghbar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sherman Ali Ahmed
|votes = 73,340
|percentage = 57.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Sheikh Abdul Hamid
|votes = 29,907
|percentage = 23.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajib Ahmed
|votes = 18,357
|percentage = 14.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Md. Abdul Barik
|votes = 1,418
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JCPBV
|candidate = Altaf Hussain
|votes = 1,022
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = BRP
|candidate = Jamaluddin
|votes = 868
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jahidul Islam
|votes = 642
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India
|candidate = Rejaul Karim
|votes = 435
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ali Asgar
|votes = 411
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 974
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,433
|percentage = 34.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,27,374
|percentage = 87.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,44,950
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.23|90.89|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Barpeta district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

Chapalendu Bhattacharyyia

2026-04-19T02:02:04Z

MalissaHardaway: post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chapalendu Bhattacharyyia
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1919|1|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
| term_start = 1971
| term_end = 1977
| predecessor = Imteyaz Ahmad
| successor = [[Ramdas Singh]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Chapalendu Bhattacharyyia''' was an Indian politician. He was a [[member of parliament]], representing [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] the [[lower house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="y998">{{cite web | title=GIRIDIH Lok Sabha Election: Get GIRIDIH Lok Sabha Constituency latest News and Updates | website=Hindustan Times | date=25 April 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/constituencies/giridih-br_46_1999 | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="j963">{{cite web | last=टीम | first=एबीपी माझा वेब | title=गिरीडी निवडणूक निकाल LIVE: गिरीडी लोकसभा निवडणूक 2019 च्या ताज्या बातम्या | website=Marathi News | date=23 May 2019 | url=https://marathi.abplive.com/election/giridih-loksabha-nivadnuk-result-live-updates-giridih-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-live-minute-by-minute-updates-667140 | language=mr | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="k473">{{cite web | title=All INC Winner Candidates Lok Sabha Election 1971 | website=IndiaVotes | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/winningcandidates/2/5/1 | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

1982 Gonda Encounter

2026-04-07T19:08:13Z

MalissaHardaway: Made The Article Needs Work

{{Short description|Criminal case in Gonda district, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
The '''1982 Gonda Encounter''' is an ongoing criminal case involving the murder of 13 people including the [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of police]] in [[Gonda district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/324234/3-up-cops-get-death.html |title=3 UP cops get death for fake encounter |work=Deccan Herald |date=6 April 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203112236/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/324234/3-up-cops-get-death.html |archivedate=2013-12-03 }}</ref> On 5 March 2013 three police personnel were given [[Capital punishment in India|capital punishment]] and five others were given life-time imprisonment by the special [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] court in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbi.gov.in/newsarticles/pressclips/apr_2013/pc_20130407_2.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-12-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120001/http://www.cbi.gov.in/newsarticles/pressclips/apr_2013/pc_20130407_2.pdf |archivedate=24 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://manipurupdate.com/?p=40328 |title=Three cops sentenced to death in fake encounter case in Uttar Pradesh |work=Official Website of ManipurUpdate |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203083219/http://manipurupdate.com/?p=40328 |archivedate=2013-12-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://manipalworldnews.com/2013/04/05/three-cops-sentenced-to-death-in-fake-encounter-case-in-uttar-pradesh/|title=Manipal World News : Udupi News, Manipal News, Mangalore News|work=Udupi News, Manipal News, Mangalore News|access-date=2013-09-14|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130914221750/http://manipalworldnews.com/2013/04/05/three-cops-sentenced-to-death-in-fake-encounter-case-in-uttar-pradesh/|archive-date=2013-09-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> The case has been described as the "Rarest of rare cases" and also for the slow process of the Indian judicial system since the verdict was announced after 31 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-cops-sentenced-to-death-in-fake-encounter-case-in-uttar-pradesh-350494 |title=Three cops sentenced to death in fake encounter case in Uttar Pradesh |author=Anant Zanane |date=5 April 2013 |work=NDTV.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203120806/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-cops-sentenced-to-death-in-fake-encounter-case-in-uttar-pradesh-350494 |archivedate=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>http://www.punemirror.in/printarticle.aspx?page=comments&action=translate&sectid=4&contentid=201304062013040608583235938905f13&subsite=#{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Alleged encounter and killing ==

An alleged group clash had occurred on the night of 12 March 1982 in Madhavpur village located within the Katrabazar police station area in Gonda district. Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) '''Krishna Pratap Singh''' ('''K P Singh'''), on getting the information about the criminals Ram Bhulawan and Arjun Pasi, went to the village with the police.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/death-penalty-for-three-up-cops-in-fake-encounter-case/article4586875.ece|title=Death penalty for three U.P. cops in fake encounter case|author= |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 April 2013|access-date=12 September 2013|archive-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925115956/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/death-penalty-for-three-up-cops-in-fake-encounter-case/article4586875.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> K P Singh was later taken to the hospital where doctors declared him brought dead. 12 other people also died who were later declared dacoits by R B Saroj (who was head of police station) and his partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/31-years-on-8-cops-convicted-in-gonda-fake-encounter-case/1095167/ |title=31 years on, 8 cops convicted in Gonda fake encounter case |date=30 March 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604071320/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/31-years-on-8-cops-convicted-in-gonda-fake-encounter-case/1095167/ |archivedate=2013-06-04 }}</ref> The police later submitted a report saying the DSP was killed by dacoits in a bomb attack and the policemen killed the dacoits in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]]. They also showed the bodies of 12 people as evidence.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-cops-get-death-for-UP-fake-encounter-in-1982/articleshow/19408112.cms|title=3 cops get death for UP fake encounter in 1982|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 September 2013|archive-date=9 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409123046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-06/india/38326902_1_fake-encounter-special-cbi-court-19-policemen|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Allegations and investigation ==
The reason for the alleged killing was said to be the enmity between Deputy Superintendent of police, K P Singh, and his subordinates, whom he suspected of having close co-operation with the local criminals. K P Singh had ordered inquiry against the then sub-inspector R.B. Saroj. Yashpal Singh, then SP of Gonda (later DGP of [[Uttar Pradesh Police|UP Police]] from Jan 2005 to Apr 2006), started the investigation. After the inquiry, he was removed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pardaphash.com/news/after-31-year-death-sentence-to-3-cops-in-gonda-fake-encounter/710029.html#.UjHc2NJBPvl |title=Pardaphash.com: Latest News, India News, Business, Cricket, Bollywood, Video & Breaking News |work=PardaPhash: Latest Indian Breaking News, Sting operations |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204044128/http://www.pardaphash.com/news/after-31-year-death-sentence-to-3-cops-in-gonda-fake-encounter/710029.html#.UjHc2NJBPvl |archivedate=2013-12-04 |access-date=2013-09-12 }}</ref> The police initially maintained that Singh was killed by criminals. The SHO of Katra Bazar Police Station, Tirath Rajpal, investigated the incident and gave the cops a clean chit, however K P Singh's wife, Vibha Singh (then a PCS Officer) and state president of the People's Union for Civil Liberties Chitranjan Singh, alleged that her husband's subordinates had conspired to kill him. On her complaint, the local officers refused to take action.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-30/lucknow/38145396_1_fake-encounter-cbi-court-dacoits|title=8 cops held guilty of plotting to kill DySP in 1982 case|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 September 2013|archive-date=10 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410004831/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-30/lucknow/38145396_1_fake-encounter-cbi-court-dacoits|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/uttarpradesh/Three-cops-get-death-for-Gonda-fake-encounter/Article1-1037957.aspx#disqus_thread Three cops get death for Gonda fake encounter - Hindustan Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523090456/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Three-cops-get-death-for-Gonda-fake-encounter/Article1-1037957.aspx |date=2013-05-23 }}</ref> Vibha Singh then approached the High Court and a CBI investigation was ordered on [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court's]] intervention. The CBI registered an [[First Information Report|FIR]] on 24 February 1984, accusing the cops of killing the DSP and villagers in a [[fake encounter]], finally a [[Chargesheet|charge sheet]] was filed against 19 policemen by the CBI on 28 February 1989, and 7 September 2001.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/UP-up-fake-encounter-31-years-later-daughter-weeps-for-slain-father-4227717-PHO.html?seq=5 |title=UP fake encounter: 31 years later, daughter weeps for slain father |work=daily.bhaskar.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204104807/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/UP-up-fake-encounter-31-years-later-daughter-weeps-for-slain-father-4227717-PHO.html?seq=5 |archive-date=2013-12-04 }}</ref>

Preliminary investigation had found encounter as doubtful<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/UP-up-fake-encounter-31-years-later-daughter-weeps-for-slain-father-4227717-PHO.html?seq=3 |title=UP fake encounter: 31 years later, daughter weeps for slain father |work=daily.bhaskar.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203225058/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/UP-up-fake-encounter-31-years-later-daughter-weeps-for-slain-father-4227717-PHO.html?seq=3 |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> as the CBI found the death of the DSP as mysterious and had found evidence that K P Singh was probing a number of inquires pending against R B Saroj related to allegations of corruption, bribery and human rights violations. The encounter though told by the police to have lasted for hours, but there were no signs of bullets on any house and no villager was injured. The statement of witnesses, villagers and doctors contradicted the statement by the police.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-long-story-of-one-night/1102053/0|title=The long story of one night|date=14 April 2013|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319140326/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/the-long-story-of-one-night/|url-status=live}}</ref> The investigating agency found most of the firearms shown recovered from the villagers in the alleged encounter were not in working condition.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-06/india/38326298_1_two-brothers-manoj-police-van|title=Wish mother were alive today,says slain cop's IAS daughter|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 September 2013|archive-date=9 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409123213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-06/india/38326298_1_two-brothers-manoj-police-van|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/31-years-on-8-cops-convicted-in-gonda-fake-encounter-case/1095167/2 |title=31 years on, 8 cops convicted in Gonda fake encounter case |date=30 March 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509081821/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/31-years-on-8-cops-convicted-in-gonda-fake-encounter-case/1095167/2 |archivedate=2013-05-09 }}</ref>

== Verdict ==
After 24 long years of investigation, the special CBI court convicted eight policemen on 29 March 2013. In the trial period of 19 policemen who were charge sheeted, 10 had died and seven had retired. On 5 April 2013, the CBI court judge Rajendra Singh announced death penalty for three policemen and life imprisonment for the five remaining accused.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://advocatesindia.org/category/legal-news/page/16 |title=Legal News | Advocates in India | Page 16 |access-date=2013-12-22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131222121814/http://advocatesindia.org/category/legal-news/page/16 |archive-date=2013-12-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20130405/2183834.html |title=3 cops given capital punishment in 1982 Gonda fake encounter case |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204004958/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20130405/2183834.html |archivedate=2013-12-04 }}</ref> The CBI's special public prosecutor Sanjai Kumar mentioned that the encounter took place on the night of 12 March 1982, when the chief conspirator R B Saroj executed the plan to kill the then DSP K P Singh with other police men. The charge sheet says that R B Saroj, against whom investigations were going on by Mr. Singh, made a story of movement of criminals in the Madhavpur area and decided to take on the criminals when Singh and other cops joined him.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> The prosecutor also said that 12 villagers were killed. The accused later told that the dacoits killed the DSP whom they killed in firing.<ref name=autogenerated4 /><ref>[http://indorecity.co/3-cops-given-capital-punishment-in-1982-gonda-fake-encounter-case/ 3 cops given capital punishment in 1982 Gonda fake encounter case | All Related News of Indore] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203153129/http://indorecity.co/3-cops-given-capital-punishment-in-1982-gonda-fake-encounter-case/ |date=2013-12-03 }}</ref>

"All evidence shows... RB Saroj killed the DSP, who was then a 25-year-old. No doubt he (Saroj) had the support of those persons whom the CBI did not chargesheet for reasons known to it," the court observed. The court also said pointing the evidence of killing them in cold blood, "The motive...was to commit the murder of CO and 12 persons. The Forensic Science Laboratory report shows that the ammunitions recovered were not of corresponding arms and the post-mortem report of 12 persons showed that they were shot dead while in standing position at a very close range."<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/UP-up-fake-encounter-31-years-later-daughter-weeps-for-slain-father-4227717-PHO.html?seq=4 |title=UP fake encounter: 31 years later, daughter weeps for slain father |work=daily.bhaskar.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203074028/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/UP-up-fake-encounter-31-years-later-daughter-weeps-for-slain-father-4227717-PHO.html?seq=4 |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> The CBI judge also said, "The manner of the killing of DSP KP Singh and 12 villagers and thereafter creating false encounter memo and fake recovery memos makes it rarest of rare case," and turned down the appeal from the accused side to deliver a lighter punishment.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> The main accused RB Saroj who was posted as a [[sub-inspector]] in Gonda in 1982 claimed to have been implicated by the CBI in the case only because the investigators had wanted to give a clean chit to the senior officers. The court after the judgement took the guilty accused into custody and sent them to jail.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

The following is the list of the accused:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsbullet.in/crime/41-more/40960--three-cops-get-death-penalty-life-term-to-5 |title=Three cops get death penalty, life term to 5 |accessdate=2013-09-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419011847/http://www.newsbullet.in/crime/41-more/40960--three-cops-get-death-penalty-life-term-to-5 |archivedate=19 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/gonda-fake-encounter-3-get-death-penalty-life-term-to-5/20130405.htm |title=Gonda fake encounter: 3 get death penalty, life term to 5 |date=5 April 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510053719/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/gonda-fake-encounter-3-get-death-penalty-life-term-to-5/20130405.htm |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Accused
! Charges
! Judgement
|-
| R B Saroj, Ram Nayak Pandey and Ram Karan Singh Yadav || Conspiring to kill the DSP and 12 villagers || [[Capital punishment|Capital Punishment]]
|-
| Nasim Ahmad, Ramakant Dixit, Mangla Singh, Pervez Hussain and Rajendra Prasad Singh || Supporting the conspiracy and suppression of facts || Life time imprisonment
|-
| Prem Singh || Supporting the conspiracy and suppression of facts || Acquitted
|}

Following the judgement of CBI Court, the [[Allahabad High Court]] acquitted all six police officers, ruling that the encounter was genuine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/dysps-murder-case-allahabad-high-court-acquits-6-cops/articleshow/57545954.cms|title=DySP's murder case: Allahabad high court acquits 6 cops | Lucknow News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718023736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/dysps-murder-case-allahabad-high-court-acquits-6-cops/articleshow/57545954.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact and eyewitness accounts ==
The case and the outcome is seen as the very slow process of the [[Judiciary of India|Indian judicial system]] since it took 31 years after the murder and 27 years after the charge sheet to deliver the first verdict. The CBI judge Rajendra Singh stated it as the "rarest of the rare cases. The case is also marked for holding total of eight policemen guilty."<ref name=autogenerated5 /> But the case is also noted for its slow judgement and the failure of the agency to solve the case and deliver the result in time. The court criticized the CBI for the pace of investigation. The court on pronouncing the verdict said, "The evidence on record indicated conspiracy at a high level but the CBI kept its eyes closed".

The deceased DSP's daughter, [[Kinjal Singh]], who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer and [[District Magistrate|district magistrate]] of [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kheri.nic.in/ |title=Official Website Lakhimpur Kheri |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507092754/http://kheri.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-05-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/six-up-district-magistrates-shifted-115020600573_1.html
|title=Six UP district magistrates shifted
|newspaper=Business Standard India
|publisher=Business Standard
|date=6 February 2015
|url-status=live
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163131/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/six-up-district-magistrates-shifted-115020600573_1.html
|archivedate=2 April 2015
}}</ref> broke down during the judgement and recalled her father as honest and her mother's consistent fight against the accused. Her sister Pranjal Singh is an Indian Revenue Service (IRS) officer. She and her relatives, who were present in the court appreciated the court decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/3-cops-get-death-5-life-term-for-gonda-fake-encounter.html |title=3 cops get death, 5 life term for Gonda fake encounter |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041659/http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/3-cops-get-death-5-life-term-for-gonda-fake-encounter.html |archivedate=2013-12-03 }}</ref> Scores of eyewitnesses also told the media how they saw their dear ones were killed in front of them by the accused, but they could do nothing.<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name=autogenerated1 />

==See also==

* [[Ranbir Singh case]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131222200022/http://cbi.nic.in/ Central Bureau of Investigation]
* [http://nhrc.nic.in/ National Human Rights Commission]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171019210943/http://mha.nic.in/ Ministry Of Home Affairs]

[[Category:Gonda district]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1982 crimes in India]]
[[Category:1980s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]

Mangrulpir Assembly constituency

2026-04-02T16:57:40Z

MalissaHardaway:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangrulpir
| type= SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Washim]]
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 205,179
| mla = Subhash Pandharinath Thakre
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| reservation =
}}
Mangrulpir Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Babarao Anandrao Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Biyani Brijlal Nandlal
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Shanta Raghunath Page
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || C. U. Raghuwanshi || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Gajadhar Ramsing Rathod || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Anantkumar Kishanrao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Gajadhar Ramsing Rathod || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Rathod Devisin Thanwara || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Subhash Pandharinath Thakre || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Gajadhar Ramsing Rathod
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Subhash Pandharinath Thakre || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Pandharinath Thakre |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 45,175 |percentage = 31.25% |change={{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Surve Bhimrao Namdeo |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 36,806 |percentage = 25.46% |change={{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Anil Gajadhar |party=Peoples Republican Party |votes = 20,120 |percentage = 13.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakare Hemendra Rajeshwar |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,810 |percentage = 8.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Rathod Subhash Pandurang |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 10,664 |percentage = 7.38% |change={{decrease}}22.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anantkumar Kisanrao Patil |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,246 |percentage = 7.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Ramji Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,700 |percentage = 2.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,369 |percentage = 5.79% |change= {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,44,588 |percentage = 70.47% |change= {{increase}}6.16 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,44,574}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,05,179|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Pandharinath Thakre |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 34,377 |percentage = 33.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Mahadev Parashram Rathod |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 30,800 |percentage = 29.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhimrao Patil Surve |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 25,543 |percentage = 24.59% |change={{increase}}15.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Mukund Himmatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,517 |percentage = 5.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Devisin Thanwara |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,989 |percentage = 2.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Durgadas Kisandas Rathod (Maharaj) |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,845 |percentage = 1.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Harischandra Gopising |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,416 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,577 |percentage = 3.44% |change= {{decrease}}8.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,13,165 |percentage = 64.31% |change= {{decrease}}10.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,03,871}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,981|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Gajadhar Ramsing |party=Independent politician |votes = 50,613 |percentage = 40.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakare Subhash Pandharinath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,202 |percentage = 28.79% |change={{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raut Shrikrishan Sakharam Alias Rajesh Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 11,781 |percentage = 9.37% |change={{decrease}}1.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingole Arvind Deoman |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,617 |percentage = 8.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pande Pralhad Kanhuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,927 |percentage = 5.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramkul Gangaram Ananda |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,969 |percentage = 2.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pande Ramesh Waman |party=Independent politician |votes = 973 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,411 |percentage = 11.46% |change= {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,28,236 |percentage = 76.68% |change= {{increase}}9.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,25,756}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,67,228|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Thakare Subhashrao Pandhari |party=Independent politician |votes = 28,200 |percentage = 29.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Gokuldas Devisingh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,884 |percentage = 26.32% |change={{decrease}}14.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harishchandra Gopichandra Pawar |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 16,396 |percentage = 17.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lalitkumar Jagannath Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,805 |percentage = 10.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vyawhare Publikrao Mnarotirao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 9,504 |percentage = 10.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ughale Ramkrushna Raibhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,353 |percentage = 3.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,316 |percentage = 3.51% |change= {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,863 |percentage = 66.13% |change= {{increase}}1.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,539}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,972|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Devisin Thanwara |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,193 |percentage = 40.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadhawe Namdeorao Madhaorao |party=Independent politician |votes = 27,867 |percentage = 36.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zanzad Kishor Ganpat |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,346 |percentage = 17.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Krishnarao Sitaram |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 1,859 |percentage = 2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shirsat Laxman Irbhanji |party=Independent politician |votes = 670 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shringare Yuwraj Shankarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 555 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,326 |percentage = 4.35% |change= {{decrease}}22.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,832 |percentage = 65.09% |change= {{increase}}6.71 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,507}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,19,571|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}17.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Gajadhar Ramsing |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 35,913 |percentage = 58.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohanawale Sherabhai Chhatubhai |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,423 |percentage = 31.45% |change={{increase}}5.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar Fakiraji Shrungare |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 4,761 |percentage = 7.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Krishnarao Sitaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,316 |percentage = 2.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,490 |percentage = 26.70% |change= {{increase}}20.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,211 |percentage = 58.62% |change= {{decrease}}18.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,761}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,825|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}21.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Anantkumar Kishanrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 28,438 |percentage = 37.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Gajadhar Ramsing |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,680 |percentage = 30.81% |change={{decrease}}25.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mishra Shrinarayan Balaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,799 |percentage = 25.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khandare Kalawati Shankar |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 3,705 |percentage = 4.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dawale Narayan Laxmanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 935 |percentage = 1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,758 |percentage = 6.19% |change= {{decrease}}14.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,114 |percentage = 78.10% |change= {{increase}}11.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,863}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,293|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gajadhar Ramsing Rathod |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,135 |percentage = 56.03% |change={{increase}}6.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhimrao Laxmanrao Gadhave |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,453 |percentage = 35.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiv Kisan Bhagat |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,924 |percentage = 5.92% |change={{decrease}}44.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chendusing B. Chavan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 1.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,682 |percentage = 20.65% |change= {{increase}}19.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,079 |percentage = 73.45% |change= {{decrease}}5.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,272}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,221|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Republican Party of India |swing= {{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=C. U. Raghuwanshi |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 31,579 |percentage = 50.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajadhar Ramsing Rathod |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,807 |percentage = 49.38% |change={{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 772 |percentage = 1.24% |change= {{decrease}}13.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,367 |percentage = 75.25% |change= {{increase}}15.12 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,386}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,199|ref = |change= {{increase}}31.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Republican Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shanta Raghunath Page |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,055 |percentage = 48.56% |change={{decrease}}1.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tukaram Marotrao Nikam |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,552 |percentage = 33.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Laxman Dawale |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,509 |percentage = 14.82% |change={{decrease}}10.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chendusing B. Chavan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,063 |percentage = 2.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,503 |percentage = 14.80% |change= {{decrease}}9.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,638 |percentage = 60.79% |change= {{decrease}}12.88 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,179}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,847|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Biyani Brijlal Nandlal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,579 |percentage = 49.78% |change={{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadhave Bhimrao Laxman |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 9,632 |percentage = 25.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Gajadhar Ramsing |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 7,599 |percentage = 20.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingole Tukaram Sonu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,513 |percentage = 4.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,947 |percentage = 23.97% |change= {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,323 |percentage = 68.50% |change= {{increase}}5.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,323}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,488|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangrulpir<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221154/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Babarao Anandrao Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,769 |percentage = 43.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sakharam Ganaji Misal |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,626 |percentage = 31.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Laxman Dawale |party=Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 5,458 |percentage = 16.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sakharam Sitaram Bhagat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,817 |percentage = 5.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Shivram Hambarde |party=Independent politician |votes = 962 |percentage = 2.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,143 |percentage = 12.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,632 |percentage = 63.42% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,632}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,031|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Darbhanga

2026-03-29T12:44:33Z

MalissaHardaway: added structure for accuracy and added references for consistency

{{Short description|City in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darbhanga
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Darbhanga 1.jpg
| caption1 = [[Darbhanga Fort]]
| image2 = Anand Bagh Palace.png
| caption2 = [[Anandbag Palace]]
| image3 = Nargona Palace.png
| caption3 = [[Nargona Palace]]
| image4 = Shyama Mai Temple.png
| caption4 = [[Shyama Mai Temple]]
| image5 = TaramandalDarbhanga.jpg
| caption5 = [[Darbhanga Planetarium]]
| image6 = An evening in Darbhanga, Bihar (2015).png
| caption6 = Makhnahi Pokhar
| image7 = Building of Lalit Naryan Mithla University, Darbhanga Bihar.jpg
| caption7 = [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]
| image8 = DBR Airport.jpg
| caption8 = [[Darbhanga Airport]]
}}
| image_caption =
| nicknames = '''Cultural Capital of Bihar''', '''Heart of Mithila'''
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.17|N|85.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>
| subdivision_name3 = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 01 January 1875
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Darbhanga Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Smt. Anjum Ara
| leader_title1 = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Shri Kumar Gaurav ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| leader_title2 = SP City
| leader_name2 = Shri Sagar Kumar ([[Indian Police Service|IPS]])
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Gopal Jee Thakur]] ([[BJP]])
| leader_title4 = MLA
| leader_name4 = [[Sanjay Saraogi]] ([[BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=74614|title=Darbhanga City}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 39.83
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 52
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 296039
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Darbhangiya
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 846001–846009<ref>{{cite web |title=STD & PIN Codes |url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/std-pin-codes/ |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiapincodes.net/Bihar/Darbhanga/|title=Pin Codes of Darbhanga, Bihar, India, Darbhanga Pincode Search|website=indiapincodes.net}}</ref>
| area_code = 06272
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = BR-07
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:910 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Railway Station
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Darbhanga Junction]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Airport
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Darbhanga Airport]]
| website = {{URL|darbhanga.bih.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=22 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|title=NCLM52ndReport|date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| demographics1_info4 =
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Darbhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]],
[[Darbhanga Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga Rural]], [[Bahadurpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahadurpur]], [[Keoti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keoti]], [[Jale (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jale]], [[Kusheshwar Asthan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kusheshwar Asthan]], [[Gaura Bauram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gaura Bauram]], [[Benipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Benipur]], [[Alinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alinagar]], [[Hayaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hayaghat]]
| official_name =
}}

'''Darbhanga''' is the [[List of cities in Bihar by population|fifth largest city]] and [[municipal corporation]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]], and is considered an important city in [[North Bihar]]. It serves as the headquarters of the [[Darbhanga district]] and the [[Darbhanga division]]. Darbhanga is also referred to as the ''gateway to Bengal'', because it is held that the name Darbhanga has been derived from ''Dwār Banga'' or ''Dari – Banga'', meaning the 'door of [[Bengal]]'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Darbhanga District {{!}} Official Website of Darbhanga District {{!}} India |url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Darbhanga was the seat of the erstwhile [[Raj Darbhanga|Khandwala]] zamidaar dynasty under the [[Mughals]] and [[British India]]. It is considered an important medical centre of North Bihar as it is the location of the [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]], and the second [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] of Bihar i.e [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Darbhanga|AIIMS Darbhanga]] is to be constructed here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/best-site-chosen-for-aiims-at-dbhanga/articleshow/98646390.cms|title='Best site chosen for AIIMS at Darbhanga'|work=The Times of India |date=15 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=संसद में गोपाल जी ठाकुर ने उठाई दरभंगा में एम्स की मांग |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-gopal-ji-thakur-raised-the-demand-of-aiims-in-darbhanga-in-parliament-19385549.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=एम्स का मुद्दा संसद में उठाए जाने पर सांसद को दी गई बधाई |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/darbhanga/news/congratulations-to-mp-for-raising-aiims-issue-in-parliament-072004-4963860.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=संसद में फिर गूंजा दरभंगा एम्स निर्माण का मुद्दा सांसद ने कहासरकार बदलने से फंसा है पेंच |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/darbhanga/matter-of-construction-of-darbhanga-aiims-echoed-again-in-parliament/bh20221212200351380380095 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hindi}}</ref> Darbhanga is the second city in the state of Bihar, where [[Software Technology Park of India, Darbhanga|Software Technology Park of India]] (STPI) has been established.<ref>{{Cite web |title=68th STPI Centre Inaugurated in Darbhanga, Bihar |url=http://stpi.in/en/whats-new/68th-stpi-centre-inaugurated-darbhanga-bihar}}</ref> Similarly by the end of year 2029, it is expected that the city will be equipped with modern infrastructure of metro railway services called as [[Darbhanga Metro]] having 18.8 kilometres long metro line with 18 metro stations on it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=Metro Survey: मुजफ्फरपुर और दरभंगा में मेट्रो सर्वे हुआ पूरा, नगर विकास विभाग को सौंपी रिपोर्ट |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/metro-survey-completed-in-muzaffarpur-and-darbhanga-report-submitted-to-urban-development-department#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17397684806865&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/metro-survey-completed-in-muzaffarpur-and-darbhanga-report-submitted-to-urban-development-department |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darbhanga Metro: 18 स्टेशन... 18.8 KM लंबाई, दरभंगा वाले अब जल्द लेंगे मेट्रो का मजा; जानें लेटेस्ट अपडेट |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/darbhanga/darbhanga-metro-coming-soon-18-stations-18-8-km-long-route-airport-to-aiims-connectivity/articleshow/118447859.cms |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> On 29 October 2025, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|union home minister]] [[Amit Shah]] announced to build a grand [[Mithila Cultural Museum]] in the city to preserve the cultural heritage of the Mithila region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दरभंगा में 500 करोड़ की लागत से स्थापित होगा सांस्कृतिक म्यूजियम, गृहमंत्री अमित शाह ने की घोषणा - home minister amit shah said that cultural museum will be established in darbhanga bihar politics |url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-home-minister-amit-shah-said-that-cultural-museum-will-be-established-in-darbhanga-bihar-politics-40022793.html |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Darbhanga is one of the oldest cities in India. Musical, folk art, and literary traditions in [[Maithili language|Maithili]], Sanskrit, [[Urdu]], and Hindi have been passed down through generations in Darbhanga and constitute the city's strong cultural background. It is popularly known as the "Cultural Capital of Bihar" and the "Heart of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]".significant district in the Mithila region of North Bihar, India<ref>{{cite web |author=Culture |url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/culture-heritage/ |title=Darbhanga: The Heart of Mithilaanchal! |work=Darbhanga.nic.in |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Raj Darbhanga}}
The city was the capital of the [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]], an [[Zamindars of Bihar|estate]] established in the [[16th century]], containing the [[Anand Bagh Palace|Anandbagh Palace]]. It was constituted as a municipality in 1864. Darbhanga is home to the [[Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University|Kameshwara Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University]] (established 1961), which is located on the grounds of the palace, and the [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] (established 1972). Darbhanga has a museum housing archaeological materials, as well as historical and handicrafts exhibits.

Darbhanga has been a centre for music since the late 18th century and has produced multiple well-known ''[[dhrupad]]'' (an ancient form of Indian classical music) musicians. A major rail and road junction, Darbhanga trades in agricultural produce, mangoes, and fish. In addition to food processing, the city has a light manufacturing industry.

Darbhanga is situated on a vast alluvial plain, with low-lying areas containing marshes and lakes. Grains, oilseeds, tobacco, sugarcane, and mangoes are important crops in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbhanga {{!}} India|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Darbhanga|access-date=17 June 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

Under the [[British Raj]], Darbhanga was a part of Sarkar Tirhut until 1875, when it was constituted into a separate district. Its subdivisions had been constituted earlier – Darbhanga Sadar in 1845, Madhubani in 1866, and Samastipur (then known as Tajpur) in 1867.
The city of Darbhanga is said to have been founded by one Darbhangi Khan, about whom practically nothing is known. It is also held that the name Darbhanga is derived from ''Dwar Banga'' or ''Dar-e-Banga'', meaning the 'door of Bengal'. This etymology does not appear to be accurate as the division between Bengal and Bihar has always been held to be further to the east. Nonetheless, the region has a linguistic and cultural affinity with Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Welcome to Darbhanga District {{!}} India|url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/history/|access-date=17 June 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>

Excavation at [[Baliraajgadh|Balirajgarh]] revealed brick fortifications dating back to the 2nd century BC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Archaeology:A Review|last=A.|first=Ghosh|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=1965|location=New Delhi|pages=3–5}}</ref>

==Geography==
Darbhanga is located in the northern part of [[Bihar]]. It lies between 25.53 degrees - 26.27 degrees N and 85.45 degrees - 86.25 degrees E at an average elevation of 171 feet (52 m). Darbhanga district covers an area of 2,279 sq km. Darbhanga is bounded by [[Madhubani district]] in the north, [[Samastipur district]] in the south, [[Saharsa district]] in the east, and [[Sitamarhi district]] and [[Muzaffarpur district]] in the west. Being located in Mithilanchal, Darbhanga district has a vast fertile alluvial plain devoid of any hills. It has a gentle slope from north to south direction having a depression in the centre. Darbhanga experiences a humid subtropical climate. It experiences three main seasons which are winter, summer, and rainy seasons. May is the hottest month when the temperature reaches up to 43 °C. Darbhanga district receives an average of 1142.3 mm rainfall and almost 92% of the annual rainfall is received during [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]].
{{Geographic location
|North = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|West = [[Muzaffarpur]]
|Centre = Darbhanga
|East = [[Saharsa]]
|South = [[Samastipur]]
}}

==Climate==

Darbhanga has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwa'').

{{Weather box
| location = Darbhanga (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 32.6
| Feb record high C = 34.1
| Mar record high C = 40.6
| Apr record high C = 43.9
| May record high C = 44.1
| Jun record high C = 43.6
| Jul record high C = 39.3
| Aug record high C = 38.6
| Sep record high C = 38.6
| Oct record high C = 39.4
| Nov record high C = 34.6
| Dec record high C = 31.1
| year record high C = 44.1
| Jan high C = 23.5
| Feb high C = 26.4
| Mar high C = 30.7
| Apr high C = 36.3
| May high C = 37.6
| Jun high C = 35.7
| Jul high C = 33.9
| Aug high C = 33.9
| Sep high C = 33.1
| Oct high C = 32.9
| Nov high C = 30.3
| Dec high C = 26.1
| year high C = 31.7
| Jan low C = 7.3
| Feb low C = 10.2
| Mar low C = 13.4
| Apr low C = 17.2
| May low C = 20.3
| Jun low C = 22.7
| Jul low C = 23.5
| Aug low C = 22.8
| Sep low C = 21.3
| Oct low C = 18.9
| Nov low C = 13.1
| Dec low C = 8.2
| year low C = 16.4
| Jan record low C = 0.0
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 4.1
| Apr record low C = 9.4
| May record low C = 10.6
| Jun record low C = 11.0
| Jul record low C = 13.5
| Aug record low C = 14.0
| Sep record low C = 13.5
| Oct record low C = 10.0
| Nov record low C = 7.2
| Dec record low C = 2.6
| year record low C = 0.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 12.0
| Feb rain mm = 12.5
| Mar rain mm = 10.2
| Apr rain mm = 25.2
| May rain mm = 45.2
| Jun rain mm = 164.6
| Jul rain mm = 280.7
| Aug rain mm = 247.5
| Sep rain mm = 197.4
| Oct rain mm = 25.4
| Nov rain mm = 2.5
| Dec rain mm = 3.3
| year rain mm = 1026.5
| unit rain days =
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 0.9
| Mar rain days = 0.9
| Apr rain days = 1.8
| May rain days = 2.4
| Jun rain days = 6.8
| Jul rain days = 11.0
| Aug rain days = 10.4
| Sep rain days = 8.7
| Oct rain days = 0.9
| Nov rain days = 0.2
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days = 45.3
| Jan humidity = 68
| Feb humidity = 63
| Mar humidity = 49
| Apr humidity = 56
| May humidity = 60
| Jun humidity = 70
| Jul humidity = 78
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 79
| Oct humidity = 73
| Nov humidity = 66
| Dec humidity = 67
| year humidity = 67
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M33
| access-date = 18 August 2020}}</ref>
| date = November 2011
| source 2 = NOAA (humidity 1971–1990)<ref name=NOAA>{{Cite FTP |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42391.TXT
|title = Darbhanga Climate Normals 1971–1990
|access-date = 18 August 2020
|server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Darbhanga city (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|71.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Bihari Muslims|Islam]]|green|27.76}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.48}}
}}

{{see also|List of cities in Bihar}}
The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded Darbhanga as an Urban agglomeration with a population of 296,039 while the surrounding district has 3 million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/164-darbhanga.html |title = Darbhanga City Population Census 2011-2022 {{!}} Bihar}}</ref> It is the 5th largest city in Bihar in terms of the urban population.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3beed13602b9b0e6ecb5b568ff5058f07/uploads/2021/03/2021030687.pdf|title=2021030687.pdf}}</ref> The city has 196,573 males (52.6%) and 183,552 females (47.4%). Darbhanga has an average literacy rate of 79.40%, with male literacy at 85.08% and female literacy at 73.08%.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001|title=Census of India: View Population Details|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=1384&category=M.Corp.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427193419/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=1384&category=M.Corp.|archive-date=27 April 2016|access-date=14 January 2016|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> However, as per the document published on 6 March 2021 by the office of District Magistrate Darbhanga, the urban population of Darbhanga stands 380,125.<ref name="auto"/>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = righ
|caption = Languages spoken in Dharbhanga City (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
|value1= 50.25
|color1 =orange
|label2= [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value2 = 26.80
|color2 =green
|label3 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value3 = 20.98
|color3 =red
|label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value4 = 0.33
|color4 =yellow
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value5 = 0.26
|color5 =brown
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 1.36
|color6 =Blue
}}

==Transport==

===Railways===
[[File:Darbhangarailwaystation.jpg|left|thumb|[[Darbhanga Junction]]]]
[[File:Darbhangastation.jpg|thumb|upright]]
[[Darbhanga Railway Station|Darbhanga Junction]] lies on the [[East Central Railway Zone (India)|East Central Railway]]. It is connected directly to all the major cities of India. [[Laheriasarai Railway Station]] is the second major station of Darbhanga and works as an important railway station for people living in south Darbhanga.

There are daily and weekly trains available for {{rws|New Delhi}}, {{rws|Patna Junction}}, {{rws|Secunderabad}}, {{rws|Kolkata}}, {{rws|Varanasi}}, {{rws|Ahmedabad}}, [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], {{rws|Howrah}}, {{rws|Amritsar}}, {{rws|Pune}} and other major cities.

=== Darbhanga Airport ===
[[File:DBR Airport.jpg|thumb|[[File:Darbhanga Airport Runway.jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:Indigo Spicjet.png|thumb|]] [[Darbhanga Airport]]]]
Darbhanga also has its own commercial airport which is connected with all the major cities of India.

[[Darbhanga Airport]] ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: '''DBR''', [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]: '''VE89''') is a [[civil enclave]] at the Darbhanga Air Force Station of the [[Indian Air Force]], 6 kilometres from Darbhanga City near the {{jct|NH|527B|country=IND}} and {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} East-West Corridor Expressway which passes through Darbhanga. The civil enclave is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). The foundation stone for the project was laid by Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] and then Civil Aviation Minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] in the presence of state Civil Aviation Minister [[Jayant Sinha]] on 24 December 2018. After efforts taken by the [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of Darbhanga, [[Gopal Jee Thakur]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=शर्मा |first=सुभाष |date=2020-09-05 |title=दरभंगा एयरपोर्ट से जल्द ही उड़ान भरेंगे विमान, MP गोपाल जी ठाकुर ने अधिकारियों से की बात |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/aircraft-to-fly-from-darbhanga-airport-soon-mp-gopal-ji-thakur-speaks-to-officials-ann-1552623 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सांसद गोपाल जी ठाकुर बोले, आठ नवंबर से 8 करोड़ मथिलावासियों के लिए शुरू होगी हवाई सेवा - MP Gopal ji Thakur said that Air service will start for 8 crore Mathilawas from November 8 |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-mp-gopal-ji-thakur-said-that-air-service-will-start-for-8-crore-mathilawas-from-november8-20779315.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> and the then Civil Aviation Minister, [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]. Commercial flights started on 8 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मिथिलांचल के लिए खुशखबरी! दरभंगा एयरपोर्ट का संचालन शुरू, देखिए अंदर की तस्वीरें|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/darbhanga/good-news-for-mithila-darbhanga-airport-starts-operating-see-inside-photos-asj|access-date=8 November 2020|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|date=8 November 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>

===Roadways===
{{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} which is part of India's [[North–South and East–West Corridor|East–West highway corridor]] passes through Darbhanga.
Darbhanga is connected to other parts of India by {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}},{{jct|NH|527B|country=IND}} and [[List of state highways in Bihar|Bihar State highways]] 50, 56, 88 and 75. Darbhanga is also connected to [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Samastipur]], [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]] and [[Sitamarhi]].

The [[North–South and East–West Corridor|East-West Corridor]] expressway, which connects [[Porbandar]] in [[Gujarat]] to [[Silchar]] in [[Assam]], passes through Darbhanga.

The Amas–Darbhanga Expressway{{jct|NH|119D|country=IND}} is an approved 4/6-lane wide access-controlled expressway in India. Once completed, it will be the first expressway in the state of Bihar. {{jct|NH|119D|country=IND}} connects Amas village in Gaya district to Bela Nawada village in Darbhanga district.

