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2026-05-07T22:07:52Z

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Sanjiv Chaturvedi

2026-05-05T17:20:39Z

Majokthefirst:

{{short description|Indian Forest Service officer (born 21 December 1974)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjiv Chaturvedi
| image =
| caption =
| known_for = {{ubl|Exposing corruption in the [[Haryana]] government and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]]|Director, Corbett Tiger Reserve|Conservation Research projects in Uttarakhand}}
| alma_mater = [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology]]<ref>[http://www.apnemoti.org/bulletin/Issue4-09.pdf Moti News Bulletin], MNNIT Alumni Association, Lucknow Chapter. November 2009.</ref>
| education = B. Tech
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|12|21|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| citizenship =
| occupation = [[Bureaucrat]] ([[Indian Forest Service]])
| employer = [[Government of India]]
| organization = Indian Forest Service
| years_active = 2002–present
| awards = [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] (2015) S. R. Jindal Prize (2011)
}}

'''Sanjiv Chaturvedi''' (born 21 December 1974) is an [[Indian Forest Service]] (IFS) officer posted as Chief Conservator of Forest (Research) at [[Haldwani]] in the [[Nainital district]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. Chaturvedi was a Chief Vigilance Officer (CVO) at AIIMS, New Delhi from 2012 to 2014, and served in the government of [[Haryana]] from 2005 to 2012.<ref name="court case"/><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/aiims-vigilance-officer-sacked-by-modi-government-demands-cbi-probe-579404?pfrom=home-rightnow |title= AIIMS Vigilance Officer Sacked By Modi Government Demands CBI Probe|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

==Professional life in Brief ==

Sanjiv Chaturvedi graduated as an electrical engineer in 1995 from the [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad|Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology]], situated at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. He became an [[Indian Forest Service]] (IFS) officer 2002 with [[Haryana]] cadre and later got transferred to Uttarakhand Cadre.<ref name="Outlook_old" /><ref name=":8" />

Chaturvedi was a [[whistleblower]] in the [[Haryana Forestry case]], which occurred under the regime of [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] and [[Kiran Chaudhary]]. He was a whistleblower later in larger scams in the health sector during his tenure as chief vigilance officer of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS]]. Chaturvedi made a number of decisions during his management of the [[Jim Corbett National Park|Corbett Tiger Reserve]], and undertook conservation and research projects in the state of Uttarakhand.

== Career in Haryana ==
{{anchor|Indian Forest Service in Haryana & Haryana Forestry Scam}}

As an IFS officer in [[Haryana]]. Chaturvedi served there from August 2005 to June 2012 in Kurukshetra, Fatehabad, Jhajjar and Hisar, where he publicised corruption in mining, licensing, fake herbal park, fake plantation and instances of illicit felling and poaching in protected areas. Collectively known as the [[Haryana Forestry case]], it involved [[Haryana]] [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]], forest minister [[Kiran Choudhry|Kiran Chaudhary]] and several other senior politicians and officers.<ref name="Outlook_old" /><ref name=":8" />

=== Kurukshetra posting ===

Chaturvedi's first posting was in [[Kurukshetra]], where he registered a [[first information report]] against contractors for large-scale, illicit tree [[felling]] and poaching of [[Indian hog deer|hog deer]] in the nearby [[Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary]]. He was reprimanded by the Principal Secretary (Forests) and transferred to [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]] on 30 May 2007.<ref name="Outlook_old">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Old-Jungle-Saying/281836|title=Old Jungle Saying|author=Chander Suta Dogra|date=13 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="rediff_punished_2012">[http://www.rediff.com/news/special/in-haryana-you-are-punished-if-you-fight-corruption/20120629.htm In Haryana, you are punished if you fight corruption!]</ref> The contractors were linked with the Hansi-Butana canal project and were associates of the chief minister. In his report, Chaturvedi noted serious violations of the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]], the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 and a number of Supreme Court orders in undertaking construction work inside a wildlife sanctuary without statutory approvals. Although Chaturvedi's actions angered the government, an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] later filed a case before the Supreme Court's Central Empowered Committee; the committee upheld all charges and fined the [[government of Haryana]] {{INR}}1 crore.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/in-haryana-you-are-punished-if-you-fight-corruption/20120629.htm|title=In Haryana, you are punished if you fight corruption!|work=Rediff|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/why-is-hooda-afraid-of-the-cbi|title=Why Is Hooda Afraid of the CBI?|website=OPEN Magazine|date=22 February 2012|language=en|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+clean+slate+for+hounded+officer.-a0248366559|title=A clean slate for hounded officer. - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://old.tehelka.com/the-cross-of-courage/|title=The cross of courage|website=old.tehelka.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref>

=== Fatehabad posting ===

In Fatehabad, Chaturvedi found that large amounts of public money were spent on private land to develop an herbal park. The land belonged to local [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] member Prahlad Singh Gillakhera, who became Chief Parliamentary Secretary of Forest after winning the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] election. Gilakhera was reportedly close to Haryana Forest Minister Kiran Chawdhry. A July 2007 letter from the Haryana [[Indian Forest Service#Principal Chief Conservator of Forests|Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]] to Chaturvedi said that the Forest Minister was "annoyed" because work on the herbal park had been stopped.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

On 3 August 2007, Haryana Chief Minister Hooda, suspended Chaturvedi without specifying a reason. On 14 September of that year, the government issued a charge sheet to dismiss him from service. The suspension order was revoked on 3 January 2008 by [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]], who also censured the Hooda government. The Hooda government did not withdraw the charge sheet against Chaturvedi and forest minister [[Kiran Choudhry]] returned the file for further comments.<ref name="rediff_punished_2012"/> The Hooda government blocked Chaturvedi's promotion by keeping the charge sheet pending for over three years,<ref name="IT_hounded">[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+clean+slate+for+hounded+officer.-a0248366559 A clean slate for hounded officer]</ref> and later had to compensate him and concede in writing that he had been framed.<ref name="rediff_punished_2012" />

Soon after Chaturvedi's suspension, corruption in the herbal park was brought to the Supreme Court by the NGO Ekta Parishad. The Haryana government was required to transfer management of the land to the Haryana Forest Department under section 38 of the Indian Forest Act of 1927.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

=== Jhajjar posting ===

When his suspension was lifted by the president in January 2008, Chaturvedi was assigned to a non-cadre post. After objections from the [[Central Administrative Tribunal]], he was posted as a divisional forest officer (DFO) in [[Jhajjar]] in January 2009 and exposed a fake-plantation scheme the following month in which a large sum of public money had been embezzled; as a result, 40 forest staffers were charged and 10 were suspended. Chaturvedi suspected that senior officers were involved, and requested an investigation.<ref name="rediff_punished_2012"/>

Subsequently, Chaturvedi started facing harassment in form of bogus cases. In 2012, the Hooda government charged Chaturvedi with neglecting plantation maintenance. The charge was dismissed by the president of India in October 2013, who called it "unsustainable".<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.tehelka.com/whistle-blower-sanjiv-chaturvedi-moves-sc-demanding-cbi-inquiry/|title=Sanjiv Chaturvedi moves SC demanding CBI inquiry}}</ref> After a central-government inquiry, the [[Officer on Special Duty|OSD]] of the Chief Minister of Haryana was found to be involved in the charge.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Role-of-Haryana-CMs-OSD-dubious-Panel/articleshow/7265143.cms|title=Role of Haryana CM's OSD dubious: Panel|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref>

=== Hisar posting ===

The Haryana Chief Minister's Office transferred Chaturvedi to the [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] division in August 2009, and Chaturvedi exposed another fake-plantation scheme. In January 2010, he sealed a [[plywood]] unit for colluding with senior forest officers to pay just ₹26,000 instead of ₹2,200,000 as a license fee. In May 2010, when Chaturvedi went abroad for 18 days of official training, the Chief Minister's Office declared his post vacant.<ref name="rediff_punished_2012"/> After a month without a job, Chaturvedi was appointed a DFO (Production) in the division.<ref name="Hooda_Afraid">[http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/why-is-hooda-afraid-of-the-cbi Why Is Hooda Afraid of the CBI?]</ref>

=== Harassment by Haryana govt and presidential intervention ===

Chaturvedi reported harassment after exposing corruption. Several false criminal cases were filed against him, including theft of a [[Kachnar]] tree<ref name=":7"/> and abetting a suicide.<ref name="Hooda_Afraid"/> During his tenure as an officer in Haryana, Chaturvedi was transferred 12 times in five years.<ref name="Outlook_old"/><ref name="Outlook_maladies"/>

Alleging harassment by the Haryana state government, Chaturvedi complained to [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]] in 2010; Patil referred his case to the Cabinet Secretariat, who directed the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] to convene a two-member panel to study the accusations. The inquiry found merit in Chaturvedi's allegations that year and referred the case to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], whose preliminary analysis found his allegations worthy of investigation. The ministry then referred the case to the [[Central Vigilance Commission]] (CVC) and recommended a CBI investigation.<ref name="DNA_CBI">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cbi-probe-into-haryana-forest-scam-likely-1635395 |title=CBI probe into Haryana forest scam likely |date=9 November 2012 |newspaper = DNA }}</ref>

The president's order censured the Haryana state government for harassing Chaturvedi by blocking his promotion and transferring him.<ref name="IT_hounded"/> This was based on the panel report, which reprimanded minister Kiran Choudhry; the Chief Minister's Officer on Special Duty, R. R. Beri, and Chief Parliamentary Secretary Prahalad Singh Gillakhera,.<ref name=":8">[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/haryana-forest-scams-cbi-lens-on-bhupinder-singh-hooda-89214-2012-01-10 Haryana CM Bhupinder Singh Hooda may face CBI heat over forest scams]</ref> The Hooda government rejected the ministry's findings and asked it to re-examine the case, a request which was denied.<ref name="DNA_CBI"/>

In March 2013, the Hooda government accused Chaturvedi of inefficiency and recommended his dismissal. In October 2013, the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] dismissed the charge in October of that year, censuring the government of Haryana.<ref name=":9">{{cite news|last=Chauhan |first=Chetan | date=4 October 2013 |title=Prez quashes charge-sheet against Hry IFS officer |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/prez-quashes-charge-sheet-against-hry-ifs-officer/story-APzJAJYubO20Mg94yzdwEN.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914235926/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/prez-quashes-charge-sheet-against-hry-ifs-officer/story-APzJAJYubO20Mg94yzdwEN.html |archive-date=14 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Hooda government then attempted to downgrade Chaturvedi's appraisal report, which was reversed by the president.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140202/main3.htm President reverses Haryana decision on IFS officer’s ACR]</ref> Between 2008 and 2014, the president issued four orders supporting Chaturvedi and reversing the Hooda government.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Presidential order backs whistleblower |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2 February 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/presidential-order-backs-whistleblower/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403210524/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/presidential-order-backs-whistleblower/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Obstruction by Haryana govt against cadre relocation ====
{{anchor|Relieving From Haryana}}

In May 2012, Chaturvedi was selected by the central government as a deputy secretary at [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] (AIIMS) under the Union Health Ministry. Haryana's Hooda government refused to release him, however, despite repeated requests from the central government's health ministry and the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] (MoEF). The latter released Chaturvedi on 29 June 2012, despite the Hooda government's objection.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/centre-brushes-aside-haryana-s-objections-to-ifs-officer-s-central-deputation/story-uISKza23h0lJHcKS8VRQ5J.html|title=Centre brushes aside Haryana's objections to IFS officer's central deputation|date=2012-09-19|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2018-10-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.governancenow.com/gov-now/bureaucracy/whistleblower-ifs-officer-finally-gets-centre-s-support|title=Whistleblower IFS officer finally gets centre's support|date=2012-07-02|work=Governance Now|access-date=2018-10-11|language=en}}</ref>

==== Supreme Court case ====
{{anchor|Supreme Court Case}}

Based on the CVC and CBI reports, the central government asked the Haryana government to issue a notification of the CBI investigation in March 2012; the state government refused to issue the notification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-asks-Haryana-to-get-forestry-scam-probed-by-CBI/articleshow/12140420.cms|title=Centre asks Haryana to get forestry scam probed by CBI|work=[[Times of India]]|date=5 March 2012|author=Nitin Sethi|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> Chaturvedi petitioned the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] for a CBI investigation, and notices were issued to the central government, the CBI and the Haryana government in November 2012. In an October 2014 Supreme Court affidavit, the CBI expressed its willingness to investigate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ready-to-probe-Haryana-forest-scams-CBI-to-SC/articleshow/44864240.cms|title=Ready to probe Haryana forest scams: CBI to SC|work=Times of India|date=18 October 2014|author=Sukhbir Siwach|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> In April of that year, the Haryana [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] petitioned the central government in the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] to rescind its orders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haryana-whistleblower-case-Its-Congress-vs-Congress-in-court/articleshow/31816306.cms|title=Haryana whistleblower case: It's Congress vs Congress in court|work=Times of India|date=11 March 2014|author=Ajay Sura|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> In April 2017, the investigation had not begun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/126935/corruption-haryana-government-sanjiv-chaturvedi/|title=Six Years On, Corruption Case Against Haryana Government Still Waiting to be Heard|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|date=21 April 2017|author=Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>

The high court fined Chaturvedi {{INR}}50,000 in February 2018 (saying that he had not filed a reply to the petition), but it was set aside by a Supreme Court bench headed by [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice Deepak Misra]] on 19 February.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/haryana-forestry-scam-whistleblower-ifs-officer-gets-relief-sc-read-order/|title=Haryana Forestry Scam: Whistleblower IFS Officer Gets Relief From SC [Read Order]|date=2018-02-22|work=Live Law|access-date=2018-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref> The central government stated in an affidavit to the high court that month that when [[All India Services]] officers work in state governments, their discipline remains with the central government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/centre-can-interfere-in-state-s-cases-against-ias-ifs-officers-court-told-118030500153_1.html|title=Govt can interfere in state disciplinary cases against IAS, IFS officers|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-03-05|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref> The high court dismissed Haryana's challenge to the central-government inquiry panel in August 2019 because, according to Article 131 of the [[Constitution of India]], a dispute between the central government and a state must be heard by the Supreme Court; the Haryana case was similar to Chaturvedi's 2012 Supreme Court case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hc-refuses-to-hear-haryana-govts-plea-to-quash-report-that-indicted-officials-leaders-for-harassing-sanjiv-chaturvedi/articleshow/70893724.cms|title=HC refuses to hear Haryana govt's plea to quash report that indicted officials, leaders for harassing Sanjiv Chaturvedi|date=29 August 2019|first=Ajay|last=Sura|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/petition-against-centres-report-sanjiv-chaturvedi-147606|title=P&H HC Rejects Haryana Govt's Plea To Quash Report That Indicted Officials For Harassing Whistleblower Officer|last=Jain|first=Akanksha|date=2019-08-30|website=www.live law.in|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/aug/29/hc-refuses-to-hear-haryana-governments-plea-to-quash-central-report-on-whistle-blower-ifs-officer-2026174.html|title=HC refuses to hear Haryana government's plea to quash Central report on whistle-blower IFS officer|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 August 2019 |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>

In June 2018, an official in the secretariat of Haryana's Forest Branch filed a police complaint against the chief minister because documents related to Chaturvedi's case were removed and returned by the chief minister's office. The Haryana government transferred the secretariat official who had filed the complaint.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/forest-officer-who-filed-fir-against-haryana-cm-khattars-office-transferred|title=Officer Who Filed FIR Against Haryana CM Khattar Transferred|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/missing-cmo-file-haryana-government-approaches-police/articleshow/64564909.cms|title=Missing CMO file: Haryana government approaches police|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Chaturvedi threatened to petition the high court if no action was taken against those responsible for the disappearance of the documents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/missing-files-chaturvedi-to-move-hc-for-cbi-probe/articleshow/64578564.cms|title=Missing files: Sanjiv Chaturvedi to move HC for CBI probe|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> It was later reported that despite the Haryana [[Advocate general (India)|advocate general's]] opinion that Chaturvedi's high-court case should be withdrawn, the state maintained it for over two years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tatkalnews.com/news/168136-haryana-bjp-govt-fighting-chaturvedi-in-court-despite-ag-office%E2%80%99s-no.aspx|title=Haryana BJP govt fighting Chaturvedi in court despite AG office's no|website=www.tatkalnews.com|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref>

==== Sanjeev Tomar death case ====

Sanjeev Tomar, a Haryana forest-range officer, was found dead in December 2009 after the initiation of anti-corruption proceedings against him by Sanjiv Chaturvedi. His father, Rampal Singh Tomar, initially told police that his son had died of natural causes. He later changed his statement, saying that Sanjeev had committed suicide because of harassment by Chaturvedi and a subsequent suspension.<ref name="Hindu_2012_hounded">{{cite web |title=Where whistleblowers are hounded out |author=Chander Suta Dogra |date=17 November 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/where-whistleblowers-are-hounded-out/article4102542.ece |df=dmy}}</ref> According to the Jhajjar [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent of police]], Chaturvedi had nothing to do with Tomar's suicide; he was disturbed by corruption and dowry cases against him.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Case-against-Sanjiv-Chaturvedi-SIT-to-probe-forest-officers-death/articleshow/46211317.cms |title=Case against Sanjiv Chaturvedi: SIT to probe forest officer's death |date=12 February 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> A number of special investigation teams (SIT) cleared Chaturvedi. According to the SIT reports, Tomar committed suicide because of an anti-corruption inquiry and litigation by his wife; he had been living with another woman.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Forest official's death: HC recalls SIT order against Sanjeev Chaturvedi, others |date=30 April 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/forest-official-s-death-hc-recalls-sit-order-against-sanjeev-chaturvedi-others/article1-1342714.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502214524/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/forest-official-s-death-hc-recalls-sit-order-against-sanjeev-chaturvedi-others/article1-1342714.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In February 2015, the Punjab and Haryana High Court recommended a new SIT to probe allegations that Tomar committed suicide due to harassment by Chaturvedi; this was based on a petition filed by Rampal Singh Tomar. Chaturvedi challenged the order to form an SIT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phhc.gov.in/enq_caseno.php?var1=RA-CW&var2=75&var3=2015 |title=Case Details |publisher=High Court of Punjab and Haryana |location=Chandigarh }}</ref> His counsel argued that the case had already been investigated by four SITs and reviewed by senior police officers, who found no evidence of harassment. He stated that forming a new SIT would hound an officer who had exposed several scams. The court accepted the petition in April 2015, recalled its order, and dismissed Rampal Singh Tomar's petition.<ref name="Hindu_2012_hounded"/>

==== Intelligence Bureau report ====
{{anchor|Intelligence Bureau Report}}

The [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) prepared a report about alleged threats and harassment to Chaturvedi. When he sought a copy of the report under the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI Act]], the bureau denied it on the grounds that it was an exempt organization under section 24 of the act.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/give-sanjiv-chaturvedi-copy-of-ib-report-rules-cic-2764597 Give Sanjiv Chaturvedi copy of IB report, rules CIC]</ref> The [[Central Information Commission|CIC]] decision was challenged by the Intelligence Bureau in June 2016 in the [[Delhi High Court]], which had granted a stay and issued notices to Chaturvedi. The hearing was concluded in May 2017, and the judgment was issued in August 2017. The Delhi High Court upheld the CIC orders and dismissed the Intelligence Bureau's petition, paving way for Chaturvedi to access the IB report. The court ruled that under the RTI Act, corruption and human-rights violation are not exempt from disclosure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/171687/whistleblower-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-report/|title=HC Upholds Whistleblower Sanjiv Chaturvedi's Right to Access IB Report Exonerating Him|author=Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar|date=28 August 2017|work=The Wire|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ib-files-on-graft-can-be-disclosed-under-rti-hc/articleshow/60240234.cms|title=IB files on graft can be disclosed under RTI: HC|work=Times of India|date=27 August 2017|author=Abhinav Garg|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref>

== Career in Delhi ==

=== AIIMS Delhi ===
{{anchor|AIIMS (Delhi) Scam whistle-blower case}}

On 29 June 2012, Chaturvedi was made deputy secretary and chief vigilance officer of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]. As a CVO, Chaturvedi's cases included counterfeit drugs; financial irregularities in construction projects; corruption in recruitment purchase of medical equipment, doctors making unauthorized foreign trips, contracts with security companies, single-bid tendering, computerization purchases, pension-fund corruption and sexual harassment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/3-sacked-in-AIIMS-pension-fund-scam/articleshow/18961762.cms|title=3 sacked in AIIMS pension fund scam |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aiims-records-fudged-to-pay-ghost-staffers-cbi/|title=AIIMS records fudged to pay ghost staffers: CBI|date=2013-09-22|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ignoring-modi-mantra-health-minister-gives-crusading-aiims-vigilance-chief-the-boot-114082100062_1.html|title=Ignoring Modi mantra, Health Minister gives crusading AIIMS vigilance chief the boot|last=Sethi|first=Nitin|date=2014-08-21|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/how-drug-whistle-blowers-in-india-have-to-fight-a-long-battle/articleshow/52334944.cms|title=How drug whistle-blowers in India have to fight a long battle|last=RAJAGOPAL|first=DIVYA|date=2016-05-19|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Scam-buster-loses-AIIMS-post/articleshow/40528667.cms|title=Scam-buster loses AIIMS post |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref> During his tenure, police seized banned drugs worth {{INR}}60 million from a vehicle delivering to an on-campus pharmacy owned by an [[Indian National Congress]] MLA. Health minister [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] signed two internal reports which called Chaturvedi's CVO work "outstanding".<ref name="Outlook_maladies">{{cite magazine|title=The Inquisitor Of Maladies |first1=Uttam |last1=Sengupta |first2=Pavithra S. |last2=Rangan |date=15 September 2014 |magazine=Outlook The Magazine |location=India |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/The-Inquisitor-Of-Maladies/291866 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312133452/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-inquisitor-of-maladies/291866 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chaturvedi began about 200 corruption cases as AIIMS CVO; sanctions were imposed in 78 cases, charges were brought in 87, and over 20 were referred to the CBI for criminal investigation. They included cases against senior IAS officer Vineet Chawdhry of the Himachal Pradesh cadre (a previous deputy), Director (Administration) and former deputy director (Administration) Shailesh Yadav, a senior IPS officer, senior faculty members, former Registrar V. P. Gupta and former Chief Administrative Officer Attar Singh.<ref>[http://thewire.in/3928/nadda-protecting-the-corrupt-aiims-whistleblower-tells-tribunal/ Nadda 'Protecting the Corrupt', AIIMS Whistleblower Tells Tribunal]</ref><ref name="Outlook_maladies" /><ref name=":0" />

As a result of Chaturvedi's investigations, the CBI registered cases and recommended action against Vineet Chawdhry. According to a June 2017 ''India Today'' investigative report, Union Health Minister J. P. Nadda was found to have suppressed an investigation of what the report called a ₹7,000 crore scam. The ''India Today'' reports included reports from the CBI and a parliamentary committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jp-nadda-clean-chit-in-aiims-rs-7000-crore-scam-983691-2017-06-20|title=Ailing AIIMS: Health Ministry's clean chit puts probe into Rs 7000 crore scam in jeopardy|website=India Today|date=20 June 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref> Opposition parties accused Nadda of links to senior IAS officer Vineet Chawdhry, with whom he had worked in Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/what-s-link-between-nadda-and-aiims-scam-accused-officer-aap-117062100751_1.html|title=What's link between Nadda and AIIMS scam accused officer: AAP|last=IANS|date=2017-06-21|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref>

The CBI found in October 2015 that AIIMS director M. C. Mishra and other school officials were involved in corruption in the purchase of medical items, and recommended action against them to the health ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/aiims-head-accused-of-irregular-purchase-of-medical-supplies-303312-2016-01-12|title=AIIMS head accused of irregular purchase of medical supplies|website=India Today|date=12 January 2016 |language=en|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cbi-gives-long-rope-to-indicted-aiims-director-mc-misra-by-referring-matter-to-ministry/articleshow/50540395.cms|title=CBI gives long rope to indicted AIIMS Director MC Misra by referring matter to ministry|last=Ohri|first=Raghav|date=2016|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref> The bureau presented a January 2018 forgery case under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 against AIIMS officials as a result of Chaturvedi's May 2014 report.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/aiims-surgery-dept-fraud-cbi-files-case/articleshow/62515149.cms|title=AIIMS surgery department 'fraud': CBI files case|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref> In September 2013, the CBI laid a criminal case concerning fraudulent payments and financial irregularities in allocating a security contract.<ref name=":1" /> It was found later that Chaturvedi's corruption cases involving senior IAS and IPS officers and the AIIMS' director and senior officials were hushed up after his removal by Nadda's health ministry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-ministers-whitewash/294530|title=The Minister's Whitewash|work=www.outlookindia.com/|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/whistleblower-ifs-officer-gets-marching-orders-in-delhi/article6337128.ece|title=Whistleblower IFS officer gets marching orders in Delhi|last=Perappadan|first=Bindu Shajan|date=2014-08-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-09-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In August 2014, Chaturvedi was relieved as CVO.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sify.com/finance/vardhan-transfers-aiims-exemplary-vigilance-chief-news-default-oivcJLfjhgcdj.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819084523/http://www.sify.com/finance/vardhan-transfers-aiims-exemplary-vigilance-chief-news-default-oivcJLfjhgcdj.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 August 2016 | title=Vardhan transfers AIIMS exemplary vigilance officer | date=21 August 2014 | author=Nitin Sethi }}</ref> He wrote in a 16 August letter to incoming health minister [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) that his removal was the result of a campaign by corrupt officials. Chaturvedi was supported by AIIMS staff (who wrote to the prime minister requesting his reinstatement) and the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP), who staged demonstrations. The media and the AAP alleged that the BJP's Nadda removed Chaturvedi on behalf of Vineet Chaudhary, an IAS officer from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Chaturvedi had accused Chaudhary of bending rules to extend tenure to an engineer supervising works worth {{INR}}3,700 crore. Nadda had reportedly proposed removing Chaturvedi in a letter which received 20 signatures within 24 hours.<ref name="DNA_2014_report" /> Chaturvedi had accused two security-contractor firms of serious violations, one of which was owned by the BJP's [[Rajya Sabha]] MP R. K. Sinha.<ref name="Outlook_maladies" /><ref>{{citation |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/arvind-kejriwal-slams-centre-over-removal-of-sanjiv-chaturvedi-as-aiims-cvo_956481.html|title=Arvind Kejriwal slams Centre over removal of Sanjiv Chaturvedi as AIIMS CVO|date= 22 August 2014|publisher=Zee Media}}</ref>

[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health and family welfare minister]] [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]] said that Chaturvedi was removed because he was ineligible for the CVO post, and the government decision had no ''[[Bad faith|male fides]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title="No malafide in Chaturvedi job role reprofiling": Dr Harsh Vardhan |date=24 September 2014 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=109962 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815190622/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=109962 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/harsh-vardhan-sanjiv-chaturvedi-not-eligible-for-aiims-cvo-post-205075-2014-08-21 |title=Sanjiv Chaturvedi not eligible for AIIMS CVO post: Harsh Vardhan |date=21 August 2014 |magazine=India Today }}</ref> However, the media reported that Nadda had written several letters advocating Chaturvedi's removal and demanded a halt to his corruption cases; a meeting between Nadda and Vardhan for that purpose was documented. Nadda reportedly wrote four letters between May 2013 and June 2014 requesting Chaturvedi's removal, which occurred after a change of government.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/aiims-whistle-blower-removed-at-bjp-leader-nadda-s-behest-114092400043_1.html AIIMS whistle-blower removed at BJP leader Nadda's behest]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nadda-wanted-corruption-inquiries-to-be-put-on-hold/story-wbHCuvlmWn8zo2Izor1e2M.html Nadda wanted corruption inquiries to be put on hold]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/aiims-whistle-blower-removed-at-bjp-leader-nadda-s-behest-114092400043_1.html|title=AIIMS whistle-blower removed at BJP leader Nadda's behest|last=Sethi|first=Nitin|date=2014-09-24|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref>

Media reports exposed records related to earlier attempts to remove Chaturvedi, despite a May 2014 report from the Union Health Secretary and the Health Ministry CVO that his performance was "exemplary" and his integrity "absolute". After intervention by a parliamentary committee, the prime minister's office directed the cabinet secretary to monitor and report further efforts to remove him.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

After Chaturvedi's removal, prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] asked Vardhan for a report. Health secretary Lov Verma said that AIIMS did not have an independent CVO, and Chaturvedi had been given additional responsibilities as an "internal arrangement." ''[[Zee News|DNA]]'' reported that facts about Chaturvedi's appointment and removal were omitted from Verma's report, and he was made CVO by an AIIMS order.<ref name="DNA_2014_report">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-all-facts-on-aiims-cvo-not-submitted-to-pm-narendra-modi-2024553 |title=All facts on AIIMS CVO not submitted to PM Narendra Modi |date=9 October 2014 |publisher=DNA }}</ref>

After Nadda became health minister in November 2014, his ministry attempted to revise Chaturvedi's appraisal report until Nadda was stopped the following June by the Central Administrative Tribunal<ref>[http://thewire.in/4121/tribunal-restricts-nadda-from-rewriting-whistleblower-chaturvedis-appraisal Tribunal Restrains Nadda From Rewriting Whistleblower Chaturvedi’s Appraisal]</ref> following a petition by Chaturvedi to promote him to director (selection grade) as scheduled; he was promoted retroactively, from 1 January.<ref name="court case">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/after-court-case-whistleblower-and-magsaysay-awardee-ifs-sanjiv-chaturvedi-gets-promotion/ |title=After court case, whistleblower and Magsaysay awardee IFS Sanjiv Chaturvedi gets promotion |date=24 August 2015 |newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref> In August 2015, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare accused the health ministry of ignoring AIIMS corruption and criticised the replacement of a dedicated CVO post with a ministry CVO.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/health-ministry-not-serious-about-tackling-corruption-cases-in-aiims-house-panel Health Ministry not serious about tackling corruption cases in AIIMS: House panel]</ref> That month, Chaturvedi said that he was disappointed with the Modi government for not acting on the corruption cases.<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/zero-tolerance-for-honesty-in-this-govt/295028 'Zero Tolerance For Honesty In This Govt']</ref>

By December 2015, Chaturvedi was still employed at AIIMS but his assigned tasks had been removed by the central government without explanation.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Raghav |last=Ohri | title=Whistle blower IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi rendered jobless | date=15 December 2015 |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/whistleblower-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-rendered-jobless/articleshow/50179725.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218170654/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/whistleblower-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-rendered-jobless/articleshow/50179725.cms |archive-date=18 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The following July, Chaturvedi filed an affidavit in the Delhi High Court that the ministry had taken no action on his AIIMS corruption cases.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre sitting on graft cases at AIIMS: Ex-CVO |date=21 July 2016 |newspaper=The Asian Age |url=http://www.asianage.com/delhi/centre-sitting-graft-cases-aiims-ex-cvo-908 }}</ref> After being stripped of his duties during the 2015–2016 fiscal year (a move that challenged in the Supreme Court), Chaturvedi received an "unsatisfactory" performance evaluation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Siwach |first=Sukhbir |date=14 February 2017 |title=Centre's rating for Magsaysay award winning IFS officer: 'zero' |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/centres-rating-for-magsaysay-award-winning-ifs-officer-zero-4523687/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214010657/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/centres-rating-for-magsaysay-award-winning-ifs-officer-zero-4523687/ |archive-date=14 February 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref>

=== AIIMS support ===
{{anchor|Support of AIIMS, faculty members, students and staff}}

After Chaturvedi was removed, AIIMS faculty members circulated a petition to bring him back; about 250 faculty members and researchers wrote to Prime Minister Modi to reinstate him as CVO and conduct an inquiry into his removal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aiims-faculty-comes-out-in-support-of-excvo/article6387971.ece|title=AIIMS faculty comes out in support of ex-CVO|last=Perappadan|first=Bindu Shajan|date=2014-09-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aiims-faculty-demands-enquiry-into-chaturvedis-removal/articleshow/41939996.cms|title=AIIMS faculty demands enquiry into Chaturvedi's removal|date=2014-09-07|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Chaturvedi also received support from the AIIMS student union and employees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aiims-students-union-want-sanjiv-chaturvedi-back-as-cvo-write-to-pm-narendra-modi-2014186|title=AIIMS Students' Union want Sanjiv Chaturvedi back as CVO, write to PM Narendra Modi|date=2014-08-27|work=dna|access-date=2018-07-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/aiims-staff-come-support-sanjiv-chaturvedi-write-to-pm-modi-1553409.html|title=AIIMS staff come in support of Sanjiv Chaturvedi, write to PM Modi for reinstating former CVO|work=www.oneindia.com|access-date=2018-07-19|language=en}}</ref>

=== Public interest litigation ===

In February 2015, the Delhi High Court issued notices to the central government and Union Health Minister J. P. Nadda in response to [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] (PIL) filed by [[Prashant Bhushan]] demanding a CBI investigation of pending corruption cases and Chaturvedi's removal as CVO.<ref>{{ cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/high-court-notice-to-nadda-over-corruption-in-aiims-115022501363_1.html | title=High court notice to Nadda over corruption in AIIMS | date=26 February 2015 | author=Nitin Sethi }}</ref> The court had sought a status report from the CBI on corruption exposed by Chaturvedi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/File-status-report-on-AIIMS-related-graft-cases-HC-to-CBI/articleshow/54584712.cms|title = AIIMS: File status report on AIIMS related graft cases: HC to CBI | Delhi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=29 September 2016 }}</ref> In April 2018, the court issued notices to the central government seeking their reply on the improper closure of corruption cases by the health ministry (headed by Nadda) during the PIL.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/delhi-hc-notice-centre-allegation-unduly-closing-cases-enormous-corruption-aiims-sans-pms-approval-read-application/|title=Delhi HC Notice To Centre On Allegation Of Unduly Closing Cases Of Enormous Corruption At AIIMS Sans PM's Approval [Read Application]|date=2018-04-09|work=Live Law|access-date=2018-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Conflict with central vigilance commissioner ===
{{anchor|Conflict with Central Vigilance Commissioner}}

Chaturvedi wrote to the president in July 2017 requesting a suspension and Supreme Court inquiry of [[Central Vigilance Commission]]er K. V. Chaudhary under Section 6 of the CVC Act, 2003, citing CBI reports recommending action against AIIMS officials and faculty members on corruption charges which were summarily closed by Chaudhary. Chaturvedi further alleged that the CVC did not exercise his disciplinary authority in closing the cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/196895/cvc-protecting-corrupt-officers-aiims-says-whistleblower-urges-president-order-probe/|title=CVC 'Protecting Corrupt Officers' in AIIMS, Says Whistleblower, Urges President to Order Probe |last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/whistleblower-chaturvedi-writes-to-prez-seeking-action-against-cvc/articleshow/61772454.cms|title=Whistleblower Chaturvedi writes to President seeking action against CVC |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cvc-closed-graft-cases-in-aiims-claims-whistleblower/articleshow/61739145.cms|title=CVC closed graft cases in AIIMS, claims whistleblower|date=2017-11-21|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> In response to Chaturvedi's [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI application]] about action taken on his complaint to the president about the CVC, the central government's Department of Personnel and Training (DoP&T) said that there were no guidelines to deal with such complaints.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amid-cbi-controversy-government-starts-framing-guidelines-to-handle-complaints-against-cvc/articleshow/66428597.cms|title=Amid CBI controversy, government starts framing guidelines to handle complaints against CVC|date=2018-10-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-guidelines-in-place-to-handle-complaints-against-vigilance-body-head-centre-in-rti-reply-1940084|title=No Guidelines To Handle Complaints Against Vigilance Body Head: Centre|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref>

In January 2019, the central government said that guidelines to handle such complaints were being framed and complaint will be processed only after guidelines are framed. This was criticized by the opposition Congress Party, which charged the central government with hiding behind technicalities to justify its inaction against Chaudhary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/%22government%22/citing-absence-of-guidelines-govt-says-cannot-act-on-complaints-against-cvc|title=Citing Absence of Guidelines, Govt Says Cannot Act on Complaints Against CVC|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/congress-questions-govt-inaction-on-complaints-against-cvc-2018471.html|title=Congress Questions Govt 'Inaction' on Complaints Against CVC|website=News18|date=29 January 2019|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>

=== Zero appraisal ===
{{anchor|Zero appraisal report}}

Chaturvedi received a zero grading in his annual performance report (APAR) for the 2015-16 fiscal year (the year he received the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]]) from Nadda and his subordinates. His previous appraisals had been outstanding, and in 2014 the health secretary rated his performance as exemplary.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/centres-appraisal-rating-for-magsaysay-award-winning-civil-servant-zero-sanjiv-chaturvedi-4525448/|title=Centre's appraisal rating for Magsaysay award-winning civil servant: 'zero'|work=Indian Express|date=15 February 2017|author=Sukhbir Siwach|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> The central government had deprived him of work after his petition was accepted by the Supreme Court in September 2016.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> A March 2017 Intelligence Bureau report called Chaturvedi a "diligent officer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/punjab-centres-rating-for-magsaysay-award-winner-zero-ib-says-diligent-officer-4594621/|title=Punjab: Centre's rating for Magsaysay award winner 'zero', IB says 'diligent officer'|work=[[The Indian Express]]|author=Sukhbir Siwach|date=1 April 2017|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> Within four months of Chaturvedi's zero rating, Uttarakhand's BJP government rated him outstanding for the 2016-17 fiscal year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/rated-zero-by-centre-forest-officer-outstanding-in-state-4692347/|title=Rated 'zero' by Centre, forest officer 'outstanding' in state|author=Kavita Upadhyay|date=7 June 2017|work=Indian Express|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> When Chaturvedi appealed his zero rating to the [[Uttarakhand High Court]] in June 2017, the court (led by Chief Justice K. M. Joseph) sent the case to a [[Tribunals in India|tribunal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-to-approach-cat-after-hc-relegates-petition/articleshow/59414073.cms|title=IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi to approach CAT after HC relegates petition|work=Times of India|date=2 July 2017|author=Yogesh Kumar|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> The court's order was criticized by the legal fraternity, since it had previously heard service-related cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/hc-relegating-chaturvedis-plea-a-puzzling-decision-say-lawyers/articleshow/59429731.cms|title=HC relegating Chaturvedi's plea a 'puzzling decision', say lawyers|date=3 July 2017|work=Times of India|author=Vineet Upadhyay|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/155444/sanjiv-chaturvedi-whistleblower-officer-plea-against-health-minister-jp-nadda/|title=Setback for Whistleblower Officer as Uttarakhand HC Refuses His Plea Against Health Minister|work=The Wire|date=7 July 2017|author=Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> The Nainital Central Administrative Tribunal rejected the [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary's]] request to remove his name from the case related to Chaturvedi's zero appraisal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cat-rejects-plea-to-remove-cabinet-secretary-as-party-in-case-filed-by-sanjiv-chaturvedi/articleshow/63826767.cms|title=CAT rejects plea to remove cabinet secretary as party in case filed by Sanjiv Chaturvedi|date=2018-04-19|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref>

The Uttarakhand High Court called the central government's attitude towards Chaturvedi "vindictive" in August 2018, and imposed {{INR}}25,000 in court costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/hc-quashes-vindictive-cat-order-on-chaturvedi-case-fines-centre-rs-25000/articleshow/65493497.cms|title=HC quashes 'vindictive' CAT order on Chaturvedi case, fines Centre Rs 25,000|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/ukhand-hc-finds-centre-vindictive-towards-whistleblower-ifs-officer-imposes-cost-of-rs-25k-sets-aside-cat-stay/|title=U'khand HC Finds Centre Vindictive Towards Whistleblower IFS Officer, Imposes Cost Of Rs 25K, Sets Aside CAT Stay|date=2018-08-24|work=Live Law|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2019, the Supreme Court of India upheld the Uttarakhand High Court's judgment and fined AIIMS {{INR}}25,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/centre-was-vindictive-towards-magsaysay-award-winner-sanjiv-chaturvedi-sc-119020601660_1.html|title=Centre was vindictive towards Magsaysay award winner Sanjiv Chaturvedi: SC|last=Sethi|first=Nitin|date=2019-02-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/supreme-court-cat-chairman-sanjiv-chaturvedi|title=In Win for Whistleblower, SC Reminds CAT Chairman He Is Just One Among Equals|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>

In May, 2025, Central Administrative Tribunal, Nainital Circuit Bench, issued contempt notices to Cabinet Secretary T V Somanathan, along with Union Health Secretary and Secretary of Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) on application moved by Chaturvedi in his Zero Appraisal case, on account of their failure to provide him certain documents regarding closure of anti-corruption investigations initiated by him as CVO, AIIMS.<ref>{{cite web | title=CAT bench issues contempt notice to cabinet secretary in Sanjiv Chaturvedi case | work=The Times of India | date=25 May 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/cat-bench-issues-contempt-notice-to-cabinet-secretary-in-sanjiv-chaturvedi-case/articleshow/121394105.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Uttarakhand CAT bench issues contempt notices to Cabinet Secretary, two top officials in Sanjiv Chaturvedi case | date=25 May 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/25/uttarakhand-cat-bench-issues-contempt-notices-to-cabinet-secretary-two-top-officials-in-sanjiv-chaturvedi-case }}</ref>

In August, 2025, Cabinet Secretary along with Health Secretary, move a Petition before Nainital High Court for stay of contempt proceedings initiated by Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) on Application of Chaturvedi.<ref>{{cite web | title=Union cabinet secy challenges 7-year-old CAT orders, contempt notices in IFS officer Sanjeev Chaturvedi case | work=The Times of India | date=3 August 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/union-cabinet-secy-challenges-7-year-old-cat-orders-contempt-notices-in-ifs-officer-sanjeev-chaturvedi-case/articleshow/123077553.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Union cabinet secretary challenges seven-year-old CAT order in IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi case | date=3 August 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/03/union-cabinet-secretary-challenges-seven-year-old-cat-order-in-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-case }}</ref>

In September, 2025, Chaturvedi filed a perjury petition against cabinet Secretary alleging, filing of false affidavit by him in Nainital High Court and also sought permission of Court to initiate defamation proceedings against Cabinet Secretary for using disparaging remarks against him in affidavit filed before High Court.<ref>{{cite web | title=IFS officer seeks perjury against cabinet secretary for filing false affidavit before HC | work=The Times of India | date=6 September 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ifs-officer-seeks-perjury-against-cabinetsecy-for-filing-false-affidavit-before-hc/articleshow/123734799.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=IFS officer in Uttarakhand sues Cabinet Secretary over false affidavit, alleges defamation | date=5 September 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/05/ifs-officer-in-uttarakhand-sues-cabinet-secretary-over-false-affidavit-alleges-defamation }}</ref>

=== Judgements and PMNRF donation ===
{{anchor|Cost on central government and donation to PMNRF.}}

In June 2019, the High Court of Uttarakhand issued contempt notices for non-payment of judgements to the Union Health Secretary and AIIMS director.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/after-u-khand-hc-contempt-notice-centre-pays-compensation-to-ifs-officer-119081100393_1.html|title=After U'khand HC contempt notice, Centre pays compensation to IFS officer|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-08-11|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-uttarakhand-high-court-issues-contempt-notices-to-centre-aiims-delhi-531694|title=Uttarakhand High Court issues contempt notices to Centre, AIIMS Delhi|last=Bhardwaj|first=Animesh|date=2019-07-01|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref> The central government paid Chaturvedi the following month,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/after-hc-contempt-notice-centre-pays-cost-to-whistleblower-officer-sanjay-chaturvedi-147127|title=After HC Contempt Notice, Centre Pays Cost To Whistleblower Officer Sanjay Chaturvedi|last=jain|first=akanksha|date=2019-08-12|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/center-paid-compensation-to-sanjeev-chaturvedi-after-contempt-notice-of-high-court-2083684|title=हाईकोर्ट के अवमानना नोटिस के बाद केंद्र ने IFS संजीव चतुर्वेदी को किया मुआवजे का भुगतान|website=NDTVIndia|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/centre-finally-pays-rs-25k-to-chaturvedi/articleshow/70594199.cms|title=Centre finally pays Rs 25k to Chaturvedi|date=9 August 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref> and in August, he donated it to the [[Prime Minister's National Relief Fund]] (PMNRF). In his letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Chaturvedi expressed surprise that public funds could be used for vindictive litigation and asked Modi to create a fund for other honest officers facing harassment and retaliation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sanjiv-chaturvedi-gives-cash-and-advice/cid/1705230|title=Vindicated, officer gives cash and advice|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/15/ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-donates-compensation-money-received-from-centre-to-pms-fund-2034080.html|title=IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi donates compensation money received from Centre to PM's National Relief Fund|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 September 2019 |access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tkbsen.in/2019/09/ifs-officer-donates-compensation-money-received-from-centre-to-pm-national-relief-fund/|title=IFS officer donates compensation money received from Centre to PM National Relief Fund|date=2019-09-15|website=The Sen Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>

=== Judicial recusals ===
{{anchor|Recusal by judges}}

As per report published in ‘Times of India’ in February 2025, with recusal of two new CAT judges, number of judges so far having recused from hearing cases of Chaturvedi, had touched to 13. This is being termed, probably highest number of judicial recusals in case of a single officer. As per the report, the list involves judges from Supreme Court, Nainital High Court, Central Administrative Tribunal and even lower courts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-22 |title=Whistleblower's case: 2 more judges refuse to hear matter, recusal tally hits 13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/whistleblowers-case-2-more-judges-refuse-to-hear-matter-recusal-tally-hits-13/articleshow/118461892.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-22 |title='Unprecedented': Another set of judges refuse to hear whistleblower Chaturvedi's case, 13th such recusal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/unprecedented-another-set-of-judges-refuse-to-hear-whistleblower-chaturvedis-case-13th-such-recusal/articleshow/118461074.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Whistleblower Sanjiv Chaturvedi's Cases Face 13th Judicial Recusal |url=https://thewire.in/law/whistleblower-sanjiv-chaturvedis-cases-face-13th-judicial-recusal |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> Supreme Court justices [[Ranjan Gogoi]] and U. U. Lalit recused themselves from the Haryana Forestry case, and a Shimla Court judge recused himself in April 2018 from a criminal defamation case filed against Chaturvedi by Himachal Pradesh Chief Secretary Vineet Chawdhary. Central Administrative Tribunal chair L. Narasimha Reddy recused himself from all of Chaturvedi's cases in a 29 March 2019 order, citing "unfortunate developments" and calling them "a rare case". Reddy had been cited for contempt by the High Court of Uttarakhand for disobeying their order on a petition filed by Chaturvedi, but his contempt proceeding was stayed by the Supreme Court in March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/following-contempt-and-several-petitions-cat-chairman-recuses-himself-from-hearing-cases-of-whistleblower-ifs-officer-144232|title=Following Contempt And Several Petitions, CAT Chairman Recuses Himself From Hearing Cases Of Whistleblower IFS Officer|last=jain|first=akanksha|date=2019-04-12|website=www.livelaw.in|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/contempt-notice-to-cat-chairman-stayed-143503|title=Sanjiv Chaturvedi Case: SC Stays Uttarakhand HC's Contempt Notice To CAT Chairman [Read Order]|last=Kini|first=Ashok|date=2019-03-12|website=www.livelaw.in|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/sanjiv-chaturvedi-case-ukhand-hc-showcause-notice-contempt-cat-chairman-143108|title=Sanjiv Chaturvedi Case: U'khand HC Issues Showcause Notice For Contempt To CAT Chairman|last=jain|first=akanksha|date=2019-02-23|website=www.livelaw.in|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/cat-chairman-refuses-to-hear-cases-of-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-2027431|title=IFS संजीव चतुर्वेदी के केस की सुनवाई से कैट चेयरमैन का इन्कार, केस से हट चुके हैं पहले भी कई जज|website=NDTVIndia|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/cat-refuses-to-hear-cases-of-whistleblower-sanjiv-chaturvedi|title=CAT Refuses to Hear Cases of 'Whistleblower' Sanjiv Chaturvedi|date=2019-04-23|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/apr/23/cat-chief-decides-to-not-hear-whistleblower-officers-cases-cites-unfortunate-developments-1967986.html|title=CAT chief decides to not hear whistleblower officer's cases, cites unfortunate developments|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref>

In January 2021, Chairman of Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), Justice L. Narsimha Reddy recused himself from the case filed by Sanjiv Chaturvedi, against the Central Government challenging lateral entry and 360 degree appraisal system introduced for officers at the level of Joint Secretary and above.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The curious case of nine years of recusals, relgations in cases against Magsaysay awardee IFS officer Chaturvedi|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/30/the-curious-case-of-nine-years-of-recusals-relgations-in-cases-against-magsaysay-awardee-ifs-office-2257117.html|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=CAT chief recuses himself from hearing whistleblower IFS officer's case|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cat-chief-recuses-himself-from-hearing-whistleblower-ifs-officers-case/articleshow/80598778.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-03-27}}</ref> In February 2021, in the same case, another judge of CAT, Delhi, Justice RN Singh recused himself on the ground that he had earlier appeared as a counsel representing Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) in a case filed by Chaturvedi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=CAT judge recuses himself from whistleblower IFS officer Sanjeev Chaturvedi's plea - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/cat-judge-recuses-himself-from-whistleblower-ifs-officer-sanjeev-chaturvedis-plea/articleshow/81657189.cms|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Times of India|date=24 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Another recusal by CAT member in Magsaysay Award recipient officer's plea, seventh in eight years|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/mar/23/another-recusal-by-cat-member-in-magsaysay-award-recipient-officers-plea-seventh-in-eight-years-2280546.html|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 March 2021 }}</ref>

In May 2023, a division bench of Uttarakhand High Court consisting of Chief Justice, recused himself from hearing case of Chaturvedi. The order didn't mention any reason at all.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=P. T. I. |date=2023-05-14 |title=Uttarakhand HC bench recuses itself from hearing IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi's case |url=https://lawtrend.in/uttarakhand-hc-bench-recuses-itself-from-hearing-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedis-case/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Law Trend |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=ANI |last2=ThePrint |date=2023-05-12 |title=U'khand HC bench rescues itself from hearing IFS Sanjiv Chaturvedi's case |url=https://theprint.in/india/ukhand-hc-bench-rescues-itself-from-hearing-ifs-sanjiv-chaturvedis-case/1569508/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In another development in March 2023, a division bench of Supreme Court, headed by Justice M.R. Shah, referred the matter of Chaturvedi to a larger bench regarding the issue of deciding the jurisdiction of high courts to hear appeal against orders of Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT). Judgement was reserved on 26 April in year 2022 and pronounced later on 3 March 2023, after a lapse of ten months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Sohini |date=2023-03-03 |title=Can HC Exercise Jurisdiction Over A Tribunal Situated Outside Its Territorial Limits? Supreme Court Refers To Larger Bench |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/hc-challenge-order-passed-by-tribunal-outside-territorial-jurisdiction-supreme-court-sanjiv-chaturvedi-article-2262-223043 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=Supreme Court to revisit its decision in Alapan Bandhopadhyay case on jurisdiction of high courts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-to-revisit-its-decision-in-alapan-bandhopadhyay-case-on-jurisdiction-of-high-courts/articleshow/98396003.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In November 2023, another bench of Central Administrative Tribunal, recused itself from hearing case of Sanjiv Chaturvedi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-27 |title=CAT bench recuses itself from IFS Sanjeev Chaturvedi case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cat-bench-recuses-itself-from-ifs-sanjeev-chaturvedi-case/articleshow/105540896.cms |access-date=2024-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In February 2024, Justice Manoj Tiwari of Uttarakhand High Court recused from one of cases of Chaturvedi, without citing any reason. This was the ninth such judicial recusal in his case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=HC judge recuses himself from IFS Sanjiv Chaturvedi case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/hc-judge-recuses-himself-from-ifs-sanjiv-chaturvedi-case-uttarakhand-high-court/articleshow/107805792.cms |access-date=2024-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETLegalWorld.com |title=Uttarakhand HC's Justice Manoj Tiwari recuses self from hearing IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi's case - ET LegalWorld |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/uttarakhand-hcs-justice-manoj-tiwari-recuses-self-from-hearing-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedis-case/107811119 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=ETLegalWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2025, Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Nainital, Ms. Neha Kushwaha recused from a Criminal Defamation case filed by him, against one of CAT Judges, citing his earlier family relations with another CAT Judge, Mr. D S Mahara.<ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrKDgJ45g1pLgIAH6S7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1763728249/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newindianexpress.com%2fnation%2f2025%2fJun%2f30%2ffourteenth-judge-recuses-from-case-involving-whistleblower-sanjeev-chaturvedi/RK=2/RS=NbpEuAVbh4OnsyoJNP9eTqjinZ8-</ref><ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrKDgJ45g1pLgIAIKS7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzIEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1763728249/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2fcity%2fdehradun%2f14th-judge-steps-aside-from-sanjiv-chaturvedis-cases%2farticleshow%2f122163950.cms/RK=2/RS=2Dm6OivZhTGvgO8aXIwOj.SgUjk-</ref>

In September, 2025, Senior Judge of Uttarakhand High Court, Justice Ravindra Maithani, recused from a contempt case filed by Chaturvedi against two Members of CAT, without citing any reason.<ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awrx.ZVg5w1pHwIA4YS7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1763728480/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newindianexpress.com%2fnation%2f2025%2fSep%2f27%2funprecedented-in-judicial-history-15th-judge-recuses-from-cases-involving-sanjiv-chaturvedi-ifs/RK=2/RS=HGnQq7JtZi4DuRGB8jvH3lni_xc-</ref><ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awrx.ZVg5w1pHwIA6oS7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzUEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1763728480/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2fcity%2fdehradun%2fanother-judge-recuses-from-case-involving-whistleblower-sanjiv-chaturvedi-15th-in-over-a-decade%2farticleshow%2f124185856.cms/RK=2/RS=vlWbx27sUZvru.ng6RmzeRDvilc-</ref><ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awrx.ZVg5w1pHwIA64S7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzYEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1763728480/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.deccanherald.com%2findia%2futtarakhand%2f15-judges-recuse-from-hearing-case-related-to-uttarakhand-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-3745376/RK=2/RS=C6qdg1G.biEV0NWPDbruU0YZuGg-</ref>

In October, 2025, Another Judge of Uttarakhand High Court, Justice Alok Verma, recused from the same contempt case filed by Chaturvedi against two Members of CAT, again without citing any reason.<ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awr1VTke6A1pFAIAf5S7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1763728671/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2findia%2f16th-judge-2nd-in-2-weeks-exits-chaturvedi-case%2farticleshow%2f124491771.cms/RK=2/RS=oMgPkC2KU_Xb1GoUfX1Od9Y9Szk-</ref><ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awr1VTke6A1pFAIAgpS7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzQEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1763728671/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.deccanherald.com%2findia%2fnow-16th-judge-recuses-from-hearing-case-of-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-3760911/RK=2/RS=E44JhgyQ9Qe2WhTCML4QqcaBwEE-</ref><ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awr1VTke6A1pFAIAg5S7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzUEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1763728671/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.aninews.in%2fnews%2fnational%2fgeneral-news%2f16th-judge-recuses-from-hearing-uttarakhand-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedis-case20251011093742%2f/RK=2/RS=sDEE43V.Yhy.c6ZpVHAOfpkb4GY-</ref>

This was highest number of Judicial recusals in case of a single officer in Indian Judicial History. A detailed investigative story in ‘Times of India’ published in October, 2025, explored all the recusals and unusual judicial decisions in case of Sanjiv Chaturvedi. This was followed by many such opinion pieces in other publications on propriety of judicial recusals.<ref>16 judges recused from this whistleblower’s suits | India News - The Times of India</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Why 16 judges recused from this whistleblower's suits | work=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-plus/law/why-16-judges-recused-from-this-whistleblowers-suits/articleshow/124659833.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Sanjiv Chaturvedi: Feisty IFS Officer Challenges Judiciary | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/feisty-ifs-officer-exposes-limits-of-judiciary-executive-3769215 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Duty to Decide | date=31 October 2025 | url=https://www.livelaw.in/articles/ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-case-and-recusal-of-judges-analysis-308395 }}</ref><ref>https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/columnists/the-recusal-syndrome-in-indian-judiciary.html</ref><ref>https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-truth-walks-alone/articleshow/124964911.htm</ref>

=== Prime Minister's intervention ===
{{anchor|Involvement of Prime Minister's office}}

''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' cited RTI documents that Prime Minister Narendra Modi had discussed Chaturvedi's removal with Health Minister Harsh Vardhan on 23 August 2014. That day, Union Health Secretary Luv Verma wrote to the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister that the Prime Minister had phoned the union Health minister and a report to the Prime Minister would follow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/212518/rti-reveals-modi-called-health-minister-discuss-removal-aiims-whistleblower-sanjiv-chaturvedi/|title=RTI Reveals Modi Called Health Minister to Discuss Removal of AIIMS Whistleblower Sanjiv Chaturvedi|work=The Wire|date=10 January 2018|author=Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> Although the content of the conversation was unclear, Chaturvedi was then stripped of his responsibilities, received a zero appraisal and faced several lawsuits. After the phone call, the prime minister's office unsuccessfully sought comments or a report from the health ministry about Chaturvedi's allegations. In 2013, the prime minister's office had intervened to resolve his case concerning differences between the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) and the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pmo-steps-in-to-resolve-row-over-whistleblower/article5190661.ece|title=PMO steps in to resolve row over whistle-blower|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 October 2013|author=Nitin Sethi|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> In February 2019, Chaturvedi wrote to Prime Minister Modi asking him to disclose details of Modi's phone conversation with Harsh Vardhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/whistleblower-bureaucrat-writes-to-pm-for-details-of-conversation-with-former-health-minister-758733|title=Whistleblower bureaucrat writes to PM for details of conversation with former Health minister|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Campaign against black money===
{{anchor|Campaign against black money and corruption}}

In August 2017, Chaturvedi submitted a 16-point RTI application to the prime minister's office for information on funds brought into India by the Modi government and deposited into citizen accounts. During the 2014 parliamentary elections, the BJP promised to deposit {{INR}}15 [[lakh]]s of foreign money into the account of every citizen. Chaturvedi also sought information on corruption complaints against Modi government ministers, a copy of the inquiry report and action taken on the complaints by the prime minister. Although the prime minister's office initially refused to provide the information, the [[Central Information Commission]] (CIC) ordered the prime minister's office to do so within 15 days on 16 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pms-office-now-has-to-disclose-corruption-complaints-against-union-ministers-central-information-com-1935217|title=PM's Office Now Has To Disclose Corruption Complaints Against Ministers|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/pmo-cic-black-money-details-narendra-modi|title=CIC Directs PMO to Reveal All Details of Black Money Brought From Abroad|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/how-much-black-money-has-been-brought-back-cic/articleshow/66313703.cms|title=How much black money has been brought back: CIC|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-16}}</ref> In its 12 November response, the prime minister's office said that providing details would be "cumbersome exercise" and "disproportionately divert the resources of the office" under Section 7 (9) of the RTI Act, 2005.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1163/2211-4394_rwilwo_sim_032651|title = Iv.l.13 United Nations Convention Against Corruption}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pmo-refuses-to-share-details-of-corruption-complaints-against-ministers/articleshow/66732801.cms|title=PMO refuses to share details of corruption complaints against ministers|website=The Times of India|date=22 November 2018 |access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref> The office also refused to provide information about money brought in from abroad, saying that its disclosure would affect a black-money investigation and citing Sections 8(1)(h) and 24 of the RTI Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEFZUc8Nj8fWr1o18XAzqE-sqGQgEKhAIACoHCAow2pqGCzD954MDMPTVigY|title=Despite CIC orders, PMO refuses info on black money brought from abroad|website=Google News|language=en|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rti-query-reply-pm-office-refuses-info-on-black-money-says-may-harm-investigation/story-SO8uLR8TojyRPtuWXACfzL.html|title=PM office refuses info on black money, says may harm investigation|date=2018-11-25|website=www.hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref> The denial by the PMO was questioned by [[Shiv Sena]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mystery-of-black-money-has-deepened-further-says-shiv-sena-1954113|title=Mystery Of Black Money Has Deepened Further, Says Shiv Sena|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref> and Chaturvedi called the fight against corruption a second freedom struggle,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/fighting-corruption-is-like-a-second-freedom-struggle/20181105.htm|title=Fighting corruption is like a second freedom struggle|website=Rediff|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> which has been studied in several publications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/columns/if-you-fight-corruption-government-will-fight-you-142965|title=If You Fight Corruption, Government Will Fight You!|last=Sridhar|first=Prof (Dr ) Madabhushi|date=2019-02-17|website=www.livelaw.in|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/171648/ifs-sanjiv-chaturvedi-anti-corruption-magsaysay-india/|title='The Path Isn't a Cakewalk': A Firebrand IFS Officer On How to Battle Corruption|date=2019-02-05|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref>

In November 2018, Chaturvedi filed a non-compliance complaint against the prime minister's office with the Central Information Commission under Section 18 of the RTI Act. The complaint was heard in April and June 2019; in an 18 June order, the CIC ruled that the prime minister's office was incorrect in its justification. However, it agreed with the PMO that disclosure of the information would impede an ongoing investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/cic-terms-pmos-objections-on-rti-seeking-details-on-union-ministers-corruption-cases-as-not-correct/articleshow/70062815.cms|title=CIC terms PMO's objections on RTI seeking details on Union ministers' corruption cases as 'not correct'|date=4 July 2019|first=Vineet|last=Upadhyay|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/cic-paves-way-for-disclosure-of-corruption-complaints-against-union-ministers/articleshow/70070183.cms|title=CIC paves way for disclosure of corruption complaints against Union ministers|date=2019-07-04|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/cic-paves-way-for-disclosure-of-graft-plaints-against-ministers-361602|title=CIC paves way for disclosure of graft plaints against ministers|last=MP|first=Team|date=2019-07-04|website=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>

In July and September 2019, the Delhi High Court dismissed Chaturvedi's case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/law/pmo-central-information-commission-black-money-rti|title=Wordplay Helps PMO Dodge Release of Details on Black Money, Corruption Cases Under RTI|website=The Wire|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref> A Supreme Court [[division bench]], hearing a [[Special Leave Petitions in India|special leave petition]] filed by Chaturvedi against the Delhi High Court rulings, issued a notice to the PMO in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/economy/sc-issues-notice-to-pmo-on-black-money-andcorruption-cases-against-modis-ministers|title=SC issues notice to PMO on black money and corruption cases against Modi's ministers|website=National Herald|date=31 January 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-to-hear-plea-on-disclosure-of-ministers-graft-cases-under-rti/articleshow/73821959.cms|title=SC to hear plea on disclosure of ministers' graft cases under RTI|website=The Times of India|date=February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-to-examine-appeal-against-high-court-order-in-rti-case/article30708318.ece|title=SC to examine appeal against High Court order in RTI case|date=2020-02-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-issues-notice-to-pmo-over-plea-on-black-money-details/story-4XpPwMmc7TxjEaW4ksM7dL.html|title=SC issues notice to PMO over plea on black money details|date=2020-02-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>

In January 2024, in a landmark judgement, involving corruption cases investigated by Chaturvedi. The Delhi High Court ruled that CBI is not exempted under RTI Act in matters of Corruption and human rights violation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2024-02-03 |title=CBI Not Exempted Under RTI Act, Must Provide Info On Corruption And Human Rights Violations Except 'Sensitive Investigation': Delhi HC |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-cbi-not-exempted-rti-act-248372 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-03 |title=CBI not completely exempted under RTI Act, permitted to furnish info on allegations of corruption: Delhi HC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cbi-not-completely-exempted-under-rti-act-permitted-to-furnish-info-on-allegations-of-corruption-delhi-hc/articleshow/107386036.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Earlier in September 2023, in an unprecedented and bold order, the Delhi High Court issued contempt notices, to two senior CBI officers on petition of Chaturvedi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-29 |title=IFS officer case: Delhi HC issues notices to 2 CBI officials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ifs-officer-case-hc-issues-notices-to-2-cbi-officials/articleshow/104026096.cms |access-date=2024-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi HC issues contempt notices to senior CBI officers |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/delhi-hc-issues-contempt-notices-to-senior-cbi-officers/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=TheDailyGuardian |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, Supreme Court agreed to expedite hearing of case of black money brought from abroad, on petition of Chaturvedi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-28 |title=Supreme Court Expedites Hearing Of Sanjiv Chaturvedi's Plea For Information From PMO On Black Money Brought From Abroad |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-expedites-hearing-of-sanjiv-chaturvedis-plea-for-information-from-pmo-on-black-money-brought-from-abroad-264816 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

In an unprecedented affidavit filed before Delhi High Court in April 2024, in second contempt petition of Chaturvedi against it, CBI alleged 'arm twisting' by Chaturvedi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBI alleges arm-twisting by IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi in affidavit before court |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cbi-alleges-arm-twisting-by-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-in-affidavit-before-court20240505231210/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Defamation case against Chaturvedi ===
{{anchor|Criminal defamation case}}

A defamation case was filed against Chaturvedi by Vineet Chawdhary in a [[Shimla]] court concerning Chaturvedi's August 2014 letter to the Himachal Pradesh Chief Secretary, which contained a list of pending departmental and CBI investigations of Chawdhary. Chawdhary was deputy director (administration) at AIIMS New Delhi from 2010 to 2012, and was the subject of a number of complaints about financial irregularities and abuse of power. After the lower court issued a summons, Chaturvedi approached the Shimla High Court to quash the proceedings on the grounds that providing information on pending cases was part of his duties as AIIMS CVO.

