https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MaheshmkadamBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-17T21:36:38ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurdip_Ram_Bungar&diff=432579Gurdip Ram Bungar2023-10-02T22:18:43Z<p>Maheshmkadam: Created page with '{{short description|British Labour Party politician|bot=PearBOT 5}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Councillor | name = Gurdip Ram Bungar | honorific-suffix = | image = | order = | office = Mayor Gravesham Borough Council | monarch = | 1blankname = Ealing City C...'</p>
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<div>{{short description|British Labour Party politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[Gravesham Borough Council|Councillor]]<br />
| name = Gurdip Ram Bungar<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| order = <br />
| office = [[Gravesham Borough Council|Mayor Gravesham Borough Council]]<br />
| monarch = <br />
| 1blankname = [[Ealing City Council|Leader]]<br />
| term_start = May 2023<br />
| term_end = <br />
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| office2 = [[Gravesham Borough Council|Mayor Gravesham Borough Council]]<br />
| deputy2 = <br />
| term_start2 = May 2019<br />
| term_end2 = May 2020<br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
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| office3 = [[Gravesham Borough Council|Deputy Mayor of Gravesham Borough Council]]<br />
| deputy3 = <br />
| term_start3 = May 2014<br />
| term_end3 = May 2015<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Palahi village]], [[Jalandhar]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| signature = <br />
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] <small></small><br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| residence = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| caption = Bungar as the Mayor Gravesham Borough Council<br />
}}<br />
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'''Gurdip Ram Bungar''' is a British politician and [[mayor]] of the [[Gravesham Borough Council]].<ref name="mayor">{{Cite web |last=Mistry |first=Rahul |title=The Mayor |url=https://www.gravesham.gov.uk/councillors-meetings/mayor |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=[[Gravesham Borough Council]] |language=en}}</ref> He is the first [[Dalit]] mayor of Gravesham.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/nri-achievers/gravesham-council-uk-gets-first-ravidassia-deputy-mayor/articleshow/35175841.cms|title=Gravesham council, UK, gets first ravidassia deputy Mayor|date=16 May 2014|via=[[The Times of India]]|first=I P|last=Singh}}</ref><br />
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==Personal life==<br />
He was born and raised in the [[Ravidasia|Ravidasia Sikh]]<ref name="auto"/> family of [[Palahi]], a village in [[Jalandhar District]].<br />
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== Career ==<br />
He is executive member of [[Gurdwara Guru Ravidass]], Gravesend and during the [[COVID pandemic]] period, he encouraged same Gurdwara, to donate 10,000 pounds to [[Darrent Valley Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kentonline.co.uk/gravesend/news/i-can-only-say-thanks-to-the-nhs-you-are-our-real-heroes-227075/|title='I can only say thanks to the NHS, you are our real heroes'|date=12 May 2020|website=Kent Online}}</ref><br />
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He is affiliated with the Labour Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://democracy.gravesham.gov.uk/|title=Councillor details - Cllr Gurdip Ram Bungar|date=28 September 2023|website=democracy.gravesham.gov.uk}}</ref> In 2014, he was also elected deputy mayor of Gravesham,<ref name="auto"/> and then in 2019, he was elected mayor of Gravesham.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kentonline.co.uk/gravesend/news/new-mayor-humbled-by-role-204841/|title=New mayor 'humbled' by role|date=17 May 2019|website=Kent Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.houseofmercygravesend.com/news-events/|title=House of Mercy Gravesend - Home - News & Events|website=www.houseofmercygravesend.com}}</ref><br />
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He has been elected mayor of Gravesham for a second term in 2023.<ref name="mayor" /><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bungar, Gurdip Ram}}<br />
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) councillors]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Ravidassia]]<br />
[[Category:Local politicians in England]]</div>Maheshmkadamhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna_Math,_Mangaluru&diff=432762Ramakrishna Math, Mangaluru2023-09-29T05:07:51Z<p>Maheshmkadam: New page</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Mangalore, India}}<br />
{{Advert|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Mandir<br />
| name = Ramakrishna Math, Mangaluru<br /><small>ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಮಠ ಮಂಗಳೂರು</small><br />
| image = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png<br />
| alt = Logo<br />
| caption = [[Ramakrishna Mission#Emblem|Emblem]]<br />
| map_type =<br />
| map_caption =<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12|51|2.6|N|74|50|25|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| other_names =<br />
| proper_name =<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Mangalore]]<br />
| location = [[Mangaladevi]], [[Mangalore]]<br />
| elevation_m =<br />
| deity = [[Sri Ramakrishna]]<br />
| festivals=<br />
| architecture = <br />
| temple_quantity =<br />
| monument_quantity=<br />
| inscriptions =<br />
| year_completed = <br />
| creator = [[Ramakrishna Mission]]<br />
| website ={{URL|https://mangaloremath.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
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'''Ramakrishna Math, Mangaluru''' is a monastic organisation for those men who were taught into existence by [[Paramahamsa|Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] (1836–1886), a 19th-century saint of Bengal. It is a non-profit, non-political, non-sectarian spiritual organization that has been engaged in various forms of humanitarian, social service activities for over a century.<br />
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The motto of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission is For one's own salvation, and for the welfare of the world The math in [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]] is the one of the branch center of the Ramakrishna Order in Southern India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Branch Centres |url=https://belurmath.org/branch-centres/?centre_id=MNG |website=Belur Math - Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission}}</ref> It was established on 3 June 1947.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mangalorean |first1=Alfie Dsouza, Team |title=City's Ramakrishna Math Celebrating 75th Anniversary in the Service of Humanity |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/citys-ramakrishna-math-celebrating-75th-anniversary-in-the-service-of-humanity/ |work=Mangalorean.com |date=30 May 2022}}</ref> The institution is dedicated to serving humanity and promoting the teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]] and his spiritual master, [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa]].<br />
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==History==<br />
The history of Ramakrishna Math in Mangalore goes back to the days of "Parivrajaka" Swami Vivekananda. In 1892, students from Mangalore, like Shrinivas Pai and his friends, were deeply influenced by Swami Vivekananda when they met him during his wandering days in Madras. After their studies, they started a group called "Vivekananda Society" in Mangalore to spread the ideas of Swami Vivekananda.<br />
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The Vivekananda Society organized events and programs to share the teachings of Swami Vivekananda and Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa. Sahukar Venkatesh Pai was deeply influenced and started a free hostel named "Balakashram" for underprivileged boys in 1940. Balakashram was later managed by Ramakrishna Mission, the first branch of its kind in Karnataka.<br />