==Education==
Notable educational institutions include:

===Medical colleges===
[[File:D.M.C.H.png|alt=|thumb|Platinum Jubilee gate of Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]]

* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Darbhanga|All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Darbhanga (Under Construction )]]
* [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[Mithila Minority Dental College and Hospital]]

===University===

* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)]] Regional Centre
* [[Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University]]
* [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]
*[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]
*[[Mithila Sanskrit Shodh Sansthan]]

===Engineering and technology colleges===

* [[Darbhanga College of Engineering]]
* [[Women's Institute of Technology]]
* [[Government Polytechnic, Darbhanga]]
* [[Software Technology Park of India, Darbhanga|Software Technology Park(STPI), Darbhanga]]

===Colleges===


* [[C. M. Science College, Darbhanga]]
* [[Kunwar Singh College]]
* [[Marwari College, Darbhanga|Marwari College]]
* [[Millat College]]

=== Schools ===


*[[Darbhanga Public School]]<ref>https://holycrossschooldbg.org/</ref>
*[[Jesus & Mary Academy Darbhanga|Jesus & Mary Academy]]
*[[Rose Public School]]

==Tourism==
{{see also|Tourism in Bihar}}
Darbhanga has various tourist attractions and is among the oldest cities of [[Bihar]].
Tourist attractions include:{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 240
| align =
| background color = #ED9D0B
| width =
| image1 = TaramandalDarbhanga.jpg
| image2 = Shyama Mai Temple.png
| image3 = darbhangamuseum1.png
| image5 =
| footer_background = #ED9D0B
| footer_align = center
| footer = [[Darbhanga Planetarium]], [[Shyama Mai Temple]] & [[Chandradhari Museum]]
| header = '''Tourist Attractions of Darbhanga'''
| header_background = #F68A06
}}

*[[Chandradhari Museum]]
*[[Darbhanga Fort]]
*[[Maharajadhiraja Lakshmishwar Singh Museum]]
*[[Darbhanga Planetarium]]
*[[Shyama Mai Temple]]
*[[Nargona Palace]]
*[[Anand Bagh Palace]]
*[[Raj Darbhanga]]
*[[Ahalya Sthan]]
*[[Gautam Ashram]]
*[[Kusheshwar Asthan]]
*[[Kankali Mata Temple]]

==Notable people==


*[[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]], Bollywood director
*[[Kirti Azad]], former MP and cricketer
*[[Ram Gopal Bajaj]], Indian actor and academic
*[[Narayan Das (Bihar politician)|Narayan Das]], politician
*[[Veena Devi]], politician and member of the 17th Lok Sabha
*[[Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf]], ethnologist
*[[Gaṅgeśa]] (Gangesha Upadhyaya), mathematician and philosopher
*[[Dharamshila Gupta]], Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
*[[File:Asha Jha Artist Madhubani Painting.jpg|thumb|Asha Jha Madhubani Painting Artist (Darbhanga)]]Asha Jha, Madhubani Painting Artist
*[[Binodanand Jha]], former MP
*[[Gonu Jha]] Pratyutpannamati
*[[Murari Mohan Jha|Dr. Murari Mohan Jha]], MLA from Keoti Vidhan Sabha Assembly Constituency
*[[Parmanand Jha]], first vice president of Nepal
*[[Prabhat Jha (politician)|Prabhat Jha]], politician
*[[Bhawana Kanth]], first female fighter pilot of India
*[[Yamuna Karjee]], Indian independence activist
*[[Gul Mohammad Khan]], Bangladeshi musician
*[[Jyoti Kumari]], [[Sirhulli]], cyclist and [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar|Bal Puraskar]] recipient 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2021|first=Binay Kumar|last=Jha|title=Republic Day: Darbhanga 'cycle girl' Jyoti Kumari gets PM's award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/darbhanga-cycle-girl-gets-pms-award-ahead-of-r-day/articleshow/80455201.cms|access-date=2 March 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ram Chatur Mallick]], musician
* [[Sultan Ahmed Mirza]] former MLA
*[[Ramnandan Mishra]], Indian nationalist who fought for India's freedom from British rule
*[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], Bollywood actor
*[[Nagarjun]], poet, writer, essayist, and novelist
* [[Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi]] Indian Islamic scholar, mufti and writer
*[[Tochi Raina]], singer, composer, and philosopher
*[[Tariq-ur-Rehman]], cricketer
*[[Ritviz]], electronic singer
*[[Sanjay Saraogi]], MLA
*[[Nigamananda Saraswati]], Hindu monk
*[[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]], MLA
*[[Kameshwar Singh]], Maharaja
*[[Kamasundari Devi]], last Maharani of Raj Darbhanga
*[[Lakshmeshwar Singh]] Maharaja
*[[Rameshwar Singh]] Maharaja
*[[Badri Narain Sinha]], IPS
*[[Satya Narayan Sinha]], politician
*[[Surendra Jha 'Suman']], poet, freedom fighter, politician, essayist, literary critic, journalist, publisher and academician
* [[Aishwarya Sushmita]], model and actress
*[[Gopal Jee Thakur]], BJP leader and Current Member of Parliament from Darbhanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5176 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>
*[[H. C. Verma]], physicist
*[[Manas Bihari Verma]], Padam Shri decorated Aeronautical scientist, LCA Tejas<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-president-kalams-close-associate-scientist-manas-verma-dies/article34479522.ece | title = Former President Kalam's close associate scientist Manas Verma dies | newspaper = The Hindu| date = 4 May 2021}}</ref>
*[[M J Warsi]], [[linguist]]
*[[Ashok Kumar Yadav]], MP from Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency
*[[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]], former MP

==See also==
*[[Darbhanga AIIMS]]
*[[Software Technology Park of India, Darbhanga]]
*[[Patna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|voy=Darbhanga}}

* {{official website}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Darbhanga Division}}
{{Bihar}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Darbhanga| ]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Darbhanga district]]

Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-28T20:16:55Z

MalissaHardaway:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{About|Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency, one of 80 parliamentary constituencies in state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]|others|List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Varanasi {{Small|UP-65}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Varanasi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency
| incumbent_image = The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg
| mp = [[Narendra Modi]] {{Small|[[Prime Minister of India]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| electors = 
| preceded_by = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| assembly_cons = [[Rohaniya Assembly constituency|Rohaniya]] 
[[Varanasi North Assembly constituency|Varanasi North]] [[Varanasi South Assembly constituency|Varanasi South]] [[Varanasi Cantonment Assembly constituency|Varanasi Cantt.]] [[Sevapuri Assembly constituency|Sevapuri]]
}}

'''Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> [[Narendra Modi]] has been elected thrice from this constituency to become the [[Prime Minister of India]]. His party, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), is the most successful in Varanasi, having won a total of 8 terms since the constituency was established in 1952.

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 44
| value2 = 39
| value3 = 6
| value4 = 6
| value5 = 5
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''' (8 times)]]
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (7 times)]]
| label3 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''' (1 time)]]
| label4 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''' (1 time)]]
| label5 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''' (1 time)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color3 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| color4 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| color5 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| caption = Most successful parties from [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi Lok Sabha]]
}}

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|2024 Lead
|-
|387
|[[Rohaniya Assembly constituency|Rohaniya]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|[[Sunil Patel (politician)|Sunil Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|388
|[[Varanasi North Assembly constituency|Varanasi North]]
|[[Ravindra Jaiswal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|389
|[[Varanasi South Assembly constituency|Varanasi South]]
|[[Neelkanth Tiwari]]
|-
|390
|[[Varanasi Cantonment Assembly constituency|Varanasi Cantonment]]
|[[Saurabh Srivastava (politician)|Saurabh Srivastava]]
|-
|391
|[[Sevapuri Assembly constituency|Sevapuri]]
|[[Neel Ratan Singh Patel]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| [[Raghunath Singh (politician)|Raghunath Singh]]{{efn|Central Banaras District}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|title = 1951 India General (1st Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]]{{efn|Banaras East}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|title = 1951 India General (1st Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1957|1957]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Raghunath Singh (politician)|Raghunath Singh]]
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1962|1962]]
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
| [[Satyanarayan Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Narain Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|(Marxist)]]
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
| [[Rajaram Shastri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| [[Kamalapati Tripathi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
| [[Shyamlal Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| [[Anil Shastri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
| [[Shrish Chandra Dikshit]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1996|1996]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
| [[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
| [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Varanasi]]<ref name="PM Narendra Chodi wins from Varanasi for third consecutive term, victory margin lowest">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=PM Narendra Chodi wins from Varanasi for third consecutive term, victory margin lowest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/election-results-2024-pm-narendra-modi-wins-from-varanasi-for-third-consecutive-term-victory-margin-lowest/article68251070.ece |access-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604163752/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/election-results-2024-pm-narendra-chodi-wins-from-varanasi-for-third-consecutive-term-victory-margin-lowest/article68251070.ece |archive-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narendra Modi]]
|votes = 612,970
|percentage = 54.24
|change = {{decrease}}9.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ajay Rai]]|votes=460,457|percentage=40.74|change={{increase}}26.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Athar Jamal Lari|votes=33,766|percentage=2.99|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=8,938|percentage=1.53|change={{increase}}0.37}}
{{Election box majority||votes=152,513|percentage=13.50|change={{decrease}}31.72}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,130,143|percentage=56.57|change={{decrease}}0.56}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,997,578
|ref =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}17.87
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2477.htm

(#): Joint candidate of [[Samajwadi Party | SP]] and [[Indian National Congress | INC]]

===General election 2019===
 <section begin="General Election 2019"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]:
[[Varanasi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=BJP|candidate=[[Narendra Modi]] |votes=674,664|percentage=63.62|change={{increase}}7.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shalini Yadav|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=195,159|percentage=18.40|change={{increase}}14.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ajay Rai]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=152,548|percentage=14.38|change={{increase}}7.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=4,037|percentage=0.38|change={{increase}}0.18}}
{{Election box majority||votes=479,505|percentage=45.22|change={{increase}}9.15}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,060,829|percentage=57.13|change={{decrease}}1.22}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,856,868 |ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|swing = {{increase}}7.25
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2019" />

Joined Candidate From SP and BSP.

=== General election 2014 ===
 <section begin="General Election 2014"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Varanasi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Narendra Modi]]|votes=581,022|percentage=56.37|change={{increase}}25.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Arvind Kejriwal]]|votes=209,238|percentage=20.30|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ajay Rai]]|votes=75,614|percentage=7.34|change={{decrease}}2.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vijay Prakash Jaiswal|votes=60,579|percentage=5.88|change={{decrease}}22.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Kailash Chaurasiya|votes=45,291|percentage=4.39|change={{decrease}}14.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Indira Tiwari|votes=2,674|percentage=0.26|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,051|percentage=0.20|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=371,784|percentage=36.07|change={{increase}}33.49}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,030,812|percentage=58.35|change={{increase}}15.74}}{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=1,767,486}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}25.85
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2014" />

=== General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Varanasi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |page=169|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|votes = 203,122
|percentage = 30.52
|change ={{increase}} 6.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mukhtar Ansari]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 185,911
|percentage = 27.94
|change = {{increase}}18.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ajay Rai]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 123,874
|percentage = 18.61
|change = {{increase}}9.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 66,386
|percentage = 9.98
|change = {{decrease}}22.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vijay Prakash Jaiswal
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 65,912
|percentage = 9.90
|change = {{decrease}}4.83
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,211
|percentage = 2.58
|change = {{decrease}}6.49
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 665,490
|percentage = 42.61
|change = {{increase}}0.06
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}6.91
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Varanasi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|page=319|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]
|votes = 206,904
|percentage = 32.68
|change = {{increase}}7.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 149,468
|percentage = 23.61
|change = {{decrease}}10.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Atahar Jamal Lari
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 93,228
|percentage = 14.73
|change = {{increase}}1.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amir Chand Patel
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 59,518
|percentage = 9.40
|change = {{decrease}}2.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anjana Prakash
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 59,104
|percentage = 9.34
|change = {{decrease}}3.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shailendra Kumar
|votes = 28,533
|percentage = 4.50
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 57,436
|percentage = 9.07
|change = {{increase}}0.60
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 633,077
|percentage = 42.55
|change = {{decrease}}3.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}8.77
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Varanasi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|page=246|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
|votes = 211,955
|percentage = 33.95
|change = {{decrease}}9.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]
|votes = 159,096
|percentage = 25.48
|change = {{increase}}15.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Niranjan Rajbhar
|votes = 83,282
|percentage = 13.34
|change = {{increase}}3.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Salman Bashar
|votes = 78,442
|percentage = 12.56
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Babu Lal Patel
|votes = 75,059
|percentage = 12.02
|change = {{decrease}}3.64
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 52,859
|percentage = 8.47
|change ={{decrease}}15.09
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 633,826
|percentage = 45.02
|change = {{decrease}}1.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Varanasi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 277,232
|percentage = 42.98
|change = {{increase}}0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Deena Nath Singh Yadav
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 125,286
|percentage = 19.42
|change = {{decrease}}7.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Awdhesh Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 101,024
|percentage = 15.66
|change = {{increase}}3.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajdev Patel
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 65,529
|percentage = 10.16
|change = {{increase}}5.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ratnakar Pandey|Dr. Ratnakar Pandey]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 64,154
|percentage = 9.95
|change = {{increase}}5.94
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 151,946
|percentage = 23.56
|change = {{increase}}5.66
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 645,044
|percentage = 46.46
|change ={{increase}}6.86
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Varanasi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
|votes = 250,991
|percentage = 44.62
|change = {{increase}}3.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Raj Kishore
|votes = 150,299
|percentage = 26.72
|change = {{decrease}}5.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamala Rajbhar
|votes = 70,316
|percentage = 12.50
|change = {{increase}}5.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Rajdev Patel
|votes = 26,797
|percentage = 4.76
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Doodh Nath Chaturvedi
|votes = 22,579
|percentage = 4.01
|change = {{decrease}}8.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rudra Prasad Singh
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|votes = 7,615
|percentage = 1.35
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 100,692
|percentage = 17.90
|change = {{increase}}8.98
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 562,564
|percentage = 39.60
|change = {{decrease}}3.70
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Varanasi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shrish Chandra Dikshit]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 186,333
|percentage = 41.10
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raj Kishore
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 145,894
|percentage = 32.18
|change = ''N/A''

}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lok Pati Tripathi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 57,415
|percentage = 12.66
|change = {{decrease}}9.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kashi Nath Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 32,861
|percentage = 7.25
|change = {{decrease}}0.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shiv Devnarain Roy
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 10,190
|percentage = 2.25
|change = ''N/A''

}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,439
|percentage = 8.92
|change = {{decrease}}30.95
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 453,402
|percentage = 43.30
|change ={{increase}}1.97
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Varanasi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anil Shastri]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 268,196
|percentage = 62.31
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shyamlal Yadav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 96,593
|percentage = 22.44
|change = {{decrease}}19.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ganga Ram Gwal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 32,574
|percentage = 7.57
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Das
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 12,420
|percentage = 2.89
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Ram Murat
|party = [[Doordarshi Party|DDP]]
|votes = 3,111
|percentage = 0.72
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 171,603
|percentage = 39.87
|change = {{increase}}14.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 430,403
|percentage = 41.33
|change ={{decrease}}13.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Varanasi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shyamlal Yadav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 153,076
|percentage = 41.58
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Udal (politician)|Udal]]|party=CPI(M)|votes=58,646|percentage=15.93|change=---}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Atahar Jamal Lari|party=Janata Party|votes=50,329|percentage=13.67|change=---}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Om Prakash Singh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=46,904|percentage=12.74|change=---}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Gauri Shankar
|party = Lokdal
|votes = 40,281
|percentage = 10.94
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 94,430
|percentage = 25.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 368,112
|percentage = 54.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Varanasi district]]
* [[Varanasi (Mayoral Constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== External links ==
*[https://resultuniversity.com/election/varanasi-lok-sabha Varanasi Lok Sabha - Result University]
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]|reason=since 2004 ''(Prime Minister in Rajya Sabha)''}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]|years=2014-present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Varanasi division topics}}
{{Coord|25.32|82.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Varanasi district]]

Pilloo Pochkhanawala

2026-03-26T06:55:03Z

MalissaHardaway: added article!

{{Short description|Indian sculptor (1923–1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| birth_date = 1 April 1923
| death_date = {{death date and age|1986|06|07|1923|04|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| known_for = [[Sculpture]]
| notable_works = Spark
| style = [[Modernism]], [[Minimalism]]
| children = 1
| spouse = Rattan Pochkhanawala
| birth_name = Pilloo Adenwalla
| image = Pilloo Pochkhanawala.jpg
}}

'''Pilloo Pochkhanawala''' (1 April 1923 – 7 June 1986) was among the first few women sculptors in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pilloo Pochkhanawala |url=https://jnaf.org/artist/pilloo-pochkhanawala/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=[[Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation|JNAF]]}}</ref> Through her dynamic works, which were often inspired by nature or human figures,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=14 Parsi artists dialogue in Delhi – in pictures – ArtRadarJournal.com |url=https://artradarjournal.com/2016/05/14/14-parsi-artists-dialogue-in-delhi-in-pictures/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420175959/https://artradarjournal.com/2016/05/14/14-parsi-artists-dialogue-in-delhi-in-pictures/ |archive-date=20 April 2020 |access-date=2021-03-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Pochkhanawala established herself as a pioneer of modern sculpture among her contemporaries.<ref name=":5" /> As a self-taught artist, she employed a variety of media in her artworks including metal, stone and wood among others.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Yamini Mehta |date=2 June 2017 |title=Eternal frames|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20170612-indian-artists-frames-986520-2017-06-02|access-date=2021-03-22|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Her oeuvre includes intricate drawings, theatrical sets, although she is well known for her sculptures.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Pilloo Pochkhanawala (1923-1986) - Lot Essay |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5761111 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.christies.com |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to being an artist, Pochkhanawala was also a facilitator and mediator of the arts in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. From the 1960s, she organized the Bombay Art Festival for many years.<ref name=":0" /> Along with her fellow artists, she also played a major role in transforming the Sir [[Cowasji Jehangir Hall]] into the [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai]], which is now one of the country's leading museums housing contemporary art.<ref name=":1" />

== Early life and education ==
Born on 1 April 1923, Pilloo was the daughter of Framroze R. Adenwalla and Jerbai.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/IndianWhosWho198081/page/n127/mode/2up |title=Indian Who's Who 1980-81 |publisher=INFA Publications |location=New Delhi |pages=85 |language=English}}</ref> They were a Parsi family who followed the ancient religion of [[Zoroastrianism]]. She was brought up in the household of her paternal grandparents in a traditional joint family consisting of three children and eleven grandchildren. Members of her family were the owners of Cowasjee Dinshaw and Brothers. With the head office of their firm in Bombay, their business also extended to Arabia, Africa and [[Aden]]. Pochkhanawala visited these places during her childhood, out of which [[Zanzibar]] impressed her the most, especially because of its African Voodoo cult rites.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Pochkhanawala|first1=Pilloo R.|last2=Clerk|first2=S. I.|date=1979|title=On My Work as a Sculptor|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1574206|journal=Leonardo|volume=12|issue=3|pages=192–196|doi=10.2307/1574206|jstor=1574206|s2cid=147265357|issn=0024-094X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Instead of following the rigid customs of the family, Pochkhanawala was exposed to diverse perspectives in the company of her peers, both in secondary school and college. The struggle for Indian independence was at its peak during her youth. She became a part of cultural and political changes that were happening with the rise of [[Quit India Movement]] whilst [[World War II]]. In 1945, she received her bachelor's degree in commerce from [[Bombay University]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Pilloo Pochkanawala |url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/pilloo--pochkhanawala |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Saffronart}}</ref> and went on to work in an advertising firm.<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Working in the advertising industry suppressed Pochkhanawala's urge to draw at her own will. During her time in college, instead of statistics, her books were filled with sketches. It was only after her experience at the advertising agency, she was convinced that visual arts was her real calling.<ref name=":2" />

=== Foray into sculpture ===
In 1951, Pochkhanawala made her first visit to Europe. She was on an assignment to create posters and advertisement displays for the national airline, [[Air India]]. This tour gave her an opportunity to visit major museums in the region, where she was amazed by the major works of modern sculptors. <blockquote>Evidently, it was my sudden grasp of the third dimension that left me mortified by the sculptures... I was mortified by the sculptures because I was seized by the fear of the challenge of tackling something so difficult. I suppose the mind was sorting out the message that was beginning to take shape. I knew that my keen interest in drawing will not by itself lead me on to a discovery of sculptural line, form, volume, void and the like. What made everything so challenging and confusing was my intense and instant admiration for the new sculpture of the time.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Vasudev |first=S. V. |title=Pilloo Pochkhanawala |publisher=[[Lalit Kala Akademi]] |year=1981 |editor-last=Krishnan |editor-first=S. A. |location=New Delhi}}</ref></blockquote>This rekindled and further sparked her desire to pursue visuals arts and motivated her to turn into a sculptor. She decided to devote herself entirely to sculpture after returning to Bombay.<ref name=":2" /> Pochkhanawala was mentored by N. G. Pansare, who taught her the techniques of sculpting and encouraged her to develop her own style by experimenting with materials.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Pilloo Pochkhanawala: Sculpting a Legacy (Catalogue Note) |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2020/modern-contemporary-south-asian-art-2/pilloo-pochkhanawala-untitled |archive-url= |website=Sotheby's}}</ref> Moreover, a visit to England in 1970 and meetings with renowned sculptors such as [[Henry Moore]], [[Kenneth Armitage]], [[Barbara Hepworth]] and [[Eduardo Paolozzi]] provided her with an impressionable insight into the meaning of modern sculpture.<ref name=":8" />

=== Inspiration from Indian art ===
Pochkhanawala's visit to temple sites around the country piqued her interest in the art and history of [[Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent|Indian sculpture]]. She admired the fluidity and liveliness of these sculptures, which had a profound impact on her creations.<ref name=":10" />

Post independence, [[Ramkinkar Baij]] (at [[Santiniketan]]) and Shanko Chowdhury (at [[Vadodara|Baroda]]) took over the responsibility to propagated the new approach to making sculptures. Pochkhanawala, along with Adi Davierwala in Bombay, worked on sculptures that showcased their beliefs and expressed their experience of living in changing India of the 20th century.<ref name=":2" /> Both of them explored the industrial developments in their surroundings and evolved new methods of fabrication in their works, like welding. Their choice of material became an important part of the subjects they depicted and the sculptural forms developed by them belonged to a wider global trend.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jayaram |first=Suresh |date=September 2000 |title=Abstraction: Nature and the Numinous |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06892/page/n51/mode/2up?q=Pilloo+Pochkhanawala |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=51}}</ref>

=== Style ===
[[File:Untitled - Pilloo Pochkhanawala.jpg|alt=sculpture by Pochkhanawala|thumb|''Detail of Coral Reef'' (1974), an abstract sculpture in aluminium by Pochkhanawala]]
Largely experimental in her approach, Pochkhanawala's oeuvre includes a range of materials and approaches from wood, cement, metal, mesh and transparent sheets, eventually turning to "found" and scrap metal, welding and casting them to make her signature forms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Movement in Indian Sculpture |url=https://criticalcollective.in/CC_ArchiveInner2.aspx?Aid=545&Eid=848 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=criticalcollective.in}}</ref> Her early works displayed a marked influence of Henry Moore, which mainly featured figures of seated women in wood.<ref name=":5" /> In the 1970s, her sculptures represented rockscapes on sea beaches. The industrial steel scrap was assembled with natural forms of stone which juxtaposed solid forms with fluid shapes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mago |first=Pran Nath |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryarti0000mago/page/124/mode/2up?q=Pilloo+Pochkhanawala |title=Contemporary Art in India - A perspective |publisher=[[National Book Trust]] |year=2000 |isbn=81-237-3420-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=124}}</ref>

== Work ==

=== Public sculptures ===
Pochkhanawala is best remembered for her public sculptures, the most famous of which was called ''Spark'' and stood over two storeys tall at the old Haji Ali Circle in Mumbai. Originally commissioned by [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply and Transport]] (BEST), it was made in her distinct style by welding scrap metal together. It is assumed to have gotten its name from the BEST's connection to electricity and the sculpture's contrast of heavy material and light, bird-like features. The location was important to her as she lived in the area. However, the sculpture had a troubled history, being moved to a smaller circle during her lifetime. It eventually disappeared in a road expansion project in early 1990s. In 2002, a scale model, at one-third the height of the original, was installed through a citizen's initiative, on a traffic island outside the [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai]]. In late 2020, in the midst of the pandemic, the replica was lost in a beautification drive.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Laxman |date=23 Jan 2021 |title=Mystery of the missing 'Spark' as Thackeray gets statue in Mumbai |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2479897993/96B1C1F759A74136PQ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=[[ProQuest]] |language=en}}</ref> Another public sculpture of Pochkhanawala is ''Stone Age To Space'', installed at the [[Nehru Centre]]. It is made of rough sandstone and cast aluminium.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-21 |title=When your road gets the art attack |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/when-your-road-gets-the-art-attack/story-gnDbOvzlDBjuclqNliD10H.html |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other works ===
Pochkhanawala had created [[Scenic design|stage design]] for five plays, which included [[Girish Karnad]]'s [[Tughlaq (play)|''Tughlaq'']] (1970) and ''The Book of Job'' (1976).<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |date=September 1987 |title=Pilloo Pochkhanawala |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06884/page/43/mode/2up?q=Pilloo+Pochkhanawala |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=43–48}}</ref> Along with [[N. S. Bendre]], Kiran Gujral, [[M. F. Husain]], [[Paritosh Sen]] and [[Krishen Khanna]], Pochkhanawala was among the six Indian artists who designed new laminates for [[Formica (plastic)|Formica]] India.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 1975 |title=Six great minds help make on great idea |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.07658/page/n107/mode/2up?q=Pilloo+Pochkhanawala |journal=Seminar |issue=186 |pages=8}}</ref> She wrote a piece about The Rodin Exhibition for the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]] Quarterly Journal which took place from 19 March to 11 April 1983 at the [[Tata Theatre]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pochkhanawala |first=Pilloo R. |date=June 1983 |title=The Rodin Exhibition |url=https://archive.org/details/MusicRes-Periodicals/NCPA/NCPA-12-23-1983/page/n6/mode/1up |journal=NCPA Quarterly Journal |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=9–20}}</ref> In 1984, she was appointed as a member to the Advisory Panel of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=24 March 1984 |title=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.csl_weekly.1984-03-24.O-0840-1984-0012-36738/page/n29/mode/2up?q=Pilloo+Pochkhanawala |journal=[[The Gazette of India]] |issue=12 |pages=812}}</ref>

=== Exhibitions ===
Pochkhanawala had solo exhibitions from 1955 to 1978 in Bombay, and in Delhi in 1965, 1968 and 1982. Her piece titled ''Frenzy'' was exhibited in the Tenth National Exhibition of Art at the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 1964 |title=The Tenth National Exhibition of Art |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.09909/page/272/mode/2up?q=Pilloo+Pochkhanawala |journal=[[Modern Review (Calcutta)|The Modern Review]] |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=271–272}}</ref> The international shows included exhibitions at Minnesota, USA (1980); Middleheim, Belgium (1974); Belgrade; Bangkok; Tokyo (1967) and in London (1963).<ref name=":4" /> Her sculptures were showcased at the [[São Paulo Art Biennial]] in 1969 and 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10ª Bienal de São Paulo (1969) - Catálogo by Bienal São Paulo |url=https://issuu.com/bienal/docs/nameacb494/126 |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=issuu.com |date=August 2008 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11ª Bienal de São Paulo (1971) - Catálogo by Bienal São Paulo |url=https://issuu.com/bienal/docs/name9839c4/112 |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=issuu.com |date=October 2008 |language=en}}</ref>

During one of the modern art exhibitions in Bombay, her sculptures were at display in the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya|Prince of Wales Museum]]. In his book ''The Heart of India'', Duncan Forbes has written about the moment when Pochkhanawala was talking about her work:<blockquote>I go to a factory to get all these bits of metal. They call it scrap. Some people don't understand these sculptures, but you know, I have a class of deaf and dumb children I teach, and I brought them round without saying anything to them, and do you know, one of the little girls was standing in front of this one, the Kathakali, and she actually began to do a kind of dance. Isn't that amazing?<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forbes |first=Duncan |url=https://archive.org/details/heartofindia00forbrich/page/n5/mode/2up |title=The heart of India. |date=1969 |publisher=A.S. Barnes |isbn=0-498-07360-2 |edition=[1st American ed.] |location=South Brunswick [N.J.] |pages=73–75 |oclc=6230}}</ref></blockquote>Forbes took a second look of the sculpture and realized that the crude shapes of the sculpture indeed had some evocative power. He further wrote that, possibly, it was the crude nature of the artwork that allowed the imagination to be free and experience it fully.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

=== Awards and recognition ===
Pochkhanawala received several awards in her lifetime which included a silver medal from the All India Sculptors' Association and another silver medal from [[Bombay Art Society]], both in 1954. This was followed by a couple of prizes at the Maharashtra State Art Exhibition in 1955 and 1961; 1st Prize at the Mumbai State Art Exhibition in 1959 and an award by Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi in 1979.<ref name=":8" />

== Personal life ==
Pilloo had married Rattan Pochkhanawala and had one child, Meher.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AC_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.pdf&page=404 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ६ - दृश्यकला |publisher=साप्ताहिक विवेक, हिंदुस्थान प्रकाशन संस्था |year=2013 |location=मुंबई |pages=339–340 |language=Marathi}}</ref> Her husband belonged to the family of [[Sorabji Pochkhanawala|Sir Sorabji Pochkhanawala]], one of the founders of the [[Central Bank of India]].<ref name=":3" />

== Death and legacy ==
Pochkhanawala died on 7 June 1986 due to cancer.<ref name=":7" /> In the recent years, she has seen a rise in popularity, with her works appearing in art shows in Mumbai, namely ''No Parsi is an Island''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jhaveri |first=Shanay |date=2014-03-20 |title=A Larger World |language=en |work=Frieze |issue=162 |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/larger-world |access-date=2022-03-30 |issn=0962-0672}}</ref> and ''The 10 Year Hustle.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 10 Year Hustle: Celebrating a decade of our gallery space |url=https://chatterjeeandlal.com/shows/the-10-year-hustle-celebrating-a-decade-of-our-gallery-space/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Chatterjee & Lal}}</ref> However she remains largely forgotten with her public sculptures lost or unknown. She was one of the earliest proponents of a modernist wave in Indian sculpture, developing a style that moved away from merely making copies of popular figures.<ref name=":3" /> Pochkhanawala's ''Untitled'' wooden sculpture was sold for {{INRConvert|77.9|l|lk=|year=2020|to=GBP}} at the [[Sotheby's]] auction of Modern and Contemporary South Asian Art in 2020. This was the highest recorded price for her work, with {{INRConvert|57|l}} being the previous best value.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Soumitra |date=11 October 2020 |title=A September to remember for Indian art at auctions |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-september-to-remember-for-indian-art-at-auctions/cid/1794420 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pilloo Pochkhanawala}}

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcXuIEWPpG4 Dr. Pheroza Godrej's interaction with Pilloo Pochkhanawala] on [[YouTube]]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pochkhanawala, Pilloo}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Public art in Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women sculptors]]

Precambrian

2026-03-23T23:22:44Z

MalissaHardaway: general reworked citations for accuracy further and improved wording after review

{{Short description|History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago}}
{{For|the album by German band The Ocean|Precambrian (album){{!}}''Precambrian'' (album)}}
{{Redirect|Cryptozoic|the games publisher|Cryptozoic Entertainment}}
{{Infobox geologic timespan
| name = Precambrian
| color = Precambrian
| top_bar = all time
| time_start = {{period start|precambrian}}
| time_start_uncertainty = {{period start error|precambrian|sign=no}}
| time_end = {{period end|precambrian}}
| time_end_uncertainty = {{period end error|precambrian|sign=no}}

| timeline = Eons
| proposed_subdivision1 = See [[Geologic time scale#Proposed Precambrian timeline|Proposed Precambrian timeline]]

| synonym1 = Cryptozoic
| synonym1_coined =

| celestial_body = earth
| usage = Global ([[International Commission on Stratigraphy|ICS]])
| timescales_used = ICS Time Scale

| chrono_unit = supereon
| strat_unit = supereonothem
| proposed_by =
| timespan_formality = Informal
| lower_boundary_def = Formation of the [[Earth]]
| lower_gssa_accept_date = {{period start ratification|precambrian}}
| upper_boundary_def = Appearance of the [[Trace fossil|Ichnofossil]] ''[[Treptichnus pedum]]''
| upper_gssp_location = [[Fortune Head|Fortune Head section]], Newfoundland, Canada
| upper_gssp_coords = {{Coord|47.0762|N|55.8310|W|display=inline}}
| upper_gssp_accept_date = {{period end ratification|precambrian}}
}}
The '''Precambrian''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|p|r|i|ˈ|k|æ|m|b|r|i|.|ə|n|,_|-|ˈ|k|eɪ|m|-}} {{respell|pree|KAM|bree|ən|,_|-KAYM|-}};{{refn|{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Precambrian|access-date=2023-08-30}}}} '''pre-Cambrian''', or '''Cryptozoic''', sometimes abbreviated '''pꞒ''' or '''PreꞒ''') is the earliest part of [[History of the Earth|Earth's history]], set before the current [[Phanerozoic]] Eon. The Precambrian is so named because it preceded the [[Cambrian]], the first [[geologic period|period]] of the [[Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon]], which is named after [[Cambria]], the Latinized name for [[Wales]], where rocks from this age were first studied. The Precambrian accounts for 88% of the Earth's geologic time.

The Precambrian is an informal unit of geologic time,<ref name="Gradstein_et-al_2012">{{cite book | title=The Geologic Timescale 2012 | volume=1 | publisher=Elsevier | editor=Gradstein, F.M. | editor2=Ogg, J.G. | editor3=Schmitz, M.D. | editor4=Ogg, G.M. | year=2012 | page=301 | isbn=978-0-44-459390-0}}</ref> subdivided into three [[eon (geology)|eons]] ([[Hadean]], [[Archean]], [[Proterozoic]]) of the [[geologic time scale]]. It spans from the formation of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago ([[Ga (unit)|Ga]]) to the beginning of the Cambrian Period, about {{Period end|Precambrian}} million years ago ([[Ma (unit)|Ma]]), when hard-shelled creatures first appeared in abundance.

==Overview==
Relatively little is known about the Precambrian, despite it making up roughly eight-ninths of the [[History of the Earth|Earth's history]], and what is known has largely been discovered from the 1960s onwards. The Precambrian fossil record is poorer than that of the succeeding [[Phanerozoic]], and fossils from the Precambrian (e.g. [[stromatolites]]) are of limited [[biostratigraphy|biostratigraphic]] use.<ref name=Monroe>{{cite book |first1=James S. |last1=Monroe |first2=Reed |last2=Wicander |title=The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution |edition=2nd |location=Belmont |publisher=[[Wadsworth Publishing Company]] |year=1997 |page=492 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48aiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA492|isbn=978-1-285-98138-3 }}</ref> This is because many Precambrian rocks have been heavily [[metamorphic rock|metamorphosed]], obscuring their origins, while others have been destroyed by erosion, or remain deeply buried beneath Phanerozoic strata.<ref name=Monroe/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Levin |first1=Harold L. |title=The earth through time |date=2010 |publisher=J. Wiley |location=Hoboken, N.J. |isbn=978-0-470-38774-0 |pages=230–233 |edition=9th}} Outlined in {{cite web |first1=Pamela J.W. |last1=Gore |title=The Earliest Earth: 2,100,000,000 years of the Archean Eon |url=http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/levin/0471697435/chap_tut/chaps/chapter08-01.html |date=25 October 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=The Precambrian Era |chapter-url=http://geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/precambrian.html |publisher=[[Michigan State University]] |last=Davis |first=C.M. |year=1964 |title=Readings in the Geography of Michigan}}</ref>

It is thought that [[formation of the Earth|the Earth coalesced]] from material in orbit around the Sun at roughly 4,543 Ma, and may have been struck by another planet called [[Theia (hypothetical planet)|Theia]] shortly after it formed, splitting off material that formed the [[Moon]] (see [[Giant-impact hypothesis]]). A stable crust was apparently in place by 4,433 Ma, since [[zircon]] crystals from [[Western Australia]] have been [[Radiometric dating|dated]] at 4,404 ± 8 Ma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geoscience.wisc.edu/geoscience/people/faculty/john-valley/zircons-are-forever/ |title=Zircons are Forever |access-date=28 April 2007 |year=2005 |work=Department of Geoscience |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518054145/http://geoscience.wisc.edu/geoscience/people/faculty/john-valley/zircons-are-forever/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cavosie |first1=Aaron J. |last2=Valley |first2=John W. |last3=Wilde |first3=Simon A. |title=Chapter 2.5 The Oldest Terrestrial Mineral Record: A Review of 4400 to 4000 Ma Detrital Zircons from Jack Hills, Western Australia |journal=Developments in Precambrian Geology |date=2007 |volume=15 |pages=91–111 |doi=10.1016/S0166-2635(07)15025-8|bibcode=2007DevPG..15...91C |isbn=978-0-444-52810-0 }}</ref>

{{anchor|supereon}}The term "Precambrian" is used by [[geologist]]s and [[paleontologists]] for general discussions not requiring a more specific eon name. However, both the [[United States Geological Survey]]<ref>{{citation |author=U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Names Committee |title=Divisions of geologic time – major chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |work=U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010–3059 |page=2 |year=2010 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/ |access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> and the [[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] regard the term as informal.{{ref icc}} Because the span of time falling under the Precambrian consists of three eons (the [[Hadean]], the [[Archean]], and the [[Proterozoic]]), it is sometimes described as a ''supereon'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Senter |first1=Phil |title=The Age of the Earth & Its Importance to Biology |journal=The American Biology Teacher |date=1 April 2013 |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=251–256 |doi=10.1525/abt.2013.75.4.5|s2cid=85652369 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kamp |first1=Ulrich |title=International Encyclopedia of Geography |chapter=Glaciations |date=6 March 2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0612|isbn=978-0-470-65963-2 }}</ref> but this is also an informal term, not defined by the ICS in its chronostratigraphic guide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stratigraphic Guide |url=https://stratigraphy.org/guide/chron |website=International Commission on Stratigraphy |at=Table 3 |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

The oldest fossils found in what was previously called [[Azoic Age|Azoic]] rock, established the geological boundary between the [[Precambrian]] and [[Cambrian]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Toghill|first=Peter|title=The Geology of Britain: An Introduction|publisher=Swan Hill Press|year=2000|isbn=9781853108907|pages=33}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GEOL 102 Introduction to the Strange Aeons of the Precambrian: The Hadean Eon|url=https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G102/lectures/102hadean.html|access-date=2026-03-20|website=www.geol.umd.edu}}</ref>

'''''{{vanchor|Eozoic}}''''' (from {{wikt-lang|en|eo-}} "earliest") was a synonym for ''pre-Cambrian'' or ''Precambrian'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Hitchcock|first=C. H.|title=The Geology of New Hampshire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCWO-P0txYYC&pg=PA511|year=1874|page=511|quote= The name ''Eozoic'' seems to have been proposed by Dr. [[J.W. Dawson]], of Montreal, in 1865. He did not fully define the limits of its application at that time; but it seems to have been generally understood by geologists to embrace all the obscurely fossiliferous rocks older than the Cambrian.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YngeAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA28|volume=767|year=1925|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=3|quote= [1888] Sir [[J. W. Dawson]] prefers the term "Eozoic" [to Archean], and would have it include all the Pre-Cambrian strata.}}</ref> or more specifically ''[[Archean]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Salop|first=L.J.|title=Geological Evolution of the Earth During the Precambrian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmX7CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|year=2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-68684-9|page=9|quote= a possibility of dividing the Precambrian history into two eons: the Eozoic, embracing the Archean Era only, and the Protozoic, comprising all the remaining Precambrian Eras.}}</ref>

==Life forms==
{{Further|Origin of life|Avalon explosion|Earliest known life forms}}
A specific date for the origin of life has not been determined. [[Carbon]] found in 3.8 billion-year-old rocks (Archean Eon) from islands off western [[Greenland]] may be of organic origin. Well-preserved microscopic fossils of [[bacteria]] older than 3.46 billion years have been found in [[Western Australia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brun |first1=Yves |author-link=Yves Brun |first2=Lawrence J. |last2=Shimkets |title=Prokaryotic development |publisher=[[ASM Press]] |date=January 2000 |page=114 |isbn=978-1-55581-158-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRxrAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Probable fossils 100 million years older have been found in the same area. However, there is evidence that life could have evolved over 4.280 billion years ago.<ref name="NAT-20170301">{{cite journal |author=Dodd, Matthew S. |author2=Papineau, Dominic |author3=Grenne, Tor |author4=slack, John F. |author5=Rittner, Martin |author6=Pirajno, Franco |author7=O'Neil, Jonathan |author8=Little, Crispin T. S. |title=Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates|journal=Nature |volume=543 |issue=7643 |pages=60–64 |date=2 March 2017 | doi=10.1038/nature21377|pmid=28252057 |bibcode=2017Natur.543...60D |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20170301">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html |date=1 March 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20170301">{{cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Pallab |title=Earliest evidence of life on Earth 'found' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39117523 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=1 March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="4.3b oldest">{{cite news |last1=Dunham |first1=Will |title=Canadian bacteria-like fossils called oldest evidence of life |url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN16858B?sp=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302114728/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN16858B?sp=true |archive-date=March 2, 2017 |date=1 March 2017 |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=1 March 2017 }}</ref> There is a fairly solid record of bacterial life throughout the remainder (Proterozoic Eon) of the Precambrian.