In an April 2018 order, the Shimla High Court refused to intervene; the judge hearing the case recused himself for personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/defamation-case-judge-recuses-from-hearing/articleshow/64106600.cms|title=Defamation case: Judge recuses from hearing|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Chaturvedi challenged the defamation case in the Supreme Court, which overturned the Himachal Pradesh High Court ruling the following month and asked it to re-hear the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/may/26/criminal-defamation-case-sc-sets-aside-himachal-hc-order-denying-relief-to-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chatu-1819745.html|title=Criminal defamation case: SC sets aside Himachal HC order denying relief to IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/sc-sets-aside-hp-hc-order-denying-relief-to-whistleblower-ifs-officer-seeking-quashing-of-defamation-complaint-by-hp-chief-secy-read-order/|title=SC Sets Aside HP HC Order Denying Relief To Whistleblower IFS Officer Seeking Quashing Of Defamation Complaint By HP Chief Secy [Read Order]|date=2018-05-17|work=Live Law|access-date=2018-07-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Delhi Government invitation ===
{{anchor|Invitation by Delhi Government}}

In 2015, the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] planned to appoint Chaturvedi as chief of the Delhi [[List of anti-corruption agencies|anti-corruption bureau]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/aaps-first-big-message-whistleblower-sanjiv-chaturvedi-as-delhi-anti-corruption-chief-739231?pfrom=home-lateststories |title=AAP's First Big Message: Whistleblower Sanjiv Chaturvedi as Delhi Anti-Corruption chief |publisher=NDTV |date=13 February 2015 |author=Deepshikha Ghosh }}</ref> On 17 and 28 February 2015, Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] wrote to Cabinet Minister of Environment and Forests [[Prakash Javdekar]] asking for the deputation of Chaturvedi to Delhi as an officer on special duty. The [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC) directed the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] to consent to Chaturvedi's deputation to the Delhi government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/whistleblower-sanjeev-chaturvedi-osd-appointment-in-delhi-govt/article7305138.ece?w=spa |title=Centre gives nod for whistleblower Sanjeev Chaturvedi as OSD in Delhi govt |newspaper=the Hindu |date=11 June 2015 |first=Jatin |last=Anand }}</ref>

In October 2015, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare gave its consent. This was followed by the [[government of Uttarakhand]], and a court directed the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) to make a decision by 1 May 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-17/news/69119325_1_sanjiv-chaturvedi-health-ministry-kejriwal | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826015907/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-17/news/69119325_1_sanjiv-chaturvedi-health-ministry-kejriwal | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 August 2016 | title=Sanjiv Chaturvedi may soon join Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal as his officer on special duty | newspaper=Economic Times | date=17 December 2015 | author=Raghav Ohri }}</ref> The Uttarakhand government withdrew its consent in January 2016, restoring it shortly afterwards.<ref>{{ cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/transfer-row-strange-twists-in-uttarakhand-government-centre-order-against-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi/articleshow/51433930.cms | title=Transfer row:Strange twists in Uttarakhand Government | date=17 March 2016 | author=Raghav Ohri }}</ref> The court directed the ACC to make a timely decision. In July 2016, ACC rejected Chaturvedi's transfer because he had not completed the requisite cooling-off period between deputations. In a letter to the prime minister that month, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal said that a cooling-off period is not required for personal staff appointments<ref>{{Cite news |first=Nitin |last=Sethi |date=25 June 2016 |title=ACC rejects Sanjiv Chaturvedi's deputation to Kejriwal's office |newspaper=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/acc-rejects-sanjiv-chaturvedi-s-deputation-to-kejriwal-s-office-116062401351_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819184524/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/acc-rejects-sanjiv-chaturvedi-s-deputation-to-kejriwal-s-office-116062401351_1.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and requested the deputation for the public good.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-writes-to-pm-narendra-modi-pressing-for-sanjiv-chaturvedis-posting-as-osd-2907133|title=Arvind Kejriwal writes to PM Modi pressing for Sanjiv Chaturvedi's posting as OSD|date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

== Career in Uttarakhand ==

In October 2012, Chaturvedi applied for a change of cadre from Haryana to Uttarakhand on the grounds of extreme hardship, including frequent transfers, a suspension and false cases. The state governments and the Ministry of Environment and Forests also recommended a cadre change in July 2014 to the Appointment Committee of Cabinet (ACC), headed by the prime minister. On 28 January 2015, the ACC ordered fresh [[No Objection Certificate|NOCs]] from both state governments. The order was challenged by the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), which stayed and then quashed it in May 2015 and gave the ACC two months to approve the cadre change; on 13 August 2015, the cadre change was approved.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 August 2015 |orig-year=updated 10 January 2016 |title=After 3-year wait, whistleblower Sanjiv Chaturvedi gets Uttarakhand cadre |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150817/nation-current-affairs/article/after-3-year-wait-whistleblower-sanjiv-chaturvedi-gets |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908172330/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150817/nation-current-affairs/article/after-3-year-wait-whistleblower-sanjiv-chaturvedi-gets |archive-date=8 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Uttarakhand forest conservator ===
{{anchor|As conservator of forest in Uttarakhand}}

After completing his four-year tenure at AIIMS New Delhi, Chaturvedi joined the Uttarakhand cadre on 29 August 2016 and was promoted to Conservator of Forest in November of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/In-surprise-move-Ukhand-govt-promotes-whistle-blower-IFS-officer-Sanjiv-Chaturvedi/articleshow/55338528.cms|title=In surprise move, Uttarakhand government promotes whistle-blower IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi|work=Times of India|date=10 November 2016|author=Yogesh Kumar|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> The state government was confused about his posting, and after three months he was ordered to a post as [[Officer on Special Duty]] (OSD) of the government of Uttarakhand to supervise state cases in the National Green Tribunal (NGT).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/IFS-officer-Sanjiv-Chaturvedi-gets-Delhi-posting/articleshow/55625693.cms|title=IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi gets Delhi posting|work=Times of India|date=25 November 2016|author=Darshan Kunwar|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> The state government cancelled the Delhi posting within 24 hours at a press conference called by Chief Minister [[Harish Rawat]], who said that Chaturvedi would receive a posting of his choice in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 November 2016|title=Uttarakhand govt reverses its own order on whistleblower Sanjiv Chaturvedi's posting |newspaper=DNA (Diligent Media Corporation) |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-uttarakhand-govt-reverses-its-own-order-on-sanjiv-chaturvedi-s-posting-2277393 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129173047/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-uttarakhand-govt-reverses-its-own-order-on-sanjiv-chaturvedi-s-posting-2277393 |archive-date=29 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> After Chaturvedi requested assignment to the anti-corruption wing, he was appointed Conservator of Forest (Research) on 12 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Yogesh |date=8 December 2016 |title=Sanjiv Chaturvedi appointed as Forest Conservator in Haldwani |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Sanjiv-Chaturvedi-appointed-as-Forest-Conservator-in-Haldwani/articleshow/55860004.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214011717/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Sanjiv-Chaturvedi-appointed-as-Forest-Conservator-in-Haldwani/articleshow/55860004.cms |archive-date=14 February 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref> The reversal was criticized by state political activists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Kautilya |date=7 December 2016 |title=Cong govt 'shielding' corrupt officers, punishing honest ones: Hamara Uttarakhand Manch |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Cong-govt-shielding-corrupt-officers-punishing-honest-ones-Hamara-Uttarakhand-Manch/articleshow/55855425.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208075553/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Cong-govt-shielding-corrupt-officers-punishing-honest-ones-Hamara-Uttarakhand-Manch/articleshow/55855425.cms |archive-date=8 December 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref>

=== Research projects ===

Chaturvedi initiated projects on the [[effects of climate change|impact of climate change]] on rhododendron bloom, changes in the tree line, and carbon sequestration of broad-leaved species.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/project-launched-to-study-climate-change-impact-on-flowering-of-rhododendron/articleshow/58085902.cms|title=Project launched to study climate change impact on flowering of rhododendron|work=Times of India|date=9 April 2017|author=Seema Sharma|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> A research study to gather data on aspects of human-wildlife conflict, Uttarakhand's most significant problem, was also initiated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/forest-dept-to-compile-data-on-man-animal-conflict/articleshow/58648789.cms|title=Forest dept to compile data on man-animal conflict|work=Times of India|author=Seema Sharma|date=12 May 2017|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> The patenting of two medicinal species was begun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/forestdept-takes-initiative-to-get-2-medicinal-plant-species-patented/articleshow/59299366.cms|title=Forest dept takes initiative to get 2 medicinal plant species patented|author=Seema Sharma|work=Times of India|date=24 June 2017|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> Chaturvedi began a conservation program for fern species,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-research-circle-starts-conservation-program-for-ferns-species/articleshow/60121512.cms|title=Uttarakhand Research Circle starts conservation program for ferns species|work=Times of India|author=Seema Sharma|date=18 August 2017|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> and a project for the conservation and propagation of species in the state's alpine meadows.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/in-a-first-nurseries-to-conserve-critically-endangered-vegetation-species-in-high-altitude-alpine-meadows/articleshow/61705464.cms|title=Nurseries in high alpine meadows to be set up for the first time in Uttarakhand|work=Times of India|author=Seema Sharma|date=18 November 2017|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> The state government planned to patent [[Chicory|kasani]] after a [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research and Development Organization]] unit corroborated its medicinal properties with Chaturvedi's research wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-to-apply-for-patent-of-wonder-herb-after-drdo-unit-validates-medicinal-properties/articleshow/62233998.cms|title=Uttarakhand to apply for patent of wonder herb after DRDO unit validates medicinal properties|date=25 December 2017|work=Times of India|author=Seema Sharma|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Chaturvedi initiated projects researching 17 tree species which yield dye, tannin and gum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/research-to-be-conducted-on-17-tree-species/articleshow/62936873.cms|title=Research to be conducted on 17 tree species|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref> Steps were taken to conserve rare and threatened Himalayan plant species by requiring that at least 10 percent of such species be planted annually statewide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-to-conserve-34-rare-endangered-threatened-plants-found-in-himalayas/articleshow/65000689.cms|title=Uttarakhand to conserve 34 'rare endangered threatened' plants found in Himalayas|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref>

A project was initiated to conserve wild mushrooms growing in the Devban region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/forest-dept-to-grow-wild-mushrooms-with-medicinal-properties/articleshow/65464512.cms|title=Forest dept to grow wild mushrooms with medicinal properties|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref> In November 2018, the Uttarakhand government approved Chaturvedi's proposal to conserve Himalayan flora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/uttarakhand-forest-department-to-form-research-centre-for-preservation-of-himalayan-flora/325317|title=Uttarakhand forest department to form research centre for preservation of Himalayan flora|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=3 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-forest-department-gets-first-research-centre-to-conserve-himalayan-flora/story-5lG6TlLOp7rTVymi9ncASO.html|title=Uttarakhand forest department gets first research centre to conserve Himalayan flora|date=2018-12-03|website=www.hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref> Tulips were successfully grown in Haldwani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-tulip-in-uttrakhand-18908592.html|title=उत्तराखंड में पहली बार खिला ट्यूलिप|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>

A conservation project for grass species in the state was initiated,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-forest-department-19177650.html|title=उत्तराखंड में महफूज रहेंगी घास की 185 प्रजातियां|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> A Palmatum for conservation of various palm species was established in Haldwani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/grass-species-will-preserved-uttarakhand|title=उत्तराखंडः संरक्षित होंगी लुप्त हो रही घास की 185 प्रजातियां, यहां बनी नर्सरी|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> and efforts were made to conserve historically important tree species.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-pametum-19139911.html|title=उत्तराखंड में होगा पाम की विभिन्न प्रजातियों का संरक्षण, पढ़िए पूरी खबर|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-forest-dept-to-preserve-and-propagate-trees-under-which-guru-nanak-adi-shankaracharya-swami-vivekanand-meditated/articleshow/68945242.cms|title=Uttarakhand forest department to preserve, propagate trees of spiritual value|date=18 April 2019|first=Vineet|last=Upadhyay|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> A project was begun to conserve 127 orchid species in the Gori Valley, and a rare species of [[macaque]] was reported in the state's Pithoragarh region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-forest-dept-starts-project-to-conserve-127-orchid-species-in-pithoragarhs-gori-valley/articleshow/69223801.cms|title=U'khand forest department starts project to conserve 127 orchid species in Pithoragarh's Gori valley|date=8 May 2019|first=Shivani|last=Azad|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/rare-monkey-species-in-gori-valley-facing-extinction/articleshow/69255548.cms|title=Rare monkey species in Gori valley facing extinction|date=10 May 2019|first=Prem|last=Punetha|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> A study was conducted on the impact of [[climate change]] on the [[Himalayan pika]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/himalayan-pika-hare-like-herbivore-found-in-upper-himalayas-facing-threat-due-to-climate-change/articleshow/69730405.cms|title=Himalayan Pika, hare-like herbivore found in upper Himalayas facing threat due to climate change|date=11 June 2019|first=Shivani|last=Azad|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>

The Forest Department began a project to plant [[Platanus orientalis|chinar]] trees, otherwise found in [[Kashmir]], in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/jks-scenic-chinar-trees-at-ukhands-tourist-sites-soon/articleshow/70760559.cms|title=J&K's scenic Chinar trees at U'khand's tourist sites soon|date=21 August 2019|first=Prem|last=Punetha|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-to-conserve-32-himalayan-creepers-with-medicinal-value/articleshow/70950986.cms|title=U'khand to conserve 32 Himalayan creepers with medicinal value|date=3 September 2019|first=Shivani|last=Azad|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>
In October 2019, another project was initiated to conserve the state's wild fruits and spices.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Forest department to conserve state's wild fruits, spices|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/forest-dept-to-conserve-states-wild-fruits-spices/articleshow/71558677.cms|access-date=2020-03-19|website=The Times of India|date=13 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Two months later, a project was begun in [[Nainital district]] to establish India's first [[moss]] garden and showcase moss species.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Forest department to develop country's first moss garden in Nainital|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/forest-dept-to-develop-countrys-first-moss-garden-in-nainital/articleshow/72419782.cms|access-date=2020-03-19|website=The Times of India|date=8 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In March 2020, Jurassic Park was established in [[Haldwani]] for [[Jurassic]] vegetation, including ''[[ginkgo biloba]]'', [[fern]], [[cycad]]s, mosses, [[conifer]]s and [[horsetail]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/haldwani-to-get-jurassic-park-to-house-plant-species/articleshow/74642151.cms|title=Uttrakhand: Haldwani to get Jurassic Park, to house plant species|date=16 March 2020|first=Prashant|last=Jha|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref> A Buddha Garden was established the following month in Haldwani, showcasing 13 tree species linked to [[Gautama Buddha]] (including the [[Saraca asoca|ashoka tree]] under which he was reportedly born, the [[Ficus religiosa|peepal tree]] under which he attained enlightenment and the [[Shorea robusta|sal tree]] under which he died).<ref>{{Cite news|title=On Buddha Purnima, Vatika inaugurated at Haldwani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/on-buddha-purnima-vatika-inaugurated-at-haldwani/articleshow/75607923.cms|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Times of India|date=8 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttarakhand: Buddha Vatika inaugurated at research wing of state forest department in Haldwani|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/uttarakhand-buddha-vatika-inaugurated-research-wing-state-forest-062017100.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}</ref> India's first Moss garden was finally inaugurated in November 2020. It is spread over an area of 10 ha and has more than thirty species of Moss and bryophytes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 21, 2020|first=Ishita|last=Mishra|title=Uttarakhand gets its first 'Moss Garden' in Nainital|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-gets-its-first-moss-garden-in-nainital/articleshow/79328590.cms|access-date=2021-01-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=India's first moss garden comes up near Nainital|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-first-moss-garden-comes-up-near-nainital/articleshow/79337826.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref>

Chaturvedi released a report in May of that year on 1,145 plant species (endemic and threatened) conserved by Uttarakhand's research wing, including trees, medicinal herbs, orchids, bamboo, ferns, grasses, shrubs, cactus, palm, Alpine flowers, moss, algae and lichens.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In a first, Uttarakhand releases report on conservation of endemic, threatened floras|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/first-uttarakhand-releases-report-conservation-091951470.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Eco Watch: Bumblebees bite leaves to make plants flower early|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/global-eco-watch-bumblebees-bite-leaves-to-make-plants-flower-early-71346|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=25 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=One of the Biggest plant conservation report of its kind released: Will it cure Plant Blindness as well?|url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/one-of-the-biggest-plant-conservation-report-of-its-kind-released-will-it-cure-plant-blindness-as-well-/20683|access-date=2020-06-12|website=IndianMandarins|language=en}}</ref>

For the 2020 [[World Environment Day]] on 5 June, Chaturvedi inaugurated Uttarakhand's largest biodiversity park. The {{convert|18|acre|ha|adj=on}} park contains about 500 plant species, including trees, medicinal herbs, cactus, orchids, palm, bamboo and [[vine]]s. Its approximately 45 different sections include Jurassic Park (showcasing Jurassic vegetation), a soil museum, a weather station, driftwood, pebble art and medicinal-plant extracts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=U'khand opens its biggest biodiversity park in Haldwani on World Environment Day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-opens-its-biggest-biodiversity-park-in-haldwani-on-world-environment-day/articleshow/76223752.cms|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Times of India|date=6 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttarakhand opens biodiversity park in Haldwani to encourage conservation|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/uttarakhand-opens-biodiversity-park-in-haldwani-to-encourage-conservation-71634|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=8 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=From 'sarv Dharam Vatika' To Jurassic Lawn, Uttarakhand's Haldwani Biodiversity Lawn Boasts Of An Ecological Combine - Go Back And Forth |url=https://googlenewz.live/from-sarv-dharam-vatika-to-jurassic-lawn-uttarakhands-haldwani-biodiversity-lawn-boasts-of-an-ecological-combine-go-back-and-forth/|access-date=2020-06-12|website=google Newz|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-06|title=From 'sarv dharam vatika' to Jurassic garden, Uttarakhand's Haldwani biodiversity garden boasts of an ecological mix|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/from-sarv-dharam-vatika-to-jurassic-garden-uttarakhand-s-haldwani-biodiversity-garden-boasts-of-an-ecological-mix/story-f7ULjoNqWFEB16yeI5p13N.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> That month, India's first Lichen Park was opened in [[Munsyari]], [[Pithoragarh district]]. The {{convert|2|acre|ha|adj=on}} park contains about 80 species of [[lichen]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-28|title=Uttarakhand forest department develops India's first lichen park in Kumaon|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-forest-department-develops-india-s-first-lichen-park-in-kumaon/story-tBJYbxiexPVTlxhjU6y1hO.html|access-date=2020-08-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's 'first' lichen park in Uttarakhand to conserve Jurassic era plant|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/india-s-first-lichen-park-in-uttarakhand-to-conserve-jurassic-era-plant/613213|access-date=2020-08-03|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=28 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
In July 2020, a Ramayana Garden was opened in Haldwani. The {{convert|1|acre|ha|adj=on}} garden contains forest types and plant species described in [[Valmiki]]'s ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thematic garden inspired by Ram's 14-year vanvas developed in Haldwani|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/thematic-garden-inspired-by-rams-14year-vanvas-developed-in-haldwani/1895057|access-date=2020-08-03|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Garden containing plant species mentioned in Valmiki's Ramayana, opened for public in Haldwani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/garden-containing-plant-species-mentioned-in-valmikis-ramayana-opened-for-public-in-haldwani/articleshow/76965409.cms|access-date=2020-08-03|website=The Times of India|date=15 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-26|title=Nature inspires literature: Rabindranath Tagore, Gulzar, Ruskin Bond and other writers at Uttarakhand conservation centres|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/nature-inspires-literature-rabindranath-tagore-gulzar-ruskin-bond-and-other-writers-at-uttarakhand-conservation-centres/story-1tQX1Yz6wgPvk1lCBhynAN.html|access-date=2020-08-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Connecting nature and literature, poems about nature by [[Robert Frost]], [[Sumitranandan Pant]], [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]], [[Gulzar]], [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] and [[Ruskin Bond]] are displayed in the state's biodiversity conservation centers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wooing people to conserve nature through poetry, Uttarakhand shows the way|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/wooing-people-conserve-nature-poetry-110040534.html|access-date=2020-08-03|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

In December 2020, India's first pollinator park was inaugurated in Haldwani. Spread over an area of 4 acres (1.62 ha), it has 40 different pollinator species.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's first pollinator park opens in Uttarakhand, will support over 40 key species|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/dec/29/indias-first-pollinator-park-opens-in-uttarakhand-will-support-over-40-key-species-2242653.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-21|title=Country's first moss garden comes up in Uttarakhand's Nainital district|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/country-s-first-moss-garden-comes-up-in-uttarakhand-s-nainital-district/story-ef282Q4p9qHQ0nm5RyL2uI.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In January 2021, an arboretum consisting of around 200 species of trees and shrubs, representing biodiversity of Shiwali Hills, which is basically Outer Himalayas was inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shivalik Arboretum inaugurated in Nainital - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/shivalik-arboretum-inaugurated-in-nainital/articleshow/80617613.cms|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Times of India|date=February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-31|title=Uttarakhand sets up first arboretum for Shivalik range with 210 species of trees|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarakhand-sets-up-first-arboretum-for-shivalik-range-with-210-species-of-trees-101612094988675.html|access-date=2021-03-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In February 2021, First Forest Healing Centre of India was inaugurated at Ranikhet. Inspired from [[Shinrin-yoku|Japanese system of forest bathing]] and ancient Indian traditions, it intends to promote activities of tree hugging, forest walking, forest meditation and sky gazing, to augment healing process.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's first forest healing centre inaugurated in Uttrakand's Ranikhet|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indias-first-forest-healing-centre-inaugurated-in-uttrakands-ranikhet20210307170045/|access-date=2021-03-27|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-09|title=Uttarakhand opens India's first forest healing centre|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/uttarakhand-opens-india-first-forest-healing-centre-ranikhet/|access-date=2021-03-27|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dip a Toe as Japan's Forest Bathing Idea Comes to India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71289/india-now-has-a-forest-healing-centre|access-date=2021-03-27|website=www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/|date=14 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

On the eve of World Environment Day in 2021, a comprehensive report of Flora conserved by Research Wing was released. Report contained details of 1576 plant species out of which 73 were threatened and 53 were endemic. It was stated that this report is being released to counter concept of plant blindness.<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=Press Trust of India |date=June 4, 2021 |title=On eve of World Environment Day, list of 1,500 plant species conserved in Uttarakhand released|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/on-eve-of-world-environment-day-list-of-1-500-plant-species-conserved-in-uttarakhand-released-1810973-2021-06-04|access-date=2021-07-23|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=To combat 'plant blindness', Uttarakhand Forest Department releases report of over 1500 flora|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/05/to-combat-plant-blindness-uttarakhand-forest-department-releases-report-of-over-1500-flora-2312093.html|access-date=2021-07-23|website=The New Indian Express|date=5 June 2021 }}</ref>

In June 2021, a unique garden called Bharat Vatika was unveiled, prepared by Research Wing under Sanjiv Chaturvedi and inaugurated by schoolgirls. It contained all the State trees of 28 States and 5 Union Territories of India, brought together at one place for the first time anywhere in country. As per 'Times of India' report, it took massive efforts to collect plants from far away States, from roads, railways and by air.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Prashant Jha|date=Jun 27, 2021|title=A 500km road trip, saplings on flight: How Uttarakhand built country's first garden with trees from all states,union territories {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/a-500km-road-trip-saplings-on-flight-how-ukhand-built-countrys-1st-garden-with-trees-from-all-states-uts/articleshow/83878353.cms|access-date=2021-07-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=भारत वाटिका तैयार, सभी राज्यों के राज्य वृक्षों का होगा संरक्षण|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/nainital/bharat-vatika-ready-state-trees-of-all-states-will-be-protected-haldwani-news-hld4291227122|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharat Vatika: Uttarakhand develops biodiversity garden with state trees of all provinces, UTs|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/26/bharat-vatika-uttarakhand-develops-biodiversity-garden-with-state-trees-of-all-provinces-uts-2321851.html|access-date=2021-07-23|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 June 2021 }}</ref>

In July 2021, first Cryptogamic garden of India, was inaugurated, in Dehradun District of Uttarakhand, at an altitude of 9000 ft. Developed by Research Wing, it displays more than 70 species of Cryptogams.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-11|title=India's first cryptogamic garden opens in Dehradun|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dehradun-cryptogamic-garden-uttarakhand-indias-first-7399416/|access-date=2021-07-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Shivani Azad|date=Jul 12, 2021|title=India's first cryptogamic garden opens in Uttarakhand {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-forest-dept-sets-up-indias-first-cryptogamic-garden/articleshow/84324539.cms|access-date=2021-07-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's first cryptogamic garden inaugurated in Dehradun|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jul/11/indias-first-cryptogamic-garden-inaugurated-in-dehradun-2328611.html|access-date=2021-07-23|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 July 2021 }}</ref>

In July 2021, first orchid conservation Centre of North India was got inaugurated in Mandal. spread over an area of 3 acres, It has 70 different orchid species.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-30|title=Uttarakhand's first orchid conservation center opened|url=https://illinoisnewstoday.com/uttarakhands-first-orchid-conservation-center-opened/321640/|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Illinois News Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttarakhand gets first centre dedicated exclusively to orchid species|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/uttarakhand-gets-first-centre-dedicated-exclusively-to-orchid-species/2131413|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.outlookindia.com/|language=en}}</ref>

In August, research wing reported a new subspecies of Orchid-Celephenthra erecta, which was a new addition to list of Indian flora.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Rare orchid species found in U'khand|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/rare-orchid-species-found-in-ukhand-298032|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rare orchid species found in U'khand|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rare-orchid-species-found-in-ukhand/2142192|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.outlookindia.com/|language=en}}</ref>

In August 2021, highest altitude herbal garden of India, developed by research wing under Chaturvedi, at an altitude of 11000 ft was got inaugurated. Spread over an area of 3 acres, it has 40 different species, divided into four sections. It is located at Mana, near Indo-China border.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-21|title=El parque de hierbas más alto del país inaugurado cerca de la frontera entre Indochina en Uttarakhand|url=https://www.ezanime.net/el-parque-de-hierbas-mas-alto-del-pais-inaugurado-cerca-de-la-frontera-entre-indochina-en-uttarakhand/|access-date=2021-12-21|website=EzAnime.net|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Shivani Azad|date=Aug 22, 2021|title=Uttarakhand: At 11,000 feet, country's highest garden at Mana {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/at-11k-ft-countrys-highest-garden-at-mana-indias-last-village/articleshow/85519864.cms|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In September, biggest open-air fernery of India, was inaugurated at Ranikhet, displaying around 120 different fern species.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Open-air fernery with over 120 species of ferns inaugurated in Uttarakhand's Ranikhet|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/open-air-fernery-with-over-120-species-of-ferns-inaugurated-in-uttarakhands-ranikhet20210912123922/|access-date=2021-12-21|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-09-12|title=India's largest open air fernery developed in Ranikhet|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/indias-largest-open-air-fernery-developed-in-ranikhet/article36413134.ece|access-date=2021-12-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In September, the biggest Palm Garden of North India, displaying around 90 different palm species, was inaugurated in Haldwani.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Prashant Jha|date=Sep 27, 2021|title=Uttarakhand opens its first palm garden, with 100 species, to public {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-opens-its-first-palm-garden-with-100-species-to-public/articleshow/86536563.cms|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttarakhand develops biggest palmetum in north India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/uttarakhand-develops-biggest-palmetum-in-north-india/2167363|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.outlookindia.com/|language=en}}</ref>

In October, biggest aromatic garden of India, displaying 140 different aromatic species, was inaugurated at Lalkuan. Developed on area of 3 acres, it has 8 different sections and a Tulsi Vatika.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttarakhand gets country's largest aromatic garden in Nainital district|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/oct/24/uttarakhand-gets-countrys-largest-aromatic-gardeninnainital-district-2375230.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=India's biggest aromatic garden developed at Lalkuan|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/indias-biggest-aromatic-garden-developed-at-lalkuan/articleshow/87236873.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-12-21}}</ref>

In November, first grass conservatory of India, was got inaugurated in Ranikhet. Spread over an area of 3 acres, it has around 90 different grass species.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India gets first 'Grass Conservatory' in Uttarakhand's Almora district|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/nov/15/india-gets-first-grass-conservatory-in-uttarakhands-almora-district-2383812.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Shivani Azad|date=Nov 15, 2021|title=Uttarakhand builds 'India's first' grass conservatory {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-develops-indias-1st-grass-conservatory-at-ranikhet-with-90-species/articleshow/87704347.cms|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
In December 2021, first biodiversity gallery of Uttarakhand was inaugurated at Haldwani. Its main feature was 101 icons of flora and fauna to display unexplored aspects of Uttarakhand Biodiversity apart from 8 other sections.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sonali Mishra|date=Dec 28, 2021 |title=U'khand's first biodiversity gallery opens in Haldwani {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhands-first-biodiversity-gallery-opens-in-haldwani/articleshow/88377922.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand gets first biodiversity icon gallery in Haldwani |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/dec/19/uttarakhand-gets-first-biodiversity-icongallery-in-haldwani-2397411.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The New Indian Express|date=19 December 2021 }}</ref>

In September 2021, a team of research wing of Uttarakhand Forest department discovered a rare carnivorous plant -Utricularia Furcellata, in Mandal valley, which was first reporting of this plant in western Himalaya. The discovery was published in June 2022 issue of prestigious Journal of Japanese Botany.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-25 |title=Rare plant species found in western Himalayan region for first time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rare-plant-species-western-himalayan-region-dehradun-7990989/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2022, research wing opened first of its kind Himalayan spice garden in Ranikhet. This garden spread over an area of 4 acres, exclusively showcases more than 30 species of Himalayan region.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Shivani Azad|date=Aug 5, 2022 |title=Uttarakhand forest department sets up spice garden to boost sale of spices found in Himalayas {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-forest-department-sets-up-spice-garden-to-boost-sale-of-spices-found-in-himalayas/articleshow/93358483.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-08-05 |title=First Himalayan spice garden inaugurated in Uttarakhand's Ranikhet |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/first-himalayan-spice-garden-inaugurated-in-uttarakhand-s-ranikhet-122080500284_1.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=First-of-its-kind Himalayan spice garden inaugurated in Ranikhet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/first-of-its-kind-himalayan-spice-garden-inaugurated-in-ranikhet-badri-tulsi-jambu-leaves-kaala-jeera-jakhya-8072131/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Himalayan Gentian, a strikingly blue flowering critically endangered medicinal plant of Western Himalayas which was becoming almost extinct and many other threatened species were conserved by developing nursery techniques for their propagation and preparing sufficient number of their plants in Research centers of research wing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Almost extinct, Himalayan plant with med value blooms again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/almost-extinct-himalayan-plant-with-med-value-blooms-again/articleshow/104904393.cms#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=16989017790587&referrer=https://www.google.com |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

First gymnosperm garden of India, having around 25 different gymnosperm species was established in Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Country's first Gymnosperm garden established in Uttarkashi's Radi Top |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/countrys-first-gymnosperm-garden-established-in-uttarkashis-radi-top/articleshow/105916393.cms?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=AmpArticleshowicon |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

An initiative was taken by research wing to plant flowering shrubs and trees native to Himalayan region, along roads in hills of Uttarakhand to provide proper habitat and nectar to various pollinators.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-12 |title=Pollinator-friendly hills: Forest dept to plant native flower species on roadside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/pollinator-friendly-hills-forest-dept-to-plant-native-flower-species-on-roadside/articleshow/105918859.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Under the leadership of Chaturvedi, Research wing successfully conserved, a critically endangered plant species (part of IUCN list) in Nainital district of Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This IFS officer is on Mission to Save Nainital's 'Miracle' Plant |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/features/change-makers/nainitals-miracle-plant-on-brink-of-extinction-but-hope-blooms/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-01 |title='Critically endangered plant rescued from brink of extinction' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/critically-endangered-plant-rescued-from-brink-of-extinction/articleshow/107309568.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A popular positive developmental news portal [[The Better India]] appreciated his efforts in protecting large number of threatened and endangered plant species, of Himalayan region in an article published in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dsouza |first=Krystelle |date=2024-05-13 |title=IFS Officer Is On a Mission to Save Uttarakhand's Endangered Plants; What Makes them Special? |url=https://thebetterindia.com/349417/ifs-officer-sanjeev-chaturvedi-uttarakhand-endangered-plants-conservation-patwa-gentiana-lilium-polyphyllum/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

First of its kind Rhododendron Garden was opened in high altitude area of Munsyari in July 2024. Spread over an area of one hectare, it has around 35 different Rhododendron species.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First-of-its-kind garden for state tree rhododendron to open in Pithoragarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/first-of-its-kind-rhododendron-garden-to-open-in-pithoragarh/articleshow/111702026.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As per report published in 'The New Indian Express' in March 2025, Research Wing has launched a specific programme for cultivating native plant species favored by birds for feeding, for hilly regions of Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Narendra |date=2025-03-19 |title=Nest for future: Uttarakhand's forests set to flourish with bird-friendly flora |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/19/nest-for-future-uttarakhands-forests-set-to-flourish-with-bird-friendly-flora |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A Bird gallery, at Dehradun, depicting high resolution images of rich bird diversity of Uttarakhand and first such one in Uttarakhand was opened in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand opens its first-ever bird gallery in Dehradun |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-opens-its-first-ever-bird-gallery-in-dehradun20240715102424/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

The Research Wing of Uttarakhand Forest Department stablished 42 field based ‘ecological laboratories’ across Uttarakand to monitor long term ecological changes and impact of climate change on the forests of Uttarakhand <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-17 |title=42 'eco labs' in U'khand to monitor changes in forests |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-launches-42-eco-labs-to-combat-climate-change-effects-on-forests/articleshow/113434324.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In October 2024, Research Wing of Uttarakhand Forest Department claimed to develop highest altitude Miyawaki forest of world at 8000 ft in Munsyari area of Pithoragarh district. This Miyawaki forest is reported to have many endemic and threatened species of plants like Takeel Palm, Himalayan Yew and species of berberis<ref>{{Citation |title=Invasive Species and Their Impacts on Endemic Ecosystems in China* |date=2008-09-09 |work=Invasive Plants and Forest Ecosystems |pages=173–192 |url=https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420043389-16 |access-date=2025-05-01 |publisher=CRC Press |doi=10.1201/9781420043389-16 |isbn=978-0-429-14214-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-11-17 |title=Pithoragarh: Forest Developed At 2,450 Metres Altitude Using Miyawaki Technology |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/forest-developed-using-miyawaki-method-in-pithoragarh-enn24111701708 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

Uttarakhand Forest Department became first in country in deploying artificial intelligence for preparing working plan, for forests of Uttarakhand on areas of bio-diversity conservation, impact of climate change on vegetation and sustainable forest management. First use of AI tool was made in preparing working plan of Garhwal forest division.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-02 |title=Uttarakhand deploys AI for forest management, says results are encouraging |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/artificial-intelligence/uttarakhand-deploys-ai-for-forest-management-says-results-are-encouraging/articleshow/115884252.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-02 |title=In a first, U'khand forest dept uses AI to prepare Garhwal's working plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhands-forest-department-pioneers-ai-for-sustainable-management-of-garhwal-forests/articleshow/115908563.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand deploys AI for forest management, says results are encouraging |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-deploys-ai-for-forest-management-says-results-are-encouraging20241202091651/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

Research Wing developed first butterfly gallery of Uttarakhand at Dehradun, which showcases more than 100 different types of butterfly species apart from displaying interesting information about migration of monarch butterflies, mud puddling behavior and life cycle of butterflies<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-05 |title=Uttarakhand gets its first butterfly gallery in Doon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-gets-its-first-butterfly-gallery-in-doon/articleshow/120023325.cms#:~:text=Dehradun:%20The%20Uttarakhand%20forest%20department,display%20of%20their%20unique%20beauty |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand opens its first butterfly gallery in Dehradun; over 100 species displayed |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-opens-its-first-butterfly-gallery-in-dehradun-over-100-species-displayed20250409090306/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Uttarakhand's first butterfly gallery opens in Dehradun; over 100 species displayed |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/nature-and-wildlife/article/uttarakhand-s-first-butterfly-gallery-opens-in-dehradun-with-over-100-species-displayed-23516021 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

In July, 2025, Research wing of Uttarakhand Forest Department, embarked on an ambitious project of rehabilitation of 14 endangered and threatened plant species to their natural habitat, which was first of its kind in India.<ref>{{cite web | title=U'khand begins reintroduction of 14 rare, endangered plant species into natural habitats | work=The Times of India | date=12 July 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-begins-reintroduction-of-14-rare-endangered-plant-species-into-natural-habitats/articleshow/122409052.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Uttarakhand leads the way in restoring 14 critically endangered plant species | date=18 July 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/18/uttarakhand-leads-the-way-in-restoring-14-critically-endangered-plant-species }}</ref>

In September, 2025, Research Wing of Uttarakhand Forest Department for the first time, published list of more than 160 sacred natural sites which included sacred groves, sacred forests as well as sacred water bodies and meadows, located at high altitudes in Himalaya.<ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awr1TYjg6g1pJwIAp7e7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1763729376/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newindianexpress.com%2fnation%2f2025%2fSep%2f20%2futtarakhand-weaves-sacred-tapestry-161-ancient-natural-sites-documented/RK=2/RS=FE3nMMsZiDq3BmHefjhUzEHtwkE-</ref><ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awr1TYjg6g1pJwIAqLe7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzIEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1763729376/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2fcity%2fdehradun%2fukhand-forest-dept-identifies-161-sacred-natural-sites%2farticleshow%2f123872836.cms/RK=2/RS=7vJZTP1viCt6IuB7ZgWTaaLfHvg-</ref>

In September, 2025, Research wing of Uttarakhand Forest Department announced a program for celebrating festival of flowering of Rhododendron and Himalayan Cherry, in months of March and October every year on the lines of Cherry festival of Japan.<ref>{{cite web | title=Uttarakhand to celebrate Buransh and Padam flowering festivals on lines of Cherry festival of Japan | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-to-celebrate-buransh-and-padam-flowering-festivals-on-lines-of-cherry-festival-of-japan20250908144505 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Taking inspiration from Japan's famous Cherry Blossom festival, the Uttarakhand Forest Department has announced plans to celebrate Buransh and Padam flowering festivals, a press release said | date=15 September 2025 | url=https://newsarenaindia.com/states/uttarakhand-to-host-cherry-blossom-style-flower-festivals/56416 }}</ref>

26 innovative conservation centers developed across the State of Uttarakhand– many of which being the first of their kind in India and even the World, ranging from Munsyari Lichen Garden, Nainital Moss Garden, to Ranikhet forest healing center and Chakarata Cryptogamic Garden, were widely appreciated across the State as well as on National and International level. <ref>https://indianmasterminds.com/feature-stories-on-bureaucrats-changemakers/uttarakhand-forest-department-green-innovation-159268/</ref> <ref>https://newsarenaindia.com/states/u-khand-s-eco-gardens-earn-global-recognition/61665</ref>

=== Champawat forest scam ===

In September 2017, Chaturvedi was ordered by the Uttarakhand government to investigate irregularities in the Champawat Forest Division. He discovered the illegal cutting of pine trees,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/ex-champawat-dfo-gave-illegal-orders-to-fell-pine-tree-finds-report/story-6hLKlxrOBOzB5FHvKEnuoK.html|title=Ex-Champawat DFO gave illegal orders to fell pine trees, finds report|author=Nihi Sharma|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019052840/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/ex-champawat-dfo-gave-illegal-orders-to-fell-pine-tree-finds-report/story-6hLKlxrOBOzB5FHvKEnuoK.html|date=18 October 2017|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=live|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> and a resin scam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/whistleblower-ifs-officer-chaturvedi-blows-lid-off-resin-scam-in-champawat/story-KvphIsRr62pVYZ9Or38lEP.html|title=Whistleblower IFS officer Chaturvedi blows lid off resin scam in Champawat|author=Nihi Sharma|work=Hindustan Times|date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140502/https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/whistleblower-ifs-officer-chaturvedi-blows-lid-off-resin-scam-in-champawat/story-KvphIsRr62pVYZ9Or38lEP.html|archive-date=29 January 2018|url-status=live|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> in which money earmarked for resin collection was diverted. After Chaturvedi's investigation, the state government planned to charge divisional forest officer A. K. Gupta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/after-chaturvedis-probe-state-to-file-chargesheet-against-dfo/articleshow/62184200.cms|title=After Chaturvedi's probe, state to file chargesheet against DFO|author=Yogesh Kumar|date=20 December 2017|work=Times of India|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> In February 2020, Gupta was suspended.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ifs-officer-suspended-on-charges-of-financial-irregularity/articleshow/74049935.cms|title=IFS officer suspended on charges of 'financial irregularity'|website=The Times of India|date=10 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>

=== Munsyari Eco hut Scam ===

In July, 2025, Uttarakhand Government initiated action against an IFS officer, on basis of a detailed investigation report running into more than 500 pages submitted by Chaturvedi in December, 2024 and January, 2025, regarding massive financial irregularities and violation of forest laws into construction of Eco Huts at Munsyari.<ref>{{cite web | title=Notice to ex-DFO over 'Irregularities' in construction of eco-huts in Munsyari | work=The Times of India | date=26 July 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/notice-to-ex-dfo-over-irregularities-in-construction-of-eco-huts-in-munsyari/articleshow/122926340.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Uttarakhand Eco Tourism Scam: Report Alleges Loot, State Looks Away | Uttarakhand eco-tourism scam in fragile Munsiyari forests exposes illegal constructions, revenue diversion, and government inaction despite central orders | date=24 August 2025 | url=https://theprobe.in/eco-guardians/uttarakhand-eco-tourism-scam-report-alleges-loot-state-looks-away-9727125 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Press Trust of India | url=https://www.ptinews.com/editor-detail/Show-cause-notice-issued-to-Uttarakhand-forest-officer-for--major-financial-irregularities-/2757237 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=IFS officer Sanjeev Chaturvedi exposes massive irregularities in Pithoragarh | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=26 July 2025 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/ifs-officer-sanjeev-chaturvedi-exposes-massive-irregularities-in-pithoragarh-1503462975.html }}</ref> Later, in August, 2025, Central Government also, on the basis of report sent by Chaturvedi, took tough stand in the matter and asked Uttarakhand Government to appoint an officer for prosecution of guilty officers in violation of forest laws.<ref>{{cite web | title=Probe ordered into 'illegal construction' of eco-huts in Munsyari reserve forest in Pithoragarh | work=The Times of India | date=19 August 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/probe-ordered-into-illegal-construction-of-eco-huts-in-munsyari-reserve-forest-in-pithoragarh/articleshow/123386221.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Centre cracks down on illegal eco huts in Munsiyari | date=20 August 2025 | url=https://newsarenaindia.com/states/centre-cracks-down-on-illegal-eco-huts-in-munsiyari/53839 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=On whistle-blower officer's report, Centre asks for action against minister's son-in-law | url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/on-whistle-blower-officer-s-report-centre-asks-for-action-against-minister-s-son-in-law-/31296 }}</ref>

=== Missing boundary pillars of Mussoorie ===

In June and August, 2025, Chaturvedi submitted a detailed investigation report about 7375 number of missing boundary pillars, in Mussoorie Forest Division and asked for an impartial investigation by SIT or through CBI and ED, in view of deep nexus of local officers with politicians. As per his report, most of pillars were in Mussoorie and Raipur Ranges, which were always eyed by hoteliers and real estate developers.<ref>{{cite web | title=7,375 boundary pillars missing in Mussoorie forests | work=The Times of India | date=25 August 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/7375-boundary-pillars-missing-in-mussoorie-forests/articleshow/123508060.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Mussoorie Forest Scam: Boundary Pillars Vanish, Mafia Gains Ground | Mussoorie forest scam reveals 7,375 missing boundary pillars, land mafia encroachment, and official collusion, raising alarms for India's green cover | date=20 September 2025 | url=https://theprobe.in/environment/mussoorie-forest-scam-boundary-pillars-vanish-mafia-gains-ground-10480033 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Massive forest land encroachment as boundary pillars found missing in Mussoorie hills | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=25 August 2025 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/massive-forest-land-encroachment-as-boundary-pillars-found-missing-in-mussoorie-hills-1503476504.html }}</ref> On his report, again Central Government, in August, 2025, asked Uttarakhand Government to take actions against violators of forest laws.<ref>{{cite web | title=Centre orders probe over 7k missing boundary pillars in Mussoorie forests | work=The Times of India | date=8 September 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/centre-orders-probe-over-7k-missing-boundary-pillars-in-mussoorie-forests/articleshow/123770354.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Centre orders probe into 7,375 missing Mussoorie forest pillars | date=9 September 2025 | url=https://newsarenaindia.com/states/centre-orders-probe-into-7-375-missing-mussoorie-forest-pillars/55793 }}</ref>

In December 2025, Uttarakhand High Court, in an important order, issued notices to Central Government, Uttarakhand Government and CBI, for filing reply and expressed surprise about rapid rise in wealth of Forest Officials so quickly. <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/how-did-forest-officials-get-so-rich-so-quickly-hc-asks-makes-centre-ukhand-govts-sc-panel-cbi-party-in-plea/articleshow/126164294.cms</ref> <ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/dehradun-news/missing-case-of-forest-boundary-pillars-uttarakhand-hc-issues-notices-to-cbi-centre-state-101766574507092.html</ref> <ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Dec/24/uttarakhand-hc-seeks-cbi-response-over-missing-forest-boundary-pillars-officers-alleged-wealth-surge</ref> <ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/india/over-7000-forest-boundary-pillars-missing-in-mussoorie-uttarakhand-high-court-seeks-centres-response-10437754/</ref>

=== Miyawaki Cost over run ===

In June, 2025, Chaturvedi flagged issue of over costing and financial irregularities in Miyawaki plantation project in Dehradun. As per his report, in the same District, he had raised the same Miyawaki plantation with much less cost per hectare and per plant in year 2019-2023, which led to an enquiry by State forest Minister.<ref>{{cite web | title=IFS officer red-flags 'country's costliest' Miyawaki project | work=The Times of India | date=19 June 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ifs-officer-red-flags-countrys-costliest-miyawaki-project/articleshow/121959469.cms }}</ref>

=== Arbitrator ===
{{anchor|As arbitrator}}

In January 2018, the Chandigarh Housing Board appointed Chaturvedi arbitrator of a construction dispute. In March 2019, he donated his fee to a welfare fund for families of [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] personnel killed in the [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]] the previous month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sanjiv-chaturvedi-donates-arbitration-fee-to-bereaved-families-of-pulwama-attack-2008828|title=Whistleblower Bureaucrat Donates Arbitration Fee To Pulwama Attack Victims|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref>

=== Corbett Tiger Reserve director ===
{{anchor|As director of Corbett Tiger Reserve}}

Chaturvedi was director of the [[Jim Corbett National Park|Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve]] in May and June 2019. During his tenure, he conducted a study indicating that tigers killed about 13 elephants monthly for a five-year period; nine tigers and five leopards were also killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/telling-numbers-are-tigers-killing-elephants-a-check-list-by-corbett-authorities-5797841/|title=Are tigers, elephants and leopards killing one another in Corbett?|date=2019-06-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/news/elephant-tiger-killing/|title=Tigers Eating Elephants In Corbett National Park! Study Points To A Shocking Trend In The Animal Kingdom|date=2019-06-18|website=The Logical Indian|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tigers-killing-and-eating-elephants-in-corbett-national-park-government-study-reveals-worrying-phenomenon/articleshow/69811871.cms|title=Tigers killing and eating elephants in Corbett National Park: Government study reveals worrying phenomenon|date=16 June 2019|agency=PTI|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tigers-elephants-corbett-national-park-govt-study-1550103-2019-06-16|title=Tigers killing, eating elephants in Corbett National Park: Govt study reveals worrying phenomenon|agency=Press Trust of India |date=June 16, 2019 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> An order was issued banning VIP treatment and safaris for executive and judiciary officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/ending-vip-culture-in-corbett-corbett-tiger-reserve-issues-order-it-will-no-longer-entertain-any-requests-for-safari-trips-or-stay-in-corbettstrap-such-requests-will-be-reported-to-higher-authorities-of-such-offices-for-action-against-them/story-Y70fsZJ8mkqAqeOHXojqpI.html|title=Corbett not to entertain safari requests, stay in tiger reserve by VIPs|date=2019-06-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/vip-stay-not-a-possibility-at-corbett-tiger-reserve-now/articleshow/69891993.cms|title='VIP Stay' not a possibility at Corbett Tiger Reserve now|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/battling-staff-crunch-corbett-says-no-to-vip-requests/articleshow/69847949.cms|title=Battling staff crunch, Corbett says no to 'VIP requests'|date=19 June 2019|first=Vineet|last=Upadhyay|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/no-more-vip-stay-at-corbett-tiger-reserve-as-authorities-slam-brazen-abuse-of-power-2192041.html|title=No More 'VIP stay' at Corbett Tiger Reserve as Authorities Slam 'Brazen Abuse' of Power|website=News18|date=18 June 2019|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> A crackdown was launched on fake websites using the reserve's name, and closure notices were issued to about fifteen websites for legal violations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/corbett-authorities-crack-whip-on-fake-companies-running-night-stay-safari-bookings-serve-notice-to-15-firms/articleshow/69879872.cms|title=Corbett authorities crack whip on fake companies running night stay & safari bookings, serve notice to 15 firms|date=21 June 2019|first=Vineet|last=Upadhyay|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/corbett-tiger-reserve-issues-legal-notices-to-15-websites-for-using-its-name-to-mislead-tourists/story-4Z9EaPo7NFibrkCdijBfhJ.html|title=Corbett Tiger Reserve issues legal notices to 15 websites for using its name to mislead tourists|date=2019-06-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/corbett-tiger-reserve-website-notice-uttarakhand-1552637-2019-06-20|title=Notices to 15 websites fraudulently using Corbett tiger reserve's name|agency=Press Trust of India |date=June 20, 2019 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/notices-to-15-websites-fraudulently-using-corbett-tiger-reserves-name-2196759.html|title=Notices to 15 Websites Fraudulently Using Corbett Tiger Reserve's Name|website=News18|date=20 June 2019|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> An order was passed to facilitate booking for ordinary tourists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/corbett-reserve-bookings-should-be-made-hassle-free-says-admin/articleshow/69918628.cms|title=Corbett reserve bookings should be made hassle-free, says admin|date=24 June 2019|first=Vineet|last=Upadhyay|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/corbett-tiger-reserve-admin-writes-to-forest-dept-seeking-closure-of-dhikala-zone-for-night-stay/articleshow/69908749.cms|title=Corbett Tiger Reserve administration writes to forest department seeking closure of Dhikala zone for night stay|date=23 June 2019|first=Vineet|last=Upadhyay|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> A new zone was proposed for tourists, including portions of the Ram Ganga river in the reserve.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/photos-corbett-plans-to-open-ramganga-for-water-tourism/articleshow/69864220.cms|title=Photos: Corbett plans to open Ramganga for water tourism|date=20 June 2019|first=Vineet|last=Upadhyay|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> A proposal was made for the use of tourism revenue from tiger reserve for local people (as ordered in guidelines issued by National Tiger Conservation Authority) and shared access for nearby hotels and resorts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/allocate-revenue-from-corbett-for-locals-welfare/articleshow/69897271.cms|title='Allocate revenue from Corbett for locals' welfare'|date=22 June 2019|first=Vineet|last=Upadhyay|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-poor-living-around-jim-corbett-reserve-deprived-of-welfare-funds-529392|title=Poor living around Corbett reserve deprived of welfare funds|last=Jaiswal|first=Priya|date=2019-06-23|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> A fossil museum was proposed after the discovery of a two-million-year-old elephant fossil in the reserve.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/elephant-fossil-found-in-corbett-believed-to-be-2-million-years-old/story-COtunwB4ndfYZCy8zMqy1H.html|title=Elephant fossil found in Corbett believed to be 2 million years old|date=2019-06-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref> In November 2021,Sanjiv Chaturvedi was appointed as Enquiry officer to enquire into charges of large scale violations of forest and wildlife laws and charges of illicit felling into construction works in Corbett Tiger Reserve.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=IFS officer to probe illegal constructions, felling of trees in Corbett reserve |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/dehradun-news/whistleblower-asked-to-probe-constructions-felling-of-trees-in-corbett-reserve-101636111274351.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Shivani Azad|date=Nov 7, 2021 |title=Day after IFS Sanjiv Chaturvedi asked to probe illegal construction in Corbett, park admin starts demolishing unauthorised concrete structures {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/day-after-ifs-sanjiv-chaturvedi-asked-to-probe-illegal-construction-in-corbett-park-admin-starts-demolishing-unauthorised-concrete-structures/articleshow/87559833.cms |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> However, he withdrew himself from Enquiry subsequently citing 'contradictory statements of senior state government functionaries over his appointment and asked that in future he may be appointed to enquire into any corruption case only if State Government and Department have real intentions to actually punish the real culprits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magsaysay Awardee Sanjeev Chaturvedi Quits Corbett Park Corruption Probe |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ramon-magsaysay-awardee-sanjeev-chaturvedi-quits-corbett-park-corruption-probe-2604136 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-09 |title=Illegal activities at Corbett: IFS officer withdraws from investigation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/corbett-tiger-reserve-whistleblower-ifs-officer-withdraws-from-investigation-101636457646869.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IFS officer and Magsaysay award recipient Chaturvedi withdraws from Corbett probe |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/nov/09/ifs-officer-and-magsaysay-award-recipient-chaturvedi-withdraws-from-corbett-probe-2381368.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The New Indian Express|date=10 November 2021 }}</ref>