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Efforts led by Rao Bahadur Dr. Keshava Pai and friends led to the establishment of Ramakrishna Math in Mangalore on June 3, 1947. Swami Vimalanandaji and a few monastic disciples initiated spiritual activities like worship and prayers. Swami Vimalanandaji played a significant role in promoting Ramakrishna and Vivekananda's ideas in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mangaluru: Ramakrishna Math set to celebrate 75th anniversary |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=964411 |work=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Location==<br />
The Ramakrishna Math is located near the [[Mangaladevi Temple]] in [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]], a coastal city. The ashram spans seven acres and is surrounded by trees and plants, creating a peaceful environment.<br />
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==Activities and Recognition==<br />
The Ramakrishna Math in Mangalore combines spirituality with humanitarian efforts, guided by the motto "Service to mankind is service to God." The Math engages in various initiatives like Swacch Mangaluru Abhiyan, State Level Youth Conventions, Cultural events, and Value Inculcation seminars for students, youths, and lecturers. The Math has received recognition for its contributions to society, including the Rajyotsava Award in 2012, the Erya Award in 2013, the U Srinivasa Mallya Award by Mangalore City Corporation in 2019, and the "Amrita Mahotsava State Award" during [[Karnataka Rajyotsava|Kannada Rajyotsava]] 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Public felicitation to Ramakrishna Mutt today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/public-felicitation-to-ramakrishna-mutt-today/article37715014.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 November 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
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===Swaccha Mangaluru Abhiyan===<br />
The Ramakrishna Mission in Mangaluru initiated the "Swaccha Mangaluru for Swaccha Bharath" Abhiyan on January 30, 2015, aligning with the Prime Minister's vision. The campaign launched with a rally involving 2,000 students, an oath-taking event, and recognition of 100 municipal workers. Led by monks, 50 volunteer teams organized 500 shramadan projects, improving the city's cleanliness and public facilities, constructing shelters and signposts. In 100 schools, "Swacch Manas" programs trained 10,000 students about cleanliness, aided by 70 resource persons. <ref>{{cite news |title=Swachh Mangaluru Abhiyan to be extended to rural areas in Phase 4 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/swachh-mangaluru-abhiyan-to-be-extended-to-rural-areas-in-phase-4/article19920627.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 October 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mangaluru: Ramakrishna Mission carries out ’’Swachh Mangaluru’’ |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Mangaluru-Ramakrishna-Mission-carries-out-rsquo-rsquo-Swachh-Mangaluru-rsquo-rsquo-.html |work=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref><br />
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===Educational & Youth Activities===<br />
Ramakrishna Mission Balakashrama assists students with vital resources like uniforms, textbooks, notebooks, and school fees. Boys are encouraged to build virtues, fulfill social duties, develop good tastes, and grow self-esteem. They play an active role in managing the Balakashrama, maintaining its surroundings, and learning the values of independence, dignified work, teamwork, and self-improvement. Daily routines include group prayers and receiving instruction in Vedic Hymns, [[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavadgita]], and other spiritual texts.<br />
*Balakashrama – Hostel Facilities<br />
*Swami Vivekananda Coaching Centre<br />
*Educational Conclave: Shraddha – Medha – Prajna<ref>{{cite news |title=Education conclave at Ramakrishna Mutt from today |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/education-conclave-ramakrishna-718340.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
*Shakthi – Women Empowerment Programme<br />
*Prerana – Residential Youth Camp<br />
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===Cultural Activites===<br />
Ramakrishna Math Mangaluru actively promotes the local culture by organizing various cultural programs including Yakshagaana, Taalamaddale, Ashtaavadhaana, Gamakavaachana, Vaachanagaayana.<br />
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===Spiritual Activities===<br />
Ramakrishna Math Mangaluru organizes various service activities on a regular basis, with the aim of assisting the devotees of the ashram in their pursuit of God-realization, which Ramakrishna considered the ultimate goal of life. These service activities serve as a means of providing support and guidance to the ashram's devotees on their spiritual journey.<ref>{{cite news |title=Swami Vivekananda was liberal but not a coward: Pratap Chandra Sarangi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/swami-vivekananda-was-liberal-but-not-a-coward-pratap-chandra-sarangi/article30430718.ece |work=The Hindu |date=30 December 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
*Bhava Sangama – Bhakta Samagama<br />
*Daily Worship and Prayer<br />
*Antaryoga – Spiritual Retreats<br />
*Japa Yajna<br />
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===Vivekananda Vrikshalaya – Urban Foresting Project===<br />
Ramakrishna Math Mangaluru has taken an initiative to establish urban forests in Mangalore, aiming to protect and preserve nature's biodiversity while promoting local flora and increasing the city's green cover. <ref>{{cite news |title=Vivekananda Vrukshalaya with over 500 saplings inaugurated |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/vivekananda-vrukshalaya-with-over-500-saplings-inaugurated-1067024.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tulasi Gouda dedicates Vivekananda Vrukshalaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/tulasi-gouda-dedicates-vivekananda-vrukshalaya/articleshow/88641024.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 January 2022}}</ref><br />
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==Gallery==<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<gallery mode=packed heights=123px caption=""> <br />
File:Ramakrishna ashram Mangalore auditorium.jpg<br />
File:Swami vivekananda statue1.jpg<br />
File:Ramakrishna ashram mangalore Entrance.jpg<br />
File:Ramakrishna ashram mangalore logo.jpg<br />
</Gallery><br />
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== References ==<br />
<!--- See [[Bharatpedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using<ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://mangaloremath.in/general/about-mangaluru-math/}}, Official website<br />
{{Swami Vivekananda}}</div>Maheshmkadamhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatehgarh,_Jaisalmer&diff=428198Fatehgarh, Jaisalmer2023-09-13T20:58:26Z<p>Maheshmkadam: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Fatehgarh (फतेहगढ़)<br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]<br />
| established_title = <!--default="Established"--><br />
| area_total_km2 = 4,340<br />
| population_total = 1,01,020<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 345027<br />
}}<br />
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'''Fatehgarh is''' city and Tehsil in [[Jaisalmer district]] in [[Rajasthan]]. It is situated 85km away from district headquarter Jaisalmer. <br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Fatehgarh tehsil has a population of 1,01,020 peoples according to Census 2011.Fatehgarh tehsil has a population density of 23 inhabitants per square kilometre. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref> <br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}{{Jaisalmer district}}<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jaisalmer district]]</div>Maheshmkadamhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padma_Theatre&diff=395028Padma Theatre2023-07-17T04:50:51Z<p>Maheshmkadam: Page drafted.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Cinema hall in Kochi, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