Complex multicellular organisms may have appeared as early as 2100 Ma.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albani |first1=Abderrazak El |last2=Bengtson |first2=Stefan |last3=Canfield |first3=Donald E. |last4=Bekker |first4=Andrey |last5=Macchiarelli |first5=Roberto |last6=Mazurier |first6=Arnaud |last7=Hammarlund |first7=Emma U. |last8=Boulvais |first8=Philippe |last9=Dupuy |first9=Jean-Jacques |last10=Fontaine |first10=Claude |last11=Fürsich |first11=Franz T. |last12=Gauthier-Lafaye |first12=François |last13=Janvier |first13=Philippe |last14=Javaux |first14=Emmanuelle |last15=Ossa |first15=Frantz Ossa |last16=Pierson-Wickmann |first16=Anne-Catherine |last17=Riboulleau |first17=Armelle |last18=Sardini |first18=Paul |last19=Vachard |first19=Daniel |last20=Whitehouse |first20=Martin |last21=Meunier |first21=Alain |title=Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago |journal=Nature |date=July 2010 |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=100–104 |doi=10.1038/nature09166|pmid=20596019 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..100A |s2cid=4331375 }}</ref> However, the interpretation of ancient fossils is problematic, and "... some definitions of multicellularity encompass everything from simple bacterial colonies to badgers."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donoghue |first1=Philip C. J. |last2=Antcliffe |first2=Jonathan B. |title=Origins of multicellularity |journal=Nature |date=July 2010 |volume=466 |issue=7302 |pages=41–42 |doi=10.1038/466041a|pmid=20596008 |s2cid=4396466 }}</ref> Other possible early complex multicellular organisms include a possible 2450 Ma red alga from the [[Kola Peninsula]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rozanov |first1=A. Yu. |last2=Astafieva |first2=M. M. |title=A unique find of the earliest multicellular algae in the Lower Proterozoic (2.45 Ga) of the Kola Peninsula |journal=Doklady Biological Sciences |date=1 March 2013 |volume=449 |issue=1 |pages=96–98 |doi=10.1134/S0012496613020051|pmid=23652437 |s2cid=15774804 }}</ref> 1650 Ma carbonaceous biosignatures in north China,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Qu |first1=Yuangao |last2=Zhu |first2=Shixing |last3=Whitehouse |first3=Martin |last4=Engdahl |first4=Anders |last5=McLoughlin |first5=Nicola |title=Carbonaceous biosignatures of the earliest putative macroscopic multicellular eukaryotes from 1630 Ma Tuanshanzi Formation, north China |journal=Precambrian Research |date=1 January 2018 |volume=304 |pages=99–109 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2017.11.004|bibcode=2018PreR..304...99Q }}</ref> the 1600 Ma ''[[Rafatazmia]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bengtson |first1=Stefan |last2=Sallstedt |first2=Therese |last3=Belivanova |first3=Veneta |last4=Whitehouse |first4=Martin |title=Three-dimensional preservation of cellular and subcellular structures suggests 1.6 billion-year-old crown-group red algae |journal=PLOS Biology |date=14 March 2017 |volume=15 |issue=3 |article-number=e2000735 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000735|pmid=28291791 |pmc=5349422 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and a possible 1047 Ma ''[[Bangiomorpha]]'' red alga from the Canadian Arctic.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1130/G39829.1|title=Precise age of Bangiomorpha pubescens dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis|journal=Geology|volume=46|issue=2|pages=135–138|year=2017|last1=Gibson|first1=Timothy M|last2=Shih|first2=Patrick M|last3=Cumming|first3=Vivien M|last4=Fischer|first4=Woodward W|last5=Crockford|first5=Peter W|last6=Hodgskiss|first6=Malcolm S.W|last7=Wörndle|first7=Sarah|last8=Creaser|first8=Robert A|last9=Rainbird|first9=Robert H|last10=Skulski|first10=Thomas M|last11=Halverson|first11=Galen P|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/83811/3/2018030.pdf}}</ref> The earliest fossils widely accepted as complex multicellular organisms date from the Ediacaran Period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laflamme |first1=M. |title=Modeling morphological diversity in the oldest large multicellular organisms |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=9 September 2014 |volume=111 |issue=36 |pages=12962–12963 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1412523111|pmid=25114212 |pmc=4246935 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11112962L |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kolesnikov |first1=Anton V. |last2=Rogov |first2=Vladimir I. |last3=Bykova |first3=Natalia V. |last4=Danelian |first4=Taniel |last5=Clausen |first5=Sébastien |last6=Maslov |first6=Andrey V. |last7=Grazhdankin |first7=Dmitriy V. |title=The oldest skeletal macroscopic organism Palaeopascichnus linearis |journal=Precambrian Research |date=October 2018 |volume=316 |pages=24–37 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2018.07.017|bibcode=2018PreR..316...24K |s2cid=134885946 }}</ref> A very diverse collection of soft-bodied forms is found in a variety of locations worldwide and date to between 635 and 542 Ma. These are referred to as [[Ediacaran biota|Ediacaran or Vendian biota]]. Hard-shelled creatures appeared toward the end of that time span, marking the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon. By the middle of the following Cambrian Period, a very diverse fauna is recorded in the [[Burgess Shale]], including some which may represent stem groups of modern taxa. The increase in diversity of lifeforms during the early Cambrian is called the [[Cambrian explosion]] of life.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fedonkin|first1=Mikhail A.|author-link=Mikhail A. Fedonkin|last2=Gehling|first2=James G.|last3=Grey|first3=Kathleen|last4=Narbonne|first4=Guy M.|last5=Vickers-Rich|first5=Patricia|author5-link=Patricia Vickers-Rich|others=Foreword by [[Arthur C. Clarke]]|date=2007|title=The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8018-8679-9|lccn=2007061351|oclc=85162342|ol=17256629M}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |author-link=Richard Dawkins |title=The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution |year=2005 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0-618-61916-0 |first2=Yan |last2=Wong |url=https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0 |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0/page/n696 673]}}</ref>

While land seems to have been devoid of plants and animals, cyanobacteria and other microbes formed prokaryotic [[Algal mat|mats]] that covered terrestrial areas.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.paulselden.net/uploads/7/5/3/2/7532217/elsterrestrialization.pdf |title=Terrestrialization (Precambrian–Devonian) |last=Selden |first=Paul A. |year=2005 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Life Sciences]] |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.]] |doi=10.1038/npg.els.0004145 |isbn=978-0-470-01617-6 }}</ref>

Tracks from an animal with leg-like appendages have been found in what was mud 551 million years ago.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/oldest-fossil-footprints-china-found-discovered-yangtze-virginia-tech-a8386911.html| title = Scientists discover 'oldest footprints on Earth' in southern China dating back 550 million years| website = [[Independent.co.uk]]| date = 7 June 2018}} ''[[The Independent]]''</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zhe |last2=Chen |first2=Xiang |last3=Zhou |first3=Chuanming |last4=Yuan |first4=Xunlai |last5=Xiao |first5=Shuhai |title=Late Ediacaran trackways produced by bilaterian animals with paired appendages |journal=Science Advances |date=June 2018 |volume=4 |issue=6 |article-number=eaao6691 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aao6691|pmid=29881773 |pmc=5990303 |bibcode=2018SciA....4.6691C }}</ref>

===Emergence of life===

The [[RNA world]] hypothesis asserts that RNA evolved before coded proteins and DNA genomes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fine JL, Pearlman RE |title=On the origin of life: an RNA-focused synthesis and narrative |journal=RNA |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1085–98 |date=August 2023 |pmid=37142437 |pmc=10351881 |doi=10.1261/rna.079598.123 }}</ref> During the Hadean Eon (4,567–4,031 Ma) abundant [[Geothermal activity|geothermal]] [[Microenvironment (ecology)|microenvironment]]s were present that may have had the potential to support the synthesis and replication of [[RNA]] and thus possibly the evolution of a primitive life form. It was shown that porous rock systems comprising heated air-water interfaces could allow [[ribozyme]]-[[Catalysis|catalyzed]] RNA replication of sense and antisense strands that could be followed by strand-dissociation, thus enabling combined synthesis, release and folding of active ribozymes.<ref name="Salditt2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salditt A, Karr L, Salibi E, Le Vay K, Braun D, Mutschler H |date=March 2023 |title=Ribozyme-mediated RNA synthesis and replication in a model Hadean microenvironment |journal=Nat Commun |volume=14 |issue=1 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.1495S |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-37206-4 |pmc=10023712 |pmid=36932102 |article-number=1495}}</ref> This primitive RNA replicative system also may have been able to undergo template strand switching during replication ([[genetic recombination]]) as is known to occur during the RNA replication of extant [[coronavirus]]es.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai AC, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao GF |title=Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=490–502 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27012512 |pmc=7125511 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003 }}</ref>

==Planetary environment and the oxygen catastrophe==

[[File:Temagami greenstone belt pillow lava.jpg|thumb|Weathered Precambrian [[pillow lava]] in the [[Temagami Greenstone Belt]] of the [[Canadian Shield]]]]
Evidence of the details of [[plate tectonics|plate motions]] and other [[tectonic]] activity in the Precambrian is difficult to interpret. It is generally believed that small proto-continents existed before 4280 Ma, and that most of the Earth's landmasses collected into a single [[supercontinent]] around 1130 Ma. The supercontinent, known as [[Rodinia]], broke up around 750 Ma. A number of [[glaciation|glacial periods]] have been identified going as far back as the [[Huronian]] epoch, roughly 2400–2100 Ma. One of the best studied is the [[Sturtian-Varangian]] glaciation, around 850–635 Ma, which may have brought glacial conditions all the way to the equator, resulting in a "[[Snowball Earth]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffman |first1=Paul F. |last2=Abbot |first2=Dorian S. |last3=Ashkenazy |first3=Yosef |last4=Benn |first4=Douglas I. |last5=Brocks |first5=Jochen J. |last6=Cohen |first6=Phoebe A. |last7=Cox |first7=Grant M. |last8=Creveling |first8=Jessica R. |last9=Donnadieu |first9=Yannick |last10=Erwin |first10=Douglas H. |last11=Fairchild |first11=Ian J. |last12=Ferreira |first12=David |last13=Goodman |first13=Jason C. |last14=Halverson |first14=Galen P. |last15=Jansen |first15=Malte F. |display-authors=8 |date=2017-11-08 |title=Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology |journal=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=11 |article-number=e1600983 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1600983 |pmc=5677351 |pmid=29134193|bibcode=2017SciA....3E0983H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parnell |first=John |date=2022-06-01 |title=Snowball Earth to Global Warming: Coupled vanadium-carbonaceous deposits in the Cryogenian-Cambrian |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169136822001846 |journal=Ore Geology Reviews |volume=145 |article-number=104876 |doi=10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104876 |bibcode=2022OGRv..14504876P |issn=0169-1368|hdl=2164/18433 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

It is believed that [[molecular]] oxygen was not a significant fraction of Earth's atmosphere until after [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] life forms evolved and began to produce it in large quantities as a byproduct of their [[metabolism]]. This radical shift from a chemically inert to an oxidizing atmosphere caused an [[ecological crisis]], sometimes called the [[Great Oxygenation Event|oxygen catastrophe]]. At first, [[oxygen]] would have quickly combined with other elements in Earth's crust, primarily iron, removing it from the atmosphere. After the supply of oxidizable surfaces ran out, oxygen would have begun to accumulate in the atmosphere, and the modern high-oxygen atmosphere would have developed. Evidence for this lies in older rocks that contain massive [[banded iron formation]]s that were laid down as iron oxides.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Kump |first1=Lee R. |title=8.1 The Great Oxidation Event |date=2013 |work=Reading the Archive of Earth's Oxygenation: Volume 3: Global Events and the Fennoscandian Arctic Russia - Drilling Early Earth Project |pages=1517–1533 |editor-last=Melezhik |editor-first=Victor A. |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-29670-3_11 |access-date=2025-01-27 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-29670-3_11 |isbn=978-3-642-29670-3 |last2=Fallick |first2=Anthony E. |last3=Melezhik |first3=Victor A. |last4=Strauss |first4=Harald |last5=Lepland |first5=Aivo |editor2-last=Prave |editor2-first=Anthony R. |editor3-last=Hanski |editor3-first=Eero J. |editor4-last=Fallick |editor4-first=Anthony E.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Konhauser |first1=Kurt O. |last2=Pecoits |first2=Ernesto |last3=Lalonde |first3=Stefan V. |last4=Papineau |first4=Dominic |last5=Nisbet |first5=Euan G. |last6=Barley |first6=Mark E. |last7=Arndt |first7=Nicholas T. |last8=Zahnle |first8=Kevin |last9=Kamber |first9=Balz S. |date=2009 |title=Oceanic nickel depletion and a methanogen famine before the Great Oxidation Event |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07858 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=458 |issue=7239 |pages=750–753 |doi=10.1038/nature07858 |pmid=19360085 |bibcode=2009Natur.458..750K |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
{{main|Timetable of the Precambrian}}

{{Life timeline}}
A terminology has evolved covering the early years of the Earth's existence, as [[radiometric dating]] has allowed absolute dates to be assigned to specific formations and features.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/| title = Geological Society of America's "2009 GSA Geologic Time Scale."| access-date = 2019-08-29| archive-date = 2020-11-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231837/https://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/}}</ref> The Precambrian is divided into three eons: the [[Hadean]] ({{Period start|Hadean}}–{{Period start|Archean}} Ma), [[Archean]] ({{Period start|Archean}}-{{Period start|Proterozoic}} Ma) and [[Proterozoic]] ({{Period start|Proterozoic}}-{{Period start|Cambrian}} Ma). See [[Timetable of the Precambrian]].
* [[Proterozoic]]: this eon refers to the time from the lower [[Cambrian]] boundary, {{Period start|Cambrian}} Ma, back through {{Period start|Proterozoic}} Ma. As originally used, it was a synonym for "Precambrian" and hence included everything prior to the Cambrian boundary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plumb |first1=Kenneth A. |last2=James |first2=Harold L. |date=1986-07-15 |title=Subdivision of precambrian time: recommendations and suggestions by the subcommission on precambrian stratigraphy |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0301926886900318 |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=65–92 |doi=10.1016/0301-9268(86)90031-8 |bibcode=1986PreR...32...65P |issn=0301-9268|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Proterozoic Eon is divided into three eras: the [[Neoproterozoic]], [[Mesoproterozoic]] and [[Paleoproterozoic]].
** [[Neoproterozoic]]: The youngest [[geologic era]] of the Proterozoic Eon, from the [[Cambrian]] Period lower boundary ({{Period start|Cambrian}} Ma) back to {{Period start|Neoproterozoic}} Ma. The Neoproterozoic corresponds to Precambrian Z rocks of older North American stratigraphy.
*** [[Ediacaran]]: The youngest [[geologic period]] within the Neoproterozoic Era. The "2012 Geologic Time Scale" dates it from {{Period start|Cambrian}} to {{Period start|Ediacaran}} Ma. In this period the [[Ediacaran biota]] appeared.
*** [[Cryogenian]]: The middle period in the [[Neoproterozoic]] Era: {{Period start|Ediacaran}}-{{Period start|Cryogenian}} Ma.
*** [[Tonian]]: the earliest period of the Neoproterozoic Era: {{Period start|Cryogenian}}-{{Period start|Tonian}} Ma.
** [[Mesoproterozoic]]: the middle era of the [[Proterozoic]] Eon, {{Period start|Neoproterozoic}}-{{Period start|Mesoproterozoic}} Ma. Corresponds to "Precambrian Y" rocks of older North American stratigraphy.
** [[Paleoproterozoic]]: oldest era of the Proterozoic Eon, {{Period start|Mesoproterozoic}}-{{Period start|Paleoproterozoic}} Ma. Corresponds to "Precambrian X" rocks of older North American stratigraphy.
* [[Archean]] Eon: {{Period start|Proterozoic}}-{{Period start|Archean}} Ma.
* [[Hadean]] Eon: {{Period start|Archean}}–{{Period start|Hadean}} Ma. This term was intended originally to cover the time before any preserved rocks were deposited, although some [[zircon]] crystals from about 4400 Ma demonstrate the existence of crust in the Hadean Eon. Other records from Hadean time come from the [[Geology of the Moon|Moon]] and [[meteorite]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harrison |first1=T. Mark |title=The Hadean Crust: Evidence from >4 Ga Zircons |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |date=27 April 2009 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100151|bibcode=2009AREPS..37..479H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abramov |first1=Oleg |last2=Kring |first2=David A. |last3=Mojzsis |first3=Stephen J. |title=The impact environment of the Hadean Earth |journal=Geochemistry |date=October 2013 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=227–248 |doi=10.1016/j.chemer.2013.08.004|bibcode=2013ChEG...73..227A }}</ref>
It has been proposed that the Precambrian should be divided into eons and eras that reflect stages of planetary evolution, rather than the current scheme based upon numerical ages. Such a system could rely on events in the stratigraphic record and be demarcated by [[Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point|GSSPs]]. The Precambrian could be divided into five "natural" eons, characterized as follows:<ref>{{cite book | last = Bleeker | first = W. | editor = [[Felix M. Gradstein]] | editor2 = James G. Ogg | editor3 = [[Alan Gilbert Smith|Alan G. Smith]] | title = A Geologic Time Scale 2004 | orig-date = 2004 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-78673-7 | chapter = Toward a "natural" Precambrian time scale | date = 2004}} also available at [http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/precambrian/Bleeker_2004.pdf Stratigraphy.org: Precambrian subcommission]</ref>
# Accretion and differentiation: a period of planetary formation until [[Giant impact hypothesis|giant Moon-forming impact event]].
# Hadean: dominated by heavy bombardment from about 4.51 Ga (possibly including a [[cool early Earth]] period) to the end of the [[Late Heavy Bombardment]] period.
# Archean: a period defined by the first crustal formations (the [[Isua greenstone belt]]) until the deposition of [[banded iron formation]]s due to increasing atmospheric oxygen content.
# Transition: a period of continued banded iron formation until the first continental [[red beds]].
# Proterozoic: a period of modern [[plate tectonics]] until the first [[animal]]s.

==Precambrian supercontinents==
The movement of Earth's [[Plate tectonics|plates]] has caused the formation and break-up of continents over time, including occasional formation of a [[supercontinent]] containing most or all of the landmass. The earliest known supercontinent was [[Vaalbara]]. It formed from proto-continents and was a supercontinent 3.636 billion years ago. [[Vaalbara]] broke up c. 2.845–2.803 [[Giga-annum|Ga]] ago. The supercontinent [[Kenorland]] was formed c. 2.72 [[Giga-annum|Ga]] ago and then broke sometime after 2.45–2.1 [[Giga-annum|Ga]] into the proto-continent [[craton]]s called [[Laurentia]], [[Baltica]], [[Yilgarn craton]] and [[Kalahari craton|Kalahari]]. The supercontinent [[Columbia (supercontinent)|Columbia]], or Nuna, formed 2.1–1.8 billion years ago and broke up about 1.3–1.2 billion years ago.<ref name="Zhao1">{{Cite journal |first=Guochun |last=Zhao |author2 = Cawood, Peter A. |author3 = Wilde, Simon A. |author4 = Sun, M. |date=2002|title=Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia super-continent |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=125–162 |doi=10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9 |bibcode=2002ESRv...59..125Z}}</ref><ref name="Zhao2">{{Cite journal |first=Guochun |last=Zhao |author2=Sun, M. |author3=Wilde, Simon A. |author4= Li, S.Z. |date=2004|title=A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic super-continent: assembly, growth and breakup |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=91–123 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003 |bibcode=2004ESRv...67...91Z|url=http://www.gt-crust.ru/jour/article/view/518 |type=Submitted manuscript |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The supercontinent [[Rodinia]] is thought to have formed about 1300-900 Ma, to have included most or all of Earth's continents and to have broken up into eight continents around 750–600 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Li | first1 = Z. X. | last2 = Bogdanova | first2 = S. V. | last3 = Collins | first3 = A. S. | last4 = Davidson | first4 = A. | last5 = De Waele | first5 = B. | last6 = Ernst | first6 = R. E. | last7 = Fitzsimons | first7 = I. C. W. | last8 = Fuck | first8 = R. A. | last9 = Gladkochub | first9 = D. P. | last10 = Jacobs | first10 = J. | last11 = Karlstrom | first11 = K. E. | last12 = Lul | first12 = S. | last13 = Natapov | first13 = L. M. | last14 = Pease | first14 = V. | last15 = Pisarevsky | first15 = S. A. | last16 = Thrane | first16 = K. | last17 = Vernikovsky | first17 = V. | title = Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis | year = 2008 | journal = Precambrian Research | volume = 160 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 179–210 | url = http://www.bdewaele.be/pdfs/Lietal_IGCP440_map_2008.pdf | access-date = 6 February 2016 | doi = 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.021 | bibcode = 2008PreR..160..179L | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231035/http://www.bdewaele.be/pdfs/Lietal_IGCP440_map_2008.pdf }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Kenorland.jpg|Map of [[Kenorland]] supercontinent 2.5 billion years ago{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
File:Kenorland breaking up.jpg|Map of Kenorland breaking up 2.3 billion years ago{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
File:Paleoglobe NO 1590 mya-vector-colors.svg|The supercontinent [[Columbia (supercontinent)|Columbia]] about 1.6 billion years ago
File:Positions of ancient continents, 550 million years ago.jpg|Landmass positions near the end of the Precambrian{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}
</gallery>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Phanerozoic}}
** {{annotated link|Paleozoic}}
** {{annotated link|Mesozoic}}
** {{annotated link|Cenozoic}}
* {{annotated link|Precambrian Research}}

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
* Valley, John W., William H. Peck, Elizabeth M. King (1999) ''Zircons Are Forever'', The Outcrop for 1999, University of Wisconsin-Madison [http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~valley/zircons/zircon_home.html Wgeology.wisc.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316170539/http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~valley/zircons/zircon_home.html |date=2012-03-16 }} – ''Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago'' Accessed Jan. 10, 2006
* {{cite journal |last=Wilde |first=S. A. |author2=Valley, J. W. |author3=Peck, W. H. |author4= Graham, C. M. |date=2001 |title=Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago |journal=Nature |volume=409 |issue=6817 |pages=175–178 |doi=10.1038/35051550 |pmid=11196637 |bibcode=2001Natur.409..175W |s2cid=4319774 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Wyche |first=S. |author2=Nelson, D. R. |author3=Riganti, A. |date=2004 |title=4350–3130 Ma detrital zircons in the Southern Cross Granite–Greenstone Terrane, Western Australia: implications for the early evolution of the Yilgarn Craton |journal=Australian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=31–45 |doi=10.1046/j.1400-0952.2003.01042.x |bibcode=2004AuJES..51...31W}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Precambrian}}
* [http://www.scotese.com/precambr.htm Late Precambrian Supercontinent and Ice House World] from the Paleomap Project

{{Clear}}
{{Geological history|c}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Precambrian| ]]

Post Office Act, 2023

2026-03-23T06:30:26Z

MalissaHardaway: added new page!

{{Short description|Proposed Indian postage reform}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Post Office Act, 2023
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Post Office in India and to provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20064/1/A2023-43.pdf Act No. 43 of 2023]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed = 4 December 2023
| enacted_by2 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 18 December 2023
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| date_assented = 24 December 2023
| date_commenced = 18 June 2024
| bill_history_url = https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/20064
| bill = Post Office Bill, 2023
| bill_citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Post_office_Bill_2023_Text.pdf Bill No. LVIII of 2023]
| introduced_by = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]], [[Minister of Communications (India)|Communications]] & [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Electronics and Information Technology]]
| date_introduced = 10 August 2023
| passed = 4 December 2023
| passed2 = 18 December 2023
| repeals = [[Indian Post Office Act, 1898]] (6 of 1898)
| status = in force
}}

The '''Post Office Act, 2023''' is an act of the [[Parliament of India]] to consolidate and amend the law relating to [[Post office|Post Office in India]] along with the expansion and modernization of its services. The Act replaces the Indian Post Office Act of 1898.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/post-office-bill-shashi-tharoor-9070808/|title=Post Office Bill, 2023: Why it was brought in, provisions, criticism|date=16 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-post-office-bill-2023|title=The Post Office Bill, 2023|website=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sansad.in/rs/legislation/bills|title=Digital Sansad|first=National Informatics|last=Centre|website=Digital Sansad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/new-post-office-bill-employees-open-detain-parcels|title=New Post Office Act Will Allow Employees to Open, Detain Parcels|website=The Wire}}</ref> The '''Post Office Bill, 2023''' was introduced in [[Rajya Sabha]] on 10 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw introduces Post Office Bill, 2023 in Rajya Sabha |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=465911 |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref> The evolution of [[India Post]] to include delivery of diverse citizen-centric services through its network has prompted for bringing this new bill in the Parliament.<ref name="BL">{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Shishir |title=Another colonial-era law, Indian Post Office Act, 1898, to be repealed |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/another-colonial-era-law-indian-post-office-act-1898-to-be-repealed/article67187127.ece |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=BusinessLine |date=12 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The bill was supposed to be taken up for discussion in [[Lok Sabha]] during the Parliament Special Session, 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=4 bills in government's 'tentative list' for Parliament's special session |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/four-bills-bjp-government-tentative-list-parliament-special-session-agenda-2435327-2023-09-13 |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='What Happened to Bills in Tentative Agenda?': Questions Over Secrecy of Parl Special Session |url=https://thewire.in/politics/parliament-procedure-secrecy-special-session |access-date=27 September 2023 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

==Features==

* '''Modernization and Expansion:''' The act envisions a transformed [[India Post]], venturing beyond traditional mail delivery to offer financial services like [[banking]] and [[insurance]], and playing a bigger role in e-commerce delivery. This could potentially boost revenue, create jobs, and improve efficiency.
* '''Central Government Oversight''': The act grants the central government greater control over India Post. This includes the power to appoint the Director General, issue directives, and influence strategic decisions. While some see this as streamlining bureaucracy, others fear it might stifle the organization's autonomy and responsiveness to local needs.
* '''Interception of Postal Articles''': A controversial aspect of the act empowers the government to intercept and detain postal articles for reasons of national security, public order, or preventing illegal activities. This raises concerns about potential misuse of this power and violation of individual privacy.
* '''Liability Exemptions''': The act exempts post officers from liability for loss, misdelivery, delay, or damage to postal articles, except in specific cases. While intended to protect officers from frivolous lawsuits, critics argue it might reduce accountability and incentivize negligence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/lok-sabha-passes-post-office-bill-which-allows-govt-to-intercept-any-item-what-opposition-said-18595281.htm|title=Lok Sabha passes Post Office Bill which allows govt to intercept any item — what Opposition said|date=18 December 2023|website=CNBCTV18}}</ref>

The Indian Post Office Act, 1898 requires [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] nod for modification of fees charged for all services provided by postal establishments. The Post Office Act, 2023 provides necessary flexibility to the postal department in determining the prices of its services within a highly competitive domestic courier industry and facilitates prompt responsiveness to dynamic market demands.

The Act stipulates that [[Postage stamp|postage stamps]] shall be issued in accordance with the regulations established by the central government. Additionally, the Act specifies that the Post Office shall hold the sole authority to release postage stamps. Pursuant to this legislation, a Post Office official is authorized to scrutinize a consignment if there is a reasonable suspicion that it comprises restricted items or items that are subject to duty payment.<ref name="BL" />

The Act delineates a range of transgressions and corresponding sanctions. For example, the act of stealing, misusing, or damaging postal items by a Post Office employee is subject to a maximum of seven years' imprisonment and a monetary penalty. Any unpaid or disregarded sums by a user may be retrieved as overdue land revenue.<ref name="BL" />

The introduced legislation confers authority upon the central government, which possesses the ability to empower any officer through notification, to intercept, open, or detain any item in the process of transmission by the Post Office. This action is taken in the interest of safeguarding the security of the State, fostering amicable relations with foreign states, maintaining public order, responding to emergencies, or ensuring public safety. Additionally, such interception, opening, or detention may be carried out in response to any violation of the provisions outlined in this Act.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Post Office Bill Will Allow Employees to Open, Detain Parcels |url=https://thewire.in/government/new-post-office-bill-employees-open-detain-parcels |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
The lack of clear safeguards surrounding government interception powers fuels fears of [[mass surveillance]] and erosion of individual privacy. Transparency and robust oversight mechanisms are crucial to address these concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-passes-post-office-bill-amid-debate-over-privacy-concerns-101701715808238.html|title=Rajya Sabha passes Post Office Bill amid debate over privacy concerns|date=5 December 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/act-of-surveillance-opposition-in-rajya-sabha-on-post-office-bill-4633329|title="Act Of Surveillance": Opposition In Rajya Sabha On Post Office Bill|website=NDTV.com|agency=Press Trust of India|date=4 December 2023|accessdate=21 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/far-more-detrimental-to-fundamental-rights-than-colonial-era-law-tharoor-slams-post-office-bill-4666780|title="Detrimental To Fundamental Rights": Shashi Tharoor On Post Office Bill|website=NDTV.com | accessdate=21 July 2024 | agency=Press Trust of India | date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

The Liability exemptions for post officers might create a sense of impunity and discourage accountability for service quality issues. Balancing protection for officers with ensuring responsible service delivery is key.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blexplainer/what-the-post-office-bill-2023-is-all-about/article67650792.ece|title=What the Post Office Bill, 2023 is all about|first=Shishir|last=Sinha|date=18 December 2023|website=BusinessLine}}</ref>

It has also raised concerns on centralization issue as the increased central government control might stifle the autonomy and responsiveness of [[India Post]]. This could lead to a disconnect from local needs and hinder effective service delivery in diverse regions across India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-post-office-bill-2023|title=Lok Sabha passes Post Office Bill, 2023|first=Satyendra|last=Wankhade|date=18 December 2023|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lok-sabha-passes-post-office-bill-that-will-replace-1898-act-101702907485032.html|title=Lok Sabha passes Post Office Bill that will replace 1898 Act|date=18 December 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/post-office-bill-gets-parliament-nod-2815884|title=Post Office Bill gets Parliament nod|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajya-sabha-passes-post-office-bill-amid-opposition-concerns-over-violation-of-privacy/articleshow/105736188.cms?from=mdr|title=Rajya Sabha passes Post Office Bill amid opposition concerns over violation of privacy|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Postal system of India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2023]]

Noorsarai

2026-03-13T03:26:15Z

MalissaHardaway:

{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Noorsarai
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|16|26|N|85|27|25|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = N/A
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magadhi language|Magadhi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 803113
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Noorsarai''' is a small town in [[Nalanda]] district of [[Bihar]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1971 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS, BIHAR |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32344/download/35525/25312_1971_PAT.pdf |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref> It is located on a highway joining the two capital cities [[Patna]] and [[Ranchi]] (capital of [[Jharkhand]]). Its distance from Patna is about 70 km.

Villages located in close proximity of Noorsarai included Chandasi, Kheman Bigha, Charuipar, Andhana, Muzaffarpur, Jalalpur, jolahpura, Tharthari. Amba nagar is the main market of the area.
Noorsarai market is one of the Major hub of agricultural machinery in the state of Bihar.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nalanda district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalanda district]]

{{Nalanda-geo-stub}}

Bhomiaji Maharaj Temple, Sopra, Bhopalgarh

2026-03-10T23:07:29Z

MalissaHardaway: Made Initial Place V1

{{Short description|Temple in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{unreferenced|date=October 2015}}
{{notability|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Bhomiaji Maharaj Temple
| image = Temple of bhomiaji maharaj,sopara.jpg
| map_type = 
| map_caption = 
| coordinates = 
| deity =
| creator =
| location = [[Sopra, Bhopalgarh|Sopara]], [[Bhopalgarh tehsil]], [[Jodhpur District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| district = [[Jodhpur District]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
| year_built = 
| architecture = 
| website = 
}}
The '''Bhomiaji Maharaj Temple''' is located in the [[Sopra, Bhopalgarh|Sopara]] village of [[Bhopalgarh]] tehsil, [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]].

{{Coord|26.6072556|N|73.4168856|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]

{{hindu-temple-stub}}

Vaddu Bava Thappu

2026-03-03T18:29:30Z

MalissaHardaway: Started A Post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaddu Bava Thappu
| image = Vaddu_Bava_Thappu.jpg
| caption = VCD Cover
| writer = Madhukuri Raja {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = C.Kalyan [[Balabhadrapatruni Ramani|Ramani]]
| screenplay = K. Ajay Kumar
| producer = P. Purshothama Rao C.Kalyan {{small|(Presents)}}
| director = K. Ajay Kumar
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Ravali]] [[Indraja]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = [[Lok Singh]]
| editing = K. Ramesh
| based_on = ''Kiss Bai Kiss'' (1988)
| studio = Sri Ammulya Art Productions<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtvrOlKZS6c |title=Vaddu Bava Thappu (Overview) |work=Youtube |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501182504/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtvrOlKZS6c&feature=related |url-status=live }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|6|15}}
| runtime = 135 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vaddu Bava Thappu''''' ({{translation|No, Brother-in-law, it's Wrong}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] produced by P. Purshothama Rao and C. Kalyan under the Sri Ammulya Art Productions banner<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Vaddu-Bava-Tappu/8087 |title=Vaddu Bava Thappu (Banner) |work=Knowyourfilms |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915221018/http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Vaddu-Bava-Tappu/8087 |url-status=live }}</ref> and directed by K. Ajay Kumar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/vaddu-bava-tappu-1993-telugu-movie |title=Vaddu Bava Thappu (Direction) |work=FilmiClub |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=25 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625041516/http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/vaddu-bava-tappu-1993-telugu-movie |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Ravali]], [[Indraja]] with music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The film is a remake of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''Kiss Bai Kiss'' (1988).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spicyonion.com/title/vaddu-bava-tappu-telugu-movie/ |title=Vaddu Bava Thappu (Cast & Crew) |work=Spicy Onion |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624145146/http://spicyonion.com/title/vaddu-bava-tappu-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The film was recorded as a ''flop'' at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/3265?ed=Tolly |title=Vaddu Bava Thappu (Review) |work=The Cine Bay |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003700/http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/3265?ed=Tolly |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with a millionaire, Simhachalam, who adheres to prestige and has two daughters, Manju and Priya. He pledges to conduct an affluent alliance for them. The elder Manju studies away from their hometown, where wretch collegian Shankar entices and stalks her. Besides, Raja, a happy-go-lucky unemployed youth, experiments with assorted jobs for livelihood and is blind to anyone. He acquits Manju in silly scenes, and she falls for him after he guards her from Shankar. Raja also endears Manju but cannot endorse her because of the status barrier. Satish, a tycoon, is the bestie of the two at random. He tactically knits and accommodates them in his mansion and walks on for a tour. Manju notifies her father about their nuptial. Then Simhachalam enrages and ostracizes Manju to stigmatize and becomes a heart attack victim. After a while, Priya calms him down, and they all proceed to view the newlywed. Whereat, Simhachalam gets Satish wrong for Raja and elects him as a cook based on their attire. Due to his frailty, Raja and Manju is quiet since he is unwilling to accept the fact. Thus, they continue the game when Satish arrives and mingles with them. He crushes on Priya, but she gets rid of him, mistaking as brother-in-law. Raja receives daily insults as Simhachalam belittles him, which he thresholds. The tale goes with a ball up: Priya loves Raja, comprehending his virtue, which he, too, pretends to enter the light. Meanwhile, Shankar is aware of their stagecraft and threatens Manju. Being panicked to express her love before her father, Priya portrays Raja as a moneybag when Simhachalam suggests she elope with him. Fedup Raja is about to quit when Priya wants to accompany him. Discerning her sweethearts, he agrees but backs while tying the knot as per the guilt of betraying Manju. Startling, Priya proclaims she is mindful of their play prior and gets pranked to break the puzzle. Parallelly, dumbfounded by the status quo, Manju unveils actuality to Simhachalam. Suddenly, Shankar attacks and seizes them. At last, Raja ceases him by securing everyone, and Simhachalam apologizes. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Satish and Priya.

==Cast==
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Raja
*[[Ravali]] as Manju
*[[Indraja]] as Priya
*Raj Kumar as Satish
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S.]] as Simhachalam
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Beggar King
*[[Sivaji Raja]] as Simhachalam's brother-in-law
*Nagaraju as Shankar
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
*[[Ironleg Sastri]]
*Madhu Sri
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Simhachalam's wife

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vaddu Bava Thappu
| type = film
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1995
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 19:26
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = Simha Garjana
| prev_year = 1995
| next_title = Vetagadu
| next_year = 1995
}}

Music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. Music released on Supreme Music Company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3761/Vaddu%20Bava%20Thappu%20(1993)/ |title=Vaddu Bava Thappu (Songs) |work=Cineradham |access-date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=18 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818053858/http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3761/Vaddu%20Bava%20Thappu%20(1993)/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:26
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = My Dear Maradaluji
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length1 = 3:54

| title2 = Pidata Midha Pidata
| lyrics2 = Sai Sriharsha
| extra2 = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length2 = 3:44

| title3 = O Prema Sastri
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra3 = Mano, Sindhu
| length3 = 4:10

| title4 = Hello Hello Sreevaru
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra4 = Vandemataram Srinivas, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length4 = 3:39

| title5 = Orayyo Yo Yo
| lyrics5 = Sahithi
| extra5 = Mano, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length5 = 3:59
}}

==Other==
* VCDs and DVDs on - SHALIMAR Video Company, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Marathi films]]
[[Category:1995 comedy films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]

Netru Indru

2026-03-03T03:32:01Z

MalissaHardaway: added data

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Padmamagan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Netru Indru
| image = Netru Indru.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Padmamagan]]
| producer = S. Malathy
| writer = Padmamagan
| starring = [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] [[Richard Rishi]] [[Arish Kumar|Harish]] [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]] [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] [[Manochitra]]
| music = Rehhan
| cinematography = Dinesh Sre
| editing = C. S. Prem
| studio = 26699 Cinema
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2014|6|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Netru Indru''''' ({{Translation|''Yesterday, Today''}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]], directed by [[Padmamagan]], a filmmaker who earlier directed ''Pallavan'' and the [[R. Parthiban]]-starrer ''[[Ammuvagiya Naan]]''.<ref name="ibnlive">{{Cite web |title=Tamil thriller 'Netru Indru' has been in dense forests of Tamil Nadu |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-thriller-netru-indru-has-been-in-dense-forests-of-tamil-nadu/382444-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406140156/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-thriller-netru-indru-has-been-in-dense-forests-of-tamil-nadu/382444-71-180.html |archive-date=6 April 2013 |access-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] and [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], along with [[Richard Rishi]] and [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]] of ''[[Naadodigal]]'' fame, played the lead roles, while [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] and [[Manochitra]] were the female leads.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arundhati gets a sensational break |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/may/26/arundhati-gets-a-sensational-break-617693.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Rehhan scored the music for the film, while Dinesh Sre was the cinematographer and C. S. Prem was the editor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koothu to release in October |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/aug/30/koothu-to-release-in-october-401514.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101556/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/aug/30/koothu-to-release-in-october-401514.html |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Shot entirely in forests of South India, ''Netru Indru'' draws a parallel between events happened in the past and ones that happens in the present in the forest.<ref name="ibnlive" /> Produced by S. Malathy, it was expected to hit the screens in August 2013,<ref name="indiaglitz1" /> but it did not release on the projected release date but after several delays in June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury-June 20 |url=https://sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-20-news-tamil-ogukW6dcfhjfh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621034343/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-20-news-tamil-ogukW6dcfhjfh.html |archive-date=21 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as DSP David / Patchai
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Sivaji
* [[Richard Rishi]] as Sathya
* [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Selvam
* [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]] as Arivazhagan
* [[Ponvannan]] as Raghavan
* [[Arish Kumar]] as Narayanan
* [[Manochitra]] as Dhamini
* [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] as Akhila
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Venky
* Gemini Balaji as Captain Esakki Muthu
* [[Rajendran]] as Vettu Vinayagam
* [[Nitish Veera]] as Guru
* Sabarna as Lavanya
* Kamalesh as Murugan
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Dasappan
* [[Sampath Ram]] as Veera
{{colend}}

==Production==
In August 2012, it was reported that director Padmamagan was starting a new film titled ''Koothu'' with Vimal and Prasanna in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vimal & Prasanna to team up |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vimal--prasanna-to-team-up-news-tamil-mizjk8chjbesi.html |website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The director claimed that it was not "a run of the mill love story" but a thriller with a "unique screenplay".<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Prasanna, Vimal pair up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Prasanna-Vimal-pair-up/articleshow/15807952.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003122844/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Prasanna-Vimal-pair-up/articleshow/15807952.cms |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He further stated, "''Koothu'' is a green journey in my life amid rocks and isolated forests with no human approach. We were in dense jungles to conduct shooting for ''Koothu''. It is an extravaganza of nature's bounty."<ref name="indiaglitz1">{{Cite web |title=Vimal, Prasanna come together for 'Koothu' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/85145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825175646/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/85145.html |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=24 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Alongside Vimal and Prasanna, upcoming actors Richard Rishi, Bharani, Harish and Nithish were part of the principal cast, while [[Manochitra]] (then named Nandhagi) and Arundhathi were signed as the female leads.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />

The film was shot in 65 days in the dense forests around the border of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2014 |title=Shot for over two months in forests: 'Netru Indru' director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/shot-for-over-two-months-in-forests-netru-indru-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234559/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/shot-for-over-two-months-in-forests-netru-indru-director/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> Filming locations include places such as [[Malabar Coast]], south [[Deccan Plateau]]s, [[Western Ghats]] mountain [[Tropical rainforests of India|rainforests]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name="ibnlive" />

The film's trailer was released in August 2012 and after a period of inactivity, the title was changed in March 2013 from ''Koothu'' to ''Netru Indru'' and an audio launch function was held. Prasanna revealed that Vimal had forgone his salary for the film, as a result of the producer's financial problems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasanna admires Vimal and here's why! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prasanna-admires-vimal-and-heres-why-news-tamil-obgiRKhcjdi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107150018/http://www.sify.com/movies/prasanna-admires-vimal-and-heres-why-news-tamil-obgiRKhcjdi.html |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film received an [[A certificate]] from the Censor Board, with the director stating, "For commercial value, we wanted heroines for the film. Once we got them on board, the glamour quotient went a bit out of hand. But the whole thing suited the story very well than we expected. So we decided not to compromise the film by taking a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A preview of Netru Indru |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/a-preview-of-netru-indru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619204825/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/a-preview-of-netru-indru.html |archive-date=19 June 2014 |access-date=22 June 2014 |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Netru Indru
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Rehaan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer =
| chronology = Rehaan
| prev_title = [[Vannathupoochi]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
Music was composed by Rehaan.

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Aappa" || Richard || 3:04
|-
| 2 || "Akila" || Richard, Hemambika || 4:56
|-
| 3 || "Kaavalkara" || Nincy || 4:19
|-
| 4 || "Pangali" || [[Vijay Prakash]] || 4:50
|-
| 5 || "Vellithirai" || [[Silambarasan]] || 4:09
|}

==Critical reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Every once in a while, there comes a film that makes you go 'Am I really seeing this?' and ''Netru Indru'' is that kind of film — a film so bad that it's good. It is unashamedly crass, exploitative and downright sexist".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netru Indru Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Netru Indru by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/netru-indru/movie-review/36963850.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Confusing Mix of Sleaze and Action |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/jun/28/a-confusing-mix-of-sleaze-and-action-629752.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124185937/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/jun/28/A-Confusing-Mix-of-Sleaze-and-Action-629752.html |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=3426270}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pollangu

2026-03-03T03:25:37Z

MalissaHardaway: added a post!

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Gandhi Marx}}
{{No plot|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Gandhi Marx
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = M. Prakash E. Ravichandran
| starring = [[Ravi Rahul]] Nisha Lalwani
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vinoth
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music =
| studio = P. R. Entertainment
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|7|27}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pollangu''''' ({{Translation|Never tell a lie}})<ref name="n">{{Cite web |title=Thrilling time ahead for Nisha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/thrilling-time-ahead-for-nisha/articleshow/11884216.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709194639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/thrilling-time-ahead-for-nisha/articleshow/11884216.cms |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language [[Adventure film|adventure]] [[thriller film]] directed by Gandhi Marx, starring [[Ravi Rahul]] and Nisha Lalwani. The film was released on 27 July 2012.