=== Issues with election commissioner ===
{{anchor|Issues with Election Commissioner}}

In December 2019, election commissioner [[Ashok Lavasa]] wrote an [[op-ed]] article in an English-language newspaper on the difficulty of being honest. In response to the article, Chaturvedi wrote a lengthy rebuttal citing Lavasa's handling of his deputation to the Delhi government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ashok-lavasas-honesty-op-ed-complete-travesty-faced-harassment-during-his-tenure-as-union-secretary-claims-sanjay-chaturvedi-7928041.html|title=Ashok Lavasa's honesty op-ed 'complete travesty', faced harassment during his tenure as Union Secretary, claims Sanjay Chaturvedi|website=Firstpost|date=19 January 2020|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref> Citing court orders passed against the handling of his case by Lavasa, Chaturvedi called his article a "complete travesty".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/19/election-commissioner-ashok-lavasas-op-ed-complete-travesty-sanjiv-chaturvedi-2091671.html|title=Election commissioner Ashok Lavasa's op-ed 'complete travesty': Sanjiv Chaturvedi|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 January 2020 |access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref> In a February 2020 story, the ''[[HuffPost|Huffington Post]]'' cited Lavasa's handling of Chaturvedi's case in attempts by the central government to prevent his transfer to the Delhi government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/how-modi-stopped-kejriwal-from-appointing-anti-corruption-officer-in-his-office_in_5e3ab58ac5b6d032e76c9ca0|title=How Modi Stopped Kejriwal From Appointing Anti-Corruption Officer In His Office|date=2020-02-06|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>

=== Challenge to system of lateral entry and 360 degree appraisal ===
In August 2020, Nainital Bench of CAT, issued notices on petition of Chaturvedi, challenging lateral entry of private sector experts, at the level of Joint Secretary in Central Government and system of 360 degree appraisal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-24 |title=Whistleblower Sanjiv Chaturvedi moves CAT against lateral entry into govt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/whistleblower-sanjiv-chaturvedi-moves-cat-against-lateral-entry-into-govt/articleshow/77708135.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> An investigative report by ‘India Today’, showed that there were serious objections raised by officials of Department of Personnel and Training on various anomalies in selection of these experts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-28 |title=Exclusive: How anomalies flagged by babus went unheard in recruitment of Joint Secretaries via lateral entry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/joint-secretaries-recruitment-lateral-entry-anomalies-1716282-2020-08-28 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, on petition of central government, hearing of case was transferred, by Chairman of CAT, to Delhi Bench. Chaturvedi challenged this order before Uttarakhand High Court, which gave judgment in favor of Chaturvedi, in October 2021 setting aside orders of CAT, Chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-10-31 |title=Uttarakhand HC sets aside CAT order on case transfer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2021/Oct/31/uttarakhand-hc-sets-aside-cat-order-oncase-transfer-2377815.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Prashant |date=2021-10-30 |title=Uttarakhand High Court sets aside CAT principal Bench order allowing Centre's plea to transfer case from Nainital to Delhi |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/uttarakhand-high-court-sets-aside-cat-principal-bench-order-allowing-centres-plea-to-transfer-case-from-nainital-to-delhi |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

However, orders of High Court were again challenged by Central Government before Supreme Court, which reserved orders in April 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Vineet |date=2022-02-22 |title=Supreme Court issues notice to IFS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi, stays Uttarakhand HC orders |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Feb/22/supreme-court-issues-notice-to-ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-stays-uttarakhand-hc-orders-2422450.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Finally in March 2023, a division bench of Supreme Court, headed by Justice M.R Shah, referred the matter to a larger bench<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-03-04 |title=SC refers IFS Sanjiv Chaturvedi's case to a larger bench |url=https://theprint.in/india/sc-refers-ifs-sanjiv-chaturvedis-case-to-a-larger-bench/1418642/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazarika |first=Abhimanyu |date=2023-03-04 |title=Supreme Court larger bench to examine territorial jurisdiction of High Courts to decide challenge to CAT principal bench orders |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-larger-bench-examine-territorial-jurisdiction-high-courts-decide-challenge-cat-principal-bench-orders |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

In a significant development, in October 2023, in a petition filed by Chaturvedi challenging his non-empanelment at the level of Joint Secretary, by Central Government, without disclosing any reason, Department of Personnel and Training, in its affidavit before CAT, Nainital Bench, asserted that there exists no system of 360 degree appraisal. This was viewed to be very surprising.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=No 360-degree system for appraisal of civil servants, says DoPT to CAT |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/no-360-degree-system-for-appraisal-of-civil-servants-says-dopt-to-cat-123103000746_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113132441/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/no-360-degree-system-for-appraisal-of-civil-servants-says-dopt-to-cat-123103000746_1.html |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-30 |title=DoPT tells tribunal there is no system of 360 degree appraisal for empanelment of govt officials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-system-of-360-appraisal-exists-dopt-tells-cat/articleshow/104806639.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In a significant ruling in September 2024, Uttarakhand High Court, hearing a petition of Chaturvedi, ordered Central Government to disclose him all the documents related to his appraisal of non-empanelment by Central Government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Moushumi Das |date=2024-09-06 |title=Why an Uttarakhand HC order may put Centre in a spot over contentious 360-degree appraisal process |url=https://theprint.in/india/why-an-uttarakhand-hc-order-may-put-centre-in-a-spot-over-contentious-360-degree-appraisal-process/2256132/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=It may set a precedent, say bureaucrats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/it-may-set-a-precedent-say-bureaucrats/articleshow/113104763.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After non compliance by Central Government, Chaturvedi filed a contempt petition against Vivek Joshi, the then Secretary, DoP&T, in October 2024, on which Uttarakhand High Court issued contempt notices to Vivek Joshi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=ThePrint |date=2024-10-27 |title=A 360-degree problem for Modi govt & why attendance is down at standing committee meets |url=https://theprint.in/pre-truth/a-360-degree-problem-for-modi-govt-why-attendance-is-down-at-standing-committee-meets/2330098/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-29 |title=U'khand HC's contempt notice to DoPT secy over Chaturvedi's plea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/uttarakhand-hc-serves-contempt-notice-to-dopt-secretary-vivek-joshi-over-sanjiv-chaturvedis-plea/articleshow/114708510.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A report by ‘Indian Express’ in January 2025, tried to cover the timeline of entire legal journey of this challenge, running from CAT to Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=Govt's lateral entry scheme: Politics stalled it, now case awaits legal process |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govts-lateral-entry-scheme-politics-stalled-it-now-case-awaits-legal-process-9802729/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2025, Department of Personnel and Training (DoP&T), filed an affidavit before Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), in another empanelment case of Sanjiv Chaturvedi, in which it requested that Tribunal’s earlier directions passed in May 2025, regarding disclosure of 360-degree appraisal should be withdrawn. This was a complete change from stand taken by DoP&T in October, 2023 before the Tribunal, as per which there was ‘no such system’ of 360-degree appraisal for empanelment, in the Central Government. <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/sanjiv-chaturvedi-empanelment-case-centre-seeks-recall-of-cat-order-directing-disclosure-of-appraisal-norms/articleshow/125971488.cms?utm_source=app&utm_medium=share&utm_campaign=social_share</ref> <ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Dec/14/u-turn-on-appraisal-centre-cites-secrecy-on-360-degree-review-after-earlier-denial</ref>

=== In Person Appearances ===
In September 2021 a division bench of Uttarakhand High Court led by Chief Justice, in a detailed order, allowed Sanjiv Chaturvedi to argue his case in person. In the order, High Court appreciated his ‘legal knowledge’, ‘critical analysis of law’, and ‘erudite arguments’ and said that court has reached to the conclusion that both on facts as well as law points, he is in a position to argue his own case in person.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttarakhand HC allows whistleblower officer to argue his own case|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/sep/29/uttarakhand-hc-allows-whistleblower-officer-to-argue-his-own-case-2365257.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 September 2021 }}</ref>

Later on, in October 2021, Sanjiv Chaturvedi won main case, arguing against Central Government regarding issue concerned to his service matter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Prashant|title=Uttarakhand High Court sets aside CAT principal Bench order allowing Centre's plea to transfer case from Nainital to Delhi|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/uttarakhand-high-court-sets-aside-cat-principal-bench-order-allowing-centres-plea-to-transfer-case-from-nainital-to-delhi|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|date=30 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Legally unsustainable': Uttarakhand HC sets aside CAT order in IFS officer's plea|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/oct/31/legally-unsustainable-uttarakhand-hc-sets-aside-cat-order-in-ifs-officers-plea-2377806.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The New Indian Express|date=31 October 2021 }}</ref>

=== Transparency in Judiciary ===
State Information Commission of Uttarakhand in a landmark order passed on January, 1st, on an Appeal filed by Sanjiv Chaturvedi in May, 2025, ordered Uttarakhand High Court to disclose the information regarding pending complaints of corruption and misconduct against subordinate judges for a period from January, 2020 to April, 2025, along with number of cases in which action was initiated against such erring judges. Public Information Officer of Uttarakhand High Court had denied the information saying that this was confidential and involved third parties. Rejecting this ground, Chief Information Commissioner of Uttarakhand directed Uttarakhand High Court to disclose the information. This was a very significant order for transparency in judicial administration, as earlier Delhi High Court, Chennai High Court and Chhattisgarh High Courts had declined similar information. <ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/legal-news/uttarakhand-information-commission-ordered-disclosure-of-judicial-data-10468612/</ref> <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/state-information-panel-directs-hc-to-share-rti-data-on-judges/articleshow/126490283.cms</ref> <ref>https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=Awr1Sfpr7_lpdgIAbRu7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzUEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1779197036/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newindianexpress.com%2fnation%2f2026%2fJan%2f13%2futtarakhand-sic-orders-disclosure-of-complaints-against-lower-judiciary/RK=2/RS=kcIRn7WJPGjuJHOUApJ9J.wwLX0-</ref>

After the direction of State Information Commissioner, Uttarakhand High Court disclosed the data, in February 2026, as per which in the period between January, 2020 and April, 2025, around 258 complaints were received out of which action was initiated only in four cases. <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-hc-got-258-complaints-against-subordinate-judges-since-2020-action-taken-against-4-rti/amp_articleshow/128519681.cms</ref> <ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2026/Feb/19/landmark-rti-disclosure-258-complaints-against-uttarakhand-judicial-officers-since-2020</ref> <ref>https://www.news9live.com/india/uttarakhand-hc-first-in-india-to-disclose-complaints-against-judges-258-cases-reported-4-officers-face-action-2933223</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* [[Shanmugam Manjunath#Manjunath Shanmugam Integrity Award|Manjunath Shanmugam Integrity Award]] (2009), for his work in Haryana<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-nominees-share-manjunath-award/article1-421225.aspx |title=3 nominees share Manjunath award |access-date=13 February 2015 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217111519/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-nominees-share-manjunath-award/article1-421225.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* S. R. Jindal Prize (2011) for his "crusade against corruption"<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.sitaramjindalfoundation.org/photos.php?id=10|title=GALLERY IMAGES - Jindal Prize & SJF Prize 2011}}</ref>
* [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for leadership (2015): for "his exemplary integrity, courage and tenacity in uncompromisingly exposing and painstakingly investigating corruption in public office, and his resolute crafting of program and system improvements to ensure that government honorably serves the people of India."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sanjiv-Chaturvedi-Anshu-Gupta-win-Ramon-Magsaysay-Award/articleshow/48262406.cms |title=Sanjiv Chaturvedi, Anshu Gupta win Ramon Magsaysay Award |date=29 July 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

=== Philanthropy ===

Chaturvedi donated his Magsaysay Award to the AIIMS for treatment of poor patients.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Magsaysay-award-winner-Sanjiv-Chaturvedi-donates-all-money-for-the-care-of-poor-patients-at-AIIMS/articleshow/49055984.cms| title=Magsaysay award winner Sanjiv Chaturvedi donates all money for the care of poor patients at AIIMS | date=22 October 2015 | author=Durgesh Nandan Jha }}</ref> AIIMS returned his check in November 2015, and he wrote another check to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (PMNRF) with a letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi accusing J. P. Nadda of bias against him.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/aiims-wont-have-either-chaturvedi-or-his-prize-money-276067-2015-12-07 | title=AIIMS won't have either Sanjiv Chaturvedi or his prize money | date=8 February 2015 | author=Astha Saxena }}</ref> The Prime Minister's Office initially rejected the donation, saying that it could not accept donations with conditions, but accepted it after Chaturvedi clarified that he had not imposed any conditions.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pmo-accepts-award-money-donated-by-whistle-blower-officer-1262132 PMO Accepts Award Money Donated By Whistle-Blower Officer]</ref>

Sanjiv Chaturvedi, apart from donating Raman Magsaysay Award money in 2015, also donated 9 years of various tour allowances, which were due to him, on account of various tours made to remote parts of Uttarakhand for his various conservation projects and which amounted to more than Rs. 3 Lac, in April, 2026. Earlier in year 2015 also he had donated amount of Rs. 2.5 Lac, granted in Anticorruption award to a needy family. Before that, in February, 2019, he had donated his Arbitration fee, due from Chandigarh Housing Board, amounting around Rs. 2.4 Lac, to a special fund created by Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), for the help of families of victims of Pulwama terror attack. In August, 2019, he had donated amount of Rs. 25 K, awarded by High Court of Uttarakhand, in a successful litigation against Central Government. <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/whistleblower-ifs-officer-donates-rs-3l-travel-allowance-to-cm-relief-fund/articleshow/130423710.cms</ref> <ref>https://www.news9live.com/india/integrity-unbroken-after-magsaysay-award-donation-uttarakhand-ifs-officer-gives-tour-allowances-to-cm-relief-fund-2956012?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign</ref> <ref>https://thecsrjournal.in/ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-contributes-%E2%82%B93-lakh-to-uttarakhand-cm-relief-fund/</ref> <ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ifs-officer-donates-tour-allowance-worth-rs-3-lakh-to-uttarakhand-cm-relief-fund202604131</ref> <ref>https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ifs-sanjiv-chaturvedi-donation-uttarakhand-cm-relief-fund-197564/</ref>

=== As a Role Model ===

Chaturvedi has been invited by the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]] in Hyderabad, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administrative in Mussoorie, and Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy in Dehradun to lecture senior officers and probationers on anti-corruption strategies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Siwach |first=Sukhbir |date=17 July 2012 |title=Whistleblower hot choice to speak up against corruption |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Whistleblower-hot-choice-to-speak-up-against-corruption/articleshow/15018800.cms }}</ref>

Case study of Sanjiv Chaturvedi, has been made part of Ethics paper, in UPSC, Civil Services examination as part of General Studies paper IV (Ethic, Integrity and Aptitude), across study material of all the reputed coaching institutes, traversing his career journey in his tenures at Haryana, Delhi and Uttarakhand, on themes of Integrity, courage, whistleblowing, ethical leadership and public interest over career security. <ref>https://newsarenaindia.com/states/ifs-officer-sanjiv-chaturvedi-now-a-civil-services-case-study/72123</ref> <ref>https://indianmasterminds.com/news/sanjiv-chaturvedi-upsc-ethics-case-study-gs4-191187/</ref> <ref>https://legendofficers.com/whistleblower-ifs-sanjiv-chaturvedi-emerges-as-standard-ethics-case-study-for-gs-4-upsc-material/</ref> <ref>https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/from-field-to-syllabus-more-than-a-headline-upsc-coaching-classes-induct-whistle-blower-officer-as-essential-in-public-service-morality/32209</ref>

==See also==
* [[Vijay Shankar Pandey]], whistle blower IAS
* [[Anil Swarup]], IAS
* [[Ashok Khemka]], whistle blower IAS from Haryana cadre

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{RMA winners of India}}
{{Indian civil servants}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturvedi, Sanjiv}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj alumni]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand cadre civil servants]]

J. B. Pardiwala

2026-04-25T02:58:20Z

Majokthefirst: put up a details...

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1965)}}
{{More footnotes|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox Judge
| name = Jamshed Burjor Pardiwala
| image = Pardiwala.jpg
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 9 May 2022
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office1 = Judge of the [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start1 = 17 February 2011
| term_end1 = 8 May 2022
| appointer1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator1 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|8|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = K.M. Law College,[[Valsad]]
| website = {{URL|www.sci.gov.in}}
}}

'''Jamshed Burjor Pardiwala''' (born 12 August 1965) is an [[Indian People|Indian]] [[jurist]] who has been serving as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] since May 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2022 |title=Centre notifies appointment of Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia and Justice JB Pardiwala as SC Judges |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/may/07/centre-notifies-appointment-of-justice-sudhanshu-dhulia-and-justice-jb-pardiwala-as-sc-judges-2450884.html |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> He is a former judge of the [[Gujarat High Court]] and is in line to become the [[Chief Justice of India]] (CJI) in May 2028. If he does become the CJI, he is expected to serve a term of 2 years and 3 months.

== Early life and career ==
Pardiwala was born on 12 August 1965 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], in a family of lawyers. His father, Burjor Cawasji Pardiwala, was a third-generation lawyer and served as a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=A fourth-generation lawyer, Justice Jamshed Pardiwala set for SC step-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/fourth-generation-lawyer-justice-jamshed-pardiwala-marks-meteoric-rise-with-sc-step-up-7906985/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Pardiwala studied at St. Joseph's E. T. High School in [[Valsad]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Collegium recommends names of Justices Sudhanshu Dhulia, Jamshed B Pardiwala for elevation to SC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/collegium-justices-sudhanshu-dhulia-jamshed-b-pardiwala-elevation-sc-7903191/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He completed his degree in [[Law]] from K.M. Law College, Valsad, in 1988 and started practice at Valsad in 1989. He was elected as a member of the [[Bar Council of Gujarat]] from 1994 to 2000. He has also worked as a member of the Gujarat High Court Legal Services Authority.

== Judicial career ==
===Gujarat High Court===
Pardiwala was appointed as an additional judge of the [[Gujarat High Court]] on 17 February 2011 and was made permanent judge on 28 January 2013. He served in the Gujarat High Court until May 2022. During this period, he has also served as the President of the Gujarat State Judicial Academy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=J.B. Pardiwala |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/jamshed-burjor-pardiwala/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Supreme Court of India===
He was elevated as judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 9 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Srishti |date=2022-05-09 |title=Justices Sudhanshu Dhulia & JB Pardiwala Take Oath As Supreme Court Judges |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/breaking-justices-sudhanshu-dhulia-jb-pardiwala-take-oath-as-supreme-court-judges-198601 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> He was part of the majority of the Constitution bench which upheld the 103rd Constitutional amendment of EWS reservation. He remarked, "Reservation cannot go on for an indefinite period".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/reservation-casteless-classless-society-supreme-court-majority-judges-in-ews-quota-case-213462 | title=Reservation Can't Continue Indefinitely, Should be Revisited for "Casteless Classless Society": Supreme Court Judges in EWS Quota Case | date=7 November 2022 }}</ref> This judgement of the Supreme Court has been criticized by some.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ews-reservation-sc-verdict-worries-experts-1.8035016 | title=EWS reservation: SC verdict worries experts | date=10 November 2022 }}</ref> He is in line to become the [[Chief Justice of India]] in May 2028 and is expected to serve for a term of 2 years and 3 months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 Next Chief Justices of India |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/who-are-the-nine-next-chief-justices-of-india/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pardiwala, Jamshed Burjor}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Gujarat High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mumbai]]

Pipra, East Champaran Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T15:24:39Z

Majokthefirst: Started a stub

{{for|disambiguation|Pipra (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Pipra
|type= SLA
| map_image = 17-Pipra, Purvi Champaran constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|incumbent_image =
|mla = [[Shyambabu Prasad Yadav]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|preceded_by = [[Awadhesh Prasad Kushwaha]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|division = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
|constituency_no = 17
|established = 1957
| electors = 256,338
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Pipra Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[East Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is an open seat now but was earlier reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 17. Pipra Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Mehsi, Chakia (Pipra), Tetaria
[[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Pipra Assembly constituency is part of 3. [[Purvi Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/> It lies within the [[Pipra, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Pipra Assembly constituency]] (No. 17) and is located at [26°21′28″N 85°06′48″E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mehsi,_Bihar&params=26.357696_N_85.1133_E_). Mehsi is the largest town in the constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Pipra Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/pipra.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ganga Nath Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Satyadeo Prasad Chaudhari
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Bigu Ram
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |Tulsi Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Nand Lal Chaudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Sahdeo Paswan
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Surendra Kumar Chandra
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Krishnanandan Paswan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Awadhesh Prasad Kushwaha|Awadhesh Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Shyambabu Prasad Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Pipra<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shyambabu Prasad Yadav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:110422}}
|percentage = 45.13
|change = +0.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajmangal Prasad
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:99677}}
|percentage = 40.74
|change = +0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Subodh Kumar
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:9487}}
|percentage = 3.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajmangal Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:4872}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bipul Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4695}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raviranjan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4410}}
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3850}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change = -1.59
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10745}}
|percentage = 4.39
|change = +0.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:244657}}
|percentage = 72.75
|change = +13.68
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Pipra (Purvi Champaran)<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shyambabu Prasad Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:88587}}
|percentage = 44.18
|change = +6.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rajmangal Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:80410}}
|percentage = 40.1
|change = +35.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Awadhesh Prasad Kushwaha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6940}}
|percentage = 3.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyam Nandan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3694}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Subhash Singh Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:3243}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party
|candidate = Aniket Ranjan
|votes = {{formatnum:2852}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Mumtaz Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:2185}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6344}}
|percentage = 3.16
|change = +2.32
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8177}}
|percentage = 4.08
|change = +1.8
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200501}}
|percentage = 59.07
|change = +1.37
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Pipra constituency<ref name="Pipra Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Pipra Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/pipra |access-date=25 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225192852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/pipra |archive-date=25 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shyambabu Prasad Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65552}}
|percentage = 38.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Krishna Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:61622}}
|percentage = 35.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Raj Mangal Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:8366}}
|percentage = 4.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arun Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:7266}}
|percentage = 4.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Parshuram Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:6139}}
|percentage = 3.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Subhash Chandra Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:3479}}
|percentage = 2.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikram Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3126}}
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Sadhu Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2604}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nagendra Sahani
|votes = {{formatnum:1847}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Kranti Party (Marxwad-Ambedkarwad)
|candidate = Ramayan Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1661}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Ramadhar Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:1613}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Bhagya Narayan Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1560}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1454}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3930}}
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172496}}
|percentage = 57.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|29|17|N|84|57|54|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Inter Kashi FC

2026-04-17T12:42:08Z

Majokthefirst: put up new entry...

{{Short description|Association football club in India}}
{{About|the men's football club|the women's team|Inter Kashi FC (women)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Inter Kashi
| image = Inter Kashi logo.svg
| upright = 0.7
| fullname = Inter Kashi Football Club
| nickname = Inter ''Kaashee ke Yoddhas'' (Warriors of Kashi)
| short name = IKA, IKFC, KSHI
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|2023|6|29}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/i-league-2024-25-a-glance-at-all-12-contenders/|title=I-League 2024–25: A glance at all 12 contenders|publisher=I-League|first1=Akhil|last1=Rawat|location=New Delhi|date=21 November 2024|access-date=25 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121123324/https://i-league.org/i-league-2024-25-a-glance-at-all-12-contenders/|archive-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>
| ground = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| capacity = 2,000
| owner = RDB Group of Companies<ref name="kn"/>
| chrtitle = Chairman
| chairman = Vinod Dugar
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López]]
| league = [[Indian Super League]]
| season = {{Indian football updater|InterKashi2}}
| position = {{Indian football updater|InterKashi3}}
| current = 2025–26 Inter Kashi season
| pattern_la1 = _IK1
| pattern_b1 = _IK1
| pattern_ra1 = _IK1
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _blacktop
| leftarm1 = FA5628
| body1 = FA5628
| rightarm1 = FA5628
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = FF7E00
| pattern_la2 = _orangeborder
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 = _orangeborder
| pattern_sh2 = _USOrléans2526t
| pattern_so2 = _JEF United Ichihara Chiba 2022 SP2
| leftarm2 = 1C2F4A
| body2 = 1C2F4A
| rightarm2 = 1C2F4A
| shorts2 =
| socks2 =
| pattern_la3 = _IK_3
| pattern_b3 = _IK_3a
| pattern_ra3 = _IK_3
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 = FA5628
| body3 = FFF5CC
| rightarm3 = FFF5CC
| shorts3 = 800000
| socks3 = 800000
| website = {{URL|https://www.interkashi.com|interkashi.com}}
}}

'''Inter Kashi Football Club''', commonly referred to as '''Inter Kashi''', is an Indian professional [[association football|football club]] based in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The club currently competes in the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), the top tier of the [[Indian football league system#Men's|Indian football league system]], after gaining promotion from the [[Indian Football League|I-League]] in the [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]] season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2026-02-13 |title=Inter Kashi squad for ISL 2025-26: Full list of players, foreign signings |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/inter-kashi-isl-squad-indian-super-league-2025-26-full-list-of-players-foreign-signings-updates/article70629807.ece |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-14 |title=FC Goa keen to make it count in ISL opener against Inter Kashi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-keen-to-make-it-count-in-isl-opener-against-inter-kashi/articleshow/128321193.cms |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/collaboration-agreement-in-the-inter-kashi-project |title=Collaboration agreement in the Inter Kashi project |date=29 June 2023 |publisher=Club Atletico de Madrid |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629140250/https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/collaboration-agreement-in-the-inter-kashi-project |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=https://thebridge.in/football/inter-kashi-eyes-hero-i-league-entry-with-strong-european-backing-42756 |title=Inter Kashi eyes Hero I-League entry with strong European backing |date=29 June 2023 |publisher=The Bridge |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629140250/https://thebridge.in/football/inter-kashi-eyes-hero-i-league-entry-with-strong-european-backing-42756 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Founded in 2023, it is the first professional club from the state of Uttar Pradesh to compete in a national-level league.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Inter Kashi Launched in Partnership With Three European Clubs, Eye I-League Participation |url=https://www.news18.com/football/inter-kashi-launched-i-league-three-european-clubs-partnership-8208607.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905120516/https://www.news18.com/football/inter-kashi-launched-i-league-three-european-clubs-partnership-8208607.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Inter Kashi Become Latest Addition To Indian Football, Partner With Famous European Clubs Including Atletico Madrid |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/sports/inter-kashi-become-latest-addition-to-indian-football-partner-with-famous-european-clubs-including-atletico-madrid-10085241 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=English Jagran |date=29 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905120518/https://english.jagran.com/sports/inter-kashi-become-latest-addition-to-indian-football-partner-with-famous-european-clubs-including-atletico-madrid-10085241 |url-status=live }}</ref> Inter Kashi is affiliated with the Spanish club [[Atlético Madrid]] and the Andorran clubs [[Inter Club d'Escaldes]] and [[FC Andorra]].<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="kn">{{cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-i-league-inter-kashi-direct-entry-bid |title=Atletico Madrid re-enter Indian football, partner with RDB Group to form Inter Kashi |date=29 June 2023 |publisher=Khel Now |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629140250/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-i-league-inter-kashi-direct-entry-bid |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter Kashi Launched in Partnership With Three European Clubs, Eye I-League Participation {{!}} Football News |url=https://www.news18.com/football/inter-kashi-launched-i-league-three-european-clubs-partnership-8208607.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Inter Kashi was also the official Event App Sponsor and Event Partner of [[Soccerex|Soccerex Miami]] on 14 November 2024 marking their leap in [[CONCACAF]] footballing sector after getting associated with multiple [[UEFA]] clubs.<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DCWqjp1uHUq/?igsh=MWlndWd4M2tobmh2cQ== |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C-Nn-AKI_A1/?hl=en |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C-NiUpcyf16/?hl=en |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

The club finished fourth in the [[2023–24 I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-03-30 |title=I-League 2023-24: Mohammedan Sporting a victory away from title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohammedan-sporting-vs-inter-kashi-i-league-table-title-indian-football-news/article68010690.ece |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> They later finished as runners-up; however, following a series of appeals before the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] Appeal Committee and the [[Court of Arbitration for Sports]], Inter Kashi was declared champions on 18 July 2025, and promoted to the Indian Super League.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Neeladri |date=2025-04-19 |title=Churchill Brothers declared I-League champion by AIFF Appeals Committee; Inter Kashi to move CAS |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/churchill-brothers-declared-i-league-champion-inter-kashi-loses-aiff-appeals-committee-indian-football/article69469054.ece |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref name=il25>{{Cite web |url=https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-adjudged-champions-of-i-league-2024-25/ |title=Inter Kashi adjudged champions of I-League 2024-25 |date=18 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720045431/https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-adjudged-champions-of-i-league-2024-25/ |archive-date=20 July 2025 |website=I-League.org |publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]}}</ref>

== History ==
In May 2023, the [[All India Football Federation]], the governing body of [[football in India]], announced they would accept bids for new clubs to join [[2023–24 I-League]] season onwards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-invites-bids-for-new-clubs-to-join-hero-i-league-2023-24-season-onwards |title=AIFF invites bids for new clubs to join Hero I-League 2023–24 season onwards |date=5 May 2023 |publisher=The AIFF |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620130132/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-invites-bids-for-new-clubs-to-join-hero-i-league-2023-24-season-onwards |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 June 2023, it was announced that agreement for the Varanasi franchise had been reached between Kolkata-based RDB Group of Companies and European clubs Atlético Madrid and Inter Escaldes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-likely-to-be-left-with-only-two-new-direct-entrants-in-i-league/articleshow/102088569.cms |title=AIFF likely to be left with only two new direct entrants in I-League |date=24 July 2023 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726144455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-likely-to-be-left-with-only-two-new-direct-entrants-in-i-league/articleshow/102088569.cms |archive-date=26 July 2023 |first1=Marcus |last1=Mergulhao |agency=TNN |location=Margao }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=With only two new corporate teams, AIFF likely to persist with home-away format for I-League |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/with-only-two-new-teams-aiff-likely-to-persist-with-home-away-format-for-i-league-2242381 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=News9live |first1=Sayan |last1=Mukherjee |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812111232/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/with-only-two-new-teams-aiff-likely-to-persist-with-home-away-format-for-i-league-2242381 |archive-date=12 August 2023 }}</ref> FC Andorra has an association with Inter Escaldes, but does not have any direct role with Inter Kashi. The moniker of "''Inter''" was added because of the tie up with ''Inter Escaldes''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IndianFootball/comments/14t54mi/inter_kashi_ama_hello_reddit_we_are_inter_kashi/ |title=Inter Kashi AMA |date=7 July 2023 |publisher=Reddit |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707115641/https://www.reddit.com/r/IndianFootball/comments/14t54mi/inter_kashi_ama_hello_reddit_we_are_inter_kashi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The club also announced creation of the Atlético de Bharat Academy for the development of grassroots football in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Club Atlético de Madrid – Collaboration agreement in the Inter Kashi project |url=https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/collaboration-agreement-in-the-inter-kashi-project |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Club Atlético de Madrid |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629140250/https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/collaboration-agreement-in-the-inter-kashi-project |url-status=live }}</ref> Spaniard Carlos Santamarina was chosen as the first head coach of the club, while Javier Broch and [[Arata Izumi]] were roped in as assistant coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/arata-izumi-becomes-the-assistant-coach-of-the-new-entity-inter-kashi/|title=Arata Izumi becomes the assistant coach of the new entity, Inter Kashi Football Club|date=4 August 2023|access-date=12 September 2023|first=Shibashis|last=Das|website=footballexpress.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914141327/https://footballexpress.in/arata-izumi-becomes-the-assistant-coach-of-the-new-entity-inter-kashi/|archive-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> English footballer [[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]] was the first player signed by the club.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/InterKashi/status/1686343014430715904 |title=We have kept you waiting long enough presenting our FIRST SIGNING — @PeterHartley88! |date=1 August 2023 |publisher=Inter Kashi Twitter |access-date=1 August 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802103728/https://twitter.com/InterKashi/status/1686343014430715904 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 28 October 2023, Inter Kashi played their first ever official match against [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] in the I-League. [[Edmund Lalrindika]] scored the club's first goal, and Mohammed Asif Khan scored the equalizer to earn the maiden point in a 2–2 draw.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-10-indian-football-i-league-gokulam-kerala-inter-kashi-report |title=I-League 2023–24: Inter Kashi bag first points against heavyweights Gokulam Kerala |publisher=Khel Now |date=28 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029090936/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-10-indian-football-i-league-gokulam-kerala-inter-kashi-report |url-status=live }}</ref> Their first win came against [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]] on 6 November 2023.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://thebridge.in/i-league/inter-kashi-defeat-namdhari-fc-44666 |title=I-League 2023–24: Inter Kashi secures historic win, Overcoming Namdhari FC 4–2 |date=6 November 2023 |website=The Bridge |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113065848/https://thebridge.in/i-league/inter-kashi-defeat-namdhari-fc-44666 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 November, Inter Kashi played their first I-League home match against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] in the [[Ekana Football Stadium]] in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-21 |title=Inter Kashi face Mohammedan SC today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/inter-kashi-vs-mohammedan-sc-historic-football-match-lucknow/articleshow/105371812.cms |access-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074151/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/inter-kashi-vs-mohammedan-sc-historic-football-match-lucknow/articleshow/105371812.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2024, Inter Kashi's two players Sachu Siby and [[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]] joined [[Primera Divisió]] outfit [[Inter Club d'Escaldes]] but Sachu Siby was not able to pursue it because of visa restrictions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ethan-starts-pro-football-journey-in-andorra-premier-division/articleshow/113793160.cms|title=Ethan Starts Pro Football Journey In Andorra Premier Division|website=The Times of India|date=30 September 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024|archive-date=7 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107144629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ethan-starts-pro-football-journey-in-andorra-premier-division/amp_articleshow/113793160.cms}}</ref>

The [[2024–25 Inter Kashi season|second season]] for them remains controversial and is also their first season playing out of [[Uttar Pradesh]] after their previous home venue [[Ekana Football Stadium]] was declared unfit to play and they had to shift to [[Kalyani Stadium]] in [[Nadia district|Nadia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Ekana 'unfit', Inter Kashi may play league match in Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ekana-unfit-inter-kashi-may-play-league-match-in-kolkata/articleshow/105889065.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330104908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ekana-unfit-inter-kashi-may-play-league-match-in-kolkata/articleshow/105889065.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter Kashi fail to arrest Churchill Brothers' winning run in Kalyani clash {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-fail-to-arrest-churchill-brothers-winning-run-in-kalyani-clash/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214173559/https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-fail-to-arrest-churchill-brothers-winning-run-in-kalyani-clash/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22nd November 2024, they played their first match on their new home ground which also remained the league opener match against [[SC Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-19 |title=I-League 2024-25 Kickoff: Live Streaming Details for Matchday 1 |url=https://sportscafe.in/football/articles/2024/nov/19/i-league-2024-25-kickoff-live-streaming-details-for-matchday-1 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=SportsCafe |language=en}}</ref> Inter Kashi proposed to shift their home stadium from [[Kalyani Stadium]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]] to [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Guwahati]] till their new stadium in [[Varanasi]] gets built.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |title=Varanasi club Inter Kashi powers UP's football dreams — with a Spanish touch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/varanasi-club-inter-kashi-powers-ups-football-dreams-9943022/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

After getting promoted from the [[Indian Football League|I-league]], Inter Kashi played their first match of the 2025-26 [[Indian Super League]] season on 14 February 2026 against [[FC Goa]], which they drew 1-1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-24 |title=Inter Kashi held to goalless draw by Odisha |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/47974316/isl-2025-26-indian-super-league-football-results-reports-matchweek-02 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024-25 season controversy ===
The [[2024–25 Inter Kashi season|second season]] of Inter Kashi remained controversial while having remarks from various members of Indian football, and allegations by [[Delhi FC|Delhi FC's]] recent owner Ranjit Bajaj, who also owns [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/ranjitbajaj/reel/DGsG_J9yRWd/?hl=en |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Inter Kashi appealed against [[Namdhari FC]] playing an ineligible player, leading to the AIFF Disciplinary Committee voiding the match and awarded 3 points to Inter Kashi. However, this order was later stayed by the order of AIFF Appeal Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title=I-League: AIFF stays forfeiture decision on Inter Kashi v/s Namdhari match |url=https://thebridge.in/i-league/aiff-stay-forfeiture-decision-inter-kashi-namdhari-52690 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329140607/https://thebridge.in/i-league/aiff-stay-forfeiture-decision-inter-kashi-namdhari-52690 |archive-date=29 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-28 |title=I-League: Another twist in title race as AIFF appeals committee offers respite to Namdhari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-another-twist-in-title-race-as-aiff-appeals-committee-offers-respite-to-namdhari/articleshow/119611587.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329025741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-another-twist-in-title-race-as-aiff-appeals-committee-offers-respite-to-namdhari/articleshow/119611587.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Churchill Alemao]], the owner of [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]], accused Inter Kashi and the AIFF of pre-match disruptions among the controversial row.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Churchill Brothers accuse Inter Kashi, AIFF of pre-match disruptions |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFchurchill-brothers-accuse-inter-kashi-aiff-of-prematch-disruptions/128215.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> Inter Kashi on the other hand raised serious concerns regarding disparity and clarity from the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-03-28 |title=Inter Kashi threatens legal action against AIFF on not getting communication about stay on forfeited match |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/inter-kashi-threatens-legal-action-against-aiff-no-communication-about-forfeited-match-ileague-indian-football/article69386212.ece |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/share/p/BADibam13j/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

The club also raised concerns regarding rules and mismanagement that happened towards them in the build-up to the match between the two teams, which was set to be a [[2024–25 I-League|season-decider]]. The Varanasi-based club made allegations against Churchill Brothers for not letting them practice on the match venue ground the day before the match, which is mandated the in [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] rule book.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=2025-03-30 |title=As tensions rise, AIFF knocks on police door for additional security |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/as-tensions-rise-aiff-knocks-on-police-door-for-additional-security/articleshow/119724595.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> This match remained so controversial that the AIFF had to invite referees to officiate the match from [[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-28 |title=I-League: Nepal referees to officiate key Churchill vs Kashi clash on Sunday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-nepal-referees-to-officiate-key-churchill-vs-kashi-clash-on-sunday/articleshow/119669576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329043534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-nepal-referees-to-officiate-key-churchill-vs-kashi-clash-on-sunday/articleshow/119669576.cms |archive-date=29 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The eventual match saw eight [[Yellow card (football)|yellow cards]], one [[Red card (association football)|red card]] and a controversial goal for Churchill, which Kashi claimed to be a handball but was given by the referees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-30 |title=WATCH: Controversy erupts as Churchill Brothers score late equaliser against Inter Kashi |url=https://thebridge.in/i-league/controversy-erupts-churchill-late-equaliser-inter-kashi-52714 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/sports/football/hand-of-god-in-indian-football-churchill-brothers-controversial-goal-rocks-i-league-stuns-inter-kashi/ar-AA1C0eQD?cvid=eb3951ed884a47c98ac99874f67db6b8&ocid=microsoftnewsapp-win10 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=Hand of God In Indian Football: Churchill Brothers' Controversial Goal Rocks I-League, Stuns Inter Kashi |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/hand-of-god-in-indian-football-churchill-brothers-controversial-goal-rocks-i-league-stuns-inter-kashi-article-151319939 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331052820/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/hand-of-god-in-indian-football-churchill-brothers-controversial-goal-rocks-i-league-stuns-inter-kashi-article-151319939 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Later, [[Namdhari FC]] also appealed against Inter Kashi for breaking foreigner registration rules in the I-League, relating to the re-registration of Spanish forward [[Mario Barco]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Namdhari FC accuse Inter Kashi of fielding extra foreigner in I-League, file complaint with AIFF |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/indian-football-namdhari-fc-accuse-inter-kashi-of-fielding-extra-foreigner-in-i-league-file-complaint-with-aiff-2835972?s=08 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

After the season ended, the AIFF eventually declared Churchill Brothers as winners, and Inter Kashi as runners-up.<ref name=":5" /> In response, on 27 April 2025, Inter Kashi went to [[Court of Arbitration for Sport|CAS]] against the AIFF Appeals Committee's decision to award the I-League title to Churchill Brothers. This decision was made after the AIFF Appeals Committee reversed an earlier decision that awarded the title to Inter Kashi. CAS proceeded to issue an order staying the AIFF Appeals Committee's decision. The court also issued an order to prevent AIFF from declaring a winner, or holding a medal ceremony until the CAS arbitration is concluded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-27 |title=Relief for Inter Kashi as CAS orders AIFF not to declare Churchill Brothers as I-League champions or organise medal ceremony |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/inter-kashi-cas-aiff-churchill-brothers-i-league-champion-9968685/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

However, the AIFF still conducted the ceremony disregarding CAS's decision, and awarded the trophy and medals to Churchill's players. The ceremony was also conducted without the presence of State Football Association in the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-27 |title=CAS nixes AIFF's decision to award I-League title to Churchill Brothers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/football-cas-nixes-aiffs-decision-to-award-i-league-title-to-churchill-brothers/article69498481.ece|access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This action drew criticism from the [[Goa Football Association|Goa Football Association]], and raised questions about the AIFF's credibility and its relationship with state associations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-30 |title=Credibility of AIFF and its relationship with state FAs at stake: GFA president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/credibility-of-aiff-and-its-relationship-with-state-fas-at-stake-gfa-president/articleshow/120740489.cms |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The AIFF later acknowledged the CAS stay order and asked Churchill Brothers to return the trophy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=AIFF asks Churchill to return I-League trophy; Goa chief demands probe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/aiff-asks-churchill-brothers-to-return-i-league-trophy-2716774-2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The AIFF's decision was eventually overturned by a CAS ruling on 18 July 2025, which crowned Inter Kashi champions of the I-League 2024–25.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/inter-kashi-i-league-winner-cas-ruling-aiff-indian-football-news/article69827062.ece|title=Inter Kashi crowned I-League 2024-25 champion after CAS ruling|date=18 July 2025|work=Sportstar}}</ref>

== Stadium ==
In January 2026, Inter Kashi signed a MoU with [[C.M. Anglo Bengali College]] to build a 5,500 capacity [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]-rated dedicated football stadium at the cost of ₹60 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter Kashi announce dedicated football stadium in Varanasi, boost football infrastructure in UP |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-inter-kashi-dedicated-football-stadium-varanasi-202601 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2026-01-06 |title=Inter Kashi announces new international-level football stadium in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/inter-kashi-new-international-level-football-stadium-varanasi-uttar-pradesh/article70478253.ece |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Inter Kashi sign MOU for home stadium in Varanasi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/inter-kashi-sign-mou-for-home-stadium-in-varanasi/amp_articleshow/126381327.cms |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Inter Kashi FC (women) ==
{{Main|Inter Kashi FC (women)}}

The women team, '''[[Inter Kashi FC (women)]]''' took part in [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]] as marking their debut season in [[Women's association football|female football]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IWL 2 Group Stage draw conducted, league to begin on March 28 {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/iwl-2-group-stage-draw-conducted-league-to-begin-on-march-28/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221161824/https://i-league.org/iwl-2-group-stage-draw-conducted-league-to-begin-on-march-28/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Junior section ==
Inter Kashi fielded their junior section in [[2024–25 Indian Youth League|Under 17 2024–25 Indian Youth League]] and [[Youth League (India)#Under-13 level (7-a-side)|Under 13 Sub Junior Youth League]].

=== Under 17 ===
The Under 17 side finished last in their [[2024–25 Indian Youth League|debut season]] of [[Youth League (India)|Indian Youth League]] winning a single match against SKM Sporting Foundation. It was their first season in any league playing in their home city, [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]] on BLW Railways Ground after their birth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/dalimss_news/reel/DFIuolVSN1M/?locale=fr_FR&hl=en |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

==== Current Staff ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" style="background:#FA5628; color:#000000; text-align:center;" | Position
! colspan="1" style="background:#000000; color:#FA5628; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
| Head coach & scout
| {{flagicon|IND}} Deepak Deshwal
|}

==== Coaching history ====
{{updated|1 April 2025}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;border:1px solid #FF4500;"
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | Name
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | Nationality
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | From
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="unsortable" | To
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | P
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | W
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | D
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | L
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | Win%
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | Ref.
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Devan Daniel Kalathil Palankandi
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italy]]
| style="text-align:left;" | 4 January 2025
| style="text-align:left;" | 29 March 2025
| 10 || 1 || 2 || 7 || 10%
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/interkashi/p/DF2oR1hzPB2/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left; | Deepak Deshwal
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| style="text-align:left;" | 31 April 2025
| style="text-align:left;" | ''Present''
| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0%
| <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/share/p/_pFkSbzTn/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|}

=== Under 13 ===
The Under 13 side is playing their matches for their debut league in [[Youth League (India)|Sub Junior Youth League]] on a neutral venue on Aghornath Park Stadium in [[Kalna City|Kalna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/interkashi/p/DHuXovLzLLj/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> In their debut match of their debut season, they defeated [[Odisha FC]] with an outstanding 5–1 win.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/share/p/BAJPRF6Gw0/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

==== Current Staff ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" style="background:#FA5628; color:#000000; text-align:center;" |
Position
! colspan="1" style="background:#000000; color:#FA5628; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Bimlesh Yadav
|}

==== Coaching history ====
{{updated|1 April 2025}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;border:1px solid #FF4500;"
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | Name
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | Nationality
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | From
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="sortable" | To
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | P
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | W
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | D
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | L
! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | Win Percentage

! style="background-color:#FF4500; color:#FFFFFF;" | Ref.
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Bimlesh Yadav
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| style="text-align:left;" | 28 April 2025
| style="text-align:left;" | ''Present''
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 33.33%
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/share/p/BAIwRiZvKR/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|}

== Atlético de Bharat Academy ==
The club announced the opening of Atlético de Bharat Residential Academy in Sant Atulanand Convent School with the partnership of Dr. Vandana Singh - Director of Sant Atulanand Convent School for U13, U15 and U17 batch in [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]] on 25th March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/share/reel/_mdsh4e73/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> The club has already hosted a [[Futsal]] tournament Futsal For All Day on 27 August 2024 with partnership of Sant Atulanand Convent School, [[Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh]] and [[All India Football Federation]] in their academy location with 21 teams competing across 5 categories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C_FeWErNTPC/?hl=en |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C_N5pIqzbII/?hl=en&img_index=1 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> The club also hosted Inter Kashi Purnima Masik Pratiyogita 2024 in the same venue on 17 September 2024 as a tournament where 120 children from two different NGOs that are Meera Foundation and Sewa Samarpan Sansthan participated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/interkashi/p/DABgp4ATKwk/?hl=en |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

The club with the opening announcement also announced Pan-India trials for their academy happening in 10 [[State (India)|states]] and 1 [[union territory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/share/p/_yRwMF94s/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> The home state, [[Uttar Pradesh]] witnessed trials in 11 cities. The club announced partnership with different clubs and venue partners for different trials in different cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/share/p/BAKl_G61-0/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

== Club crest and kits ==
=== Crest ===
In the Inter Kashi's crest, [[Tripundra]] (three horizontal lines on the top of the crest) resembles [[Shiva|Lord Shiva's]] threefold power of will (icchāśakti), knowledge (jñānaśakti), and action (kriyāśakti). The graphical image below the club name on the crest portraits [[Manikarnika Ghat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=The SportsGrail |date=2023-06-30 |title=Inter Kashi FC owner, logo, jersey, players, football stadium, coach |url=https://thesportsgrail.com/inter-kashi-fc-owner-logo-jersey-players-football-stadium-coach/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227074445/https://thesportsgrail.com/inter-kashi-fc-owner-logo-jersey-players-football-stadium-coach/ |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The SportsGrail |language=en}}</ref>

Their third kit was released on 18 January 2025 as a tribute to [[2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela|Maha Kumbh]] held on [[Prayagraj]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-19 |title=Inter Kashi's third kit pays tribute to Maha Kumbh Mela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/inter-kashis-third-kit-pays-tribute-to-maha-kumbh-mela/articleshow/117362007.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
! Period
! Kit manufacturer
! Shirt sponsor
! Back sponsor
! Chest sponsor
! Sleeves sponsor
|-
| 2023–24
| SIX5SIX
| [[Cello World|Cello]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]]
| rowspan="7" | RDB Group
| rowspan="2" | [[Cello World|Cello]]
|-
| 2024–25
| rowspan="2" | [[Hummel International|Hummel]]
| [[UCO Bank]]
| IndiaShoppe
|-
| 2025–26
|
|InsureFirst
|}

== Players ==

=== First-team squad ===
{{Updated|17 April 2026}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Shubham Dhas}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Nishchal Chandan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Aritra Das}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=[[David Bollo|David Humanes]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Wayne Vaz]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Tomba Singh Haobam|Tomba Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Alfred Planas]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth K]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Rohit Danu]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jayesh Rane]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=LIT|pos=FW|name=[[Nauris Petkevičius]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Seiminlen Doungel]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=ESP|pos=GK|name=Lluis Tarrés}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Karthik Panicker}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Ashray Bhardwaj]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sandip Mandi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Anil Chawan}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Narender Gahlot]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Ashish Jha}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Mohammed Asif Khan}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Mohit Singh Dhami}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Nishu Kumar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Sergio Llamas]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Prabir Das]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Sumeet Passi]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs end}}

== Staff and management ==
=== Current staff ===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="1" style="background:#FF9933; color:#000000; text-align:center;" | Position
!colspan="1" style="background:#000000; color:#FF9933; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López Habas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=काशी, अब चारों ओर मचा दो शोर! 📢 |url=https://x.com/InterKashi/status/1816359126370324535 |website=X (Formerly Twitter) |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219101414/https://x.com/InterKashi/status/1816359126370324535 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Fonseca (football manager)|Carlos Fonseca]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C_NB_H2zRjD/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
| Strength & conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Alberto Santana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alberto Santana |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/alberto-santana-exp%C3%B3sito-b4846a18b/ |website=Linkedin}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Fernando Llopis <ref>https://www.linkedin.com/in/ferllopis/</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Luis García (footballer, born 1979)|Luis García]]
|-
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Abhijit Mondal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DFhfe2MTawc/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Abdeali Fatema Deesawala
|-
| Media manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Bhaswar Dey
|}

=== Management ===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="1" style="background:#FF9933; color:#000000; text-align:center;" | Position
!colspan="1" style="background:#000000; color:#FF9933; text-align:center;" |Name
|-
| Chairman
| {{flagicon|IND}} Vinod Dugar<ref>{{cite web |title=Visionary Entrepreneur Vinod Dugar's Ambitious Quest to Revolutionize Football in India Gains Momentum |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/visionary-entrepreneur-vinod-dugar-s-ambitious-quest-to-revolutionize-football-in-india-gains-momentum-123101800728_1.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330171318/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/visionary-entrepreneur-vinod-dugar-s-ambitious-quest-to-revolutionize-football-in-india-gains-momentum-123101800728_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|President
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prithijit Das<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/indianfootball/p/C-mP0rjhR3-/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.instagram.com |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330114058/https://www.instagram.com/indianfootball/p/C-mP0rjhR3-/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Co-founder
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aryaman Shukla<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DAdWRVqNrDN/?hl=en |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
|Chief Operaions Officer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Bhaskar Basu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/interkashi/p/C8j1tmbSXNX/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=www.instagram.com |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330114057/https://www.instagram.com/interkashi/p/C8j1tmbSXNX/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Records and statistics ==
===Season by season===
Correct as the end of the [[2024–25 Inter Kashi season|2024–25 season]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" rowspan="2" |Season
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" colspan="9" |League
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" rowspan="2" |'''[[AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]'''
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" rowspan="2" |'''[[Durand Cup]]'''
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" colspan="2" |Top scorer(s)
|-
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |Division
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |{{tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |{{tooltip|Pos|Position}}
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |Player(s)
! style="background:#FF9933; color:#000;" |Goals
|-
|[[2023–24 Inter Kashi season|2023–24]]
|[[I-League]]
|24
|11
|8
|5
|47
|41
|41
|4th
|[[2024 Indian Super Cup#Group D|Group stage]]
|{{sort dash}}
|align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]]
|12
|-
|[[2024–25 Inter Kashi season|2024–25]]
|bgcolor=honeydew| {{nowrap|I-League ↑}}
|22
|12
|6
|4
|42
|31
|42
|style="background:Gold"| 1st
|[[2025 AIFF Super Cup|Quarter-finals]]
|[[2024 Durand Cup|Group stage]]
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]]
|9
|-
|[[2025–26 Inter Kashi season|2025–26]]
|[[Indian Super League|ISL]]
|8
|3
|2
|3
|8
|9
|11
|8th
|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Group stage]]
|DNP
|TBD
|TBD
|}

=== Coaching history ===
{{updated|28 February 2026}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | Nationality
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | From
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" class="unsortable" | To
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | P
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | W
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | D
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | L
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | Win%
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | Ref.
|-
| scope=row style="text-align:left" | Carlos Santamarina
| align="left" | {{ESP}}
| align="left" | 7 July 2023
| align="left" | 31 May 2024
{{WDL|26|10|9|7}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/atletico-madrid-to-indian-football-inter-kashi-i-league-isl-promotion-diego-simeone-way-carlos-santamarina/article67465768.ece | title=From Atletico Madrid to Indian football: Carlos Santamarina hopes to take Inter Kashi forward through the Diego Simeone way | date=27 October 2023 | access-date=19 December 2024 | archive-date=19 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219192612/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/atletico-madrid-to-indian-football-inter-kashi-i-league-isl-promotion-diego-simeone-way-carlos-santamarina/article67465768.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| scope=row style="text-align:left" | [[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López]]
| align="left" | {{ESP}}
| align="left" | 25 July 2024
| align="left" | Present
{{WDL|25|13|8|4}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/inter-kashi-appoints-antonio-habas-as-head-coach-indian-football-latest-updates/article68445329.ece |title=Inter Kashi appoints Antonio Lopez Habas as head coach ahead of 2024-25 season |work=Sportstar |date=25 July 2024 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| scope=row style="text-align:left" | [[Arata Izumi]] ''(caretaker)''{{efn|In charge of [[2024 Durand Cup]]}}
| align="left" | {{IND}}
| align="left" | 27 July 2024
| align="left" | 31 August 2024
{{WDL|3|1|1|1}}
| <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Inter Kashi announce squad for Durand Cup 2024; Arindam Bhattacharya & Nikola Stojanovic included |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-inter-kashi-squad-durand-cup-202407 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us |archive-date=20 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220070842/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-inter-kashi-squad-durand-cup-202407 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| scope=row style="text-align:left" | [[Carlos Fonseca (football manager)|Carlos Fonseca]] ''(caretaker)''{{efn|In charge of [[2025 AIFF Super Cup]]}}
| align="left" | {{ESP}}
| align="left" | 23 April 2025
| align="left" | 27 April 2025
{{WDL|2|0|1|1}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/inter-kashi-antonio-habas-head-coach-to-miss-super-cup-2025-opening-match-bengaluru-fc-details/article69452314.ece |title=Super Cup 2025: Inter Kashi head coach Habas to miss opening match |work=Sportstar |date=16 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| scope=row style="text-align:left" | [[Abhijit Mondal]] ''(caretaker)''{{efn|In charge of [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]]}}
| align="left" | {{IND}}
| align="left" | 26 October 2025
| align="left" | 1 November 2025
{{WDL|3|0|1|2}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamshedpur FC eye first win under new head coach Steven Dias in Super Cup, against Inter Kashi |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-super-cup-inter-kashi-vs-jamshedpur-fc-live-preview-202510 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>
|}

=== Top scorers ===
{{updated|14 February 2026}}
{{small|'''Bold''' denotes players still playing for Inter Kashi.}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | #
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000; width: 200px;" | Player
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000; width: 100px;" | Period
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000; width: 100px;" |I-League / ISL
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000; width: 100px;" | Super Cup
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000; width: 100px;" | Durand Cup
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000; width: 100px;" | Total
|-
| 1
| align=left| {{Flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Mario Barco]]'''
| 2023–
| 16
| 2
| 0
| '''18'''
|-
| 2
| align=left| {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]]
| 2024–2025
| 9
| 0
| 2
| '''11'''
|-
| 3
| align=left| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
| 2023–2025
| 8
| 2
| 0
| '''10'''
|-
| rowspan=2| 4
| align=left| {{Flagicon|ESP}} Jordan Lamela
| 2023–24
| 6
| 0
| 0
| '''6'''
|-
| align=left| {{Flagicon|MAR}} Domi Berlanga
| 2024–2025
| 6
| 0
| 0
| '''6'''
|-
| rowspan=3| 6
| align=left| {{Flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Asif Khan
| 2023–2025
| 5
| 0
| 0
| '''5'''
|-
| align=left| {{Flagicon|IND}} Gyamar Nikum
| 2023–2024
| 4
| 1
| 0
| '''5'''
|-
| align=left| {{Flagicon|IND}} '''[[Tomba Singh Haobam]]'''
| 2023–
| 3
| 1
| 1
| '''5'''
|-
| 9
| align=left| {{Flagicon|IND}} Muhammad Ajsal
| 2023–2024
| 3
| 1
| 0
| '''4'''
|-
| rowspan=4| 10
|align=left| {{Flagicon|IND}} '''[[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth K]]'''
| 2025–
| 3
| 0
| 0
| '''3'''
|-
| align=left| {{Flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
| 2024–2025
| 3
| 0
| 0
| '''3'''
|-
| align=left| {{Flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sumeet Passi]]'''
| 2023–
| 3
| 0
| 0
| '''3'''
|-
|align=left| {{Flagicon|SRB}} Matija Babović
| 2025
| 2
| 1
| 0
| '''3'''
|}

=== Club captains ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | Period
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:#000000;" | Name
|-
| 2023–2024
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|-
| 2024–
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumeet Passi]]
|-
|}

==Honours==
===Domestic===
'''League'''
* '''[[I-League]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]