{{Use Indian English}}<br />
{{Infobox theatre<br />
| name = Padma Theatre<br />
| image = Padma cinema theatre - ernakulam.JPG<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = Padma Theatre in 2011<br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption= <br />
| address = [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kochi)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]],<br />
| city = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]],<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| designation = <br />
| coordinates =<br />
| architect = <br />
| owner = Shenoys family<br />
| tenant = <br />
| operator = <br />
| capacity = <br />
| type = <br />
| opened = 1946<br />
| reopened = <br />
| yearsactive = 1946–present<br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished = <br />
| othernames = Padma Cinema<br />
| production = <br />
| currentuse = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
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'''Padma Theatre''' is a cinema theatre in the [[South India|South Indian]] city of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. Located in the [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kochi)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]], it was opened in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=സിനിമാലോകത്തെ ഷേണായിമാർ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/shenoys-theatre-ernakulam-history-padma-kavitha-lakshmana-1.5397512 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the oldest theatres in Kerala, that is still functioning and the oldest functioning theatre in Kochi. Padma theatre is considered as landmark building in Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Sunaya |title=Kochi's Favourite Padma Theatre is Back with a Bang! |url=http://www.wtzupcity.com/kochi/features/kochis-favourite-padma-theatre-is-back-with-a-bang |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=WtzupCity |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
Padma theatre was opened in 1946 and was the second theatre from the Shenoy family. Prior to that, Lakshmanan Shenoy had opened the Lakshman theatre in 1944. The theater was named after Lakhman Shenoy's wife. It had a special balcony with 20 seats reserved for the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi royal family]]. Padma was renovated in 1971 and air-conditioned with photophone film projector. The renovated theatre was opened by Tamil actor [[Kamal Haasan|Kamal Hassan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=V. K |first=Rajendran |title=ഷേണായ്മാർ 50 പിന്നിടുമ്പോൾ |pages=8,9 |work=Malayala Manorama}}</ref> <br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Shenoys Theatre]]<br />
*[[Sridar Theatre]]<br />
*[[Sri Padmanabha Theatre]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Theatre, Padma}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cinemas in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]<br />
{{theat-struct-stub}}</div>Maheshmkadamhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurdeep_Singh_Deepa_Heran_Wala&diff=394845Gurdeep Singh Deepa Heran Wala2023-07-05T03:41:50Z<p>Maheshmkadam: Realwiti moved page Gurdeep Singh Deepa Heran Wala to Gurdeep Singh Deepa: Make shorter (WP:CONCISE, WP:PRECISE)</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Gurdeep Singh Deepa]]<br />
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}}</div>Maheshmkadamhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_with_limited_recognition&diff=388149List of states with limited recognition2022-12-13T08:06:08Z<p>Maheshmkadam: Wrote an enlightening guide.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Redirect|Disputed states|a list of territorial disputes including these|List of territorial disputes}}<br />
{{Distinguish|text=[[Micronation]]s}}<br />
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[[File:Limited Recognition States.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|<br />
{{legend|#C74355|UN member states that at least one other UN member state does not recognise}}<br />
{{legend|#F8CD44|Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state}}<br />
{{legend|#246788|Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states}}<br />
]]<br />
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A number of [[polity|polities]] have declared independence and sought [[diplomatic recognition]] from the [[international community]] as [[sovereign state]]s, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have ''[[de facto]]'' control of their territory. [[List of historical unrecognized states|A number of such entities]] have existed in the past.<br />
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There are two traditional theories used to indicate how a sovereign state comes into being. The [[declarative theory]] (codified in the 1933 [[Montevideo Convention]]) defines a state as a [[public international law|person in international law]] if it meets the following criteria:<br />
<br />
# a defined territory<br />
# a permanent population<br />
# a government, and<br />
# a capacity to enter into relations with other states.<br />
<br />
According to the declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. By contrast, the [[constitutive theory]] defines a state as a person of international law only if it is recognised as such by other states that are already a member of the international community.<ref>Thomas D. Grant, ''The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution'' (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1999), chapter 1.</ref><ref name=RecognitionofStates>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&pg=PA64|title=Recognition in International Law|last1=Lauterpacht|first1=Hersch|page=64|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781107609433|year=2012|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130619/https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&pg=PA64|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[Quasi-state]]s often reference either or both doctrines in order to legitimise their claims to statehood. There are, for example, entities which meet the declarative criteria (with ''[[de facto]]'' partial or complete control over their claimed territory, a government and a permanent population), but whose statehood is not recognised by any other states. [[Non-recognition]] is often a result of conflicts with other countries that claim those entities as integral parts of their territory. In other cases, two or more partially recognised states may claim the same territorial area, with each of them ''de facto'' in control of a portion of it (as have been the cases of the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC; commonly called "Taiwan") and the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC), and [[North Korea|North]] and [[South Korea]]). Entities that are recognised by only a minority of the world's states usually reference the declarative doctrine to legitimise their claims.<br />
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In many situations, international non-recognition is influenced by the presence of a foreign military force in the territory of the contested entity, making the description of the country's ''de facto'' status problematic. The international community can judge this military presence too intrusive, reducing the entity to a [[puppet state]] where effective [[sovereignty]] is retained by the foreign power. Historical cases in this sense can be seen in [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]]-led [[Manchukuo]] or the [[Nazi Germany|German]]-created [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] and [[Independent State of Croatia]] before and during [[World War II]]. In the 1996 case ''[[Loizidou v. Turkey]]'', the [[European Court of Human Rights]] judged Turkey for having exercised authority in the territory of [[Northern Cyprus]].<br />