== Cast ==
*[[Ravi Rahul]] as Rahul
*Nisha Lalwani as Jhansi
*Vishwa
*Vetri
*Yatra
*Narayanan

==Production==
This film marks the directorial debut of Gandhi Marx, who previously directed two short films and a documentary film.<ref name="h1">{{Cite web |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |title=Audio Beat: Pollangu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-pollangu/article2906975.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709194658/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-pollangu/article2906975.ece |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Although the film is an adventure thriller, the director decided to insert songs in the film for the commercial aspect.<ref name="h2">{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |title=Itsy-Bitsy: Experimenting with roles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsybitsy-experimenting-with-roles/article2932310.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709194600/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsybitsy-experimenting-with-roles/article2932310.ece |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Hindi actress Nisha Lalwani, who previously starred in ''[[Kalyug (2005 film)|Kalyug]]'' (2005), was cast as a lead in this heroine-centric thriller and worked on this film at the same time as ''[[Sabki Bajegi Band]]'' (2015).<ref name=h2/><ref>{{Cite web |title=A new kid on the block |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/apr/04/a-new-kid-on-the-block-355455.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715081339/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/apr/04/a-new-kid-on-the-block-355455.html |archive-date=15 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Actor [[Ravi Rahul]] made a comeback in leading role after two decades. The film was shot in the deep forests of [[Chalakudy]], [[Kodaikanal]], and [[Talakona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollangu - An eerie thriller gets ready |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pollangu---an-eerie-thriller-gets-ready-news-tamil-mcvj9Reeeffsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715064756/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:jstUvfKNBBYJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/pollangu---an-eerie-thriller-gets-ready-news-tamil-mcvj9Reeeffsi.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=15 July 2022 |website=sify.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pollangu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Jubin
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:16
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer = Jubin
| prev_title = [[Vinmeengal]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
The music was composed by Jubin in his second film after ''[[Vinmeengal]]'' (2012).<ref name=h1/>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 25:16
| title1 = Maanattam
| extra1 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| lyrics1 = [[Snehan]]
| length1 = 4:56
| title2 = Puli Varuthu - Clubmix
| extra2 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 5:20
| title3 = Onna Renda
| extra3 = [[Priya Himesh]]
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 4:35
| title4 = Kadhalay Un
| extra4 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| lyrics4 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length4 = 5:15
| title5 = Kadhalay Un (remix)
| extra5 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 5:10
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was released on 27 July 2012 alongside ''[[Maalai Pozhudhin Mayakathilaey]]'' and ''[[Suzhal (film)|Suzhal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will small films make a mark? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-small-films-make-a-mark/articleshow/15118556.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709194639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-small-films-make-a-mark/articleshow/15118556.cms |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=4 small films on Friday |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/4-small-films-on-friday-news-tamil-mhykN4icbgjsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715063736/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cYISEtnKmrYJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/4-small-films-on-friday-news-tamil-mhykN4icbgjsi.html+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=15 July 2022 |website=sify.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury-July 27 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-27-news-tamil-mh1jhIidcejsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715064756/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ATZI7Urm6mQJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-july-27-news-tamil-mh1jhIidcejsi.html+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=15 July 2022 |website=sify.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "The screenplay moves in such a way that nothing is revealed to the audience at necessary intervals, and it tests our patience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollangu Critics Review by The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pollangu/movie-review/15312059.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709194640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pollangu/movie-review/15312059.cms |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "the director can be appreciated for going off the beaten path and from formula-plots. But a more coherent screenplay and a focused narration could have made the film a riveting thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Pollangu' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/jul/29/pollangu-tamil-391843.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709194638/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/jul/29/pollangu-tamil-391843.html |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' said that "It's not often one gets to see a jungle thriller and once in a way when one comes along, there are always expectations that hopefully it may showcase something different and offbeat. But ''Pollangu'' disappoints".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollangu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pollangu-review-tamil-pcma1Secjbcic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715064755/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:eS5W2GzNOIsJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/pollangu-review-tamil-pcma1Secjbcic.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=15 July 2022 |website=sify.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2010s adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Ata Pata Laapata

2026-03-02T09:30:39Z

MalissaHardaway: expanded content per sources and added references for consistency

{{short description|2012 Indian film directed by Rajpal Yadav}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ata Pata Laapata
| image = Ata Pata Laapata.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajpal Yadav]]
| producer = Radha Yadav
| writer = Mohd. Saleem
| narrator = Rajpal Yadav
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajpal Yadav]]|[[Asrani]]|[[Om Puri]]|[[Ashutosh Rana]]|[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]|[[Govind Namdev]]|[[Dara Singh]]|[[Vikram Gokhale]]|[[Vijay Raaz]]|[[Satyadev Dubey]]}}
| music = {{ubl|'''Original Songs:''' [[Sujeet Chaubey]], Amod Bhatt, [[Rajpal Yadav]], Sukhwinder Singh|'''Background Score:''' [[Aadesh Shrivastav]]}}
| cinematography = Arvind Kumar
| editing = Aseem Sinha
| studio = Shree Naurang Godavari Entertainment Ltd.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2012|11|02|df=yes}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|0.38 crore}}
}}

'''''Ata Pata Laapata''''' ({{translation|'''''Whereabouts missing'''''}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[satire (film and television)|satire film]] directed by [[Rajpal Yadav]] and produced by his wife Radha Yadav. Rajpal makes his directorial debut with the film and also plays the [[protagonist]] who enlists the help of law when his house goes missing from the constructed site, and finds himself suspected instead. Other than Yadav, the film stars the ensemble cast of [[Asrani]], [[Om Puri]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Govind Namdev]], [[Dara Singh]], [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Vijay Raaz]] and [[Satyadev Dubey]]. Released on 2 November 2012, the film was a commercial failure and panned for its script.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=September 2024}}
Manav Chaturvedi (Rajpal Yadav) files a police complaint of robbery where the entire house has gone missing. Chaturvedi is suspected of abolishing his own house in order to claim the insurance money. The case comes to the media's attention and soon becomes a topic of everyone's interest. Due to media pressure, authorities are forced to acknowledge the robbery. The film focuses on the loopholes of governance, bureaucracy, and the attitude of people in power.

==Cast==
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Manav Chaturvedi & the narrator
* [[Amit Behl]] as a lawyer
* [[Asrani]] as Session Court lawyer
* [[Om Puri]]
* [[Mukesh Bhatt]]
* [[Mushtaq Khan]]
* [[Razak Khan]]
* [[Sharat Saxena]]
* [[Vivek Shauq]]
* [[Neeraj Sood]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Satyaprakash Choubey
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Jagrut Jaganath
* [[Govind Namdeo]] as [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|BMC Commissioner]]
* [[Dara Singh]] as S. P. Shastri
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|S.P.]]
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Munshiji
* [[Satyadev Dubey]] as Pagla Baba
* [[Nalneesh Neel]] as Bakra
* [[Arun Shekhar]] as Tiger

==Production==
This film was [[Rajpal Yadav]]'s directorial debut<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-30 |title=Rajpal Yadav got 175 actors under one roof for his film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajpal-yadav-got-175-actors-under-one-roof-for-his-film/articleshow/17005321.cms |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>. He also acted as music director and contributed to screenplay and dialogue. Yadav's small-budget films (including this one) were produced by Radha Yadav (Rajpal's wife) under the ''"Shree Naurang Godavari Entertainment Ltd."'' banner, which was named after Rajpal's parents.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood's 'little big man' on turning director, work in Hollywood|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bollywood-s--little-big-man--on-turning-director-work-in-hollywood/1024438/0|accessdate=18 August 2014|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=31 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Small Budget Bollywood Movies Seek Wider Reach with Online Release on Spuul|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20121129005964/en/Small-Budget-Bollywood-Movies-Seek-Wider-Reach#.U_G3_F4aeVg|accessdate=18 August 2014|work=Business Wire|date=29 November 2012}}</ref> Sujeet Choubey, Amod Bhatt, and [[Sukhwinder Singh]] were the music directors for this film. The songs were written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]] and sung by Sukhwinder Singh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ata Pata Laapata|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537924|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116223739/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537924|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2012|website=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=18 August 2014}}</ref>

===Casting===
The film had a huge star-cast of about 175 [[actor]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-30 |title=Rajpal Yadav got 175 actors under one roof for his film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajpal-yadav-got-175-actors-under-one-roof-for-his-film/articleshow/17005321.cms |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>, the majority of whom had no prior acting experience in films. The ensemble cast included veteran [[Dara Singh]] and [[Satyadev Dubey]], for both of whom this was their last film.<ref name='rr'>{{cite news|title=Rajpal Yadav dedicates his film to Dara Singh|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rajpal-Yadav-dedicates-his-film-to-Dara-Singh/articleshow/15052987.cms|accessdate=18 August 2014|work=[[Times of India]]|date=20 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dara Singh's last act: 'Ata Pata Lapata'|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/271101/dara-singhs-last-act-ata-pata-lapata.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716004103/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/271101/dara-singhs-last-act-ata-pata-lapata.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|accessdate=18 August 2014|publisher=IBN|date=13 July 2012}}</ref> Both died before the release of the film.<ref name='rr'/>

==Release==
The music of the film was launched by [[Amitabh Bachchan]] on 22 September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajpal Yadav weaves personal experience in directorial debut Ata Pata Lapata|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/rajpal-yadav-weaves-personal-experience-in-directorial-debut-ata-pata-lapata-271120|accessdate=18 August 2014|publisher=NDTV|date=23 September 2012}}</ref> The film was originally set to release in October 2012, but its release was stayed by [[Delhi High Court]] after a local businessman M. G. Agarwal filed a cheating case against director [[Rajpal Yadav]]. Agarwal alleged that Yadav had taken {{INR|5 [[crore]]}} as loan from him for the film and signed an agreement with Agarwal-owned Murli Projects for the music and overall production of the movie. He alleged that Yadav went ahead and independently released the music and all the cheques Yadav gave to Agarwal bounced.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajpal Yadav in legal soup |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/rajpal-yadav-in-legal-soup/article1-943654.aspx |accessdate=18 August 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084849/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/rajpal-yadav-in-legal-soup/article1-943654.aspx |archivedate=19 August 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> The film was finally released on 2 November 2012.<ref name='rr'/>

==Reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' criticised the film for weak script, repetitiveness, preachiness and lack of clarity. Songs were criticised for acting only as fillers without adding anything to the story.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ata Pata Laapata|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Ata-Pata-Laapata/movie-review/17023523.cms|accessdate=18 August 2014|work=Times of India|date=2 November 2012}}</ref> ''[[Navbharat Times]]'' criticised the movie for being noisy, weak script and inability of Yadav to make good use of the huge star cast.<ref>{{cite news|title=मूवी रिव्यूः अता पता लापता|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/moviereview/17077909.cms|accessdate=18 August 2014|work=Navbharat Times|date=4 November 2012}}</ref> Commercially the film failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|title='Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana' & 'Ata Pata Laapata' fail! |url= http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/445 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131110211507/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/445 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 10 November 2013 |accessdate=18 August 2014 |work= Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1956433}}

[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]

Why This Kolaveri

2026-02-28T02:19:15Z

MalissaHardaway: fixes

{{short description|Indian reality show}}
{{distinguish|text=the song [[Why This Kolaveri Di]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Why This Kolaveri Zee Tamil Show.png
| caption = Cover photo
| genre = [[Game show]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| creative_director =
| director =
| presenter = [[RJ Balaji]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 44
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| location =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 40-45 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2013|12|14|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2014|05|18|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''Why This Kolaveri''' (stylised as '''''Y this Kolaveri'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-tamizh-launches-new-show-y-this-kolaveri.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124074500/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/zee-tamizh-launches-new-show-y-this-kolaveri.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 January 2014|title = Esselnewsletter}}</ref>) was an Indian [[Tamil language]] [[reality television]] show that ran on [[Zee Tamil]]. It was a singing show featuring the contestants attempting to sing while various attempts were made to disrupt their performance. [[RJ Balaji]] hosted the show. The first episode premiered on 14 December 2013,<ref name="TNIE"/><ref name="TOI"/> and the 44th and last episode on 18 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetamizh.com/shows/y-kolaveri|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823095113/http://www.zeetamizh.com/shows/y-kolaveri|archive-date=2014-08-23|title=Y THIS KOLAVERI}}</ref>

==Game format==
''Why This Kolaveri'' is based on the American game show ''[[Killer Karaoke]]'' and the British game show ''[[Sing If You Can]]'', as it deals with participants having to sing while avoiding challenging situations. Unlike its American counterpart, the obstacles in this show were far less severe and were restricted to conditions like "standing on a two-tonne block of ice" and "walking blindfolded through a cactus maze".<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news |author=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=27 December 2013 |title=Being Balaji |work=[[Indulge Express]] |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/being-balaji/chennai/outofthebox/4159 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230070526/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/being-balaji/chennai/outofthebox/4159 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=15 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web |date=4 January 2014 |title=Why this Kolaveri - a TVshow |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Why-this-Kolaveri--a-TVshow/articleshow/28337376.cms |access-date=2014-01-04 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104054936/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Why-this-Kolaveri--a-TVshow/articleshow/28337376.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.zeetamizh.com|Zee Tamil official website}}

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language talk shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on American television series]]

{{Reality-tv-prog-stub}}
{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

England and Wales

2026-02-25T17:12:03Z

MalissaHardaway: revise

{{Short description|Legal jurisdiction in the United Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{More citations needed |date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = England and Wales
| native_name = {{native name|cy|Cymru a Lloegr}}
| native_name_lang = cy
| other_name = "England" (1746–1967)
| settlement_type = Legal jurisdiction
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map = England and Wales within the UK and Europe.svg
| map_caption = Map of England and Wales in the [[United Kingdom]]
| subdivision_type = Sovereign state
| subdivision_name = United Kingdom
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 1535–1542
| named_for = [[England]] and [[Wales]]
| governing_body = [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="popstats">{{UK subdivision statistics citation}}</ref>
| area_land_km2 = {{UK subdivision area|GSS=K04000001}}
| population_footnotes = <ref name="popstats" />
| population_as_of = {{UK subdivision statistics year}}
| population_total = {{UK subdivision population|GSS=K04000001}}
| population_density_km2 = {{UK subdivision density|GSS=K04000001}}
| timezone1 = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| utc_offset1 = +0
| timezone1_DST = [[British Summer Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1_DST = +1|
| iso_code =
| blank1_name = [[GSS coding system|GSS code]]
| blank1_info = K04000001
}}
'''England and Wales''' ({{Langx|cy|Cymru a Lloegr}}) is one of the [[Law of the United Kingdom#Legal jurisdictions|three legal jurisdictions]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. It covers the two constituent countries of [[England]] and [[Wales]], and was formed by the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542]]. The substantive law of the jurisdiction is [[English law]].

The [[Welsh devolution|devolved]] [[Senedd]] (Welsh Parliament; {{langx|cy|Senedd Cymru}}) – previously named the National Assembly for Wales – was created in 1999 under the [[Government of Wales Act 1998]] and provides a degree of [[Self-governance|self-government]] in Wales. The powers of the legislature were expanded by the [[Government of Wales Act 2006]], which allows it to pass [[Welsh law|its own laws]], and the Act also formally separated the [[Welsh Government]] from the Senedd. There is currently no [[Devolved English parliament|equivalent body for England]], which is directly governed by the parliament and [[government of the United Kingdom]].

==History of jurisdiction==
[[File:Brittain 410.jpg|thumb|The Roman province of [[Roman Britain|Britannia]] in 410]]

During the [[Roman occupation of Britain]], the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit, except for the land to the north of [[Hadrian's Wall]] – though the Roman-occupied area varied in extent, and for a time extended to the [[Antonine Wall|Antonine/Severan Wall]]. It is thought that at that time most of the native inhabitants of [[Roman Britain]] spoke [[Brythonic languages]], but they were all regarded as [[Britons (historical)|Britons]], divided into numerous tribes. After the conquest, the Romans administered this region as a single unit, the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Roman Britain|Britain]].

Long after the departure of the Romans, the Britons in what became Wales developed their [[Cyfraith Hywel|own system of law]], first codified by [[Hywel Dda]] (Hywel the Good; reigned 942–950) when he was king of most of present-day Wales (compare [[King of Wales]]); in England [[Anglo-Saxon law]] was initially codified by [[Alfred the Great#Legal reform|Alfred the Great]] in his [[Doom book|Legal Code]], {{circa|893}}. However, after the [[Norman invasion of Wales]] in the 11th century, [[English law]] came to apply in the parts of Wales conquered by the [[Normans]] (the [[Welsh Marches]]). In 1283, the English, led by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], with the biggest army brought together in England since the 11th century, [[Conquest of Wales by Edward I of England|conquered the remainder of Wales]], then organised as the [[Principality of Wales]]. This was then united with the English crown by the [[Statute of Rhuddlan]] of 1284. This aimed to replace Welsh criminal law with English law.

Welsh law continued to be used for civil cases until the annexation of Wales to England in the 16th century by the Welsh [[House of Tudor]]. The [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542]] then consolidated the administration of all the Welsh territories and incorporated them fully into the legal system of the [[Kingdom of England]].<ref name="Principality">{{cite book |last=Cannon |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC |title=A Dictionary of British History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-955037-1 |page=661 |author-link=John Cannon (historian) |access-date=15 October 2010}}</ref> This was in part to update outdated Welsh laws, but also to control Wales alongside England; through these acts, the Welsh could be seen as equals to the English.<ref>Owen, Gwilym, et al. "The Acts of Union 1536–43—Not Quite the End of the Road for Welsh Law?" ''Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium'', vol. 37, Department of Celtic Languages & Literatures, [[Harvard University]], 2017, pp. 217–250, {{JSTOR|45048897}}.</ref> This was reflected on both [[Henry VIII]] and [[Elizabeth I]]'s coat of arms where the dragon represented Wales and the lion represented England.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41617/41617-h/41617-h.htm|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]|authorlink=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies|author=Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles|date=1909|title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry}}</ref> When the Tudor dynasty ended with the death of [[Elizabeth I]] the [[Welsh Dragon|red dragon of Wales]] was replaced with the [[National symbols of Scotland|unicorn]] of Scotland with the succession of [[James VI and I|King James I]] who demoted Wales' status on the coat of arms and on the first adaptation of the [[Flag of Great Britain]].<ref name=BBC_20060410>{{cite news|last1=Duffy |first1=Jonathan |title=Union recognition |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4895076.stm |work=BBC News |date=10 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130134900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4895076.stm |archive-date=30 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/06/magazine_enl_1144679591/html/1.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410134721/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/06/magazine_enl_1144679591/html/1.stm|archivedate=April 10, 2021|date=2021|title=BBC News}}</ref>

Prior to 1746, it was not clear whether a reference to "England" in legislation included Wales, and so in 1746, Parliament passed the [[Wales and Berwick Act 1746]]. This specified that in all prior and future laws, references to "England" would by default include Wales (and [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]]). The Wales and Berwick Act was repealed by the [[Welsh Language Act 1967]], although the statutory definition of "England" created by that Act still applies for laws passed before 1967. In new legislation since then, what was referred to as "England" is now "England and Wales", while subsequent references to "England" and "Wales" refer to those political divisions.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

=== Wales jurisdiction ===
{{Main|Proposed Wales criminal justice system|Welsh devolution}}
There have been multiple calls from both Welsh academics and politicians for a [[Proposed Wales criminal justice system|Wales criminal justice system]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Written Statement: Update on the development of the justice system and the legal sector in Wales (30 September 2021) |url=https://gov.wales/written-statement-update-development-justice-system-and-legal-sector-wales |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=GOV.WALES |date=30 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-29 |title=Plaid Cymru call for devolution of justice to Wales - 'we can't be treated as an appendage to England' |url=https://nation.cymru/news/plaid-cymru-devolution-justice/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Nation.Cymru |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Devolution a 'necessary step' towards a better Welsh criminal justice system, academics argue |url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/news/view/2678710-devolution-a-necessary-step-towards-a-better-welsh-criminal-justice-system,-academics-argue |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Cardiff University |language=en}}</ref>

==Law==
[[File:Royal courts of justice.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal Courts of Justice]] of England and Wales]]

England and Wales are treated as a single unit for some purposes, because the two form the constitutional successor to the former Kingdom of England. The continuance of [[Scots law]] was guaranteed under the 1706 [[Treaty of Union]] that led to the [[Acts of Union 1707]], and as a consequence English law{{mdash}}and after [[Acts of Union 1800|1801]], [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish law]]{{mdash}}continued to be separate. Following the two Acts of Union, Parliament can restrict the effect of its laws to part of the realm, and generally the effect of laws, where restricted, was originally applied to one or more of the former kingdoms.{{clarify|date=October 2018}} Thus, most laws applicable to England also applied to Wales. However, Parliament now passes laws applicable to Wales and not to England (and vice versa), a practice which was rare before the middle of the 20th century. Examples are the [[Welsh language|Welsh Language]] Acts [[Welsh Language Act 1967|1967]] and [[Welsh Language Act 1993|1993]] and the [[Government of Wales Act 1998]]. Measures and [[Act of Senedd Cymru|Acts of the Senedd]] apply in Wales, but not in England.

Following the Government of Wales Act, effective since May 2007, the [[Senedd]] can legislate on matters devolved to it. Following a [[2011 Welsh devolution referendum|referendum on 3 March 2011]], the Senedd gained direct law-making powers, without the need to consult Westminster. This was the first time in almost 500 years that Wales had its own powers to legislate. Each piece of [[Welsh law|Welsh legislation]] is known as an [[Act of Senedd Cymru]].

===Company registration===
{{Main|Companies House}}

For a [[company]] to be [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] in the United Kingdom, its application for registration with [[Companies House]] must state "whether the company's registered office is to be situated in England and Wales (or in Wales), in Scotland or in Northern Ireland",<ref>Subsection 9(2) of the Companies Act 2006</ref> which will determine the law applicable to that business entity. A registered office must be specified as "in Wales" if the company wishes to use a name ending ''cyfyngedig'' or ''cyf'', rather than ''Limited'' or ''Ltd.'' or to avail itself of certain other privileges relating to the official use of the Welsh language.

==Other bodies==
Outside the legal system, the position is mixed. Some organisations combine as "England and Wales", others are separate.
* In sports, [[cricket]] has a [[England cricket team|combined international team]] (simply called "England") administered by the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]], who also govern the sport across both nations, and [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club]] participates in the English and Welsh [[county cricket]] system. In [[association football|football]], [[rugby union]], [[rugby league]], the [[Commonwealth Games]] and other sports have separate national representative teams for each country. A few [[Association football in Wales|Welsh association football clubs]], most notably [[Cardiff City F.C.]] and [[Swansea City A.F.C.]], play in the [[English football league system]], while [[The New Saints F.C.]], which represents places on both sides of the border, plays in the [[Welsh football league system]]. The [[Anglo-Welsh Cup]] was a rugby union competition contested by [[Welsh regional rugby|Welsh regions]] and [[Premiership Rugby|English Premiership]] clubs between 1971 and 2018.
* Some religious denominations organise on the basis of England and Wales, most notably the [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|Roman Catholic Church]], but also small denominations, e.g. the [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales|Evangelical Presbyterian Church]]. Prior to the [[Disestablishmentarianism|disestablishment]] of the [[Church in Wales]] in 1920, the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] church in Britain operated under the jurisdiction of the [[Church of England]] throughout Wales and England.
* The [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] maintains a register of political parties, organised according to where the party operates (either ''England'', ''Wales'' or ''England and Wales''). The [[Green Party of England and Wales]] stands candidates only in English and Welsh constituencies; separate Green parties exist [[Scottish Greens|in Scotland]] and [[Green Party Northern Ireland|in Northern Ireland]].
* Some professional bodies represent England and Wales, for example the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales]], the [[General Council of the Bar]], [[The Law Society]], the [[National Farmers Union (England and Wales)|National Farmers Union]] and the [[Police Federation of England and Wales]].
* Other examples include the [[Canal & River Trust]], the [[Charity Commission]], the [[General Register Office for England and Wales]], [[His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services]], [[HM Land Registry]], [[His Majesty's Prison Service]], [[Mountain rescue in England and Wales|Mountain Rescue England and Wales]], the [[Worshipful Company of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales|Worshipful Company of Chartered Accountants]] and the [[Youth Hostels Association (England & Wales)|Youth Hostels Association]].

==Order of precedence==
The [[order of precedence in England and Wales]] is distinct from those of Northern Ireland and [[order of precedence in Scotland|Scotland]], and from [[Commonwealth realm]]s.

==National parks==
The [[national park]]s of [[National parks of the United Kingdom#National parks in England|England]] and [[national parks of Wales|Wales]] have a distinctive legislative framework and history.

==See also==
* [[Courts of England and Wales]]
* [[Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English]]
* [[Judiciary of England and Wales]]
* [[Proposed Wales justice system]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Robert |title=The Welsh Criminal Justice System |date=2022 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-1-78683-945-9 |language=en}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:England And Wales}}
[[Category:England and Wales| ]]

Dalkhola

2026-02-24T09:24:57Z

MalissaHardaway: cleanup details further and improved wording to improve readability

{{Copy edit|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dalkhola
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Dalkhola_college.jpg
| photo2a = Dalkholacity.jpg
| photo4a = Dalkhola_high_school.jpg
| photo5a =
| position = centre
| foot_montage = ''Top to bottom:'' Dalkhola College, Dalkhola market, Dalkhola High School}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|52|36|N|87|50|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Dinajpur district|North Dinajpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Dalkhola Municipality]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Swadesh Ch Sarkar
| leader_title1 = Vice chairman
| leader_name1 = Haji Firoj Ahmed
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Dalkhola City'>{{cite web|title=Dalkhola City|url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Dalkhola.htm}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.95
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 23
| population_total = 37127
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Dalkhola City'/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 733201 (City), 733209 (Sub-Urban)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +913525 25xxxx
| registration_plate = WB 59 and WB 91 [[commercial vehicle]] WB 60 and WB 92 [[private property|private]] [[vehicle]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Karandighi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karandighi]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Cwa]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1100|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|32|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|41|°C|°F}}
| blank5_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|13|°C|°F}}
| website = [http://www.dalkholamunicipality.org.in www.dalkholamunicipality.org.in]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dalkhola''' is a city and a municipality of [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=North Dinajpur Rail Network Map |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/railways/uttardinajpur.htm |access-date=2008-02-02 |publisher=Maps of India}}</ref>

==History==
Dalkhola was originally in the state of [[Bihar]] in India. After 1959, Dalkhola was located in the state of West Bengal. The town expanded around the Dalkhola village panchayats and developed into an important centre for trade and commerce due to mainstream connection with both railway and roadway. It is an important center for commodities like jute, corn and oil trade in North Dinajpur. It is also an important center for the trade of maize, which is produced in the neighboring state of Bihar.<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite web | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021228/asp/siliguri/story_1520987.asp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203234514/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021228/asp/siliguri/story_1520987.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 3 February 2013 | title = New year gift for business hub | access-date = 2008-02-05 | last = Sen| first = Kousik| publisher = The Telegraph, 28 December 2002}}</ref>

Before, and for some time after, the independence of India in 1947, Dalkhola was a sleepy, rural area where some Pucca and Kaccha roads were connected. The area was mostly covered by [[jungle]], and only some parts of the town were suitable for living. The residents' main source of income was [[agriculture]] and fishery in the [[Mahananda River]]. It was ruled by Raja P. C. Lal. After the partition of India, numerous refugees (Hindus) came to Dalkhola from Bangladesh (formerly known as East Pakistan) and started living in surrounding rural areas such as [[Hatbari]], [[Goalgaon (Madrasa)]], Goalgaon (west), Shikarpur, Pukurchala, Bhusamoni etc. In 1956 the area was transferred to the territory of West Bengal by the tireless efforts of the then Chief Minister [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. B. C. Roy]]. It is an important place in this region, as [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] and [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]] intersect at this place. Small villages are administered by the Panchayat Ministry, and they have gradually developed into busy market zones, which gradually converted into small townships. With the growth of [[population]] and economic activities, the people of Dalkhola experienced a massive change – in terms of both socio-economic development and quality of life. As a consequence, [[Dalkhola Municipality]] was set up on 1 January 2003 to foster social and economic development.

==Politics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
Dalkhola became a municipality in 2003. In the Dalkhola municipal area, there were 14 Wards. But now 2 more ward are divided now there are 16 wards. In last election, the [[Indian National Congress]] won 9 seats out of 14, and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] won the other 5 seats.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=West Bengal Civic Poll Results 2022 Highlights: TMC registers landslide victory |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-civic-poll-results-live-updates-trinamool-congress-bjp-congress-left-winning-candidates-councillors/2448397/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref> It is one of the four municipalities in North Dinajpur district.
Dalkhola has 16 now. in
Recently 2013 Municipality election Congress won 10 seats, cpim 4 and Tmc 2.
Now whole councillors of congress party joined [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] nd now the status are TMC 12, CPIM 4 and CONG 0,

On general civic body election 2022 Dalkhola's figures are 12 [[Trinamool Congress]], 4 Independent

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|25|55|33|N|88|11|50|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the North Dinajpur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|37|25|N|88|7|12|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Raiganj | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Raiganj]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|14|12|N|88|12|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Islampur| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|25|37|48|N|88|19|12|E}} | label-pos3=bottom|label3=Kaliaganj| numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Kaliaganj]] (M)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|53|33|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Dalkhola| numbered4=M| mark-title4= Dalkhola (M)|shape-color4=black| label-size13=4|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|22|23|N|88|18|27|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Chopra | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Chopra, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|8|57|N|88|2|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Hanskunda | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Hanskunda]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|6|30|N|88|8|33|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Goalpokhar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Goalpokhar]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|1|16|N|87|57|9|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Chakulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Chakulia, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|50|3|N|87|55|6|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Karandighi| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Karandighi, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|39|56|N|88|13|14|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Hemtabad| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|35|56|N|88|6|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Nachhratpur|labela11= Katabari | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Nachhratpur Katabari]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|34|8|N|88|6|43|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Kasba | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kasba, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|25|27|31|N|88|10|20|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Itahar | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|38|38|N|88|26|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Radhikapur|labela14=checkpoint| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Radhikapur]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|39|13|N|88|6|15|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15=Raiganj|labela15=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered15=T|shape-color15=green| mark-title15= [[Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25.9613|88.0524}}| label16=India| label-color16 = black| label-angle16=-70| label-pos16=bottom| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|25.9513|88.1224}}| label17=Bangladesh| label-color17 = black| label-angle17=-70| label-pos17=bottom| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|25.7273|87.9392}}| label18=Bihar| label-color18 = black| label-angle18=40| label-pos18=bottom| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|25.7773|88.0162}}| label19=West | labela19= Bengal| label-color19 = black| label-angle19=40| label-pos19=bottom| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26.2554|88.0234}}| label20=Mahananda River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-40| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
}}

[[File:mapdlk.jpg|thumb|Geographical map of Dalkhola]]
Dalkhola has an average elevation of 23 meters (75 feet) and is located at {{Coord|25.85|N|87.85|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Dalkola.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Dalkhola]</ref>

In the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen version.

It is the second-largest area in the [[Uttar Dinajpur district]], with a length 13 km from East to West, 18 km from North to South. Dalkhola was divided on the 14 wards. But now to more wards are added, 9 number ward divided into 9 and 16 and 11 number ward divided into 11 and 15.

The following 16 ward are:

* Muhammadpur
* Haripur
* Bhusamani
* Mithapur
* Mallickpore More
* [[Deshbandhu Para]]
* Dalkhola Bazar
* High School Para
* Dalkhola Slum
* Subhashpally
* [[Farsara]]
* Bidhanpally
* North Dalkhola
* Purnia More
* Shikarpur
* Nichitpur
* Binoy colony
* Shree pally
* Vivekanandapally
* Hatbari
* College para
* College more
* High school more

==Climate==
The cooler months in Dalkhola begin in December and end in February. The temperature generally peaks at about 35 °C. The annual low temperature is usually near 10 °C. The monsoon season starts in June and runs through September.

{{Weather box|collapsed =
|location = Dalkhola
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 20.3
| Feb high C = 26.5
| Mar high C = 32.6
| Apr high C = 37.7
| May high C = 38.9
| Jun high C = 36.7
| Jul high C = 33.0
| Aug high C = 32.4
| Sep high C = 32.3
| Oct high C = 31.5
| Nov high C = 28.8
| Dec high C = 24.7
|year high C = 31.53
| Jan low C = 9.2
| Feb low C = 11.6
| Mar low C = 16.4
| Apr low C = 22.3
| May low C = 25.2
| Jun low C = 26.7
| Jul low C = 26.2
| Aug low C = 26.1
| Sep low C = 25.7
| Oct low C = 21.8
| Nov low C = 14.7
| Dec low C = 9.9
|year low C = 19.65
| Jan precipitation mm = 19
| Feb precipitation mm = 11
| Mar precipitation mm = 11
| Apr precipitation mm = 8
| May precipitation mm = 33
| Jun precipitation mm = 134
| Jul precipitation mm = 306
| Aug precipitation mm = 274
| Sep precipitation mm = 227
| Oct precipitation mm = 94
| Nov precipitation mm = 9
| Dec precipitation mm = 4
|year precipitation mm = 1130
|source 1 = worldweather.org<ref name=weatherbox>{{cite web
| url = http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00534.htm | title =Climatological Information for Dalkhola|access-date =2011-02-25
| publisher =World Weather}}</ref>
|date=February 2011}}

==Development==
[[File:Dalkhola Library.jpg|thumb|Dalkhola library]]
Dalkhola is the largest exporter of [[Maize]] in [[West Bengal]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
In Dalkhola, a national level [[Power Grid]] was established in 1973, which expanded the availability of electricity to the [[Municipality]] and nearby areas of Dalkhola. Other developments include a Flour Mill, Tantia agro chemical Pvt Ltd and maize processing company which use the crops produced by local farmers.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==Official languages==
As per the West Bengal Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2012, which came into force from December 2012, Bengali was given the status of official language in areas, such as subdivisions and blocks, having more than 50% Bengali speaking population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbcmo.gov.in/achieve.aspx?dept=7 |title = Minority Affairs and Madrasah Education |publisher= Chief Minister's Office, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 14 January 2019 }}</ref> In North Dinajpur district, Goalpokhar I and II blocks, Islampur block and Islampur municipality were identified as fulfilling the norms set<ref>{{cite web| url = http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/bengal-gives-second-language-status-to-urdu_756587.html |title = Bengal gives second language status to Urdu |date = 4 February 2012 |publisher= Zee News, 4 February 2012 | access-date = 14 January 2019 }}</ref> In 2014, Calcutta High Court, in an order, included Dalkhola municipality in the list.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiankanoon.org/doc/87425337/ |title = Santosh Chowdhury and Ors Vs State of West Bengal and ors |publisher= Indian Kanoon | access-date = 14 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Education==
The schools in Dalkhola include:
*[[Dalkhola High School]] (H.S)
*Dalkhola Girls High School (H.S)
*North Dalkhola High School (H.S)
*Hindi High School (H.S)
*Middle School
*Farsara F.P School
*Nazarpur F.P School
*[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Uttar Dinajpur|Jawahar Navadoya Vidyalaya, Dalkhola]]
*Dalkhola Urdu Jr High School
*Itvata F.P. School
*Sarsar F.F. School
*Nichitpur F. P. School
*Subhash Pally F.P. School

===English medium schools===
*St. Mary's School (Dalkhola)
*St. Stephen's School
*St. Xavier's School (Dalkhola)
*Dalkhola Public School (D.P.S)
*Iqra Public School
*Children's Academy
*South Point Public school (Loknathpara)
*Holy Cross School
*National Public School (High School Para)
*St Ignatius School

===College===
*[[Shree Agrasen Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1995. Affiliated to the [[University of Gour Banga]] it offers honours courses in Bengali, Hindi, English, history, political science, sociology and accountancy, and general courses in arts and commerce. Urdu is taught as a general subject.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://samdlk.ac.in/ |title = Shree Agrasen Mahavidyalaya |publisher= SAM | access-date = 12 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/ShreeAgrasenMahavidyalaya/ShreeAgrasenMahavidyalaya.shtml |title = Shree Agrasen Mahavidyalaya |publisher= College Admission | access-date = 12 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{ Pie chart
| thumb=right
| caption=Religions in Dalkhola Town (2011)
| label1=Hinduism
| value1=58.26
| color1=darkorange
| label2=Islam
| value2=39.54
| color2=green
| label3=Others
| value3=2.20
| color3=blue
}}As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Dalkhola had a total population of 36,930, of which 19,230 (52%) were males and 17,700 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 5,592. The total number of literates in Dalkhola was 21,207 (67.67% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 6 January 2019 }}</ref>

In the 2001 India [[census]], Dalkhola had a population of 13,891. In 2008, the population grew to approximately 19,000. Males constituted 54% of the population and females 46%. The literacy rate in Dalkhola of 69% was greater than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy was 70% and female literacy was 63%. In Dalkhola, 18% of the population was under 6 years of age.

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = righ
|caption = Languages spoken in Dalkhola Town (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1= 46.38
|color1 =brown
|label2= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 26.33
|color2 =green
|label3 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value3 = 12.82
|color3 =yellow
|label4 = [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]]
|value4 = 4.68
|color4 =orange
|label5 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
|value5 = 3.79
|color5 =pink
|label6 = [[Savara language|Savara]]
|value6 = 3.22
|color6 = blue
|label7= Others
|value7= 2.75
|color7 = white
}}
Decadal growth for the period 1991 to 2001 was 30.41% in Dalkhola, compared to 28.72% in the North Dinajpur district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, North Dinajpur District |url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040124/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_4.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 |access-date=2008-02-02 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=North-Eastern Frontier Railway}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/FrameTable4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2008-02-05 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163257/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/FrameTable4_1.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref>

Year of Establishment Dalkhola Municipality has been formed on 01 /01 /2003 as per Notification No. 1 /MA/0 /C-4 /1 M-14 / 2000 with the entire area of Dalkhola 1 and four mouza of Dalkhola 2 gram panchayats with a population of 29783 according to the census of 2001. Dalkhola Municipality is the 4 th Municipality of North Dinajpur district constituted with 14 wards and first election was held on 22 /06 /2003 and second election was held on 29 /06 /2008. Sri Himadri Mukharjee was the first chairman and Sri Subhas Goshwami has become the chairman in the second. Sri Tanay Day was the 3 rd chairman. Swadesh sarkar is on chair.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dalkhola city, North Dinajpur District |url=http://dalkholanews.blogspot.com |access-date=2012-03-03 |work=city details |publisher=Akhtar Ahmed}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Transport==
[[File:Purnea more.jpg|thumb|NH 34 starts from 31 in Dalkhola]]
Highway 34 cuts through the middle of the town to meet [[National Highway 31 (India)|NH 31]].<ref name=Telegraph/> NH 34 starts from Dalkhola and it ends in Dumdum, near Kolkata to help northeastern part of India to connect kolkata.

There are two airports near Dalkhola. [[Bagdogra Airport]] is 100 km away, and [[Purnea Airport]] is 40 km from Dalkhola.
[[File:Dlkrly.jpg|thumb|[[Dalkolha railway station]]]]The largest railway station and busiest Rack point in the district is located in Dalkhola. This railway connects to several major cities, including [[Siliguri]], [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]], [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Chennai]] and [[Patna]]. Bus transportation runs from Dalkhola to [[Siliguri]], [[Raiganj]], [[Kishanganj]], Kaliaganj, [[Balurghat]], and [[English Bazar|Malda]].
AC bus services for Kolkata, [[Bhutan]], Patna and Siliguri are also available from Dalkhola.

==Media==
Dalkhola press club is under on District Press Club. A fortnight newspaper called Nava Provat Jyoti was published from Dalkhola.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.dalkhola.tk/ news and many more by Akhtar ahmed]
*[http://www.dalkhola-city.tk/ other details of Dalkhola]
*[http://www.dalkholaphotos.tk/ PHOTOS or IMAGES of DALKHOLA]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Dalkhola
|North = [[Siliguri]]
|Northeast = [[Kantirpa]], Bangladesh
|East = [[Raiganj]]
|Southeast = [[Kolkata]]
|South = [[Katihar]], [[Bihar]]
|Southwest = [[Purnia]], [[Bihar]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Kishanganj]], [[Bihar]]
}}

{{Dalkhola topics}}
{{Uttar Dinajpur District}}
{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Wasoora, Pulwama

2026-02-16T17:49:51Z

MalissaHardaway:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wasoora Pulwama
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| area_code = 01933
| postal_code = 192305
| registration_plate = JK13
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| elevation_m = 1588
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| native_name = Wasoor
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pulwama]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil/Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Litter Pulwama]]
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1956
| native_name_lang = ks
| settlement_type = Village
| coordinates = {{coord|33.8346|N|74.9808|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
}}

'''Wasoora Pulwama''', also known as Wasoor, is a village in Shahoora Tehsil of Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir in India. It is located 14 km (8.7 mi) towards East from District headquarters Pulwama and 50 km from State capital Srinagar.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf census]</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/kashmir-orchards-attacked-by-porcupines-536082.html Orchards In Kashmir Are Being Damaged By Porcupines; Farmers Worried As Trees May Die Soon]</ref>

The village is served by a government higher secondary school, a private middle school, and several primary schools. Healthcare services are provided through a Primary Health Centre (PHC). Banking facilities include a branch of Jammu & Kashmir Bank with an ATM.

== See also ==

* [[Chakoora Pulwama]]
* [[Tahab Pulwama]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pulwama district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Chi. Udayashankar

2026-02-06T06:20:25Z

MalissaHardaway: page edit

{{short description|Indian Kannada lyricist}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chi. Udayashankar
| image = Chi.UdayashankarImg.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Chitnahalli Udayashankar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|02|18}}
| birth_place = Chittanalli, [[Gubbi]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|07|02|1934|02|18|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| other_names = Udaya Shankar
| occupation = Lyricist, writer
| parents = Chi Sadashivaiah (father)
| spouse = Sharadamma
| children = 3 including [[Chi. Guru Dutt]], Chi. Ravi Shankar
}}

'''Chitnahalli Udayashankar''' (18 February 1934 – 2 July 1993; born in [[Gubbi|Chitnahalli]]) was an Indian lyricist and dialogue writer in the [[Kannada film industry]] for over three decades, who penned more than 3000 songs for films and [[devotional song]]s. His dialogues, screenplay and lyrics were instrumental in the success of many movies of [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]. Udayashankar received four [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue]] and two [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]. He was the son of lyricist Chi. Sadashivaiah. His son [[Chi. Guru Dutt]] is an actor and director in Kannada and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] feature films.

== Career ==
In 1963, Chi Udayshankar wrote dialogues for the first time. This was for the film ''Santa Tukaram'' starring Rajkumar.<ref>http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3849-history-42-chi-udayshankar-writes-dialogues.html Udaya Shankar wrote dialogues</ref> He co-wrote dialogues and lyrics for many Kannada movies. He worked with his father in his early career. He directed the movie ''[[Manku Dinne]]'' in 1968. He wrote a great deal of dialogues and lyrics for many [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] movies. He worked with Rajkumar from 1963 to 1993 in 92 movies. He also acted in movies like ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'', ''[[Nee Nanna Gellalare]]'', ''[[Halli Rambhe Belli Bombe]]'' and ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]''.

== Style ==
Chi Udayashakar used to write his lyrics in simple and easily understood words. He was given the title 'Sahithya Rathna' (gem of literature) for his work.