==Notable players==

{{category see also|Inter Kashi FC players}}

The following Inter Kashi players have been capped at ''[[National sports team#Individual selection and participation|senior/youth international level]]''. Years in brackets indicate their spells at the club.
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sehnaj Singh]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/six-chandigarh-footballers-named-in-indian-squad-for-wc-qualifiers/story-u0CDb5J5t6lBy0GnkMeAKJ.html | title=Six Chandigarh footballers named in Indian squad for WC qualifiers | work=Hindustan Times | date=21 May 2015 | access-date=16 December 2024 | archive-date=5 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705123224/https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/six-chandigarh-footballers-named-in-indian-squad-for-wc-qualifiers/story-u0CDb5J5t6lBy0GnkMeAKJ.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-08-indian-football-i-league-inter-kashi-sign-sumeet-passi | title=Sumeet Passi set to sign for Inter Kashi | access-date=16 December 2024 | archive-date=13 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213202835/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-08-indian-football-i-league-inter-kashi-sign-sumeet-passi | url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ESP}} Fran Gómez (2023–2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thebridge.in/football/i-league-inter-kashi-beats-shillong-lajong-45870 | title=I-League: Inter Kashi beat Shillong Lajong | date=3 February 2024 | access-date=16 December 2024 | archive-date=14 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214015002/https://thebridge.in/football/i-league-inter-kashi-beats-shillong-lajong-45870 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jackichand Singh]] (2023–2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/meet-jackichand-singh-indias-latest-football-sensation/ | title=Meet Jackichand Singh, India's latest football sensation | date=3 May 2015 | access-date=16 December 2024 | archive-date=19 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219090043/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/meet-jackichand-singh-indias-latest-football-sensation/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ianslive |url=https://ianslive.in/super-cup-2024-inter-kashi-thrash-rajasthan-united-5-0-to-make-group-stage--20240108182933 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=ianslive.in |date=8 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Devrani]] (2023–2024), (2024-2026)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter Kashi leave Namdhari FC stranded in Kalyani {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-leave-namdhari-fc-stranded-in-kalyani/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130151608/https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-leave-namdhari-fc-stranded-in-kalyani/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalruatthara]] (2023–2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Indian Super League 2023–24 summer transfers: All the completed deals |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/indian-super-league-2023-24-summer-transfers-all-the-completed-deals |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210220113/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/indian-super-league-2023-24-summer-transfers-all-the-completed-deals |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Blasters' young gun Lalruatthara dreams of donning India colors |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/indian-super-league-isl-4/isl-specials/2017/12/28/kerala-blasters-lalruatthara-mizoram-berbatov-wes-cbrown.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201011426/http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/indian-super-league-isl-4/isl-specials/2017/12/28/kerala-blasters-lalruatthara-mizoram-berbatov-wes-cbrown.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]] (2023–2025)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-vs-kuwait-fifa-world-cup-2026-qualifiers-edmund-lalrindika-becomes-first-ileague-debutant-in-5-years/article68259885.ece | title=India vs Kuwait, FIFA World Cup qualifiers: Edmund makes international debut as first I-League player in five years | date=6 June 2024 | access-date=16 December 2024 | archive-date=19 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219143416/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-vs-kuwait-fifa-world-cup-2026-qualifiers-edmund-lalrindika-becomes-first-ileague-debutant-in-5-years/article68259885.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Edmund Lalrindika: The new greenhorn in National Camp with sinuous poise |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/edmund-lalrindika-the-new-greenhorn-in-national-camp-with-sinuous-poise |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bijoy Varghese]] (2023–2024), (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-24 |title=Bijoy Varghese of Punjab FC Receives First India Call-Up |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/03/punjab-fcs-bijoy-varghese-earns-first-india-senior-team-call-up/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]] (2023–2026)<ref name=":2" />
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumeet Passi]] (2023–)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/india-v-laos/bepx5hfat9obbrynat6gf4r1l |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 December 2024 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204049/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/india-v-laos/bepx5hfat9obbrynat6gf4r1l |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter Kashi fail to arrest Churchill Brothers' winning run in Kalyani clash {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-fail-to-arrest-churchill-brothers-winning-run-in-kalyani-clash/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214173559/https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-fail-to-arrest-churchill-brothers-winning-run-in-kalyani-clash/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tomba Singh Haobam]] (2023–)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nausad Moosa names India U23 men's squad for Tri-Nation friendlies in Yupia |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/nausad-moosa-names-india-u23-mens-squad-for-tri-nation-friendlies-in-yupia |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandip Mandi]] (2023–)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u23s-to-play-two-friendlies-against-malaysia | title=India U23s to play two friendlies against Malaysia }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-04-08 |title=I-League: Sreenidi Deccan held to draw by 10-man Inter Kashi |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-sreenidi-deccan-fc-held-to-draw-10-man-inter-kashi-report-result-news/article68044300.ece |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519061523/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-sreenidi-deccan-fc-held-to-draw-10-man-inter-kashi-report-result-news/article68044300.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CPV}} [[Gianni dos Santos]] (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawa-forward-gianni-dos-santos-joins-i-league-club-inter-kashi-in-a-permanent-transfer | title=Atlético Ottawa forward Gianni dos Santos joins I-League club Inter Kashi in a permanent transfer | date=January 2024 | access-date=16 December 2024 | archive-date=19 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219212716/https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawa-forward-gianni-dos-santos-joins-i-league-club-inter-kashi-in-a-permanent-transfer | url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]] (2024–2025)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://atleetti.fi/joni-kauko-inter-kashi-sopimus-intia/ | title=Huuhkajista tuttu Joni Kauko jatkaa uraansa ulkomailla | date=19 August 2024 | access-date=16 December 2024 | archive-date=19 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219085639/https://atleetti.fi/joni-kauko-inter-kashi-sopimus-intia/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/finland-vs-russia-uefa-euro-2020-full-squads-of-both-teams-101623821915404.html |title=Finland vs Russia UEFA Euro 2020: Full squads of both teams | Football News - Hindustan Times |date=16 June 2021 |access-date=16 December 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217200000/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/finland-vs-russia-uefa-euro-2020-full-squads-of-both-teams-101623821915404.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]] (2024–2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFC U-22 Championship 2013 |url=http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=6328&stageid=242&tMode=C&view=ajax&show=matchsummary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831071749/http://www.the-afc.com/afcasfeeds?fixtureid=6328&stageid=242&tMode=C&view=ajax&show=matchsummary |archive-date=31 August 2017 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=www.the-afc.com |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Herald |date=2024-12-14 |title=Churchill Brothers FC outclass strong contenders Inter Kashi |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/churchill-brothers-fc-outclassstrong-contenders-inter-kashi/416943 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sarthak Golui]] (2024–2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarmah |first=Bhargab |date=2012-09-27 |title=Indian Football – AFC Under-16 Championship: India v China preview |url=https://thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-afc-under-16-championship-india-v-china-preview/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=TheHardTackle.com |language=en-US |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219163901/https://thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-afc-under-16-championship-india-v-china-preview/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]] (2024–2026)<ref name=":2" />
*{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth K]] (2024-2025), (2026-)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasanth K joins Chennaiyin FC after leaving Kerala Blasters |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-kerala-blasters-chennaiyin-fc-sign-prasanth-karuthadathkuni-official |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Bryce Miranda]] (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=India U-23 Call-up the Biggest Turning Point in My Career, Says Bryce Miranda - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/india-u-23-call-up-the-biggest-turning-point-in-my-career-says-bryce-miranda-4764797.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241204145048/https://www.news18.com/news/football/india-u-23-call-up-the-biggest-turning-point-in-my-career-says-bryce-miranda-4764797.html |archive-date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SER}}Matija Babović (2025–2026)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://i-league.org/gokulam-kerala-fc-pump-in-half-a-dozen-to-leave-inter-kashi-shattered/ | title=Gokulam Kerala FC pump in half a dozen to leave Inter Kashi shattered | I-League | access-date=3 February 2025 | archive-date=24 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124161846/https://i-league.org/gokulam-kerala-fc-pump-in-half-a-dozen-to-leave-inter-kashi-shattered/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Prabir Das]] (2025-)<ref>{{cite web|title=India U19s 3-1 Turkmenistan U19s|url=http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/joomleague/?view=report&compID=421&matchId=4052|work=The Asian Football Confederation|access-date=26 December 2012|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215054202/http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/joomleague/?view=report&compID=421&matchId=4052|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|IND}} Mohit Singh Dhami (2025-)<ref>{{Cite web |title=India U-20 goalkeepers look to make a mark in SAFF U20 Championship |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u-20-goalkeepers-look-to-make-a-mark-in-saff-u20-championship |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Nishu Kumar]] (2026-)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-19 |title=India lose 0-1 to Oman, virtually out of contention for FIFA World Cup berth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-lose-0-1-to-oman-virtually-out-of-contention-for-fifa-world-cup-berth/articleshow/72131818.cms |access-date=2026-04-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Seiminlen Doungel]] (2026-)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2019-11-14 |title=India vs Afghanistan, FIFA World Cup 2022 qualifier: Who is Seiminlen Doungel? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-vs-afghanistan-fifa-world-cup-2022-qualifiers-seimenlen-doungel/article29974992.ece |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Jayesh Rane]] (2026-)<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian squad leaves for AFC U-23 Championship|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6318|access-date=9 October 2016|work=The All India Football Federation|date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011012136/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6318|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|LIT}} [[Nauris Petkevičius]] (2026-)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lithuania vs Netherlands Prediction, Betting Tips, Lineups & Odds {{!}} 07 Sep 2025 |url=https://www.sportsgambler.com/betting-tips/football/lithuania-vs-netherlands-prediction-lineups-odds-2025-09-07/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Sportsgambler |language=en}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Narender Gahlot]] (2026-)<ref name="Sahal first goal">{{cite web |title=BLUE TIGERS HELD TO A DRAW BY SYRIA|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9818|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=AIFF|access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Rohit Danu]] (2026-)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bageshwar's Rohit Danu joins Indian football Team for 19th Asian Games |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/bageshwar-rohit-danu-joins-indian-football-team-for-19th-asian-games |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref>

==Affiliated clubs==

The following clubs are affiliated with Inter Kashi:
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Atlético Madrid]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Club Atlético de Madrid – Collaboration agreement in the Inter Kashi project |url=https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/collaboration-agreement-in-the-inter-kashi-project |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Club Atlético de Madrid |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629140250/https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/collaboration-agreement-in-the-inter-kashi-project |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Inter Kashi Launched in Partnership With two European Clubs, Eye I-League Participation |url=https://www.news18.com/football/inter-kashi-launched-i-league-three-european-clubs-partnership-8208607.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905120516/https://www.news18.com/football/inter-kashi-launched-i-league-three-european-clubs-partnership-8208607.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|AND}} [[Inter Club d'Escaldes]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pakrashi |first=Sudeep |title=Inter Kashi likely to get AIFF approval to take part in IWL-2 this season |url=https://www.parallelsports.in/news/inter-kashi-is-likely-to-get-aiff-approval-to-take-part-in-iwl-2-this-season |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Parallel Sports Solutions Pvt. Ltd. |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* {{flagicon|AND}} [[FC Andorra]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

== See also ==
* [[List of football clubs in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ru.globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/inter-kashi-fc/63541/ Inter Kashi] at Global Sports Archive

{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}
{{Inter Kashi FC}}
{{Inter Kashi FC squad}}
{{Indian Super League}}
{{I-League}}
{{I-League Champions}}
[[Category:Inter Kashi FC]]
[[Category:Indian Super League teams]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Uttar Pradesh]]

Anjar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:48Z

Majokthefirst: put up a data w/ sources...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Anjar
| mla = Trikambhai Bijalbhai Chhanga
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Kachchh district|Kachchh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:270813}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Over 4.90 crore voters in Gujarat; ECI releases final roll and electors details 2022 |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/10/10/over-4-90-crore-voters-in-gujarat-eci-releases-final-roll-and-electors-details-2022/ |website=www.deshgujarat.com |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 4
}}

'''Anjar''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is numbered as 4-Anjar. It is part of [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]] district. The current MLA for the constituency is Trikam Bijalbhai Chhanga, a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Anjar Taluka – Entire taluka except village – Varsana
# Bhuj Taluka (Part) Villages – Dhrang, Lodai, Vantra, Dharampur, Jawaharnagar, Lothia, Modsar, Mokhana, Dagala, Naliyeri Timbo, Nadapa, Habay, Chapreli, Boladi, Jikadi, Paiya, Sangada Timbo, Sarspar, Rudrani, Nagor, Trambau, Varnora Nana, Raydhanpar, Varnora Mota, Galpadar, Kali Talavdi, Mamuara, Kanaiyabe, Ukhad Mora, Dhaneti, Vadvara, Padhar, Lakhond, Traya, Purasar, Gado, Bhujodi, Kukma, Reldi Moti, Reldi Nani, Kanderai, Chubdak, Gandher, Saiyedpar, Vavdi, Vadva, Ler, Jadura, Reha Mota, Tharavada Nana, Tharavada Mota, Sakrai Timbo, Hajapar, Harudi, Reha Nana, [[Sanosara]], Sapar Timbo, Bharapar, Baladiya, Kotda Athamana, Jambudi, Kotda Ugamana, Varli, Bandhara Nana, Chakar, Bandhara Mota, Vadzar, Zumkha, Kera, Ghoghra Timbo, Palara.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Mulji Parsottam
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| N.H.Gajwani
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Khimjibhai Jesang
|-
|[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
| Premji Thakker
|-
|[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Khimjibhai Jesang
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan = 2 | Navin Shastri
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan= 2 |[[Vasanbhai Ahir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan =2| [[Nimaben Acharya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan= 2 |[[Vasanbhai Ahir]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|Trikam Chhanga Ahir
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Trikam Chhanga Ahir
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 99,076
|percentage = 56.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramesh Dangar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 67,370
|percentage = 35.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arjan Rabari
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 7,880
|percentage = 4.18
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 37,709
|percentage = 28.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,75,279
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Anjar<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vasanbhai Ahir]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 75,331
|percentage = 48.24
|change = +6.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = V K Humbal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 64,018
|percentage = 40.99
|change = +1.99
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Haribhai Veera
|party = Independent
|votes = 4,677
|percentage = 2.99
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,313
|percentage = 7.25
|change = +4.18
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,170
|percentage = 68.04
|change = -3.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vasanbhai Ahir]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 64,789
|percentage = 42.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = V K Humbal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 60,061
|percentage = 39.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,728
|percentage = 3.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,54,017
|percentage = 72.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nimaben Acharya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,670
|percentage = 50.58
|change = +6.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Veljibhai Humbal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 60,082
|percentage = 39.13
|change = -8.42
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Rajiben Senama
|party = Independent
|votes = 6,854
|percentage = 4.46
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,588
|percentage = 11.45
|change = +8.14
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 153519
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nimaben Acharya]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 58,619
|percentage = 47.55
|change = +3.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mavjibhai Ahir
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 54,540
|percentage = 44.24
|change = -5.54
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,079
|percentage = 3.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,23,826
|percentage = 53.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1998]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vasanbhai Ahir]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 48633
|percentage = 49.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Neema Aacharya]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 42642
|percentage = 43.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5991
|percentage = 6.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 102634
|percentage = 51.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1995===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1995]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vasanbhai Ahir]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 52345
|percentage = 60.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Navin Shashtri
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 21665
|percentage = 24.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30980
|percentage = 35.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 91192
|percentage = 46.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1990]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Navin Shashtri
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 17687
|percentage = 27.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Siddharth Ayer
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 16549
|percentage = 25.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1138
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 65249
|percentage = 41.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Independent (politician)
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1985]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Navin Shashtri
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 32189
|percentage = 67.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Champaklal Shah
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 14106
|percentage = 29.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18083
|percentage = 37.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 48980
|percentage = 43.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1980]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khimjibhai Jesangbhai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 26293
|percentage = 60.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Champaklal Shah
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 10842
|percentage = 25.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15451
|percentage = 35.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 44299
|percentage = 44.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1975===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1975]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Premjibhai Thakker
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 28158
|percentage = 59.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raychand Shah
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 17455
|percentage = 36.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10703
|percentage = 22.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 49654
|percentage = 63.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Independent (politician)
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1972]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kheemji Jesang
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 19419
|percentage = 43.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chatur T Ghandumal
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 11595
|percentage = 25.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7824
|percentage = 17.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 47769
|percentage = 60.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1967]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. H. Gajwani
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 18918
|percentage = 50.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = M. P. Thacker
|party = Swatantra Party
|votes = 13248
|percentage = 35.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5670
|percentage = 15.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 40862
|percentage = 58.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Swatantra Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1962]]: Anjar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mulji Parsottam
|party = Swatantra Party
|votes = 22317
|percentage = 51.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahipal Mehta
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 14871
|percentage = 34.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7446
|percentage = 17.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 43766
|percentage = 58.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kachchh district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|23.11|70.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Kutch district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Nagina Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:09Z

Majokthefirst: added new article with sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nagina
| constituency_no = 18
| map_image = 18-Nagina.svg
| mla = [[Manoj Kumar Paras]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = 299,391 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Nagina Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bijnor district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the delimitation order (DPACO - 1956) was passed in 1956. The constituency was assigned identification number 18 after "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 August 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/delimitation_pub_rpt.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=1 August 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 August 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 August 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/nagina.html}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Nagina Assembly constituency is KCs Akbarabad, Kiratpur & Kiratpur MB of Najibabad Tehsil; KC Nagina & Nagina MB of Nagina Tehsil.<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Nagina Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/nagina.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Govind Sahai
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Atiqur Rehman]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Ganga Devi
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Mangal Ram Premi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Bishan Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Omvati Devi|Omwati Devi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Rameshwari
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Om Prakash
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Satish Kumar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Omvati Devi|Omwati Devi]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Manoj Kumar Paras]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagina<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Kumar Paras]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97155}}
|percentage = 43.51
|change = +6.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Yashwant Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:70704}}
|percentage = 31.67
|change = -1.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Brajpal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:40164}}
|percentage = 17.99
|change = -5.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lalita Kumari
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:9515}}
|percentage = 4.26
|change = +2.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1183}}
|percentage = 0.53
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26451}}
|percentage = 11.84
|change = +8.05
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223282}}
|percentage = 64.36
|change = +0.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagina<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Kumar Paras]]
|votes = {{formatnum:77145}}
|percentage = 36.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Omwati Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:69178}}
|percentage = 32.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virendra Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:49693}}
|percentage = 23.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Neelam
|votes = {{formatnum:4385}}
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Dr.Phool Singh Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2541}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Yadram Singh Chandel
|votes = {{formatnum:2113}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1431}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7967}}
|percentage = 3.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209903}}
|percentage = 63.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|loser =
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagina<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 June 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Kumar Paras]]
|votes = 83,997
|percentage = 46.04
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Omwati Devi
|votes = 57,451
|percentage = 31.49
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lovekush Kumar
|votes = 23,008
|percentage = 12.61
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 9 candidates
|votes = 17,987
|percentage = 9.88
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,546
|percentage = 14.55
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 182,443
|percentage = 60.94
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Bijnor district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Vichhelal Rajbhar

2026-04-13T22:17:54Z

Majokthefirst: Created A Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vichhelal Ram Rajbhar
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 6 May 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = ''elected by Legislative Assembly members''
| party = [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| profession = Politician
| image =
| office1 = [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|State President Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]] Purvanchal Mukhya Committee
| term_start1 = 2022
| office2 = [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|District President Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]] Mau Uttar Pradesh
| term_start2 = 2005
| term_end2 = 2016
}}

'''Vichhelal Ram Rajbhar''' is a [[Uttar Pradesh legislative council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] who belongs to [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]].

== Political career ==
Vichhelal Rajbhar is close to Party President and Cabinet Minister [[Om Prakash Rajbhar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=सामान्य परिवार, राजभर के करीबी, गांव से लेकर प्रदेश की राजनीति... कौन हैं विच्छेलाल जिन्हें सुभासपा ने बनाया MLC चुनाव में उम्मीदवार |url=https://www.aajtak.in/uttar-pradesh/story/up-mlc-election-sbsp-candidate-vichhelal-rajbhar-profile-purvanchal-mau-nda-bjp-apna-dal-and-rld-lclam-1895937-2024-03-11 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

He joined [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP एमएलसी चुनाव: सुभासपा ने विच्छेलाल राजभर को बनाया कैंडिडेट, आज नामांकन का आखिरी दिन |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/up-mlc-election-nomination-subhaspa-vichhelal-rajbhar-mlc-candidate/articleshow/108383075.cms |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

He contested the local Jila Panchayat Election in 2005 but lost by a small margin. After that he held the post of Jila Adhyaksh Mau from 2005 until 2016. From 2022 he has been State President Purvanchal Mukhya Committee of [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UP MLC polls: SBSP names Vichelal Rajbhar as candidate, last day of filing of nominations today|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/up-mlc-election-nomination-subhaspa-vichhelal-rajbhar-mlc-candidate/articleshow/108383075.cms|website=Navbharat times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vichhelal Rajbhar Elected unopposed along with 9 NDA candidates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/all-13-mlc-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-uttar-pradesh-101710437931765.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=14 March 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajbhar, Vichhelal}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party politicians]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

Manjeev Singh Puri

2026-04-10T20:25:16Z

Majokthefirst:

{{Short description|Former Ambassador (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox ambassador
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]], [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/page/amb-profile | title=H. E. Ambassador Manjeev Singh Puri | publisher=Embassy of India, Kathmandu | accessdate=22 January 2019 }}</ref>
| name = Manjeev Singh Puri
| image = Manjeev Singh Puri.png
| alt =
| order = 
| office = Indian Ambassador to [[Nepal]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end = January 2020
| predecessor = Ranjit Rae
| successor = [[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]]
| president = 
| office1 = Ambassador of India to [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]] and [[European Union|EU]]
| term_start1 = January 2014
| term_end1 = March 2017
| predecessor1 = Dinkar Khullar
| successor1 = [[Gaitri Issar Kumar]]
| office2 = Ambassador/Deputy Permanent Representative of [[India]] to the UN [[Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations|PMI]]
| term_start2 = March 2009
| term_end2 = December 2013
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| pronunciation =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1959}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India]]
| party =
| other_party = 
| height = 
| spouse = Namrita
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = One daughter and one son
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| alma_mater = ([[B.A.]]) [[St Stephen's College, Delhi]] [[Delhi University]] ([[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]]) [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]] [[University of Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jbims.edu/alumni//|title=Alumni- JBIMS|website=JBIMS|accessdate=18 June 2025}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| profession = [[Civil Servant]]
| known_for =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| data2 =
| blank3 =
| data3 =
| blank4 =
| data4 =
| blank5 =
| data5 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|https://www.indianembassy.org/}}

| module =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:The Ambassador of India to Nepal, Shri Manjeev Singh Puri calling on the President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at Rastrapati Bhavan.jpg|thumb|The Ambassador of India to Nepal, Shri Manjeev Singh Puri calling on the President of India, Shri [[Ram Nath Kovind]], at Rastrapati Bhavan]]
'''Manjeev Singh Puri''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਮੰਜੀਵ ਸਿੰਘ ਪੁਰੀ) is a retired [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who has served as an Indian Ambassador to [[Nepal]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Belgium]] and [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Manjeev-Singh-Puri-new-envoy-to-Nepal/article17393029.ece|title=Manjeev Singh Puri new envoy to Nepal|date=2 March 2017|accessdate=23 January 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Education==
He has an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]] of [[Mumbai University]] and got his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] (Honours) in Economics degree from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] of
[[Delhi University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jbims.edu/alumni//|title=Alumni- JBIMS|website=JBIMS|accessdate=18 June 2025}}</ref>

==Diplomatic career==
Manjeev Singh Puri joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in the year 1982 and in the course of his diplomatic career spanning over 36 years, he has served in different capacity in Indian Missions abroad and in the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (India)|India's Foreign Ministry]] including a number of multilateral organizations such as the [[United Nations]], [[European Union]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/28129/Manjeev_Singh_Puri_appointed_as_the_Ambassador_of_India_to_Nepal|title=Manjeev Singh Puri appointed as the Ambassador of India to Nepal|website=Mea.gov.in|accessdate=23 January 2019}}</ref>

In Delhi, he has served as Joint Secretary (UN- Economic & Social) and Deputy Chief of Protocol in the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (India)|India's Foreign Ministry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=81869091&privcapId=26268543&previousCapId=26268543&previousTitle=The+Energy+and+Resources+Institute|title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?|website=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=23 January 2019}}</ref> Prior to becoming India's Ambassador to [[Nepal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-02-13/indian-envoy-meets-uml-chair-oli.html|title=Indian envoy meets UML Chair Oli|website=Kathmandupost.ekantipur.com|accessdate=23 January 2019}}</ref> he has served as Ambassador of India in [[Brussels]] from 2014-2017 and as Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the [[UN]] in [[New York City|New York]] from 2009 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gsinstitute.org/a-un-celebration-love-towards-all-malice-towards-none/|title=A UN Celebration: Love Towards All, Malice Towards None - Global Security Institute|website=Gsinstitute.org|accessdate=23 January 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He serves on the advisory board of [[The Energy and Resources Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wsds.teriin.org/2018/bio/Manjeev-Singh-Puri.pdf|title=Manjeev Singh Puri|website=Wsds.teriin.org|accessdate=23 January 2019}}</ref> He is married to Ms. Namrita and has one daughter and one son.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassybrussels.gov.in/pages.php?id=375|title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Belgium, Luxembourg & European Union|website=Indianembassybrussels.gov.in|accessdate=23 January 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]
*[[Vijay Keshav Gokhale|Vijay Gokhale]]
*[[Navtej Sarna]]
*[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
*[[Pankaj Saran]]
*[[Riva Ganguly Das]]
*[[S. Jaishankar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Manjeev Singh}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the European Union]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Belgium]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Nepal]]

Namrata Shirodkar

2026-03-28T21:53:11Z

Majokthefirst: fix intro for accuracy for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1972)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Namrata Shirodkar
|image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Guntur Kaaram Pooja ceremony.jpg
|bSize = 1330
|cWidth = 170
|cHeight = 290
|oTop = 160
|oLeft = 690
|Location=center}}
| caption = Shirodkar in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|01|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Namrata Shirodkar: 5 lesser-known facts about the evergreen actress that you need to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-namrata-shirodkar-5-lesser-known-facts-about-the-evergreen-actress-that-you-need-to-know/photostory/80398543.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 January 2021 |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mahesh Babu]]|2005}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] (sister)
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| title = [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Universe 1993]] [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Asia Pacific 1993]]
| competitions = [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Universe 1993]] (Winner) [[Miss Universe 1993]] (Top 6) Miss Asia Pacific 1993 (1st Runner-up) (Best in Evening Gown)
| years_active = 1993–2004; 2022
| other_names =
}}

'''Namrata Shirodkar''' (born 22 January 1972), is a former Indian actress, producer and beauty pageant titleholder, who was crowned the [[Femina Miss India]] in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Namrata Shirodkar birthday: Looking back at her journey from Miss India to films |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/namrata-shirodkar-birthday-looking-back-at-her-journey-from-miss-india-miss-universe-to-films-101705842316544.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 January 2024 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> She is primarily known for her work in [[Hindi]] films.<ref name="News18" />

She is best known for her works in films such as the ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]'' (1999), ''[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]'' (1999), ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]'' (1999) and ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'' (2000), for which she was nominated for the [[IIFA Best Supporting Actress Award]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Namrata Shirodkar: 5 lesser-known facts about the evergreen actress that you need to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-namrata-shirodkar-5-lesser-known-facts-about-the-evergreen-actress-that-you-need-to-know/photostory/80398543.cms |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=22 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She also appeared in ''[[Astitva]]'' (2000), ''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]'' (2002), ''[[LOC Kargil]]'' (2003), and the [[United Kingdom|British]] cinema ''[[Bride and Prejudice]]'' (2004), which was particularly successful in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pais |first1=Arthur J. |title=Has Bride & Prejudice topped the UK charts? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/oct/14bp.htm |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=Rediff |date=14 October 2004}}</ref>

Shirodkar is married to [[Telugu cinema]] actor [[Mahesh Babu]] with whom she has two children.<ref name="Kavirayani">{{cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |title=Mahesh Babu names his daughter Sitara |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Mahesh-Babu-names-his-daughter-Sitara/articleshow/15077305.cms |access-date=22 July 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 July 2012}}</ref>

==Early life==
Namrata Shirodkar was born on 22 January 1972 in Bombay (now known as Mumbai) a [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] family of [[Goa]]n origin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namrata Shirodkar and Mahesh Babu: Love story in pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/namrata-shirodkar-and-mahesh-babu-love-story-in-pics-1639074-2020-01-22 |access-date=15 February 2020 |work=India Today |date=22 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="News18">{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday Namrata Shirodkar: Her journey from Miss India Universe 1993 to becoming the wife of southern superstar Mahesh Babu |url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/happy-birthday-namrata-shirodkar-her-journey-from-miss-india-universe-1993-to-becoming-the-wife-of-southern-superstar-mahesh-babu-960998.html |website=[[News18]] |access-date=23 July 2016 |date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="FPJ"/> She is the elder sister of actress [[Shilpa Shirodkar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Namrata Shirodkar - Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai Indian Award Winning Talk Show - Zee Tv Hindi Serial | date=28 August 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bbk2DwSjM7o |via=YouTube |publisher=[[Zee Tv]] |access-date=15 February 2020 |quote=Time 9:22 - 10:14 |language=hi}}</ref> and the grand-daughter of noted Marathi actress [[Meenakshi Shirodkar]], who starred in ''[[Brahmachari (1938 film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1938).<ref>{{cite web |title=Veteran Marathi actress dead |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970604/15550853.html |publisher=Express India |date=4 June 1997 |access-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230015903/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970604/15550853.html |archive-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="FPJ">{{cite news |last1=Sumit |first1=Rajguru |title=Bollywood's Forgotten Stars: 10 Unknown facts about Mahesh Babu's wife and actress – Namrata Shirodkar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/bollywoods-forgotten-stars-10-unknown-facts-about-mahesh-babus-wife-and-actress-namrata-shirodkar |access-date=6 January 2020 |work=Free Press Journal |date=22 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
==Career==
===Modelling career===
Shirodkar worked as a model and was crowned [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss India Winners 2010-1964 |url=http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/archives/miss-india-winners-2010-1964/2000-1991/Namrata-Shirodkar/articleshow/7883181.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805162146/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/archives/miss-india-winners-2010-1964/2000-1991/Namrata-Shirodkar/articleshow/7883181.cms |archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref>

Shirodkar represented India at the Miss Universe 1993 pageant, where she finished in sixth place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Universe 1993 Results |url=https://www.missuniverse.com/history/1993 |website=Miss Universe |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref>

===Acting career===
She appeared in a brief role as a child artiste with [[Shatrughan Sinha]] in the 1977 film ''[[Shirdi Ke Sai Baba]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Namrata Shirodkar: 5 adorable pictures with her hubby Mahesh Babu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-namrata-shirodkar-5-adorable-pictures-with-her-hubby-mahesh-babu/photostory/67638653.cms |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=22 January 2019}}</ref>

Shirodkar's debut film was meant to be ''Purab Ki Laila Pachhim Ki Chhaila'', which was never released. She made her official debut with ''[[Mere Do Anmol Ratan]]'' (1998).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rediff.com/movies/1998/sep/25nam.htm#25nam4 |title=New belle in Bollywood |last=Rajyadhyakasha |first=Mrudula |date=25 September 1998 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> She later starred in films such as ''[[Vaastav]]'' and ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]'' (both 1999), with her performance in the former receiving appreciation.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Box Office India |title=Vaastav is a hit! |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1999.htm |access-date=8 August 2007}}</ref>

In the 2000s, she appeared in several Hindi and Telugu films including ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'', ''[[Astitva]]'' (2000), ''[[Albela (2001 film)|Albela]]'' (2001), and ''[[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]]'' (2000). She gradually reduced her work in films after the early 2000s.

Following her marriage to actor [[Mahesh Babu]] in 2005, Shirodkar took a break from acting and has since not appeared in films, choosing to focus on her personal life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namrata Shirodkar on quitting films after marriage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/namrata-shirodkar-on-quitting-films-after-marriage-XXXX/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2000, Shirodkar met Telugu actor [[Mahesh Babu]] on the sets of ''[[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]]''. They began dating shortly after filming finished.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=How did Mahesh Babu fall in love with Namrata Shirodkar? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-and-namrata-shirodkar-love-story-1375172-2018-10-25 |magazine=India Today |date=25 October 2018|access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> They got married on 10 February 2005 in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Weddingversary: Mahesh Babu, Namrata Shirodkar's love story turns 15-year-old |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern_cinema/weddingversary-mahesh-babu-namrata-shirodkars-love-story-turns-15-year-old-1502854692.html |work=The Statesman |date=10 February 2020 |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> Shirodkar now lives in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] with her husband.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namrata Shirodkar opens up about choosing living in apartment over a bungalow after marriage with Mahesh Babu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/namrata-shirodkar-choosing-apartment-over-bungalow-after-marriage-with-mahesh-babu/articleshow/107632394.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 February 2024 |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> The couple have two children, a son and a daughter.<ref name="Kavirayani"/><ref name="Baby Boy">{{cite web |work=sify.com |title=Mahesh Babu becomes daddy! |url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14282615 |access-date=29 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229032311/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14282615 |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|1998
| ''[[Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai]]''
| Pooja Bachchan
| rowspan="4"|[[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2568 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616224616/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2568 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mere Do Anmol Ratan]]''
| Kiran
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hero Hindustani]]''
| Namrata "Nikki" Agarwal
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|1999
| ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]''
| Ragini Pandit
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chora Chittha Chora]]''
| Kavitha
| [[Kannada]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]''
| Ashwathy Varma
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''
| Sonia "Sonu" Shivalkhar
| rowspan="3"|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=At the theatres: Vaastav (Hindi) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct/entrevs.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128200504/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct17/entrevs.htm |archive-date=28 November 1999 |date=17 October 1999}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6"|2000
| ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]''
| Pooja Mallapa
| Nominated - [[IIFA Best Supporting Actress Award]]
|
|-
| ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]''
| Ms. Jhinga
| Special appearance in song "Tun Tunak Tun"
|
|-
| ''[[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]]''
| Silpa
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Astitva]]''
| rowspan="2"| Revati
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Multiple-language version|Bilingual film]]
|rowspan="2"|
|-
| rowspan="10"|Hindi
|-
| ''[[Aaghaaz]]''
| Gittika
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001
| ''[[Albela (2001 film)|Albela]]''
| Neena
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahen]]''
| Suman Gupta
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2002
| ''[[Hathyar (2002 film)|Hathyar]]''
| Sonia "Sonu" Shivalkhar
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]''
| Raksha Kumar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com, Movies: Box Office-Hits & Misses this week ending November 5, 2002 |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/05box.htm}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maseeha]]''
| Pinky
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2003
| ''[[Praan Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye]]''
| Mona
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]]''
| Aloka
|
|
|-
| ''[[LOC: Kargil]]''
| Yogesh Kumar Joshi's wife
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/01/18/stories/2004011800140500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114075806/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/01/18/stories/2004011800140500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2005|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=LOC-Kagil: How 'real'?|date=18 January 2004|last=thrki}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2004
| ''[[Anji (film)|Anji]]''
| Swapna
| Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2000 |title=News Today: Clash of 3 Titans: Chiru, Venky and Balayya |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news40.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Charas (2004 film)|Charas]]''
| Piya Goswami
| rowspan="2"| Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Insaaf: The Justice]]''
| Kunti Vishwanath Prasad
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bride and Prejudice]]''
| Jaya Bakshi Uppal
| English
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/bride-prejudice |title=Bride & Prejudice Reviews |work=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=13 January 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rok Sako To Rok Lo]]''
| Sandra
| Hindi
| Also narrator
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| rowspan="2"|''[[Major (film)|Major]]''
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
| Telugu
| rowspan="2"|Producer
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: 'Major' Is a Befitting & Moving Tribute to Sandeep Unnikrishnan|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/major-film-review-adivi-sesh-sashi-kiran-tikka-sandeep-unnikrishnan|website=[[The Quint]]|date=3 June 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Hindi
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|0794363}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|namrata-shirodkar}}
* {{Instagram|namratashirodkar}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Madhu Sapre]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India]]
|years=[[Femina Miss India#Representatives to Miss Universe|1993]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sushmita Sen]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Miss Universe 1993 delegates}}
{{Mahesh Babu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirodkar, Namrata}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Miss Universe 1993 contestants]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]

Adhi College of Engineering and Technology

2026-03-26T19:53:39Z

Majokthefirst: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of colleges affiliated to the Anna University]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Rajan case

2026-03-25T10:09:51Z

Majokthefirst: further correct layout

{{short description|1976 death of an Indian man in police custody}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Rajan
| image = Rajan.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2 March 1976
| death_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_cause = [[Torture murder]]
| body_discovered =
| education =
| occupation = Student
| spouse =
| partner =
| known_for = Unlawful arrest and subsequent death in custody
}}
The '''Rajan case''' refers to the death of '''P. Rajan''', a student of the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|Regional Engineering College, Calicut]], as a result of torture in local police custody in [[Kakkayam torture camp|Kakkayam]], [[Kerala]] during [[The Emergency (India)|the nationwide Emergency in India]] in 1976, and the legal battle that followed, which revealed facts of the incident<ref name="rediff2000jun26">{{cite news | url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2000/jun/26/george.htm | title=Emergency: 'Rajan's mother died asking for him' | work=Rediff.com | first=George | last=Iype | date=26 June 2000 | access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012561990500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301082725/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012561990500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 March 2011 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=Fresh probe in Rajan case sought |date=25 January 2011}}</ref> to the public. His remains are yet to be recovered.

== Background ==
During [[The Emergency (India)|the nationwide Emergency in India]] between 1975 and 1977, [[Fundamental Rights in India|the Fundamental Rights]] of citizens were suspended by the government, creating a period of police activism.<ref name="rediff2000jun26" /> In Kerala, the [[Naxalite|Naxal]] movement was at its peak during this period. Major operations of Naxals in Kerala were attacks on police stations in rural areas. The police acted with vengeance upon the Naxalites and used the word Naxal to address those upon whom they had vengeance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blog |first=Forensics |date=2022-11-05 |title=Rajan – An Victim of a Police Brutality In Terrifying Emergency (1977) - Forensic's blog |url=https://forensicfield.blog/rajan-an-victim-of-a-police-brutality-in-terrifying-emergency-1977/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Incident ==
P. Rajan, a student of the Calicut Regional Engineering College (presently the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]]), was arrested by the [[Kerala Police]] on 1 March 1976,<ref name="pucl_rajan">{{cite web | url=http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/81oct/rajan.htm | title=What Happened to the Rajan Case ? | publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties website Archives | date=Oct 1981 | access-date=27 May 2012 | archive-date=28 December 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228002844/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/81oct/rajan.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> during [[The Emergency (India)|the nationwide Emergency in India]] , along with his fellow student, Joseph Chaaly. As was later revealed by a petition in the [[High Court of Kerala]], he was held in police custody in [[Kakkayam torture camp|Kakkayam]] and tortured as part of the interrogation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarat |first=Shivani |date=2023-06-01 |title=The First Habeas Corpus Case of Kerala: The Rajan Kolacase |url=https://www.pinklungi.com/the-first-habeas-corpus-case-of-kerala-the-rajan-kolacase/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=pinklungi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He died from torture of an extreme kind,<ref name=express_hero>{{cite news|title=Once there was a hero|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/once-there-was-a-hero..../705882/2|access-date=27 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 Nov 2010}}</ref> especially due to something called ''[[uruttal]]'' (a practice of "rolling" a heavy wooden log over the body of the victim). His body was then disposed of by the police and was never recovered.

Rajan's father, [[T. V. Eachara Warrier]], complained to the authorities about his missing son. The police finally confirmed that he died in custody upon a [[habeas corpus]] suit, the first such suit in the history of Kerala, filed by his father in the [[High Court of Kerala]].<ref name="Bālakr̥ṣṇan1997">{{cite book|author=Veṅṅānūr Bālakr̥ṣṇan|title=Jayar̲āṃ Paṭikkalint̲e kr̲aiṃ ḍayari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-grQHAAACAAJ|access-date=27 May 2012|year=1997|publisher=Dhanuṣmān Grūp ōph Pabḷikkēṣans}}</ref>

== Inquiries by the family==
P. Rajan's mother had become mentally unstable from the developments and was hospitalised. His father, [[T. V. Eachara Warrier]], lost all of his money, but he did not know why his son was arrested. He made enquiries to police officers, who, he felt, would be able to give him the details about his son's arrest and also about his whereabouts. He made representations to the authorities, which produced no result. Somehow, he discovered that Rajan had been arrested under the directions of the DIG of Police, Crime Branch, Thiruvananthapuram. He met the then Home Minister of the State, [[K. Karunakaran]]. He sent petitions to the Home Secretary to the government of Kerala three times. There was not even a single reply or acknowledgement.

Warrier continued his efforts at getting some information about his son by similar representations made to the President of India and the Home Minister of the government of India, with copies to all the Members of Parliament from Kerala. He made similar representations to the Prime Minister of India and others, all to no effect. He met several police officers and learned that some arrested students were similarly detained in the Central Jail. He was vigorously searching in vain for his son in the three Central Jails and also in the various other police camps and other places. He met the Chief Minister several times because the Chief Minister had personal knowledge of the arrest of his son and also of his detention. On the last occasion, he met Sri. Achutha Menon, who expressed his helplessness in the matter and said that the matter was being dealt with by [[K. Karunakaran]], Minister for Home Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency in Kerala: The trains ran on time, young students like P Rajan were killed |url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/emergency-indira-gandhi-kerala-p-rajan-case-c-achutha-menon-k-karunakaran-31239 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.dailyo.in |language=en}}</ref>

He appealed to the general public in Kerala by expressing his grievance in a pamphlet distributed to the public. The Home Minister, who was a candidate in the recent elections, addressed several public meetings in Mala, Kalpetta and other constituencies of the State, and in some of the meetings, he made mention of the fact that P. Rajan was involved as an accused in a murder case and that was why he was detained. Rajan was never produced before a Magistrate.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/pdf/mof.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.ahrchk.net |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124094221/http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/pdf/mof.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Findings ==
P. Rajan's father fought a long battle against the establishment to bring to light the facts behind the disappearance and expose the atrocities committed by the state. The petition and subsequent investigations found that Rajan had indeed been taken into custody, and perhaps died while in police custody. His body was not found, and many charges against the accused in this case had to be dropped. The accused included the chief of the Crime Branch wing of [[Kerala Police]], [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] [[Jayaram Padikkal]], who was convicted, but the conviction was overturned on appeal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/once-there-was-a-hero..../705882/2|title=Once there was a hero...|date=2 November 2010|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> Karunakaran was the Home Minister during the emergency. He resigned from the post of the Chief Minister of Kerala in 1978 due to an adverse judgment in the case. Warrier wrote the book, ''Memories of a Father'', narrating his fights.<ref name="web.archive.org"/>

== In popular culture ==
[[File:'Ormakal Zindabad'.jpg|thumb|A scene from ''Ormakal Zindabad'']]
The 2018 Malayalam movie Kaattu Vithachavar, directed by [[Satheesh Paul]], presents an investigation by a police team into the disappearance of P. Rajan. The movie acted by [[Prakash Bare]], [[Tini Tom]] and [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4279762/ Jayaprakash Kuloor] provides a factual review of events, though the names of characters have been slightly changed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=Kaattu Vithachavar Review {{!}} Kaattu Vithachavar Malayalam Movie Review by K. R. Rejeesh |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/21188/malayalam/kaattu-vithachavar/11431/review/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref>

The 1988 [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Piravi]],'' directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]], has its plotline adapted from this incident. The 2013 [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]'' references the case. Raman, one of the protagonists, throws ink at the Kerala Home Minister in protest against the Rajan case not being resolved. Malayalam movie ''Sahapaadi'' (1975) also touches on the issue.

[[Unarthupattu]] (1980) - Awakening Song - directed by [[P. A. Backer|PA Backer]] , also explores the brutalities of the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] through the eyes of an aged father searching for answers regarding the untimely death of his only son, who was also the family's sole support. The prints of this black & white movie are believed to be lost [https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/analysis/adam-ayyubs-wide-angle-part-41-268904].

In 1977, the All Kerala Rajan Memorial Music Competition was started at the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]] (then known as REC Calicut) to commemorate P. Rajan's life. Every year since 1987, the institute has conducted its annual cultural festival, [[Ragam (festival)|Ragam]] , in memory of Rajan.<ref name="ina2020">{{cite news |last1=Special |first1=Correspondant |title=Ragam fest inaugurated at NIT-C |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/ragam-fest-inaugurated-at-nit-c/article30528554.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |date=10 Jan 2020}}</ref> In 2006, the Ragam festival started with an audio message delivered by Rajan's father [[T. V. Eachara Warrier|, Eachara Warrier]].<ref name="Ragam06">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Colourful start to Ragam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/23/stories/2006022307230300.htm |publisher=hindu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303190509/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/23/stories/2006022307230300.htm |archive-date=3 March 2006 }}</ref>

[[C. R. Omanakuttan]] has written a book named ''Shavamtheenikal,'' which is an exposé of the brutality involved in the incident. In 2006, ''[[Ormakal Zindabad]]'' (Memories live long), directed by G. Ajayan, was staged in certain places in Kerala, based on the custodial death of Rajan. Leading characters Jayaram Padikkal and P. Rajan were portrayed by Salih Rawther and Shabu Madhavan, respectively.

The 2021 Tamil movie [[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]] directly references the Rajan case as an example of a [[habeas corpus]] wherein the rare occurrence of a cross-examination in a high court as grounds for not producing a detainee by the state police is permitted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/review/jai-bhim-movie-review|title = ന്യായം, നീതി: മനസ് തുറന്നു കാണേണ്ട സിനിമ| date=4 November 2021 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Arikkad Varghese|Naxal Varghese]]
* [[Kakkayam torture camp]]
* [[Uruttal]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[http://www.calicutnet.com/articles/gopinath/pinarayi_ambushed_by_rajan_case.htm Articles T. P. Gopinath Pinarayi ambushed by Rajan case – Karunakaran is also victim!]
*[http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/pdf/mof.pdf Ebook on Rajan by his father]
*[http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/mainfile.php/mof/ Revised link of the "Ebook on Rajan by his father"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050527184750/http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/mainfile.php/mof/ |date=27 May 2005 }}
*[http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/books/memories-of-a-father/Memories%20of%20a%20Father%20-English.pdf PDF-Ebook(English)]

{{Indian Emergency}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan Case}}
[[Category:1970s missing person cases]]
[[Category:1976 murders in India]]
[[Category:1976 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Deaths in police custody in India]]
[[Category:Enforced disappearances in India]]
[[Category:1970s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in India]]
[[Category:People murdered in Kerala]]
[[Category:Political history of Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Torture in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]

Kulpi Assembly constituency

2026-03-23T10:13:20Z

Majokthefirst: add intro per standard format for clarity

{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kulpi
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kulpi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kulpi Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Jogaranjan Halder]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
| constituency_no = 133
| established = 1951
| electors = 220,060
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Kulpi Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Kulpi Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
* [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] community development block

Kulpi Assembly constituency is a part of No. 20 [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Nalini Kanta Halder
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| Pran Krishna Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Hansdwhaj Dhara
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Hrishikesh Halder
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| N.K. Halder
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Murari Mohan Halder
| {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Mukunda Ram Mondal
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Santosh Kumar Mondal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="4" | Krishnadhan Halder
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Sakuntala Paik
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Jogaranjan Halder]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| Sakuntala Paik
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Jogaranjan Halder]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulpi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Barnali Dhara
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abni Naskar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abdul Malek Molla
|party =Indian Secular Front
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Election 2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: Kulpi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Jogaranjan Halder]]
|votes = 96,577
|percentage = 50.01
|change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pranab Kumar Mallik
|votes = 62,759
|percentage = 32.50
|change = +27.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Siraj Uddin Gazi
|votes = 29,961
|percentage = 15.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,685
|percentage = 0.87
|change = +0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Ranajit Singha
|votes = 1,191
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mrinmay Mandal
|votes = 957
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 193,130
|percentage = 87.73
|change = -1.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Election 2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2016]]: Kulpi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Jogaranjan Halder]]
|votes = 84,036
|percentage = 49.65
|change = -4.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rejaul Haque Khan
|votes = 72,581
|percentage = 42.88
|change = +1.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nabendu Sundar Naskar
|votes = 8,434
|percentage = 4.98
|change = +2.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Arup Kumar Halder
|votes = 1,324
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,311
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Ranajit Singha
|votes = 1,077
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sabir Hossen Chaprasi
|votes = 503
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 169,266
|percentage = 86.84
|change = +0.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===Legislative Assembly Election 2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2011]]: Kulpi<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=133| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170555/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=133| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kulpi| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Jogaranjan Halder]]
|votes = 76,693
|percentage = 53.75
|change = +2.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sakuntala Paik
|votes = 58,414
|percentage = 40.94
|change = -4.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Swapan Halder
|votes = 3,624
|percentage = 2.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People’s Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Syed Sadrul Anam
|votes = 1,523
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Arup Kumar Halder
|votes = 1,451
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bidhan Naskar
|votes = 978
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 142,683
|percentage = 86.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 7.29
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Sakuntala Paik of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Kulpi Assembly constituency defeating her nearest rival Jogaranjan Halder of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]. Jogaranjan Halder of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] defeated Sakuntala Paik of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Sakuntala Paik of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Kirtibas Sardar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Krishnadhan Halder of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Jogaranjan Halder of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Kirtibas Sardar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and Santosh Kumar Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp124.htm |title =124 - Kulpi (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1952-1972===
Santosh Kumar Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Mukunda Ram Mondal of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Murari Mohan Halder of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> N.K.Halder of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Hrishikesh Halder, [[Independent politician]], won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Hansadhwaj Dhara of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1957.<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> In 1952, Kulpi Assembly constituency had a joint seat. Nalini Kanta Halder of [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]] and Pran Krishna Kumar of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] won in 1952.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

2026-03-23T06:30:26Z

Majokthefirst: minor improved content for accuracy for accuracy

{{Short description|Amendment to the Indian Constitution}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| imagesize = 150
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act further to amend the Constitution of India.
| citation =
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Fifth Lok Sabha]]
| date_enacted =
| date_passed = 2 November 1976
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 10 November 1976<ref>https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/434434/1/PD_98_10111976_6_p3_p230_5.pdf</ref>
| date_assented = 18 December 1976
| date_commenced = 3 January 1977
| date_of_expiry =
| date_repealed =
| administered_by =
| bill = The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Bill, 1976
| bill_citation =
| bill_date = 1 September 1976
| introduced_by = [[H. R. Gokhale]]
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| conf_committee_passed =
| bill2 = Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Bill, 1976
| bill_citation2 =
| bill_date2 = 4 November 1976
| introduced_by2 =
| 1st_reading2 =
| 2nd_reading2 =
| 3rd_reading2 =
| conf_committee_passed2 =
| date_conf_committee =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amendments =
| related_legislation =
| summary = Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution.
| keywords =
| status =
}}
{{Constitution of India}}

The 42nd amendment to the [[Constitution of India]], officially known as '''The Constitution (Forty-second amendment) Act, 1976''', was enacted during the [[Emergency (India)|controversial Emergency period]] (25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977) by the [[Indian National Congress]] government headed by [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="Hart">{{cite journal | jstor = 2643867| last1 = Hart| first1 = Henry C.| title = The Indian Constitution: Political Development and Decay| journal = Asian Survey| year = 1980| volume = 20| issue = 4| pages = 428–451| doi = 10.2307/2643867}}</ref>

Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ccrd.vidhiaagaz.com/42nd-amendment-of-indian-constitution/|title=42nd Amendment, Was it India's or Indira's Constitution? - CCRD|last=Kesharwani|first=Gyan Prakash|date=2019-07-14|website=Centre for Constitutional Research and Development|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref> It attempted to reduce the power of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] and [[High Courts of India|High Court]]s to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. It laid down the [[Fundamental Duties of India|Fundamental Duties]] of Indian citizens to the nation. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history. Owing to its size, it is nicknamed the ''Mini-Constitution''.

Many parts of the Constitution, including the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|Preamble]] and constitution amending clause itself, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward [[parliamentary sovereignty]]. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and gave sweeping powers to the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]].<ref name="google1263">{{cite news|title=Janata's flaws shown by wins in northern India|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=93FkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1263,93934&dq=42nd+amendment&hl=en|access-date=21 November 2013|newspaper=The Calgary Herald|date=21 June 1977|author=John R. Walker|agency=Southam News Services}}</ref> The amendment gave [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended Preamble and changed the description of India from "[[Sovereign state|sovereign]], [[Democracy|democratic]] [[republic]]" to a "sovereign, [[socialist]], [[Secularism|secular]], democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation".

The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public. The [[Janata Party]] which had promised to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency", won the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general elections]]. The [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|Janata government]] then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent. However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objectives.

On 31 July 1980, in its judgement on ''[[Minerva Mills v. Union of India]]'', the Supreme Court declared two provisions of the 42nd Amendment as unconstitutional which prevent any constitutional amendment from being "called in question in any Court on any ground" and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the [[Fundamental rights in India|Fundamental Rights]] of individuals respectively.

==Proposal and enactment==
[[File:Indira Gandhi 1966.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], whose [[Indian National Congress]] government enacted the 42nd Amendment in 1976, during the [[Emergency (India)|Emergency]].]]
Then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] Indira Gandhi set up a committee in 1976 under the Chairmanship of then [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] [[Swaran Singh]] "to study the question of amendment of the Constitution in the light of experience".<ref name="thesundayindian1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-bill-finally-cometh/99/20338/ |title=The bill finally cometh |publisher=The Sunday Indian |date=21 August 2011 |access-date=2013-11-23 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120904/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-bill-finally-cometh/99/20338/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The bill for the ''Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976'' was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 1 September 1976, as the ''Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Bill, 1976'' (Bill No. 91 of 1976). It was introduced by [[H. R. Gokhale]], then [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law, Justice]] and [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Company Affairs]].<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India">{{cite book|title=Constitution Amendment in India|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi|pages=76–84;190–196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yp0yhzdKWIC|edition=Sixth|editor=R.C. Bhardwaj|access-date=21 November 2013|isbn=978-81-7211-065-9}}</ref> It sought to amend the Preamble and articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F and the Seventh Schedule. It also sought to substitute articles 103, 150, 192 and 226; and insert new Parts [[Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India|IVA]] and [[Part XIVA of the Constitution of India|XIVA]] and new articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 51A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A in the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm |title=Forty Second Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2013-11-26}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> In a speech in the Lok Sabha on 27 October 1976, Gandhi claimed that the amendment "is responsive to the aspirations of the people, and reflects the realities of the present time and the future".<ref>Lok Sabha Debates, Fifth Series, vol. 65, no.3, cols.141-2.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indira Gandhi, Selected Speeches and Writings, vol.3|pages=283–91|chapter=Parliament Has Unfettered Right}}</ref>

The bill was debated by the Lok Sabha from 25 to 30 October and 1 and 2 November. Clauses 2 to 4, 6 to 16, 18 to 20, 22 to 28, 31 to 33, 35 to 41, 43 to 50 and 56 to 59 were adopted in their original form. The remaining clauses were all amended in the Lok Sabha before being passed. Clause 1 of the bill was adopted by the Lok Sabha on 1 November and amended to replace the name "Forty-fourth" with "Forty-second", and a similar amendment was made on 28 October to Clause 5 which sought to introduce a new article 31D to the Constitution. Amendments to all the other clauses were adopted on 1 November and the bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 2 November 1976. It was then debated by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11 November. All amendments made by the Lok Sabha were adopted by the Rajya Sabha on 10 November, and the bill was passed on 11 November 1976.<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/> The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] on 18 December 1976, and was notified in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'' on the same date.<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/> Sections 2 to 5, 7 to 17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 43 to 53, 55, 56, 57 and 59 of the 42nd amendment came into force from 3 January 1977. Sections 6, 23 to 26, 37 to 42, 54 and 58 went into effect from 1 February 1977 and Section 27 from 1 April 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/amendment.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) Acts |publisher=Constitution.org |access-date=2013-11-25}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

===Ratification===
The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was being ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below:<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Assam]]
*[[Bihar]]
*[[Haryana]]
*[[Himachal Pradesh]]
*[[Karnataka]]
*[[Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Maharashtra]]
*[[Manipur]]
*[[Odisha]]
*[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
*[[Rajasthan]]
*[[Sikkim]]
*[[Tripura]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[West Bengal]]
{{div col end}}
Did not ratify:
*States:
# [[Gujarat]]
# [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
# [[Kerala]]
# [[Tamil Nadu]]
*Union Territories at that time
# [[Meghalaya]]
# [[Nagaland]]

==Objective==
The amendment removed election disputes from the purview of the courts. The amendment's opponents described it as a "convenient camouflage".<ref name=":0" />

Second, the amendment transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The third purpose of the amendment was to give Parliament unrestrained power to amend any part of the Constitution without judicial review.<ref name="thesundayindian1"/><ref name="granville371">{{cite book|last=Granville|first=Austin|title=Working A Democratic Constitution - The Indian Experience|page=371}}</ref> The fourth purpose was to make any law passed in pursuance of a Directive Principle immune from scrutiny by the Supreme Court.<ref name="indianexpress4" /> Supporters of the measure said this would "make it difficult for the court to upset parliament's policy in regard to many matters".<ref name="thesundayindian1"/><ref name="granville371"/>

==Constitutional changes==
Almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted.<ref name="LOC">{{cite web|title=The Rise of Indira Gandhi|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0029)|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] Country Studies|access-date=2009-06-27}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite news|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980124/02450944.html |title=A living legend |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 January 1998 |access-date=2014-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203074842/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980124/02450944.html|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Kasherwani">{{Cite web|url=https://ccrd.vidhiaagaz.com/42nd-amendment-of-indian-constitution/|title=42nd Amendment, Was it India's or Indira's Constitution? - CCRD|last=Kesharwani|first=Gyan Prakash|date=2019-07-14|website=Centre for Constitutional Research and Development|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref> Some of these changes are described below.

The Parliament was given unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution,<ref name="LOC"/> without judicial review.<ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indian-constitution-sixty-years-of-our-faith/574507/0 |title=Indian Constitution: Sixty years of our faith |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2010-02-02 |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref> This essentially invalidated the Supreme Court's ruling in ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]] ''in 1973.<ref name="indianexpress1"/> The amendment to article 368,<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/> prevented any constitutional amendment from being "called in question in any Court on any ground". It also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend the Constitution.<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/> The 42nd Amendment also restricted the power of the courts to issue stay orders or injunctions.<ref name="LOC"/><ref name="indianexpress1"/> The 42nd Amendment revoked the courts' power to determine what constituted an [[office of profit]].<ref name="legalserviceindia1">{{cite web|author=Prateek Deol |url=http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l40-42nd-Constitutional-Amendment.html |title=42nd Constitutional Amendment: A Draconion Act of Parliament - Gujarat National Law University |publisher=Legalserviceindia.com |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref> A new article 228A was inserted in the Constitution which would give High Courts the authority to "determine all questions as to the constitutional validity of any State law".<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/> The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. The 43rd and 44th Amendments reversed these changes.<ref name = "countrystudies">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/109.htm |title=India - The Constitution |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=2013-11-23}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Article 74 was amended and it was explicitly stipulated that "the President shall act in accordance with the advice of the [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Council of Ministers]]".<ref name="Hart"/><ref name="legalserviceindia1"/><ref name = "countrystudies"/> [[Governors of states of India|Governors of states]] were not included in this article. The interval at which a proclamation of Emergency under Article 356 required approval from Parliament was extended from six months to one year. Article 357 was amended so as to ensure that laws made for a State, while it was under Article 356 emergency, would not cease immediately after the expiry of the emergency, but would instead continue to be in effect until the law was changed by the State Legislature.<ref name = "legalserviceindia1"/> Articles 358 and 359 were amended, to allow suspension of Fundamental Rights, and suspension of enforcement of any of the rights conferred by the Constitution during an Emergency.<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/>

The 42nd Amendment added new Directive Principles, viz. Article 39A, Article 43A and Article 48A.<ref name = "legalserviceindia1"/> The 42nd Amendment gave primacy to the Directive Principles, by stating that "no law implementing any of the Directive Principles could be declared unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated any of the Fundamental Rights". The Amendment simultaneously stated that laws prohibiting "anti-national activities" or the formation of "anti-national associations" could not be invalidated because they infringed on any of the Fundamental Rights. The 43rd and 44th Amendments repealed the 42nd Amendment's provision that Directive Principles take precedence over Fundamental Rights, and also curbed Parliament's power to legislate against "anti-national activities". The 42nd Amendment also added a new section to the Article on "Fundamental Duties" in the Constitution. The new section required citizens "to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities."<ref name = "countrystudies"/><ref name=Kasherwani/>

The 42nd Amendment granted power to the President, in consultation with the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]], to disqualify members of State Legislatures. Prior to the Amendment, this power was vested in the Governor of the State.<ref name = "legalserviceindia1"/> Article 105 was amended so as to grant each House of Parliament, its members and committees the right to "evolve" their "powers, privileges and immunities", "from time to time". Article 194 was amended to grant the same rights as Clause 21 to State Legislatures, its members and committees. Two new clauses 4A and 26A were inserted into article 366 of the Constitution, which defined the meaning of the terms "Central Law" and "State Law" by inserting two new clauses 4A and 26A into article 366 of the Constitution.<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/>

The 42nd Amendment froze any [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of constituencies for elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies until after the [[2001 Census of India]],<ref name = "legalserviceindia1"/> by amending article 170 (relating to composition of [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assemblies]]).<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/> The total number of seats in the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies remained the same until the 91st Amendment Bill which was the 84th Amendment to the constitution, passed in 2003, extended the freeze up to 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/09/17/stories/05172524.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032118/http://www.hindu.com/2001/09/17/stories/05172524.htm |archive-date=2013-12-03 |title=Delimitation of constituencies |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2001-09-17 |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref> The number of seats reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies was also frozen.<ref name = "legalserviceindia1"/> The amendment extended the term of Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies members from five to six years,<ref name = "legalserviceindia1"/> by amending article 172 (relating to [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]]) and Clause(2) of Article 83 (for MPs). The 44th Amendment repealed this change, shortening the term of the aforementioned assemblies back to the original 5 years.<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/>

Article 312, which makes the provision for [[All India Services]] was amended to include the [[All-India Judicial Service]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/we-dont-need-career-judges-india-all-india-judicial-service-niti-aayog-5523946/|title=We don't need career judges India|date=2019-01-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>

==Amendment of the Preamble==
[[File:Constitution of India.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The original text of the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|Preamble]] before the 42nd Amendment]]
The 42nd Amendment changed the description of India from a "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation".