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There are also entities which do not have control over any territory or do not unequivocally meet the declarative criteria for statehood but have been recognised to exist as sovereign entities by at least one other state. Historically this has happened in the case of the [[Holy See]] (1870–1929), [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]] (during Soviet annexation), and the [[State of Palestine]] at the time of its declaration of independence in 1988. The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] is [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta#International status|currently in this position]]. See [[list of governments in exile]] for unrecognised governments without control over the territory claimed.<br />
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== List criteria ==<br />
The criteria for inclusion on this list is limited to [[polity|polities]] which claim [[sovereignty]], those that lack recognition from at least one [[member states of the United Nations|UN member state]], and either:<br />
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* satisfy the [[declarative theory of statehood]], ''or''<br />
* be [[Diplomatic recognition|recognised]] as a state by at least one UN member state.<br />
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== Background ==<br />
[[File:Somaliland UCID elections rally.jpg|thumb|Women in [[Somaliland]] wearing the colors of the Somaliland flag]]<br />
<br />
There are {{UNnum}} [[United Nations]] (UN) [[member states of the United Nations|member states]], while both the [[Holy See]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] have [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer state status]] in the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/nonmembers.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209033633/http://www.un.org/members/nonmembers.shtml|archive-date=9 February 2007 |title=Non-member State |publisher=Un.org |access-date=25 June 2010}}</ref> However, some countries fulfill the declarative criteria, are recognised by the large majority of other states and are members of the United Nations, but are still included in the list here because one or more other states do not recognise their statehood, due to territorial claims or other conflicts.<br />
<br />
Some states maintain informal (officially non-diplomatic) relations with states that do not officially recognise them. Taiwan (officially called the Republic of China) is one such state, as it maintains unofficial relations with many other states through its [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office|Economic and Cultural Offices]], which allow regular consular services. This allows Taiwan to have economic relations even with states that do not formally recognise it. A total of 56 states, including Germany,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/LaenderReiseinformationenA-Z.jsp |title=Germany – Countries A to Z |publisher=Auswaertiges-amt.de |access-date=25 June 2010 |archive-date=28 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728191255/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/LaenderReiseinformationenA-Z.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> Italy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esteri.it/MAE/Templates/SediTemplate.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID=|title=Ambasciate Consolati e Uffici di promozione|publisher=Esteri.it |access-date=29 April 2011}}{{Dead link}}</ref> the United States,<ref>[[U.S. Department of State]] [http://www.usembassy.gov/#Taiwan Websites of U.S. Embassies, Consulates, and Diplomatic Missions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506050404/http://www.usembassy.gov/#Taiwan }} Retrieved 3 February 2011</ref> and the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/find-an-embassy/?l=T |title=Find an Embassy |publisher=Fco.gov.uk |access-date=25 June 2010 |archive-date=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726163107/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/find-an-embassy/?l=T |url-status=live }}</ref> maintain some form of unofficial mission in Taiwan. [[Kosovo]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,50 |title=Foreign Missions in Kosovo |publisher=Government of [[Kosovo]], Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-date=24 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824122839/http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,50 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] ([[Nagorno-Karabakh]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nkr.am/en/permanent-representations/104/ |title=Permanent Representations |publisher=Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718174632/http://www.nkr.am/en/permanent-representations/104/ |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Northern Cyprus]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trncpio.org/trncpio/en/index.asp?sayfa=cms&dmid=0&cmsid=170&ssid=256489879|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728130326/http://www.trncpio.org/trncpio/en/index.asp?sayfa=cms&dmid=0&cmsid=170&ssid=256489879|archive-date=28 July 2011 |title=Representative Offices Abroad |publisher=Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Public Information Office |access-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> [[Abkhazia]],<ref name="AbkhazRepresentation">{{cite web|url=http://mfaapsny.org/en/foreign-policy/abkhazia/|title=Abkhazia in the system of international relations|publisher=Government of Abkhazia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224062010/http://mfaapsny.org/en/foreign-policy/abkhazia/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Transnistria]],<ref name="AbkhazRepresentation"/> the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Sahrawi Republic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://76.162.150.8/relaciones_dib.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810223605/http://76.162.150.8/relaciones_dib.htm|title=Pagina nueva 1|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> [[Somaliland]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://somalilandgov.com/country-profile/embasies/ |title=Contacts and addresses of the Somaliland Representative Offices around the world |publisher=Government of Somaliland |access-date=1 August 2015 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224062031/https://somalilandgov.com/country-profile/embasies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webgaza.net/resources/Embassies_of_Palestine.htm |title=Embassies, Missions, General and Special Delegations of Palestine abroad |publisher=WebGaza.net |access-date=4 November 2010 |archive-date=26 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626061410/http://www.webgaza.net/resources/Embassies_of_Palestine.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> also host informal diplomatic missions, and/or maintain special delegations or other informal missions abroad.<br />
<br />
== States that are UN members or observers ==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col style="width:12%;" | Name<br />
! scope=col style="width:5%;" | Declared<br />
! scope=col style="width:38%;" class=unsortable | Status<br />
! scope=col style="width:24%;" class=unsortable | Other claimants<br />
! scope=col style="width:16%;" class=unsortable | Further information<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Republic of Armenia}}<br />
| 1991<br />
| Armenia, independent since 1991, is not recognised by one UN member, [[Pakistan]], which has a position of supporting [[Azerbaijan]] since the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090219074354/http://foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf Pakistan Worldview – Report 21 – Visit to Azerbaijan] Senate of Pakistan&nbsp;— Senate foreign relations committee, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html Nilufer Bakhtiyar: "For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813064453/http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html }} 13 September 2006 [14:03] – Today.Az</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| None<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of Armenia|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Armenia|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Armenia|to]])<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|People's Republic of China}}<br />