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" autoNumber=true
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Remarks
|-
| 1963 || ''Santha Thukaram'' || Dialogue
|-
| 1965 || ''Mahasathi Anasuya'' || Dialogue
|-
| 1965 || ''Sathi Savithri'' || Lyrics for 2 songs, others penned by R N Jayagopal 3 Chi Sadashivaiah 2
|-
| 1966 || ''Bala Nagamm''' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics co-wrote with his father Chi Sadashivaiah
|-
| 1967 || ''Lagna Pathrike''' || Story, Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1967 || ''Bangarada Hoovu'' || Dialogue and Lyrics. He co-wrote lyrics with [[Vijaya Naarasimha]]
|-
| 1968 || ''Bhagyada Bagilu'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1968 || ''Simha Swapna'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1968 || ''Rowdy Ranganna'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1968 || ''Gandhinagara'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Bangalore Mail]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1968 || ''Nata Sarvabhauma'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1969 || ''Choori Chikkanna'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999]]'' || Lyrics
|-
| 1969 || ''Uyyale'' || Lyrics for one song. Other 4 penned by [[R. N. Jayagopal]], [[Vijaya Naarasimha]], [[Geethapriya]]
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Mayor Muthanna]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Bhale Jodi (1970 film)|Bhale Jodi]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 3 songs. Other 2 penned by [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Baalu Belagithu]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 3 songs. Other 1 penned by [[Vijaya Naarasimha]]
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Mr. Rajkumar]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics.
|-
| 1970 || ''CID Rajanna'' || Dialogue and Lyrics.
|-
| 1970 || ''Devara Makkalu'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 1 song. Other 3 penned by [[Vijaya Naarasimha]] and Ugranarasimha
|-
| 1970 || ''Paropakari'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 2 songs. Other 3 penned by [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 3 songs. Other 3 penned by [[R. N. Jayagopal]] 2 and [[Vijaya Naarasimha]] 1
|-
| 1971 || ''Bala Bandhana'' || Lyrics for 1 song
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Kula Gourava]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 2 songs, Others 4 penned by [[R. N. Jayagopal]] 3 and [[Vijaya Naarasimha]] 1
|-
| 1971 || ''Prathidhwani'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Namma Samsara]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 2 songs. Others 2 written by [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Thayi Devaru]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Bhale Bhaskar]]'' ||Dialogues
|-
| 1971 || ''Sri Krishna Rukmini Sathyabhama'' || Dialogue and Lyrics co-wrote with Chi Sadashivaiah
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Hrudaya Sangama]]'' || Lyrics for 1 song.
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Bhale Huchcha]]'' || Story, Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics for 1 song. Other 3 written by [[Vijaya Naarasimha]] 2 and [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] 1
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Bangarada Manushya]]'' || Lyrics for 1 song.
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Nyayave Devaru]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1972 || ''Kranthi Veera'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Nanda Gokula]]'' || Story, Dialogue and Lyrics for 2 songs
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Devaru Kotta Thangi (1973 film)|Devaru Kotta Thangi]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 2 songs.
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Bidugade]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Doorada Betta]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 1 song.
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Bangaarada Panjara]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Swayamvara]]'' || Lyrics for 1 song
|-
| 1973 || ''Mooruvare Vajragalu'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Sampathige Saval]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics for 3 songs, other 1 penned by [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Sri Srinivasa Kalyana]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics for 8 songs, other 4 penned by Chi Sadashivaiah
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Mayura (film)|Mayura]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Thrimurthy]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Daari Tappida Maga]]'' || Story, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Premada Kanike]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics for 4 songs. Rest 2 penned by [[Vijaya Naarasimha]]
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Bahaddur Gandu]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Raja Nanna Raja]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Badavara Bandhu]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Olavu Geluvu]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Bhagyavantharu]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Sanaadi Appanna]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Babruvahana]]'' || Lyrics for 3 songs
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Giri Kanye]]'' ||Dialogues & Lyrics
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Thayige Thakka Maga]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Operation Diamond Racket]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Huliya Haalina Mevu]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Ravi Chandra]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Vasantha Geetha]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Narada Vijaya]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Auto Raja (1980 film)|Auto Raja]]'' || Lyrics
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Havina Hede]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Bhagyavantha]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1981 || ''Nee Nanna Gellalare'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1981 || ''Keralida Simha'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Garjanai|Garjane]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Hosa Belaku]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 5 songs. 1 song is from [[Kuvempu]] used here.
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'' || Dialogue, Acting and Lyrics
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Baadada Hoo]]'' || Lyrics only
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Nanna Devaru]]'' || Lyrics only
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Mullina Gulabi]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Kaviratna Kalidasa]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Samayada Gombe]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Kaamana Billu]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics for 4 songs, other 1 from [[Kuvempu]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Shravana Banthu]]'' || Screenplay co-wrote with [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Apoorva Sangama]]'' || Lyrics
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Yarivanu]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Olavu Moodidaga]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Sneha Sedu]]'' ||Dialogues
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Dhruva Thare]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Ade Kannu]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Jwaalamukhi]]'' || Screenplay co-wrote with [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Thayi Thande]]'' ||Dialogues
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]'' || Screenplay with [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1986 || ''Guri'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Ondu Muttina Kathe]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Shruthi Seridaga]]'' || Screenplay with [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Karunamayi (film)|Karunamayi]]'' || Lyrics
|-
| 1988 || ''Shiva Mecchida Kannappa'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Chiranjeevi Sudhakar]]'' || Screenplay co-wrote with [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Devatha Manushya]]'' || Screenplay co-wrote with [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Parashuram]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics for 2 songs. Other 3 songs penned by [[Hamsalekha]] 2 and [[T P Kailasam]] 1
|-
| 1989 ||''[[Nanjundi Kalyana]]'' ||Script
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Gandu Sidigundu]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Halli Rambhe Belli Bombe]]'' || Dialogue, Lyrics and actor
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Kalyana Mantapa]]'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Jeevana Chaitra]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics for 4 songs. Other 2 songs penned by [[K S Narasimhaswamy]] 1 and [[Mugur Mallappa]]
|-
| 1992 || ''Ksheera Sagara'' || Dialogue and Lyrics
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Aakasmika]]'' || Dialogue
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Gadibidi Ganda]]'' || Dialogue
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Roopayi Raja]]'' ||Screenplay
|-
| 1993 ||''Jaga Mecchida Huduga'' ||Screenplay, dialogues
|-
| 1993 ||''[[Apoorva Jodi]]'' ||Story, screenplay and dialogues
|-
| 1993 ||''[[Ananda Jyothi]]'' ||Screenplay, dialogues
|-
| 1993 ||''Vasantha Poornima'' ||Screenplay dialogues
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Odahuttidavaru]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogue and Lyrics for 1 song. Rest of each one song penned by [[Vijaya Naarasimha]], [[M N Vyasa Rao]], [[Hamsalekha]], [[Sri Ranga]] and [[Geethapriya]]
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Gandhada Gudi Part 2]]'' || Dialogues and lyrics
|-
|}

== Awards ==
[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* 1970–71 – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue]] – '''[[Kula Gourava]]'''
* 1972–73 – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue]] – '''[[Naagarahaavu]]'''
* 1975–76 – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue]] – '''[[Premada Kanike]]'''
* 1985–86 – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] – '''[[Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma]]''' (Shared with [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]])
* 1986–87 – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] – '''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]''' (Shared with [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]])
* 1992–93 – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue]] – '''[[Jeevana Chaitra]]'''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1033297}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udayashankar, Chi.}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Hassan district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Grihapravesh (book)

2026-01-18T09:31:53Z

MalissaHardaway: revise

{{Short description|Short story collection by Suresh Joshi}}
{{Other uses|Grihapravesh (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Grihapravesh
| image = Gruhpravesh-Suresh-Joshi.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption = Cover page
| author = [[Suresh Joshi]]
| title_orig = ગૃહપ્રવેશ
| orig_lang_code = gu
| translator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| publisher = {{plainlist|
* Chetan Prakashan, [[Vadodara]] (1st ed.)
* Butala Prakashan, Vadodara (2nd ed.)
}}
| pub_date = 1957
| english_pub_date =
| oclc = 20924298
| dewey =
| congress = PK1859.J593
| external_url = https://ekatra.pressbooks.pub/gruhprvesh/
}}
'''''Grihapravesh'''''{{efn-ua|The title ''Grihapravesh'' (''Stepping In'' or ''Entering the House'') indicates a formal, [[Graha Pravesh|ritualistic entrance]] into a newly acquired house.<ref name="Ramakrishnan2005"/>}} ({{IPA|gu|gruhprəveʃ|pron|Gu-Grihapravesh pronunciation.ogg}}; {{Translation|Entering the House}}) is a 1957 collection of short stories by Indian writer [[Suresh Joshi]], written in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. The collection gave rise to a new form of short story writing in [[Gujarati literature]], favouring language over plot.

==Publication==
The first edition of ''Grihapravesh'' was published by Chetan Prakashan in [[Vadodara]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite book|title=Books India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61QrAAAAMAAJ&q=Grihapravesh|year=1972|publisher=National Book Trust.|location=New Delhi|page=57}}</ref> The second edition of the book was published in 1973 by Butala Prakashan, also in Vadodara.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian P.E.N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcNjAAAAMAAJ&q=Griha+pravesh+Suresh+Joshi|volume=55|year=1994|publisher=P.E.N. All-India Centre|location=Bombay|oclc=1716992|page=17}}</ref>

==Background==
Joshi expresses his [[Formalism (literature)|formalist]] approach in the preface, discussing his style of short stories and creative art in general.<ref name="Gadit1994"/> In the preface, Joshi explains his form of short stories which, according to him, should not have the element of bare incident. He places emphasis on the form of short story, rather than the content. As a result, in the stories of ''Grihapravesh'', the words chosen carry deeper meaning.<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|editor-last=Datta|editor-first=Amaresh|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06ERAQAAMAAJ&q=Grihapravesh+Suresh+Joshi|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-8364-2283-2|page=1500}}</ref>

In the preface of the book, Joshi details his view of short story writing:
{{blockquote|While writing these stories something striked me. Suppose the things, which we want to say, are being told from the opposite angle. I thought that this would be very interesting. In games also we prefer very strong opponents, otherwise the game would be very dull. [[Franz Kafka]] said somewhere: 'Our strength flows from our adversaries'. [[Thomas Mann]] said the same thing using different words in his famous story — ''[[Tonio Kröger]]'' — 'The real artist never talks about the main thing.' Psychologists say that it is human beings' primitive instincts, they have named it as [[enantiodromia]] — the tendency to reach out for the ossosite. [[Kalidas]] also used this method. In ''[[Meghadūta]]'', on one hand there is [[Yaksha]] sitting at Ramgiri and on the other hand there is Yakshakanta at [[Alaka|Alkanagari]] which is full of luxurious life — between these two the poet had placed restlessness of the first day of [[Ashadha]] month. Suppose a beloved bursts out that she is very sad because her lover is far away we do not feel any charm in her saying but suppressing her agony if she says that Krishnachuda (one kind of [[Flowering plant|flowery creeper]]) has not blossomed, we get convinced about her sadness.<ref name="Panchal2004">{{cite book|title=Suresh Joshi|last=Panchal|first=Shirish|year=2004|authorlink=Shirish Panchal|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|series=Makers of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AMOIkTYkOQC&pg=PA10|isbn=978-81-260-0373-0|pages=30–31}}</ref>{{efn-ua|English translation. Original statement in Gujarati: પણ મને આ વાર્તા લખતાં એક બીજી વાત સૂઝી: આપણે જે કહેવા ઇચ્છીએ છીએ તેને એનાથી જેટલે દૂર જઈને કહીએ તેમ વધારે મજા પડે. રમતમાં પ્રતિપક્ષી જેમ વધારે હંફાવે એવો હોય તેમ વધારે મજા. કાફકા એક સ્થળે કહે છે: Our strength flows from our adversaries. ટોમસ માન ‘ટોનિયો ક્રોગર’ની વાર્તામાં આ જ વસ્તુને બીજી રીતે કહે છે: The real artist never talks about the main thing. માનસશાસ્ત્રીઓએ કહ્યું છે કે આ મનુષ્યની એક આદિમ વૃત્તિ છે. એને એ લોકો કહે છે: Enantiodromia ડ્ઢ the tendency to reach out for the opposite. કાલિદાસે પણ રામગિરિ પરનો પંગુ બનેલો યક્ષ અને અલકાનગરીના વિલાસવૈભવ વચ્ચે પંગુ બનીને બેઠેલી યક્ષકાન્તા – આ બે નિશ્ચલતાની વચ્ચે જ અષાઢના પ્રથમ દિવસની ચંચલતાને મૂકીને આલેખી છે ને? કોઈ વિરહિણી સીધેસીધું એમ કહે કે આજે મારું મન પ્રિયવિરહથી ખિન્ન છે તો એની અસર પડતી નથી; પણ પોતાના દુ:ખની વાતને સાવ ટાળીને એ કહે કે આજે આંગણામાંની કૃષ્ણચૂડાની કળીઓ ખીલી નથી તો એના મનની વિષણ્ણ સ્થિતિની આપણને અસરકારક રીતે પ્રતીતિ થઈ જાય છે.<ref>{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Suresh |script-title=gu:ગૃહપ્રવેશ |title=Grihapravesh |url=https://ekatra.pressbooks.pub/gruhprvesh/front-matter/કિંચિત્/}}</ref>}}}}

==Contents==
{{Expand section|date=April 2021}}
The collection has 21 short stories.<ref name="GSP">{{cite web|title=સવિશેષ પરિચય: સુરેશ જોષી, ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય પરિષદ|website=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|url=https://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Suresh-Joshi.html|language=gu|access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> These stories represent various situations that come into existence as a result of male{{endash}}female attraction:<ref name="Gadit1994">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Grihapravesh|script-title=gu:ગૃહપ્રવેશ|encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]|last=Gadit|first=Jayant|author-link=Jayant Gadit|publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust|year=1994|edition=1st|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|volume=VI|location=Ahmedabad|page=579|oclc=165216593|language=gu}}</ref>

"Grihapravesh": This is the title story in the book, in which the author uses [[Imagism|imagistic]] language to emphasise the tormented self of the protagonist, Suhas.<ref name="Ramakrishnan2005">{{cite book|editor-last=Ramakrishnan|editor-first=I. V.|title=Indian Short Stories, 1900-2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLn11KD4ea0C&pg=PA221|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1091-2|page=221}}</ref>

"Dviagaman":{{efn-ua|The word ''dviagaman'' has Sanskrit roots. It refers to the coming back of the wife to her husband's home after living with her parents' place for some time immediately after marriage. In Joshi's story, it is about Harshadrai's homecoming and not his wife's.<ref name="Naqvy1997">{{cite journal|last=Naqvy|first=Roomy|title=The Silence / Speech Dialectic : A Textual Study Of Suresh Joshi's "Dviagaman"|date=September–October 1997|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|volume=40|issue=5|pages=133–134|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|jstor=23338694}}</ref>}} This story gives a metaphoric account of the separation between Harshadrai, the protagonist, and his family members.

"Rakshshas" ("The Demon"): While the protagonist is on the way to his bed-ridden ex-lover, who is suffering from tuberculosis, the narrative of their past love affair comes into the picture with vivid imagery of the horrors they experienced as children.<ref name="KMGeorge1997">{{cite book|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|editor-link=K. M. George (writer)|title=Masterpieces of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXFOAAAAYAAJ|volume=3|year=1997|publisher=[[National Book Trust]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-237-1978-8|page=1702}}</ref><ref name="Topiwala & Dave">{{cite book|title=Gujarātī Tūṅkī Vārtākośa|date=June 2008|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|editor1-last=Topiwala|editor1-first=Chandrakant|editor1-link=Chandrakant Topiwala|edition=2nd|location=Ahmedabad|page=77|script-title=gu:ગુજરાતી ટૂંકી વાર્તાકોશ|trans-title=Encyclopedia of Gujarati Short Story|oclc=24870863|editor2-last=Dave|editor2-first=Ramesh R.}}</ref>

"Nal Damayanti": This short story depicts the life of a wife of an unemployed and poor man.<ref name="Desai 1979">{{cite book|editor-last=Desai|editor-first=M. M.|title=Creative Literature and Social Work Education: Insights Into Family Life and Social Deprivation from Marathi, Gujarati, and English Creative Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QuEQAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Somaiya Publication Pvt. Ltd.|location=Bombay|page=233|oclc=563059707}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Grihapravesh'' set a new trend in modern Gujarati short stories,<ref name="Datta1987"/> and gave rise to a new form of short story in Gujarati literature.<ref name="Topiwala 1983">{{cite journal|last=Topiwala|first=Chandrakant|author-link=Chandrakant Topiwala|title=Gujarati: Modernist Undertones|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|volume=26|issue=6|date=November–December 1983|pages=224–230|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|publication-place=New Delhi|jstor=24158421}} {{closed access}}</ref><ref name="Shah1996">{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=Suman|author-link=Suman Shah|title=The Post-Independence Gujarati Short Story|date=July–August 1997|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|volume=39|issue=4|pages=100–101|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|jstor=23336191}}</ref> The book, as well as Joshi's reimagining of the form of short stories, has been called 'revolutionary' in Gujarati literature.<ref>{{cite book|title=Language and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAQIAQAAIAAJ&q=Grihapravesh|year=1971|publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|page=403}}</ref> In a review of the book, [[Dileep Jhaveri]] wrote that the book was "the first to change the craft of telling a story and its definition in Gujarati in the middle of the last century".<ref name="Jhaveri2008">{{cite journal|last=Jhaveri|first=Dileep|author-link=Dileep Jhaveri|title=Review: The Tales of an Aesthete|date=November–December 2008|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|volume=52|issue=6|pages=241–244|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|jstor=23348447}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ekatra.pressbooks.pub/gruhprvesh/ Grihapravesh] at Ekatra Foundation

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Works by Suresh Joshi]]
[[Category:1957 short story collections]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language books]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]

Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad

2026-01-12T15:09:11Z

MalissaHardaway: enhanced content after review and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Ring road expressway encircling the City of Hyderabad}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

{{infobox road
| country = IND
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|zoom=9|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|id= Q7112004|title=Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Hyderabad Outer Ring Road in red
| name = Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad
| alternate_name = Nehru Outer Ring Road
| image = Hyderabad Outer Ring Road.jpg
| length_km = 158
| length_round = 222
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = [[Gachibowli]]
| junction =
| direction_b = South
| terminus_b = [[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy|Narsingi]]
| formed = {{start date and age|2008}}
| history =
| state = [[Telangana]]
| maint = [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]], [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]
| restrictions = Two and three-wheeler vehicles are not allowed
}}

The '''Hyderabad Outer Ring Road (HORR)''', officially known as '''Nehru Outer Ring Road''' is a {{convert|158|km|mi|adj=on}}, eight-lane [[ring road]] [[Controlled-access highway|expressway]] encircling Hyderabad, capital of the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. The expressway was designed for speeds up to {{convert|100|km/h|mph}}, later increased to {{convert|120|km/h|mph}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2023 |title=Speed limit on ORR raised to 120 kmph, citizens rejoice |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/speed-limit-on-orr-raised-to-120-kmph-citizens-rejoice/article67016277.ece |access-date=10 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A large part, {{convert|124|km|mi}} (covering urban nodes viz., [[HITEC City]], [[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], [[Genome Valley]], Hardware Park, Telangana State Police Academy, Singapore Financial District, and Games village) of the {{convert|158|km|mi}} was opened by December 2012.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Another-Outer-Ring-Road-stretch-to-be-opened-today/articleshow/17458309.cms Another Outer Ring Road stretch to be opened today]. The Times of India]. (3 December 2012).</ref>

It gives easy connectivity between [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH 44]], [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]], [[National Highway 161 (India)|NH 161]], [[National Highway 765 (India)|NH 765]] and [[National Highway 163 (India)|NH 163]] from [[Hyderabad]] to Vijayawada and [[Warangal]] as well as state highways leading to [[Vikarabad]] [[Nagarjuna Sagar]] and [[Karimnagar]]/[[Mancherial]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110819084248/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/ring-road-2012-says-cm-865 Cities]. Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref> The Hyderabad Outer Ring Road also helps reduce the travel time from [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] to cities like [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] and [[Adilabad]] as it connects to NH44. The expressway is fenced and 33 [[radial road]]s connect it with the [[Inner Ring Road, Hyderabad|Inner Ring Road]],<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hmda-seeks-approval-to-work-on-16-radial-roads/article4159561.ece HMDA seeks approval to work on 16 radial roads]. The Hindu (3 December 2012). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref> and the upcoming [[Regional Ring Road]].

==History==
[[File:PM Manmohan Singh ORR.jpg|thumb|PM Manmohan Singh (addressing) laid foundation stone in 2006 with CM YSR Reddy, Jaipal Reddy, Ponnala Laxmaiah and Sabitha Indra Reddy]]
The Hyderabad Outer Ring Road (ORR) project was conceptualised in 2001 by the [[Andhra Pradesh]] government under CM [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsdesk |date=2021-12-04 |title=Who built the modern Hyderabad city? |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/who-built-the-modern-hyderabad-city-2235487/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-GB |quote=He laid foundation for the creation of massive infrastructure facilities like flyovers, international airport at Shamshabad and outer ring road, which...}}</ref> PM [[Manmohan Singh]] laid foundation stone in 2006 along with Union Minister of Urban Development [[Jaipal Reddy]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] CM [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] in 2006 and phased openings until 2018, connecting key airport/city nodes and transforming Hyderabad's growth, though it's also known for safety issues. Other ORRs exist (like in Bengaluru), and "ORR" can also refer to corporate entities like ORR Protection, but Hyderabad's is the most prominent in general discussions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsdesk |date=2021-12-04 |title=Who built the modern Hyderabad city? |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/who-built-the-modern-hyderabad-city-2235487/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-GB |quote=He laid foundation for the creation of massive infrastructure facilities like flyovers, international airport at Shamshabad and outer ring road, which...}}</ref> Construction for the project commenced in 2006 and reaching completion in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad Outer Ring Road catalysts of infrastructure|url=https://mcrhrdi.gov.in/2024/Egypt/week1/Hyd%20ORR%20Case%20Study%20270824.pdf|website=mcrhrdi.gov.in}}</ref> Originally, this project was taken up by HUDA (Hyderabad Urban Development Authority) through its internal funding without political intervention of state government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Outer Ring Road - 2004 Budget Speech|url=https://www.apfinance.gov.in/Finance-Min-Speech-html/pbs-2004-middle.html|website=apfinance.gov.in}}</ref> On 3 January 2006, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] laid the foundation stone for the proposed Outer Ring Road (Phase I) near Shamshabad on the outskirts of Hyderabad.

In December 2022, [[Government of Telangana]] planned to monetise the outer ring road through the toll-operate-transfer (TOT) model and generate revenues and called for tenders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/in-hyderabad-rrr-may-dent-orr-revenue-fear-bidders/articleshow/96998138.cms|title=Hyderabad: RRR may dent ORR revenue, fear bidders|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 January 2023 }}</ref>

===Opening timeline===
{{prose|section|date=December 2023}}
* '''14 Nov 2008:''' Gachibowli – Narsingi – Shamshabad (for [[Hyderabad International Airport]]) (22 km)<ref>{{cite web|title=First phase of Hyderabad Outer Ring Road thrown open|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/first-phase-of-hyderabad-outer-ring-road-thrown-open_100119211.html|website=Thaindian News|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201053447/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/first-phase-of-hyderabad-outer-ring-road-thrown-open_100119211.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''7 Jul 2010:''' Shamshabad – Pedda Amberpet (38 km)<ref>{{cite web|title=For smooth traffic flow|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article997944.ece|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref>
* '''14 Aug 2011:''' Narsingi – Patancheru (23.7 km)<ref>{{cite web|title=Narsingi-Patancheru ORR stretch opened|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/narsingi-patancheru-orr-stretch-opened-392094.html|website=IBNLive|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122090436/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/narsingi-patancheru-orr-stretch-opened-392094.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''3 Dec 2012:''' (part completed in '''27 April 2018''') Patancheru – Gowdavalli, and Kandlakoya – Shamirpet (38 km)<ref>{{cite web|title=Another Outer Ring Road stretch to be opened today|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Another-Outer-Ring-Road-stretch-to-be-opened-today/articleshow/17458309.cms|date=2 December 2012}}</ref>
* '''4 Mar 2015:''' Pedda Amberpet – Ghatkesar (14 km)<ref>{{cite web|title=ORR: Pedda Amberpet-Ghatkesar stretch opens|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/orr-pedda-amberpetghatkesar-stretch-opens/article6961303.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=5 January 2016|language=en-IN|date=5 March 2015}}</ref>
* '''15 Jul 2016:''' Ghatkesar – Shameerpet (23 km)<ref>{{cite web|title=ORR: Ghatkesar – Shameerpet stretch opens|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/two-packages-of-hyderabad-orr-inaugurated-116071500760_1.html|website=TOI|access-date=5 July 2016|language=en-IN|date=15 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Work to be Resumed on ORR Kandlakoya Interchange|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Work-to-be-Resumed-on-ORR-Kandlakoya-Interchange/2015/10/24/article3094407.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026215315/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Work-to-be-Resumed-on-ORR-Kandlakoya-Interchange/2015/10/24/article3094407.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2015|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref>

===Land acquisition===
The First Phase land required was {{convert|750|acre|km2}}, out of which the private land acquired was {{convert|500|acre|km2}}. The land required for Second Phase is about {{convert|5500|acre|km2}}, of which the Govt. land is about {{convert|1000|acre|km2}}. The estimated Cost of Acquisition was ₹250 Crores.

===Traffic studies===
[[File:Nehru ORR2.JPG|thumb|A glimpse of the ORR while heading from Gachibowli towards Shamshabad]]
The traffic studies on [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] and [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]] concluded that a four- or six-lane road is due. The traffic movement on the existing [[Inner Ring Road, Hyderabad|inner ring road]] proved that the existing four-lane road was inadequate. Due to the anticipated growth in the region and the development of proposed satellite townships around the ring road and beyond, an eight-lane [[carriageway]] was planned with a design life of 20 years.

The conclusion was to develop a highway with access control provides highway grade separations or interchanges for all intersecting highways. Once it had been decided to develop the route as an expressway, all intersecting highways should be terminated, rerouted or provided with a grade separation. The proposed corridor was access-controlled and limited access was to be provided at National Highway/SHI Major road crossings. A two-lane service road designed to carry two-way traffic, was proposed on both sides of the corridor. Low level underpasses were to be provided for connecting both the service roads at every {{convert|1|–|2|km|mi}}, where the terrain permits.

===Criticism===
Much before the outer ring road (ORR) became a ring road, it underwent several changes in the road alignments. Influential farmers and realtors changed the alignment to best serve their interests at the cost of small and marginal farmers.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1104407.cms Money, muscle decide outer ring road course|work=The Times of India]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (10 May 2005). Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref>

The [[High Court of Andhra Pradesh]] passed a landmark judgement on 9 September 2010 in which the land acquisition proceedings were quashed for various reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hc.ap.nic.in/orders/wp_16378_2006.html |title=The Hon'ble Sri Justice V |access-date= 4 November 2018|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312214021/http://hc.ap.nic.in/orders/wp_16378_2006.html |archive-date=12 March 2012 }} Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) vs Others</ref>

==Cycling track==
[[Government of Telangana]] constructed a {{convert|23|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} cycle track on the Hyderabad Outer Ring Road (HORR) between the main carriageway and service road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/sep/06/hyderabad-solar-roof-topped-cycling-track-to-come-up-on-outer-ring-road-2495253.html|title=Hyderabad: Solar roof-topped cycling track to come up on Outer Ring Road}}</ref> The foundation stone was laid by the then Minister for Municipal Administration and Urban Development (MAUD) [[K. T. Rama Rao]] in September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/060922/foundation-laid-for-21-km-solar-roof-cycling-track-on-orr.html|title=Foundation laid for 21-km solar-roof cycling track on ORR}}</ref> The cycle track is {{convert|8.5|km|mi}} long from Nanakramguda Junction to the Telangana State Police Academy (TSPA) and {{convert|14.50|km|mi}} from Narsingi to Kollur covered with solar panel rooftops along the stretch with a capacity of 16 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210722/solar-panels-to-dot-orr-cycling-track-cost-rs-88cr.html|title=Solar panels to dot ORR cycling track, cost Rs 88cr}}</ref> The width of the cycle track is 4.5 metres with one-metre green space on either side. The cycle track is the improved version of the South Korean model, which provides more facilities like lighting, protection from rain, parking and other amenities such as food stalls. A team of officials from HMDA and HGCL had visited South Korea and studied the Cycle Track Project between Daejon and Sejong.

==Proposed metro network==
On 31 July 2023, [[K. T. Rama Rao]] mentioned that [[Government of Telangana]] has proposed a metro corridor of approximately {{convert|415|km|mi}} in length for city of Hyderabad and its peripheral areas, including {{convert|156|km|mi}} of metro network along the Outer Ring Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2023/aug/02/elevated-metro-rail-to-be-cost-effective-hmrl-md-2601030.html|title=Elevated Metro rail to be cost effective: HMRL MD}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-2-decker-marvel-in-metro-3/articleshow/102343601.cms?from=mdr Hyderabad: 2-decker marvel in Metro-3]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-hyderabad-metro-expansion-cabinet-approval-8870691/|title=Telangana cabinet approves 309 km of Hyderabad Metro expansion at Rs 69,000 crore|date=August 2023 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" caption="'''Hyderabad''' Outer Ring Road">
File:Hyderabad ORR Wide angle (02).jpg|Panorama from Kokapet junction
File:Outer ring road for multi-purpose transportation.jpg|Shamshabad Airport towards Gachibowli
File:View from Nehru outer ring road 3114.JPG|Welcome sign board
File:View from Nehru outer ring road 3133.JPG|View from Nehru ORR
File:Outer Ring Road (Nehru ORR) at Narsinghi.jpg|Outer Ring Road at [[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy district|Narsingi]]
File:Hyderabad Outer Ring Road.jpg|Aerial View of Nehru Outer Ring Road
</gallery>

==Exit and entry junctions==
[[File:Hyderabad Outer Ring Road and its radial roads.png|thumb|right|The Hyderabad Outer Ring Road]]
[[File:Nehru Outer Ringroad towards RGIA.jpg|thumb|Ringroad towards RGIA]]

There are 20 [[Interchange (road)|interchange]] junctions on the Hyderabad Outer Ring Road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmda.gov.in/Downloads/Origin%20%26%20Destination%20Matrix.PDF|title=Origin & Destination Matrix, Nehru Outer Ring Road|website=[[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623183605/http://hmda.gov.in/Downloads/Origin%20%26%20Destination%20Matrix.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Kokapet interchange
* Shamshabad Junction
* Telangana State Police Academy Junction (TSPA Junction)
* Nanakramguda Junction
* Gachibowli Junction
* Muttangi Junction, Pantancheru
* Dommarapochampalli Junction
* Kandlakoya Junction, Medchal (NH44) Nagpur highway (Srinagar to Kanyakumari National Highway)
* Shamirpet Junction(SH1) Karimnagar State Highway
* Keesara Junction
* Annojiguda Junction, Ghatkesar
* Pedda Amberpet Junction
* Bongloor Junction

The HORR passes through the villages in [[Ranga Reddy District|Ranga Reddy]] and [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]] districts viz. [[Ghatkesar]], [[Shamshabad]], [[Tukkuguda]], [[Kollur, Rangareddy|Kollur]], [[Narsingi, Rangareddy|Narsingi]], [[Gachibowli]], [[Patancheru]], [[Bowrampet]], [[Gowdavelli]], [[Shamirpet]], [[Pedda Amberpet]], [[Bongloor]] and [[Medchal]].

===Route map===
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
<div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display:inline-block;">
{{Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad}}
</div></div>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
*[[Unified Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Hyderabad (India)]]
*[[Inner Ring Road, Hyderabad]]
*[[Regional Ring Road, Hyderabad]]
*[[Radial Roads, Hyderabad (India)]]
*[[Elevated Expressways in Hyderabad]]
*[[Intermediate Ring Road, Hyderabad (India)]]
*[[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore]]
*[[List of longest ring roads]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

# Latest News about ORR developments on dedicated website - https://orrhyderabad.in/
{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{Hyderabad_topics}}

[[Category:Roads in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]
[[Category:Expressways in Telangana]]

K. R. Sunil

2026-01-04T22:40:25Z

MalissaHardaway: Made Initial Entry W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian photographer and visual artist (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022 }}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. R. Sunil
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1975}}
| birth_place = [[Kodungallur, Thrissur]], Kerala
| occupation = {{hlist|Photographer|visual artist| writer}}
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|krsunil.com}}
}}

'''K. R. Sunil''' (born 1975) is an Indian [[documentary photographer]], visual artist, and writer from [[Kerala]]. In 1997, he won [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]]'s Special Mention Award for painting. In 2016, he won Habitat Photosphere Award from [[India Habitat Centre]] for photography.<ref>{{cite web|author=kavitha }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Anasuya|date=29 July 2017|title=The documenter of the unremarkable|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-documenter-of-the-unremarkable/article19384545.ece|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sunil hails from [[Kodungallur]], [[Kerala]], India. He earned his bachelor's degree in sculpture from the [[College of Fine Arts, Thrissur]], where he discovered his passion for photography. His friend, photographer Krishna Kumar, introduced him to the art of photography. Sunil spent hours in the library, poring over issues of ''[[National Geographic]]'' magazine, which he considers his "bible". According to him, he learned photography more through observation and believes that formal technical education is not essential.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Anasuya|date=17 March 2016|title=Life beyond the lens|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/on-kr-sunil-winner-of-the-habitat-photosphere-award/article8365495.ece|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
Sunil's work primarily focuses on human life; often ethnographic portrayals set against the backdrop of social and environmental issues. The recurring themes in his art documentation include the sea, maritime history, and climate change. The powerful, investigative representation of common people's struggles in a complex society through his work intents to inspire social change and bring attention to important issues. Sunil has received multiple awards for his series on various socio-relevant topics. For instance, his series titled 'Chronicle of a Disappearance,' which explored the dwindling ponds of Kerala, won him the India Habitat Photosphere Award in 2016 {{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}. His 'Vanishing Life Worlds' series, which depicted the lives of the old port city of Ponnani, was exhibited at the Kochi Muziris Biennale in 2016. Additionally, his 'Manchukkar - The Seafarers of Malabar' series, which documented the last surviving group of [[dhow]] workers along the Malabar coast, was exhibited at the Uru Art Harbour in Kochi in 2018 and at the Clarinda Carnegie Art Museum, USA in 2021, while also getting printed by a Swiss publication the same year. Sunil's series 'Home' explores the impact of climate change on coastal homes and livelihoods. It was part of exhibitions by the Kochi Muziris Biennale Foundation at Kochi and Alappey in 2021. Furthermore, his photography series titled 'Chavittu Nadakam: Story Tellers of the Seashore' sheds light on the lives of Dalit Christian performers of the age-old art form Chavittu Nadakam and how climate change affects them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/the-arts/k-r-sunil-kerala-photography-fisherfolk-chavittu-naadakam|title=The Alter-Vision: K.R. Sunil Captures a Certain Kerala|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/kr-sunil-kochi-muziris-biennale-chavittu-nadakam-artistes-chellanam-kerala-rising-sea-levels-a-boiling-vessel-aazhi-archives-photographer-mattancherry/article66233714.ece|title=Kings and climate change | K.R. Sunil photographs Chavittu Nadakam artistes in Kerala who are facing rising sea levels|first=Anasuya|last=Menon|newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 December 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kochi Muziris Biennale has created a conducive environment for these art photographers|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2018/jun/29/kochi-muziris-biennale-has-created-a-conducive-environment-for-these-art-photographers-8483.html|access-date=2022-02-10|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=29 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

He has participated in the curatorial exhibition of [[Mattancherry]] by artist and curator Riyas Komu. Mattancherry photography series gazes the subaltern livelihood with a concrete ethnographic document to the contemporary cultural historiography Kerala. Mattancherry Island is a major hub of many waves of sea root connections from various parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/events/kochi/showcasing-the-seafarers-of-malabar/videoshow/68255193.cms|title = Showcasing the seafarers of Malabar | Entertainment – Times of India Videos|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/features/photographers-journey-to-get-madurai-youth-who-lost-his-legs-back-on-feet/|title = Photographer's journey to get Madurai youth who lost his legs back on feet|date = 11 November 2021}}</ref>
He has published his books Manchukkar: The Seafarers of Malabar(2021), Velichappadum Pokkattadikkarum(2025)

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Thudarum]]''|| Screenwriter
|}

==Vanishing Life Worlds (2016)==
The series was exhibited at the [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mathew|first=Nidhi|date=12 January 2017|title=The people of Ponnani|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/The-people-of-Ponnani/article17028658.ece|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|date=16 March 2017|title=Mumbai-based architect lauds diversity of artworks at Biennale | Kochi News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mumbai-based-architect-lauds-diversity-of-artworks-at-biennale/articleshow/57661738.cms|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref>

==Chronicle of a Disappearance (2016)==
The series was exhibited at the India Habitat Centre Delhi in 2016, curated by Alka Pandey, and at RMIT Gallery, Melbourne in 2017, which was curated by Suzanne Davies & Helen Reyment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2017/Nov/28/disappearing-ponds-1713196.html|title = Disappearing ponds – the New Indian Express| date=November 2017 }}</ref>

==Mattancherry (2017)==
The series was exhibited at the Uru Art Harbour, Kochi in 2017, curated by Riyas Komu.<ref>{{cite web|last=Manu|first=Meera|date=14 August 2017|title=Mattancherry is reborn through Uru|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/140817/mattancherry-is-reborn-through-uru.html|publisher=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Venkiteswaran|first=C.S.|date=1 October 2017|title=A place by the sea: A show celebrates Matancherry, Kochi's historical neighbourhood |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-place-by-the-sea-a-show-celebrates-matancherry-kochis-historical-neighbourhood-4868676/|publisher=Indianexpress.com|access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/kochi-biennale-foundation-fundraising-auction/ |title=Kochi Biennale banks on Sher-Gil, Sundaram for fundraising auction effort | Architectural Digest India |publisher=Architecturaldigest.in |date=23 October 2017 |access-date=2022-02-09}}</ref>

==Manchukkar- The Seafarers of Malabar (2018)==
The series was exhibited at the Uru Art Harbour, Kochi in 2017, curated by Riyas Komu, and at the Clarinda Carnegie Art Museum, USA| 2021 | Curated by Karen and Robert Duncan. Furthermore, Kunstdepot Göschenen, Switzerland published the series as a catalog in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=8 January 2020|title=Documenting lives and travels of Khalāsis|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/documenting-lives-and-travels-of-khalsis/article30517075.ece|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Thiyyadi|first=Sreevalsan|date=13 April 2019|title=Meet the forgotten dhow men of Malabar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/meet-the-forgotten-dhow-men-of-malabar/article26820920.ece/photo/1/|access-date=2022-02-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Home (2020)==
The series was exhibited at Lokame Tharavadu (The World is One Family), Alapuzha in 2021, which was curated by [[Bose Krishnamachari]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/in-kerala-the-sea-is-washing-away-hopes-homes-and-all-memories/|title = In Kerala, the sea is washing away hopes, homes and all memories|date = 20 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aphotoeditor.com/2020/08/25/the-daily-edit-kr-sunil-vanishing-home/amp/|title = The Daily Edit – KR Sunil: Vanishing Home| work=A Photo Editor |date = 25 August 2020}}</ref>

==Chavittu Nadakam – Storytellers of the Seashore (2022)==
The series narrated multiple dimensions of performers of Chavittu Nadakam, a regional art form that originated and exists primarily in the coastal strip between Kochi and Kodungallur in Kerala. Influenced by the Portuguese colonization era, the art form had been embraced and carried on by the Latin Christian community from as early as the 16th and 17th centuries. While these artists are enduring to keep this art form alive today, they are also faced with a constant threat of sea encroachment and waterlogging as a result of climate change, that is making their lives all the more difficult. The series was exhibited at Kashi Hallegua House in Kochi in 2022 as part of the show ‘Sea – A Boiling Vessel’ curated by [[Riyas Komu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/riders-adani-port-coastal-community-8427480/|title=Riders to the sea: Why an Adani port adds to worry of the coastal community|date=6 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/for-six-hours-we-were-kings-and-queens/|title='For six hours we were kings and queens'|first=Anantha Narayanan|last=K|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7eIHCGE37A Vanishing Life Worlds - KR Sunil I Kochi-Muziris Biennale 2016]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mumbai-based-architect-lauds-diversity-of-artworks-at-biennale/articleshow/57661738.cms Mumbai-based architect lauds diversity of artworks at Biennale]
* [https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/kochi-biennale-foundation-fundraising-auction Kochi Biennale banks on Sher-Gil, Sundaram for fundraising auction effort]
* [https://www.ayurvedajournals.com/article/kr-sunil-seafarers-of-malabar-interview MANCHUKKAR - THE SEAFARERS OF MALABAR]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/capturing-the-colours-of-history-in-black-and-white/articleshow/56421010.cms Capturing the colours of history in black and white]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/galleries-come-alive-again-with-kochi-art-week/article37980002.ece Galleries come alive again with Kochi Art Week]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/forced-to-stay-put-due-to-the-lockdown-indian-photographers-are-finding-new-ways-to-capture-the-play-of-light-in-their-households-as-well-as-in-empty-streets/article31502159.ece COVID-19: What are homebound photographers doing during the lockdown?]
* [https://aphotoeditor.com/2020/08/25/the-daily-edit-kr-sunil-vanishing-home The Daily Edit – KR Sunil: Vanishing Home]
* [https://chimeinthevoid.com/2020/04/23/manchukkaru-by-k-r-sunil Manchukkaru by K.R.Sunil]
* [http://ala.keralascholars.org/issues/26/meena-bharani-red-devotion]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunil, KR}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Interdisciplinary artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Indian multimedia artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:Indian photographers]]

Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi

2026-01-04T16:23:45Z

MalissaHardaway:

{{Short description|Hate crime after the September 11 attacks}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balbir Singh Sodhi
| native_name = ਬਲਬੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੋਢੀ
| image = Balbir Singh Sodhi.jpeg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1949|7|6}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2001|9|15|1949|7|6}}
| death_place = [[Mesa, Arizona]], U.S.
| occupation = Entrepreneur, franchisee, computer engineer/analyst (formerly)
}}
'''Balbir Singh Sodhi''' ({{Langx|pa|ਬਲਬੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੋਢੀ}}; July 6, 1949 – September 15, 2001),<ref name="splc">{{cite web | title = Remembering Victims of Hate Crimes | publisher = Southern Poverty Law Center | access-date = 2013-07-05 | url = http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2002/spring/the-forgotten?page=0,6 }}</ref> a [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikh-American]] entrepreneur and [[franchisee]] in [[Mesa, Arizona]], was murdered in a [[hate crime]] in the [[aftermath of the September 11 attacks]]. This was the first of several cases across the [[United States]] that were reported to the police as supposed acts of retaliation for the attacks. Balbir Singh Sodhi, who had a beard and wore a [[turban]] in accordance with his [[Sikh]] faith, was mistakenly profiled as an [[Arab]] [[Muslim]] and murdered by 42-year-old Frank Silva Roque (July 8, 1959 – May 11, 2022),<ref name="inmateprofile">{{cite web|url=http://www.azcorrections.gov/DeathRow/ProfilesBase.asp?inmate=RoqueF|title=Death Row Inmate Profiles|website=azcorrections.gov|access-date=July 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113120901/http://www.azcorrections.gov/DeathRow/ProfilesBase.asp?inmate=RoqueF|archive-date=January 13, 2009}}</ref> a [[Boeing]] aircraft mechanic at a local repair facility who held a criminal record for an [[robbery|attempted robbery]] in [[California]]. Roque had reportedly told friends that he was "going to go out and shoot some towel-heads" the day of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|first=Valarie|last=Karr|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-23/his-brother-was-murdered-wearing-turban-after-911-last-week-he-spoke-killer|title=His brother was murdered for wearing a turban after 9/11. 15 years later, he spoke to the killer|work=pri.org|date=September 23, 2016|access-date=May 15, 2018}}</ref> Roque was sentenced to death ([[clemency|commuted]] later to [[life imprisonment]]) for [[first degree murder]]. He died in prison on May 11, 2022.<ref name="death">{{cite news|first=Rana|last=Singh-Sodi|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/2022/06/07/why-mourn-frank-roque-killed-brother-balbir-singh-sodhi/7504925001/|title=The man who murdered my brother post-9/11 just died. This is why I mourn him|work=[[The Arizona Republic]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|location=Phoenix, Arizona|date=June 7, 2022|access-date=June 8, 2022}}</ref>

==Background==
Born on July 6, 1949, in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India]], Balbir Singh Sodhi was a member of the [[Sikh]] religion. He was also a husband, and father to three sons and two daughters.<ref name="obituary">{{cite news|title=Balbir Singh Sodhi|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122070157/balbir-singh-sodhi-obituary/|newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]]|date=September 22, 2001|page=6|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=April 1, 2023}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Three killed as racist attacks increase in US |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2001/09/musl-s21.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=World Socialist Web Site |language=en}}</ref> He immigrated to the United States in 1989 and initially resided in [[Los Angeles]], working at a 7-Eleven store, then driving a taxi in San Francisco. He moved with his brother to Arizona, pooling their money and buying a gas station and convenience store in [[Phoenix, Arizona]].<ref name="NYT09-17-20012">{{cite news |last=Lewin |first=Tamar |date=September 17, 2001 |title=Sikh Owner Of Gas Station Is Fatally Shot In Rampage |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/17/us/sikh-owner-of-gas-station-is-fatally-shot-in-rampage.html?}}</ref> Sodhi's gas station had been running for just a year prior to his murder and in that time he had become known amongst the community as a generous and kind man who often gave free candy to children who came in.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title='This is my country': how the family of Balbir Singh Sodhi resolved to carry on his American dream |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/14/balbir-singh-sodhi-murdered-family-american-dream |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

On September 11, 2001, members of [[al-Qaeda]], a militant [[Islamist]] group, hijacked four airplanes and perpetrated [[September 11 attacks|the 9/11 attacks]], killing 2,977 victims. According to family members, Sodhi had become distraught by the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|first=Naomi|last=Gingold|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-20/brother-one-first-hate-crime-victims-post-911-keeps-teaching-tolerance|title=The brother of one of the first hate-crime victims post 9/11 keeps on teaching tolerance|work=pri.org|date=September 20, 2016|access-date=May 15, 2018}}</ref>

==Shooting of Sodhi, others==
On September 15, 2001, four days after the attacks, Roque took his [[Chevrolet S-10]] from the Wild Hare sports bar in [[Mesa, Arizona|Mesa]], where he had reportedly been ranting about immigrants, and drove to the [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron gas station]] owned by Sodhi. Roque shot Sodhi five times from his truck with a .380 handgun, killing him. At the time of the shooting, Sodhi was helping landscaper Luis Ledesma plant flowers around the edge of his gas station in order to commemorate the lives of those lost in the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Sikh man's murder at a gas station revealed another tragedy of 9/11 |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2021/09/us/balbir-singh-sodhi-9-11-cec/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> Roque, who apparently wanted revenge for the 9/11 attacks, racially profiled Sodhi as an [[Arab Muslims|Arab Muslim]] because of the clothes he wore, his [[turban]], and his beard.