[[B. R. Ambedkar]], the principal architect of the Constitution, was opposed to declaring India's social and economic structure in the Constitution. During the Constituent Assembly debates on framing the Constitution in 1946, [[K. T. Shah|K.T. Shah]] proposed an amendment seeking to declare India as a "Secular, Federal, Socialist nation". In his opposition to the amendment, Ambedkar stated, "My objections, stated briefly are two. In the first place the Constitution is merely a mechanism for the purpose of regulating the work of the various organs of the State. It is not a mechanism where by particular members or particular parties are installed in office. What should be the policy of the State, how the Society should be organised in its social and economic side are matters which must be decided by the people themselves according to time and circumstances. It cannot be laid down in the Constitution itself, because that is destroying democracy altogether. If you state in the Constitution that the social organisation of the State shall take a particular form, you are, in my judgment, taking away the liberty of the people to decide what should be the [[Social organization|social organisation]] in which they wish to live. It is perfectly possible today, for the majority people to hold that the socialist organisation of society is better than the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] organisation of society. But it would be perfectly possible for thinking people to devise some other form of social organisation which might be better than the socialist organisation of today or of tomorrow. I do not see therefore why the Constitution should tie down the people to live in a particular form and not leave it to the people themselves to decide it for themselves. This is one reason why the amendment should be opposed."<ref name="parliamentofindia1"/>

Ambedkar's second objection was that the amendment was "purely superfluous" and "unnecessary", as "socialist principles are already embodied in our Constitution" through Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy. Referring to the Directive Principles, he asked Shah, "If these directive principles to which I have drawn attention are not socialistic in their direction and in their content, I fail to understand what more socialism can be". Shah's amendment failed to pass,<ref name="parliamentofindia1">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol7p6.htm |title=CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA - VOLUME VII |publisher=NIC |date=15 November 1948 |access-date=2013-11-23}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> and the Preamble remained unchanged until the 42nd Amendment.

==Aftermath==
{{See also|1977 Indian general election}}
[[File:Morarji Desai 1978b.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Morarji Desai]] became Prime Minister after the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 elections]].]]

During the Emergency, Indira Gandhi implemented a 20-point program of economic reforms that resulted in greater economic growth, aided by the absence of strikes and trade union conflicts. Encouraged by these positive signs and distorted and biased information from her party supporters, Gandhi called for elections in May 1977.<ref name="POI2">{{cite book|title=The Politics of India Since Independence|author=Paul R. Brass|pages=40–50|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1994|isbn=978-0-521-45970-9}}</ref> However, the Emergency era had been widely unpopular. The 42nd Amendment was widely criticised, and the clampdown on [[civil liberties]] and widespread abuse of [[human rights]] by police angered the public.<ref name="LOC"/>

In its [[Manifesto|election manifesto]] for the 1977 elections, the [[Janata Party]] promised to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency and to put rigorous restrictions on the [[Executive (government)|executive]]'s emergency and analogous powers".<ref name="indianexpress4" /> The election ended the control of the Congress (Congress (R) from 1969) over the executive and legislature for the first time since independence.<ref name = "countrystudies"/> After winning the elections, the [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|Moraji Desai government]] attempted to repeal the 42nd Amendment. However, Gandhi's Congress party held 163 seats in the 250 seat Rajya Sabha, and vetoed the government's repeal bill.<ref name="google1263"/>

The Janata government then brought about the [[Forty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|43rd]] and [[Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|44th]] Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent.<ref name="thesundayindian1" /> Among other changes, the amendments revoked the 42nd Amendment's provision that Directive Principles take precedence over Fundamental Rights, and also curbed Parliament's power to legislate against "antinational activities".<ref name = "countrystudies"/> However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objective of restoring the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency.

==Legal challenges to the amendment==
The [[constitutionality]] of sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd Amendment were challenged in ''[[Minerva Mills v. Union of India]]'', when [[Charan Singh]] was the [[Caretaker government|caretaker]] Prime Minister. Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment, had amended Article 31C of the Constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy articulated in [[Directive Principles in India|Part IV]] of the Constitution over the Fundamental Rights of individuals articulated in [[Fundamental Rights in India|Part III]]. Section 55 prevented any constitutional amendment from being "called in question in any Court on any ground". It also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution. After the [[1980 Indian general election]], the Supreme Court declared sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd amendment as unconstitutional. It further endorsed and evolved the [[basic structure doctrine]] of the Constitution.<ref name="indianexpress2"/><ref name=ssrn-minerva-mills>{{cite SSRN |ssrn=1121817|title=Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors: A Jurisprudential Perspective|author=Raghav Sharma |date=2008-04-16}}</ref> In the judgement on Section 4, [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] [[Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud]] wrote:

{{quotation|Three Articles of our Constitution, and only three, stand between the heaven of freedom into which [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] [[Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo|wanted his country to awake]] and the abyss of unrestrained power. They are Articles 14, 19 and 21. Article 31C has removed two sides of that golden triangle which affords to the people of this country an assurance that the promise held forth by the preamble will be performed by ushering an egalitarian era through the discipline of fundamental rights, that is, without emasculation of the rights to liberty and equality which alone can help preserve the dignity of the individual.<ref name=oa-4488/>}}

On Section 4, Chandrachud wrote:<blockquote>"Since the Constitution had conferred a limited amending power on the Parliament, the Parliament cannot under the exercise of that limited power enlarge that very power into an absolute power. Indeed, a limited amending power is one of the basic features of our Constitution and therefore, the limitations on that power can not be destroyed. In other words, Parliament can not, under Article 368, expand its amending power so as to acquire for itself the right to repeal or abrogate the Constitution or to destroy its basic and essential features. The donee of a limited power cannot by the exercise of that power convert the limited power into an unlimited one."<ref name="oa-4488">{{cite web |url=http://openarchive.in/judis/4488.htm |title=Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors. |publisher=Open Archive |access-date=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404195325/http://openarchive.in/judis/4488.htm |archive-date=4 April 2012}} {{PD-notice}}</ref></blockquote>

The ruling was widely welcomed in India, and Indira Gandhi did not challenge the verdict.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/when-in-doubt-amend/504813/0 |title=When in doubt, amend |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=2009-08-21 |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref> The Supreme Court's position on constitutional amendments laid out in its judgements in ''[[I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr.|Golak Nath v. State of Punjab]]'', ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]'' and the Minerva Mills case, is that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its "basic structure".<ref name="indianexpress2" /><ref name="countrystudies" />

On 8 January 2008, a petition, filed by Sanjiv Agarwal of the [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] Good Governance India Foundation, challenged the validity of Section 2 of the 42nd Amendment, which inserted the word "socialist" in the Preamble to the Constitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/09/stories/2008010953131500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110075204/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/09/stories/2008010953131500.htm |archive-date=2008-01-10 |title=Front Page: 'Socialist' tag in statute challenged |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2008-01-09 |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref> In its first hearing of the case, Chief Justice [[K. G. Balakrishnan]], who headed the three-judge bench, observed, "Why do you take socialism in a narrow sense defined by [[Communism|communists]]? In broader sense, it means welfare measures for the citizens. It is a facet of democracy. It hasn't got any definite meaning. It gets different meanings in different times."<ref name="ibnlive1">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-a-socialist-nation-sc-says-keep-the-tag/55914-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425143349/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-a-socialist-nation-sc-says-keep-the-tag/55914-3.html |archive-date=2009-04-25 |title=India a socialist nation? SC says keep the tag |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2008-01-08 |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref> Justice Kapadia stated that no political party had, so far, challenged the amendment and everyone had subscribed to it. The court would consider it only when any political party challenged the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]].<ref>{{cite news|author=J. Venkatesan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article512619.ece |title=Petition against term "socialist" in Constitution rejected |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-07-13 |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref> The petition was withdrawn on 12 July 2010 after the Supreme Court declared the issue to be "highly academic".<ref name="indianexpress4">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/issue-too-academic-so-pil-on-socialism-in/645665/ |title='Issue too academic', so PIL on socialism in statute withdrawn |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2010-07-13 |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In the book ''JP Movement and the Emergency'', historian [[Bipan Chandra]] wrote, "[[Sanjay Gandhi]] and his cronies like [[Bansi Lal]], [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years ... In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic [[Civil liberties|civil libertarian]] structure of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd amendment to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional [[Checks and balances|checks and balance]] between the three organs of the government."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131123164002/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/new-book-flays-indira-gandhis-decision-to-impose-emergency/706495.html |archive-date=2013-11-23 |title=New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency |publisher=IBN Live News |date=2011-05-30 |access-date=2013-11-23}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm Full text of the 42nd Amendment - NIC]
*[http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend42.htm Full text of the 42nd Amendment - india.gov.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903134256/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend42.htm |date=3 September 2017 }}

==Further reading==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xzx0miLvzfsC&dq=42nd+amendment+debate&pg=PA95 G. G. Mirchandani ''Subverting the Constitution'' (Abhinav Publications, 1977)]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=X62Sc3muOyQC&dq=42nd+amendment+indira+gandhi&pg=PA167 Kiruṣṇā Ān̲ant, Vi ''India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics'' (Pearson Education India, 2010)]

{{Indian Emergency}}

[[Category:The Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Secularism in India]]
[[Category:1976 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Amendments of the Constitution of India|042]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Indian labour law]]

Ahalya Sthan

2026-03-20T15:24:20Z

Majokthefirst:

{{Short description|Temple in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}

[[File:Ahalya Sthan Mandir.jpg|thumb|left|Ahalya Sthan Mandir, Gautam Ashram]]

[[File:Devi Ahalya Shila Roop.jpg|thumb|right|Devi Ahalya in Her Cursed Stone Form]]

[[File:Shree Ram Janki Mandir.jpg|thumb|Bharat's First Shri Ram Janaki Mandir, Ahilya Sthan, Kamtaul, Bihar]]

[[File:Lord Rama and Devi Ahalya.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Devi Ahalya, Shree Ram, Shree Laxman, Maharshi Gautam, Maharshi Vishwamitra]]
'''Ahalya Sthan''' (also called '''Ahilya Sthan''' or '''Ahilya Asthan''') is a [[Hindu temple]] located in Ward 11 of '''Kamtaul''' City in the [[Darbhanga|Darbhanga District]], [[Bihar|State of Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiasthan.com/place/bihar/36919/ahalya-sthan|title=Ahalya Sthan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215015559/https://indiasthan.com/place/bihar/36919/ahalya-sthan|archivedate=15 February 2022}}</ref> The temple is dedicated to [[Ahalya]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2022 |title=Tourist Spots in Darbhanga: Ahilya Asthan |url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/places-of-interest/ |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=Official Site of Darbhanga District |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], District Unit Darbhanga}}</ref>

== Legend ==
{{Related|[[Rama's Journey in Mithila]]}}
According to [[Ramayana]], [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] went to forest with [[Brahmarshi]] [[Vishvamitra]] to protect his [[Yajna|yagna]]. On [[Rama's Journey in Mithila|their way]], they came across a deserted place called as [[Gautam Ashram]]. When Rama inquired about the place, Visvamitra related the story of Sati [[Ahalya]], wife of [[Gautama Maharishi]]. The Maharishi used to do penance by staying here with his wife. One day when Gautama Rishi had gone out of the [[Gautam Ashram|ashram]], in his absence, [[Indra]] came in disguised as Gautama Rishi. Ahalya, without knowing the real identity of the person, succumbed to Indra's desire. Gautam Maharishi came to know this and cursed his wife to lie as a stone in this place. When she pleaded, the maharishi said, when Rama visits this place, you will return to your normal self.
Visvamitra told Rama to go into the ashram. As soon as Rama's radiance brightened the place, Ahalya stood up with her own body and prayed to Rama. Ahalya being the wife of Maharishi, Rama and Lakshmana paid their obeisance to her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.top-rated.online/cities/Jaynagar/place/p/8102253/Ahalya+Sthan|title=Ahalya Sthan - Hindu temple in Jaynagar, India|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220215021319/https://www.top-rated.online/cities/Jaynagar/place/p/8102253/Ahalya+Sthan|archivedate=15 February 2022}}</ref>

== The temple ==
Ahalya Sthan is the place where once the [[Gautam Ashram|ashram of Maharishi Gautama]] stood. The temple, in its present structural form was built between 1662 and 1682 during the rule of Maharaja Chhatra Singh and Maharaja Rudra Singh. This is also the first Ram Janaki temple in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pilgrimaide.com/temples/ahilya-asthan|title=Ahilya Asthan|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220215022052/https://www.pilgrimaide.com/temples/ahilya-asthan|archivedate=15 February 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{youTube|RJkTdGUeYmo|Ahilya Sthan}} (Narration in Hindi)

{{coord|type:event|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rama temples]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]

Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act

2026-03-19T18:46:12Z

Majokthefirst: Created Details

{{Short description|Indian law}}
'''Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 (Act 36 of 1963)''' is an enabling provision to assist the litigants who failed to do an act within the prescribed time period as originally fixed under various enactments. Whether Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 will be applicable to the Execution Proceedings instituted under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act 9 of 1908).<ref name="Indian Kanoon">{{cite web | title=The Limitation Act, 1963 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1317393/ | access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

==Introduction==
'''Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 (Act 36 of 1963)''' is an enabling provision to assist the litigants who failed to do an act within the prescribed time period as originally fixed under the various enactments. For example, a litigant who failed to file an Appeal before the superior courts within the permissible time period as originally fixed then he can file it after the expiry of the prescribed time period provided he has to show “sufficient cause” for non-filing the Appeal within the time period. Likewise while running a case either before the subordinates’ courts or any superior courts; the litigants have to file necessary applications under various enactments for smooth running of the case, but if such applications has not been filed in-time then he can file it later on provided he has shown “sufficient cause” for late filing of the same.<ref name="Indian Kanoon"/> Recently the [[Supreme Court of India]] has held that Law of Limitation may harshly effect a particular party but it has to be applied with all its Rigour [https://www.letslaw.in/2022/12/law-of-limitation-may-harshly-effect.html?m=1 read more]

==Non-application of Section 5 to certain cases==
* The Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 is applicable only to the situation where the suit is already filed and pending for disposal. When no suit has been filed within the stipulated time, this provision is not applicable to get an extension of time period for filing the same. Appeal or applications can be filed in the pending suit.
* Likewise this provision is applicable only to the proceedings which are exclusively pending before the '''''Courts''''' and it is not applicable to the proceedings pending before any Tribunals because mostly the Tribunals shall be constituted only by an act of Special Laws which prescribes all mode of remedies and it never borrows any provisions from outside sources and to put it in other words such Special Laws can be called as '''''“Self-contained Enactments”'''''. For example, ''Rent Control Acts, Banking Tribunals, Income Tax Tribunals, Land Acquisition Act, etc.,''
* Likewise for the enforcement of the Decrees, Orders passed by the court of law the litigants has to file an Execution Petition before the Executing Court by exercising the provisions as enshrined under the '''''Chapter Execution in Part II (Sections 36 to 74)''''' with the aid of '''''Order XXI of the First Schedule of Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908)'''''. For filing such an Execution Petition Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 is strictly not applicable because the Execution Petition should be filed within the time-period as originally fixed under the Enactments failing which the litigants/Decree-Holder in the eyes of law had exhausted his lawful remedies as such he cannot thereafter enforcing his rights as enshrined under the Decrees, Orders, etc., passed by the Courts in his favour.

== Gist of Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1963==
Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 which runs as follows:

''5. Extension of prescribed period in certain cases: Any appeal or any application, '''''other than an application under any of the provisions of Order XXI of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908)''''', may be admitted after the prescribed period, if the appellant or the applicant satisfies the court that he had sufficient cause for not preferring the appeal or making the application within such period.''

''Explanation:'' The fact that the appellant or the applicant was misled by any order, practice or judgment of the High Court in ascertaining or computing the prescribed period may be sufficient cause within the meaning of this section.

==Gist of Rule 105 of Order XXI of Code of Civil Procedure, 1908==
''Rule 105: Hearing of application: (1) The Court, before which an application under any of the foregoing rules of this Order is pending, may fix a day for the hearing of the application.'' 
''(2) Where on the day fixed or on any other day to which the hearing may be adjourned the applicant does not appear when the case is called on for hearing, the Court may make an order that the application be dismissed.'' 
''(3) Where the applicant appears and the opposite party to whom the notice has been issued by the Court does not appear, the Court may hear the application exparte and pass such order as it thinks fit.''

''Explanation:'' An application referred to in sub-rule (1) includes a claim or objection made under rule 58.

Thereafter a proviso was added to sub-rule (3) by way of an Amendment made by the '''[[Madras High Court]]''' which was published by the '''[[Tamil Nadu]]''' '''Government Gazette''' <ref>{{Cite web | title=Gazette - Stationery and Printing Department, Tamil Nadu | url=http://www.tn.gov.in/stationeryprinting/gazette/gazette_list.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218004742/http://www.tn.gov.in/stationeryprinting/gazette/gazette_list.php | access-date=2025-01-07 | archive-date=2008-12-18 | url-status=live }}</ref> dated 27-02-1972, Part V, Page 1523 which is applicable to both '''[[Tamil Nadu]]''' and '''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]''' Courts and the proviso which runs as follows: ''“Provided that an application may be admitted after the said period of thirty days if the applicant satisfies the Court that he had sufficient cause for not making the application within such period”''

==Amendments made to Code of Civil Procedure==
A major amendment was made to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) by way of Amendment Act 104 of 1976, Amendment Act 46 of 1999 and Amendment Act 22 of 2002 and all those Amendment Acts in its ''“Repeal and Savings Clauses”'' clearly specifics that any amendment made or any provision inserted in the principal Act by a State Legislature or High Court shall also stand repealed, except insofar as it is consistent with the provisions of the principal Act.

So again a doubt arises that what is meant by ''“Principal Act”'' with reference to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) for which lot of judicial pronouncements are there which unanimously held that ''“Principal Act”'' which refers only to the ''"body of the Code"'' or the ''"Sections Part of the Code"'' and not to the First Schedule of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.

As such in view of Section 122 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 the High Courts have the powers to annul, alter or add to all or any of the rules in the First Schedule of Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and it implies that the High Courts have not powers to amend the ''"body of the Code"'' or the "Sections Part of the Code"....

==Collaborative discussions==
In view of the Amendments made to the First Schedule of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) which discusses the Orders and Rules for implementing the Act among which a Proviso to sub-rule (3) of Rule 105 of Order XXI which paves ways to the defaulting litigants who satisfies the Court that he had '''''“sufficient cause”''''' for not making the application within the prescribed period.

So Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 which strictly prohibits from entertaining any application under this Section before the Executing Court which implies in its words that, '''''“Any appeal or any application, other than an application under any of the provisions of Order XXI of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908)"''''' as such the Madras High Court has made an Amendment to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 thereby a new Proviso was added to sub-rule (3) to Rule 105 of Order XXI (vide [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Government]] Gazette dated 27-02-1972, Part V, Page 1523) which paves ways to the defaulting litigants who satisfies the Court that he had '''''“sufficient cause”''''' for not making the application within the prescribed period as held by the Hon’ble '''[[Madras High Court]]''' in its landmark decision dated 12-08-2011 in '''''N.Rajendran Vs. Shriram Chits Tamil Nadu Private Limited, rep. by its Branch Manager''''' which is reported in '''''[2011 (5) Madras Law Weekly 174]'''''.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://judis.nic.in/judis_chennai/qrydisp.aspx?filename=33666 | title=Revision against the order dated 09.11.2010 made in unnumbered E.A. of 2010 in E.P.No.70 of 2009 in ARC No.44 of 2006 on the file of the District Munsif Court, Tiruvarur. | access-date=2013-02-03 | archive-date=2016-03-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234501/http://judis.nic.in/judis_chennai/qrydisp.aspx?filename=33666 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/jacademy/e%20journal/2011/eNovember%202011.pdf Unknown]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Conclusion==
As mandated under Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 (Act 36 of 1963) no application would be maintainable before the Executing Court under this provision as such it is clearly concluded that Section 5 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 is strictly non-applicable to Execution Proceedings and the aggrieving party who lost his rights by way of his default may seek remedy under the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) itself since it seems to be a '''''“Self-contained Enactment”''''' for every exigencies arisen thereof.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/ High Court of Madras Website]
* [http://judis.nic.in/judis_chennai/ Madras High Court Judgments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430234928/http://judis.nic.in/judis%5Fchennai/ |date=2013-04-30 }}
* [https://courtverdict.blogspot.com/ Court Verdict Published in Dailies]

[[Category:Civil law in India]]
[[Category:Civil law (common law)]]

Tariq Kamal Khan

2026-03-19T06:56:36Z

Majokthefirst: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Admiral and Chief of Naval Staff, Pakistan Navy (born 1933)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Admiral (Pakistan)|Admiral]]
| name = Tariq Kamal Khan
| native_name = طارق کمال خان
| native_name_lang = Ur
| honorific-suffix = {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz|SI(M)]] [[Legion of Merit|LoM]]}}
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]]
| term_start = 23 March 1983
| term_end = 9 April 1986
| alongside = 
| president =
| primeminister =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| predecessor = Adm [[Karamat Rahman Niazi|K.R. Niazi]]
| successor = Adm [[Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey]]
| office1 = [[:Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Tunisia|Pakistan Ambassador to Tunisia]]
| term_start1 = 1993
| term_end1 = 1995
| predecessor1 = Dilshad Najmuddin
| successor1 = [[Shamoon Alam Khan]]
| office2 = [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|High Commissioner of Pakistan to Australia]]
| term_start2 = 1986
| term_end2 = 1992
| president2 = [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Tariq Kamal Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|01|23}}
| birth_place = [[Jhelum]], [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] {{small|(present day Pakistan)}}
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = {{Pak}}
| nationality = Pakistani
| party =
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| nickname = {{hlist|''TK Khan''|''Metal Gear''}}
| allegiance = {{PAK}}
| branch = {{Flagicon image|Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg}} [[Pakistan Navy]]
| branch_label = Branch
| serviceyears = 1948–1986
| serviceyears_label = Service years
| rank = [[File:15-Pakistan Navy-ADM.svg|20px]] [[Admiral (Pakistan)|Admiral]]
| unit = [[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Surface Branch]]
| commands = {{ubil|[[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]]|[[Pakistan Navy#Naval Commands in Field and Commanders|Commander Karachi coast]]|[[Naval attaché]], {{nobr|[[High Commission of Pakistan, London|Pakistan Embassy, London]]}}}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label = Conflicts
| mawards = [[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] [[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] [[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz]] [[File:Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz]] [[File:US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|40px]] [[Legion of Merit]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tariq Kamal Khan'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|طارق کمال خان}}}}}} {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Imtiaz|SI(M)]] [[Legion of Merit|LoM]]}}; (born 23 January 1933), is a retired [[four-star rank|four-star]] rank [[Four star admiral|admiral]] who served as the 9th [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff (CNS)]] of [[Pakistan Navy]] from being appointed in 1983 until retiring from his [[Military service|service]] in 1986.{{rp|199}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Cheema|first=Pervaiz Iqbal|authorlink1=Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema|title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, uk|isbn=0195798392|pages=220|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&q=tariq+kemal+khan+armed+forces+of+pakistan&pg=PA199|accessdate=30 January 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chowrangi.com/alexander-naval-station.html |title=Jhelum: Alexander the Great's Naval Station | Pakistan Politics & Current Affairs | Chowrangi |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604101736/http://www.chowrangi.com/alexander-naval-station.html |archive-date=2011-06-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/864111636/|title=Air Marshal Zafar Chaudhry seen in Iran with Admiral Tariq Kemal Khan, Gen S M Abbasi, and Air Commodore Khaqan Abbasi|date=12 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mabaig.co.uk/paf/Squadrons/8.html |title=Untitled Document |access-date=3 November 2009 |archive-date=6 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106154759/http://www.mabaig.co.uk/paf/Squadrons/8.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Prior to that, he was appointed as the [[List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan|High Commissioner of Pakistan]] to [[Australia]] and served from 1986 until 1992, when he retired from the foreign service.{{rp|352}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Statistical Pocket-book of Pakistan|date=1992|publisher=Manager of Publications, Govt. of Pakistan|location=Islamabad Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOAXT7lXoecC&q=tariq+kemal+khan|accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref>

==Biography==

=== Early life, education and naval career ===
Education: Presentation Convent Murree; St Anthony's High School Lahore (Senior Cambridge 1948); Government College Lahore. Bsc 1954 Karachi University.

Joined Pakistan Navy September 1951. Joined Royal Naval College Dartmouth UK May 1952 Trained in UK and was commissioned as sub lieutenant on 1 September 1954. Lieutenant 1 April 1957 Served as navigator PNS ''Badr'' and XO minesweeper PNS ''Mubarak''. Qualified Underwater Swimming School US June 1960. Qualified Underwater Demolition Team (USN SEALS) US October 1960. Qualified parachutist Fort Benning Georgia US November 1960. Attached with Special Service Group (Army) at Cherat April to November 1961. Qualified Torpedo & Anti-Submarine Specialist UK November 1962. TAS Officer PNS Alamgir December 62 to November 63.

As lieutenant commander served as deputy director PN Tactical School end 1963 to early 1965. Executive officer PNS ''Jahangir'' 1965 throughout The Rann of Kutch and 1965 War. Staff officer operations NHQ 1966. Raised and commanded Special Service Group (Navy) 1967–1969. Commanded the Minesweeping Squadron and PNS ''Mubarak'' as COMINRON before assuming command of destroyer PNS ''Jahangir'' in East Pakistan on 18 March 1971. Brought the ship back to W Pakistan in July 1971 and was in command till immediately after the ceasefire of the 1971 War. Appointed Director Naval Operations NHQ end December 1971. Commanded cruiser PNS ''Babur'' April to September 1973. Assumed command of PN ''Destroyer'' ''Badr'' as COMDESRON in September 1973.

Naval attache London August 1974 to December 1977. Director naval warfare and operational plans NHQ 1978. Joined Royal College of Defence Studies London January 1979 as commodore and graduated December 1979. March 1980 appointed Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Operations) NHQ. Appointed Commander Pakistan Fleet early 1981. Promoted rear admiral early 1982 and appointed Commander Karachi.

Promoted vice admiral 23 March 1983 and appointed Chief of The Naval Staff. Promoted admiral 23 March 1984. Retired 10 April 1986.

===Naval career and star appointments===

Tariq Kemal Khan was born in Domeli, Dist Jhelum, [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] into a [[Gakhars|Gakhar]] Kayani family on 21 May 1930. He is son of Col Sir Sher Mohammad Khan.<ref name="Pakistani connections">{{cite web|title=پاک بحریہ کے سربراہ۔ ایڈمرل طارق کمال خان|url=http://www.pakistanconnections.com/history/index/2015-03-23/2204|publisher=Pakistani connections|access-date=30 January 2017}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref> After graduating from a local high school, he was [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as [[Midshipman]] in the [[Pakistan Navy]] in 1948 in [[Pakistan Navy#Branches|Surface warfare branch]] and was initially trained at the [[Pakistan Military Academy]].<ref name="Pakistani connections"/> He was later trained in the [[United Kingdom]] as a [[Signals intelligence|communication]] specialist and as the [[Surface warfare insignia|surface warfare]] officer and promoted as [[Sub lieutenant|Sub-Lieutenant]] after returning to Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistani connections"/> His further military training came from the [[Britannia Royal Naval College]] in [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]], [[England]] and did qualified on courses on [[military communications]].<ref name="Pakistani connections"/>

In 1965, [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]] TK Khan participated in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with [[India]] and served on [[PNS Shah Jahan (DD-962)|PNS ''Shah Jahan'']] as its [[executive officer]] while taking part on [[Operation Dwarka|naval shelling]] in [[Dwarka]], [[India]].<ref name="Pakistani connections"/>

In 1969, he was promoted as [[lieutenant-commander]] and [[Commander (rank)|commander]] after posting in [[East Pakistan]] as [[commanding officer]] of {{ship|PNS|Jahangir||2}}.{{rp|xxx}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Cardozo|first=Major General Ian|title=The Sinking of INS Khukri: Survivor's Stories|date=December 2006|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9789351940999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvs_CgAAQBAJ&q=Admiral+TK+Khan&pg=PT161|accessdate=30 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> [[Commander (rank)|Cdr]] TK Khan also helped the [[Pakistan Army]] with the communication gears and firing at the [[East Pakistan Rifles]] headquarters to crush Bengali resistance in Chittagong area.<ref name="Defence Journal. 1998">{{cite web|last=Hussain|first=Khadim|title=The Way It Was − 2|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/sept98/wayitwas2.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Defence Journal. 1998|accessdate=30 January 2017|language=en|date=September 1998|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091633/http://www.defencejournal.com/sept98/wayitwas2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3588&st=60|title=See Navy Officers|accessdate=2 December 2023|archive-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303202851/http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3588&st=60|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Commander (rank)|Cdr]] Khan participated on various military [[Riverine Warfare|riverine missions]] while commanding a [[gunboat]], ''Jahangir'', and was taken [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation|war prisoner]] after the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|accessioning of the surrender]] with [[India]] in 1971.<ref name="Defence Journal. 1998"/> He was [[Delhi Agreement|repatriated]] to Pakistan and continue resuming his military service when he was promoted as [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] in the Navy.

From 1975 to 1978, Captain Khan was posted in the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign ministry]] to be served as [[naval attaché]] to the [[High Commission of Pakistan, London|Pakistan High Commission]] in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]].{{rp|564}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Copley|first=Gregory R.|title=Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook|date=1975|publisher=Perth Corporation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnPfAAAAMAAJ&q=tariq+kemal|accessdate=31 January 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Excerpts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnPfAAAAMAAJ&q=tariq+kemal&pg=PA564|accessdate=31 January 2017|last=Copley|first=Gregory R.|year=1976}}</ref> Upon returning to Pakistan, he was promoted to one-star rank, [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] and posted in Karachi for a command assignment in 1978.

[[Commodore (rank)|Cdre]] Khan commanded the 18th Destroyer Squadron as its [[officer commanding]] until 1980 after promoting as [[rear-admiral]].{{rp|151}}<ref name="Jang Publishers, Sirohey">{{cite book|last=Sirohey|first=Iftikhar Ahmed|authorlink=Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey|title=Truth Never Retires: An Autobiography of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey|date=1995|publisher=Jang Publishers|location=Karachi Pakistan|isbn=978-969-8500-00-9|pages=592|edition=1|language=en}}</ref>

===Chief of Naval Staff===
[[Rear-Admiral]] Khan was appointed [[Pakistan Navy#Naval Commands in Field and Commanders|Commander Karachi]] (COMKAR) until 1983 when he succeeded Admiral [[Karamat Rahman Niazi|K.R. Niazi]] as Chief of Naval Staff.{{rp|278}}<ref name="Jang Publishers, Sirohey"/>{{rp|241}}<ref>{{cite book|title=News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean|date=January 1982|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HY4gAQAAMAAJ&q=Tariq+Kemal+Khan|accessdate=31 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> On 22 March 1983, [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] announced to appoint Rear-Admiral Khan as the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] but this promotion came with controversy.{{rp|194}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Noman|first=Omar|title=Pakistan|date=1988|publisher=Routledge|location=New York, U.S.|isbn=9781136143946|pages=230|edition=1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfKzAAAAQBAJ&q=admiral+tariq+kemal+khan&pg=PA194|accessdate=31 January 2017|language=en|chapter-format=googlebooks|chapter=Ethnic Conflict}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Excerpts-II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IHjAAAAMAAJ&q=one+Vice+Admiral+and+two+Rear+Admirals&pg=PA278|accessdate=31 January 2017|last=Sirohey|first=Iftikhar Ahmed|year=1995}}</ref> Rear-Admiral TK Khan, a junior admiral, supersedes the most senior [[Vice-Admiral]] [[Iqbal F. Qadir|Iqbal Quadir]] and two senior Rear-Admirals for the command of the Navy in 1983.{{rp|278–279}}<ref name="Jang Publishers, Sirohey"/> Rear-Admiral TK Khan was known to be close to President Zia and had experience in military administration in civil affairs from the East Pakistan, that may have been a factor for his appointment to the four-star appointment.{{rp|277}}<ref name="Jang Publishers, Sirohey" /> After his appointment was announced, Rear-Admiral Tariq Kemal Khan was appointed as [[four-star rank|four-star]] rank [[admiral]] in the Navy.{{rp|278}}<ref name="Jang Publishers, Sirohey"/>

In 1983, he helped negotiated the acquisition of [[Mirage V]] aircraft from [[France]] for the [[Pakistan Air Force]] when he traveled to [[Paris]], France.{{rp|159}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Near East/South Asia Report|date=1983|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSu6AAAAIAAJ&q=commodore+tariq+kemal|accessdate=31 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>

As [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]], Admiral TK Khan began initiating a program to acquire and procure modern warships to replace and scrap the aging warships in service with the Navy.{{rp|109}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Near East/South Asia Report|year=1985|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCm6AAAAIAAJ&q=admiral+tariq+kemal+khan|accessdate=31 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> Admiral Tariq Kemal worked closely towards strengthening [[China–Pakistan relations|bilateral relations]] between [[China]] and [[Pakistan]], briefly meeting with [[President of the People's Republic of China|Chinese President]] [[Li Xiannian]] for that purpose in 1984.{{rp|44}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Beijing Review|year=1984|publisher=Beijing Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1moq8As76oC&q=admiral+tariq+kemal+khan|accessdate=31 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>

Admiral Tariq Kemal Khan remained [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] until [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] he sought retirement from his active service and handed over the command to his [[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (India)|VCNS]], [[Vice-Admiral]] [[Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey]].{{rp|51–52}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Pakistan & Gulf Economist|year=1986|publisher=Economist Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQ-ZvVNKGfsC&q=Sirohey|accessdate=31 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>

=== Decorations and awards ===
* 1965 Imtiazi Sanad (Mention in Dispatches)
* 1969 TQA
* 1982 HI(M)
* 1983 NI(M)
* 1985 Legion of Merit (Commander) USA

=== Diplomatic assignments ===
July 1986 to July 1990 Ambassador / High Commissioner Australia with concurrent accreditation to New Zealand & Fiji.

Jan 1992 to Aug 1992 Ambassador Yugoslavia.

May 1993 to May 1995 Ambassador Tunisia.

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Order of Excellence)''
|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|'''Hilal-e-Imtiaz''']]
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Crescent of Excellence)''
|'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Star of Excellence)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(General Service Medal)''

'''1. [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]] Clasp'''

'''2. [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 War]] Clasp'''
|-
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''
''(War Star 1971)''
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
(''War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1971)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]'''
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''

''(100th Birth Anniversary of''

''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])''

'''1976'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
(''Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hijri Tamgha]]'''
''(Hijri Medal)''

'''1979'''
|'''[[Legion of Merit#Insignia|The Legion of Merit]]'''
'''[[Legion of Merit#Insignia|(Degree of Commander)]]'''

'''''(United States)'''''
|}

=== Foreign Decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign awards'''
|-
!'''{{flag|USA}}'''
|'''[[Legion of Merit#Insignia|The Legion of Merit (Degree of Commander)]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|width=130}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Pakistan Navy]]
*[[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)]]
*[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)]]
*[[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/ Official website of Pakistan Navy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430203704/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/ |date=30 April 2009 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Karamat Rahman Niazi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]]|years=1983 – 1986}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey]]}}
{{end}}

{{Pakistan Navy Staff Chief}}
{{Zia-ul-Haq's Government}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Tariq Kemal}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jhelum]]
[[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Pakistani prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Naval Staff (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:People from Islamabad]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Pakistan to Australia]]
[[Category:High commissioners of Pakistan to New Zealand]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Tunisia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Naval attachés for Pakistan]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War prisoners of war]]

Skipping Sikh

2026-03-15T04:44:52Z

Majokthefirst: Created A Entry

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rajinder Singh
| honorific_suffix = MBE
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name_lang = pa
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |74 |2021|06|24}}<ref name="bbc" />
| birth_name =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| notable_works = Health and fitness videos
| predecessor =
| boards =
}}

'''Rajinder Singh''', MBE, more popularly known as the 'Skipping Sikh', is a [[British Indians|British-Indian]] [[septuagenarian]] health and fitness personality.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|date=2021-06-24|title=Skipping Sikh awarded MBE for inspiring exercise videos|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-57594344|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref>

== Career ==
During the 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Singh started sharing exercise videos to inspire older members of the Asian community<ref>{{Cite web|title='I'm nothing': Skipping Sikh's modesty at MBE honour for charitable efforts|url=https://news.sky.com/video/im-nothing-skipping-sikhs-modesty-at-mbe-honour-for-charitable-efforts-12100714|access-date=2021-12-16|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> to stay healthy whilst also raising money for the [[NHS]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ben Church, CNN Video produced by Celine Ramseyer, for|title=Meet the 73-year-old 'skipping Sikh' raising money for the NHS|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/18/sport/skipping-sikh-coronavirus-exercise-spt-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-12-16|website=CNN|date=18 April 2020 }}</ref>

In 2021 Singh was invited to watch [[The Championships, Wimbledon|tennis in Wimbledon]] from the royal box.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-03|title=Skipping Sikh invited to Royal Box at Wimbledon|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/skipping-sikh-invited-to-royal-box-at-wimbledon/|access-date=2021-12-16|website=EasternEye|language=en-GB}}</ref> In the same year he also fulfilled a lifelong dream by running his first marathon at the age of 74.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-03|title=A new start after 60: 'Exercise is my lifeblood – so I decided to run my first marathon at 74'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/sep/03/a-new-start-after-60-exercise-is-my-lifeblood-so-i-decided-to-run-my-first-marathon-at-74|access-date=2021-12-16|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Skipping Sikh: I'm running the London Marathon at 74|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gS1hUBT5Kc|language=en|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref>

He arrived in the UK from India in 1970 after his father, a soldier in the [[British Indian Army]], encouraged him to build a better life abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaur|first=Minreet|title=The 'Skipping Sikh': A story of faith, loss and racism|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/10/3/the-skipping-sikh-a-story-of-faith-loss-and-racism|access-date=2021-12-16|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* He was awarded an [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] in the 2020 Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to health and fitness<ref>{{Cite web|title=73-Year-Old "Skipping Sikh" Honoured For Raising Funds For UK's National Health Service|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/73-year-old-skipping-sikh-rajinder-singh-honoured-for-raising-funds-for-uks-national-health-service-2253268|access-date=2021-12-16|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> which he dedicated to India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-11|title=As old as Independent India, 'Skipping Sikh' dedicates MBE to home country|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/as-old-as-independent-india-skipping-sikh-dedicates-mbe-to-home-country-6720174/|access-date=2021-12-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* He was awarded a Points of Light award in 2020 from the Prime Minister Boris Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-28|title=Skipping Sikh awarded by British PM for fundraising efforts|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-viral/skipping-sikh-awarded-by-british-pm-for-fundraising-efforts/story-mK9OwREcBNeV1TZC4YzY7O.html|access-date=2021-12-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-02|title='Skipping Sikh' honoured by Boris Johnson for raising thousands during lockdown|url=https://www.itv.com/news/london/2020-07-02/skipping-sikh-honoured-by-boris-johnson-for-raising-thousands-during-lockdown|access-date=2021-12-16|website=ITV News|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajinder}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:Members_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire]]

Anita Bhardwaj

2026-03-10T21:03:43Z

Majokthefirst: put up basic pg initial version

{{short description|Indian high-altitude rescue doctor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anita Bhardwaj
| image = Anita Bharadwaj (cropped).jpg
| caption = Anita Bhardwaj on 8 March 2018
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| occupation = Doctor
| employer = Six Sigma High Altitude Medical Rescue Services
| known_for = high-altitude medicine
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Anita Bhardwaj''' is an Indian high-altitude rescue doctor. She is joint medical director of the Six Sigma High Altitude Medical Rescue Services and she has received the highest award for women in India, the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]].

==Life==
She is the medical director of the Six Sigma Healthcare High Altitude Medical Rescue Services, India. The service had helped (as of March 2018) over 50,000 people at high altitude and saved the lives of over 5,000 women and children operating at altitudes up to 24,000 feet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Dr. Anita Bhardwaj, #NariShakti Puraskar 2017 awardee. She is a medical practitioner who has dedicated her career to ensuring health services in the most difficult situationspic.twitter.com/OkkEkP466M|url=https://twitter.com/PIB_India/status/971332665344368640/photo/2|last=India #StayHome #StaySafe|first=P. I. B.|date=2018-03-07|website=@PIB_India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

In 2014 she was awarded the Kalpana Chawla Shaurya Award for her work<ref name="thirty" /> including trips she had made to give free medical care to pilgrims. The award carried a prize of 50,000 rupees.<ref name=hindu/>
[[File:Maneka Sanjay Gandhi addressing at the presentation of the Nari Shakti Puruskar for the year 2017, on the occasion of the International Women’s Day, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|left|Maneka Sanjay Gandhi talking at the presentation of the Nari Shakti Puruskar for 2017 (in 2018) - She's in the centre]]
Bhardwaj is known for visiting the mountains to assist in rescues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दूसरी बार झज्जर की 'बहू' को मिलेगा 'नारी शक्ति सम्मान', पहाड़ों में लोगों को दे रहीं 'संजीवनी' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/international-women-s-day-dr-anita-bharadwaj-will-get-the-second-time-nari-shakti-award |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307003002/https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/international-women-s-day-dr-anita-bharadwaj-will-get-the-second-time-nari-shakti-award |archivedate=2019-03-07 |website=Amar Ujala |access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> She has joined dozens of others at the scenes of [[2013 North India floods|Uttarakhand flood]], Nepal earthquake and Amarnath Yatra attack.<ref name="thirty">{{Cite web|title=Nari Shakti of 30 women to be honoured at Rashtrapati Bhavan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/mar/08/nari-shakti-of-30-women-to-be-honoured-at-rashtrapati-bhavan-1783788.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

Her award of the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] was made in the Durbar room of the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (Presidential Palace) by the President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]], on [[International Women's Day]]. The award is India's highest civilian award for women.<ref name="thirty" />

In July 2019 [[Uttarakhand]] Chief Minister [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] agreed to fund a mountain institute at [[Rudraprayag]]. The funding would create 1,200 jobs and it would be run by the [[Six Sigma High Altitude Medical Rescue Services]]. The new centre would supply education and training as well as medical services. He gave awards to the services leading staff including Dr Pradeep Bhardwaj, CEO & Medical Director, Dr Arvind Kumar, Dr Parvez Ahmad, Bhim Bahadur, Debjit Nayak and Bhardwaj.<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2019-07-06|title=U'khand CM accepts proposal to establish Six Sigma Institute of Mountain Medicines & High Altitude Rescue|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/u-khand-cm-accepts-proposal-to-establish-six-sigma-institute-of-mountain-medicines-high-altitude-rescue-119070600841_1.html|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is married to Dr Pradeep Bhardwaj.<ref name=hindu>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-jalandhar/20160309/282449938122171|title=Anita Bhardwaj (34) |first=Kalpana|last=Chawla |date=2016-03-09|location=Nepal|publisher=Hindustan Timers (Jalandhar)|via=PressReader|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Anita}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:High-altitude medicine doctors]]

Malenadu

2026-03-10T07:42:13Z

Majokthefirst: page edit

{{Short description|Region in Karnataka, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malenadu
| other_name = Malnad
| image_skyline = File:Lush Green Forest of Maldenad.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Forests of Malenadu
| nickname =
| image_map = Malenaduup.jpg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Malenadu region shown in green
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
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| coordinates_display =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}}[[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = Malenadu
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Taluka
| seat = Belagavi District [[Khanapur]] Uttara Kannada [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] [[Joida]] [[Dandeli]] [[Haliyal]] [[Yellapur]] [[Mundgod]] [[Siddapura, Uttara Kannada|Siddapur]] Shivamogga District [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara]] [[Hosanagara]] [[Thirthahalli]] [[Soraba]] [[Shivamogga]] Chikkamagaluru District [[Sringeri]] [[Kalasa]] [[Koppa, India|Koppa]] [[Narasimharajapura]] [[Mudigere]] Hassan District [[Sakleshpur]] Kodagu District [[Somwarpet]] [[Madikeri]] [[Virajpet]] [[Kushalanagar]] [[Ponnampet]] Dakshina Kannada [[Sullia]]
| parts_type = x
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| unit_pref = Metric
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
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| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
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| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Havyaka Kannada]] [[Kodava language|Kodava]] [[Tulu language|Tulu]] [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[Arebhashe]]
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}}

'''Malenadu''' (or Malnad) is a geographical region in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It covers the western and eastern slopes of the [[Western Ghats]] mountain range and is roughly {{cvt|100|km}} in width. It includes the districts of [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Shivamogga]], [[Chikkamagaluru]], [[Udupi]], [[Belgaum|Belagavi]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Hassan District|Hassan]], [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]. The region experiences heavy annual rainfall of {{Convert|1000-3800|mm|in|abbr=off}}; most notably, the village of [[Agumbe]] in the region, receives the highest annual rainfall in Karnataka of {{Convert|10000|mm|in|abbr=off}}.

This region of the state experiences unique infrastructure challenges due to settlement patterns, sparse population, topography, dense forest, and numerous rivulets. Villages in the Malenadu are scattered throughout remote areas. To encourage development in the area, the Area Development Board was created in 1991 to implement necessary projects.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2019 |title=Economic Survey of Karnataka 2018-19; page 702 |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/ESR%202018-19%20English.pdf |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Govt. of Karnataka}}</ref>

The districts initially covering the region were [[Shimoga|Shivamogga]], [[Chikmagalur|Chikkamagaluru]], [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]], and [[Hassan district|Hassan]]. [[Agumbe]], [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]], Yana, [[Dandeli]], [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Yellapur]], and the historical region of [[Banavasi]] all belong to Malenadu.

== Etymology ==
The origin of the term Malenadu is unclear, as the word ''Male'' in Kannada can have two different meanings depending on pronunciation. Malē (without the [[Voiced retroflex lateral approximant|retroflex 'ḷ']]) means ‘mountain,’ and when combined with Nadu (‘land’), it gives the meaning ‘mountainous land,’ reflecting the region’s terrain. With the retroflex 'ḷ', however, Maḷē means ‘rain,’ and thus Malenadu also suggests ‘rainy land,’ a fitting description of the region’s high rainfall.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Figure A2.b. Share of male teachers and male graduates at upper secondary level, general programmes (2014) |url=https://doi.org/10.1787/888933396728 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=doi.org |doi=10.1787/888933396728 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malenadu in Karnataka – The Rain-Fed Heartland of the Western Ghats |url=https://malenadu.com/karnataka |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=malenadu.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Constituencies ==
Presently, the Development Board operates in part or all of 13 districts of the state, and comprises 65 Assembly constituencies and 61 [[taluks]]:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! District !! Constituencies
|-
| [[Belagavi district]]|| Bailahongal, Belgaum, Hukkeri, Khanapur, Saudi
|-
| [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajnagar]] || [[Chamarajanagar|Chamarajnagar]], [[Gundlupet|Gundlupete]], [[Kollegal|Kollegala]], [[Hanur Assembly constituency|Hanuru]]
|-
| [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]|| Kadur, Koppa, [[Chikmagalur|Chikkamagalur]], Mudigere, Narasimharajapur, Shringeri, Tarikere, Ajjampura
|-
| [[Dakshina Kannada]]|| Mangaluru, Puttur, Sulya, Bantwal, Belthangadi, Mudubidri, Kadaba
|-
| [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]|| Channagiri, Honnali, Nyamathi
|-
| [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]|| Kalaghatagi, Alnanavara
|-
| [[Hassan district|Hassan]]|| Alur, Arakalagud, Belur, Sakaleshpur
|-
| [[Haveri district|Haveri]]|| Hangal, Hirekerur, Rettihalli, Byadagi, Savanur, Shiggaon
|-
| [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]|| Madikeri, Somavarpet, Virajpet
|-
| [[Mysore district|Mysore]]|| Heggadadevana kote, Hunasur, Periyapattana, Sargur
|-
| [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]]|| Bhadravati, Shivamogga, Sagar, Soraba, Hosanagara, Thirthahalli, Shikaripura
|-
| [[Udupi district|Udupi]]|| Udupi, Kundapur, Karkala, Brahmavara, Kapu, Byndoor, Hebri
|-
| [[Uttara Kannada]] || Ankola, Bhatkal, Haliyal, Honnavara, Karwar, Kumta, Mundagod, Siddapur, Sirsi, Joida, Yallapur, Dandeli
|}

==Climate and Geography==

=== Terrain ===
True to its name Malenadu, the region is endowed with abundant hills and plenty of rainfall. The region comprises 13 districts spanning a broadly sub-coastal North-South axis, and is a prominent section of the [[Western Ghats]]. The Western Ghats are pivotal to the climate and seasons across India. The [[Sahyadri]] ranges (another name of the Western Ghats) block the rain-bearing South-West [[monsoon]] winds from the [[Arabian Sea]], resulting in heavy rainfall along the western [[Windward and leeward|windward]] side and [[coastal Karnataka]]; and forming a [[rain shadow]] region on the eastern [[leeward]] side. Hills, heavy rainfall, rich sub-tropical forests and rivers flowing down the mountains are the defining geographical features. Temperatures in Malenadu remain moderate throughout the year. Summer temperatures remain within {{Convert|35|C|F}}. Winters are mild and pleasant, while the monsoon months between June and September are a time of torrential rains, crossing {{Convert|3000|mm|in}} in many stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malenadu natural produce |url=https://malenadu.com/karnataka |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Malenadu Natural Producer Company website}}</ref>

=== Mountain Ranges, Peaks and Waterfalls ===
Malnad has some of the highest mountain peaks in Karnataka. [[Mullayyanagiri]] located in the [[Baba Budangiri|Chandra Drona]] ranges of the [[Western Ghats]] of [[Chikkamagaluru|Chikmagalur]] Taluk at a height of 1,925 metres (6,316 ft), is the highest peak in [[Karnataka]]. [[Kodachadri]], [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] ([[Coorg]]) are hill-stations in the region. [[Kemmangundi|Kemmannugundi]], [[Kudremukha|Kudremukh]] with distinctive horse-face shape, [[Kalhattigiri Falls|Kalhattagiri]], Rudragiri, and Devarammannagudda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trekking in Malnad Region in the Western Ghats of Karnataka |url=https://www.travelmalnad.com/Blog/trekking-in-malnad-region-in-the-western-ghats-of-karnataka |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Travel Malnad}}</ref> are other significant mountain peaks also known for their scenic treks across high grasslands.

Apart from the well-known [[Jog Falls]] ([[Gersoppa Falls|Gersoppa]]), [[Mallalli Falls|Mallalli]] Falls in the [[Pushpagiri (mountain)|Pushpagiri]] range, Mookanamane Falls (or Mookana Mane Falls) near [[Sakleshpur]], [[Abbey Falls]] near [[Madikeri]] in [[Coorg]], [[Chelavara Falls]] (also called Embepare): near the [[Tadiandamol]] Peak, [[Irupu Falls]] in the [[Brahmagiri (Karnataka)|Brahmagiri]] range, [[Unchalli Falls]], (or [[Unchalli Falls|Lushington]] Falls, or [[Keppa Joga]]) near [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], the spectacular 200 ft [[Magod Falls]] near [[Yallapur]], [[Devaragundi]] Falls near [[Thodikana]], Jhari Falls ([[Buttermilk Falls (Karnataka)|Buttermilk Falls]]) and the Hebbe Falls in [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]], and Kapilatirtha are some of the other known and visited waterfalls in Malnad.

=== Rivers and Groundwater ===
The dense forests and hill ranges of Malenadu region are vital for [[water security]], serving as natural sponges, absorbing the monsoon precipitation, and for months beyond the season, steadily feeding major rivers like the [[Sharavati|Sharavathi]], [[Tungabhadra River|Tunga]], [[Tungabhadra River|Bhadra]], and [[Netravati River|Netravathi]], which support [[Hydroelectric power in India|hydroelectric]] power projects and provide irrigation and drinking water across Karnataka.

=== Rainfall ===
The Western Ghats acts as the rain barrier during south-west monsoon season. This region is one of the wettest regions in the world, with some rainfall measurements of over {{Convert|7000|mm|in|abbr=on}}.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Malenadu rainfall records (2010–2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainfall Statistics for Kokalli (Ajjimane) |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf |website=DES Karnataka |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=11 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130816/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainfall Statistics for Amagaon |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/RAINFALL%202010.pdf |website=DES Karnataka |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030241/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/RAINFALL%202010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainfall Statistics for Mundrote |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20rainfall%20%202011.pdf |website=DES Karnataka |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130053/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20rainfall%20%202011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainfall Statistics for Agumbe and Hulikal |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%202013.pdf |website=DES karnataka |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224014057/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%202013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!Rank
!Hobli / Village
!District
!Taluk
!Year
!Rainfall (mm)
!Elevation (metres)
|-
|1
|[[Amagaon]]
|[[Belgaum district]]
|[[Khanapur]]
|2010
|10,068
|785
|-
|2
|Mundrote
|[[Kodagu district]]
|[[Madikeri]]
|2011
|9,974
|585
|-
|3
|[[Hulikal]]
|[[Shimoga district]]
|[[Hosanagara]]
|2013
|9,383
|614
|-
|4
|[[Agumbe]]
|[[Shimoga district]]
|[[Thirthahalli]]
|2013
|8,770
|643
|-
|5
|Kokalli / Kakalli
([[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi Taluk]])
|[[Uttara Kannada]]
|[[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
|2014
|8,746
|780
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Malenadu villages with highest rainfall
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="7" |Rainfall (mm)<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2607630.ece Hulikal in Shimoga district is wettest in State] from ''TheHindu.com'' accessed 23 March 2013</ref>
|-
! '''[[Hulikal]]'''
! [[Agumbe]]
! [[Amagaon]]
! [[Talacauvery]]<ref>Amagaon received over 10,000 mm annual rainfall twice between 2006 and 2010. The exact amount of rainfall is not available. See [http://www.deccanherald.com/pages.php?id=271493 Amagaon is now Cherrapunji of South] from ''DeccanHerald.com'' (accessed 23 March 2013).</ref>
![[Kokalli, Karnataka|Kokalli]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt of Karnataka Rainfall Statistics (Kokalli) |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf |website=DES |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=11 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130816/http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainfall Statistics of Karnataka |url=http://des.kar.nic.in/ |website=DES Karnataka |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126191613/http://des.kar.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
![[Nilkund]]
![[Castle Rock, Karnataka|Castle Rock]]
|-
| 2017
| 5,700
| 6,311
| 4,733
| 5,859
| 3,130
| 4,981
| 5,560
|-
| 2016
| 5,721
| 6,449
| 4,705
| 5,430
| 2,682
| 4,655
| 4,968
|-
| 2015
| 6,035
| 5,518
| 4,013
| 5,319
| 2,730
| 4,367
| 3,667
|-
| 2014
| 7,907
| 7,917
| 5,580
| 7,844
| 8,746
| 6,710
| 5,956
|-
| 2013
| 9,383
| 8,770
| 8,440
| 8,628
| 4,464
| 7,082
| 3,667
|-
| 2012
| 8,409
| 6,933
| 5,987
| 5,722
| 5,036
| 5,398
| 6,165
|-
| 2011
| 8,523
| 7,921
| 9,368
| 6,855
| 4,437
| 6,593
| 7,083
|-
| 2010
| 7,717
| 6,929
| 10,068
| 6,794
| 4,002
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2009
| 8,357
| 7,982
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2008
| 7,115
| 7,199
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2007
| 9,038
| 8,255
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2006
| 8,656
| 8,457
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|}

== Biodiversity ==
Abundant water, favourable soil and climate conditions, and limited human interaction have endowed the Malnad region with rich [[biodiversity]] comprising hundreds of endemic species of [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. The natural habitats of the region such as the [[Kudremukh National Park]], [[Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]] play a crucial role in the conservation of several endangered species. These protected areas are home to tigers, leopards, elephants, gaurs, lion-tailed macaques, hornbills, king cobras, as well as countless other plant species. New species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians,<ref>{{Cite web |last=T V |first=Padma |date=18 March 2019 |title=New Frog Species Discovered In Biodiversity-Rich Western Ghats |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2019/03/new-frog-species-discovered-in-biodiversity-rich-western-ghats/ |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Mongabay India}}</ref> insects, [[Plant|plants]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Page |first=Navendu |date=15 February 2016 |title=New Plant Species Discovered In Western Ghats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nindia.2016.23 |access-date=15 September 2025 |journal=Nature India |doi=10.1038/nindia.2016.23 }}</ref> lichens<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2025 |title=New Lichen species reveals ancient symbiosis in the Western Ghats |url=https://dst.gov.in/new-lichen-species-reveals-ancient-symbiosis-western-ghats |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=Dept of Science and Technology, Govt. of India}}</ref> and fungi<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=Unveiling Hidden Diversity in Aspergillus Section Nigri by Indian scientists: Introducing two new species from the Western Ghats, India |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2165308#:~:text=Researchers%20from%20the%20MACS%2DAgharkar,dhakephalkarii%20and%20Aspergillus%20patriciawiltshireae%2C%20and |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=PIB Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India}}</ref> keep getting discovered by field biology researchers. It is not without reason that the Western Ghats is among the eight ''hottest of [[Biodiversity hotspot|biodiversity hotspots]]'' in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Ghats |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/ |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=UNESCO - World Heritage Conservation}}</ref>

Responding to the urgency of conservation of endangered riverine fish species like ''[[mahseer]]'', ''haragi'', ''gar'', ''beril'', ''setnai barb'', glassy fish and [[killifish]], the Karnataka Biodiversity Board in 2020 recommended setting up fish [[sanctuaries]], or ''matsyadhamas'' in numerous riverbeds in Malnad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2020 |title=Karnataka Biodiversity Board Recommends 15 More Locations On Rivers In Malnad As Matsyadhamas |url=https://www.coastaldigest.com/news/karnataka-biodiversity-board-recommends-15-more-locations-rivers-malnad-matsyadhamas |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=Coastal Digest}}</ref>

== [[Human impact on the environment|Anthropogenic Threats]] and Challenges ==
Like everywhere else on Earth, [[climate change]] is causing noticeable and erratic variations in rainfall and temperature patterns in Malenadu. Apart from the now unavoidable climatic uncertainties, the Malnad region faces major short-term and long-term anthropogenic threats despite, or perhaps due to, its rich natural wealth.