| 1949<br />
| The People's Republic of China (PRC), proclaimed in 1949,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 February 2008|url=http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/const01.html|title=Constitution of the People's Republic of China|publisher=International Human Rights Treaties and Documents Database|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000116042442/http://hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/const01.html|archive-date=16 January 2000}}</ref> is the more widely recognised of the two claimant governments of [[China]], the other being Taiwan. The United Nations recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971, when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead (see [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758]]). The PRC and the ROC do not recognise each other's statehood, and each enforces its own version of the [[One-China policy]] meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time.{{efn|name=China}} The states that recognise the ROC ({{Numrec|ROC|alt=UN members and the [[Holy See]] as of|asof=E}}) regard it as the sole legitimate government of China and therefore do not recognise the PRC. [[Bhutan]] is the only UN member state that has never explicitly recognised either the PRC or the ROC.<br />
| The {{flag|Republic of China}} considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of China (including Taiwan), and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by the PRC. See also: [[Two Chinas]]; [[One Country on Each Side]].<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of China|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in the People's Republic of China|to]])<hr />[[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China|PRC's diplomatic relations dates of establishment]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Republic of Cyprus}}<br />
| 1960<br />
| The Republic of Cyprus, independent since 1960, is not recognised by one UN member ([[Turkey]]) and one non-UN member ([[Northern Cyprus]]), due to the ongoing [[Cyprus dispute|civil dispute]] over the island. Turkey does not accept the Republic's rule over the whole island and refers to it as the "Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus".<ref>European Parliament Directorate-General External Policies Policy Department [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/nt/553/553930/553930en.pdf "Turkey and the problem of the recognition of Cyprus"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010705/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/nt/553/553930/553930en.pdf }} 20 January 2005 Retrieved 3 February 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 February 2008|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/|author=CIA World Factbook|title=Cyprus|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202203/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cyprus exists without Turkey's recognition: president |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-10/01/content_3570894.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313165152/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-10/01/content_3570894.htm |archive-date=2006-03-13 |access-date=7 March 2008 |website=Xinhua Online |publisher=XINHUA}}</ref><ref>European Parliament's Committee on Foreign<br />
Affairs [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2008/389024/EXPO-AFET_NT(2008)389024_EN.pdf "The influence of Turkish military forces on political agenda-setting in Turkey, analysed on the basis of the Cyprus question"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222210404/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2008/389024/EXPO-AFET_NT(2008)389024_EN.pdf }} 18 February 2008 Retrieved 3 February 2011</ref><br />
| {{flag|Northern Cyprus}} claims the northeastern half of the island of Cyprus.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of Cyprus|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Cyprus|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Cyprus|to]])<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|State of Israel}}<br />
| 1948<br />
| Israel, founded in 1948, is [[International recognition of Israel|not recognised by 28 UN members]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 February 2008|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/israel.asp|author=Government of Israel|title=Declaration of Israel's Independence 1948|publisher=[[Yale University]]|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107092242/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/israel.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=United States Congress|title=H. RES. 1249|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hres1249ih/pdf/BILLS-110hres1249ih.pdf|access-date=2 November 2011|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316022934/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hres1249ih/pdf/BILLS-110hres1249ih.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mythsandfacts.org/ReplyOnlineEdition/chapter-1.html |title='Reply' Online Book Chapter 1 |publisher=Mythsandfacts.org |access-date=25 June 2010 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727104815/http://www.mythsandfacts.org/ReplyOnlineEdition/chapter-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/world/khartoum-resolution/p14841?breadcrumb=%2Fpublication%2Fpublication_list%3Ftype%3Dessential_document%26page%3D69 |title=Khartoum Resolution |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305134850/http://www.cfr.org/world/khartoum-resolution/p14841?breadcrumb=%2Fpublication%2Fpublication_list%3Ftype%3Dessential_document%26page%3D69 |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Government of Israel|title=Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/abouttheministry/pages/israel-s%20diplomatic%20missions%20abroad.aspx#note|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505112815/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutTheMinistry/Pages/Israel-s%20Diplomatic%20Missions%20Abroad.aspx#note|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO), which enjoys majority international recognition as sole representative of the Palestinian people, recognised Israel in 1993. In January 2018 and October 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-palestinian-body-calls-for-revoking-recognition-of-israel-nixing-agreements/|title=Top Palestinian body calls for revoking recognition of Israel, nixing agreements|first=Michael|last=Bachner|website=www.timesofisrael.com|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820141656/https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-palestinian-body-calls-for-revoking-recognition-of-israel-nixing-agreements/|url-status=live}}</ref> the Palestinian Central Council voted to suspend recognition of Israel, but this position has yet to be acted upon by Palestinian [[Mahmoud Abbas|President Abbas]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/pa-mahmoud-abbas-declares-suspension-deals-israel-190726070533729.html|title= PA's Mahmoud Abbas declares suspension of all deals with Israel|publisher= Al Jazeera|access-date= 25 November 2019|archive-date= 15 October 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191015145807/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/pa-mahmoud-abbas-declares-suspension-deals-israel-190726070533729.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20181030-plo-suspends-recognition-of-israel/|title=PLO suspends recognition of Israel|website=Middle East Monitor|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425154808/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20181030-plo-suspends-recognition-of-israel/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| The {{flag|State of Palestine}} considers itself to be the legitimate government of the [[West Bank]], which is under [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]]. <br> The {{flag|Syrian Arab Republic}} considers itself to be the legitimate government of the [[Golan Heights]], a territory which [[Status of the Golan Heights|Israel controls and claims with limited recognition]].<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of Israel|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Israel|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Israel|to]])<hr />[[International recognition of Israel|International recognition]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flagdeco|North Korea}} [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]<br />