Roque then drove to his former residence, which had been purchased by a local Afghan family, and fired multiple rounds at the outside of the house. Roque then drove to a [[Mobil|Mobil gas station]] {{convert|10|mi|km|0|abbr=off|spell=on|sp=us}} away. Twenty minutes after the first shooting, he shot at a [[Lebanese Americans|Lebanese-American]] clerk from his truck, but missed.<ref name="NYT09-17-20012"/> After fleeing the scene of the final shooting, Roque was reported to have gone to a local bar and boasted, "They're investigating the murder of a turban-head down the street."<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sunny | last=Hundal| title = Wisconsin temple shooting: Sikhs have been silent scapegoats since 9/11 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/06/wisconsin-temple-shooting-sikh-scapegoats | work = [[The Guardian]] |location=London, England|date = August 6, 2012|access-date = August 8, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="splc"/>

=== Attitudes towards the Sikh community post-9/11 ===
Sodhi's murder was preceded by multiple hostile incidences in the Phoenix area, targeted at Sikhs in the days following the 9/11 attacks. A Sikh spokesperson stated that it was difficult for Sikhs in the community to go to work at gas stations or to work as cashiers because of the rise in overt harassment towards them.<ref name=":03"/> This spokesperson also described how the appearance of Sikh men make them easy targets due to their beards and [[Dastar|turbans]] which make Sikh men "look more like [[Osama bin Laden|bin Laden]] than [[Muslims]] do".<ref name=":03" />

After the 9/11 attacks, there was a lot of eagerness to retaliate against those who perpetrated the terror attacks, and members of the Sikh community, mainly men, became the targets of these retaliations. Sikhs became the victims of a multitude of [[hate crime]]s such as murder, [[Layoff|redundancy]], threats, and the burning of their places of worship ([[Gurdwara|Gurudwaras]]).<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Arora |first=Kiran S.K. |date=2013-04-01 |title=Reflections on the Experiences of Turbaned Sikh Men in the Aftermath of 9/11 |url=https://openjournals.bsu.edu/jsacp/article/view/159 |journal=Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=116–121 |doi=10.33043/JSACP.5.1.116-121 |issn=2159-8142|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Many Sikhs began experiencing acts of discrimination within their friendships and relationships that were formed prior to the terror attacks.<ref name=":12" /> Their relationships became strained due to suspicion, with Sikh men being asked to cut their hair and to stop wearing their turbans in order to mitigate further suspicion.

==Arrest, trial, and conviction of shooter==
Police arrested Roque the next day, initially unaware of the later shooting incidents. He reportedly shouted slogans including "I am a patriot!" and "I stand for America all the way!" during his arrest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/sac/dc0603/ch6.htm|title=Chapter 6: Fears and Concerns of Affected, At-Risk Communities|website=Usccr.gov|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> His [[bail]] was set at $1 million.

Roque's [[trial by jury]] began on August 18, 2003. Defense attorneys argued he was not guilty [[plea of insanity|due to insanity]], claiming that he had a diminished [[IQ]] and heard relentless voices telling him that Arabs were Satanic and must be killed. Two coworkers testified that Roque was "narrow-minded" and that he hated both immigrants and Arabs. Roque's defense attorney characterized him as mentally ill, and noted that his mother had twice been hospitalized for [[schizophrenia]], a condition which has been shown to appear in those genetically predisposed to it.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|first=Julian|last=Borger|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/11/usa.julianborger|title=September 11 revenge killer to die for shooting Sikh|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|date=10 October 2003|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> On September 30, 2003, he was found guilty of [[first degree murder]], and was [[capital punishment|sentenced to death]] nine days later.<ref name="Guardian"/>

On July 19, 2005, Roque was found guilty of an unspecified conspiracy charge while in prison, specified only as a violent crime. On February 27, 2006, he was found guilty of having manufactured a primitive weapon in prison three days earlier. In August 2006, the Arizona Supreme Court changed Roque's death sentence to a sentence of life in prison without parole, citing his low IQ and [[mental illness]] as [[mitigating factor]]s.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Michael|last1=Kiefer|first2=Jim|last2=Walsh|title=9/11-tied slayer won't be executed|url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0815roque0815.html |work=[[Arizona Republic]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|location=Phoenix, Arizona|date=August 15, 2006|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720154640/http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0815roque0815.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 20, 2012 |access-date=December 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://korematsu.blogspot.com/2006/08/arizona-supreme-court-overturns-death.html |title=DNSI Blog: Arizona Supreme Court Overturns Death Sentence for Frank Roque - Killer of Balbir Singh Sodhi |publisher=Korematsu.blogspot.com |date=August 15, 2006 |access-date=July 29, 2010}}</ref> The trial was aired by [[Court TV]] in a five-part series.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Walsh|url=http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue2/2003/09/03/149112-killer-of-sikh-after-9-11-called-ill/|title=Killer of Sikh after 9-11 called ill|work=[[Tucson Citizen]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|location=Tucson, Arizona|date=September 3, 2003|access-date=May 15, 2018}}</ref>

Roque died on May 11, 2022, while in [[Arizona Department of Corrections]] custody.<ref name="death" /> He was 62 years old.<ref name="inmateprofile" />

==Sukhpal Singh Sodhi==
On August 4, 2002, less than a year after Balbir's death, his younger brother Sukhpal was shot to death while driving his taxicab in [[San Francisco]], apparently killed by a stray bullet from a nearby [[gang]] fight. In response to this second tragedy, Balbir's son said, "What are you going to do with anger? We like peace and we are peaceful people."<ref name="SMART">{{cite web|first1=Judi|last1=Villa|first2=Adam|last2=Klawonn|url=http://www.sikhmediawatch.org/newsite/news/newsdetail.asp?newsid%3D50 |title=Brother of slain Valley Sikh killed in San Francisco|work=[[The Arizona Republic]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|location=Phoenix, Arizona|date=August 6, 2002|access-date=June 8, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030122220844/http://www.sikhmediawatch.org/newsite/news/newsdetail.asp?newsid=50 |archive-date=January 22, 2003 }}</ref>

== Memorialization of Balbir Singh Sodhi ==
In the months prior to the 10-year anniversary of Sodhi's death, the [[Arizona Legislature]] decided that it wanted to remove Sodhi's name and plaque from the state's 9/11 memorial. This was [[vetoed]] by the governor after an outcry of advocacy from community groups in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dutt-Ballerstadt |first=Reshmi |date=2021-10-02 |title=The Terror of the Turban: Civilians, Suspects and Twenty Years Post 9/11 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02759527.2021.1899509 |journal=South Asian Review |language=en |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=403–407 |doi=10.1080/02759527.2021.1899509 |s2cid=236761685 |issn=0275-9527|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sikhism in the United States]]
* [[Larme Price]], serial killer whose motive was revenge for 9/11
* [[Mark Anthony Stroman]], spree killer whose motive was revenge for 9/11
* [[Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting]]
* [[Anti-Middle Eastern sentiment]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.sikhnet.com/s/BalbirSodhi Balbir Sodhi memorial page on SikhNet]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060212154732/http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/index.php?sty=48149 ''East Valley Tribune'', "Sikhs still living in shadow of Sept. 11", Sept. 16, 2005]
*[http://www.sikhnet.com/sikhnet/news.nsf/NewsArchive/346896D867EB03EB872571D100683355 ''SikhNet'', "Two Sodhi Brothers Shot in the backlash of 9/11; Death Penalty overturned"]
*[http://www.dwf-film.com Divided We Fall, a film that features Balbir Sodhi's story]

==External links==
*[https://archive.today/20121213000224/http://www.azcorrections.gov/inmate_datasearch/results_Minh.aspx?InmateNumber=180333&LastName=ROQUE&FNMI=F&SearchType=SearchInet Arizona State Inmate file on Roque]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716223932/http://www.supreme.state.az.us/opin/pdf2006/CR030355AP.pdf Arizona Supreme Court decision imposing life sentence on Roque]

{{September 11 attacks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodhi, Balbir Singh}}
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2001]]
[[Category:Anti-Arabism in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Asian-American-related controversies]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in North America]]
[[Category:Racially motivated violence against Asian Americans]]
[[Category:Murder in Arizona]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in the United States]]
[[Category:2001 in Arizona]]
[[Category:History of racism in Arizona]]
[[Category:Religion and violence]]
[[Category:Islamophobia in the United States]]
[[Category:2001 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:September 2001 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:Crimes related to the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Arizona]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Arizona]]
[[Category:Sikhism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Victims of religiously motivated violence in the United States]]
[[Category:Vigilantism in the United States]]

Rajiv Lall

2025-12-21T16:13:38Z

MalissaHardaway:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajiv Lall
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|08|02}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Columbia University]] and [[Oxford University]]
| occupation = Part time Non-Exe Chairman of [[IDFC Bank|IDFC First Bank]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/nN8S5UjphAe4EjLTxmZ0IM/Capital-First-merges-with-IDFC-Bank-to-create-IDFC-First-Ban.html|title=IDFC First Bank}}</ref>
| spouse = Bunty Chand
| parents = [[K.B. Lall]]
| children =
| networth =
}}
'''Rajiv B. Lall''' is an Indian finance person and [[political economist]] who served as the CEO and chairman of the [[Infrastructure Development Finance Company]] (IDFC) in [[India]].<ref name = "IDFC"/><ref name = "Business Standard">[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/lok-capital-exploring-new-strategies-for-social-impact/492562/ Lok Capital exploring new strategies for social impact]. business-standard.com (2012-11-14). Retrieved on 2013-01-11.</ref><ref name = "Business Week">[http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=132006&ticker=20931511&previousCapId=411168&previousTitle=ICICI%20Bank%20Ltd. Executive Profile - Rajiv Bihari Lall]{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Business Week (2012). Retrieved on 2013-01-11.</ref> His father [[K.B. Lall]] was a member of [[Indian Civil Service]].

==Early life and education==
Lall was born on 2 August 1957. acquired a B.A. (Hons) degree in politics, philosophy, and economics from the [[Oxford University]] and Ph.D. in [[Economics]] from [[Columbia University]].<ref name = "Economic Times">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224753/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-07/news/27610353_1_rajiv-lall-warburg-pincus-idfc Golden years of finance yet to come in India: Rajiv Lall, CEO, IDFC] Economic Times (2010-10-07) Retrieved on 2013-01-11.</ref> He is conversant in [[French language|French]] and can [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]].<ref name = "Forbes">[https://www.forbes.com/2009/11/12/forbes-india-rajiv-lall-infrastructure-development-finance-co.html The Re-Engineer] Forbes (2009-12-11) Retrieved on 2013-01-11.</ref>
Rajiv Lall resides in [[Mumbai]], and is married to Bunty Chand, the executive director of the Indian chapter of the John Rockefeller-founded [[Asia Society]].<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/of-global-sensibilitiesmenus/308376/ Of global sensibilities... and menus] Business Standard (2007-12-23) Retrieved on 2013-01-11</ref>
He also has a home in Singapore.

==Career==
Before joining Warburg Pincus in 1997, Rajiv Lall was the Head of Asian Economic Research with [[Morgan Stanley|Morgan Stanley Asia]].<ref name = "Business Standard"/>

In 2005, Lall joined IDFC as MD and CEO. he serves as a director of IDFC Trustee Company Pvt. Ltd., IDFC Capital Company Limited, IDFC Projects Limited, IDFC-SSKI Securities Limited, IDFC-SSKI Limited, [[IDFC Bank]], STCI Finance Limited, [[National Stock Exchange of India Limited]], Spandana Sphoorty Finance Limited, Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System Limited, Qualitas Healthcare, and IDFC Private Equity.<ref name="IDFC">[http://www.idfc.com/project_equity/about/rajiv_lall.htm IDFC official website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226051843/http://www.idfc.com/project_equity/about/rajiv_lall.htm |date=2012-12-26 }} IDFC</ref><ref name = "Business Week"/>

Lall founded and launched IDFC Bank in 2015 and later led the acquisition of Grama Vidyal, Tamil Nadu’s largest microfinance company, in a first-of-its-kind transaction to integrate microfinance into mainstream banking. IDFC Bank’s rural business came to be known as Bharat Banking, which delivered full-service banking tools to bottom-of-the-pyramid customers using new technology solutions that relied on micro-ATMs to acquire and manage customers. To secure the Bank’s future, he then engineered the acquisition of Capital First to create IDFC First Bank. He relinquished his role as CEO to complete the organisational transformation to a full-service retail bank under new leadership.
<ref name="ETResign">{{cite web
|title=Rajiv Lall resigns from chairmanship of IDFC First Bank
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rajiv-lall-resigns-from-chairmanship-of-idfc-first-bank/articleshow/77933126.cms
|website=The Economic Times
|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.
|date=4 September 2020
|access-date=20 December 2025
}}</ref>
He stepped down in 2021 to return to academia. At Singapore Management University, he focuses on climate finance, energy transition, and environment and health-related issues.
<ref name="Linkedin">
{{cite web
|title=Rajiv B. Lall – LinkedIn profile
|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajivblall/
|website=LinkedIn
|access-date=20 December 2025
}}
</ref>

During his career spanning over two decades, he was worked with the [[World Bank]], [[Warburg Pincus]], [[Morgan Stanley]] and [[Asian Development Bank]]. He was also an assistant professor at [[Florida Atlantic University]].<ref name = "Business Week"/> After leaving Warburg Pincus, he played a pioneering role in create the Indian impact investment ecosystem founding Lok Capital in 2005 and mentoring it and many impact entrepreneurs until 2015.

During Lall's tenure, IDFC became India’s biggest infrastructure finance company with balance sheet worth more than ₨ 60,000 crore.<ref name = "Lunch with BS">[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/lunchbs-rajiv-lall/476985/ Lunch with BS] Business Standard (2012-06-12) Retrieved on 2013-01-11</ref>

==Social interests==
Lok Foundation, along with Lok Capital Group, provides [[social venture capital]] to promote [[social entrepreneurship]] in education, healthcare and low-cost housing segments.<ref name = "Business Standard"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090807054658/http://www.usindiaceoforum.com/infrastructure-summit/cvs/cv-lall-rajiv-b-241007.pdf CV on US - India CEO Forum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150411091029/http://www.idfc.com/our-firm/rajiv_lall.htm Profile on IDFC official website]
* [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/expect-our-margins-to-grow-20-30-bps-if-rbi-cuts-rates-dr-rajiv-lall-idfc/articleshow/17766601.cms Interview on ET Now]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130301034011/http://www.lokcapital.com/rajiv_lall.html Profile on Lok Capital official website]
* [http://www.weforum.org/contributors/rajiv-lall World Economic Forum - Dr. Rajiv Lall]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lall, Rajiv}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:IDFC First Bank]]
[[Category:Warburg Pincus people]]

1953 Achingmori incident

2025-12-12T09:30:41Z

MalissaHardaway: Made New Details Needs Work

{{Short description|Massacre in India}}
The '''Achingmori incident''' refers to an event in 1953 when a group of [[Daphla Hills|Daphla tribals]] of the [[Tagin people]] led by secessionist, Tako Mra, killed 47 members of an Indian government party including personnel of the [[Assam Rifles]] and tribal porters during an administrative tour in Achingmori in present-day [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The indigenous communities, particularly the Tagin people, viewed Indian administrative expansion as a direct threat to their cultural and territorial sovereignty. As Indian authorities sought to establish greater control over the frontier regions, tensions grew between the local tribes and the government.

== Background ==
[[File:India 1951 Assam.svg|thumb|184x184px|Administrative Divisions of India in 1951. Assam (NEFA) highlighted.]]
During the early years of independent India, the integration of the tribal regions of [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) into the Indian Union was met with resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narzary |first=Derhasat |title=Insurgency in India's Northeast: Identity Formation, Postcolonial Nation/State-Building, and Secessionist Resistance: by Jugdep S. Chima and Pahi Saikia, New York, Routledge, 2024, 151 pp., Rs. 3462 (Paperback), {{text|ISBN:}} 9781032484204 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2025.2469124?src= |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=0 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2025.2469124 |issn=1463-1369|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

'''Tako Mra''', the leader of the Tagin group involved in the Achingmori Incident, was a seasoned tactician with prior military experience. He was deeply influenced by guerrilla warfare strategies, which he effectively employed to challenge external control over his homeland.<ref>{{Citation |title=Exploration, Expansion, Consolidation?: State Power and its Limitations |date=2016 |work=Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962 |pages=95–126 |editor-last=Guyot-Réchard |editor-first=Bérénice |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/shadow-states/exploration-expansion-consolidation/22B47F9640B06CC502446884E0D1B22C |access-date=2025-03-26 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316796894.008 |isbn=978-1-107-17679-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=In the Shadows of the Himalayas: The Rebels of India's North-East Frontier Agency |url=https://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2025/3/22/in-the-shadows-of-the-himalayas-the-rebels-of-indias-north-east-frontier-agency |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books {{!}} Modern International and American history |language=en-US}}</ref> In an address to the Indian state he had remarked,<blockquote>“If India pushes to incorporate the Abor Hills, my men will fight back. We cannot go from being ruled by an elite in Britain to one in New Delhi.”</blockquote>

There were no roads or communication, and the tribals of the area were also unfamiliar with not only Indian administration, but any type of external administration.{{Sfn|Nehru|1999|p=309|pp=|ps=, Statement in the House of the People, 21 November 1953}} The Daflas were some of the most primitive of the tribes restricted to a certain area in the [[Daphla Hills]], unaware of modern administration. In 1953 Nehru stated in the parliament that <blockquote>"The fact that that place is not an administered area does not mean that it is outside — I am not talking about law, but of practice — the territory of the Indian Union. As a matter of fact, we are administering area beyond it, the border area that is administered. We have outposts and checkposts beyond that. These are virgin forests in between and the question does not arise of their considering in a constitutional sense what their position is. I do not think they are acquainted with any Constitution."</blockquote>{{Sfn|Nehru|1999|p=310|pp=|ps=, Statement in the House of the People, 21 November 1953}}

== Incident ==
On 22 October 1953, Patrol Commander Major R.D. Singh, accompanied by 22 personnel of the Assam Rifles, one Area Superintendent, two Jamadars, two interpreters, 17 village headmen and 100 porters, arrived at Achingmori. The purpose of the group was to investigate tribal feuds, other than its humanitarian role.{{Sfn|Nehru|1999|p=307|pp=|ps=, Statement in the House of the People, 21 November 1953}}

The group set up camp at a clearing surrounded by thick forest as suggested by the locals. The location had temporary huts, and Major Singh considered this as a sign of friendliness, resulting in lax protective measures. Sometime later 10 Daflas asked for permission to enter the camp. The sentry did not disarm them and as soon as they entered the camp following permission from Major Singh, the sentry was killed. Following this, 400 to 500 Daflas, armed with primitive weapons, launched an attack. A total of 47 members of the group, including the Major, were killed while the remaining were taken captive.{{Sfn|Nehru|1999|p=308|pp=|ps=, Statement in the House of the People, 21 November 1953}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pacification in Northeastern India, with Photographs and Manuscript Maps: The Assam Rifles Securing the Frontier, 1954–55. by K. S. RAI, Lt. Col|url=https://www.jamesarsenault.com/pages/books/4500/k-s-rai-lt-col/the-assam-rifles-securing-the-frontier-1954-55?soldItem=true|access-date=2021-01-22|language=en-US|via=James E. Arsenault & Company}}</ref>

Nari Rustomji writes:{{Sfn|Rustomji|1971|p=128}}
{{Blockquote|text=The Assam Rifles column had apparently reached Achingmori in the afternoon, when everything seemed quite normal. The villagers gave a happy welcome to the jawans, who proceeded in due course to distribute salt to them as a gesture of goodwill. The atmosphere appeared so friendly that the jawans stacked their weapons some distance away from where they were distributing salt and were completely unarmed. 2 people form the tagin tribe hid in the entrance of the goudam where the weapons were stacked then, all of a sudden, at a given signal, they were attacked with daos and when they went for their weapons in the goudam they were met at the entrance with daos and cut down down....|title=|source=}}On the contrary however, Mra had famously stated that it was, <blockquote>“a fight to ensure that our children inherit a culture, not a colony.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=In the Shadows of the Himalayas: The Rebels of India's North-East Frontier Agency |url=https://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2025/3/22/in-the-shadows-of-the-himalayas-the-rebels-of-indias-north-east-frontier-agency |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books {{!}} Modern International and American history |language=en-US}}</ref></blockquote>

== Aftermath ==
Major Singh was blamed for failing to take normal precautions. Two previous administrative parties had met with no such incident. The massacre also supposedly happened because of the tribal rivalries and history between the Daflas and Arbors. There were a number of Arbor porters in the group.{{Sfn|Nehru|1999|p=308|pp=|ps=, Statement in the House of the People, 21 November 1953}} The cause of the incident was also attributed to a rumour related to the government party and their goal of freeing slaves.{{Sfn|Kaul|1976|p=72–73}} During the incident one of the tribal porters, Tare Nosi, managed to escape despite a sword wound. He managed to travel 70 miles towards Along.{{Sfn|Kaul|1976|p=72}}

Information about the attack reached Gusar Outpost on 25 October. A small rescue party was sent however due to the destruction of a bridge by the Daflas, the rescue party could not reach the location. When the information reached [[Shillong]], various outposts in [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] and the [[Abor Hills]] were reinforced with Assam Rifles platoons flown in by the [[Indian Air Force]]. The air force was also involved in extensive "reconnoitre".{{Sfn|Nehru|1999|p=308|pp=|ps=, Statement in the House of the People, 21 November 1953}} Assam Rifles sent some battalions to find those responsible for the massacre but were unsuccessful{{Failed verification|date=February 2025}}. Tagin tribes have very little permanent dwellings and can keep up evasion tactics over a long period{{Failed verification|date=February 2025}}{{Sfn|Kaul|1976|p=72}}

On 21 November 1953, Nehru said in the parliament,{{Sfn|Nehru|1999|p=308–309|pp=|ps=, Statement in the House of the People, 21 November 1953}}
{{Blockquote|text=It would have been easy enough for us to take punitive action... We could have bombed their villages and killed a large number of their people. No great skill was needed for that, but we are treating the incident normally as we would treat a dacoity or a riot, the only difference being that it took place in somewhat unusual surroundings. The policy of our Government is not to strike terror or kill and destroy indiscriminately. We shall certainly restore peace and order in this area, bring to book the real offenders and ring leaders, but we do not wish to punish the innocent and the misguided. We are confident that we can have the friendship and respect of these simple folks by adopting a firm, clear and sympathetic policy towards them.|title=|source=}}
Even though the perpetrators were given life imprisonment, they were released in three or four years.{{Sfn|Kaul|1976|p=72–73}}This short imprisonment did not go down well with the Galongs, the ones who had lost people in the massacre. The aggrieved tribals had been planning this since the day of the massacre and had been keeping a track on Komda for over a year. Kaul knew that punishing the tribals under the [[Indian Penal Code]] would not be considered as justice in their eyes. Kaul would go on to write,{{Sfn|Kaul|1976|p=73–74}}

{{Blockquote|text=They were disrobed of their red coats and all the gun licences cancelled and guns confiscated. Having had their revenge, they took it all calmly. I did not have the heart to lodge a case of murder against them. By the time the case would have reached the High Court in the plains, which was a pre-requisite, the evidence would have weakened from all angles. Such are the differences in the mensrea or "criminal intent" and I feel that criminal intent should be interpreted according to the mental makeup of the society one lives in. What may be a criminal intent in one place in a fully administered area, in my opinion need not be so in a very remote tribal area.|title=|source=}}

A large part of the restraint shown by India following this incident goes to Nari Rustomji, an advisor of the governor of Assam [[Jairamdas Daulatram|J D Daulatram]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1995-07-01|title=Stranger to the Land. Book review of Strangers of the Mist: Tales of War and Peace from India's North East by Sanjoy Hazarika.|url=https://www.himalmag.com/stranger-to-the-land/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814033131/https://www.himalmag.com/stranger-to-the-land/ |archive-date=2020-08-14 |access-date=2021-01-23|website=Himal Southasian|language=en-GB}}</ref> In place of an aggressive military reaction, Nari Rustomji got the guilty convicted after a procedurally sound trial.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=16 October 2012 |title=India was whipped in 1962 war, but won the peace |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/india-was-whipped-in-1962-war-but-won-the-peace/20121016.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018201554/http://www.rediff.com:80/news/column/india-was-whipped-in-1962-war-but-won-the-peace/20121016.htm |archive-date=2012-10-18 |access-date=2021-01-22 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> However, [[Ajai Shukla]] writes that the lack of Indian military in the area caused its own problems; "placing local sensibilities above national security also created the mindset that led to the 1962 defeat."<ref name=":0" />

The '''Galo''' (formerly Galong) people, who suffered losses during the conflict, sought retribution against Mra. In a tragic turn of events, a Galo woman betrayed Mra by poisoning his drink, leading to his death in 1954 at the age of 29.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=In the Shadows of the Himalayas: The Rebels of India's North-East Frontier Agency |url=https://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2025/3/22/in-the-shadows-of-the-himalayas-the-rebels-of-indias-north-east-frontier-agency |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books {{!}} Modern International and American history |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
* [[Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Tani Army]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj-Nehru-SW2-24|title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Second Series (1 October 1953 to 31 January 1954)|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund|year=1999|isbn=0195651863|editor-last=Gopal|editor-first=S|volume=24|location=New Delhi|pages=|editor-last2=Kumar|editor-first2=Ravinder|editor-last3=Prasad|editor-first3=HY Sharada|via=archive.org}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rustomji|first=Nari|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3398|title=Enchanted Frontiers: Sikkim Bhutan and India's North-Eastern Borderlands|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1971|location=Bombay|pages=|via=archive.org and PAHAR}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kaul|first=PN|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3485|title=Frontier Callings|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=1976|isbn=0706904680|location=New Delhi|pages=|via=archive.org and PAHAR}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://arunachalobserver.org/2018/02/23/apcc-mourns-death-freedom-fighter/ APCC mourns death of freedom fighter.] Arunachal Observer. 23 February 2018 "He was awarded certificate of merit by NEFA administration for his meritorious and exemplary services rendered during 1953 Achingmori incident."

[[Category:20th century in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1953 in India]]

1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election

2025-12-07T14:20:02Z

MalissaHardaway: enhanced content additionally

{{Short description|Election in India}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1985 Bihar legislative assembly election
| country = India
| flag_year =
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1980
| next_election = 1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1990
| election_date = 2nd and 5th March 1985
| seats_for_election = 324 seats to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 163
| turnout = 56.27%
| registered = {{formatnum:43880751}}

| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
| seats1 = 196
| popular_vote1 = 9,558,562
| percentage1 = 39.30%

| party2 = Lok Dal
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Lalu Prasad addressing the Media to announce a policy matter in New Delhi on September 12, 2004.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader2 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| seats2 = 46
| popular_vote2 = 3,573,173
| percentage2 = 14.69%

| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
}}

'''Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 1985''' was held in March 1985 to elect members to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. The [[Indian National Congress]] won a majority of seats and the popular vote and [[Bindeshwari Dubey]] became the new [[Chief Minister of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Chief Ministers of Bihar till date (1950-2022)… |url=https://thenewssy.com/world-news/list-of-chief-ministers-of-bihar-till-date-1950-2022/}}</ref>

==Result==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Bihar Legislative Assembly 1985.svg]]
|-
!Party || Party Flag || Seats Contested || Seats Won || Popular Vote || Percentage
|-
|[[Indian National Congress]] || || 323 || 196 || 9,558,562 || 39.30%
|-
|[[Lok Dal]] || [[File:No flag.svg|45px]] || 261 || 46 || 3,573,173 || 14.69%
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || || 234 || 16 || 1,833,275 || 7.54%
|-
|[[Janata Party]] || [[File:No flag.svg|45px]] || 229 || 13 || 1,754,705 || 7.21%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India]] || [[File:CPI-banner.svg|45px]] || 167 || 12 || 2,154,066 || 8.86%
|-
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] || [[File:No flag.svg|45px]] || 57 || 9 || 443,822 || 1.82%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|45px]] || 44 || 1 || 392,375 || 1.61%
|-
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]] || [[File:No flag.svg|45px]] || 59 || 1 || 160,159 || 0.66%
|-
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India]] || [[File:SUCI_flag.svg|45px]] || 1 || 1 || 17,890 || 0.07%
|-
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] || [[File:No flag.svg|45px]] || 2804 || 29 || 4,349,057 || 17.88%
|-
|'''Total''' || || 4237 || 324 || 24,323,868 ||
|}

Source:<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalRep_BH_85.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR]''</ref>

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Dhanaha || None || Nardeshwar Prasad Kushwaha || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bagha || SC || Triloki Harijan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ramnagar || None || Arjun Vikram Sah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shikarpur || SC || Narsingh Baitha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikta || None || Dharmesh Prasad Verma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Lauria || None || Vishwa Mohan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chanpatia || None || Birbal Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Bettiah || None || [[Gauri Shankar Pandey]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nautan || None || [[Kamla Pandey]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Raxaul || None || Sagir Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sugauli || None || Suresh Kumar Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Motihari || None || Triveni Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Adapur || None || [[Hari Shanker Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhaka || None || [[Motiur Rahman (Indian politician)|Motiur Rahman]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghorasahan || None || Pramod Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Madhuban || None || [[Sitaram Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Pipra || SC || Nand Lal Chaudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kesariya || None || Rai Hari Shankar Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harsidhi || None || Md. Hedaitullah Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gobindganj || None || Yogendra Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kateya || None || [[Bachcha Choubey]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Bhore || SC || Anil Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mirganj || None || Parbhudayal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gopalganj || None || Surendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Barauli || None || Adnan Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baikunthpur || None || Braj Kishore Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Basantpur || None || Manik Chandra Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Goreakothi || None || Indra Deo Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Siwan || None || [[Awadh Bihari Choudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Mairwa || SC || Gorakh Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Darauli || None || [[Shiv Shankar Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Ziradei || None || Tribhuan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maharajganj || None || [[Uma Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Umashankar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Raghunathpur || None || [[Vijay Shanker Dubey]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manjhi || None || [[Budhan Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Baniapur || None || Uma Pnadey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Masrakh || None || [[Prabhunath Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Taraiya || None || Ram Das Rai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Marhaura || None || Bhishma Prasad Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalalpur || None || Sudhir Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chapra || None || Janak Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Garkha || SC || Raghunandan Manjhi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Parsa || None || [[Chandrika Roy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sonepur || None || [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Hajipur || None || Moti Lal Sinha Kanan || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Raghopur || None || [[Uday Narayan Rai]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Mahnar || None || Munshi Lal Rai || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Jandaha || None || [[Tulsidas Mehta]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Patepur || SC || Baleshwar Singh Paswan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahua || SC || [[Dasai Chowdhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Lalganj || None || Bharat Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Vaishali || None || [[Brishin Patel]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Paru || None || Usha Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sahebganj || None || Shiv Sharan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baruraj || None || Shashi Kumar Rai || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Kanti || None || Nalini Ranjan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|-
| Kurhani || None || Sheonandan Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sakra || SC || Shivnandan Paswan || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Muzaffarpur || None || Raghunath Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bochaha || SC || [[Ramai Ram]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Gaighatti || None || Virendra Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aurai || None || [[Ganesh Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Minapur || None || [[Hind Keshari Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Runisaidpur || None || Nawal Kishore Shahi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Belsand || None || [[Raghubansh Prasad Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sheohar || None || [[ Raghunath Jha ]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Sitamarhi || None || Khalil Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bathnaha || None || Ram Niwas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Majorganj || SC || Ram Vriksh Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sonbarsa || None || [[Karpoori Thakur]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sursand || None || Ravindra Prasad Sahi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Pupri || None || Ram Briksh Chaudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Benipatti || None || Yugeshwar Jha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bisfi || None || [[Shakeel Ahmad]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harlakhi || None || Mithilesh Kumar Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khajauli || SC || Bilat Paswan Vihangam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Babubarhi || None || Guna Nand Jha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Madhubani || None || Padma Chaubey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pandaul || None || Kumud Ranjan Jha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhanjharpur || None || [[Jagannath Mishra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Phulparas || None || [[Hemlata Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Laukaha || None || Abdul Hai Payami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Madhepur || None || Harkhu Jha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manigachhi || None || [[Madan Mohan Jha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bahera || None || Mahendra Jha Azad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Ghanshyampur || None || Mahabir Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Baheri || None || Permanand Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Darbhanga Rural || SC || Ramchandra Paswan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Darbhanga || None || Asfak Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Keoti || None || Klim Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jale || None || Lokesh Nath Jha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hayaghat || None || Umadhar Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kalyanpur || None || [[Bashistha Narain Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Warisnagar || SC || [[Ramsewak Hazari]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Samastipur || None || Ashok Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sarairanjan || None || Ramashray Ishwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohiuddin Nagar || None || [[Anugrah Narain Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dalsinghsarai || None || [[Vijay Kumar Choudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bibhutpur || None || Chandra Vali Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rosera || SC || Bhola Mandar || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Singhia || None || [[Ashok Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hasanpur || None || [[Rajendra Prasad Yadav (Hasanpur politician)|Rajendra Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Balia || None || Samsu Zeha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Matihani || None || Pramod Kumar Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Begusarai || None || [[Bhola Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barauni || None || Shakuntala Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Bachwara || None || Ayodhya Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Cheria Bariarpur || None || Harihar Mahto || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bakhri || SC || Ram Vinod Paswan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Raghopur || None || Amarendra Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kishunpur || None || Vishwanath Gurmita || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Supaul || None || Pramod Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tribeniganj || None || [[Anup Lal Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Chhatapur || SC || Kumbh Nr. Sardar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kumarkhand || SC || Nawal Kishore Bharti || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Singheshwar || None || Ramendra Kumar Yadav Ravi || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Saharsa || None || Satish Chandra Jha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahishi || None || [[Lahtan Choudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Simri-bakhtiarpur || None || Choudhary Mohammad Salahiddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Madhepura || None || Bholi Prasad Mandal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sonbarsa || None || [[Surya Narayan Yadav (Indian politician)|Surya Narayan Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Kishanganj || None || Rajnandan Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Alamnagar || None || Birendra Ku. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Rupauli || None || Dinesh Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhamdaha || None || Amar Nath Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Banmankhi || SC || Rasik Lal Rishideo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Raniganj || SC || Yamuna Pd. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Narpatganj || None || [[Indra Nand Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Forbesganj || None || Saryu Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Araria || None || Halimuddin Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikti || None || [[Rameshwar Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jokihat || None || [[Taslimuddin]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Bahadurganj || None || Najmudin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Thakurganj || None || [[Mohammad Hussain Azad]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kishanganj || None || Md. Mustaque || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Amour || None || Jalil || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Baisi || None || Abdus Subhan || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Kasba || None || Syed Gulam Hussain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Purnea || None || [[Ajit Sarkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Korha || SC || Vishwa Nath Rishi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barari || None || Mansoor Alam || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Katihar || None || Satya Narayan Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kadwa || None || Usman Ghani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barsoi || None || Byula Doja || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pranpur || None || Mangan Insan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manihari || None || Md. Mobarak Hussain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajmahal || None || Dhruva Bhagat || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Borio || ST || Jon Hembrom || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barhait || ST || [[Thomas Hansda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Litipara || ST || [[Simon Marandi]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| Pakaur || None || Hazi Muhammad Ainul Haque || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maheshpur || ST || Debidhan Basera || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| Sikaripara || ST || David Murmu || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| Nala || None || Bisheshwar Khan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Jamtara || None || [[Furkan Ansari]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarath || None || Udai Shanker Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Madhupur || None || Krishna Nand Jha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoghar || SC || [[Baidyanath Das]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jarmundi || None || Abhay Kant Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Dumka || ST || [[Stephan Marandi]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| Jama || ST || [[Shibu Soren]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| Poreyahat || None || Suraj Mandal || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| Godda || None || Sumrit Mandal || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| Mahagama || None || [[Awadh Bihari Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pirpainti || None || Dilip Kumar Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Colgong || None || [[Sadanand Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Nathnagar || None || [[ChunChun Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bhagalpur || None || [[Sheo Chandra Jha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gopalpur || None || Madan Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bihpur || None || Rajendra Prasad Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sultanganj || SC || Umesh Chandras Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Amarpur || None || Neel Mohan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhuraiya || SC || Ramroop Harijan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Banka || None || [[Chandra Shekhar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Belhar || None || Siyaram Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Katoria || None || [[Suresh Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| Chakai || None || [[Narendra Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhajha || None || [[Sheonandan Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tarapur || None || [[Shakuni Choudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kharagpur || None || Rajendra Pd. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Parbatta || None || Ram Chandra Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chautham || None || Kamleshwari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khagaria || None || Satdeo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Alauli || SC || [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Monghyr || None || [[Ramdeo Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Jamalpur || None || Upendra Prasad Verma || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Surajgarha || None || Alakh Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jamui || None || Rameshwer Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikandra || SC || [[Rameshwar Paswan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lakhisarai || None || Krishna Chandra Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Sheikhpura || None || [[Rajo Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Barbigha || SC || [[Mahavir Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Asthawan || None || Raghunath Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bihar || None || Shakil Uzzama || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajgir || SC || [[Satyadeo Narain Arya]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Nalanda || None || Shyam Sunder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Islampur || None || Ram Swaroop Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hilsa || None || Surendra Prasad Tarun || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandi || None || Anil Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harnaut || None || [[Nitish Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Mokameh || None || Shyam Sunder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barh || None || Bhuneshwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bakhtiarpur || None || [[Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatwa || SC || Punit Roy || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Masaurhi || None || Punam Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patna West || None || [[Rama Nand Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Patna Central || None || Akeel Haider || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patna East || None || Sharat Kumar Jain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dinapur || None || Bijendra Rai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Maner || None || Rajmati Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Phulwari || SC || Sanjaeev Prasad Ton Tony || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bikram || None || [[Ram Nath Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Paliganj || None || [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sandesh || None || Sonadhari || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Barhara || None || [[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghvendra Pratap Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Arrah || None || S. M. Isha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahpur || None || [[Vindeshwari Dubey]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Brahmpur || None || Rishikesh Tiwary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Buxar || None || Sri Kant Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajpur || SC || Ram Narain Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Dumraon || None || Basant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jagdishpur || None || Hari Narayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Piro || None || [[Raghupati Gop]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Sahar || SC || Jyoti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karakat || None || Shashi Rani Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bikramganj || None || Meghraj Madhavi || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Dinara || None || Lakshuman Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ramgarh || None || [[Jagdanand Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Mohania || SC || [[Mahabir Paswan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhabhua || None || Ram Lal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Chainpur || None || Parvej Ahsan Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sasaram || None || Ram Sewak Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Chenari || SC || [[Chhedi Paswan]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Nokha || None || [[Sumitra Devi (politician)|Sumitra Devi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dehri || None || [[Khalid Anwar Ansari]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nabinagar || None || Raghubansh Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deo || SC || Dilkeshwar Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aurangabad || None || [[Brij Mohan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rafiganj || None || Vijay Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Obra || None || [[Ram Vilas Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Goh || None || Deo Kumar Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Arwal || None || Krishna Nandan Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kurtha || None || [[Nagmani Kushwaha]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Makhdumpur || None || [[Ram Jatan Sinha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jahanabad || None || [[Syed Asghar Hussain]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghosi || None || [[Jagdish Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Belaganj || None || Abhi Ram Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Konch || None || [[Janki Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Gaya Mufassil || None || Awades Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gaya Town || None || Jai Kumar Palit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Imamganj || SC || Sri Chand Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gurua || None || Md. Khan Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bodh Gaya || SC || Rajesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Barachatti || SC || G.s.ramchander Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehpur || SC || [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Atri || None || Ranjeet Signh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nawada || None || Narendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajauli || SC || Banwari Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Gobindpur || None || Gayatree Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Warsaliganj || None || Bandi Shankar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hisua || None || Aditya Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kodarma || None || Rajendra Nath Dawan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barhi || None || Niranjan Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chatra || SC || [[Mahendra Prasad Singh Bhogta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Simaria || SC || Ishwari Ram Paswan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barkagaon || None || Ramendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Ramgarh || None || Jamuna Prasad Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mandu || None || Tek Lal Mahto || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Hazaribagh || None || H.h.rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barkatha || None || Lambodar Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhanwar || None || Harihar Narayan Prabhakar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bagodar || None || Gautam Sagar Rana || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Jamua || SC || Baldeo Hazra || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Gandey || None || [[Salkhan Soren]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| Giridih || None || Om Lal Azad || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Dumri || None || Shiva Mahto || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Gomia || None || Madhava Lal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bermo || None || Rajendra Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bokaro || None || Samaresh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Tundi || None || Satya Narayan Dudani || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Baghmara || None || [[Om Prakash Lal]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sindri || None || [[Vinod Vihari Mahato]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Nirsa || None || Kripa Shanker Chatterjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhanbad || None || Surendra Prasad Roy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jharia || None || [[Suryadeo Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Chandankiyari || SC || Lata Devi (mali) || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baharagora || None || Devi Pada Upadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Ghatsila || ST || Karan Chandra Mardi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Potka || ST || Sonatan Sardar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jugsalai || SC || Trilochan Kalindi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jamshedpur East || None || Darayus Nariman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jamshedpur West || None || [[Mrigendra Pratap Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Ichagarh || None || Prabhat K. A. Deo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Seraikella || ST || Krishna Madri || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| Chaibasa || ST || Radhey Munda || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Majhgaon || ST || Devendra Nath Champia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaganathpur || ST || Ankura Ho Doreiburu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manoharpur || ST || Devendra Manjhi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Chakradharpur || ST || Jagarnath Bakira || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Kharasawan || ST ||[[Vijay Singh Soy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Tamar || ST || Tirumuchi Rai Munda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Torpa || ST || Niral Enem Horo || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Khunti || ST || Sushila Kerketta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Silli || None || [[Keshav Mahto Kamlesh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khijri || ST || Gomeshri Manki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ranchi || None || Jai Prakash Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hatia || None || [[Subodh Kant Sahay]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Kanke || SC || Hari Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mandar || ST || Ganga Bhagat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sisai || ST || Bandi Oraon || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kolebira || ST || Birsing Munda || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Simdega || ST || Nirmal Kumar Besra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Gumla || ST || Bairagi Oraon || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bishnupur || ST || Bhukhala Bhagat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lohardaga || ST || [[Indra Nath Bhagat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Latehar || SC || Haridarshan Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manika || ST || Yamuna Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Panki || None || Sankteshwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Daltonganj || None || Ishwar Chandra Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garhwa || None || Gopi Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Bhawanathpur || None || Raj Rajendra Pratap Deo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bishrampur || None || [[Chandrashekhar Dubey]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhatarpur || SC || [[Radha Krishna Kishore]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hussainabad || None || [[Harihar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Bihar|1985]]
[[Category:1980s in Bihar|1985]]
[[Category:1985 State Assembly elections in India|Bihar]]
[[Category:March 1985 in Asia]]