=== Agricultural Practices ===
Organised agriculture is known to be practised on land parcels reclaimed from forest clearings for a thousand years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2021 |title=Agriculture in Karnataka |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Agriculture/en |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Govt. Of Karnataka Official Website}}</ref> Recent inclination towards intensive plantations, overuse of chemical inputs in farming and [[monocropping]] have led to degradation of soil, loss of fertility as well as a far-reaching negative impact on local [[Agrobiodiversity|agro-biodiversity]] and [[Food web|food-webs]].

=== Development Projects ===
[[Sharavathi Pumped Storage Project]] is a {{INRConvert|10240|c|lk=on|year=2025}} infrastructure initiative proposed by the [[Karnataka Power Corporation Limited]] (KPCL), claimed to generate 2,000 MW of [[renewable energy]] by storing and releasing water between two existing reservoirs to balance grid loads. The project critically threatens the region's biodiversity, especially the habitat of the endangered [[Lion-tailed macaque|Lion-Tailed Macaque]]. The Karnataka government’s move to proceed with the Sharavathi Pumped Storage Project without securing full environmental and forest clearances has prompted strong opposition from environmentalists and local communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutar |first=Asmita |date=July 2025 |title=Sharavathi pumped storage project stirs debate over ecological impacts in Karnataka |url=https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/environmentalists-raise-concerns-over-sharavathi-pumped-storage-project-in-karnataka# |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Land Conflict Watch}}</ref> It is alleged by litigant individuals and organisations that the project has progressed without the requisite consent from the Union ministry of environment, forest and climate change and National Wildlife Board, and that the acquisition of lands necessary for the project remains unresolved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coovercolly |first=Indresh |date=8 March 2024 |title=Concerns raised over rushed tender process for Rs 8,005 crore Sharavathi pumped storage project in Karnataka |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/concerns-raised-over-rushed-tender-process-for-rs-8-005-crore-sharavathi-pumped-storage-project-in-karnataka-94891 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Down To Earth}}</ref> [https://mappingmalnad.com/ Mapping Malnad], a Bengaluru-based [[Non-governmental organisations in India|non-governmental organisation]], published an elaborate citizen research report<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gowda |first=Nirmala |date=19 May 2025 |title=Western Ghats Is NOT a Power Plant |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HnSJEx5lVL7PaOpIw4aw6TJna_NpOVQF/view |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Mapping Malnad}}</ref> on the project, claiming that the Sharavathi Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project by KPCL is progressing based on inadequate, misleading, and flawed data, raising serious concerns such as the underreporting of forest land diversion and potential ecological impacts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasher |first=Garima |date=20 May 2025 |title=Western Ghats under direct threat from Sharavathi project: Report |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/western-ghats-under-direct-threat-from-sharavathi-project-report/articleshow/121280040.cms |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

=== [[Overtourism]] ===
As much as large-scale road and energy infrastructure projects, the growing number of casual visitors, tourists in or near [[Ecologically Fragile Area|ecologically fragile]] regions such as pristine waterfalls, deep forests and mountainous grasslands is exerting a strain on the delicate ecology of the region. State supported encouragement to tourism<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malnad Region Tour Package |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/malnad-region-tour-package |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=Tourism Dept of Tourism}}</ref> is often limited by dangerous terrain,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2025 |title=Heavy Rain Causes Floods, Landslides, Accidents in Malnad Region |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/heavy-rain-causes-floods-landslides-accidents-in-malnad-region/articleshow/121866635.cms |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> inadequate infrastructure like roads, bridges, lack of safety measures and waste management. There are simultaneous efforts and calls by individuals and environment organisations for caution and restraint.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mookanamane Waterfalls: Hidden amidst pristine forests of Malnad, Karnataka |url=https://www.beontheroad.com/2019/07/mookanamane-waterfalls-hidden-amidst-pristine-forests-malnad-karnataka.html |website=Be On The Road - a traveller from India}}</ref> A social media content creator met with a fatal fall in the Western Ghats in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zargar |first=Arshad R. |date=18 July 2024 |title=Social media content creator Aanvi Kamdar dies in fall at India's poplar Kumbhe waterfall |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/aanvi-kamdar-india-instagram-creator-dies-accident-kumbhe-waterfall/ |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=CBS News}}</ref> While some incidents make their way to the news,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Fall Accidents |url=https://www.ndtv.com/topic/waterfall-accident |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref> many more accidents go unreported due to the remote location of most waterfalls.

=== Development Projects in Malnad Region ===

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Western Ghats}}

{{coord|13|10|N|75|30|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Regions of Karnataka]]

Guruvayurappan

2026-03-09T15:47:50Z

Majokthefirst: adjust details based on references further and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Form of the Hindu god Vishnu}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=October 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = GURUVAYURAPPAN - OIL PAINTING BY RAJASEKHARAN.jpg
| name = Guruvayurappan
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Guruvāyūrappan
| affiliation = [[Vaishnavism]]
| god_of = God of Preservation<hr />God of [[Guruvayur, Thrissur, Kerala|Guruvayur]]
| abode = [[Vaikuntha]]
| mantra = [[Om Namo Narayanaya]]
| weapon = [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Panchajanya]], [[Kaumodaki]]
| consort = [[Lakshmi]]
| mount = [[Garuda]]
| planet = Earth
| symbol = [[Padma (Vishnu)]]
}}
{{Hinduism small}}
{{Vaishnavism|small}}
'''Guruvayurappan''' ({{langx|ml|ഗുരുവായൂരപ്പന്‍}}; {{Transliteration|ml|guruvāyūrappan}}) (lit. Lord / Father of Guruvayoor) also rendered as '''Guruvayoorappan''', is a form of [[Vishnu]] worshipped mainly in [[Kerala]], India. He is the presiding deity of the [[Guruvayur Temple]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/27/stories/2007072750030100.htm |title=The Hindu : Front Page : Dress code relaxed in Guruvayur |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120132148/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/27/stories/2007072750030100.htm |archive-date=20 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> who is worshipped as [[Krishna]] in his child form, also known as Guruvayur Unnikkannan ({{Lit|Little Krishna}} of Guruvayoor). The temple is in the town of [[Guruvayur, Thrissur, Kerala]], which is named after the deity.

==Regional myths==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2024}}

=== King and the cobra ===
An astrologer told a [[kerala]] King that he was destined to die from a cobra bite on a particular day. He was advised to go and pray before Guruvayurappan. The king spent years in meditation and prayer at the feet of the deity. One day, the King realized that the time of his death had passed. He came back to his palace and asked the astrologer why the prediction was wrong. The wise man showed him the mark on his left foot where the cobra had bitten him. Since the king was wholly absorbed in God, Who alone can dispense with fate, he did not feel the sting. In gratitude, the King built the temple at Guruvayur and set apart funds for the daily routine of the temple.

Most of the current temple building dates to the 16th and 17th centuries, although devotees funded extensions and additions later. The deepastamba (column of lights) was erected in 1836 by a devotee from Thiruvananthapuram. The temple has gopurams in the east and the west. The eastern gopuram has an inscription which refers to the town as "Gurupavanapura". The western gopuram was built in 1747.<ref name="G3">{{cite web |title=Guruvayur Devaswom |url=http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.org/htemple2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216164630/http://guruvayurdevaswom.org/htemple2.shtml |archive-date=2005-02-16 |website=www.guruvayurdevaswom.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Origin of Guruvayoorappan |url=https://guruvayoorlive.in/origin-of-guruvayoorappan/ |website=GURUVAYOORAPPAN}}</ref>[[File:Krishnanattam (théâtre rituel du Kerala).jpg|thumb|Krishnanattam]]

=== King Manaveda and Vilwamangalam ===
King Manaveda told [[Vilwamangalam]] about his ambition to view [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sangeethasabha.blogspot.in/2010/08/manavedans-krishnageethi-story.html|title = Sangeethasabha: Manavedan's 'Krishnageethi'-the story|date = 5 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.templepurohit.com/guruvayoorappan/|title = Guruvayoorappan - Story, Miracles, Slokas, Guruvayur Temple|date = 13 March 2017}}</ref> The next day, the Swamiyar told him that Guruvayurappan has given his consent—Manavedan was permitted to see (but not touch) Guruvayurappan playing in the early hours of the morning at the platform of the Elanji tree. But, when Manavedan saw Guruvayurappan in the form of little child Krishna, he was so excited that he forgot himself and rushed to embrace little Krishna. Guruvayoorappan immediately disappeared saying, "Vilwamangalam did not tell me that this will happen". However, Manavedan got one peacock feather from the headgear of Bhagavan Krishna.

The peacock feather was incorporated in the headgear for the character of Krishna in the dance drama [[Krishnanattam]], based on his{{Whose|date=January 2024}} own text ''[[Krishnanattam#Krishnageethi|Krishnageethi]]''.<ref>[http://www.chintha.com/kerala/krishnanattam-history-origin.html Krishnanattam - History and Origin] chintha.com
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029034755/http://chintha.com/kerala/krishnanattam-history-origin.html |date=29 October 2018 }} .</ref> It was performed near the sanctum sanctorum of the Guruvayur Temple. On the ninth day, one play (Avatharam) of the drama was repeated, as the Samoothiri felt that it was not auspicious to end the series with the demise of Krishna. The blessed art form is still maintained by Guruvayur [[Devaswom boards in Kerala|Devaswom]] and staged as an offering by devotees.

=== Shopkeeper and boy ===
Once, a poor, hungry boy stole a banana from a nearby fruit shop. Being a devotee of Lord Guruvayurappan, he dropped half the banana into the 'hundi', and he ate the other half. The shopkeeper caught hold of the boy and accused him of the theft. The boy admitted his guilt. The shopkeeper did not have the heart to punish this innocent boy, but to teach him a lesson, he ordered him to walk around the temple a certain number of times. The shopkeeper was aghast when he saw Lord Guruvayurappan follow the little boy around the temple. That night, God came to the shopkeeper in a dream and explained, "Since I have also had a share in the stolen banana, I am bound to share the punishment, too. So, I followed the boy around the temple."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070417154306/http://www.madhuramurali.org/swamigal/bok/jun00_bok.html Lilas of Lord Guruvayurappan] madhuramurali.org</ref>

=== Nenmini Unni ===
Once, a Nenmini Namboodiri, the main priest ({{Transliteration|ml|melsanthi}}) at the Guruvayur Temple, instructed his twelve-year-old son, Unni, to offer the ''[[nivadyam]]'' to God. There was no assistant priest ({{Transliteration|ml|keezhsanthi}}) on that day and the Nenmini Namboodiri had to go out on an emergency. The son offered a ''nivedyam'' of cooked rice to God; in his simplicity, he believed that the deity would eat the food, but the deity did not move. Unni bought some salted mangoes and curd from a neighborhood vendor, thinking that God would prefer this, mixed the curd with rice and offered it again. The deity again remained unmoved. Unni cajoled, requested, coaxed and in the end threatened, but the deity remained unmoved. He wept because he believed he had failed and shouted at God, exclaiming that his father would beat him. God could not bear it anymore and made the ''nivedyam'' disappear. The boy left the temple satisfied. Unni did not know that the ''nivedyam'' offered to God was the Variyar's prerequisite. When Variyar returned to the temple, he saw the empty plate and became angry with Unni. Unni insisted that God had eaten the offering, but his words made Variyar furious, as he believed the boy had eaten the offering himself and was lying. His father was about to beat Unni, but just then an ''Asareeri'' (celestial voice) was heard saying, "What Unni told is right. I am guilty. Unni is innocent. I ate all the food that he had offered me. There's no need to punish him".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sevak |date=2013-01-31 |title=Stories Related to Guruvayur {{!}} Holy Dham |url=https://www.holydham.com/stories-related-to-guruvayur/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Nenmini family is still lives in Guruvayur, and is wealthy. It also sponsors the [[Saptami]] (7th day) Vilakku during the annual [[Guruvayur Ekadasi|Ekadasi]] festival in the Malayalam month of [[Vrischikam]].

[[File:Statue of Poonthanam Namboothiri, Guruvayur, Kerala.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Poonthanam]] Namboothiri, Guruvayur]]

=== Poonthanam and Melpathur ===
[[Poonthanam]] was a contemporary of [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]], another famous poet associated with [[Guruvayur]]. Melpathur, the author of the Sanskrit work ''[[Narayaneeyam]]'', was a famed scholar who out of pride refused Poonthanam's request to read his ''Jnanappana'', a work in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stage for Bhakti|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article677733.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=September 17, 2010}}</ref> Legend has it that Guruvayurappan, impressed by Poonthanam's humility and devotion, preferred his works to those of Bhattathiri's, and once even rebuked Bhattathiri for ignoring Poonthanam's ''Santhanagopala Paana'', saying he preferred Poonthanam's genuine ''[[bhakti]]'' to Bhattathiri's ''vibhakti''.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=To lovers of Krishna, in Tamil|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article3657486.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=July 19, 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Guruvayoor Temple]]
* [[Guruvayoor]]
* [[Abhimana Kshethram]]
* [[Divya desam]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gurupavanapuri.com Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223033630/http://gurupavanapuri.com/ |date=23 December 2007 }}
* [http://www.narayaneeyam.com Bhaktaranjini – A Commentary on Srimad Narayaneeyam]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guruvayurappan}}
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Guruvayur]]

Asia-Pacific

2026-03-09T13:55:21Z

Majokthefirst: typo fix

{{Short description|Major geopolitical and economic region}}
{{Distinguish|AIPAC|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation{{!}}APEC|Far East|Indo-Pacific|Pacific Asia|Pacific Rim}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}

[[File:Asia and the Pacific.png|300px|thumb|Asia and the Pacific region, according to the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] (ESCAP)]]

The '''Asia-Pacific''' ('''APAC'''), also known as the '''Indo-Pacific''', is a major [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] and [[economic geography|economic region]] of the world adjoining the western [[Pacific Ocean]] and comprising the part of the [[Old World]] located outside the [[Europe, the Middle East and Africa|EMEA]] region. The region's precise boundaries vary depending on context, but countries and territories in the [[Far East]] ([[East Asia]], [[North Asia]], and [[Southeast Asia]]) and [[Oceania]] are often included while countries in [[South Asia]] are also sometimes included. In a wider context, even countries and territories in [[Central Asia]], [[West Asia]] and the [[Pacific Rim|Pacific-adjoining countries]] in the [[Americas]] can be included. For example, the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) includes five economies ([[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], and the [[United States]]) in the [[New World]] (more standardly referred to as the [[Western Hemisphere]]). The term has become popular since the late 1980s in commerce, finance, and politics. Despite the heterogeneity of the regions' economies, most individual nations within the zone are emerging markets experiencing significant growth. Sometimes, the notion of "Asia-Pacific excluding Japan" (APEJ) is considered useful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2019 |title=Digital creativity and innovation lacking in kids in APAC: report |url=https://govinsider.asia/connected-gov/digital-creativity-and-innovation-lacking-in-kids-in-apac-report/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504145756/https://govinsider.asia/connected-gov/digital-creativity-and-innovation-lacking-in-kids-in-apac-report/ |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |access-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| editor-last = Pan
| editor-first = Hui
| date = October 2004
| title = Vonage and Cisco to sell phone equipment
| journal = VoIP Monthly Newsletter
| volume = 2
| issue = 10
| pages = 3
| publisher = Information Gatekeepers Inc
| access-date = 2011-12-15
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAb52_IQIIMC
| quote = APEJ (Asia-Pacific Excluding Japan) and EEMEA (Eastern Europe, Middle East, and Africa) will grow their combined share of this figure from 17 percent to 22 percent during the same period, as North America's share adjusts from 53 percent to 46 percent.
}}</ref>

==Related regions==

*[[Central Asia|Central]] and [[East Asia|Eastern Asia]] (CEA)
*[[East Asia|Eastern Asia]] – some companies separate their Eastern Asian business from the rest of Asia, and refer to the Oriental region separately from the [[West Asia|Western]]/[[Central Asia]] region
*[[North Asia|Northern Asia]]
*[[Oceania]]
*[[Pacific Asia]] – specifically the Pacific-bordering regions of Asia
*[[Southeast Asia|South-eastern Asia]]
*[[South Asia|Southern Asia]]
*[[West Asia|Western Asia]]

== List of countries and territories by subregion ==
In accordance with the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] (ESCAP), the Asia-Pacific region comprises a total of 51 countries and seven territories grouped into five [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific#Subregional offices|subregions]], including five [[regional geography|transregional countries]] which can also be considered parts of the [[Europe, the Middle East and Africa|EMEA]] region.<ref>{{Citeweb|title=List of countries in the Asia-Pacific region and subregions|url=https://data.unescap.org/dataviz/methodology/list-of-countries-in-the-asia-pacific-region-and-subregions.html|access-date=2023-09-29|archive-date=2023-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402094923/https://data.unescap.org/dataviz/methodology/list-of-countries-in-the-asia-pacific-region-and-subregions.html|url-status=live|website=www.unescap.org}}</ref>
===Traditional definition===
* '''[[East Asia|East]] and [[Northeast Asia|North East Asia]] (ENEA)'''
** {{flag|China}} ([[Mainland China|Mainland]])
** {{flag|Hong Kong, China}}
** {{flag|Japan}}
** {{flag|Korea, Democratic People's Republic of}} (North Korea)
** {{flag|Korea, Republic of}} (South Korea)
** {{flag|Macao, China}}
** {{flag|Mongolia}}

* '''[[North Asia|North]] and [[Central Asia]] (NCA)'''
** {{flag|Armenia}}{{NoteTag|[[Regional geography|Transregional country]], it can also be included in the [[Europe, the Middle East and Africa|EMEA]] region.|name="Transregional country"}}
** {{flag|Azerbaijan}}{{NoteTag|name="Transregional country"}}
** {{flag|Georgia}}{{NoteTag|name="Transregional country"}}
** {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
** {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
** {{flag|Russian Federation}}
** {{flag|Tajikistan}}
** {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
** {{flag|Uzbekistan}}

* '''[[South Asia|South]] and [[West Asia|South West Asia]] (SSWA)'''
** {{flag|Afghanistan|2013}}
** {{flag|Bangladesh}}
** {{flag|Bhutan}}
** {{flag|India}}
** {{flag|Iran (Islamic Republic of)}}{{NoteTag|name="Transregional country"}}
** {{flag|Maldives}}
** {{flag|Nepal}}
** {{flag|Pakistan}}
** {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
** {{flag|Türkiye}} (Turkey){{NoteTag|name="Transregional country"}}

* '''[[Southeast Asia|South East Asia]] (SEA)'''
** {{flag|Brunei Darussalam}}
** {{flag|Cambodia}}
** {{flag|Indonesia}}
** {{flag|Lao People's Democratic Republic}}
** {{flag|Malaysia}}
** {{flag|Myanmar}}
** {{flag|Philippines}}
** {{flag|Singapore}}
** {{flag|Thailand}}
** {{flag|Timor-Leste}}
** {{flag|Viet Nam}}

* '''[[Oceania|The Pacific]] (PACIFIC)'''
** {{flag|American Samoa}} ([[United States]])
** {{flag|Australia}}
** {{flag|Cook Islands}}
** {{flag|Fiji}}
** {{flag|French Polynesia}} ([[France]])
** {{flag|Guam}} ([[United States]])
** {{flag|Kiribati}}
** {{flag|Marshall Islands}}
** {{flag|Micronesia (Federated States of)}}
** {{flag|Nauru}}
** {{flag|New Caledonia|local}} ([[France]])
** {{flag|New Zealand}}
** {{flag|Niue}}
** {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}} ([[United States]])
** {{flag|Palau}}
** {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
** {{flag|Samoa}}
** {{flag|Solomon Islands}}
** {{flag|Tonga}}
** {{flag|Tuvalu}}
** {{flag|Vanuatu}}

=== Additional countries and territories by continent ===
In a wider context, the Asia-Pacific region can also comprise the following 31 countries and 12 territories, including two [[regional geography|transregional countries]] which can be considered parts of the [[Europe, the Middle East and Africa|EMEA]] region too.

* '''[[Asia]]'''
** ''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''{{NoteTag|name="Transregional country"}}
** {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} ([[United Kingdom]])
** {{flag|Bahrain}}
** ''{{flag|China, Republic of}} ([[Taiwan Area|Taiwan]])''
** {{flag|Cyprus}}
** {{flag|Iraq}}
** {{flag|Israel}}
** {{flag|Jordan}}
** {{flag|Kuwait}}
** {{flag|Lebanon}}
** ''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''
** {{flag|Oman}}
** {{flag|Palestine}}
*** {{flag|Gaza Strip}}
*** {{flag|West Bank}}
** {{flag|Qatar}}
** {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
** ''{{flag|South Ossetia}} (Alania)''{{NoteTag|name="Transregional country"}}
** {{flag|Syria}}
** {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
** {{flag|Yemen}}

* '''[[North America]]'''
** {{flag|Canada}}
** {{flag|Clipperton Island}} ([[France]])
** {{flag|Costa Rica}}
** {{flag|El Salvador}}
** {{flag|Guatemala}}
** {{flag|Honduras}}
** {{flag|Mexico}}
** {{flag|Nicaragua}}
** {{flag|Panama}}
** {{flag|United States}}

* '''[[Oceania]]'''
** {{flag|Ashmore and Cartier Islands}} ([[Australia]])
** {{flag|Christmas Island}} ([[Australia]])
** {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} ([[Australia]])
** {{flag|Coral Sea Islands}} ([[Australia]])
** {{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} ([[Australia]])
** {{flag|Norfolk Island}} ([[Australia]])
** {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}} ([[United Kingdom]])
** {{flag|Tokelau}} ([[New Zealand]])
** {{flag|United States Minor Outlying Islands}} ([[United States]])
*** {{flag|Baker Island}}
*** {{flag|Howland Island}}
*** {{flag|Jarvis Island}}
*** {{flag|Johnston Atoll|local}}
*** {{flag|Kingman Reef}}
*** {{flag|Midway Atoll|local}}
*** {{flag|Palmyra Atoll}}
*** {{flag|Wake Island|local}}
** {{flag|Wallis and Futuna|local}} ([[France]])

* '''[[South America]]'''
** {{flag|Chile}}
** {{flag|Colombia}}
** {{flag|Ecuador}}
** {{flag|Peru}}

== Economic overview ==
The World Bank's April 2024 update indicates that the growth rate for the Asia-Pacific region, excluding China, is expected to slightly increase to 4.6% in 2024, up from 4.4% in 2023. This underscores a diverse economic resilience against global pressures. Meanwhile, [[international trade|global trade]] growth, which was minimal at 0.2% in 2023, is projected to improve to 2.3% in 2024, crucial for the region's export-oriented economies. However, private investment remains below [[COVID-19 pandemic|pre-pandemic]] levels due to higher debt levels and rising interest rates, signaling a cautious investment climate. The region faces significant challenges from both external factors, such as high core inflation and modest global trade recovery, and domestic issues like increased debt and political uncertainties, potentially hindering economic growth. Additionally, a hypothetical 1% decline in [[gross domestic product|GDP]] growth in the US or China could reduce GDP growth in other developing Asia-Pacific economies by approximately 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively. The increase in trade-distorting measures, which have tripled since 2019 among [[G20|G-20]] countries, reflects a trend towards protective industrial policies, although other eastern Asia-Pacific countries, except for [[China]] and [[Indonesia]], have been less involved in these measures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firm Foundations of Growth: East Asia and Pacific Economic Update, April 2024 |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/east-asia-and-pacific-economic-update |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>World Bank. (2024). ''Firm Foundations of Growth: East Asia and the Pacific Economic Update April 2024''. Retrieved April 11, 2024, from <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-2102-8</nowiki></ref>

== See also ==
* [[Americas]]
* [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC)
* [[Asia Pacific Forum]]
* [[Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada]]
* [[APNIC|Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre]] (APNIC)
* [[Asia Society]]
* [[Asian Century]]
* [[Borders of China#China Rim|China Rim]]
* [[East Asia Summit]]
* [[East–West dichotomy|East-West dichotomy]]
* [[Europe, the Middle East and Africa]] (EMEA)
* [[Free and Open Indo-Pacific]]
* [[Indo-Pacific]]
* [[List of country groupings]] (including AMEA and AMER)
* [[Oceania]]
* [[Pacific Century]]
* [[Pivot to Asia]]
* [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC)
* [[Valeriepieris circle]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.apec.org/ APEC official website]
* [http://www.asiapacific.ca/ The Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada]
* [http://www.apiyn.org/ Asia Pacific Indigenous Youth Network (APIYN)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/default.stm BBC Asia-Pacific] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507112109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/default.stm |date=2010-05-07 }}

{{Asia}}
{{Oceania}}
{{Regions of Asia}}
{{Regions of Oceania}}
{{Regions of the world}}
{{Continents of the world}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Asia-Pacific|*]]
[[Category:Economic regions]]
[[Category:Geographical neologisms]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia|Pacific]]
[[Category:Regions of Oceania]]
[[Category:Regions of North America]]
[[Category:Regions of South America]]

Naane Raja (1956 film)

2026-03-04T04:58:22Z

Majokthefirst: improve details

{{short description|1956 film by R. R. Chandiran}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=August 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naane Raja
| image = Naane Raja 1956 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = E. Appa Rao P. V. Narayanan
| writer = [[Kannadasan]]
| producer = R. R. Chandran
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani]]
| cinematography = R. R. Chandran
| editing = P. V. Narayanan
| music = T. R. Ramnath
| studio = Sri Kalpana Pictures
| distributor = Veeyar Movies<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=15 January 1956 |title=நானே ராஜா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1956-01-15/page/n29/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240918123657/https://archive.org/details/kalki1956-01-15/page/n29/mode/2up |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=28 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1956|01|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Naane Raja''''' ({{translation|{{em|I}} am the king}}) is a 1956 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by R. R. Chandiran. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani]]. It was released on 25 January 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=21 to 30 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417193006/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp3.htm |archive-date=17 April 2015 |access-date=5 September 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=26 January 2019 |title=சிவாஜி... ஜனவரி 26... ரிலீஸ்! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/15882-sivaji-jan-26-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321125057/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/15882-sivaji-jan-26-1.html |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Villalan
* [[T. S. Balaiah]]
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]]
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
* M. K. Mustafa
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Thanajayan
* N. S. Subbaiah
* [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]] (Guest Artist)
* [[E. R. Sahadevan]] (Guest Artist)
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[Sriranjani, Jr.|Sriranjani]] as Thenmozhi
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Mangani
* [[Girija (actress)|Girija]]
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]
* Angamuthu
* Mohana
;Dance
* [[Kumari Kamala]]
* [[Ambika Sukumaran|Ambika]]
{{col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by T. R. Ramnath.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=109 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Mandha Maarudham Thavazhum" || T. M. Soundararajan || K. P. Kamatchisundaram || 03:43
|-
| "Aadar Kalaikkazhagu Sera Pirandhaval" || P. Leela & N. L. Ganasaraswathi ||[[Bharathidasan]]|| 04:28
|-
| "Maalai Sooduven Magizhvaai Aaduven" || Jikki || Lakshumanadas || 01:57
|-
| "Aadhi Andham Illa Arul Jothiye" || T. M. Soundararajan || K. P. Kamatchisundaram || 03:30
|-
| "Sindhu Paadum Thendral Vandhu" || V. N. Sundharam & P. Leela || Kuyilan || 02:16
|-
| "Aanum Pennum Vaazhvinil Inbam" || T. V. Rathnam || K. P. Kamatchisundaram || 02:54
|-
| "Vel Muruga...Aaanai Mugan Thambi" || T. M. Soundararajan & S. C. Krishnan || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass|Thanjai Ramaiah Dass]]|| 02:40
|-
| "Pesuvadhaal Inbam Peruvaar Undo" || T. V. Rathnam || K. P. Kamatchisundaram || 03:18
|-
| "Malai Mudi Thediye...Andhi Vanam Meedhile" || P. Leela || Kuyilan || 03:30
|-
| "O Amma Josiyam...Elelangadi" || A. G. Rathnamala || Thanjai Ramaiah Dass || 03:53
|-
| "Pon Meni Kaatti Unai" || Jikki || Bharathidasan ||
|-
| "Thunbam Yaavum Vaazhvile" || P. Leela || Kuyilan || 03:00
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1956 Indian films]]
[[Category:1956 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dreamz (2000 film)

2026-03-03T21:38:27Z

Majokthefirst: Started article - done

{{For|other films with a similar title|Dreams (disambiguation)#Films}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Dreams
| image = Dreamz4704.jpg
| caption = [[DVD]] Cover
| alt =
| director = [[Shajoon Karyal]]
| producer = Kerala Pictures (Sabu Cherian, M. A. Nishad)
| writer = Babu Janardhan
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = P.Sukumar
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| studio =
| distributor = Kokers, Vismaya, Megastar
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|7|29}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Dreams''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Malayalam mystery thriller film]] directed by [[Shajoon Karyal]]. The film stars [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]. The movie is directed by [[Shajoon Kariyal]] and produced by Kerala Pictures. The music is composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/dreamz.html |title=Indiainfo: Malayalam: Movie Reviews |website=movies.indiainfo.com |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010211005926/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/dreamz.html |archive-date=11 February 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Nirmala Mathan seeks vengeance for the mysterious death of her lover Shiva. Nirmala suspect Dr. Roy, who wanted to marry her.

== Cast ==

* [[Suresh Gopi]] as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Roy P John
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Nirmala Mathen / Anna Anthony Nediyarakala
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Shiva
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Peter [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Srividya]] as Thankam
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Thottathil Mathen, Nirmala's father
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Sugunan
* [[Jagadeesh]] as Pachathullan
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as [[Sub Inspector#India|SI]] Mohammed Basheer
* [[Subair]] as Pappachan (Brother-in-law of Roy)
* [[Reshmi Soman]] as Shyama Narayanan
* Reena as Reetha
* Sindhu as Anupama P John
* [[Jose Pellissery]]
* [[Kazan Khan]]

==Reception==
The film was not a box office success. Despite being technically well-made, Karyal stated that he felt forced to compromise on the climax of the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/11/stories/2006081100560300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825055157/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/11/stories/2006081100560300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2007|title=Destiny's child|date=11 August 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music: [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], Lyrics: [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]. All songs were chartbusters, and the song "Manimuttathavani Panthal" was widely used in memes depicting Suresh Gopi in 2024.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Artist(s) !! Raga(s) !! Length
|-
| "Manimuttathavani panthal"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| [[Darbari Kanada]]
|
|-
| "Ee Parakkum"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|
|
|-
| "Kannil Kaashithumba"
| [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Gayatri Asokan]]
| [[Mohanam]]
|
|-
| "Pakkaala Paadan Vaa"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || [[Kharaharapriya]]||
|-
| "Raathriyil"
| [[Sujatha Mohan]] || Natta || 4:41
|-
| "Vaarthinkal Thellalle"
| [[Swarnalatha]] || Mohanam || 5:13
|-
| "Vaarthinkal Thellalle"
| K. J. Yesudas || Mohanam || 5:13
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2052 ''Dreams''] at the Malayalam Movie Database
* {{IMDb title|id=0217401|title=Dreams}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180606/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/3554/dreams.html OneIndia article]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2000 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shajoon Kariyal]]
[[Category:2000 musical films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{crime-thriller-film-stub}}

Viraraghava copper plate

2026-03-03T17:49:25Z

Majokthefirst: Created Entry

{{Short description|Concessions made by the king of Cranganore to a Syrian Christian merchant}}
{{for|9th century CE copper plates issued by Ayyan Adikal to Mar Sapir Iso|Quilon Syrian copper plates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Viraraghava copper plate
| native_name_lang = Malayalam
| material = Copper
| writing = Early Malayalam
| created = c. 1225 CE; [[Kerala]]
| location = [[Kottayam]]
| image = Viraraghava copper plates (1225 CE).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Viraraghava copper plate
}}
'''Viraraghava copper plate''' (c. 1225 CE<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn= |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=222, 279 and 299 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-early-medieval-in-south-india-9780198069140 |title=The Early Medieval in South India |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |pages=152 and 154}}</ref>) is a medieval Vattezhuthu inscription from central [[Kerala]], southern India, describing the several concessions made by Viraraghava, the ruler of "Makotaiyar Pattinam" (the port of [[Kodungallur]]), to [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] merchant Iravikorttan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Venkayya |first=V. |editor-last=Hultzsch |editor-first=E. |title=Kottayam Plate of Vira-Raghava |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol4/page/n374/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphica Indica (1896-97) |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=4 |pages=290–97}}</ref>

The provisions include multiple commercial rights and aristocratic privileges, such as "the Rights of the [[Manikkiramam|Manigramam Merchant Guild]]", various monopolies, article brokerages and the right to use slave labour.<ref name=":0" /> The record is currently in possession of the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] community in [[Kottayam]].'''<ref name=":0" />'''

== Names ==
The Viraraghava copper plate is often called "Viraraghava copper plate of Cochin". It is also registered as "Kottayam plate of Viraraghava Chakravartin", or simply as the "Syrian Christian copper plate", or the "Iravi Kortann's Plate".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Context ==
The record is engraved on both sides of a single copper-plate in the Vattezhuthu script and a modified form of the Grantha script (22 lines). An image of a conch is engraved about the middle of the left margin of the reverse side of the plate. It is dated to the day of the "Rohini star, a Saturday after the expiration of the twenty-first day of the Solar month of Mina of the year during which the Jupiter was in Makara".'''<ref name=":0" />'''

Manigiramam, along with Anjuvannam and Ainurruvar, was one of major merchant guilds in medieval south India.'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en& |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |editor-last=Karashima |editor-first=Noboru |pages=16–18 |chapter=}}</ref>'''

* Viraraghava "Chakravarti" [sovereign ruler] is described as the descendant of certain Vira Kerala "Chakravarti".'''<ref name=":0" />'''
* The grant was issued from the Great Palace ("the Perum Koyilakam") at Makotaiyar Pattinam.'''<ref name=":0" />'''
* Iravikorttan of "Makotaiyar Pattinam" is described as "the Great Merchant of the [[Kerala|Chera/Kerala]] Land" and the "Lord of the City" ("Nagarattukku Karttavu").'''<ref name=":0" />'''
*The Four Temples (the Nalu Tali) are mentioned.'''<ref name=":0" />'''
* Witnesses mentioned
** Panniyur Village and Sukapuram Village.'''<ref name=":0" />'''
** Venad, Odanadu, Eranad and Valluvanad.'''<ref name=":0" />'''
* The scribe is named - Nampi Chateyan, "the Great [[Goldsmith]] of the Chera Land".'''<ref name=":0" />'''

== Rights and privileges ==
Source: {{Cite journal |last=Venkayya |first=V. |editor-last=Hultzsch |editor-first=E. |title=Kottayam Plate of Vira-Raghava |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol4/page/n374/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphica Indica (1896-97) |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=4 |pages=290–97}}
[[File:Insignia from Viraraghava copper plates - Plate II (1225 CE).jpg|400px|thumb|Insignia from Viraraghava copper plate]]

=== Commercial Rights ===
* Rights of the Manigramam Guild.
* The income that accrues.
* The export trade (?) and the monopoly of trade.
* Monopoly of trade in the four quarters ("the Nalu Cheri").
* Slaves (oilmongers [the Vaniya] and the five classes of artisans [the Kammala]).'''<ref name=":0" />'''
* Brokerage on articles that may be, measured with the para, weighed by the balance (nira), measured with the thread, counted or weighed and all other articles that intermediate, including salt, sugar, musk ("kasturi") and lamp oil.
* Customs levied on these articles between the [<nowiki/>[[Periyar River|Periyar]]] river mouth ("azhi") of [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple|Kodungallur]] and the gate ("gopura"), chiefly between the four temples ("the Nalu Tali") and the village adjacent to each temple.'''<ref name=":0" />'''

=== Aristocratic privileges ===
* The right to construct a gateway with ornamental arch and house pillars.
* The right to issue proclamations.
* The right to use a palanquin and the royal parasol.
* The right to use the "vaduga" drum.
* the right to employ forerunners.
* The right to employ the five musical instruments ("the pancha vadya")
* The right to employ a conch and to use day-time lamp.
* The right to use a cloth spread in front to walk on.
* The right to use festive clothing.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:13th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Vatteluttu]]
[[Category:Malayalam inscriptions]]
[[Category:1225]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]
[[Category:Kerala history inscriptions]]

{{india-hist-stub}}

Nelcynda

2026-03-03T07:14:12Z

Majokthefirst: correct layout additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

'''Nelcynda''' ({{langx|grc|Νέλκυνδα<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82#53 |title=Geographi Graeci: Minores |publisher=Firmin-Didot Et Sociis |year=1882 |editor-last=Müller |editor-first=Karl |volume=1 |location=Paris |pages=53–54 |chapter=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea}}</ref>}}, also '''Nelkynda''') was an early historic [[inland port]] town and settlement located in what is now [[Kerala]], on the [[Malabar Coast]], in southern India.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |author=Selvakumar |first=V. |title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade |publisher=Routledge: Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-138-23480-2 |editor-last=Mathew |editor-first=K. S. |pages=289–90 |chapter=Ancient Ports of Kerala: An Overview |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA275}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Gurukkal |first1=Rajan |last2=Whittaker |first2=Dick |date=2001 |title=In Search of Muziris |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/abs/in-search-of-muziris/EA19B86B91664256F7D97E65B3074AFD |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language= |volume=14 |pages=348–349 |doi=10.1017/S1047759400019978 |issn=1047-7594|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is mentioned by several classical Greco-Roman authors, including [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Ptolemy]], as well as in the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] and on the [[Peutingerian Table]].<ref name=":0" /> No archaeological evidence has been found for Nelcynda.<ref name=":3" /> The port is also not attested in either early Tamil literary works or in [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Ferenczi |first=R. |url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/11295/1/Eo%CC%88tvo%CC%88s%20Lora%CC%81nd%20Tudoma%CC%81nyegyetem_new_2024.pdf |title=An Annotated Translation of the Patiṟṟuppattu and the Political Geography of the Early Cēra Kingdom |publisher=University of Hamburg |editor-last=Wilden |editor-first=E. |location=Hamburg |publication-date=2022 |pages=324–26 |chapter= |editor-last2=Wojtilla |editor-first2=Gyula}}</ref>

Nelcynda is commonly mentioned alongside "Becare", another early historic port on the [[Malabar Coast]], which likely served as its loading site.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":45" /> According to Greco-Roman geographers, Becare, located on the seacoast, was linked to Nelcynda, possibly via an inland river. Ptolemy identified the river on which Nelcynda was situated as the "Baris". The Periplus appears to suggest that both Becare and Nelcynda were located on the same river.<ref name=":0" /> Scholars have also noted that, between the time of [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Ptolemy]], Muziris rose in importance while the ports of Bacare and Nelcynda declined.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Romanis |first=Federico De |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-indo-roman-pepper-trade-and-the-muziris-papyrus-9780198842347 |title=The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198842347 |pages=154–55}}</ref>

The ports of Bacare and Nelcynda are listed as towns under the rule of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya (the Pandiôn) kings]] in the Periplus.<ref name=":3" /> Scholars suggest that Nelcynda may have been under the control of the [[Ay dynasty|Ay (the Aioi) rulers]], a prominent lineage in early historic Kerala, who were traditionally vassals of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya rulers]].<ref name=":7" />

==Variations==
Nelcynda/Nelkynda (Νελκύνδα) is mentioned by various Greco-Roman authors under slightly different names. In [[Ptolemy]]'s work (VII. 1), it appears as "Melkynda" (Μελκύνδα) or Melkyda (Μελκύδα), which he places within the territory of the [[Ay dynasty|Ay rulers]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> The [[Peutingerian Table|Peutingerian Table (XI)]] probably records it as "Nincildae", while the [[Geographer of Ravenna]] refers to it as "Nilcinna".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mahadevan |first=G. |title=Study Points to Ancient Trade Connection in Central Travancore |url=https://www.orientalthane.com/archaeology/news_2008_01_30_3.htm |website=Institute for Oriental Study, Thane}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Talbert |first=Richard J. A. |title=Nincildae: The Peutinger Map |url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/talbert/talbertdatabase/TPPlace2788.html |website=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

In his "[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]", [[Pliny the Elder]] does not recognize the port of Nelcynda, instead referring only to a "gens Neacyndon" or the Neacyndus-people (VI. 26).<ref name=":555">{{Cite book |last=Romanis |first=Federico De |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-indo-roman-pepper-trade-and-the-muziris-papyrus-9780198842347 |title=The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198842347 |pages=147–48}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

According to modern scholars, if the Greco-Roman navigators had properly transliterated the original [[Tamil language|Tamil]] term, interpretations in which "l" and "k" meet must be rejected, as this would result in a stop — e.g., *nil kunram becoming nirkunram ("the Rice Hill"). However, interpretations such as nil-kunram ("the Long Hill") or nil-kuntam ("the Long Lake") are plausible, as they involve the alveolar "l".<ref name=":7" /> Furthermore, it is historically inaccurate to refer to "Nilkantha", "Nilgunda", and similar forms, since the omission of the schwa at word endings was a later development and is not found in the ancient Indian languages.<ref name=":7" />

==Citations==

===''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea''===
{{Main|Periplus of the Erythraean Sea}}
The ports of Bacare and Nelcynda are mentioned as towns under the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya rulers]] in the Periplus. It also states that Nelcynda was located 500 [[Stadion (unit)|stades]] (~ 92 km; by river and sea) from [[Muziris]] and about 22 km from Bacare, which was situated on the coast (i. e., 22 km via the river).<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, it mentions that both Bacare and Nelcynda were situated along the same river.<ref name=":0" /> According to the author of the Periplus, Nelcynda served as the location where ships were unloaded and spent the winter, while Bacare (on the mouth of the river) was used for loading return cargoes. The presence of sandbanks and narrow channels made loading at Nelcynda impractical.<ref name=":85">{{Cite book |last=Romanis |first=Federico De |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-indo-roman-pepper-trade-and-the-muziris-papyrus-9780198842347 |title=The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198842347 |pages=137–38}}</ref>

The author also states that the main centers of commercial activity on the [[Malabar Coast]] were the ports of Muziris and Nelcynda, while the ports of Naura and [[Tyndis]] played a more peripheral role.<ref name=":45">{{Cite book |last=Romanis |first=Federico De |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-indo-roman-pepper-trade-and-the-muziris-papyrus-9780198842347 |title=The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198842347 |pages=86}}</ref>{{quote| Beyond Calliena there are other market-towns of this region; Semylla, Mandagora, Pala patma, Meligara, Byzantium, Togarum and Aurannohoas. Then there are the islands called Sesecrienae and that of the Aegidii, and that of the Caenitae, opposite the place called Chersonesus (and in these places there are pirates) and after this the White Island. Then come Naura and Tyndis, the first markets of Damirica, and then Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance.

Tyndis is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same Kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia. Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and is of another Kingdom, the Pandian. This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea.

There is another place at the mouth of this river, the village of Bacare; to which ships drop down on the outward voyage from Nelcynda, and anchor in the roadstead to take on their cargoes; because the river is full of shoals and the channels are not clear. The kings of both these market-towns live in the interior. And as a sign to those approaching these places from the sea there are serpents coming forth to meet you, black in color, but shorter, like snakes in the head, and with blood-red eyes.|''The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'', 53-55}}

===''The Natural History''===
[[Pliny the Elder]] (c. 23–79 CE) provides a detailed account of voyages to India during the 1st century CE, referring to numerous Indian ports in his work ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|The Natural History]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/index.html |title=The Natural History |publisher=James Eason/The University of Chicago |editor-last=Holland |editor-first=Philemon}}</ref> He notably mentions that the ports of Becare and Nelcynda were preferable to the port of [[Muziris]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

{{quote|But for them that would make a voiage to the Indians, the most commodious place to st forward is Ocelis: for from thence, and with the West wind called Hypalus, they have a passage of fortie daies sailing to the first towne of merchandise in India, called Muziris. Howbeit a port this is, not greatly in request, for the daunger of pirates and rovers, which keepe ordinarily about a place called Hydræ and besides that, it is not richly stored and furnished with merchandise. And more than so, the harborough is farre from the towne, so as they must charge and discharge their ware too and fro in little boats. At the time when I wrote this storie, the king that reigned there, was named Celebothras. But another haven there is more commodious, belonging to the Necanidians, which they cal Becare: the kings name at this present is Pandion: not far off is another town of merchandise within the firme land, called Madusa. As for that region, from whence they transport pepper in small punts or troughes made of one peece of wood, it is named Cotona.}}

==Present location==
Despite references — such as the description of Nelcynda being "about five hundred stadia from Muziris by river and sea" — and other geographical details, the precise location of Nelcynda has yet to be definitively established.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Identification of Nelcynda
!Location
!Author/Source
!Notes
|-
|[[Kottayam]]
|Sastri; 1955, Gurukkal and Whittakker; 2001, and Schoff (and Bacare with [[Purakkad]]<ref name=":3" />)
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Mathew |first1=Alex |last2=Raju |first2=S |date=2006 |title=Inching Towards Nelcynda |url=http://www.marthomacollege.org/downloadables/rational_discourse/rational2008.pdf |journal=Rational Discourse |publisher=Mar Thoma College, Tiruvalla |volume=12(1):5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121201501/http://www.marthomacollege.org/downloadables/rational_discourse/rational2008.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2008 }}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|Kannetri
|Caldwell
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Robert |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/comparativegramm00caldrich/page/n144/mode/1up |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages |publisher=Trubner and Company |year=1875 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=97 |chapter=Earliest Traces of the Dravidian Languages}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kallada|Kallada or Kannetri]] on the [[Kallada River]]
|Yule; 1882
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yule |first=H. |date=1882 |title=Notes on the Oldest Records of the Sea-Route to China from Western Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1800301 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=652–53 |doi= 10.2307/1800301|jstor=1800301 |issn=|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
|Nirkunnam on the [[Meenachil River]]
|Kanakasabhai; 1904
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[Parumala|Nakkada]], or Nakkida near [[Thiruvalla]]<ref name=":3" />
|Gurukkal; 2016
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Kuttoor |date=27 April 2008 |title=Exploring State's Red Sea Trade Links |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[Niranam]] (formerly known as Niganda and Nilarnam)
|Iyengar; 1926 and Casson; 1989 and
IC Chacko; 1979
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[Purakkad]]
|Gurukkal and Whittakker; 2001
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Alappuzha]]
|Gurukkal and Whittakker; 2001
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

=== Kallada/Kannetti ===
Yule (1882) suggested that Nelcynda was probably [[Kallada|Kallada or Kannetti]], noting that this identification matched the description of a port situated on a river.<ref name=":2" />
{{quote|"The absolute identification of the last [Nelkynda] is not easy, but it was probably Kallada, on a river of the same name entering the backwaters, the only navigable river south of Perriar at Cranganore. This is probably the same place as Kannetti, famous in the legendary history of Malabar; and it is still a great entrepot for Travancore pepper, which is sent hence to the ports on the coast for shipment. That Nelkynda cannot have been far from this is clear from the vicinity of the Πυρρὸν ὄρος or ''Red Hill'' of the Periplus, which is mentioned in immediate succession to the mouth of the river of Nelkynda. There can be no question that this is the bar of red laterite which, a short distance south of Quilon, cuts short the backwater navigation, and is thence called the ''Warkallé Barrier''. It forms abrupt cliffs on the sea, without beach, and these cliffs are still known to seamen (as the navigation books show) as the ''Red Cliffs''. This is the only thing like a sea-cliff from Cannanore (or perhaps from Mount d'Ely) to Cape Comorin"||title=Notes on the Oldest Records of the Sea-route to China from Western Asia}}

===Niranam===
The identification of Nelcynda with [[Niranam]] is considered plausible based on its medieval names, "Nikanda" and "Nilarnam", as mentioned in the [[Keralolpathi]] texts.<ref name=":7" /> It is also a popular candidate due to its association with ancient Christian traditions. However, there is a lack of geographical and archaeological evidence to confirm that present-day Niranam functioned as an ancient port.<ref name=":0" />

===Kannettri===
Scholar Robert Caldwell has identified Nelcynda with Kannettri.<ref name=":1" />

{{quote|I content myself with simply noting the following names of places on the Malabar coast. Muziris appears to be the Muyiri of Muyiri-cotta; Tyndis is Tundi; and the Kynda of Nelkynda (or as Ptolemy has it Melkynda, i.e., probably Western Kynda) seems to be Kannettri, the southern boundary of Kerala proper. One MS. of Pliny writes the second part of this word not cyndon, but canidon. The first of these places was identified by Dr Gundert; for the remaining two we are indebted to Dr Burnell.|Robert Caldwell|title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages|source=}}

==In fiction==

* In 2012, Susan Visvanathan published a novella inspired by Nelcynda, titled ''Nelycinda and Other Stories'' (Roli Books).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Visvanathan |first1=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9umBAAAQBAJ&q=Nelycinda+and+other+stories+Roli+books&pg=PP1 |title=Nelycinda and Other Stories |date=2012 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=9789351940258 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Muziris]]
* [[Ay kingdom]]
* [[Kollam]]
* [[Kollam Port]]

[[Category:History of Kerala]]

Thotti Jaya

2026-03-03T04:28:28Z

Majokthefirst: Created New Stub

{{Short description|2005 film by V. Z. Durai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thotti Jaya.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[V. Z. Durai]]
| writer = [[S. Elango]] '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = V. Z. Durai
| story = V. Z. Durai
| producer = [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
| starring = [[Silambarasan]] [[Gopika]] [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]] [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] (1 song)
| studio = [[V. Creations]]
| distributor = [[Kalaipuli Films International]]
| released = {{Film date|2005|09|09|df=yes}}
| runtime = 151 minutes<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/totti-jaya-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zntyynjc|title=Totti Jaya|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thotti Jaya''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]]<ref name=BBFC/> written and directed by [[V. Z. Durai|Durai]] and produced by [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]. The film stars [[Silambarasan]] in the titular role with [[Gopika]] plays the female lead, while [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] (in his Tamil debut) essays a supporting role. The soundtrack was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]] with cinematography by [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]].

The film was released on 9 September 2005 and received positive response from both audience and critics and was a success at the box office.

== Plot ==
Jayachandran is an [[orphan]] working in a hotel as a helper. It is assumed he gets his title name "Thotti Jaya", as he is found in a garbage bin as an [[infant]]. One day he beats and fends off a man who gets into a squabble with the hotel owner. The following night, the hotel owner rewards him with cash and dreads him the next morning. He realises people only respect the people they fear, so he walks out from the hotel and reaches Chennai. He is spotted by Seena Thana and is hired as a henchman. In an incident, Thotti Jaya gets entangled in a political and police trap. To escape from the police, he slips to Calcutta and goes into hiding. Meanwhile, Brinda, a college girl from Kanyakumari, comes to Calcutta on a tour along with her friends. Pimps operating in the red light area of Calcutta take her away. Thotti Jaya accidentally meets Brinda when she tries to escape from the gang. He helps Brinda escape from the gang and takes her safely to Kanyakumari. On her way back home by train, Brinda starts admiring Thotti Jaya's niceties and gradually falls in love with him. When she expresses her desire, Thotti Jaya reciprocates her love, and both decide to enter into wedlock, but little does he know that Brinda is actually Seena Thana's daughter. Thotti Jaya takes Brinda away from her house and earns Seena Thana's wrath. Angered by this, Seena Thana summons his rowdy gangs and plots to bump off Thotti Jaya. How Thotti Jaya accomplishes his hopes of marrying Brinda is told in the remaining part of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Silambarasan]] as Jayachandran a.k.a. Thotti Jaya
*[[Gopika]] as Brinda
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Seena Thana
*[[Vadivukkarasi]]
*[[Cochin Haneefa]]
*[[G. M. Sundar]] as Santhanam
*[[Vincent Asokan]] as Muthu Ganesh
*[[Ceylon Manohar]] as Nagu
*[[G. M. Kumar]] as Hotel Owner
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]]
*[[O. A. K. Sundar]]
*[[Rajendran]] as Henchman
*[[R. D. Rajasekhar]] as a [[gangster]] ([[cameo appearance]])
*[[Linda Arsenio]] as a [[bar dancer]] ([[item number]] in the song "Yaari Singaari")
}}

== Production ==
After completing ''[[Sachein]]'', producer [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] approved a plotline narrated by [[V. Z. Durai]]. Durai wanted [[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]] to play the lead role and also conducted test shoots with him, but the director was not impressed with his performance, so he replaced him with [[Silambarasan]]. Thanu was initially reluctant to have him as the lead actor since Thanu had misunderstandings with his father [[T. Rajendar]] during the time of ''[[Cooliekkaran]]''; he later made up his mind. [[Nayanthara]] was initially selected as the heroine, but she was replaced with [[Gopika]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2013 |title='தொட்டி ஜெயா' படத்தில் கதாநாயகன் வேடத்தில் ஜீவனுக்கு பதில் சிம்பு! |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/10/27231715/thaanu-cinema-history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131030100318/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/10/27231715/thaanu-cinema-history.html |archive-date=30 October 2013 |access-date=29 October 2013 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Thotti Gaja'' was an early title for the film before ''Thotti Jaya'' was confirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2004 |title=Shimbu's next is THOTTI GAJA |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/movienews/morenews146.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203120620/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/movienews/morenews146.html |archive-date=3 December 2009 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Indiainfo}}</ref> The film was launched at [[Sathyam Cinemas]] in July 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13528669|title="Thotti Jaya" launched in style|website=Sify|access-date=30 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040926054949/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13528669|archive-date=26 September 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Silambarasan refused to dub for the film after shooting citing salary problems; the problem was resolved in Tamil Nadu Producers Council.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=தாணுவின் 'தொட்டி ஜெயா' டப்பிங் பேச சிம்பு மறுத்ததால் பிரச்சினை! |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/10/28223828/Thotti-Jaya-film-Simbu-refused.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031044322/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/10/28223828/Thotti-Jaya-film-Simbu-refused.html |archive-date=31 October 2013 |access-date=29 October 2013 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
There are six songs composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], who collaborated with Durai and Silambarasan for the second time. Lyrics are written by [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Thamarai]], [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]. [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], who was first signed as the music director, composed the song titled "Indha Ooru" for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2004 |title=Simbu ready for his next |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024143311/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10004.html |archive-date=24 October 2004 |access-date=5 June 2011 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> This song was not included in the soundtrack album and was credited in the movie title card. It was used only in the Tamil version of the movie and was replaced in Telugu version by the song "Ee Calcutta" composed by Harris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalakanta (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/jalakanta-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/928957517 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411004136/https://music.apple.com/us/album/jalakanta-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/928957517 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>"Yaaridamum" was re-used from Harris's song "Ye Chilipi" from Telugu film ''[[Gharshana]]'', a remake of Tamil film ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'', in which film Harris himself was the music director. The tune and beat of the song "Achu Vellam" is similar to the title song of the [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] film ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), in which film the music director was [[A. R. Rahman]].

{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track-List<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2014 |title=Harris Jeyaraj: Thotti Jaya – Music Streaming – Listen on Deezer |url=https://www.deezer.com/en/album/7424685 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125847/https://www.deezer.com/en/album/7424685 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>
| total_length = 32:13
| title1 = Thotta Poweru Da
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length1 = 4:54
| music1 = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| title2 = Acchu Vellam
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Saindhavi]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length2 = 5:10
| music2 = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| title3 = Uyire En Uyire
| extra3 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Bombay Jayashri]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length3 = 5:28
| music3 = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| title4 = Yaaridamum
| extra4 = [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[Ramesh Vinayagam]]
| lyrics4 = [[Thamarai]]
| length4 = 4:57
| music4 = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| title5 = Yaari Singari
| extra5 = [[Ceylon Manohar]], Karthik, [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
| lyrics5 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| length5 = 5:02
| music5 = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| title6 = Theme
| note6 = [[Instrumental]]
| length6 = 1:34
| music6 = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| title7 = Indha Ooru
| extra7 = [[Mathangi Jagdish]]
| music7 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| lyrics7 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| length7 = 5:08
}}
{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Telugu Track-List<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalakanta |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jalakanta/osKV6DZg58s_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913221809/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jalakanta/osKV6DZg58s_ |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| total_length = 24:03
| title1 = Pyari Singari
| extra1 = Karthik, [[M. M. Srilekha]], Sriram Parthasarathy
| lyrics1 = [[Vanamali]]
| length1 = 5:03
| title2 = Ee Calcutta
| extra2 = Rajya Lakshmi
| lyrics2 = Siva Ganesh
| length2 = 3:27
| title3 = Adda Manadira
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| lyrics3 = Vanamali
| length3 = 4:55
| title4 = Ulike O Chilake
| extra4 = Karthik, Bombay Jayashri
| lyrics4 = Vanamali
| length4 = 5:27
| title5 = Aggilanti Valape
| extra5 = Tippu, [[Saindhavi]]
| lyrics5 = Vanamali
| length5 = 5:11
}}

== Reception ==
Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called Silambarasan as the film's biggest plus and praised his performance while also appreciating Gopika's acting, cinematography and praised Jayaraj's background score but felt his songs did not stay in the mind and added the film did not have separate comedy track which is a relief.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=25 September 2005 |title=தொட்டி ஜெயா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-09-25/page/12/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240106064233/https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-09-25/page/12/mode/2up |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=12 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Silambarasan?s Thottijaya?s premise is promising and interesting in the first half but later it peters out as a violent film reduced to a staple 'masala' formula. Director V.Z.Dorai who has made that memorable Mughavari in the past, gets influenced by Ramgopal Varma style of underworld stories. The story is reminiscent of Satya in the first half but Dorai lacks sheer grit and the film ends up as a stock revenge drama with mindless action and item numbers".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2005 |title=Thottijaya |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thottijaya-review-tamil-pclvMndjdaejd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122161417/http://www.sify.com/movies/thottijaya-review-tamil-pclvMndjdaejd.html |archive-date=22 January 2017 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' wrote "Altogether, Totti Jaya is a movie mixed with action and emotions in a right manner!"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Totti Jaya |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Reviews/reviews1/thottijaya/moviereview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424013754/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Reviews/reviews1/thottijaya/moviereview.html |archive-date=24 April 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciated the cinematography but criticised the story for lacking newness and added, "The screenplay of the first half of `Thotti Jaya' is refreshing. But the film flounders as the climax nears".<ref name="ThottiJaya">{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 September 2005 |title=Friction not unusual |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/16/stories/2005091602710200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226060208/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/16/stories/2005091602710200.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}
[[Vijay Chandar]]'s film ''[[Sangathamizhan]]'', having [[Vijay Sethupathi]] in the lead role, had a scene in which comedian [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] was shown to imitate the gangster look of black along with ''Thotti Jaya'' songs played.