| 1948<br />
| North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by [[Estonia]], [[France]],<ref name="France and Estonia">{{cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/cr-cdef/09-10/c0910024.asp|title=Audition de M. Jack Lang, envoyé spécial du Président de la République pour la Corée du Nord.|author=Commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées|language=fr|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605121127/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/cr-cdef/09-10/c0910024.asp|archive-date=5 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html<br />
| title = Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea<br />
| access-date = 27 October 2008<br />
| archive-date = 13 March 2009<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090313123054/http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html<br />
| url-status = live<br />
}}</ref> [[South Korea]],<ref name="atimes">{{cite web|access-date=29 February 2008|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GA04Dg01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050104171505/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GA04Dg01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=4 January 2005|title=Seoul's double-talk on reunification |work=[[Asia Times]]|last=Scofield |first=David }}</ref> and the [[United States]].<ref>Seung-Ho Joo, Tae-Hwan Kwak – [https://books.google.com/books?id=0QNyDUpXhA8C&pg=PA184 Korea in the 21st Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151915/https://books.google.com/books?id=0QNyDUpXhA8C&pg=PA184 }}</ref>{{sfn|Wertz|Oh|Kim|2016|pp=1–2}}<br />
| {{flag|South Korea}} claims all territory controlled by North Korea.<ref name="atimes"/><br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of North Korea|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of North Korea|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in North Korea|to]])<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[South Korea|Republic of Korea]]<br />
| 1948<br />
| South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by one UN member, [[North Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 February 2008|url=http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/8.htm|author=US Library of Congress|title=World War II and Korea|publisher=Country Studies|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310082139/http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/8.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=29 February 2008|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01EFD71538F930A3575AC0A962958260|title=China, Backing North Korea, Quits Armistice Commission|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Sterngold, James|archive-date=5 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305171415/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01EFD71538F930A3575AC0A962958260|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| {{flag|North Korea}} considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of [[Korea]], and claims all territory controlled by South Korea.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of South Korea|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of South Korea|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in South Korea|to]])<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+UN observer states not recognised by at least one UN member state<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col style="width:12%;" | Name<br />
! scope=col style="width:5%;" | Declared<br />
! scope=col style="width:38%;" class=unsortable | Status<br />
! scope=col style="width:24%;" class=unsortable | Other claimants<br />
! scope=col style="width:16%;" class=unsortable | Further information<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|State of Palestine}}<br />
| 1988<br />
| Israel gained control of the [[Palestinian territories]] as a result of the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, but has never formally annexed them. The State of Palestine (commonly known as Palestine) was [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|declared]] in 1988 by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO), which is recognised by a majority of UN member states and the UN itself as the sole representative of the Palestinian people. Since the end of the [[first Intifada|first Palestinian Intifada against Israel]] the Israeli government has gradually moved its armed forces and settlers out of certain parts of Palestine's claimed territory, while still maintaining varying degrees of control over most of it.<ref name="saeb">{{Cite news|author=Staff writers|title=Palestinians 'may declare state'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7254434.stm|newspaper=BBC News|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=22 January 2011|archive-date=25 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825044716/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7254434.stm|url-status=live}}:"Saeb Erekat, disagreed arguing that the Palestine Liberation Organisation had already declared independence in 1988. "Now we need real independence, not a declaration. We need real independence by ending the occupation. We are not Kosovo. We are under Israeli occupation and for independence we need to acquire independence".</ref> The [[Palestinian National Authority]] (PNA), which performs limited internal government functions over certain areas of Palestine, was established in 1994. The 2007 [[Fatah-Hamas conflict|split between the Fatah and Hamas political parties]] resulted in competing governments claiming to represent the PNA and Palestine, with Fatah exercising authority exclusively over the West Bank and enjoying majority recognition from UN member states, and a separate Hamas leadership [[Governance of the Gaza Strip|exercising authority]] exclusively over the Gaza area (except for a short period from 2014 to 2016).{{efn|name=Israel}} Palestine is currently {{Numrec|Pal|officially recognised as a state by}} UN member states,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pna.gov.ps/Government/gov/recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine.asp|title=International Recognition of the State of Palestine|work=Official website of the Palestinian National Authority|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031010182914/http://www.pna.gov.ps/Government/gov/recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine.asp|archive-date=10 October 2003}}. The PNA has publicly acknowledged recognition from 94 states, including the former [[Yugoslavia]].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webgaza.net/resources/Embassies_of_Palestine.htm |title=Embassies of Palestine |publisher=Webgaza.net |access-date=25 June 2010 |archive-date=26 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626061410/http://www.webgaza.net/resources/Embassies_of_Palestine.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> the Holy See,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bannoura, Saed|title=124 Out Of 193 Countries Recognize Palestinian Independence|url=http://www.imemc.org/article/61902|newspaper=IMEMC News|publisher=International Middle East Media Center|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-date=15 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015052850/http://www.imemc.org/article/61902|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shelley, Toby|title=Spotlight on Morocco|journal=West Africa|year=1988|location=London|issue=3712–3723: 5–31 December|publisher=West Africa Publishing Company Ltd|page=2282}} "...