Hindustan Standard

2025-12-06T08:52:36Z

MalissaHardaway: improved section to improve readability for accuracy

{{Short description|English-language newspaper}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''''Hindustan Standard''''' is an [[English-language]] daily published from [[Kolkata]] by the [[ABP Group]].<ref name=ht>{{cite news |title=70's: The decade of innocence |last=Bhandare |first=Namita |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/70-s-The-decade-of-innocence/Article1-700294.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=21 May 2011 |access-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526150611/http://www.hindustantimes.com/70-s-The-decade-of-innocence/Article1-700294.aspx |archive-date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> It is headquartered at 3, Burman Street, Kolkata. In 1937, Suresh Chandra Majumdar started the daily in English,<ref>{{cite web|title=starting of Hindustan Standard|url=http://www.mediamimansa.com/11th%20issue/11eng_92-96.pdf|publisher=Pabitra Kumar Mukherji|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611210422/http://www.mediamimansa.com/11th%20issue/11eng_92-96.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it soon became a leading newspaper owned by Indians in Kolkata, competing with British-owned ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', along with its Bengali language sister-publication ''[[Ananda Bazaar Patrika]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Practising Journalism: Values, Constraints, Implications |first=Nalini | last=Rajan|publisher=SAGE|year=2005|isbn=0761933794 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sEvQI5gcpsC&q=%22hindustan+standard%22+newspaper&pg=PA20 }}</ref> The Delhi edition is started in 1915. Ashwini Kumar Gupta, an ex freedom fighter and the father of the McKinsey and Galleon group finance wizard [[Rajat Gupta]] is one of the first correspondents at the Delhi office of Hindustan Standard.<ref name="book1">{{cite book |last1=Raghavan |first1=Anita |title=The Billionaire's Apprentice: The Rise of The Indian-American Elite and The Fall of The Galleon Hedge Fund |date=4 June 2013 |publisher=Business Plus |location=New York |isbn=978-1455504022 |edition=1st}}</ref>

The magazine ''The Sunday'' started as the weekend supplement with the newspaper, and was made a stand-alone magazine in 1976 by [[Aveek Sarkar]], with [[MJ Akbar]] as the editor.<ref name=ht/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{ABP Group}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1937]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1982]]
[[Category:ABP Group]]
[[Category:1937 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1982 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct daily newspapers]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Flag of the East India Company

2025-12-03T14:26:45Z

MalissaHardaway: new

{{Distinguish|text=the [[Continental Union Flag]]}}
{{Short description|Historical flag}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = East India Company
| Nickname =
| Image = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
| Use = Company flag and [[Ensign (flag)|ensign]]
| Proportion =
| Adoption = 1801
| Relinquished = 1858
| Design = Horizontal stripes, alternating red and white, with the [[Flag of the United Kingdom|Union Flag]] in the [[Canton (flag)|canton]]
| Designer =
}}

The '''flag of the East India Company''' was used to represent the [[East India Company]], which was chartered in [[Kingdom of England|England]] in 1600. The flag was altered as the nation changed from England to Great Britain to the United Kingdom. It was initially a red and white striped ensign with the [[flag of England]] in the [[canton (flag)|canton]]. The flag displayed in the canton was later replaced by the [[flag of Great Britain]] and then the [[flag of the United Kingdom]], as the nation developed.

== Early years ==
[[File:British East India Company flag.svg|thumb|205px|The flag of the Company with the [[flag of England]] in the [[canton (flag)|canton]]]]
[[File:NatGeog1917EastIndiaCompanyFlag.jpg|thumb|Variant with thirteen stripes]]
Upon receiving a [[Chartered company|Royal Charter]] to trade in the [[Indian Ocean]] from Queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] in 1600, the English East India Company adopted a flag of red and white stripes (varying from nine to thirteen stripes in total), with the [[flag of England]] in the canton.<ref>{{cite book|first=George |last=Preble |title=Our Flag: Origin and Progress of the Flag of the United States of America, with an Introductory Account of the Symbols, Standards, Banners and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations |page=[https://archive.org/details/ourflagoriginan00prebgoog/page/n177 155] |publisher=J Munsell |year=1872 |url=https://archive.org/details/ourflagoriginan00prebgoog}}</ref>

The flag caused problems for the East India Company at first when trading in the [[Far East]], because of its use of the [[Saint George's Cross]]. In Japan in 1616, the Company's ships were turned away because the cross on the flag was viewed as a symbol of Christianity, which the Japanese had banned in 1614.<ref name="fawcett">{{cite journal|first=Sir Charles |last=Fawcett |title=The Striped Flag of the East India Company, and its connexion with the American 'Stars and Stripes' |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=449–476 |doi=10.1080/00253359.1937.10657258 |year=1937 }}{{Subscription required}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fawcett |first=Charles |url=https://crwflagsonline.com/fotw/flags/gb-eic2.html |title=The STRIPED FLAG of the EAST INDIA COMPANY, and its CONNEXION with the AMERICAN "STARS and STRIPES" |year=1937}}</ref> The [[Lê dynasty]] in [[Tonkin]] banned the Company from using the flag, believing the cross on it to be an endorsement of Christianity, promotion of which the Tonkinese had prohibited. The Company's trading rivals, the [[Dutch East India Company]], argued on the Company's behalf that the cross was a symbol of the English nation and not of Christianity, but the Tonkinese insisted on banning the flying of the flag unless the cross was removed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Hoang |last= Anh Tuan |title=Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese relations, 1637–1700 |page=195 |publisher=BRILL |year=2007 |isbn=978-9047421696}}</ref> In 1673, when the Company attempted to restart trade with Japan, they initially declared they would not change their flag. However, after receiving local advice and a demand for an explanation from the Japanese authorities, the Company began using a flag with red and white stripes, but without the flag of England on it, for trading in the Far East.<ref name=fawcett /><ref name=":0" />

[[File:Two views of an East Indiaman of the time of King William III.jpg|thumb|left|Two views of an East India Company ship, painted with a different number of stripes on each flag]]
In 1682 in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies]] (modern-day [[Jakarta]]), the Company flag was at the centre of tensions between the English and Dutch governments after soldiers from the Dutch East India Company were accused of tearing down one of the Company flags. Although the Dutch sent warships to reinforce the area, the event came to nothing, as the person making the accusation was not present on Batavia, and neither the Company directors nor King [[Charles II of England]] had any desire to enter into a military conflict with the Dutch over the matter.<ref>{{cite book|first=H. V. |last=Bowen |title=The Worlds of the East India Company |page=54 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1843830733}}</ref>

== Great Britain ==
[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|thumb|205px|The flag of the Company with the [[flag of Great Britain]] in the canton]]
In 1603, when King [[James VI of Scotland]] ascended to the English throne, thus [[Union of the Crowns|unifying the Crowns]] of England and [[Scotland]], he created a combined flag of both nations, to be used for a united British state. However, the [[Parliament of England]] and [[Parliament of Scotland]] were reluctant to unite, and wished that the countries remain separate. The king retained his flag for personal use as the [[King's Colours]].<ref>[[Arthur Charles Fox-Davies|A.C. Fox-Davies]], ''[[The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory]]'' (1904), p. 399</ref> The East India Company continued using their ensign with the flag of England in the canton. In 1668, [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] transferred control of [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to the East India Company. The Company then adopted a new flag including the King's Colours, as was shown when blue cloth, in addition to red and white, was requested for making a new flag for the fort in Bombay "if the King's colours were to be kept there; 'if not, white and red will be sufficient'".<ref name="i" /> The King's Colours were later formally adopted as the [[flag of Great Britain]] when the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] was formed by the [[Acts of Union 1707]] at the behest of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/history-of-the-british-flag.htm |title=History of the British Flag |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |date=2016-03-16 |accessdate=2017-05-23 |archive-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709110352/https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/history-of-the-british-flag.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Comparison with American flag ===
[[File:Flag of the United States (1776-1777).svg|thumb|205px|The [[Continental Union Flag]], 1775]]
The flag of the East India Company is considered to have inspired the 1775 [[Continental Union Flag]], the first [[flag of the United States]], as the two flags were of the same design.<ref name=fawcett /><ref name=":0" /> This connection is attributed to numerous sources. [[Benjamin Franklin]] of [[Pennsylvania]] once gave a speech endorsing the adoption of the Company's flag by the United States as their national flag. He said to [[George Washington]] of [[Virginia]], "While the field of your flag must be new in the details of its design, it need not be entirely new in its elements. There is already in use a flag, I refer to the flag of the East India Company."<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert |last=Johnson |title=Saint Croix 1770–1776: The First Salute to the Stars and Stripes |page=71 |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2006 |isbn=978-1425970086}}</ref> This was a way of symbolising American loyalty to the Crown as well as the United States' aspirations, like those of the East India Company, to be self-governing. Some colonists also felt that the Company could be a powerful ally in the [[American War of Independence]], as they shared similar aims and grievances against [[The Crown|Crown]] tax policies. Colonists therefore flew the Company's flag, to endorse the Company.<ref>{{cite book|first=Tom |last=Horton |title=History's Lost Moments: The Stories Your Teacher Never Told You |chapter=Exposing the Origins of Old Glory's stripes |volume=5 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-1490744698}}</ref>

However, the theory that the Continental Union Flag was a direct descendant of the flag of the East India Company has been criticised as lacking written evidence.<ref name=i /> On the other hand, the resemblance is obvious, and a number of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] were aware of the East India Company's activities and of their free administration of [[Company rule in India|India under Company rule]].<ref name=i>{{cite web |author= |url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/saltires-and-stars-stripes/ |title=Saltires and Stars & Stripes |work=The Economic Times |date=2014-09-22 |accessdate=2017-05-23 |archive-date=2017-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501014202/http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/saltires-and-stars-stripes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== United Kingdom ==
In 1801, following the unification of Great Britain and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] into the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], the [[Union Flag]] was changed to incorporate [[Saint Patrick's Saltire]]. Accordingly, the flag of the East India Company was updated to display the new flag in the canton.<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul |last=Van Dyke |title=Images of the Canton Factories 1760–1822: Reading History in Art |page=69 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-9888208555}}</ref>

In 1858, the British government passed the [[Government of India Act 1858|Government of India Act]], [[Nationalisation|nationalising]] the East India Company and taking over all of their possessions within India, where they would be considered legally a part of the [[British Raj]]. [[Company rule in India]] thus ended, and the Company flag ceased to have official status.<ref>{{cite web |first=A.B. |last=Keith |url=http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Political_History/ABKeithDoc028.htm |title=A Constitutional History Of India 1600–1935 |publisher=San Diego State University |via=Wayback Machine |accessdate=2017-05-23 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820032456/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Political_History/ABKeithDoc028.htm |archivedate=2008-08-20 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:British East India Company Flag from Downman.jpg|Downman (1685)
File:British East India Company Flag from Lens.jpg|Lens (1700)
File:British East India Company Flag from Rees.jpg|Rees (1820)
File:British East India Company Flag from Laurie.jpg|Laurie (1842)
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories]]
*[[Star of India (flag)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Union Flag|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|British Empire|Business|Heraldry|Modern history}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:East India Company, Flag Of The}}
[[Category:1858 disestablishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]
[[Category:Flags of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Flags with cantons]]
[[Category:Flags that incorporate the Union Jack]]
[[Category:Flags with blue, red and white]]
[[Category:Historical flags]]

Darr Sabko Lagta Hai

2025-11-25T05:49:10Z

MalissaHardaway: done

{{Short description|Indian horror series}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Darr-Sabko-Lagta-Hai-&TV-Card.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Horror Fiction
| presenter = [[Bipasha Basu]] (Season 1)
| creator = Raj DK
| director = {{unbulleted list|Mahesh Nair|[[Soumik Sen]]|[[Chandra Pemmaraju]]|[[Suparn Verma]]|Faizal Akhtar|Devatma Mandal|Sarthak Dasgupta|Wilson Louis|Prashant Singh|Rakesh Ranshinge|Mayank Sharma|[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] (Season 2)}}
| writer = {{unbulleted list|Manish Tiwari|[[Chandra Pemmaraju]]|Srinivas Abrol}}
| creative_director = {{unbulleted list|Ronita Mishra|Aman Bevli}}
| theme_music_composer = Mahesh Shankar Sandeep Chauta
| opentheme =
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = <onlyinclude>49</onlyinclude> 
| list_episodes = List of Darr Sabko Lagta Hai episodes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = {{unbulleted list|Vinay Sinha|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]|Priti Sinha|Namrata Oberoi}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| cinematography = Prakash Kutty
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 45 minutes approx.
| company = Reel Life Entertainment
| channel = [[&TV]]
| related =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|10|31}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|4|17}}
}}

'''''Darr Sabko Lagta Hai''''' (Hindi: डर सबको लगता है, English: Everybody feels fear) is an Indian anthology horror fiction television series, which premiered on 31 October 2015 and was broadcast on [[&TV]]. The series aired on every Saturday and Sunday nights. The series was produced by Reel Life Entertainment. Ending on 17 April 2016, two seasons of the series have been successfully aired. [[Bipasha Basu]] hosted the first season of the series.<ref name="Bipasha to bring horror on TV">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bollywood-celebs-youll-see-on-TV-in-2015/photostory/49149758.cms|title=Bipasha to bring horror on TV|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Everything is over exhausted in India except horror: Bipasha Basu">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/everything-is-over-exhausted-in-india-except-horror-bipasha-basu/|title=Everything is over exhausted in India except horror: Bipasha Basu|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 October 2015|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref>

Different directors helmed different episodes of the first season, including [[Soumik Sen]], [[Chandra Pemmaraju]], Suparn Verma, Siraj Kalla, Faizal Akhtar, Devatma Mandal, Sarthak Dasgupta, Wilson Louis, Prashant Singh, Rakesh Ranshinge and Mayank Sharma. [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] directed the second season.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tigmanshu-dhulia-to-work-on-darr-sabko-lagta-hai-2/|title=Tigmanshu Dhulia to work on 'Darr… Sabko Lagta Hai 2'|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 January 2016|accessdate=6 March 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
The series is a [[supernatural fiction]], which focuses on a different aspects of paranormal activity, such as ghosts, zombies, phantoms, undead persons, possessed objects, witches and wizards. The series aired on every Saturday and Sunday nights and telecasted two new fresh stories every week.<ref name="Bipasha Basu not to be part of &TV's Darr Sabko Lagta Hai Season 2">{{cite news|url=https://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bipasha-basu-not-to-be-part-of-darr-sabko-lagta-hai-season-2/1/577877.html|title=Bipasha Basu not to be part of &TV's Darr Sabko Lagta Hai Season 2|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=23 January 2016|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

==Cast==
Each story had a different star cast. Sometimes the actors/actresses who had appeared in some episodes of the series reappeared in other episodes of the series. Various popular TV actors have appeared like Shahab Khan, [[Vipul Gupta]], [[Ishita Ganguly]], [[Sarika]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/In-Out-TV-celebs-onboard-quit-or-kicked-out/photostory/49936205.cms|title=National Award winning actress Sarika in &TV's 'Darr Sabko Lagta Hai'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 November 2015|accessdate=6 March 2016}}</ref> [[Sachin Shroff]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Uniqueness-of-Darr-Sabko-Lagta-Hai-tempted-Sachin-Shroff/articleshow/50063050.cms|title=Uniqueness of 'Darr Sabko Lagta Hai' tempted Sachin Shroff|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 December 2015|accessdate=6 March 2016}}</ref> [[Kamya Panjabi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kamya-Punjabi-to-star-in-Darr-Sabko-Lagta-Hai/articleshow/50501214.cms|title=Kamya Punjabi to star in 'Darr Sabko Lagta Hai'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 January 2016|accessdate=6 March 2016}}</ref> [[Hiten Tejwani]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Hiten-Tejwani-in-Darr-Sabko-Lagta-Hai/articleshow/50868028.cms|title=Hiten Tejwani in Darr Sabko Lagta Hai|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 February 2016|accessdate=6 March 2016}}</ref> [[Kishori Shahane]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Darr-Sabko-Lagta-Hai-an-unforgettable-experience-Kishori-Shahane/articleshow/51455754.cms|title='Darr Sabko Lagta Hai' an unforgettable experience: Kishori Shahane|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 March 2016|accessdate=19 March 2016}}</ref> and [[Mohit Abrol]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mohit-Abrol-to-be-seen-in-Darr-Sabko-Lagta-Hai/articleshow/51863457.cms|title=Mohit Abrol to be seen in 'Darr Sabko Lagta Hai'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 April 2016|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref>

==Series overview==
<onlyinclude>{{Series overview
| color1 = #D09916
| link1 = <includeonly>List of Darr Sabko Lagta Hai episodes</includeonly>#Season 1 (2015-2016)
| episodes1 = 26
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|31}}
| end1 = {{End date|df=yes|2016|1|24}}

| color2 = #295354
| link2 = <includeonly>List of Darr Sabko Lagta Hai episodes</includeonly>#Season 2 (2016)
| episodes2 = 23
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|1|30}}<ref name="Bipasha Basu not to be part of &TV's Darr Sabko Lagta Hai Season 2"/>
| end2 = {{End date|df=yes|2016|4|17}}
}}</onlyinclude>

With a total run of 26 episodes, the first season of the series ended on 24 January 2016. The first season was hosted by [[Bipasha Basu]].<ref name="Bipasha to bring horror on TV"/><ref name="Everything is over exhausted in India except horror: Bipasha Basu"/> The series was renewed for a second season and was aired on 30 January 2016. The host Bipasha Basu was no longer seen in the second season. The format of the series had been changed too. The show now focused more on haunting visuals.<ref name="Bipasha Basu not to be part of &TV's Darr Sabko Lagta Hai Season 2"/>

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Darr Sabko Lagta Hai episodes}}

==Reception==
The series received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Kiran Kaur of ''Bollywood Life'' gave 3/5 stars to the series stating "The show is definitely a good attempt but has its flaws which are salvageable."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/darr-sabko-lagta-hai-tv-review-bipasha-basus-show-may-not-be-scary-but-will-survive-on-the-brilliant-storytelling/|title=Darr Sabko Lagta Hai TV Review: Bipasha Basu's show may not be scary but will survive on the brilliant storytelling|work=Bollywood Life|date=1 November 2015|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2016}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5680206}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/darr-sabko-lagta-hai/0-6-373 Official Website] on [[ZEE5]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darr Sabko Lagta Hai}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:&TV original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]

Kishor Singh

2025-11-13T21:37:31Z

MalissaHardaway: Made New Bio First Draft

{{short description|Raja of Panna (1798–1834)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]]
| reign = {{circa|1798}} – {{circa|1834}}
| predecessor = [[Dhokal Singh]]
| successor = [[Harbans Rai]]
| death_date = {{circa|1834}}
| full name = Kishor Singh Ju Deo
| house = [[Panna State|Panna]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
}}
'''Kishor Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1798 until his death in 1834.
== Biography ==
Following the death of [[Dhokal Singh]] in 1798, he succeeded him on the throne of [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=140–141}}</ref> However, his rule was nominal, as he was actually in exile.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_Panna/ok9DAAAAYAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh: Panna |date=1994 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> It was not until the arrival of the British in [[Bundelkhand]] that they reinstated him and confirmed his possessions by granting him sanads in 1807 and 1811.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_collection_of_treaties_engagements_and/fTK25ExhPzUC |title=A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighbouring countries, compiled by C.U. Aitchison, revised and continued by A.C. Talbot. [With] An index, compiled by M. Belletty. revised |date=1892 |pages=16–17,110–120 |language=en}}</ref> The sanad of 1807 was granted to him when, through his minister, Rajdhar Gaj Singh, he acknowledged British supremacy on 4 February 1807.<ref name=":1" /> By this sanad, he was confirmed in possession of 802 villages and three [[Pargana|parganas]].<ref name=":1" /> However, many of these villages were occupied by others who were unwilling to relinquish them.<ref name=":1" /> With the aid of the British Government, he not only recovered those villages but also many others not listed in the sanad.<ref name=":1" /> As a result, the British government issued a new sanad confirming his perpetual possession of a total of 1,363 villages.<ref name=":1" />

Throughout his reign, the British continued interfering in the affairs of his state on account of his oppressive government.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Central_Indian_Agency/icwkAQAAIAAJ |title=Central Indian Agency |date=1909 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=18–19 |language=en}}</ref> In 1823, he entrusted the management of his dominions to Kunwar Pratap Singh of [[Chhatarpur State|Chhatarpur]] for four years.<ref name=":2" /> However, before the four years had passed, and as his conduct remained the same, the British Government intervened, deposed him, and expelled him from Panna.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=606 |language=en}}</ref> His son, [[Harbans Rai]], was then appointed as regent to administer state affairs.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

He died in 1834 and was succeeded by [[Harbans Rai]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosha |first=Lokanātha |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Modern_History_of_the_Indian_Chiefs/WJYiSQ6zw9EC? |title=The Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajas, Zamindars, & C: The native states |date=1881 |publisher=J.N. Ghose |pages=138–139 |language=en}}</ref> On the occasion of his death, two of his wives committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]].<ref name=":4" />

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Panna]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Gulgam

2025-10-14T17:52:54Z

MalissaHardaway: created

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gulgam
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.4711|74.1378|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9679
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |title=THE JAMMU AND KASHMIR OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT, 2020 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |website=The Gazette of India |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128235613/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=21 August 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193222<ref>{{cite web |title=GULGAM Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/jammu-and-kashmir/kupwara/gulgam-pincode-193222.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>
| registration_plate = JK-09
| website =
| footnotes =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ur
| area_total_ha = 551.6
}}
'''Gulgam''' is a village in [[Kupwara district]], and the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sahni |first=Sati |title=Kashmir underground |year=1999 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0637-2 |pages=248 |language=English}}</ref> The village is {{cvt|6|km}} away from [[Kupwara]]. There are 119 scheduled tribes persons of which 55 are females and 64 are males. Females constitute 46.22% and males constitute 53.78% of the scheduled tribes population. Scheduled tribes constitute 1.23% of the total population.

Population density of Gulgam is 1754.71 persons per square kilometer.

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Gulgam village has a total population of 9,679 people including 4,944 males and 4,735 females. The literacy rate of the village is 49.40%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Jammu and Kashmir - District Kupwara - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6192/download/9269/DDW_PCA0101_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821205233/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6192/download/9269/DDW_PCA0101_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date= 21 August 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref> Male literate population is 2773, while female literate population is 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulgam |url=https://indiadowntown.com/kupwara-district/gulgam/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=indiadowntown.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Kupwara district]]
[[Category:Villages in Kupwara district]]

Medical support in the Korean War

2025-10-14T16:38:18Z

MalissaHardaway: minor adjusted content for accuracy and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2024}}

During the [[Korean War]], six countries—[[Sweden]], [[India]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], and [[West Germany]]—provided medical support to [[First Republic of Korea|South Korea]] and the [[United Nations Forces in the Korean War|United Nations Forces]]. They provided a range of medical services, including the provision of mobile field hospitals; medical professionals, including doctors and nurses; hospital beds; equipment; and ambulances.<ref>The source of statistics in this article is the official book about Korean War statistics published by [[Ministry of National Defense (South Korea)|South Korean Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History]] in June 2014.</ref> Some of these personnel were killed during the conflict, though they were not combatants against [[North Korea]] and the [[China|People's Republic of China]].

== Countries ==

=== Sweden ===
[[File:Korean war monument of Sweden in Busan.jpg|180px|thumbnail|right|Monument to the Swedish medical aid effort in [[Busan]], 2009]]
[[File:Swedish Red Cross Field Hospital Korea 1950 AMA.0010239.jpg|left|thumb|The Swedish Red Cross Field Hospital in [[Busan]], 1950]]
The Swedish Red Cross Field Hospital was established by the Swedish mission sent to Korea to deal with the humanitarian crisis. Following the North Korean invasion, the UN Security Council adopted a resolution asking all UN member states to support South Korea. The Swedish government responded on 14 July 1950, by authorizing the dispatch of a 200-bed mobile field hospital. {{cn|date=September 2023}} Shortly before his death, [[Gustaf V of Sweden|King Gustaf V]] announced that the Swedish state would cover the hospital's expenses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/scandinavia/pusan.html |title=WHKMLA : Sweden's Contribution during the Korean War |publisher=Zum.de |access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> The Swedish Red Cross Field Hospital personnel arrived in Korea on 23 September 1950, and began medical support on 25 September 1950.{{cn|date=September 2023}} Deciding that a stationary 400-bed Evacuation Hospital would be more valuable than the smaller but more mobile [[field hospital]], which opened at the beginning of October, the Swedish hospital was converted and moved to the compound of the ''Commercial Middle School'' in [[Pusan]], where it remained until 1958.{{cn|date=September 2023}}The hospital was expanded to 600 beds by the end of the war, staffed by 174 Swedish doctors and nurses at any one time, all belonging to the [[Swedish Red Cross]].{{cn|date=September 2023}} Among its patients was the [[ROK Army]] Major {{ill|Park Chung-in|ko|박정인 (군인)}}.<ref>[http://www.economytalk.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=130654 朴定仁(박정인,88세 백골사단장 별세] 골수반공 야전형 일생]</ref>

After the [[Korean Armistice Agreement|ceasefire]] in July 1953, the institute changed its name to 'Swedish Hospital in Pusan'. The hospital stayed comparatively unchanged as a civilian hospital until it was closed in March 1957. The closing ceremony was held on 20 March 1957, and personnel left soon afterwards.<ref name="고마운瑞典病院서전병원의功績공적">{{Cite web|url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1957032200239101024&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1957-03-22&officeId=00023&pageNo=1&printNo=10728&publishType=00010|title=네이버 뉴스 라이브러리|website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref><ref name="瑞典赤十字病院서전적십자병원을 感謝감사로써보낸다">{{Cite web|url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1957032200329201005&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1957-03-22&officeId=00032&pageNo=1&printNo=3556&publishType=00020|title=네이버 뉴스 라이브러리|website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1957031900239203013&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1957-03-19&officeId=00023&pageNo=3&printNo=10725&publishType=00020|title=네이버 뉴스 라이브러리|website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref> A small advisory group from Sweden stayed in Korea to advise on medical practices until autumn 1958. Over the duration of the conflict, 1,124 Swedish men and women served in the Swedish hospital, and 19,100 United Nations and 2,400 Korean personnel were treated by Swedish doctors. {{cn|date=September 2023}} At the closing ceremony, the hospital received the [[Presidential Unit Citation (South Korea)|Republic of Korea Presidential Citation]]. Some personnel received the Korean [[Order of Military Merit (South Korea)|Order of Military Merit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanghun.go.kr/nation/participation/sangopen/sangInfoOpen.do|title=대한민국 상훈 > 정보공개 · 민원 > 상훈기록 공개|website=www.sanghun.go.kr}}</ref>

Because of Sweden's reputation for neutrality during the major 20th century conflicts ([[World War I|First World]], [[World War II|Second World]] and [[Korean War]]s), Sweden was included as one of the four founding members of the [[Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission]]. Several Swedish military personnel served in Korea enforcing the [[Panmunjom]] armistice. Sweden was the first Western European country to establish diplomatic relations and an embassy in North Korea.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-sweden/it-never-got-paid-for-the-volvos-but-could-sweden-mediate-with-north-korea-idUSKBN1AR1ST|title=It never got paid for the Volvos, but could Sweden mediate with...|last=Johnson|first=Simon|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== India ===
[[File:IndiansoldiersKorea1953.jpg|thumb|Indian troops on the [[USS Point Cruz|USS ''Point Cruz'']] preparing to be flown by helicopter to the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]], 7 September 1953]]
[[File:1951koreaindiaunemblem500won.jpg|thumb|South Korean stamp commemorating the role of India's 60th PFA, 1951]]

After the outbreak of the [[Korean War]] on 25 June 1950, India decided to provide a [[Field ambulance|medical unit]]. The 60th Parachute Field Ambulance (60th PFA), commanded by Lieutenant Colonel [[A. G. Rangaraj]], arrived on 20 November 1950 and began to operate on 6 December 1950 at the [[Pyongyang]] front. The main unit was attached to the [[27th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|British 27th Infantry Brigade]] and the [[1st Commonwealth Division]] and provided medical support at the front, while the detachment served in the hospital at [[Daegu]], providing services to the [[United Nations Forces in the Korean War|UN Forces]], [[ROK Army|South Korean Army]], and Korean civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/023/0003771141?sid=103|title=[윤희영의 News English] 6·25 부상병 20만 명 치료한 인도軍 군의관|website=n.news.naver.com}}</ref> Around 20,000 soldiers and civilians were treated from November 1950 to February 1954.<ref>[https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html The Statistics of the Korean War, 391 Page - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (E-BOOK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709114538/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html |date=2023-07-09 }} {{in lang|ko}}</ref><ref>[https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf The Statistics of the Korean War, 391 Page - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111004201/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf |date=2021-01-11 }} {{in lang|ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Sanjay |title=Exhibition showcases Indian chapter in Korean War |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220307000928 |access-date=2 April 2022 |publisher=The Korea Herald |date=7 March 2022}}</ref>

After [[Operation Tomahawk]] on 21 March 1951, for which the 60th PFA was attached to the [[187th Infantry Regiment (United States)|187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team]], two members of the unit were awarded with the [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s, while the 60th PFA was awarded the President's Trophy on 10 March 1955.

Indian Army officer—Colonel M. K..Unni Nayar, part of the [[United Nations|United Nations Korea Committee]], died on 12 August 1950 when he was killed in a mine accident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0004536992?sid=102|title=잊혀진 한 인도군 장교의 죽음|website=n.news.naver.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kukinews.com/article/view/kuk201806270293|title=68년 만에 6·25전쟁 전사자 명비에 오르는 인도인 장교|date=27 June 2018|website=쿠키뉴스}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.busan.com/print/index.php?code=20160826000084|title=부산일보|website=www.busan.com}}</ref> He was buried in [[Daegu]], and his wife was interred in the same grave in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ncms.nculture.org/korean-war/story/4125|title=유엔한국위원단 인도 대표 나야 대령 기념비|website=ncms.nculture.org}}</ref> A memorial to him in [[Suseong District]], Daegu was unveiled on 7 December 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.naver.com/suseongblog/223126801603|title=수성구청 블로그 : 네이버 블로그|website=blog.naver.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://suseong.kr/index.do|title=나야대령 기념비|website=suseong.kr}}</ref>

=== Denmark ===
[[File:MS Jutlandia stone.JPG|thumb|Memorial of ''[[MS Jutlandia]]'' in [[Copenhagen]], 2009]]
{{Main article|MS Jutlandia#Korean War}}
Denmark supplied the ''[[MS Jutlandia]]'' under the [[Danish Red Cross]] for the duration of the war.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

=== Norway ===
[[File:2016 NORMASH.jpg|thumb|Memorial of NORMASH in [[Oslo]], 2016]]
[[File:NORMASH nurse Korea.jpg|thumb|A Norwegian nurse tending to a Canadian soldier in [[First Republic of Korea|South Korea]], {{Circa|1951}}]]

Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (NORMASH) was the Norwegian [[field hospital]] participating in the [[Korean War]] from 1951 to 1954 under [[United Nations Command]]. On 29 December 1950, the [[Norwegian Red Cross]] received a request to establish a hospital in Korea. During the first days of 1951 a plan was drafted for a field hospital based on the American [[Mobile Army Surgical Hospital]] (MASH) with 60 beds and a staff of 83. On 2 March the [[Parliament of Norway|Norwegian Parliament]] approved the plan. The first group of personnel left Norway on 16 May, and was followed by the second group on 23 May. The route from [[Stavanger]] to [[Tokyo]] ran via [[Munich]], [[Nice]], [[Naples]], [[Beirut]], [[Cairo]], [[Karachi]], [[Calcutta]], [[Bangkok]] and [[Hong Kong]]. From Tokyo the personnel were transported to Seoul by military transport aircraft. They arrived in South Korea on 22 June and NORMASH was first established at [[Uijongbu]], approximately 12 miles north of Seoul, on 19 July.

The hospital consisted of both [[Nissen hut]]s and tents and had a surgery with four operating tables. The hospital was later moved to [[Tongduchon]] about 40 miles north of Seoul, and was moved a third time to its final location a few miles further north. In total, NORMASH treated 90,000 patients, of which the largest groups were the U.S. (36%), South Korea (33%) and the various British and Commonwealth troops (27%). The unit also treated 172 North Korean and Chinese POWs. NORMASH performed on average eight surgeries per day. In the fall of 1951 it was decided to increase the personnel from 83 to 105, and on 26 October the decision was made to maintain the hospital as an [[army hospital]] for the duration of the UN operation in Korea.

With the signing of the [[s:Korean Armistice Agreement|Armistice Agreement]] on 27 July 1953, the hospital stopped receiving wounded soldiers, but continued to treat substantial number of Korean civilians. Though an [[armistice]] was in effect, the stability in the region was questionable, and the hospital was kept at the ready in case of a breaking of the [[ceasefire]]. In the fall of 1953 NORMASH was the only hospital for four divisions in the 1st Army Corps. The hospital was kept while awaiting the establishment of a Scandinavian training hospital in Seoul,<ref name="NMC">{{cite web |url=http://www.norway.or.kr/News_and_events/koreanorway/medical/medicalcenter/ |title=National Medical Center, Seoul |work=norway.or.kr |year=2012 |access-date=24 February 2012 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207023815/http://www.norway.or.kr/News_and_events/koreanorway/medical/medicalcenter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and it was not until 17 October 1954 that the hospital received orders to return to Norway. Four days later the last patient was released, and on 10 November all equipment was returned to the US Army.

In total 623 men and women served in NORMASH over seven contingents, two of which were after the Armistice. The hospital lost two personnel; driver Arne Christiansen was shot and killed in 1952, and laboratory technician Brit Reisæther was killed in a car accident in 1954. NORMASH twice received the [[Meritorious Unit Commendation|United States Meritorious Unit Commendation]] and the [[Presidential Unit Citation (South Korea)|Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]] (6 October 1952, 23 November 1953). All personnel also received the [[Norwegian Korea Medal]], and were visited by [[Marilyn Monroe]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

=== Italy ===
The 68th Italian Red Cross Hospital (L’OSPEDALE Croce Rossa Italiana N°68) was an Italian field hospital in the Korean War.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cri.it/2016/06/16/gli-italiani-nella-guerra-di-corea-lospedale-cri-n68/|title=Gli Italiani nella Guerra di Corea – L’Ospedale CRI n°68 – Croce Rossa Italiana|date=16 June 2016}}</ref> After the outbreak of war on 25 June 1950, Italy dispatched the medical unit to Korea to aid the humanitarian disaster, even though Italy was not a member of the [[United Nations]] until 1955.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.korean-war.com/italianRChospital.html |title=Italian Red Cross Hospital |access-date=2012-06-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822103003/http://www.korean-war.com/italianRChospital.html |archive-date=2012-08-22 }}</ref>

The [[Italian Red Cross]] supported this hospital with personnel from the Military Corps (''Corpo Militare della Croce Rossa Italiana'') and the Volunteer Nurses Corps (''Corpo delle Infermiere Volontarie della Croce Rossa Italiana''). The hospital staff left [[Napoli]] on 16 October, and arrived in [[Busan]] on 16 November; the hospital opened on 6 December at the [[:ko:서울우신초등학교|Usin Elementary School facility]] in [[Yeongdeungpo District]], [[Seoul]]. On 30 December 1952, a suspected [[communist]] arsonist lit a fire in the hospital, destroying it. A new hospital was built by 23 February 1953. On 30 December 1954, the hospital was transferred to the South Korean Government,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1954123100209202013&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1954-12-31&officeId=00020&pageNo=2&printNo=9801&publishType=00020|title=네이버 뉴스 라이브러리|website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref> and three days later the hospital staff left for Italy.

The hospital twice received the [[Presidential Unit Citation (South Korea)|Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1954123000239102020&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1954-12-30&officeId=00023&pageNo=2&printNo=9917&publishType=00010|title=네이버 뉴스 라이브러리|website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref> On 2 June 1989, Graziella Simbolotti, ambassador of Italy to South Korea, installed a memorial at Usin School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.konas.net/article/article.asp?idx=57592|title=「참전기념 시설물 소개」 ⑳ 이탈리아 의무부대 6.25전쟁 참전기념비|website=www.konas.net}}</ref>

=== West Germany ===
On 7 April 1953, [[Chancellor of Germany]] [[Konrad Adenauer|Adenauer]] visited the United States and met President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]], where he proposed that West Germany offer medical support. Two parties of medical personnel left Germany for Korea in January and February 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1954013000209202013&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1954-01-30&officeId=00020&pageNo=2&printNo=9472&publishType=00020|title=네이버 뉴스 라이브러리|website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1954021000239101006&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1954-02-10&officeId=00023&pageNo=1&printNo=9594&publishType=00010|title=네이버 뉴스 라이브러리|website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref> The hospital opened on 17 May in [[Busan]] with 80 personnel<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1954051900239102020&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1954-05-19&officeId=00023&pageNo=2&printNo=9692&publishType=00010|title=네이버 뉴스 라이브러리|website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2010/10/05/socialAffairs/The-Germans-who-healed-Koreans/2926815.html|title=The Germans who healed Koreans|date=5 October 2010|website=koreajoongangdaily.joins.com}}</ref> and closed nearly five years later on 14 March 1959, with a total of 200 Germans having treated about 2,400,000 civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1959031500329203006&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1959-03-15&officeId=00032&pageNo=3&printNo=4278&publishType=00020|title=네이버 뉴스 라이브러리|website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

President [[Moon Jae-in]] visited Germany in July 2017 where he met the surviving staff member, Karl Hauser, and the others' descendants, acknowledging their contributions; Hauser was awarded the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of South Korea#Commendations|Republic of Korea Presidential Citation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/policies/view?articleId=147689|title=President Moon meets with German medical personnel : Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea|first=Korean Culture and Information|last=Service (KOCIS)|website=www.korea.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/056/0010477328?sid=100|title=文대통령, 한국 파견 獨 의료지원단에 “영원히 감사”|website=n.news.naver.com}}</ref> The former staff of the hospital and their descendants visited South Korea in November 2017;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/021/0002332615?sid=100|title=6·25 獨 의료지원단 중 ‘유일 생존자’ 칼 하우저 來韓|website=n.news.naver.com}}</ref> the South Korean Government acknowledged Germany's support in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.naver.com/mnd9090/221308437146|title=국방부 블로그 : 네이버 블로그|website=blog.naver.com}}</ref> A memorial dedicated to their service, located in [[Seo District, Busan|Seo District]], [[Busan]], was erected in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unpm.or.kr/un2022/sub.php?&MenuID=126&bCode=X8&cate=&st=&ss=&gotoPage=5&mode=view&bo_no=56|title=UN평화기념관 방문을 환영합니다. 국내 페이지 입니다.|website=www.unpm.or.kr}}</ref>

== Memorials ==
On 20 September 1976, the Medical Support Corps Participation Monument was unveiled in [[Yeongdo District]], [[Busan]], commemorating the medical support provided by Sweden, India, Denmark, Norway, and Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unpm.or.kr/un2022/sub.php?&MenuID=126&bCode=X8&cate=&st=sisul&ss=%EF%BF%BD%EB%B8%A3%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD&gotoPage=1&mode=view&bo_no=61|title=UN평화기념관 방문을 환영합니다. 국내 페이지 입니다.|website=www.unpm.or.kr}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[United Nations Command]]
** [[United Nations Forces in the Korean War]]
* [[United Nations Memorial Cemetery]], the burial site of 2,300 United Nations Command personnel who died during the Korean War

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.unpm.or.kr/un2022/main.php United Nations Peace Memorial Hall]

{{Korean War}}

[[Category:Medical support in the Korean War|*]]

Rathore

2025-09-22T17:57:56Z

MalissaHardaway: small edit

{{wikt|Rathore|Rathod|hi:राठौर}}
'''Rathore''' or '''Rathod''' may refer
* [[Rathore dynasty]], a dynasty of India
* [[Rathore (Rajput clan)]], a clan of Rajput caste
* [[Rathore (surname)]], an Indian surname
* [[Rathod (surname)]], an Indian surname

==See also==
* [[Rath (disambiguation)]]
* [[Rather (disambiguation)]]
* [[Rathodia]], a Hindu caste in Gujarat, India

{{disambiguation}}

1996–2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections

2025-09-20T15:10:44Z

MalissaHardaway: Made Initial Entry and Citations - done

{{Short description|Indian State Assembly election}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 1996-2000
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = yes
| previous_election = Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 1991-96
| previous_year = 1991-96
| next_election = 2001–06 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections
| next_year = 2001-06
| election_date = 8 February 1997 and 22 February 1998, 5 and 11 September 1999 and 17 February 2000
| seats_for_election = 8 vacant seats in the [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M. Karunanidhi .jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=J Jayalalithaa.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance1 = DMK Alliance
| leaders_seat1 = [[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
| seats1 = 6
| seat_change1 = -
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| leader2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| leaders_seat2 = ''did not stand''
| party2 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| alliance2 = AIADMK alliance
| seats2 = 1
| seat_change2 = -
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| image3 =
| leader3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| party3 =
| alliance3 =
| seats3 =
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| before_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| after_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
}}
'''By-elections''' to [[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]] and [[Thiruvattar Assembly constituency|Thiruvattar]] constituencies were held in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], on 5 and 11 September 1999 respectively. Elections for three state assembly constituencies, [[Nellikuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikuppam]], [[Tiruchirappalli - II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli - II]] and [[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]] were held on 17 February 2000.