== Sequel ==
During an interview in 2022, Durai announced that he already completed the script for the sequel.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhFPpvE17Oc |title=Simbu's Next Movie with V.Z.Durai {{!}} Thotti Jaya 2 {{!}} Sundar.C |date=23 February 2022 |language=ta |publisher=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216110843/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhFPpvE17Oc |archive-date=16 February 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{V. Z. Durai}}

[[Category:2000s gangster films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 action films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Z. Durai]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
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[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ichum Lairembi

2026-03-02T22:32:24Z

Majokthefirst: put up new info

{{Short description|Goddess in Sanamahism}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Meitei
| name = Ichum Lairembi
| deity_of = Khurkhul Village
| member_of = [[Lairembi]]
| image =
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| affiliation = [[Sanamahism]]
| cult_center = [[Khurkhul]]
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| gender = Female
| Greek_equivalent =
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| equivalent1_type =
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| equivalent2_type =
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| region = [[Manipur]]
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei people|Meitei]]
| festivals = [[Lai Haraoba]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Meitei mythology}}
{{Sanamahism}}
'''Ichum Lairembi''' {{Meitei|ꯏꯆꯨꯝ ꯂꯥꯢꯔꯦꯝꯕꯤ}} is a goddess in [[Sanamahism]], the indigenous religion of [[Manipur]]. Her major cult centre of worship is located in [[Chakpa Khurkhul]] (Lois).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/jun-15-2015-4.pdf|title=ইচুম লাইরেম্বী|website=hueiyenlanpao.com|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/jun-11-2015-2.pdf|title=খুরখুলগী ইচুম লাইরেম্বী ইমাগী যৌগল|website=hueiyenlanpao.com|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&dq=ichum+lairembi&pg=PA54|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|pages=54|language=en}}</ref>

== Legends ==
According to legends, the power of Ichum Lairembi resides at Maram Thingbang Ngambi, which is why all the offerings brought to Ichum Lairembi are offered there.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

In a legend, Princess [[Thoibi]] of [[Ancient Moirang]] was once ordered by the King of Moirang to throw an [[egg]]. So, she and her slaves proceeded to a journey to carry on the task. The egg they brought fell on ground and got broken at the area of Goddess ''Ichum Lairembi'' in [[Khurkhul]]. From that time onwards, they started to live in the place and celebrate [[Lai Haraoba]] festival to please Goddess ''Ichum Lairembi''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&dq=ichum+lairembi&pg=PA16|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|pages=16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkMwAQAAIAAJ&q=ichum+lairembi|title=Politics, Society, and Cosmology in India's North East|last=Brara|first=N. Vijaylakshmi|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564331-2|pages=115|language=en}}</ref>

== Festival ==
Every year, the villagers offer their yearly harvest to the goddess which the villagers call the ceremony as [[CHAKLONG KATPA]]. On this very day, the villagers offer paddy, vegetables, sweets, etc. One of the most sacred practice performed on the day is [[SAIREN KATPA]] (a sacrifice usually, a pig). What made it so special about it is, the pig, during the sacrifice should not squeal. If it squeal, it is considered a bad sign for the year. Every year, boys above 21Years of age are newly registered as the member to serve the goddess, the practice is called [[THOU CHANBA]].

The sacred [[Lai Haraoba]] festival is celebrated in honor Goddess Ichum Lairembi.({{langx|omp|Ichum Lailempi}}). Among the places of celebrations of the holy festival, [[Khurkhul]] is the predominant one.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[Irai Leima]]
* [[Irai Ningthou]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.462213/2015.462213.The-Geography-Of-Manipur_djvu.txt The Geography Of Manipur_INTERNET ARCHIVE]
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-DaAAAAMAAJ&q=ichum+lairembi|title=Biodiversity Conservation and Legal Aspects|last=Gupta|first=Dr Asha|date=2007|publisher=Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors|isbn=978-81-7910-187-2|language=en}}
* Registrar, India Office of the (1976). Census of India, 1971: A-10:B. District census handbook. Town & village directory. Primary census abstract [name of district. Controller of Publications.
* Manipur, India Director of Census Operations (1973). District Census Handbook: Manipur Central District. Census Operations, Manipur.
{{Sanamahi1}}

[[Category:Meitei goddesses]]

Robert Ryder

2026-02-26T20:53:38Z

Majokthefirst: further reworked content after review additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|British naval officer (1908–1986)}}
{{Distinguish|Robert Edward Ryder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]]
| name = Robert Ryder
| honorific-suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100%|VC}}
| image = Robert Edward Dudley Ryder.gif
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Merton and Morden (UK Parliament constituency)|Merton and Morden]]
| term_start = 23 February 1950
| term_end = 6 May 1955
| predecessor = Constituency created
| successor = [[Humphrey Atkins]]
| birth_name = Robert Edward Dudley Ryder
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1908|02|16}}
| birth_place = [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|06|29|1908|02|16}}
| death_place = At sea off [[Guernsey]]
| signature =
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives = See [[Earl of Harrowby|Ryder family]]
| education =
| allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| branch = {{navy|United Kingdom}}
| serviceyears = 1926–1950
| rank = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]]
| commands = {{HMS|Opportune|G80|6}} (1944–45) [[HMS Prince Philippe|HMS ''Prince Philippe'']] (1941) {{HMS|Fleetwood|U47|6}} (1940–41) [[HMS Edgehill (X39)|HMS Edgehill ex ''Willamette Valley'']] (1939–40)
| battles = {{Tree list}}
* [[Second World War]]
** [[St Nazaire Raid]]
** [[Dieppe Raid]]
** [[Normandy landings]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| mawards = [[Victoria Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (3) [[Polar Medal]] [[Légion d'honneur]] (France) [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Croix de guerre]] (France)
}}
[[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] '''Robert Edward Dudley Ryder''' {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100%|VC}} (16 February 1908 – 29 June 1986) was a [[Royal Navy]] officer and a British recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. He became a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] after retiring from the navy.

==Early life==
Ryder was born in [[British India|India]] in 1908 to Colonel [[Charles Henry Dudley Ryder]], [[Surveyor General of India]], and Ida Josephine Grigg. He was a great-grandson of the Right Reverend [[Henry Ryder]], youngest son of [[Nathaniel Ryder, 1st Baron Harrowby]]. Ryder had two brothers; both were killed in the [[Second World War]]. Lisle Charles Dudley Ryder was killed in the [[Le Paradis massacre]] of 1940 in France.<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2279645 CWGC entry for Lisle Charles Dudley Ryder]</ref> Ernle Terrick Dudley Ryder died in captivity after the [[Battle of Singapore|defence of Singapore]]. Ryder was educated at [[Hazelhurst School]] and [[Cheltenham College]] before he entered the [[Royal Navy]] in 1926.<ref name="Janus">{{cite web|title=The Papers of Robert Ryder|url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1796|publisher=Churchill Archives Centre, University of Cambridge|accessdate=2008-07-02}}</ref>

==Naval career==
Ryder served on several ships throughout his career. He served as a [[midshipman]] on the [[battleship]] {{HMS|Ramillies|07|6}} from 1927 to 1929. As a [[Lieutenant (Royal Navy)|lieutenant]] he served in the [[submarine]] {{HMS|Olympus|N35|6}} as part of the 4th Flotilla in China from 1930 to 1933. Ryder also commanded several expeditions. This included captaining the ketch ''Tai-Mo-Shan'' on a 16,217 mile voyage from [[Hong Kong]] to [[Dartmouth, England]] during 1933–1934. Investigative work by [[ The Times|the Times of London]] in 2007 found that the voyage was more than a great yachting exploit. The young naval officers were spying on Imperial Japanese Navy anchorages in the Kurile Islands to survey the isles for potential Allied submarine bases for an attack on the Japanese Navy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Tai-Mo-Shan - an interesting yacht with a secret. |url=https://forums.sailinganarchy.com/threads/tai-mo-shan-an-interesting-yacht-with-a-secret.240545/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Sailing Anarchy Forums |language=en-US}}</ref> ''That same base in the Kurile Islands was later used for the attack on Pearl Harbor.''<ref>{{Citation |title=Attack on Pearl Harbor |date=2024-05-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor&oldid=1224836025 |access-date=2024-05-22 |language=en}}</ref> The yacht Tai-Mo-Shan was resold and repaired numerous times and later reached a wider audience when she starred in the box office hit Mama Mia in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyric-Hughes |first=Steffan |date=2018-12-18 |title=Mamma Mia yacht in peril |url=https://www.classicboat.co.uk/news/mama-mia-yacht-in-peril/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Classic Boat Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

From 1934 to 1937 he captained the schooner ''[[Penola (yacht)|Penola]]'' during the [[British Graham Land Expedition]] in [[Antarctica]].<ref name="Janus" />

When the [[Second World War]] started, Ryder was serving as a [[lieutenant commander]] on {{HMS|Warspite|03|6}}. In 1940, he was promoted to [[commander]] of the [[Q-ship]] {{HMS|Edgehill|X739|6}} which was sunk on the 29th of June 1940, torpedoed three times by German submarine U51 in the Atlantic, 200 miles west of Ireland; Ryder was adrift for four days before rescue by an off course convoy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tillie, Arnold Bertram Kingsley (Oral history) |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80011768 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= HMS Willamette Valley (X 39) (British Special service vessel) - Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII - uboat.net|url=https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/394.html |website=Uboat.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nwilliams |date=2009-08-31 |title="RFA" Edgehill |url=https://historicalrfa.uk/rfa-edgehill/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Historical RFA |language=en-GB}}</ref> After his recovery in hospital, he was appointed commander of the [[sloop of war|sloop]] {{HMS|Fleetwood|U47|6}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dorrian |first=James G |title=Storming St Nazaire |publisher=Leo Cooper |isbn=0850524199 |date=1998}}</ref>{{rp|33}} In early 1941, he went on to captain the ''Prince Philippe'' a cross-channel steamer converted to a Commando ship, which sank after a collision in the [[Firth of Clyde]]. Ryder, now a [[Commander (Royal Navy)|commander]], led the [[St Nazaire Raid]], codenamed Operation Chariot, on 28 March 1942. This was a successful operation to destroy the "Normandie Dock" in the German naval base in the town. The stated aim of the operation was to deny large German ships, particularly the [[German battleship Tirpitz|German battleship ''Tirpitz'']], a base on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.631 |title=HMS ''Campbeltown'' Commemorates the Raid on St Nazaire 28 March 1942 |publisher=Royal Navy |accessdate=2008-07-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109045540/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.631 |archivedate=9 January 2007 }}</ref> For his actions during this operation he was one of five people awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for valour of the British Empire.

===Victoria Cross===
The official citation:

{{blockquote|The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the award of the Victoria Cross for daring and valour in the attack on the German Naval Base at St. Nazaire, to: 
Commander Robert Edward Dudley Ryder, Royal Navy.

For great gallantry in the attack on St Nazaire. He commanded a force of small unprotected ships in an attack on a heavily defended port and led H.M.S. ''Campbeltown'' in under intense fire from short range weapons at point blank range. Though the main object of the expedition had been accomplished in the beaching of ''Campbeltown'', he remained on the spot conducting operations, evacuating men from ''Campbeltown'' and dealing with strong points and close range weapons while exposed to heavy fire for one hour and sixteen minutes, and did not withdraw till it was certain that his ship could be of no use in rescuing any of the Commando Troops who were still ashore. That his [[Motor Gun Boat]], now full of dead and wounded, should have survived and should have been able to withdraw through an intense barrage of close range fire was almost a miracle.<ref name=VCref>{{London Gazette |issue=35566 |date=19 May 1942 |page=2225 }}</ref>}}

His medal is held by the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/cciwm.htm |title=Victoria Crosses held by the IWM |publisher=VictoriaCross.org |accessdate=2008-07-02}}</ref>

===Later naval career===
Ryder took part in the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] attack on the German-occupied port of [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe, Seine-Inférieure]] on the northern coast of France on 19 August 1942. The [[Dieppe Raid]] was a failure, but it helped influence planning for [[Operation Overlord]], the landings on D-Day. Ryder achieved a final rank of [[Captain (naval)|captain]] in 1948 and later served as naval [[attaché]] in [[Oslo]].<ref name=Janus/>

== Personal life ==
Ryder married Constance Hilaré Myfanwy Green-Wilkinson on 26 April 1941 at St Pater's Church, Cranbourne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |orig-date=January 2022 |date=February 2024 |title=DFB |url=https://falklandsbiographies.org/biographies/ryder_robert |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=falklandsbiographies.org}}</ref> Hilaré's father (the Reverend Lumley Green-Wilkinson) was the Vicar of the parish of Ascot, and at one time had been the chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury. Robert and Hilaré were married by Cosmo Lang, the Archbishop of Canterbury.

The Ryders had two children - Lisle (b 1943) who also joined the Royal Navy, before being ordained priest in the Church of England, and eventually becoming a Canon of Worcester Cathedral - and Susan (b 1944). who became a successful portraitist and painter. In 1981 she was commissioned by the Prince of Wales to paint Princess Diana in her wedding dress.

==Later life==
Following his naval career, he stood for election to the House of Commons as the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] candidate for [[Merton and Morden (UK Parliament constituency)|Merton and Morden]] at the [[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950 general election]]. He was elected and served as the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for five years.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=39372 |date=30 October 1951 |page=5665 }}</ref> From 1955 to 1959 Ryder was Managing Director John Lewis Partnership. In 1962 Ryder was appointed to the management committee of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI). He served until 1974, thereafter becoming a Life Vice-President.<ref name=":0" />

In 1964 the Ryders retired to live in the Old Rectory at [[Wolferton]], on the Queen’s Sandringham estate, in Norfolk. They were regularly guests of the Royal Family, and Robert occasionally joined shooting parties on the estate.<ref name=":0" />

In 1977 the Ryders moved from Norfolk to Inkpen, near Newbury. Ryder’s wife Hilaré died on 19 September 1982. Ryder himself died on 29 June 1986, whilst on the yacht ''Watchdog'' during a sailing trip to France. He is buried in Headington Crematorium, Oxford.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/oxfordsh.htm |title=Victoria Cross recipients burial locations: Oxfordshire |publisher=VictoriaCross.org |accessdate=2008-07-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604150209/http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/oxfordsh.htm |archivedate=4 June 2008 }}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Victoria Cross]]; [[London Gazette|gazetted]] 19 May 1942<ref name=VCref/>
* [[Légion d'honneur]]
* [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|Croix de guerre]]
* 3 [[Mentioned in Despatches|Mentions in despatches]]:
** 2 October 1942<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35729 |date=2 October 1942 |page=4325 |supp=y }}</ref>
** 10 November 1944<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36794 |date=10 November 1944 |page=5218 |supp=y }}</ref>
** 15 December 1944<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36846 |date=15 December 1944 |page=5807 |supp=y }}</ref>
* [[Polar Medal|Polar Medal with clasp]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
;General
* ''[[British VCs of World War 2]]'' (John Laffin, 1997)
* ''[[Monuments To Courage]]'' (David Harvey, 1999)
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]'' (This England, 1997)
* E.J. Ryder, Antoni Chmielowski

==Further reading==
* Hopton, Richard. ''Reluctant Hero: The Life of Captain Robert Ryder VC''.

==External links==
* {{hansard-contribs | captain-robert-ryder | Robert Ryder }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070513150108/http://www.dhs.kyutech.ac.jp/~ruxton/OC_victoria_crosses.html Robert RYDER of Cheltenham College]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041028141333/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/oxfordsh.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Oxfordshire)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010202090200/http://www.ships.co.uk/royalnavy/destroy/ww2/class/stnazair.htm HMS Campbeltown and the Raid on St. Nazaire] ''(detailed description of the action)''
* [http://www.stnazairesociety.org/ The St. Nazaire Society (Operation Chariot)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-new | constituency}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Merton and Morden (UK Parliament constituency)|Merton and Morden]]
| years = [[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950]]–[[1955 United Kingdom general election|1955]]
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Humphrey Atkins]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ryder, Robert Edward Dudley}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Naval attachés for the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People educated at Cheltenham College]]
[[Category:Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Polar Medal]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War II]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1950–1951]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1951–1955]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Ryder family|Robert]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]
[[Category:Royal Navy captains]]

Venkatagiri Raja High School

2026-02-22T11:28:07Z

Majokthefirst: Created A Info

{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

{{Infobox school
| name = Venkatagiri Raja High School (V R High School)
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
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| established = 1875
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| type = High School
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| head_label = Second Master
| head =
| head_name2 = Assistant Headmaster
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| founder = [[Venkatagiri Estate]] Rajas
| chaplain =
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| address = Pogathota
| city = [[Nellore]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
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| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|14.44708|79.98269|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| latitude =
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| free_label1 = Founding vice chairman
| free_text1 = [[Enugu Sundara Rami Reddy]]
| free_label2 = Founding director
| free_text2 = K. Ramalinga Reddy
| free_label3 = Founding Principal
| free_text3 = [[Sunku Narayana Swamy Chetty]]
| test_name =
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'''Venkatagiri Raja High School''' (V R High School) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sakshieducation.com/Schools/HIGH/NLR/Venkatagiri.pdf| title=Nellore School list}}</ref> is a co-education high school in [[Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It was established in 1875.

==History==
Source:<ref name="An Historical Sketch of Venkatagiri Rajas High School, Nellore 1910 p. ">{{cite book | title=An Historical Sketch of Venkatagiri Raja's High School, Nellore | publisher=Secretary, V.R.H. School-Day Association | year=1910 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUZzNwAACAAJ | access-date=2018-04-14 }}</ref>

During late 19th Century, There was only one High school named Free Church Mission High school in [[Nellore]] which was established and maintained by Christian Missionary. According to then District Collector Vans Agnew, Nellore citizens were against educating their children in a [[Christians|Christian]] missionary school and exposing them to Christian teachings.<ref>This is evident from 7 August 1873 note from the previous District Collector Mr. [[Vans Agnew]]’s to D.P.I. [Director Of Public Instruction], which reads as follows – "I think that Nellore has been placed at un-deserved disadvantage in comparison to other districts in respect of State Education. We ought to have a Government Zilla School at [[Nellore]] itself….Nellore parents do not feel themselves practically forced to send their sons to hear Xian (Sic) prayers daily from a master, who avowed object is to proselytize them, without an acute consciousness of loss of self-respect and a feeling of reproach towards the Government."</ref>

In 1873, [[Nellore mandal]]’s first graduate, [[Sunku Narayana Swamy Chetty]], joined the missionary school as head master. He resigned from this position in 1875 due to differences with school's principal, Reverend John MacMillan. Chetty's resignation had further catalyzed the Nellore citizens to start a new Hindu School.<ref name="Staff Madras 1942 p. 213">{{cite book | last1=Staff | first1=Government Of Madras | last2=Madras | first2=G. | title=Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Upto 1938 | publisher=Asian Educational Services | series=Madras district gazetteers | year=1942 | isbn=978-81-206-1851-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qx-smrZLyUC&pg=PA213 | access-date=2018-04-14 | page=213}}</ref> Later in 1875, Chetty went to [[Krishnapatnam]] to meet a collector who was conducting a Jamabandhi camp there. Some district employees convinced Chetty to take the initiative and start a Hindu school. At the next town hall in Nellore, construction of Hindu school and appointment of Chetty as its head master was authorized.

=== Hindu mission inauguration ===
On 3 May 1875, Hindu Anglo Vernacular School was inaugurated. Along with Chetty as head master, five other teachers were appointed. The school attracted 152 students in the first year.

=== Rivalry with FCM School ===
With Swamy's efforts, the school grew. People called the school B.A. gari paatasala meaning Mr.B.A.’s school. There were hurdles; FCM school officials had developed personal hatred of Swamy and lodged allegations of unfair competition and incompetent staff. An inspector conducted an inquiry and condemned the allegations. Barrow succumbed to the pressure of FCM school's <ref name="the madras university calendar 1877 p. 289">{{cite book | title=the madras university calendar | year=1877 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uANAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA289 | access-date=2018-04-14 | page=289}}</ref> principal Macmillan and called for a town hall to discuss the necessity of second high school. In-charge collector T. Von D. Hardings <ref name="Madras Land Revenue Reports... 1877 p. 6-PA40">{{cite book | title=Madras Land Revenue Reports... | publisher=Board of Revenue | series=Madras Land Revenue Reports | year=1877 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MfwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA6-PA40 | access-date=2018-04-14 | page=6-PA40}}</ref> presided over this town hall, which recommended that there was no need for a second school of higher education in Nellore. After a second collector took over the investigation, the need for second school was justified and a grant was recommended. After further legal maneuvers,<ref name="APPENDICES A. AND C. TO REPORT ON PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY 1877 p. 1-PR137">{{cite book | title=APPENDICES A. AND C. TO REPORT ON PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY | year=1877 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W44IAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PR137 | access-date=2018-04-14 | page=cxxvii| author1=Authority }}</ref> the school's grant was stopped. As a last resort, the committee approached Madras Governor Duke of Buckingham and pleaded for his help to no avail. As the financial condition of the school deteriorated, the school started taking donations to close the deficit. Based on the recommendation of Nellore Catholic Priest Rev. C.R. Mitchel, Madras Roman Catholic Bishop agreed to send a donation of Rs. 10/- per month, but the financial troubles continued. Chetty sacrificed his position in 1878 and continued to work persistently for the growth of the school, which resulted in school being recognized in 1879 and receiving government grants from that year.

=== Acquisition of premises ===
The school was opened in a rented house near the city's Collector office. Space considerations led to several location changes until a permanent location was found. On 27 February 1879 Haji Mohammad Rahimtulla, Ex-Diwan of [[Venkatagiri estate]]<ref name="Branson 1882 p. 85">{{cite book | last=Branson | first=R.M.A. | title=Digest of Indian Law Reports and Law Reports Indian Appeals: To December 1883 | publisher=Printed at the Education Society's Press | series=Digest of Indian Law Reports and Law Reports Indian Appeals: To December 1883 | issue=v. 2 | year=1882 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwgSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA85 | access-date=2018-04-14 | page=85}}</ref> purchased the present V R College premises in a court auction. He donated the facilities to Hindu High School and it was registered in the school's name on 24 November 1879. Rahimutulla continued as a school committee member until his retirement in 1886.

=== Change of name ===
The financial condition of the school was not improving. Venkatagiri Raja purchased a Government bond for Rs. 15,000/- with the condition that the school should be named for him. In 1887 the buildings were in a bad state and the government grant was stopped. Raja's help was again requested; he gave a Rs. 5000/- donation and another Rs.5000/- as a loan which was later fully paid. With this money repairs were completed and three new classrooms were constructed. This new block was inaugurated by Madras Governor Lord Connemara on 12 November 1888.<ref name="Staff Madras 1942 p. 213">{{cite book | last1=Staff | first1=Government Of Madras | last2=Madras | first2=G. | title=Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Upto 1938 | publisher=Asian Educational Services | series=Madras district gazetteers | year=1942 | isbn=978-81-206-1851-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qx-smrZLyUC&pg=PA213 | access-date=2018-04-14 | page=213}}</ref> The government grant was restarted in 1889, and as an additional financial security to the school, management purchased ten shares in Nellore Permanent Fund in 1900. In 1901, the school received legal status as a registered society under XXI law of 1860. In 1901, [[Abdul Kareem Khan]] Saheb had donated a house worth Rs.2000/- to run a branch school. In 1902, Madras Governor Lord Ampthill visited the school and participated in a prize distribution ceremony. On this occasion, the foundation stone was laid for a new block. The room next to the East Hall on the North Side was built by Raja [[Velugoti Krishna Yachendra]] [[Velugoti Dynasty]] Bahadur (younger brother of Venkatagiri Raja) at a cost of Rs. 11,300/-.

== Branch schools ==
A branch school was started in town in 1889, which was re-merged with the parent school after few years. In 1905, another school in town by the name of Akkaraju Raghavaiah Primary School became a branch school. It was also merged with parent school in October 1908. In May 1908, another branch school was opened in Ranganayakula Pet of Nellore but was closed in 1909 due to financial troubles. Between 1912 and 1928, the Mutharaju Subbaramaiah School in Chinna Bazar Nellore was made a branch school and became popular among locals of that area. As the school's popularity and reputation increased, the number of students increased and classes were conducted in semi-permanent rooms that were constructed on the North side of the play ground.

== Building ==
Construction of the present school building was started in 1950 and by 1964 high school classes were shifted to the new building. Enuga Sundara Rami Reddy <ref name="India 1953 p. ">{{cite book | title=India | publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. | year=1953 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyJEAAAAIAAJ | access-date=2018-04-14 }}</ref> had personally supervised the construction of the building from the foundation stage. He completed the entire building except for two rooms prior to his illness and death in 1961.

Based on the recommendations of the Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar Committee, a seven-year secondary school education system was introduced in the state. The high school was upgraded to Higher Secondary School in 1960 and classes from grade VI to grade XII were introduced. The first batch of grade XII students passed out from the school in 1961 under the leadership of K.Ramalinga Reddy as Head Master. During his era, an incomplete building on the northeast side of the grounds was completed. There was a gradual improvement in the H.S.L.C exam results and by 1968, it reached 83% - a record in the school's history. An English medium was started in the school, which further attracted students.

In 1966-69, the government of Andhra Pradesh had introduced an Integrated Syllabus.<ref name="Education Education Culture 1969 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Education | first1=India. Bureau of | last2=Education | first2=India. Ministry of | last3=Culture | first3=India. Ministry of Education and | title=Education in India | publisher=Government of India, Central Publication Branch | year=1969 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5BMAAAAYAAJ | access-date=2018-04-14 | page=6}}</ref> In line with this the government proposed converting the high school into a junior college by having five years of secondary education, two years of intermediate and three years of degree education all under the same umbrella. As there was already a first grade college under the control of the same management committee, the proposal was declined. This resulted in the school being downgraded to a secondary school.

== Library ==
The school's library was first established in 1875 by donated books. At present, the library holds more than 10,000 books spread across Telugu, English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu languages. There are more than 100 encyclopedias. A reading room attached to the library is frequented by students during their recess periods.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wW1AAAAIAAJ |title=Family History of Venkatagiri Rajas|last1=Sastri |first1=Alladi Jagannatha |year=1922 }}

{{Schools in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Private schools in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Nellore district]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1875]]

India–South Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement

2026-02-20T08:27:53Z

Majokthefirst: put up new pg...

{{Short description|Free trade agreement between India and South Korea}}
{{Infobox Geopolitical organization
| conventional_long_name = India–South Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
| native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ko|대한민국-인도 포괄적 경제동반자 협정}}}}
| image_map = India South Korea Locator.png
| map_width = 250px
| languages_type = Languages
| languages = {{hlist |[[English language|English]]|[[Korean language|Korean]]}}
| org_type = [[Free-trade agreement|Free trade agreement]]
| membership_type = Member states
| membership = {{unbulleted list |{{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[India]] |{{flagicon image|Flag of South Korea.svg}} [[South Korea]]}}
| established = {{start date and age|2010|1|1}}<ref name="aric.adb.org">{{Cite web|url=https://aric.adb.org/fta/india-korea-comprehensive-economic-partnership-agreement|title=India-Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement Free Trade Agreement|website=Asian Regional Integration Center|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_km2 = 3,386,983
| population_estimate = 1,401,511,167
| population_estimate_year = 2019
| population_density_km2 = 413.8
| official_website = {{URL|http://www.fta.go.kr/main/situation/kfta/lov5/in/}}
{{URL|http://www.indembassyseoul.gov.in/page/cepa/}}
}}

The '''India–South Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement''', also referred to as the '''India–South Korea Free Trade Agreement''', is a [[free trade agreement]] between [[India]] and [[South Korea]].<ref name="JoongAng">{{cite news|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2908164|title=India to sign trade deal next week|last=Moon|first=Gwang-lip|author2=Lee Sang-ryeul|date=2009-07-31|publisher=[[JoongAng Daily]]|accessdate=2009-08-15}}</ref>
The agreement was signed on August 7, 2009.<ref name="ap">{{Cite news
| last = Olsen
| first = Kelly
| title = South Korea, India sign free trade agreement
| agency = Associated Press
| accessdate = 2009-08-21
| date = 2010-08-07
| url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gJByB7TxyFlA54GnWFaU5A57k5nwD99TVT180
}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref> The signing ceremony took place in [[Seoul, South Korea|Seoul]] and the agreement was signed by the Indian Commerce Minister, [[Anand Sharma]] and South Korean Commerce Minister, Kim Jong-Hoon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=av9jDUOA5nQU|title=South Korea, India Agree to Cut Tariff to Boost Trade |last=Koo|first=Heejin|date=2009-08-07|publisher=Bloomberg News|accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref> The negotiations took three-and-a-half years, with the first session being held in February 2006. The agreement was passed in the [[National Assembly of South Korea|South Korean parliament]] on 6 November 2009.<ref name="arirang">{{cite news|url=https://www.arirang.co.kr/News/News_View.asp?nseq=96945&code=Ne2|date=2009-11-06|title=Korea-India CEPA Ratified by Parliament|newspaper=[[Arirang News]]|publisher=[[Korea International Broadcasting Foundation]]|accessdate=2014-04-11|url-status=dead|archivedate=2014-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411150424/https://www.arirang.co.kr/News/News_View.asp?nseq=96945&code=Ne2}}</ref> It was passed in the [[Indian parliament]] the next week.<ref name="JoongAng" /> Once passed, the agreement came into effect sixty days later, on January 1, 2010.<ref name="aric.adb.org">{{Cite web|url=https://aric.adb.org/fta/india-korea-comprehensive-economic-partnership-agreement|title=India-Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement Free Trade Agreement|website=Asian Regional Integration Center|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref> It is equivalent to a [[free trade agreement]].<ref name="JoongAng" /> The agreement will provide better access for the Indian service industry in South Korea. Services include [[Information technology]], engineering, finance, and the legal field.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Indians-to-get-easy-short-term-visas-from-Korea/articleshow/4902847.cms|title=Indian professionals to get easy short-term visas from Korea|date=2009-08-19|publisher=Economic Times|accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref> South Korean car manufactures will see large tariffs cuts to below 1%.<ref name="business line">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/08/08/stories/2009080851720100.htm|title=India, Korea agree to cut tariffs to boost trade ties |date=2009-08-07|publisher=Hindu Business Line|accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref> All the while, Korean corporations have flooded India with cheaper imports of raw metal, steel and finished products.

The agreement will ease restrictions on foreign direct investments. Companies can own up to 65% of a company in the other country.<ref name="business line" /> Both countries avoided issues over agriculture, fisheries, and mining and choose not to decrease tariffs in those areas. This was due to the very sensitive nature of these sectors in the respective countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/07/content_11844670.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211051503/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/07/content_11844670.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 11, 2010|title=S. Korea, India sign bilateral trade agreement |last=Haejung |first=Na|date=2009-08-07|publisher=Xinhua|accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref> Trade between India and South Korea was $15.6 billion in 2008. This is a major increase from 2002, when the total trade amount was $2.6 billion.<ref name="ap" /> The [[Korea Institute for International Economic Policy]] believes the agreement will increase trade between the two countries by $3.3 billion.<ref name="JoongAng" />

== Negotiation and Establishment (2005 – 2009) ==
In January 2005, both parties formed a Joint Study Group to assess the viability of a free trade agreement between the two nations. During the following four years, the Joint Study Group studied the existing $7.1 billion trade between the two nations and negotiated a deal that paid respect to economic weaknesses and strengths of the markets in both nations. Rahul Khullar, the Indian Commerce Secretary and member of the Joint Study Group, elaborates that one such cooperation occurred during discussions regarding the agricultural sector, one that is particularly weak in South Korea, but thriving in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/the-beachhead-in-east-asia/article23032423.ece|title=The beachhead in East Asia|last=Sen|first=Amiti|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref> [[File:The President of Republic of Korea Mr. Roh Moo-Hyun and his Wife Mrs. Roh Moo-Hyun are received by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam and the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh at a Ceremonial Reception in New Delhi on October 05.jpg|thumb|The President of Republic of Korea Mr. Roh Moo-Hyun and his Wife Mrs. Roh Moo-Hyun are received by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam and the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh at a Ceremonial Reception in New Delhi on October 05]]

The deal, for South Korea, added to a large roster of existing bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements created under the term of Korean President [[Roh Moo-hyun]].<ref name="ap" /> As for India, the negotiations coincided with then-incumbent Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh|Manmohan Singh's]] [[Look East policy (India)|Look East initiative]], which promised greater regional integration between India and the markets of East Asia.

After 12 rounds of negotiations between January 2005 and September 25, 2008, the committee concluded discussion and went into a phase of legal review by both governments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=001&aid=0002799782&sid1=001|script-title=ko:협상 일지(종합)|website=[[Naver News]]|language=ko|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref> The bill was passed by the Indian parliament on July 2, 2009 and, subsequently, by the South Korean parliament on November 6, 2009.<ref name=":0" />

== Impact ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Trade Balance between India and South Korea (2007 – 2017, in billions USD)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/line/hs92/show/ind/kor/all/2007.2017/|title=Trade balance of India to South Korea (2007-2017)|website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity|language=en|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>
!Year
!Indian exports
!South Korean exports
!Trade Balance
!Volume
|-
|2007
|4.49
|6.25
| -1.76
|10.74
|-
|2008
|6.35
|8.57
| -2.22
|15.92
|-
|2009
|4.11
|7.91
| -3.8
|12.02
|-
|2010
|5.42
|10.7
| -5.28
|16.12
|-
|2011
|7.45
|12.6
| -5.15
|20.05
|-
|2012
|6.57
|13.1
| -6.53
|19.67
|-
|2013
|6.03
|12
| -5.97
|18.03
|-
|2014
|5.13
|13
| -7.87
|18.13
|-
|2015
|4.2
|12.5
| -8.3
|16.7
|-
|2016
|4.07
|11.8
| -7.73
|14.87
|-
|2017
|4.96
|15.3
| -10.34
|20.26
|}

== See also ==
* [[Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Economy of South Korea}}{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:Economy of South Korea]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of India]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 2009]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 2010]]
[[Category:Foreign trade of India]]

William Phipps (Governor of Bombay)

2026-02-20T05:04:40Z

Majokthefirst: basic cleaned up section and updated info per sources

#REDIRECT [[William Phipps (governor of Bombay)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Seema Biswas

2026-02-16T05:49:59Z

Majokthefirst:

{{short description|Indian film and theatre actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Seema Biswas
| image = Seema Biswas (cropped).jpg
| caption = Biswas in 2009
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1965|01|14}}
| birth_place = [[Nalbari]], [[Assam]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1988–present
| notable_works =
}}

'''Seema Biswas''' (born 14 January 1965)<ref name=newstrack/> is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi]] films and the theatre. She gained prominence after playing the role of [[Phoolan Devi]] in [[Shekhar Kapur|Shekhar Kapur's]] film ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (1994), for which she won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref name=newstrack>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Bandit queen used to cry all night, used to act nude in front of director and cameraman |url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/seema-biswas-love-affair-nude-bandit-queen--seema-biswas-happy-birthday-facts-sc89-nu-1062142-1.html |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=News Track}}</ref> She won the 2000 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] and the [[26th Genie Awards#Best Actress|2006 Best Actress]] [[Genie Award]] for her role as Shakuntala in [[Deepa Mehta|Deepa Mehta's]] ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'' (2005). Her other mainstream films include ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' (1996), for which she won the [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress]], [[Bhoot (film)|''Bhoot'']] (2003), ''[[Vivah]]'' (2006) and [[Half Girlfriend (film)|''Half Girlfriend'']] (2017). In addition to films, Biswas has appeared in many television shows, most recently, [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)]].

==Personal life and education==
Biswas was born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family at [[Nalbari]], [[Assam]], to Jagdish Biswas and Meera Biswas.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vasisht, Divya |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/40260.cms |title=Seema Biswas: Beyond the limelight |work=The Times of India |date=24 June 2003 |accessdate=21 March 2007}}</ref> After completing her primary education, she graduated in political science with honours from [[Nalbari College]], Assam. She studied dramatic arts at the [[National School of Drama]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=newstrack/><ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=19 July 2018 |title=I am a perfectionist, says Seema Biswas |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-seema-biswas-returns-to-malayalam-with-a-pivotal-role-in-debutant-jaya-jose-rajs-idam/article24443508.ece |access-date=18 November 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
Biswas played the lead in Krishnan Kartha's ''Amshini'' (Hindi), it entered the Indian Panorama Section of Filmotsav 1988. However, the general belief is that she debuted after Shekhar Kapur watched her perform in the NSD Repertory Company and offered her a role in ''Bandit Queen''. Although she had earlier acted in [[Cinema of Assam|Assamese cinema]], this was her first big break into Hindi cinema.

In 1996, she played the role of Flavy, a deaf and mute woman in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' opposite [[Nana Patekar]] and won the [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress]].

Rooted firmly in theatre, she refuses to be typecast,<ref>{{cite news |author=Kumar, Anuj |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/03/stories/2007030301330200.htm |title=Beyond the image |work=[[The Hindu]] |edition=Metro Plus Mangalore |date=3 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107170032/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/03/stories/2007030301330200.htm |accessdate=22 March 2007 |archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> and has worked in a variety of films and character roles. She has also worked in Marathi, Malayalam and Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Anindita |date=4 June 2022 |title=Bandit Queen returns after 13 yrs |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/bandit-queen-returns-after-13-yrs-480780 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> Some of her Marathi films are ''Bindhast'', ''Dhyaas Parwa'' and ''Lalbaug-Parel''.{{Citation needed|date= February 2020}}

She has been honoured with the Life Membership of International Film And Television Club of Asian Academy Of Film & Television by the director Sandeep Marwah.{{Citation needed|date= February 2020}}

In 2014, Biswas was a jury member of the 45th International Film Festival of India, held from 20 to 30 November at Goa.<ref>{{cite news |author=Pranjal Borah |date=21 November 2014 |url=https://kothasobi.com/seema-biswas-jury-in-45th-iffi/ |title=Seema Biswas as Jury in 45th International Film Festival of India |work=KothaSobi |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113223354/https://kothasobi.com/seema-biswas-jury-in-45th-iffi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Title || Role || Language
|-
|1988 || ''Amshini''|| Sarada
| rowspan=5| Hindi
|-
|1994 || ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' || [[Phoolan Devi]]
|-
|1996 || ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' || Flavy J. Braganza
|-
|1997 || ''[[Ladies Only (Hindi film)|Ladies Only]]'' ||
|-
|1998 || ''[[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa]]''|| Somu's mother
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[Bindhaast]]'' || CBI officer || Marathi
|-
|''[[Samar (1999 film)|Samar]]'' || Dulari || Hindi
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2001 ||''[[Dhyasparva]]'' || Malati Karve || Marathi
|-
| ''[[Shantham]]'' || || Malayalam
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2002 || ''[[Deewangee]]'' || Psychiatrist
| rowspan=3| Hindi
|-
|''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' || Ranibai
|-
|''[[Ghaav: The Wound]]'' || Tanya
|-
| rowspan ="4"|2003 || ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]'' || Bharti || Hindi, English
|-
| ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]'' || Bai || Hindi
|-
|''[[Iyarkai]]'' ||Mercy || Tamil
|-
|''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]''|| Pagli- Mad woman || Hindustani, Punjabi
|-
|rowspan="4"|2004 || ''[[Kaya Taran]]'' || Sister Agatha
| rowspan=2| Hindi
|-
|''[[Dobara]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' || ACP Malti Vaidya || Hindi, English
|-
|''Hanan'' || Mrs. Heeralal || Hindi, Bengali, English
|-
|rowspan ="3"| 2005 ||''[[Water (2005)|Water]]'' || Shakuntala || English, Hindi
|-
|''[[Mumbai Godfather]]'' ||
| rowspan=4| Hindi
|-
|''[[The White Land]]''|| Sudha's mother
|-
|rowspan ="4"|2006 || ''[[Vivah]]'' || Rama
|-
| ''[[Shoonya]]''||Pradhan
|-
| ''[[Thalaimagan]]'' || S. Alankaram || Tamil
|-
|''[[Zindaggi Rocks]]'' || || Hindi
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''Sofia'' || The Madam || English
|-
|''[[Risk (2007 film)|Risk]]'' || Devki Wardhan || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Amal (2007 film)|Amal]]'' || Sapna Agarwal || English, Hindi
|-
|rowspan ="4"| 2008 || ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]'' || Siddharth's mother
| rowspan=2| Hindi
|-
|''[[Shaurya]]'' ||Captain Javed Khan's mother
|-
|''[[Heaven on Earth (2008 film)|Heaven on Earth]]'' || || English, Punjabi
|-
|''[[Yeh Mera India]]'' || Bai || Hindi
|-
|rowspan ="2"| 2009 || ''[[Cooking with Stella]]'' || Stella || English, Hindi
|-
|''[[Dujone]]'' || Meghna's aunt || Bengali
|-
|rowspan ="2"| 2010 ||''[[Lalbaug Parel]]'' || Mother || Marathi
|-
|''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|City of Gold]]'' || Aai
| rowspan=2| Hindi
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011 ||''[[Queens! Destiny Of Dance]]'' || Guru Amma
|-
|''Patang'' || Sudha || Hindi, Gujarati, English
|-
|''[[With Love, Delhi!]]'' || Mother
| rowspan=2| English
|-
|2012||''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]''|| Mary
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Oonga (film)|Oonga]]'' || Laxmi || Hindi, Odia
|-
|rowspan ="5"| 2014 ||''[[Chaarfutiya Chhokare]]''|| Janki
| rowspan=2| Hindi
|-
|''[[Manjunath (Film)|Manjunath]]'' || Manjunath's Mother
|-
|''[[Sold (2014 film)|Sold]]'' || Amma || English
|-
| ''[[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]'' || Selvi || Malayalam
|-
|''Endless Summer'' || || Malayalam
|-
|2015 || ''[[Jai Ho Democracy]]'' || Mohini Devi || Hindi
|-
|rowspan="6"|2016||''[[Kothanodi]]''|| Dhoneshwari || Assamese
|-
|''[[A Yellow Bird]]'' ||Siva's mother || Tamil, Mandarin, English
|-
|''[[Freaky Ali]]'' || Ali's Mother
| rowspan=6| Hindi
|-
|''[[Anatomy of Violence]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Holding Back (film)|Holding Back]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Project Marathwada]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017 || ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]'' || Rani Sahiba, Madhav's mother
|-
| ''[[Sameer (2017 film)|Sameer]]'' || Mumtaz Khala
|-
| ''[[Soul Curry]]'' || || Konkani
|-
| ''Dhiya Poota'' || Kakiya || Bhojpuri
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bhoga Khirikee]]'' || || Assamese
|-
| 2019 || ''Darkness Visible'' || Rakhee || Hindi
|-
| 2020 || ''Idam'' || Bhanu || Malayalam
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Funny Boy (2020 film)|Funny Boy]]'' || Ammachi || English, Tamil, Sinhala
|-
|2021 || ''[[Atrangi Re]]'' || Naani
| rowspan=6| Hindi
|-
|2022 || ''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]'' || Mrs. Paandey
|-
|2023 ||''[[Sir Madam Sarpanch]]'' || Parvati
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024 ||''[[Political War (film)|Political War]]'' || Sunita Chatterjee
|-
|''[[Sarfira]]''
|Veer’s Mother
|-
|''[[Visfot]]'' || Acid Tai
|-
|rowspan=2|2025
|''Raktabeej 2''
|
|Bengali
|-
|''[[Jolly LLB 3]]''
| Janki Rajaram Solanki
| Hindi
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2014–15
|''[[Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani]]''
|Mai Mui
|-
|2019
|''[[Leila (TV series)|Leila]]''
| Madhu
|-
|2020
|''[[Dadi Amma... Dadi Amma Maan Jaao!|Daadi Amma Daadi Amma Maan Jaao!]]''
|Daadi Amma
|-
|2020
|''[[Code M]]''
|Asif's mother
|-
|2021
|''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man Season 2]]''
|PM Basu
|-
|2022
|''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]''
|Roma Ma
|-
|2022
|[[Breathe: Into the Shadows|''Breathe: Into the Shadows Season 2'']]
|Dr. Indu Rao
|-
|2023
|''[[Kaalkoot]]''
| Ravi's mother
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
|[[Om Kali Jai Kali]]
|Kaathadi
|-
|[[Bindiya Ke Bahubali (TV series)|Bindiya Ke Bahubali]]
|Sanka Davan
|-
|''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man Season 3]]''
|PM Basu
|}

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Film
!Category
!Result
|-
![[43rd National Film Awards|1996]]
|[[National Film Awards]]
|''[[Bandit Queen]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web |title=43rd National Film Awards – 1996 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm43thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |pages=26–27 |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065528/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm43thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2013}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Seema Biswas}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0084443|name=Seema Biswas}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Seema Biswas
| list =
{{ACCT Best Actress}}
{{ACCT Best Supporting Actress}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{National Film Award Best Actress}}
{{ScreenAwardBestSupportingActress}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Seema}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Best Actress Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Nalbari district]]
[[Category:People from Nalbari]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actress Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Assam]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Konkani cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]

Nachiarkoil lamp

2026-02-11T18:04:16Z

Majokthefirst: added new data from scratch

{{Short description|Type of Oil lamp found in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Nachiarkoil lamp
| image = KuthuVilakku.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Top of Nachiarkoil lamp
| alternative names = Nachiarkoil Kuthuvilakku, Annam lamp, and Kammalar lamp
| description = Handicraft (lamp)
| type = Brass
| area = Kammalar street in [[Nachiyar Koil]] of Tamil Nadu
| country = India
| registered = 8 February 2010
| material = Brass
| official website =
}}
[[File:Seal of Rajaraja I.jpg|thumb|Seal of Chola Dynasty with two lamps, fish and tiger, 10th century]]
The '''Nachiarkoil lamp''', also called '''Annam lamp''' or '''Nachiarkoil Kuthuvilakku''', is an ornamental brass lamp made of series of [[Diya (lamp)|diya]]s, a handicraft product which is exclusively made by [[Kammalar (caste)|Kammalar]] community in [[Natchiarkoil]] town in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name=nachiar1>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/71543906.cms PM Narendra Modi gifts Xi Jinping Annam lamp], Times of India, 11 october 2019.</ref><ref name="Lakshminarayanan Kannan2004"/><ref name=Journal/> The lamp, which is hollow cast, is made in different sizes and consists of four parts which are screwed together. The central pillar that crowns at the apex is called the "Prabhai"; it is generally in the form of a [[hamsa (bird)|hamsa]] or [[swan]].<ref name="Lakshminarayanan Kannan2004"/><ref name=Journal/> The lamp may also be made in the form of a female figurine holding a shallow bowl in a standing posture, or in the form of branches of a tree; the bowl of these lamps has five V-shaped spouts which hold cotton wicks, and is filled with oil for lighting. The ornamental lamps are widely used in temples in South India.<ref name="Lakshminarayanan Kannan2004">{{cite book|author1=K. Lakshminarayanan |author2=R. Kannan|title=A Guide to the Exposition on the Progress of Industries and Handicrafts of Tamilnadu, Government Museum, Chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoHWAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Commissioner of Museums, Government Museum|page=28}}</ref><ref name=Journal/><ref name=Sivaraman>{{Cite news|last= Sivaraman |first=R.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/gi-tag-for-nachiarkoil-brass-lamp-pattamadai-mat/article4483398.ece|title=GI tag for Nachiarkoil brass lamp, Pattamadai mat|date=7 March 2013|access-date=2 March 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

The Nachiarkoil lamp is a traditional brass oil-lamp crafted by artisans in a small town near Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, and is notable for its ornate hollow-cast design, with multiple wicks and a characteristic swan-shaped “prabhai” crowning the central pillar, making it both a functional light and a revered cultural artefact.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanjay |first= |title=Nachiarkoil Lamp: A Timeless Craft from Tamil Nadu |url=https://sridurgahandicrafts.com/blogs/news/nachiarkoil-lamp-a-timeless-craft-from-tamil-nadu |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Sri Durga Handicrafts |language=en}}</ref>

This product has been registered for protection under the Geographical indication of the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. On 8 February 2010 it was registered as "Nachiarkoil Kuthuvilakku (lamp)" under the [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999|Geographical Indications Act 1999]] of the Government of India, with registration confirmed by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under Class – 6 – Brass Lamps and related goods vide application number 196.<ref name=Journal>{{cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_47.pdf|title=Geographical Indication Journal No. 47|date=30 October 2012|access-date=1 April 2016|publisher=Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809215118/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_47.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> A two-year training programme for student craftsmen is organised by the Tamil Nadu Handicrafts Development Corporation Ltd, known as [[Poompuhar]], in Nachiarkoil.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/where-artisans-learn-intricacies-of-handicrafts/article3689671.ece|title=Where artisans learn intricacies of handicrafts|date=27 July 2012|access-date=2 March 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Location==
Nachiarkoil Lamp is made in Nachiarkoil, a town in [[Kumbakonam taluk]] in the [[Tanjore district]] of Tamil Nadu. The town is about {{convert|6|mi}} southeast of Kumbakonam on the Kumbakonam – Tiruvarur main road. The lamps are made by resident artisans called Pathers.<ref name=Journal/>

==History==
The lamps were originally made in the Nachiarkoil by the particular community known as Pathers, who were practising this art form made of brass and [[bell metal]] originally in [[Nagercoil]] in the erstwhile [[Travancore-Cochin|Travancore-Cochin State]], now [[Kerala]]. Since they could not pursue their livelihood in Nagerkoil with this craft, five families of Pathers migrated initially to Kumbakonam and then to Nachiarkoil in 1857. At Kumbakonam they had noted the local artisans manufacturing this product with brass sheets. As the Pathers were not aware of using sheets to manufacture handicrafts, they adopted it to their own craftsmanship in which they were proficient, of using a moulding brass and bell-metal technique using a particular type of sand. They settled at Nachiarkoil, as they found the light brown sand available in the nearby [[Cauvery river]] bed was exclusive and most suitable to mould their products. This sand is known as "vandal sand".<ref name=Journal/><ref name="Chattopadhyaya1995">{{cite book|author=Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya|title=Handicrafts of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XAsAQAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Indian Council for Cultural Relations|isbn=978-81-224-0797-6|page =76}}</ref> The lamps are made by resident artisans called Pathers ([[Kammalar (caste)|Kammalar]]) who are living in large numbers at Kammalar street of Natchiyarkovil.

==Process==
The Nachiarkoil lamp is made both in bell metal and brass; brass is more in vogue now since it is easily available and cheaper. The lamp has four components which are: parts—base "Keezhbagam (base plate), "kandam" meaning pivotal post, "Thanguli" a bowl with five groves to hold wicks and oil for lighting, and the "Prabhai" which is the crown. The lamps that are made in a standing form or a pedestal form are given the prefix of Nachiarkoil. Other forms of lamps are hung from the ceiling in temples or "deepams". These lamps are extensively ornamented.<ref name=Journal/><ref name=Sivaraman/>

The materials used to make the lamp are box-moulded, wax-moulded, or loam-moulded. These are made in an open space where fire hazards are of the least concern. To facilitate proper moulding, the key component materials used are: the brown vandal sand exclusively drawn from the Cauvery river bed about 1 km from the Nachiarkoil town used in all types of moulding; "Karuman sand" (used for wax moulding) of pale red colour, available in the town itself; "Savuttu sand", available in light grey colour, used in wax moulding and available in the tank beds in the vicinity of the town. The admixture used in box-moulding is clay powder in certain proportion depending on the type of moulding used. Other materials used are white ''dammar'', a type of resin drawn from coniferous trees, and castor oil. Cow-dung cakes are the common type of fuel employed to melt the metal before it is poured into the moulds. Parting sand is used to facilitate easy removal of the moulded product. Box-moulding is used extensively as it is a quicker and cheaper mode of manufacture.<ref name=Journal/> Nowadays modern machinery is used to make the lamps.<ref name="Lakshminarayanan Kannan2004"/>

==See also==
* Other lamps
** [[Butter lamp]]
** [[Diya (lamp)|Diya lamp]]
** [[Nilavilakku|Nilavilakku lamp]]
** [[Sky lantern]]
** [[Oil_lamp#Hinduism|Types of Indian oil lamps]]
* Related topics
** [[Aarti]]
** [[Diwali]]
** [[Rangoli]]
** [[List of light sources]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Indian metalwork]]
[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Types of lamp]]
[[Category:Indian furniture]]

Reecha Sinha

2026-02-10T03:00:38Z

Majokthefirst: basic refined content to improve readability and updated info based on references

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reecha Sinha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|2|12|df=y}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/from-dongri-ka-raja-to-ott-reecha-sinhas-evolving-journey-in-entertainment/articleshow/113416511.cms|title=From Dongri Ka Raja to OTT: Reecha Sinha's evolving journey in entertainment|date=17 September 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| education =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| height =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse =
| parents = Rajkumarprasad Sinha, Vibha Sinha
}}

'''Reecha Sinha''' (born 12 February 1996)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-17 |title=From Dongri Ka Raja to OTT: Reecha Sinha's evolving journey in entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/from-dongri-ka-raja-to-ott-reecha-sinhas-evolving-journey-in-entertainment/articleshow/113416511.cms |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an Indian actress and model. She has played lead roles in the Hindi film "[[Dongri Ka Raja]]" alongside [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] and [[Ronit Roy]]. She appeared in the Punjabi music video "Gud Khake" with [[Shantanu Maheshwari]].

==Career==
Sinha had a breakthrough role in 2016 with the Hindi film ''[[Dongari Ka Raja]]''.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, she played a pivotal role with [[Ali Fazal]], in Dhulia's ''[[Milan Talkies]]''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

As a model, she appeared in commercials for Flite Footwear, Skinnsi, Koovs, [[Revlon]], [[Godrej Consumer Products|Godrej]], Bikaji Bhelpuri, [[French Connection (clothing)|FCUK]], Timex, Renee, Boddess Beauty and Everteen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boddess.Com Owner Ritika Sharma On Their First Year Anniversary And Launching World's First Anastasia Beverly Hills Retail Store In India |url=https://elle.in/article/boddess-com-owner-ritika-sharma-on-their-first-year-anniversary-and-launching-worlds-first-anastasia-beverly-hills-retail-store-in-india/ |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=ELLE India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Reecha Sinha: Intimate scenes make me conscious |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/reecha-sinha-intimate-scenes-make-me-conscious/articleshow/55354587.cms |access-date=29 January 2017 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Hindi, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes !! Ref.
|-
|2011 || ''[[Mahaan Kanakku]]'' || Anjali || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jan-12-01/mahaan-kanakku-review.html |title=MAHAAN KANAKKU REVIEW - MAHAAN KANAKKU MOVIE REVIEW |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref>

|-
|2016
|''[[Dongari Ka Raja]]''||Shruti
| || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crime Files |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dongri-ka-raja-ronit-roy-crime-bombay-gashmeer-mahajani-and-reecha-sinha-4388381/ |access-date=22 November 2016 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Dongri Ka Raja – Movie – Box Office India |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3427 |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Milan Talkies (film)|Milan Talkies]]''||Babli
| || <ref>{{Cite web |title='Milan Talkies' first look: Ali Fazal and Shraddha Srinath to bring back the old world charm |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/milan-talkies-first-look-ali-fazal-shraddha-srinath-bring-back-old-world-charm-103172/ |access-date=19 February 2019 |website=The Indian Wire}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Gud Khake''
|
|Music Video
|
|-
|}

== Web series ==
She worked in a web series titled ''Zoo - Infotainment'',{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} presented by Dropout Media & directed by Shubham Dolas.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[Cinema of India]]
*[[Bollywood]]
*[[Reecha Sharma]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=50em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|5240739}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|reecha-sinha}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Reecha}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

{{ India-film-bio-stub }}

Tapi Riverfront

2026-02-06T09:17:11Z

Majokthefirst:

{{Short description|Waterfront of Tapti River, Surat, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox urban development project
| name = Tapi Riverfront
| image = Riverfront_surat.jpg
| caption =
| other_names =
| location = [[Surat]], Gujarat, India
| address =
| coordinates =
| status =Under construction
| groundbreaking =
| proposed =
| constructed =
| est_completion =
| opening =
| demolished =
| destroyed =
| use = Urban development
| architect =
| developer =
| owner =
| manager =
| cost =
| buildings =
| size =
| gross_leasable_area =
| parking =
| number_of_tenants =
| number_of_residents =
| number_of_workers =
| website =
}}
'''Tapi Riverfront'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/surat-municipal-corporation-to-develop-tapi-riverfront-for-recreation-2994957/|title=Surat Municipal Corporation to develop Tapi riverfront for recreation|date=25 August 2016|publisher=|accessdate=11 September 2016}}</ref> is a [[waterfront (area)|waterfront]] being developed along the banks of [[Tapi River, India|Tapi River]] in [[Surat]], India. State Government had cleared 54 hectares land on riverbanks for development of riverfront project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Tapi-riverfront-beautification-could-be-a-reality-in-the-next-two-years-Thanks-to-State-Government-clearing-the-allotment-of-54-hectares-land-on-riverbanks-for-development-of-riverfront-project-to-the-Surat-Municipal-Corporation-SMC-/articleshow/9935389.cms|title=Tapi riverfront beautification could be a reality in the next two years. Thanks to State Government clearing the allotment of 54 hectares land on riverbanks for development of riverfront project to the Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC). - Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=11 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Tapi-riverfront-development-project-to-kick-off-on-Jan-25/articleshow/7314864.cms|title=Tapi riverfront development project to kick off on Jan 25 - Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=11 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=Tapi Riverfront Development Project: Know Detailed Information About The Project - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/tapi-riverfront-development-project/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{main|Tapi River, India}}

== See also ==

*[[List of tourist attractions in Surat]]
*[[Wier-Cum Causeway|Weir-cum Causeway]]
*[[Cable Bridge Surat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Surat]]
[[Category:Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Surat]]
[[Category:Waterfronts in India]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Namami Gange Programme

2026-01-23T09:39:24Z

Majokthefirst: added basic article and citations

{{Short description|Indian conservation mission}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

'''The Namami Gange Programme''' is an integrated river management initiative approved as a Major Programme by the [[Union government|Union Government]] of India. It was named in 2012 by the [[United Nations]] as "one of top-10 ecosystem restoration initiatives in the world..."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Namami Gange' named one of top-10 ecosystem restoration initiatives in the world by UN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/namami-gange-named-one-of-top-10-ecosystem-restoration-initiatives-in-the-world-by-un/articleshow/96206874.cms |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The main objectives of the initiative are conservation, reduction of pollution, and rejuvenation of the national [[Ganges|Ganges River]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-17 |title=Restoring the Ganga's purity and biodiversity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/namami-gange-project-kumbh-mela-gathering-religious-congregation-7277020/ |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The steps of the initiative include the creation of up to 200 sanctioned sewage treatment infrastructure projects, development of riverfronts, river surface cleaning, biodiversity and afforestation efforts, raising public awareness, and industrial monitoring in three stages: immediate results, results in five years, and results in ten years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Namami Gange |url=https://nmcg.nic.in/NamamiGanga.aspx |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=National Mission for Clean Ganga {{!}} Ministry of Jal Shakti {{!}} Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation {{!}} Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganga Connect concludes in London after high level of engagement, tangible outcomes |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/ganga-connect-concludes-in-london-after-high-level-of-engagement-tangible-outcomes20211129192955/ |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

The improvements to municipal waste infrastructure made under this initiative are considered to be contributing to a larger body of planning for India to reach Net Zero emissions by 2070.<ref name=":1" /> The efforts towards conservation of the Ganges river and restoration of its ecology have been referenced by [[UNESCO]], which includes the National Mission for Clean Ganga, among global campaigns for contributions to [[Ecological restoration|ecological restoration.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2024 |title=Namami Gange Programme has been included in the world's top ten campaigns for the restoration of natural ecological. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/opinion/pledge-to-rejuvenate-rivers-article-by-vinod-tare-kkk |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

The [[National Mission for clean Ganga|National Mission For Clean Ganga]] has declared [[Chacha Chaudhary]] the [[mascot]] of the Namami Gange Programme, according to a statement issued by the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-02|title=Chacha Chaudhary is now mascot of Namami Gange programme|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chacha-chaudhary-is-now-mascot-of-namami-gange-programme-7547166/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Under the Namami Gange Programme, all drains falling into the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Saryu River]] in [[Ayodhya]] are intercepted and wastewater is transported to a [[Sewage Treatment Plant|sewage treatment plant.]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-14|title=Centre's Namami Gange Programme helps revive key rivers in UP|url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2021/12/centres-namami-gange-programme-helps-revive-key-rivers-in-up/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=eGov Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== History ==
The project was executed by the Indian Government in 2014 with an original projected budget of Rs.20,000 Crore.<ref name=":0" />

In 2021, the touring exhibition, "A Clean Ganga Roadshow," inaugurated on the sidelines of [[COP26]] in Glasgow in 2021, saw additional investment, including the formation of four chapters in [[Scotland]], Wales, the Midlands, and London to connect various interest groups with the Namami Gange Programme.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Naomi Canton|date=Nov 28, 2021|title=ganga: Clean Ganga roadshow gets enthusiastic response from investors, universities in Britain - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/clean-ganga-roadshow-gets-enthusiastic-response-from-investors-universities-in-britain/articleshow/87956568.cms|access-date=2022-01-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Also in 2021, over 30,000 fish eggs of economically important species, which were declining in the Ganges (such as [[catla]], [[rohu]], and [[Mrigal carp|mrigal]]) were released at the confluence of the Ganges and the [[Yamuna]] in Prayagraj Sangam, an effort organized by the [[Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICAR-CIFRI Released Fish Seeds in Prayagraj Sangam under Namami Ganga Programme|url=http://krishijagran.com/news/icar-cifri-released-fish-seeds-in-prayagraj-sangam-under-namami-gange-programme/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=krishijagran.com|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2021, data from the National Mission for Clean Ganga indicated that out of 341 projects, 147 (43%) had been completed and that out of 157 sewage projects, 61 (39%) had been completed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Radheshyam |title=147 projects under Namami Gange completed |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/147-projects-under-namami-gange-completed/article34718407.ece |access-date=2022-01-05 |website=@businessline |date=3 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2023, during the launch of the [[MV Ganga Vilas cruise]], Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated and laid the foundation stones for several other inland waterways projects worth more than Rs.1000 crores in a continued effort to raise awareness for the potential of the river cruise industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM flags off World's Longest River Cruise - MV Ganga Vilas in Varanasi via video conferencing |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1890895 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage]]
[[Category:Ministry of Water Resources (India)]]

Baroda Cricket Association Stadium

2026-01-21T12:32:03Z

Majokthefirst: put up a details first draft...