&nbsp;the SADR was one of the first countries to recognise the state of Palestine."</ref> The remaining UN member states, including Israel, do not recognise the State of Palestine. The [[United Nations]] designates the claimed Palestinian territories as "occupied" by Israel,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/committee-on-exercise-of-inalienable-rights-of-palestinian-people-ga-resolution-ares7318/|title=Committee on Exercise of Inalienable Rights of Palestinian People – GA Resolution (A/RES/73/18)|first=Christopher|last=Heaney|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921183023/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/committee-on-exercise-of-inalienable-rights-of-palestinian-people-ga-resolution-ares7318/|url-status=live}}</ref> and accorded Palestine [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Palestine|non-member observer state]] status in 2012<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20550864 |title=Palestinians win upgraded UN status by wide margin |work=BBC News |access-date=29 November 2012 |archive-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130032235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20550864 |url-status=live }}</ref> (see [[United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19]]). Palestine also has membership in the [[Arab League]], the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|title=Arab States: Palestine|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|publisher=United Nations|access-date=3 December 2011|archive-date=4 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104131813/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| {{flag|Israel}} regards the area claimed by Palestine as "disputed" territory (that is, territory not legally belonging to any state).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-archive/2003/Pages/DISPUTED%20TERRITORIES-%20Forgotten%20Facts%20About%20the%20We.aspx |title=Disputed Territories- Forgotten Facts About the West Bank and Gaza Strip |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227111213/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2003/Pages/DISPUTED%20TERRITORIES-%20Forgotten%20Facts%20About%20the%20We.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|name=Israel|Israel allows the PNA to execute some functions in the [[Palestinian territories]], depending on [[West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord|special area classification]]. Israel maintains [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|minimal interference]] (retaining control of borders: [[National airspace|air]],<ref name="GazaSeaAir">{{cite web|url=http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/control_on_air_space_and_territorial_waters|title=Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip|work=btselem.org|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=28 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628105536/http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/control_on_air_space_and_territorial_waters|url-status=live}}</ref> sea [[Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|beyond internal waters]],<ref name="GazaSeaAir"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dissidentvoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Gaza-map-08s-fishing-limits-20090119.jpg|title=Map of Gaza fishing limits, "security zones"|work=dissidentvoice.org|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=26 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726000805/http://dissidentvoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Gaza-map-08s-fishing-limits-20090119.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> [[European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah|land]]<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israels%20disengagement%20plan-%20renewing%20the%20peace%20process%20apr%202005.aspx Israel's Disengagement Plan: Renewing the Peace Process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203102430/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israels%20disengagement%20plan-%20renewing%20the%20peace%20process%20apr%202005.aspx }}: "Israel will guard the perimeter of the Gaza Strip, continue to control Gaza air space, and continue to patrol the sea off the Gaza coast. ... Israel will continue to maintain its essential military presence to prevent arms smuggling along the border between the Gaza Strip and Egypt ([[Philadelphi Route]]), until the security situation and cooperation with Egypt permit an alternative security arrangement."</ref>) in the [[Gaza strip]] (its interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under [[Governance of the Gaza Strip|Hamas control]]), maximum in "[[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]]" and varying degrees of interference elsewhere.<ref name="DoreGold">{{cite web|author=Dore Gold|url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm|title=Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws|work=Jerusalem Issue Brief|volume=5|issue=3|publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=21 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AbrahamBell">{{cite web|last=Bell|first=Abraham|url=http://jcpa.org/article/international-law-and-gaza-the-assault-on-israel%E2%80%99s-right-to-self-defense/|title=International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense|work=Jerusalem Issue Brief|volume=7|issue=29|publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216092227/http://jcpa.org/article/international-law-and-gaza-the-assault-on-israel%E2%80%99s-right-to-self-defense/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HerzliyaCon">{{cite press release|url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2008/Pages/Address%20by%20FM%20Livni%20to%20the%208th%20Herzliya%20Conference%2022-Jan-2008.aspx|title=Address by Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305164344/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2008/Pages/Address%20by%20FM%20Livni%20to%20the%208th%20Herzliya%20Conference%2022-Jan-2008.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ZakSalih">{{cite web|author=Zak M. Salih|url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm|title=Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation Status|publisher=University of Virginia School of Law|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="IsDisengagement">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2004/10/28/israel-disengagement-will-not-end-gaza-occupation|title=Israel: "Disengagement" Will Not End Gaza Occupation|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123112518/https://www.hrw.org/news/2004/10/28/israel-disengagement-will-not-end-gaza-occupation|url-status=live}}</ref> See also [[Israeli-occupied territories]].<br /><ref name="saeb"/><ref name="DoreGold"/><ref name="AbrahamBell"/><ref name="HerzliyaCon"/><ref name="ZakSalih"/><ref name="IsDisengagement"/> }}<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of the Palestinian National Authority|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Palestine|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Palestine|to]]) <hr /> [[International recognition of the State of Palestine|International recognition]], [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process]], [[Proposals for a Palestinian state]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== States that are not UN members or observers==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col style="width:12%;" | Name<br />
! scope=col style="width:5%;" | Declared<br />
! scope=col style="width:38%;" class=unsortable | Status<br />
! scope=col style="width:24%;" class=unsortable | Other claimants<br />
! scope=col style="width:16%;" class=unsortable | Further information<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Republic of Abkhazia}}<br />
| 1999<br />