In the first phase, TMC lost a seat to AIADMK and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) lost a seat to [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI (M)). In the second phase, AIADMK splinter party MADMK, was able to pick up a seat from AIADMK and DMK was able to hold on to its seats.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#FF9900; color:white"|DMK+
! style="background-color:#FF9900; color:white"|SEATS
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|ADMK+
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|SEATS
! style="background-color:blue; color:white"|TMC+
! style="background-color:blue; color:white"|SEATS
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|OTHERS
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|SEATS
|----
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|172 (-1)
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|4
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC]]
|38 (-1)
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|8
|----
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|4
|
|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|2 (+1)
|----
|[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MADMK]]
|1 (+1)
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|0
|
|
|[[Forward Bloc|FBL]]
|1
|----
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|0
|
|
|
|
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|1
|----
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|1
|----
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|1
|----
| bgcolor=#FFF3E1|TOTAL (2000)
| bgcolor=#FFF3E1|174
| bgcolor=#E6FFE6|TOTAL (2000)
| bgcolor=#E6FFE6|8
| bgcolor=white|TOTAL (2000)
| bgcolor=white|38
| bgcolor=gray|TOTAL (2000)
| bgcolor=gray|14
|----
| bgcolor=#FFF3E1|TOTAL (1996)
| bgcolor=#FFF3E1|221
| bgcolor=#E6FFE6|TOTAL (1996)
| bgcolor=#E6FFE6|8
| bgcolor=white|TOTAL (1996)
| bgcolor=white|n/a
| bgcolor=gray|TOTAL (1996)
| bgcolor=gray|5
|}
* The number on the left, in the table, represents the total number of MLAs after the by-election, and the number in parentheses represents the seats picked up or lost due to the by-election
* The numbers presented for 1996, represents, the alliance, when the TMC and the left allied with the DMK.

==Constituents and results==
Source: Election Commission of India<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/ByeSept1999/index.htm|title=1999 by-elections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/ByeFeb2000/index.htm|title=2000 by-elections}}</ref>
===Pudukottai===
{{Election box begin | title=Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 1997/98: Pudukottai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = P. Mari Ayya
|votes = 57,769
|percentage = 40.0%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Chelladurai
|votes = 45,745
|percentage = 31.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = V.N. Mani
|votes = 13,504
|percentage = 9.3%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = V.O.S. Panneerselvam
|votes = 12,892
|percentage = 8.9%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = markxist
|candidate = P. Kumaravel
|votes = 5,133
|percentage = 3.6%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,024
|percentage = 8.3%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 144,523
|percentage = 66.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Coonoor===
{{Election box begin | title=Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 1997/98: Coonoor}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = M. Ranganathan
|votes = 47,850
|percentage = 48.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Karuppusamy
|votes = 37,945
|percentage = 38.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = P. Arumugam
|votes = 7,189
|percentage = 7.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = G. Guruswami Siddhan
|votes = 1,144
|percentage = 1.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,905
|percentage = 10.0%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 99,348
|percentage = 58.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Aruppukottai===
{{Election box begin | title=Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 1997/98: Aruppukottai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Thangam Thenarasu]]
|votes = 40,223
|percentage = 36.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = V.S. Panchavarnam
|votes = 38,272
|percentage = 89.40

|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Puthiya Tamilagam
|candidate = P.T. Manickam
|votes = 12,484
|percentage = 11.3%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K. Palaniswamy
|votes = 9,525
|percentage = 8.6%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. Chandran
|votes = 1,329
|percentage = 1.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,951
|percentage = 1.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 110,183
|percentage = 65.9%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
1. [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/bye_election.asp ECI By-election page]

===Natham===
{{Election box begin | title=Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 1999/2000: Natham}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Natham R. Viswanathan|R. Viswanathan]]
|votes = 38,764
|percentage = 34.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[P. Chellam]]
|votes = 31,220
|percentage = 27.6%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Tamil Maanila Congress
|candidate = [[M. Andi Ambalam]]
|votes = 28,465
|percentage = 25.1%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[S.R. Balasubramanian]]
|votes = 14,168
|percentage = 12.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,544
|percentage = 8.3%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 113,233
|percentage = 62.0%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Tamil Maanila Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Thiruvattar===
Source: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/sessions/resumes/13_08.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 December 2009 |archive-date=5 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105101057/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/sessions/resumes/13_08.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 1999/2000: Thiruvattar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[J. Hemachandran]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Dr. J. Pushpaleela
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Tamil Maanila Congress
|candidate = S. Philomin Dhas
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C. Stanley Babu Raj
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Nellikuppam===
{{Election box begin | title=Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 1999/2000: Nellikuppam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = V.C. Shanmugam
|votes = 62,256
|percentage = 56.1%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = M. Velayutham
|votes = 47,367
|percentage = 42.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Puthiya Tamilagam
|candidate = Selvarasu
|votes = 900
|percentage = 0.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,889
|percentage = 13.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 112,123
|percentage = 65.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Tiruchirappalli - II===
{{Election box begin | title=Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 1999/2000: Tiruchirappalli - II}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Anbil Periyasamy]]
|votes = 60,990
|percentage = 57.9%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = T. Rathinavel
|votes = 41,330
|percentage = 39.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Puthiya Tamilagam
|candidate = M. Ramesh
|votes = 1,283
|percentage = 1.22%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,660
|percentage = 18.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 105,338
|percentage = 47.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Arantangi===
{{Election box begin | title=Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 1999/2000: Arantangi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = C. Anbarasan
|votes = 71,491
|percentage = 53.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Raja Paramasivam
|votes = 44,733
|percentage = 33.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Puthiya Tamilagam
|candidate = M. Jesuraj
|votes = 8,211
|percentage = 6.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,758
|percentage = 20.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 134,066
|percentage = 50.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
1. [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/bye_election.asp ECI By-election page]

==References==
<references/>
{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Nadu legislative assembly by-election, 1999-2000}}
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1990s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2000s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:By-elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1999 State Assembly elections in India]]
[[Category:2000 State Assembly elections in India]]

Rajesh Thakur

2025-09-13T22:00:01Z

MalissaHardaway: added article!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Rajesh Thakur''' is an [[Indian politician]] who is the member of [[13th Himachal Pradesh Assembly]] from 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Himachal Pradesh (HP) Rajesh Thakur |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election/candidates/rajesh-thakur-gagret-190551 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> He is winner in [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh(HP) Elections 2017 Constituencies & Candidate List, Himachal Pradesh Election Constituencies Names |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/hp-constituencies-list-2017/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly election results 2017: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2017/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-2017/story/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2017-complete-list-of-winners-live-1109569-2017-12-18 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=India Today |date=18 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GAGRET ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS 2022 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/gagret-assembly-elections-hp-42/ |website=Oneindia}}</ref> in which he got 33,977 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live GAGRET Seat Election Result 2017 in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/himachal-pradesh/gagret-mla-results |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gagret Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gagret-himachal-pradesh-assembly-constituency#2017 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=ResultUniversity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/?do=download&r=8976&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=620bbc3edeb87ba94fd9a40872ebdbfa |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> He is serving as current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[Gagret Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Thakur(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GAGRET(UNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/HimachalPradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=3136 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Thakur - Gagret, Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url=https://akhandapp.in/mla/gagret-927/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Akhand App |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 2 June 1965 in [[Panaji]], [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Member Legislative Assembly |url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/472 |website=Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{HimachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]

Mall of Joy, Thrissur

2025-08-10T16:21:22Z

MalissaHardaway: refine formatting per sources per sources

{{Short description | Shopping mall in Thrissur, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Mall of Joy
| image = Mall of joy thrissur.JPG
| caption =
| location = [[Thrissur, Kerala]], India
| coordinates =
| address = [[Sakthan Thampuran Nagar]], [[Thrissur]]
| opening_date = 5 April 2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Mall of Joy Details|url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport/?Id=67016}}</ref>
| developer =
| architect =
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{convert|200000|sqft|m2}}<ref name='Mall of Joy Thrissur'/>
| parking =
| floors = 4
| website = {{url|www.mallofjoy.com/index.html}}
}}

'''Mall of Joy''' was a shopping mall located in [[Thrissur, Kerala]], India. The mall had a retail floor space of {{cvt|200000|sqft}}.<ref name='Mall of Joy Thrissur'>{{cite web|title=Mall of Joy Thrissur|url=http://www.mallofjoy.com/aboutmall.html|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226014926/http://mallofjoy.com/aboutmall.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/joyalukkas-to-launch-mall-of-joy/article2594827.ece
|title=Joyalukkas to launch ' Mall of Joy'
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/joyalukkas-upbeat-on-expansion/article5244406.ece
|title=Joyalukkas upbeat on expansion
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/joy-alukkas-to-launch-eight-malls/article2596865.ece
|title=Joy Alukkas to launch eight malls
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article239305.ece?service=print
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150237/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article239305.ece?service=print
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=13 April 2014
|title=Seven 'Malls of Joy' to come up in Kerala
|publisher=The New Indian Express
|accessdate=2014-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/joyalukkas-to-expand-outside-south-114011000927_1.html
|title=Joyalukkas to expand outside south
|publisher=Business Standard
|accessdate=2014-04-10}}</ref> It was the first of eight malls proposed by Joy Alukkas Group, with the one at [[Mall of Joy, Kottayam|Kottayam]] being second to start functioning.

==See also==
* [[Sobha City Mall]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Mall of Joy, Thrissur}}
{{Shopping malls in India}}
{{Thrissur}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Thrissur]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2014]]

Manmohan Tudu

2025-06-16T21:26:29Z

MalissaHardaway: edit

{{Short description|Indian politician (1922–2007)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manmohan Tudu
| image = Manmohan Tudu.jpg
| caption = Manmohan Tudu
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|1|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = Chadada Village, [[Udala]] Taluk, [[Mayurbhanj District]], [[Orissa]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| death_date = 2007 (aged 84–85)
| death_place =
|office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
|term_start = 1971
|term_end = 1972<ref>{{cite book|title=The Modern Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhDJv6qg8PQC|accessdate=23 March 2020|year=1986|publisher=Modern Review Office|page=214}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Mahendra Majhi]]
| successor = [[Chandra Mohan Sinha]]
| constituency2 = [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]], [[Odisha]]
| predecessor2 = [[Chandra Mohan Sinha]]
| successor2 = Sidha Lal Murmu
|term_start2 = 1980
|term_end2 = 1984
| party =[[Indian National Congress]]
|otherparty =
|nationality=
| religion =
| spouse = Sita Dei
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2279.htm
}}

'''Manmohan Tudu''' (14 January 1922 – 2007)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2279.htm |access-date=2020-06-14 |title=Members Bioprofile: TUDU, SHRI MAN MOHAN}}</ref> was an [[Indian politician]].

== Career ==
He was served as 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Udala Assembly constituency]]. He was also elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Sabha1984">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glE3AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=23 March 2020|year=1984|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|page=221}}</ref><ref name="Sabha2003">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Indian Parliamentary Companion: Who's who of Members of Lok Sabha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLZVAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=23 March 2020|year=2003|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=616}}</ref>

== Death ==
Tudu died in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=ADDRESS OF HIS EXCELLENCY SHRI RAMESHWAR THAKUR GOVERNOR OF ORISSA |url=https://pa.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-02/21.03.2007-english.pdf |access-date=21 July 2022 |pages=2 |date=21 March 2007}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2279.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tudu, Manmohan}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]

{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}

Udayan Bose

2025-06-10T12:35:13Z

MalissaHardaway: Started New Info

{{Short description|Indian investment banker, financier and business executive (1949-2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Udayan Bose
| birth_name = Udayan Prabhas Bose
| birth_date = 23 April 1949
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = {{dda|2021|1|6|1949|4|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Investment banker|financier|business executive}}
| children = 3
}}

'''Udayan Prabhas Bose''' (23 April 1949 – 6 January 2021) was an Indian investment banker, financier and business executive. Bose was one of India's first prominent [[Investment banking|investment bankers]] and was also the chairman of Lazard India, the Indian subsidiary of the multinational investment bank [[Lazard]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1990, he founded India's first [[private sector]] [[venture capital]] fund.<ref name=":8" /> In 2004, Bose left investment banking and became a [[Investor|financier]], focusing on [[private equity]] [[Investment|investments]], and a [[business executive]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> He was also the chairman of [[Thomas Cook India]].<ref name=":10" /> During his career, Bose was noted for his success in investments and [[Mergers and acquisitions|acquisitions]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He died in 2021.<ref name=":3" />
== Early life and education ==
Udayan Prabhas Bose was born on 23 April 1949 in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Majumdar |first1=Shyamal |last2=Dutta |first2=Kausik |date=19 December 2006 |title=LUNCH WITH BS: Udayan Bose |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-udayan-bose-106121901042_1.html |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115085928/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-udayan-bose-106121901042_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UDAYAN PRABHAS BOSE - 4533 Director Info |url=https://mycorporateinfo.com/director/udayan-prabhas-bose-4533 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=MyCorporateInfo |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117145602/https://mycorporateinfo.com/director/udayan-prabhas-bose-4533 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bose came from a middle class family in Kolkota.<ref name=":0" /> His father was Prabhas Chandra Bose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=PRABHAT DAIRY LIMITED |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/attachdocs/1440137124246.pdf |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Securities and Exchange Board of India |page=160 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129204841/https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/attachdocs/1440137124246.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Bose attended university in [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University, Kolkota]], which was then known as Presidency College, Kolkota.<ref name=":0" /> He graduated with [[British undergraduate degree classification|first-class honours]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pritish Nandy Communications |date=2014 |title=The 21st Annual Report and Accounts 2014 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/532387/5323870314.pdf |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=BSE |page=32 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205055944/https://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/532387/5323870314.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bose also completed a [[Fellow|fellowship]] programme at the [[London Institute of Banking & Finance]] (Chartered Institute of Bankers London) in [[London]], England, after which he attended the Advanced Management Programme at [[Harvard Business School]].<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==

=== Investment banking career ===
Bose began his career, in 1970, by joining the [[investment banking]] division of [[Grindlays Bank]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=2021-01-09 |title=Udayan Bose, pioneer of investment banking in India, dies at 71 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bose-pioneer-of-investment-banking-in-india-dies-at-71/articleshow/80181594.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925213750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bose-pioneer-of-investment-banking-in-india-dies-at-71/articleshow/80181594.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> He rose to become the Regional Director of Grindlays Asia Pacific, after which he joined [[Deutsche Bank]] and became the director of Asia operations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=ET Bureau |date=2021-01-09 |title=Udayan Bose: The affable deal maker of the '90s |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/udayan-bose-the-affable-deal-maker-of-the-90s/articleshow/80178128.cms?from=mdr |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109120422/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/udayan-bose-the-affable-deal-maker-of-the-90s/articleshow/80178128.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> He later became the head of Deuteche Bank's operations in Australia, however in 1984, Bose decided to leave the bank and return to India.<ref name=":2" /> After returning to India in 1984, he founded Credit Capital Finance Corporation, one of India's first investment banks.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvCzAAAAIAAJ |title=Far Eastern Economic Review |publisher=Review Publishing Company Limited |year=1988 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref> Bose formed Credit Capital in a partnership with the multinational investment bank Lazard Brothers, the then United Kingdom operations of [[Lazard]], which created India's first investment banking venture in which a foreign investment bank was a large partner.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naEeAQAAMAAJ |title=Monthly Commentary on Indian Economic Conditions |publisher=Indian Institute of Public Opinion. |year=1984 |page=31 |language=en}}</ref> He was the chairman of the Credit Capital, and eventually, the venture was named Lazard Credit Capital, of which Bose was also chief executive officer (CEO).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uIdAQAAMAAJ |title=Asiamoney |publisher=Euromoney Publications |year=1994 |page=8 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205200551/https://books.google.com/books?id=1uIdAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BSCAL |date=7 April 1997 |title=The Offshore Gambit |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/the-offshore-gambit-197040701070_1.html |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

Bose was involved in various notable deals during his time as chairman and CEO of Lazard Credit Capital. In 1996, Lazard Credit Capital was involved in a takeover battle for Ahmedabad Electricity, which was seen as controversial at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr9IAAAAYAAJ |title=The Economist |date=1996 |publisher=Economist Newspaper Limited |volume=341 |page=32 |language=en}}</ref> In 1997, the company advised [[Bombay Dyeing]] while the company was in the midst one of India's first hostile takeover battles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bullis |first=Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpHDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |title=Selling to India's Consumer Market |date=1997-12-09 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-00809-2 |page=32 |language=en |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205200553/https://books.google.com/books?id=TpHDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1999, Lazard Credit Capital advised the [[Nashik Municipal Corporation]] in a fundraise for infrastructure projects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Yun-hwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukpJI2XlMawC&pg=PA128 |title=Local Government Finance and Bond Markets |publisher=Asian Development Bank |year=2003 |isbn=978-971-561-501-3 |pages=128 |language=en |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205200505/https://books.google.com/books?id=ukpJI2XlMawC&pg=PA128#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Bose also formed India's first private sector [[venture capital]] fund in 1990.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmJXAAAAYAAJ&q=udayan+bose+lazard+india |title=South |date=1990 |publisher=South Publications Limited |page=20 |language=en |issue=111–118 |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205200552/https://books.google.com/books?id=OmJXAAAAYAAJ&q=udayan+bose+lazard+india |url-status=live }}</ref>

Also in 1999, Lazard Brothers increased its share in Lazard Credit Capital and renamed the company Lazard India, and Bose became chairman of Lazard India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wmIC859_mUC |title=Economic Liberalisation and Public Enterprises |last2=Navin |first2=B. |date=2006 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-257-4 |editor-last=Geeta |editor-first=P. |page=84 |language=en |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205200506/https://books.google.com/books?id=8wmIC859_mUC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GegiAQAAMAAJ |title=Business India |date=1999 |publisher=A. H. Advani |language=en |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205200546/https://books.google.com/books?id=GegiAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKdaAAAAYAAJ |title=Business World |publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika Limited |year=2000 |page=54 |language=en}}</ref> In 2000, Bose was appointed as global managing director of Lazard's global operations.<ref name=":5" /> In 2002, Lazard India was a joint venture between Lazard Worldwide and Udayan Bose, with bose sides owning 50% each.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Our Bureau |date=28 August 2002 |title=Lazard India gets new head |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/lazard-india-gets-new-head/cid/870196 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Telegraph India |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123224101/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/lazard-india-gets-new-head/cid/870196 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is active in corporate finance (mergers and acquisitions), privatisation and restructuring. Bose's time as the chairman of Lazard India was notable. He acted as an advisor for various notable deals, which included the [[RPG Group]]'s takeover of [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], organising the joint venture between [[Rediffusion]] and [[Dentsu]], and advising Zuari Cement in their bid for Sree Vishnu Cement.<ref name=":3" />

Bose sold his shares in Lazard India in 2004 and left investment banking as a career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zachariah |first=Reena |date=12 June 2007 |title=Lazard may float MF |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/lazard-may-float-mf-107061201050_1.html |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126203246/https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/lazard-may-float-mf-107061201050_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was speculated that he left Lazard due to differences with the head of Lazard at the time, [[Bruce Wasserstein]].<ref name=":3" />

=== Financier and later career ===
After leaving Lazard in 2004, Bose became a [[Investor|financier]] and held various other positions as well. In 2004, Bose founded and became chairman of Tamara Capital advisors, a [[private equity]] [[investment company]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Tahseen |first=Ismat |date=21 November 2013 |title=Meet Mumbai's globe-trotting 'gastronauts' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-meet-mumbai-s-globe-trotting-gastronauts-1228654 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129203057/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-meet-mumbai-s-globe-trotting-gastronauts-1228654 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, Bose led a [[consortium]] of investors to buy into a [[Preferred stock|preferred equity]] offering of [[United Western Bank]] (UWB), an [[Banking in India|Indian private bank]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=2006-02-01 |title=Udayan Bose leads race for Rs 160-cr UWB pref issuez |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/udayan-bose-leads-race-for-rs-160-cr-uwb-pref-issuez/articleshow/1395130.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130095419/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/udayan-bose-leads-race-for-rs-160-cr-uwb-pref-issuez/articleshow/1395130.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the [[Reserve Bank of India]], India's [[central bank]], rejected the proposal to allow private equity investors to infuse capital in UWB.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=George Smith |date=2006-06-27 |title=RBI rejects UWB pvt equity proposal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rbi-rejects-uwb-pvt-equity-proposal/articleshow/1682527.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130095712/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rbi-rejects-uwb-pvt-equity-proposal/articleshow/1682527.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> During his time as chairman of Tamara Capital Advisors, Bose in 2009, was part of the Amit Mitra Expert Committee, which focused on developing funding for [[Indian Railways]]' infrastructure projects via [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnerships]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2009 |title=Rail cell on track |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/rail-cell-on-track/cid/606819 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Telegraph India |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129203821/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/rail-cell-on-track/cid/606819 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=INVC Desk |date=2009-07-25 |title=Railways constitute Expert Committee on innovative funding |url=https://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/railways-constitute-expert-committee-on-innovative-funding/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=International News and Views Corporation |language=en-US |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129204024/https://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/railways-constitute-expert-committee-on-innovative-funding/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006 he also joined [[Thomas Cook India]] (TCIL), a [[travel agency]] and services company, as chairman of the company.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=2006-08-11 |title=Thomas Cook India takes over Thai business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/t-companies/thomas-cook/thomas-cook-india-takes-over-thai-business/articleshow/1882518.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128230858/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/t-companies/thomas-cook/thomas-cook-india-takes-over-thai-business/articleshow/1882518.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Bose stated that his goals for TCIL were to make it a full scale travel services company through [[Mergers and acquisitions|acquisitions]] and to scale TCIL to larger company size.<ref name=":0" /> In August 2006, TCIL acquired Thomas Cook (Thailand).<ref>{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=2006-08-11 |title=Thomas Cook India takes over Thai business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/t-companies/thomas-cook/thomas-cook-india-takes-over-thai-business/articleshow/1882518.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128230858/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/t-companies/thomas-cook/thomas-cook-india-takes-over-thai-business/articleshow/1882518.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in August 2006, TCIL acquired Travel Corporation of India (TCI), and incorporated it as a [[subsidiary]] to retain's TCI brand name, and also acquired TT Enterprises, a [[Travel visa|visa]] services company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=2006-12-02 |title=Thomas Cook acquires Travel Corp for Rs 182.5 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/thomas-cook-acquires-travel-corp-for-rs-182-5-cr/articleshow/677883.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128233053/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/thomas-cook-acquires-travel-corp-for-rs-182-5-cr/articleshow/677883.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, TCIL signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) with [[JTB Corporation]], a Japanese travel agency.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Thomas Cook in Japan deal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/thomas-cook-in-japan-deal/cid/1545977 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Telegraph India |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129090159/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/thomas-cook-in-japan-deal/cid/1545977 |url-status=live }}</ref> The MoU gave TCIL access to JTB Corporation's network in 30 countries and affiliates across 800 offices, and JTB Corporation entered the Indian market via TCIL.<ref name=":6" /> By 2008, TCIL was India's largest [[Foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]] and second largest travel company.<ref name=":7" /> In 2008, 74.9% of the issued [[share capital]] of TCIL was acquired by [[Thomas Cook Group]] and Bose continued as chairman of TCIL.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=INDIATIMES NEWS NETWORK |date=2008-03-07 |title=Thomas Cook PLC reacquires 75% stake in Thomas Cook India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/thomas-cook-plc-reacquires-75-stake-in-thomas-cook-india/articleshow/2844944.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129201328/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/thomas-cook-plc-reacquires-75-stake-in-thomas-cook-india/articleshow/2844944.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2008-03-30 |title=Thomas Cook reconstitutes board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thomas-cook-reconstitutes-board/articleshow/2912079.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129201830/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thomas-cook-reconstitutes-board/articleshow/2912079.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his financier and later career, Bose was also a director in various companies, which included [[Reliance Capital]], JK Paper and Pritish Nandy Communications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Our Web Bureau |date=29 December 2005 |title=Udayan Bose joins board of Rel Cap |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/udayan-bose-joins-board-of-rel-cap-105122900014_1.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129212502/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/udayan-bose-joins-board-of-rel-cap-105122900014_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Bose also served as the chairman of the Corporate Finance Committee of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI) and as the chairman of the [[Calcutta Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Rate hike to destabilise growth: FICCI |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2011/Jun/16/rate-hike-to-destabilise-growth-ficci-263128.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126205601/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2011/Jun/16/rate-hike-to-destabilise-growth-ficci-263128.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ET Bureau |date=2009-11-20 |title=Calcutta Stock Exchange gets new head |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/calcutta-stock-exchange-gets-new-head/articleshow/5249041.cms |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129205851/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/calcutta-stock-exchange-gets-new-head/articleshow/5249041.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Bose was married and had one daughter, Piusha, and two sons, one of whom being Tushar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Behram Contractor |first=Farzana |title=Cooking With Precision And Love |url=https://www.uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/36crust/extras_20090224_4.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Upper Crust |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129211643/https://www.uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/36crust/extras_20090224_4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tushar, who started his career in investment banking, is an investor and a co-founder of Etonhurst, a [[real estate]] private equity firm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://etonhurst.com/about-us/ |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=Etonhurst Capital Partners}}</ref> Tushar is also a partner in the mining company Ethiopotash, along with Aditya Khanna, who is also a non-executive partner at Etonhurst.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Officers & Director |url=https://ethiopotash.com/officers-and-director/ |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=Ethiopotash}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya Khanna Overview |url=https://pitchbook.com/profiles/investor/503546-14 |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=PitchBook}}</ref> Bose died in 2021, and was survived by his wife and three children.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Udayan}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian investment bankers]]
[[Category:Indian investors]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]

Bahrisons Booksellers

2025-05-17T22:03:15Z

MalissaHardaway: Made Some Details V1

{{Short description|Bookstore in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Bahrisons Bookstore''' is a bookstore in [[Khan Market]], [[New Delhi]], India, established in 1953 by Balraj Bahri Malhotra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi's Iconic Bahrisons Is Expanding Its Footprint In The Business Of Books |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/delhis-iconic-bahrisons-is-expanding-its-footprint-in-the-business-of-books/88887/1 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
During the [[Partition of India]] in 1947. Balraj Bahri Malhotra, a 19-year-old refugee from [[Malakwal]] (now in Pakistan), along with his family, fled to Delhi. The family settled in the [[Kingsway Camp]] refugee area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Aanchal |date=2015-04-11 |title=How Bahrisons Delhi has been romancing books since 1953 |url=http://scroll.in/article/719693/how-bahrisons-delhi-has-been-romancing-books-since-1953 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

In Delhi, Balraj Bahri met his future wife, Bhag, who also came from a refugee background, having migrated from [[Dera Ismail Khan]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province]]. Life as a refugee was challenging, and in the early years, Balraj and his brother took on various jobs to support their family. They worked on trains, sold pens, and engaged in the printing and distribution of government publications<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-27 |title=Balraj Bahri, founder of Delhi's iconic bookshop Bahrisons, passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/balraj-bahri-founder-of-delhis-iconic-bookshop-bahrisons-passes-away/articleshow/51170235.cms |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
Initially working at a store in [[Chandni Chowk]] selling [[fountain pen]]s, Bahri decided to open a bookstore. In 1953, with the help of Prem Sagar, owner of Lakshmi Bookstore in [[Janpath]], with limited resources and by selling one of his mother's gold bangles for initial capital, Bahri opened Bahrisons Bookstore in [[Khan Market]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Soma |date=2023-11-17 |title=Bahrisons Booksellers in Delhi’s Khan Market is 70 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/the-never-ending-story-of-bahrisons-booksellers/article67535512.ece |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi's Refugees: The Story of Bahrisons Bookshop |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-IRTB-13671 |access-date=2024-06-08 |work=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref>

Balraj Bahri's wife, Bhag, played a significant role in the bookstore's operations, managing the cash counter and later taking early retirement from her government job to support the family business full-time. In 1978, their son, Anuj, joined the business,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rajni Bahri Malhotra & Anuj Bahri |date=2020-10-19 |title=What led Delhi’s Bahrisons to open a new bookshop in the capital during the pandemic? |url=https://scroll.in/article/976097/what-led-delhis-bahrisons-to-open-a-new-bookshop-in-the-capital-during-the-pandemic |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> and Bahrisons Bookshop is currently run by him and his wife Rajni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Delhiwaala {{!}} The Bookstore Owner {{!}} LBB |url=https://lbb.in/delhi/bahrisons-book-store-khan-market/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=LBB, Delhi-NCR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakhsh |first=Zenaira |date=2023-12-28 |title=70 yrs of Bahrisons: How a maths student came to India after Partition & opened iconic Delhi bookstore |url=https://theprint.in/india/70-yrs-of-bahrisons-how-a-maths-student-came-to-india-after-partition-opened-iconic-delhi-bookstore/1903159/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2002, Bahri expanded the operations to include a publishing house, Tara-India Research Press, and in 2008, added a literary agency called Red Ink Literary and Film Agency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-24 |title=A bookstore in Delhi has its own history |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/a-bookstore-in-delhi-has-its-own-history-1.2032303 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

At its 50th anniversary in 2003, a history of Bahrisons, titled ''Chronicle of a Bookshop,'' was published by Anuj Bahri. An updated and revised edition, written by Bahri in collaboration with his daughter, the oral historian [[Aanchal Malhotra]], was published to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the bookshop in 2023.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahri |first=Balraj |title=Bahrisons, chronicle of a bookshop |last2=Bahri |first2=Balraj |last3=Smith |first3=Debbie |last4=Bahri |first4=Anuj |date=2004 |publisher=Swankit |isbn=978-81-87943-46-4 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bookstores of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1953]]

Paraswada

2025-05-07T22:29:30Z

MalissaHardaway: added a post!

{{Short description|Indian village}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Paraswada''' is a village in the [[Balaghat District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Its a [[tehsil]] headquarters and an assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/balaghat/paraswada |title=Paraswada, Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh, India|first= |last= |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/paraswada-assembly-elections-mp-110/|title=Paraswada Election Result 2023 |website=Oneindia}}</ref>

==Geography==
Paraswada is located at {{Coord|22.17|N|80.29|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 570 [[metre]]s (1869 [[foot (length)|feet]]).<ref>http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Paraswara.html</ref>

==Demographics==
Paraswada village had a population of 3785 people, of whom 1931 were males while 1854 were females as of the Census 2011. A total of 941 families resided in Paraswada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/498328-paraswada-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Paraswada Village Population - Paraswada - Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Paraswada Assembly constituency]]
* [[Balaghat District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Balaghat district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Balaghat district]]

India Science Award

2025-05-04T20:35:30Z

MalissaHardaway: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = India Science Award
| image =
| alt =
| awarded_for = Research in [[interdisciplinarity|science]]
| presenter = [[Indian Science Congress Association]] [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| year = 2004
| website =
}}

'''India Science Award''' is one of the highest and the most prestigious national recognition by the [[Government of India]] for outstanding contribution to [[science]]. The primary and essential criterion for the award is demonstrated and widely accepted excellence in science. The award covers all areas of research in science including [[engineering]], [[medicine]] and [[agriculture]]. The prize money is [[Indian rupee|₹]]25 lakhs, and it also carries a citation and a gold medal. The award is announced and presented every year at the [[Indian Science Congress Association|Indian Science Congress (ISC)]].<ref name=ram>{{cite journal |author= Ramasami T|title= India Science Award – 2009 |url= http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_095_12_1762_1763_0.pdf |journal= Current Science |volume=95 |issue= 12| pages=1762–1763 |year=2008 }}</ref>

The award was instituted by the [[List of prime ministers of India|10th Prime Minister of India]] Shri [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in 2003.<ref name="dst">{{cite web |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/whats_new/press_releases05/india-science-award.htm |title=Welcome to Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India :: |publisher=Dst.gov.in |date=2005-03-02 |access-date=2013-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713152306/http://dst.gov.in/whats_new/press_releases05/india-science-award.htm |archive-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=anon>{{cite journal|author= Anon.|title= 90th Indian Science Congress: Résumé and Recommendation|url= http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/html/pdf/90th_iscr.PDF|journal= Everyday Science|volume= 38|issue= 4|pages= 1–11|year= 2003|access-date= 3 June 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095253/http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/html/pdf/90th_iscr.PDF|archive-date= 24 September 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> The first award, for the year 2004, was given to a renowned chemist [[C.N.R. Rao|Prof CNR Rao]], for his works in [[solid-state chemistry|solid state]] and [[material chemistry]], by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] at the inauguration of the 93rd Indian Science Congress on 3 January 2006.<ref>{{cite web| author= Rajeev M|title= Another major honour for C.N.R. Rao |date=4 January 2006| url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/04/stories/2006010406312200.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060302100419/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/04/stories/2006010406312200.htm | url-status= dead | archive-date= 2 March 2006 | work= [[The Hindu]]|access-date= 2013-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author= United News of India, PTI|title= First India Science Award for Prof CNR Rao |date=3 January 2006| url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/Gadgets-Reviews/First-India-Science-Award-for-Prof-CNR-Rao/SP-Article1-41959.aspx | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616034819/http://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/Gadgets-Reviews/First-India-Science-Award-for-Prof-CNR-Rao/SP-Article1-41959.aspx | url-status= dead | archive-date= 16 June 2013 |work= Hindustan Times |publisher= HT Media Limited |access-date= 2013-06-03}}</ref>

==History==
India Science Award was launched at the 90th Indian Science Congress on 3 January 2003, held at [[Bangalore University]], by the Prime Minister of India. On 30 June 2003 the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]] approved the framework and guidelines of the award. The meeting was attended by 20 eminent scientists, government officials, under the chairmanship of the Minister of Science and Technology.<ref>{{cite web| author= Ministry of Human Resource Development and Science and Technology|title= Meeting on modalities for india science award |date=30 June 2006| url= http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjun2003/30062003/r3006200318.html|work= Press Information Bureau |publisher= PIB, Government of India|access-date= 2013-06-03}}</ref>

==Criteria==
India Science Award is given annually in recognition of distinguished achievements in science, including medicine, engineering and agriculture. The recipient is a scientist, of no age limit, who had made a groundbreaking scientific research that is widely demonstrated and accepted, and the work done primarily in India. [[Originality]] and [[innovation|innovatory]] outputs are more important than mere quantity. Contribution to scientific development of the country has a huge impression. Groups or institutions are not eligible to receive this award. There can only be a maximum of two winners of the prize in a given year if more than one nominee is eligible.<ref name=ram/>

==Recipients==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:15px;"
|+
|- class="hintergrundfarbe6"
! Year !! Recipient !! Field
|-
| 2004 || [[C. N. R. Rao|C N R Rao]] || Solid state chemistry and materials science
|-
| 2005 || [[Arcot Ramachandran]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramachandran, Arcot, 1923-2018 |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85308615.html}}</ref> || Environment Planning, Co-ordination and Research Programme
|-
| 2006 || [[Siddhartha P. Tiwari|Siddhartha Paul Tiwari]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiwari’s Research on Rural Economies |url=https://www.latinpost.com/articles/156060/20220725/tiwari-s-research-on-rural-economies-in-asia-confronts-unprecedented-challenges-in-the-aftermath-of-the-pandemic.htm |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Latin Post (NYC)}}</ref>|| Integrated rural agriculture development: science and technology
|-
| 2007 || [[Upinder Singh Bhalla]] || [[Neuroscience]]
|-
| 2008 || [[Govindarajan Padmanaban]] || [[Vaccine: Development and Therapy|Vaccine Development]]
|-
| 2009 || [[Madhav Gadgil]] || [[Environmental protection|Environmental Protection]]
|-
| 2010 || [[C. R. Rao|Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao]]|| Statistical theory and methodology
|}

== Discontinued after 2010 ==
After 2010, the India Science Award was discontinued following its [[Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] with the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]. The budget of the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] was accordingly increased.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhatnagar Award Details |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/58/12972/pm-confers-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prizes-for-st.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Award Merger and Budget |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24102255 |publisher=JSTOR}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of general science and technology awards]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/article75035.ece C.R. Rao bags Indian Science Award]
* [https://www.govtjobsportal.in/2017/04/national-awards-and-honours-in-india.html Prof. C.N.R. Rao becomes first recipient of India Science Award 2004]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014122/http://www.indiaedunews.net/Science/India_Science_Award_for_eminent_statistician_C.R._Rao_10087/ India Science Award for eminent statistician C.R. Rao]}}

[[Category:Indian science and technology awards]]
[[Category:Science and technology awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in India]]

Narasingha Prasad Guru

2025-05-01T05:52:06Z

MalissaHardaway: new bio

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
'''Narasingha Prasad Guru''' is an author and a lyricist from the [[India|Indian]] State of [[Odisha]]. He is a pioneer and a promoter of the Koshali language, also known as the [[Sambalpuri language]], which is a language (some people consider it as a dialect of the [[Odiya language]]) spoken in the western parts of Odisha. He has composed over 10 books in this language and composed around 500 songs. He has also compiled a dictionary of the Koshali language.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Press Trust of India |title=Here Are The "Unsung Heroes" Who Have Won Padma Shri This Year |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/here-are-the-unsung-heroes-who-have-won-padma-shri-this-year-2731314 |website=NDTV |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>

==Recognition: Padma Shri==

*In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Narasingha Prasad Guru for his distinguished service in the field of literature and education.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as an "Koshali author, lyricist and lexicographer from Balangir credited with promoting the language for over five decades".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==Publications==
The books published by Narasingha Prasad Guru include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Sahitya Academy Artist |url=http://odishaculture.gov.in/odisha-sahitya-academy-artist-6/ |website=Odiya Language Literature & Culture Department, Govt of Odisha |publisher=Govt of Odisha |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>
*Mati Akasha
*Paschma Odishara Lok Katha (Vol-1,2)
*Ama Loka Gita Loka Nacha
*Ama Anchalara Itihas Katha
*Ama Anchalara Gaunli Khela
*Utara Purusha
*Paschima Odishara Darshaniya Stana
*Sala Banara Raja
*Raja Ghara Maja Katha
*Muthae Mati
*Tirtha Mati
*Gote Mali Changre Phool,

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Tony Fernandes (cricketer)

2025-04-04T01:08:54Z

MalissaHardaway: Started A Stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{short description|Indian cricketer (1945–2015)}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Tony Fernandes
| image = Tony Fernandes in 1973.png
| caption = Fernandes in Tasmania in 1973
| country = India
| fullname = Anthony Longinus Fernandes
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1945|4|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Baroda]], [[Baroda State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|12|19|1945|4|8|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium-fast
| role = All-rounder
| club1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| year1 = 1962–63 to 1973–74
| club2 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| year2 = 1966–67 to 1969–70
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 48
| runs1 = 1526
| bat avg1 = 24.22
| 100s/50s1 = 0/10
| top score1 = 65[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 6043
| wickets1 = 100
| bowl avg1 = 31.78
| fivefor1 = 3
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 6/41
| catches/stumpings1= 19/–
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/anthony-fernandes-28733 Cricinfo
| date = 14 January
| year = 2024
}}
'''Anthony Longinus Fernandes''' (8 April 1945 – 19 December 2015) was an Indian cricketer who played [[first-class cricket]] for [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] from 1962 to 1973.

== Biography ==
Fernandes was a tall all-rounder: a right-handed middle-order batsman and a right-arm medium-fast swing bowler who usually opened the bowling.<ref name=WCA>''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 2016, p. 210.</ref> His best bowling figures were 6 for 41 for Baroda against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] in the 1968–69 [[Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Baroda v Maharashtra 1968–69 |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1960S/1968-69/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/WEST/BARODA_MAHA_RJI-W_16-18NOV1968.html|website=Cricinfo |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> The highest of his 10 first-class fifties was 65 [[not out]], also against Maharashtra, in 1971–72, when he also took 5 for 65 in Maharashtra's first innings.<ref>{{cite web |title= Maharashtra v Baroda 1971–72 |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1971-72/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/WEST/MAHA_BARODA_RJI-W_15-17JAN1972.html|website=Cricinfo |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

Fernandes was a member of the West Zone teams that won the [[Duleep Trophy]] in 1968–69 and 1969–70.<ref>{{cite web |title= First-Class Matches played by Tony Fernandes|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/38/38883/First-Class_Matches.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> He and his brother Leslie, a wicketkeeper, combined to dismiss [[Sunil Gavaskar]] caught behind in a Ranji Trophy match in 1972–73.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bombay v Baroda 1972–73 |url= http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1972-73/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/WEST/BOM_BARODA_RJI-W_01-02DEC1972.html|website=Cricinfo |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

After his first-class playing career ended, Fernandes spent some time coaching in Tasmania.<ref>{{cite web |title= Tony Fernandes, Indian all-rounder, coach of the Burnie Cricket Club|url= https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-137892896/view|website=NLA |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> He died in Mumbai in 2015.<ref name=WCA/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ cricinfo|id=28733}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Tony}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Baroda cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]