{{Short description|Cricket stadium in Vadodara, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox stadium
| name = Baroda Cricket Association Stadium
| nickname =
| image = Kotambistadium.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = BCA stadium aerial view.
| location = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground = 2008
| opened = 22 December 2024
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Baroda Cricket Association]]
| operator = [[Baroda Cricket Association]]
| surface = Grass
| Constructor =
| construction_cost = {{INR convert|2000000000}}<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/98030662.cms?from=mdr | title=Water from 18km away to keep grass green at Gujarat's Kotambi | date=18 February 2023 | first=Tushar | last=Tere | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=18 February 2023}}</ref>
| architect = Studio 3 Designs (S3D), India
| former_names =
| nicknames =
| tenants = [[India national cricket team]] [[India women's national cricket team]] [[Baroda cricket team]] 
[[Baroda women's cricket team]] [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| seating_capacity = 40,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/thousands-expected-for-first-india-wi-womens-odi-at-kotambi/articleshow/116514385.cms |title=Thousands expected for first India-WI Women’s ODI at Kotambi |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>
| dimensions =
| suites =
| embedded = {{Infobox cricket ground
| embed = yes
| country = India
| ground_name =
| nickname =
| end1 =
| end2 = BCA Media end
| international = true
| onlyodidate = 11 January
| onlyodiyear = 2026
| onlyodihome = India
| onlyodiaway = New Zealand
| firstodidate =
| firstodiyear =
| firstodihome =
| firstodiaway =
| lastodidate =
| lastodiyear =
| lastodihome =
| lastodiaway =

| firstwodidate = 22 December
| firstwodiyear = 2024
| firstwodihome = India
| firstwodiaway = West Indies
| lastwodidate = 27 December
| lastwodiyear = 2024
| lastwodihome = India
| lastwodiaway = West Indies
| date = 27 December 2024
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/1417929.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
}}
The '''Baroda Cricket Association Stadium (BCA Stadium)''' or '''Kotambi Stadium''', also known as the '''Vadodara International Cricket Stadium''' is an international [[cricket stadium]] in [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It opened on 22 December 2024 and organised a three match one day international series between the Indian and West Indies women's teams. The stadium is the home ground for [[Baroda Cricket Association]] in the domestic circle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/baroda-cricket-association-to-construct-stadium-near-vadodara-13711 |title=Baroda Cricket Association to construct stadium near Vadodara |work=Cricket Country}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/BCA-strikes-land-deal-for-new-stadium/articleshow/15008642.cms | title=BCA strikes land deal for new stadium | date=16 July 2012 | first=Tushar | last=Tere | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=16 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bca-guj-govt-mou-will-speed-up-new-cricket-stadium-work-patel-115011700252_1.html |title=BCA, Guj govt MoU will speed up new cricket stadium work:Patel |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

The ground hosted international cricket for the first time during [[West Indies women's cricket team in India in 2024–25|West Indies women's tour of India in 2024]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/kotambi-set-for-historic-first-international-cricket-match/articleshow/115309192.cms |title=Kotambi gears up to host 1st int’l match |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-1st-odi-kotambi-stadium-vadodara-new-venue-international-debut-match-news/article69013334.ece |title=Vadodara welcomes international cricket with new stadium |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> All three ODIs of the tour were played at this Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!sports/vadodara-kotambi-stadium-to-host-first-international-womens-cricket-match-between-india-and-west-indies-hindi-news-hin24111505177 |title=वडोदरा कोटांबी स्टेडियम पहली बार करेगा अंतरराष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट मैच की मेजबानी, जानिए मैदान से जुड़ी बातें - VADODARA KOTAMBI STADIUM |trans-title=Vadodara Kotambi Stadium will host an international cricket match for the first time, know the things related to the ground - VADODARA KOTAMBI STADIUM |work=ETV Bharat |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

==History==
In January 2015, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between [[Government of Gujarat]] and [[Baroda Cricket Association]] for the stadium which will be located at Kotambi on the outskirts of [[Vadodara]] with a cost of ₹200 crores to develop 29 acres of land.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Vadodara-to-get-world-class-cricket-stadium-after-six-decades/articleshow/45924454.cms |title=Vadodara to get world-class cricket stadium after six decades |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The stadium was constructed under the executions of Mr. Amit Parikh, a member of the [[Baroda Cricket Association]] and Leadership of Mr. Pranav Amin, the President of the [[Baroda Cricket Association]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Vadodara topics}}
{{Portal bar|Asia|India|Cricket|Architecture}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sport in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2024]]
[[Category:21st-century architecture in India]]

Beypore

2026-01-12T07:55:43Z

Majokthefirst: corrected article to improve readability further and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Beypore
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.18|N|75.81|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="population1">{{Cite web|url=https://kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/master-plan|title=Master Plan | Kozhikode Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1
| population_total = 69,752
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population1">{{Cite web|url=https://kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/master-plan|title=Master Plan | Kozhikode Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL-85
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Beypore''' or '''Beypur''' ({{IPA|ml|beːpːuːr|lang}}, formerly '''Beypoor''') is a port town in [[Kozhikode district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India. It is located opposite to [[Chaliyam]], the estuary where the river [[Chaliyar]] empties into the [[Arabian Sea]]. Beypore is part of [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]]. The town was formerly known as Vaypura or Vadaparappanad and also as Beydary. [[Tippu Sultan|Tipu Sultan]], ruler of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], named the town ''Sultan Pattanam''. There is a marina and a beach, while Beypore port is one of the oldest ports in Kerala, which historically traded with the [[Middle East]]. Beypore is noted for building wooden ships, known as ''[[dhow]]s'' or ''urus'' in the [[Malayalam]] language. These ships were usually bought by [[Arab]] merchants for trading and fishing but are now used as tourist ships. According to Captain Iwata, founder member of the Association of Sumerian Ships in Japan, Sumerian ships might have been built in Beypore. There is evidence to prove that Beypore had direct trade links with Mesopotamia and was a prominent link on the maritime silk route. The first railway line of Kerala was laid in 1861 from [[Tirur]] to Beypore ([[Chaliyam]]), passing through [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Parappanangadi]], [[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Kadalundi]].

Beypore is located {{cvt|10|km}} away from [[Kozhikode]] city.

==Etymology==
{{Empty section|date=August 2023}}

==History==
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
The ancient trading port of Tyndis is often identified with [[Kadalundi]]-[[Chaliyam]]-Beypore region. [[Tyndis]] was a major center of trade, next only to [[Muziris]], between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="Malabar">A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.</ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.</ref>

According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], Madayi, [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]] (just opposite to Beypore), were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref>

In the medieval period, Beypore was ruled by four Kovilakams - Karippa Puthiyakovilakam, Manayat Kovilakam, Nediyaal Kovilakam and Panagad Kovilakam - all belonging to the Beypore branch of the [[Parappanad]] family. The Parappanad royal family is related to the more famous [[Travancore royal family]]. [[Marthanda Varma]], the founder of [[Travancore]], belongs to [[Parappanad]] royal family. They also had branches at [[Parappanangadi]], [[Vallikkunnu]] and Beypore.<ref>{{Citation
| author = K. V. Krishna Iyer
| title = Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806
| publisher = Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379
| year = 1938}}</ref>

Beypore was visited first by Romans and afterwards by Chinese, Syrians, Arabs and in recent centuries by Europeans for trade. Beypore has a long history of being a centre for shipbuilding since the first century AD, and it was further expanded under the East India Company during the early nineteenth century. The Indian Ocean trade started from ancient times and strengthened during the medieval times. While in the old days Malabar directly traded with the Greeks and Romans, it concentrated on exchanges with the Middle Eastern ports in the medieval times. This exchange of goods resulted also in transfer of people from their abodes. While it is mentioned that Malabaris were found along African ports and even Egypt's, it was mostly Arabs who migrated to the Malabar coasts, mainly to administer, control and conduct the trade with their brethren in Yemen, Basra and Egyptian ports. Beypore was virtually a free port with only an export import duty imposed by the ruling Zamorins. The intermediaries between the Arabs and the Nairs were the Moplahs (themselves a community started by the intermingling Arab men and local women from ancient times). Also the south east Malay ports sent ships to Malabar for the cloth from Kerala, until British cloth took its place later in the 19th century. It was also a stop over for Hajj pilgrims from south east Asia. The Arab settlers in Malabar even had African slaves during that period.

==Beypore port==
[[File:Uru.jpg|thumbnail|Beypore is world-famous for the ancient design boats called ''Uru''s]]
Beypore port is a sub-port of [[Kozhikode]] port, located approximately {{cvt|10|km}} south of Kozhikode. The land for the port was acquired from Beypore Karippa Puthiyakovilakam in 1963 and 1964. It is an estuarine port, where Beypore river discharges into the Arabian Sea. Beypore is {{cvt|180|km}} North of Cochin and {{cvt|391|km}} away from Trivandrum. Beypore port is the second biggest port in Kerala after Cochin and currently handles about 100,000 tonnes of cargo and 7500 passengers per annum. The nearest ports are Kochi and Mangalore. The port has a depth of about {{convert|5|m}} alongside wharf and approach channel. Beypore port is one of the oldest ports in Kerala from where trading was done to the [[Middle East]].

== Uru construction ==
[[File:Sd11-boom.JPG|thumbnail|Beypore has a reputation for boat building]]
The [[Uru (boat)|uru]], or "Fat Boat", is a generic name for large [[dhow]]-type wooden ships made in Beypore.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} This type of boat has been used by the Arabs since ancient times as trading vessels, and to this day, urus are being manufactured and exported to Arab nations from Beypore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitbeypore.co.in/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203084635/http://visitbeypore.co.in/ |archive-date=3 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These boats used to be built of several types of wood, the main one being teak. The teak was taken from [[Nilambur]] forests in earlier times, but now imported Malaysian teak is used.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/238044912896496/videos/1454648004569508 {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==Geography==
Beypore is located at {{coord|11.18|N|75.81|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Beypore.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Beypore]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|1|m|spell=in}}.

==Travel information==
By road: Beypore is well connected by road and is just {{cvt|11|km}} from [[Kozhikode]].

By air: [[Kozhikode International Airport]] is located in [[Karipur]] and is {{cvt|23|km}} from Kozhikode city centre.

By rail: Kozhikode station is {{cvt|10|km}} away and Ferokem is {{cvt|4|km}} away.

==Demographics==
{{as of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Beypore had a population of 66,883. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Beypore has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 50% of the males and 50% of females literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
[[File:Cheruvannur 06146.JPG|thumb|Cheruvannur festival]]

==Notable residents==

* [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] (1908 – 1994),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/basheer.html#date |title=Basheer's Janmadhinam |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218204532/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/basheer.html#date |archive-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> writer
* [[Mamukkoya]], Malayalam film actor

==Notable sites==
* Pulimuttu- Pulimuttu is the local name of the {{convert|1|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} bridge made of stone stretching in to sea. It is made by piling stones like a pathway to sea. [[File:StonePier Beypore.jpg|thumb|100px|right|StonePier Beypore]]
* Beypore Beach
* Beypore light house is situated at the south bank of chaliyar.

==Government offices==
Indian Coast Guard has established its third station in Kerala at Beypore, Coast Guard Station Beypore. It was commissioned on 25 May 2006.

== See also ==

* [[Feroke]]
* [[Kadalundi]]
* [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Karuvanthuruthy]]
*
* [[Chaliyar river]]
* [[Cheruvannur]]
*[[Marad Beach|Marad]]
*[[Chaliyam]]
*[[panniyankara]]

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Beypore Fishing1.jpg|Fishing in Beypore
File:Beypore Beach, Kozhikode, Kerala.jpg|The Sea Walk
File:Beypore1.jpg|Making boats
File:Beypore.jpg|The promenade
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Beypore}}
*{{wikivoyage inline|Beypore Beach}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20180203084635/http://visitbeypore.co.in/

{{Kozhikode district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Beaches of Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Kozhikode beach]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Villages in Kozhikode district]]

Surendra Prasad Kushwaha

2026-01-05T13:31:46Z

Majokthefirst: Created A Info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Surendra Prasad Kushwaha
| image =
| source =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| constituency = [[Valmiki Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Valmiki Nagar]]
| predecessor = [[Dhirendra Pratap Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| caption =
}}
'''Surendra Prasad Kushwaha''' is an Indian politician from [[Indian National Congress]] and a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Valmiki Nagar Assembly constituency]] seat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-14 |title=Valmiki Nagar Election Results 2025 Highlights: Congress' Surendra Prasad wins in a close fight against JD(U)'s Dhirendra Pratap Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/valmiki-nagar-election-results-2025-highlights-jdus-dhirendra-pratap-singh-and-congress-surendra-prasad-locked-in-fierce-duel/articleshow/125303326.cms |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-14 |title=Valmiki Nagar Election Result 2025 Live: INC retains Valmiki Nagar seat, Surendra Prasad wins with 107730 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/valmiki-nagar-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-vote-counting-bihar-jdu-nda-mahagathbandhan-rjd-baelb-2818935-2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Ann |date=2025-11-14 |title=Valmikinagar Election Results 2025: Dhirendra Pratap Versus INC's Surendra Prasad — Who's Winning? |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/elections/valmikinagar-election-results-2025-dhirendra-pratap-versus-incs-surendra-prasad-whos-winning |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Surendra Prasad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Maring language (India)

2026-01-01T12:21:28Z

Majokthefirst: added initial entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan languages of Manipur, India}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Maring language]] of New Guinea}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Maring
| nativename =
| image = "Maring" written in Meitei script.jpg
| imagescale = 0.45
| imagecaption = ''Maring'' written in [[Meitei script]]
| region = [[Manipur]]
| ethnicity = [[Maring people|Maring]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|25,814|2}}
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07|archive-date=2018-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150916/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]]
| fam5 = [[Tangkhul–Maring languages|Tangkhul–Maring]]
| fam6 = [[Maringic languages|Maringic]]
| iso3 = nng
| script = [[Meitei script]]
| glotto = mari1416
| glottorefname = Maring Naga
}}
'''Maring''' is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the [[Maring people (India)|Maring people]] in [[Manipur]], India. Linguistically, it is closest to the [[Uipo language]] (Khoibu) and the [[Tangkhulic languages]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Maring is spoken in [[Laiching]] in southeast [[Chandel district]] and the northern border regions of the [[Tengnoupal district]]. (''Ethnologue'').

==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants<ref name=namkung96>{{Cite journal |last=Namkung |first=Ju |date=1996 |editor-last=Matisoff |editor-first=James A. |title=Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages |url=https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph3_Phonological-Inv-TB.pdf |journal=Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Monograph Series |issue=3 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |archive-date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925080731/https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph3_Phonological-Inv-TB.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}} {{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|{{IPA link|l}} {{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels<ref name=namkung96/>
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Low]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

Additionally, the following diphthongs have been observed: /ei/, /ai/, /au/, /ui/, /oi/.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Tangkhulic languages]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Ramnarayan V. Pathak

2025-12-31T07:59:44Z

Majokthefirst: Started new details

{{Short description|Gujarati author from India (1887-1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ramnarayan Vishwanath Pathak
| image =Ramnarayan Pathak.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = gu
| pseudonym = Dwiref, Shesh, Swairvihari
| birth_name = Ramnarayan Vishwanath Pathak
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1887|4|9}}
| birth_place = Ganol, [[Dholka Taluka]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bombay presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date= {{death date and age|df=y|1955|8|21|1887|4|9}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai)
| occupation = Writer, critic
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Law
| alma_mater = [[Wilson College, Mumbai]]
| period = [[Gujarati literature|Gandhian Era]]
| genres =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Brihat Pingal''
| spouse = [[Heera Pathak]]
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (1949)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1956)
}}
| years_active =
| signature = Ramnarayan Pathak autograph.svg
| module={{Infobox academic
| child= yes
| doctoral_students = [[Dhirubhai Thaker]]
}}
}}

'''Ramnarayan Vishwanath Pathak''' was an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] poet, short story writer, essayist and literary critic from India. Profoundly influenced by [[Gandhism|Gandhian thought]], Pathak wrote criticism, poetry, drama, [[Metre (poetry)|metrics]] and short stories. He edited and translated several literary works. He was appointed the president of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] (Gujarati Literary Council) in 1946. He was awarded the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] for his book ''Prachin Gujarati Chhando'' in 1949 and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Bruhat Pingal'' in 1956.

== Early life ==
[[File:Chunilal Madia and Ramnarayan Pathak.jpg|thumb|Ramnarayan Pathak and [[Chunilal Madia]]|left|upright=0.9]]
Ramnarayan Vishwanath Pathak was born on 8 April 1887 in Ganol, a village in Gujarat (now in [[Dholka Taluka]], [[Ahmedabad district]]). He completed primary and secondary education from [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]], [[Rajkot]], [[Jamkhambhaliya]] and [[Bhavnagar]]. In 1904, he [[matriculated]] and enrolled at [[Samaldas College]], Bhavnagar, receiving scholarship. Then he joined [[Wilson College, Mumbai]] (then Bombay), and in 1908 completed a Bachelor of Arts in logic and morale philosophy, for which he received a fellowship.

== Career and activism ==
Pathak taught [[Sanskrit]] at Wilson College. In 1911, he completed a Bachelor of Laws from [[Bombay University]] and worked as a legal advocate in Ahmedabad and Sadra for seven years. Later, when he was diagnosed with [[tuberculosis]], he left the legal practice and settled in Sadra in 1919. On invitation by [[Indulal Yagnik]], he briefly worked as the principal of J. L. New English School of Gujarat Kelvani Mandal in 1920. During the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] in 1920, he was influenced by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] which led him to join [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] along with [[Rasiklal Parikh]] as a professor in 1921. He taught logic, epistemology and literature there until 1928. During this time, his articles on education and literature were published in magazines ''Sabarmati'', ''Puratatva'', ''Yugdharma'' and ''Gujarat''. He left Gujarat Vidyapith and served as an editor of ''Prasthan'', a Gujarati magazine founded in 1926. He participated in different movements led by Gandhi for which he was jailed.

From 1935, he joined [[SNDT Women's University|SNDT University]], Bombay as a professor. He also taught at L. D. Arts College, Ahmedabad; at [[Bhavan's College]] and [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust|Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], Bombay; and at the post-graduate department of [[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]] until 1952. He was engaged with teaching and research activities at Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, until his death. In 1953, he served as an adviser to Gujarati department of Bombay Radio Station. He served as the president of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] (Gujarati Literary Council) in 1946.<ref name=rp>{{cite thesis |last=Borisagar |first=Bhavesh |date=2016 |title=Translation Of Selected Short Stories Of Ramnarayan Pathak From Gujarati Into English With A Critical Introduction |type= Ph.D|chapter=Chapter 1 |publisher=Saurashtra University |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/126479/6/06_chapter%201.pdf |access-date=8 March 2017|hdl=10603/126479}}</ref><ref name="Gujaratilexicon.com">{{cite web | title=Beyond The Beaten Track - Ramnarayan Pathak | website=Gujaratilexicon.com | url=http://www.gujaratilexicon.com/poems/view/6 | language=gu | accessdate=2017-03-09}}</ref><ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad" />

He died on 21 August 1955 in Mumbai following a [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad" />

=== Personal life ===
Pathak married twice. His second marriage was to [[Heera Pathak]], who was also poet and literary critic. The couple had no children.<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA124|accessdate=8 March 2017|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=124}}</ref><ref name="Gujaratilexicon.com"/>

== Works ==
[[File:Brihatpingal title page.png|thumb|Title page of ''Brihatpingal'', published in [[Devanagari]] script, 1955]]
Pathak was a prolific writer of criticism, poetry, drama, [[Metre (poetry)|metrics]] and short stories, and also edited and translated works of others.<ref name=rp/> Pathak was profoundly influenced by Gandhian thought but retained his originality and literary exuberance.<ref name="Gujaratilexicon.com"/>{{according to whom|date=January 2019}} He wrote short stories under the pen name "Dwiref", poems under "Shesh" and essays under "Swairvihari".<ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad" /> His literary career began with a critical article, "The poems of poet [[Balashankar Kantharia|Balashankar Ullasram Kantharia]]", published in the first issue of ''Sabarmati'' in 1922. He also wrote literary observations for ''Yugdharm''.<ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad">{{cite web | title=સવિશેષ પરિચય: રામનારાયણ વિ. પાઠક| website=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] | url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Ra-Vi-Pathak.html | language=gu | accessdate=2017-04-27}}</ref>

Pathak is well known for his Gujarati short stories.<ref name=rp/> He published three volumes of short stories entitled ''Dwirefni Vato'' (1928, 1935, 1942). His most acclaimed stories are ''Mukundrai'', ''Khemi'' and ''Jakshani''. The first of these suggests that modern education degenerates human values; the second is of love between two members of the lower castes considered to be his most memorable characters; the third reflects his subtle sense of humor.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4041|accessdate=8 March 2017|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=4041}}</ref><ref name="Awasthy2004">{{cite book|author=Rajendra Awasthy|title=Selected Gujarati Short Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cbGW2UAqwgC&pg=PA8|accessdate=8 March 2017|year=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-89182-01-4|page=8}}</ref> His stories are emotionally linked with life.<ref name="NatarajanNelson">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA113|accessdate=15 April 2017|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=London|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=113}}</ref>{{according to whom|date=January 2019}}

He published a collection of 68 poems, ''Sheshna Kavyo'' (1938), expanded to 73 in a second edition (1951). ''Visheshna Kavyo'', his other collection of poems, was published posthumously in 1959.<ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad" /><ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA132|accessdate=8 March 2017|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=132}}</ref>

He considered criticism as an act of social responsibility.<ref name="NatarajanNelson"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Selected Stories from Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ghkJaKIVTsC&pg=PT12|accessdate=25 April 2017|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-7224-955-7|page=12}}</ref> His critical works include ''Arvachin Kavya Sahityana Vaheno'' (1935) and ''Sahityavimarsha'' (1939). His other critical works include ''Arvachin Gujarati Kavyasahitya'' (1933), ''Kavya Ni Shakti'' (1939), ''Aalochana'' (1944), ''Narmadashankar Kavi'' (1936), ''Narmad: Arvachin Gadya Padya No Aadya Praneta'' (1945), ''Sahityalok'' (1954), ''Nabhovihar'' (1961) and ''Aakalan'' (1964). He wrote a critical introduction for ''Sharadsamiksha'' (1980), and translated stories of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]. Some of his critical articles are also published in ''Kavyaparishilan'' (1965).<ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad"/>

''Kulangar ane Biji Krutio'' (1959, posthumous) is a collection of dramas while ''Swairvihar part 1-2-3'' (1931, 1937), ''Nitya no Aachar'' (1945) and ''Manovihar'' (1956) are collections of his essays.<ref name=rp/><ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad" />

Pathak did extensive research in metres of poetry published as ''Brihat Pingal'', for which he was recognized with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1956. It is a scientific presentation of structure and history of Gujarati prosody.<ref name="Laal1992">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4148|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=4148}}</ref><ref name="Das1991">{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA850|accessdate=17 March 2017|year=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|page=850}}</ref> He co-edited several works with [[Umashankar Joshi]]; ''Kavyatatvavichar'' (1939), ''Sahityavichar'' (1942), ''Digdarshan'' (1942), ''Vicharmadhuri: Part 1'' (1946). He also edited annotated edition of ''Purvalap'', ''Apno Dharma'' (3rd edition, 1942), ''Ras Ane Garba'' (with Govardhan Panchal, 1954), ''Govindgaman'' (with [[Narhari Parikh]], for textbook, 1923). He also edited ''Kavyasammuchchay'' Part 1-2 (1924) and ''Kavyaparichay'' (with [[Nagindas Parekh]], 1928).<ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad" />

He co-translated several works including [[Mammata Bhatta]]'s ''Kavyaprakash 1-6'' (with Rasiklal Parikh, 1924), ''Dhammapad'' (with Dharmanand Kosambi, 1924) and ''Chumban ane Biji Vartao'' (as ''Vama'' in second edition, with [[Nagindas Parekh]], 1928).<ref name=rp/> His other works include ''Pramanpraveshika'' (1922) and ''Nityano Achar'' (1945).<ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad" />

== Recognition ==
[[File:Ra.Vi Pathak Hall at Gujarat Sahitya Parishad.jpg|thumb|R. V. Pathak Hall of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] is named after him.]]

[[Umashankar Joshi]] honoured him as ''Sahitya Guru'' of the Gandhian era and Yashvant Shukla considers him "the highest peak of Gujarati short stories".<ref name=rp/>

He was awarded Motisinhji Mahida Gold Medal in 1943 for his short story ''Uttar Marg no Lop'' (1940), Hargovinddas Kantawala Award and [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] for ''Prachin Gujarati Chhando'' in 1949 and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Bruhat Pingal'' in 1956.<ref name=rp/><ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad" />

== See also ==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Ramnarayan V. Pathak (Sarjak ane Vivechak) |last=Pathak |first=Jayant |author-link=Jayant Pathak |series=Sahitya Sarjak Shreni |language=gu |publisher=Adarsha Prakashan |location=Ahmedabad |date=2007 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-81-904605-5-2}}

== External links ==
* {{Gbooks-author|Ramnarayan Vishvanath Pathak}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=ramnarayan pathak}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9AjDttzSzzQ&feature=youtu.be/ Speech on Ramnarayan Pathak] by [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]]
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Ramnarayan V.}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]

2008–09 Senior Women's One Day League

2025-12-09T08:49:46Z

Majokthefirst:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2008–09 Senior Women's One Day League
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 21 November
| todate = 17 December 2008
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and final
| host =
| champions = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| count = 3
| runner up = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| participants = 28
| matches = 87
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Mithali Raj]] (433)
| most wickets = [[Preeti Dimri]] (25)
| previous_year = 2007–08
| previous_tournament = 2007–08 Senior Women's One Day League
| next_year = 2009–10
| next_tournament = 2009–10 Senior Women's One Day League
}}

The '''2008–09 Senior Women's One Day League''' was the third edition of the women's [[List A cricket|List A]] [[cricket]] [[Senior Women's One Day League|competition]] in [[India]]. It took place in November and December 2008, with 28 teams divided into five regional groups. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] won the tournament, beating [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] in the final, claiming their third consecutive title.<ref name="CA">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2008-09.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2008/09 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

==Competition format==
The 28 teams competing in the tournament were divided into five zonal groups: Central, East, North, South and West. The tournament operated on a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format, with each team playing every other team in their group once. The top two sides from each group progressed to the Super League round, where the 10 remaining teams were divided into two further round-robin groups. The winner of each group progressed to the final. Matches were played using a [[Limited overs cricket|50 over]] format.

The groups worked on a points system with positions with the groups being based on the '''total points'''. Points were awarded as follows:<ref name="CAtable">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/11/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2008-09.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2008/09 Points Tables |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

'''Win''': 4 points. 
'''[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tie]]''': 2 points. 
'''Loss''': –1 points. 
'''No Result/Abandoned''': 2 points. 
'''Bonus Points''': 1 point available per match. 
'''Consolation Points''': 1 point available per match.

If points in the final table are equal, teams are separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then number of Bonus Points, then [[Net Run Rate]].

==Zonal Tables==
===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 || '''20'''|| +3.664
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||2 ||1 ||1 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''11'''|| +0.935
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|4 ||2 ||1 ||1 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''11'''|| –0.281
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''1'''|| –1.738
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||'''–3'''|| –2.609
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] '''(Q)'''
|6 ||6 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||6 ||0 || '''30'''|| +3.294
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] '''(Q)'''
|6 ||5 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||'''23'''|| +1.755
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Odisha women's cricket team|Orissa]]
|6 ||4 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||1 ||'''19'''|| +1.260
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|6 ||2 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||'''6'''|| –0.564
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|6 ||2 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||'''6'''|| –0.751
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|6 ||2 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||'''6'''|| –1.166
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|6 ||0 ||6 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''–6'''|| –4.234
|}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 || '''19'''|| +1.546
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||1 ||'''15'''|| +2.204
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''6'''|| –0.698
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||'''2'''|| –1.394
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||'''–2'''|| –1.463
|}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||3 ||0 || '''21'''|| +1.643
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||3 ||1 ||'''17'''|| +1.665
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|5 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +1.280
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|5 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –1.117
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|5 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –1.279
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|5 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''–2'''|| –1.919
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 || '''19'''|| +2.294
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||1 ||'''15'''|| +2.635
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''7'''|| –0.920
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||'''3'''|| –1.361
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''–4'''|| –1.839
|}

:Source:CricketArchive<ref name="CAtable"/>

==Super Leagues==
===Super League Group A===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 || '''19'''|| +1.530
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''12'''|| –0.115
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||'''8'''|| –0.102
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||2 ||'''4'''|| +0.393
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||'''–3'''|| –1.736
|}

===Super League Group B===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 || '''20'''|| +1.812
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''13'''|| +0.258
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||1 ||'''9'''|| +0.436
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''1'''|| –1.124
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||'''–3'''|| –1.206
|}

:Source:CricketArchive<ref name="CAtable"/>

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 December 2008
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 153/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devika Palshikar]] 50 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Preeti Dimri]] 3/29 (10 overs)
| score2 = 154/0 (30.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sulakshana Naik]] 85[[not out|*]] (89)
| wickets2 =
| result = Railways won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/188/188157.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Kiran Anja and Vilas Bandiwadekar
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=125| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Matches
!width=60 | Innings
!width=60 | Runs
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | {{Tooltip|HS|Highest score}}
!width=60 | 100s
!width=60 | 50s
|-
|[[Mithali Raj]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|9
|6
|'''433'''
|108.25
|163[[not out|*]]
|2
|1
|-
|Riya Chowdhury
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|9
|9
|'''430'''
|53.75
|129
|2
|1
|-
|[[Punam Raut]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|8
|8
|'''428'''
|85.60
|131[[not out|*]]
|1
|3
|-
|[[Thirush Kamini]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|8
|8
|'''419'''
|59.85
|152
|1
|3
|-
|[[Jaya Sharma]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|8
|8
|'''364'''
|52.00
|92
|0
|4
|-
|}
Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2008-09/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2008/09 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=125| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Overs
!width=60 | Wickets
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | BBI
!width=60 | 5w
|-
|[[Preeti Dimri]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|83.3
|'''25'''
|5.84
|5/9
|1
|-
|[[Nancy Daruwalla]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|76.0
|'''19'''
|11.21
|4/18
|0
|-
|[[Jhulan Goswami]]
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|73.0
|'''18'''
|7.72
|4/1
|0
|-
|[[Gouher Sultana]]
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|68.1
|'''17'''
|8.11
|3/4
|0
|-
|[[Soniya Dabir]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|49.4
|'''16'''
|10.56
|5/51
|1
|}
Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/11/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2008-09/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2008/09 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2008-09 Senior Women's One Day League}}
[[Category:Senior Women's One Day Trophy]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2008–09|Senior Women's One Day League]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian cricket|Senior Women's One Day League]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Undi

2025-12-06T03:09:51Z

Majokthefirst: Created New Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Undi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.6000|N|81.4667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = West Godavari
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2
| population_total = 2,00,000

| population_as_of = 2024
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534199
| registration_plate = AP37
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bhimavaram
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Narsapuram
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Undi
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Raghu Rama Krishnam Raju
}}
'''Undi''' is a village in [[West Godavari district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in West Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134347/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archive-date=8 February 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

It is located about 39 kilometers from [[Eluru]] town. Its old name is "Dundipuram".

==Geography==
Undi is located at {{coord|16.6000|N|81.4667|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Undi.html Falling Rain Genomics.Undi]</ref> It has an average elevation of 2 meters (9 feet).

==Demographics==
According to census-2011, Undi has:

Number of households: 5,000 
Total Population: 1,00,000 
Male Population: 1,20,000
 
Female population: 7,711

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{West Godavari district}}

[[Category:Villages in West Godavari district]]

{{WestGodavari-geo-stub}}

Dinhata

2025-10-28T05:43:14Z

Majokthefirst:

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dinhata
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = DINHATA SKYLINE.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.13|N|89.47|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar District|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Dinhata Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Dinhata City|url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Dinhata.htm|website=www.sudawb.org |access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.55
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 36
| population_total = 36124
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 736135
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03581
| registration_plate = WB-64
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dinhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dinhata]], [[Sitai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sitai (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|dinhata.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info3 = Kuchbihari<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Local dialect
}}
'''Dinhata''' ({{IPA|bn|dinɦaʈa}}), is a city and a municipality in [[Cooch Behar district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India. It is the headquarters of the [[Dinhata subdivision]]. Apart from the city area, Dinhata consists of 3 blocks.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=380| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|12|0|N|89|35|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Tufanganj and Dinhata subdivisions (except Sitai CD block) in Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, M: municipal town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|19|52|N|89|46|18|E}}| label-pos1=top|label1= Chhota Laukuthi | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Chhota Laukuthi]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|18|0|N|89|40|6|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2=Kamat Phulbari| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kamat Phulbari]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|7|0|N|89|28|12|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Bhangri |labela3= Pratham| labelb3 = Khanda| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Bhangri Pratham Khanda]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|19|20|N|89|39|20|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Tufanganj| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Tufanganj]] (M)|shape-color4= #800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|8|20|N|89|28|32|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5=Dinhata| numbered5=M| mark-title5= Dinhata (M)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|19|41|N|89|45|32|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Bakshirhat| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bakshirhat]] (R)| shape-color6= #C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|24|52|N|89|35|40|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Natabari| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Natabari, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color7= #C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|4|14|N|89|35|10|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bamanhat| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Bamanhat]] (R)| shape-color8= #C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|1|59|N|89|29|3|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Gitaldaha| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Gitaldaha]] (R)| shape-color9= #C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|6|50|N|89|35|3|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Sahebganj| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sahebganj, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|9|10|N|89|23|0|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Gosanimari| numbered11=H| mark-title11= [[Gosanimari]] (H) |shape-color11=#AA6666
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|20|15|N|89|33|10|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Airani Chitalia| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Airani Chitalia]] (H)|shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|20|24|N|89|39|15|E}}| label-pos13=top|label13=Andaranfulbari| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Andaranfulbari]] (H) |shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|18|16|N|89|42|42|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Bara Kodali| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Bara Kodali]] (H)|shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|23|36|N|89|34|14|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Bhuchungmari| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Bhuchungmari]] (H)|shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|17|51|N|89|39|14|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Chamta| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Chamta]] (H)|shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|16|13|N|89|39|20|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Nakkatigachhi| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Nakkatigachhi]] (H)|shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|1|35|N|89|27|0|E}}|label18= Dharla River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=55| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|6|0|N|89|43|0|E}}|label19= Dudhkumar| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19=65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19=none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|3|30|N|89|43|0|E}}|label20= River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=100| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20=none
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|12|0|N|89|49|0|E}}|label21= Gangadhar River| label-color21 = #77A1CB| label-angle21=95| label-pos21=top| label-size21=11| mark-size21=0| mark-title21=none
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|17|30|N|89|32|30|E}}|label22= Mara Torsha| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=25| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|16|0|N|89|35|40|E}}|label23= River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=35| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|9|6|N|89|20|30|E}}| label-pos24=top|label24=Rajpat| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Rajpat]] (H)|shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|8|29|N|89|21|47|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25=Kamteswari |labela25= temple| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Kamteswari temple]] (H)|shape-color25=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|16|30|N|89|45|30|E}}|arc-textA= ASSAM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|0|30|N|89|36|30|E}}|arc-textB= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-25| arc-gapB=4.2| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Dinhata is located at {{Coord|26.13|N|89.47|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Dinhata.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Dinhata]</ref> It has an average elevation of 36 metres (118 feet).

According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Koch Bihar'', Dinhata covered an area of 4.55 km2.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Koch Bihar, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 593-594 : Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 595 |publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the eastern part of the district. In Tufanganj subdivision 6.97% of the population lives in the urban area and 93.02% in the rural areas. In Dinhata subdivision 5.98% of the population lives in the urban areas and 94.02% lives in the rural areas.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The entire district forms the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] flood plains of mighty rivers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 17-21 Physical feafures| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 August 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Dinhata had a total population of 36,124 of which 18,344 (51%) were males and 17,780 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,485. The total number of literate persons in Dinhata was 30,487 (91.61% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 August 2020 }}</ref>

For information regarding language and religion see [[Dinhata I#Language and religion]] and [[Dinhata II#Language and religion]]

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Dinhata had a population of 34,303. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Dinhata has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84% and, female literacy is 75%. In Dinhata, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India |page=line 4851}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Dinhata police station has jurisdiction over Dinhata municipal area and [[Dinhata I]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://coochbehar.nic.in/Htmfiles/CoB_Police.html | title = Police Stations under Cooch Behar district| publisher = Cooch Behar Police |access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the Dinhata I CD block are located at Dinhata town.<ref name="map">{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Koch Bihar district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref>

===Municipality===
The total number of wards in the municipality are 16.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100603/jsp/bengal/story_12517019.jsp
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100607013331/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100603/jsp/bengal/story_12517019.jsp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 7 June 2010
| title = Trinamul buzz ends in whimper in Dinhata
| access-date = 2 June 2010
| publisher = The Telegraph, India}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Dinhata College]] was established in 1956. Affiliated with the [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]], it offers courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dinhatacollege.ac.in/ |title = Dinhata College |publisher= DC | access-date = 28 July 2020 }}</ref>

A regional station of the Central Tobacco Research Institute, India is located in this town.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ctri.org.in/pages/au_aboutinst.html
|title = About Institution (Central Tobacco Research Institute)
|access-date = 2 June 2010
|publisher = Central Tobacco Research Institute
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100508193247/http://www.ctri.org.in/pages/au_aboutinst.html
|archive-date = 8 May 2010
|df = dmy
}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Dinhata Subdivisional Hospital at Dinhata functions with 180 beds.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 2 August 2020 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Dinhata Railway Station]] serves the city of Dinhata, the station lies under [[Alipurduar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]].

==Notable people==
* [[GM Quader]], former Bangladeshi commerce minister
* [[Hossain Mohammad Ershad]], former President of [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Hossain Mokbul Shahriar]], Bangladeshi politician
* [[Merina Rahman]], Bangladeshi MP
* [[Mozammel Hossain Lalu]], Bangladeshi politician
* [[Saad Ershad]], Bangladeshi businessman
* [[Kamal Guha]], former Agriculture Minister of the [[Government of West Bengal]]
* [[Dipak Sen Gupta]], Freedom fighter and one of the leading participants of Goa Freedom Movement from West Bengal in 1955, former Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for 4 consecutive terms and Chairman of [[Dinhata Municipality]]
* [[Udayan Guha]], MLA from [[Dinhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dinhata constituency]] in [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:DINHATA_CHOWPATHI_01.jpg|Chowpathi
File:DINHATA CHOWPATHI 02.jpg|Dinhata Main Road
File:Greenfields of Dinhata.jpg|Dinhata's Village Side
File:Nripendra Narayan Smriti Sadan Theatre.jpg|Inside picture of Nripendra Narayan Memorial Hall (Smriti Sadan)
File:New Meat and Fish Market.jpg|Its a new meat and fish market
File:DINHATA RAILWAY STATION.jpg|Dinhata Railway Station
File:Dinhata's Durgapuja images 1.jpg|Dinhata's Durga Puja
File:Dinhata's Durga puja 02.jpg|Dinhata's Durga Puja
File:Dinhata's Durga puja 01.jpg|Durga Puja of Dinhata
File:DINHATA CHURCH.jpg|Church Of Dinhata
File:Dinhata Jam E Masjid.jpg|Jam E masjid, A mosque Of Dinhata
File:Biggest Kali Puja.jpg|The Biggest Kali goddess Idol of Dinhata
File:Ma Mahamaya Path Temple Of Dinhata.jpg|Ma Mahamaya Path Temple Of Dinhata
</gallery>[[File:Dinhata_high_school.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|dinhata high school. it was established in 1890]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Towns and Cities of Cooch Behar District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

==See also==
*[[Coochbehar]]
*[[Jalpaiguri]]
*[[Basirhat]]
*[[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]
*[[Siliguri]]
*[[Alipurduar]]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Matak rajya

2025-10-16T11:07:55Z

Majokthefirst: added first stub from scratch

{{Short description|Administrative area}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Matak Rajya
|common_name = Matak kingdom
|nation =
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1805
|date_start =
|event_start = Foundation of the Matak Kingdom
|year_end = 1839
|date_end = 12 November
|event_end = Annexed to [[British Raj|British India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event3 =
|date_event3 =
|p1 =
|s1 =
|s2 =
|flag_p1 = Ahom_insignia_plain.svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of British Bengal.svg
|flag_s2 =
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|capital = Bengmara {{small|(present-day [[Tinisukia]])}}
|stat_year1 =
|stat_area1 = 4661
|stat_pop1 =
|today = India
|common_languages =
|religion =
|government_type =
|leader1 = Mejera
|year_leader1 = 1791–1805
|leader2 = Matibar
|year_leader2 = 1805–1839
|leader3 = Maju Gohain
|year_leader3 = 1839–1839
|title_leader = Barsenapati
|legislature =
}}
'''Matak rajya''' or '''Matak kingdom''' was a 19th-century autonomous region within the [[Ahom kingdom]] in [[Assam]]. It was governed by the ''Barsenapati'' ("Great General").<ref>"The Burhagohain, therefore, entered into an agreement with Sarbananda Singha, the chief of the Moamariyas of Bengmara, by which he ceded to the latter the territory between the Brahmaputra and the Buri Dihing on an autonomous basis and recognised his title ''Barsenapati'' or the 'Great General' {{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=353}}</ref>{{sfn|Dutta|1985|p=188}}

==History==
This autonomous region was established by an agreement in 1805 between the [[Purnanada Burhagohain]] and [[Sarbananda Singha]], the leader of the [[Moamoria]]s in Bengmara (present-day [[Tinsukia]] town), where it was agreed that the Ahom kingdom would recognise the region as ''Matak rajya'' ("Matak kingdom") under the leadership of the ''Barsenapati'' ("Great General") and Sarbananda Singha would pay an annual tribute.<ref>"Accordingly, an agreement was made in 1805 ... The Moamariya chief, in his turn, agreed to pay the Ahom Government an annual tribute, consisting of ivory, muga silk, and such other articles produced in his territory." {{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=164}}</ref> The agreement was the result of the [[Moamoria rebellion]] and the dangers the weakened Ahom kingdom was facing from different directions—and the establishment of the autonomous region resulted in the end of the rebellion and Moamoria antagonisms against the Ahom state.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=164}}</ref> Sarbananda was followed by his son, Matibar, as the ''Barsenapati'' who in turn remained loyal to the Ahom kingdom.<ref>"Sarbananda was succeeded by his son Matibar, who remained loyal to the Ahom Government." {{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=164}}</ref>

In 1826, when the Ahom kingdom fell to the Burmese [[Konbaung dynasty]], the Matak rajya was the only one to maintain its independence.<ref>{{harvcol|Nag|2018|p=14}}</ref>

Later, it came under the protection of the British rule and finally the British took complete control in 1839.{{sfn|Dutta|1985|p=187}}

==Government==
The ''Barsenapati'' was the nominal head of this region, with the actual power resting with the council of village headmen ("Council of Elders"). The people paid no tax, but paid personal service—a prime cause of immigration from the region under [[Purandar Singha]].{{sfn|Baruah|1993|p=165}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Nag|first=Sajal|title=Devour thy Neighbour: Foreign Invasions and the Decline of States in Eighteenth Century North East India|year=2018}}
*{{citation
| first = S L
| last = Baruah
| title = A Comprehensive History of Assam
| year = 1986
| publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal
}}
*{{citation
| first = S L
| last = Baruah
| title = Last Days of Ahom Monarchy
| year = 1993
| publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal
}}

*{{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Kingdoms of Assam]]
[[Category:1788 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1839 disestablishments in India]]

Saajha Sindoor

2025-09-23T01:47:10Z

Majokthefirst: Started new data

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Saaja-Sindoor.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| screenplay = Gautam Hegde
| story = Purendu Shekhar Aakriti Atreja Raghuveer Shekhawat (Dialogue)
| starring = [[Sahil Uppal]] Stuti Goyal Krutika Desai
| open_theme = ''Saajha Sindoor''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 199
| producer = Bhairavi Raichura Purendu Shekhar Nandita Mehra
| director = Nandita Mehara Akhilesh-Bhagat-Kushal Awasthi
| editor = Sachin Shinde
| cinematography = Sadanand Pillai
| location = [[Rajasthan]]
| runtime = 20-21 min approx.
| company = 24 Frames Media
| network = [[Sun Neo]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2024|06|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2025|02|15|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Saajha Sindoor'''''<ref>{{cite news|title=Exploring Rajasthan's Allure: 'Saajha Sindoor' Cast Faces Heat Challenges, Leads Krutika Desai And Sahil Uppal React|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exploring-rajasthans-allure-saajha-sindoor-cast-faces-heat-challenges-leads-krutika-desai-and-sahil-uppal-react/articleshow/111492903.cms|work=timesofindia|accessdate=4 July 2024}}</ref> ({{Translation|Shared [[Vermillion]]}}) is an Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series which was aired on [[Sun Neo]] on 16 June 2024 to 15 February 2025 and digitally premiered on [[Sun NXT]] under the banner of 24 Frames Media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saajha Sindoor: Sahil Uppal talks about being a part of the show; says, 'Excited to be a part of a romantic drama' - EXCLUSIVE|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/saajha-sindoor-sahil-uppal-talks-about-being-part-of-the-show-says-excited-be-part-of?amp|work=Tellychakkar|accessdate=13 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Anjali Gupta to feature in Sun Neo's show Saajha Sindoor|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-anjali-gupta-to-feature-in-sun-neos-show-saajha-sindoor/2024/05/30/amp|work=IWMBuzz|date=30 May 2024 |accessdate=30 May 2024}}</ref> It stars [[Sahil Uppal]], Stuti Goyal and Krutika Desai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sahil Uppal From Saajha Sindoor Shares His Deep Connection With His On-Screen Character, Says 'Family Is Everything To Me, And I Am Willing To Do Anything For My Loved Ones, Just As Gagan'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sahil-uppal-from-saajha-sindoor-shares-his-deep-connection-with-his-on-screen-character-says-family-is-everything-to-me-and-i-am-willing-to-do-anything-for-my-loved-ones-just-as-gagan/amp_articleshow/111380900.cms?|work=Timesofindia|accessdate=30 June 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The show follows the journey of Phooli, a young woman whose life takes a tragic turn when her groom dies on their wedding day, leaving her an unmarried widow. The story unfolds as Phooli confronts numerous hardships and societal challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saajha Sindoor Actress Sangita Ghosh Opens Up On Taking 'Challenging Roles' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/saajha-sindoor-actress-sangita-ghosh-opens-up-on-taking-challenging-roles-2771829.html |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Sahil Uppal]] as Gagan
* Stuti Goyal as Phooli
* Krutika Desai as Dhara

=== Recurring ===
* [[Neelu Vaghela]] as Hukum
* Anjali Gupta as Saraswati
* Nasir Khan as Jaswant
* [[Sangita Ghosh]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Saajha Sindoor Actress Sangita Ghosh On Yoga Day: It Isn't About Being Perfect, But About Progress And Feeling Good Inside And Out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/saajha-sindoor-actress-sangita-ghosh-on-yoga-day-it-isnt-about-being-perfect-but-about-progress-and-feeling-good-inside-and-out/articleshow/111139659.cms|work=Timesofindia|accessdate=20 June 2024}}</ref> as Saroj
* Ram Mehar Jangra as Kamal
* Akshat Varshney as Ajay
* Krish Chauhan
*Khushi Mali as Rani
*Nazneen Khan as Divya
*Ruchi Kaushal

== See also ==
* [[Sun TV Network]]
* [[Ishq Jabariya]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-hindi-serial-saajha-sindoor-episodeno-Jun16-2024/detail/194018/0 ''Saajha Sindoor''] on [[Sun NXT]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Sun Neo original programming]]

Ramapati Shastri

2025-09-03T07:37:56Z

Majokthefirst:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Minister of Social Welfare, SC/ST Welfare [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 19 March 2017
| term_end = 25 March 2022
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| successor = [[Asim Arun]]
| term_start1 = 24 June 1991
| term_end1 = 6 December 1992
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Kalyan Singh]]
| office2 = Minister of Health & Family Welfare [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 23 March 1997
| term_end2 = 8 March 2002
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Mayawati]] [[Kalyan Singh]]
| office3 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2017
| predecessor3 = Babulal
| constituency3 = [[Mankapur Assembly constituency|Manakpur]]
| term_start4 = 1989
| term_end4 = 2002
| predecessor4 = Babulal
| successor4 = Babulal
| constituency4 = Dixir
| term_start5 = 1974
| term_end5 = 1980
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 = Babulal
| constituency5 = Dixir
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1952|10|15}}
| birth_place = Bishnoharpur, [[Gonda district|Gonda]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| residence = [[Nawabganj, Gonda|Nawabganj]], [[Gonda district|Gonda]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| birthname =
| parents =
| spouse = Mangala Devi (deceased)
| children = 2
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| source = http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12662/17
}}

'''Ramapati Shastri''' is an Indian politician and a member of the 6th, 7th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] of [[India]]. Currently, he is serving as Cabinet Minister of Social Welfare and Minister of [[Scheduled Castes|SC]] & [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]] Welfare in the [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath government]]. He represents the [[Mankapur (Assembly constituency)]] in [[Gonda district]] of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/mankapur-mla-results|title=MANKAPUR Election Result 2017, Winner, MANKAPUR MLA, Uttar Pradesh|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He is also elected as Protem Speaker of 18th [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and education==
Shastri was born on 15 October 1952 in Bishnoharpur village of the [[Gonda district]] to his father Ram Laut who belongs to tanbina gotra of Kori/koli caste.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=No question of banning the word 'Dalit', says Uttar Pradesh social welfare minister|url=https://scroll.in/latest/931791/no-question-of-banning-the-word-dalit-says-uttar-pradesh-social-welfare-minister|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> He married Lt. Mangla Devi, with whom he has one son and one daughter.<ref name=auto>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19820|title=Member Profile|website=Official website of Legislative assembly of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> He passed [[Secondary school|high school]] and [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|intermediate]] examination from Gandhi Inter College, [[Nawabganj, Gonda|Nawabganj]]. In 1984, he received the degree of Shastri from [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]], [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]].<ref name=KK>{{Cite news|url=https://m.khaskhabar.com/news/news-ramapati-shastri-become-minister-in-yogi-government-news-hindi-1-186557-KKN.html|title=रमापति शास्त्री, सातवीं बार जीते हैं चुनाव|date=20 March 2017|work=Khas Khabar|language=hi}}</ref>

==Political career==
Shastri has been [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for seven strength terms. In 1974, his first election, he became an MLA on the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Jan Sangh]] ticket from the Dixir reserved seat. He lost the elections to the Babulal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1980 and 1985. In 1989, he became MLA from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] for the third time. Fourth time after winning elections in Ramlahar in 1991, he was made a cabinet minister in [[Kalyan Singh]]'s government. During this tenure, he held the Ministry of Social Welfare and Revenue Department. The fifth time he again won the election in 1993 from Diksir. In 1996, after winning for the sixth time he was again appointed Cabinet Minister for Medical Health and Family Welfare Department in the BJP government. In the 2002 election, he lost to [[Samajwadi Party|SP's]] Babulal. During this time, the BJP made him the National President of the Scheduled Castes Morcha. In the 2007 election, he lost to [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate Ramesh Gautam.<ref name=KK/>

In 2012, the Dixir assembly seat came out of the reservation in the name of [[Tarabganj (Assembly constituency)|Tarabganj]]. This time Shastri contested from [[Balrampur (Assembly constituency)|Balrampur Sadar]] and secured the seat, but lost.<ref name=KK/> Since 2017, he has represented the [[Mankapur (Assembly constituency)]] in the [[Gonda district]] of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]. In the 2017 elections, he defeated his nearest rival [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate Ramesh Chandra Gautam by a record margin of 60,161 votes.

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments!! Ref
|-
| 11 ||March 2022 || March 2022 ||Pro tem speaker, Uttar Pradesh Assembly ||[[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath Cabinet]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/up-governor-administers-oath-of-pro-tem-speaker-to-bjp-mla-ramapati-shastri/articleshow/90457101.cms|title=UP governor administers oath of pro-tem speaker to BJP MLA Ramapati Shastri|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
| 10 ||March 2017 || Incumbent ||Cabinet Minister in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] ||[[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath Cabinet]]||
|-
| 09 ||March 2017 || Incumbent || Member, [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||7th term||
|-
| 08|| October 1996 || March 2002|| Member, [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Legislative Assembly]] ||6th term||<ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 September 2019|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 ||September 1997 || November 1999 ||Cabinet Minister in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] ||[[Kalyan Singh|Kalyan Singh Cabinet]]||
|-
| 06|| December 1993 || October 1995|| Member, [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Legislative Assembly]] ||5th term||<ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 September 2019|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05|| June 1991 || December 1992|| Member, [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Legislative Assembly]] ||4th term||<ref name="1991 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 September 2019|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 ||June 1991|| December 1992||Cabinet Minister in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] ||[[Kalyan Singh|Kalyan Singh Cabinet]]||
|-
| 03|| December 1989 || April 1991|| Member, [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Legislative Assembly]] ||3rd term||<ref name="1989 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 September 2019|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02|| June 1977 || February 1980|| Member, [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|7th Legislative Assembly]] ||2nd term||<ref name="1977 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 September 2019|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 01|| March 1974 || April 1977|| Member, [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|6th Legislative Assembly]] ||1st term||<ref name="1974 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=16 September 2019|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}{{Yogi ministry|Social Development, S C and Tribal Development=Ramapati Shastri}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Ramapati}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]

Sabzwari dynasty

2025-09-01T21:31:53Z

Majokthefirst: Created New Data

{{Royal house
| surname = House of Sabzwar
| estate = [[Sabzawar|Sabzwar]], [[Mashhad]] and [[Monghyr district|Monghyr]]
| coat of arms =
| parent house = [[Alids|Bani Mukhtar]]
| country = {{plainlist|class=nowrap|
*[[Mughal Empire]]
*[[Safavid Empire]]}}
| titles = {{plainlist|
* [[Sultan]] of Sabzawar
* [[Amir]]
*[[Khan (title)|Khan]]}}
| founder = Abul Mukhtar Naqab, Amir al Hajj
| current head =
| founding year =
| dissolution =
| deposition =
| cadet branches =
|final_ruler=
}}
The '''Sabzwari dynasty''' was a dynasty prominent in the [[Mughal Empire]]. The family, originally from [[Mashhad]] and [[Sabzwar]] in [[Safavid Iran]], shared important marital relationships with several prominent Indian families, especially that of Itimad Ud Daula.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Iranis and Turks in the political system of Mughal India |journal=Shodhganga}}</ref>

== History ==
The dynasty descends in the male line from the fourth [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]] [[Imam Ali|Caliph Ali]] and was founded by Sayyid Abul Mukhtar Al Naqab, Amir [[Hajji|al Hajj]]. The [[Imam Reza shrine|Shrine of Imam Reza]] at Mashhad was long associated with this dynasty, and heads of the dynasty held immense prestige in the [[Safavid Empire]].

Amir Shamsuddin Ali II, Naqib al Nuqba (Chief Genealogist) of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorassan]] and Iraq came to [[Najaf]] from Iraq during the reign of Shah Rukh. He is separated from Amir Ali Shamsuddin Ali Madi by three generations and his son Amir Shamsuddin Ali III became the pre-eminent noble of Khorasan. Ali III acquired much of the territory of [[Sabzwar]] and when Abdullah Khan Uzbeg of Turan overran most of Khorasan, he remained a staunch opponent and gave a harsh reply to Abdullah Khan's overtures. His boldness and independence caught the eye of [[Tahmasp I|Shah Tahmasp]] of Iran who bestowed upon him the title of [[Sultan]] and extended his territory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Shah Nawaz |title=Maasir al Umara |date=1952 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Press |location=Calcutta |pages=259–262}}</ref>

Later, members of this family received mansabs under the emperor [[Jahangir]] and one was appointed [[Subahdar]] of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |title=Badshanama |page=126}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Muslim dynasties of India]]
[[Category:People from Sabzevar]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Arab diaspora in India]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People from Mashhad]]
[[Category:Alid dynasties]]
[[Category:Families from Safavid Iran]]

Maur, Faridkot

2025-08-17T04:15:47Z

Majokthefirst: added first entry added tags

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot district of Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maur
| other_name = ਮੌੜ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.503761|74.748288|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 3228
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151204
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kotkapura
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Maur''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਮੌੜ) is a village located in the [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maur · Punjab 151204, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Maur,+Punjab+151204/@30.5032503,74.738806,15.17z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3917450e2d0efa39:0x11af9f2f696c2db3!8m2!3d30.5035645!4d74.7468742!16s/g/1thq87ks?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDcwOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Maur · Punjab 151204, India |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The Village has a population of 3228 of which 1736 are males while 1492 are females as per the census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maur Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35465-maur-punjab.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Total geographical area of the village is about 1007 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faridkot |first=DIstrict Census Handbook |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB |year=2011 |pages=62 |language=English}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151204.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Mour Suhag Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Mour Suhag, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/mour-suhag |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==

* Govt. High School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GHS MAUR {{!}} District Faridkot,Governmnet of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/ghs-maur/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]