| Abkhazia declared its independence in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3261059.stm |title=Regions and territories: Abkhazia |work=BBC News |access-date=31 March 2011 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105235542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3261059.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> It is currently recognised by 5 UN member states ([[Russia]], [[Syria]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Nauru]]), and three non-UN member states ([[South Ossetia]], [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] and [[Transnistria]]).<ref name="Medvedev">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7582181.stm|title=Russia recognises Georgian rebels|via=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310145010/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7582181.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name='Venezuela-Georgia'>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-russia-chavez-idUSTRE5895PF20090910 | title=Venezuela's Chavez draws closer to Moscow | date=10 September 2009 | work=[[Reuters]] | access-date=20 October 2009 | archive-date=13 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113122314/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-russia-chavez-idUSTRE5895PF20090910 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|access-date=26 February 2008|url=http://www.c-r.org/downloads/Abkhazia_TenYearsOn_2001_ENG.pdf|title=Abkhazia: Ten Years On|publisher=Conciliation Resources|year=2001|author=Clogg, Rachel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216052312/http://www.c-r.org/downloads/Abkhazia_TenYearsOn_2001_ENG.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="tiraspoltimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/south_ossetia_opens_embassy_in_abkhazia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422030914/http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/south_ossetia_opens_embassy_in_abkhazia.html |archive-date=22 April 2008 |title=South Ossetia opens embassy in Abkhazia |work=The Tiraspol Times}}</ref>Two additional UN member states ([[Tuvalu]] and [[Vanuatu]]) had recognised Abkhazia, but subsequently withdrew their recognition.<ref>{{cite web|author=Government of Tuvalu|title=On the establishment of diplomatic relations between Republic of Abkhazia and Tuvalu|url=http://www.mfaabkhazia.net/en/node/1082|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111113856/http://www.mfaabkhazia.net/en/node/1082|archive-date=11 November 2011|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="interpressnews.ge">{{cite web|url=http://www.interpressnews.ge/en/politicss/56198-tuvalu-takes-back-recognition-of-independence-of-abkhazia-and-so-called-south-ossetia.html|title=Tuvalu takes back recognition of independence of Abkhazia and so-called South Ossetia|access-date=31 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331143130/http://www.interpressnews.ge/en/politicss/56198-tuvalu-takes-back-recognition-of-independence-of-abkhazia-and-so-called-south-ossetia.html|archive-date=31 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mfa.gov.ge">{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=59&info_id=17401|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006191232/http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=59&info_id=17401|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia – Ministry's Statements|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Government of Vanuatu|title=Vanuatu's recognition to the Republic of Abkhazia|url=http://www.governmentofvanuatu.gov.vu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=65|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624160025/http://www.governmentofvanuatu.gov.vu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95&Itemid=65|archive-date=24 June 2011|access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref><ref>Vanuatu's initial recognition was invalidated after the [[Sato Kilman|Kilman]] government was annulled by the Supreme Court. Kilman was subsequently re-elected and its recognition was re-confirmed by its Foreign Minister in July 2011: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120121080902/http://www.dailypost.vu/content/natapei-withdraws-recognition-abkhazia Natapei withdraws recognition of Abkhazia, Vanuatu Daily Post, 19 June 2011]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-20/georgia-says-vanuatu-has-withdrawn-recognition-of-abkhazia|title=Georgia Says Vanuatu Has Withdrawn Recognition of Abkhazia|work=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=30 September 2014|archive-date=3 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103211400/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-20/georgia-says-vanuatu-has-withdrawn-recognition-of-abkhazia|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| Abkhazia is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of {{flag|Georgia}}.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of Abkhazia|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Abkhazia|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Abkhazia|to]])<hr /> [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|International recognition]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Republic of China}}<br />
| 1949<br />
| The Republic of China (ROC), constitutionally formed in 1912, and located primarily in Taiwan since 1949 (resulting in "Taiwan" being frequently used to refer to the state), enjoyed majority recognition as the sole government of China until roughly the late 1950s/1960s, when a majority of UN member states started to gradually switch recognition to the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC).<ref>Global Investment and Business Center, Inc. Staff ''Taiwan Foreign Policy and National Security Yearbook'' 2011 Second Edition International Business Publications, USA {{ISBN|0-7397-3660-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=4G9nj0LDk5UC&dq=Taiwan+Foreign+Policy+and+National+Security+Yearbook+Volume+1&pg=PA3 Online version] available at [[Google Books]]</ref> The United Nations itself recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971, when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead (see [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758]]). The ROC and PRC do not recognise each other's statehood, and each enforces its own version of the [[One-China policy]] meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time.{{efn|name=China|Both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China [[1992 Consensus|officially claim to represent the whole of China]], stating [[Greater China|China]] is a single sovereign entity encompassing both the area controlled by the PRC and the area controlled by the ROC. Neither the PRC nor the ROC officially recognise each other's claim to statehood, and they compete for diplomatic recognition as the only legitimate representative of China among other states. Historically, both the PRC and the ROC have broken off diplomatic relations with any state engaging in diplomatic relations or claiming to recognise the other, though the ROC has in some instances accepted dual recognition since it transitioned to democracy in the 1990s. However, as of 2021 no state officially recognises both the ROC and the PRC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-State-Recognition/Visoka-Doyle-Newman/p/book/9780815354871|title=Routledge Handbook of State Recognition|website=Routledge & CRC Press|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719144319/https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-State-Recognition/Visoka-Doyle-Newman/p/book/9780815354871|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/07/world/asia/07iht-costa.1.6036203.html?_r=0|title=Taiwan cuts ties with Costa Rica over recognition for China|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=11 February 2016|archive-date=18 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718033818/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/07/world/asia/07iht-costa.1.6036203.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The ROC is currently recognised by {{numrec|ROC}} UN members and the [[Holy See]]. Almost all the remaining UN member states, as well as the Cook Islands and Niue, recognise the PRC instead of the ROC and either accept the PRC's territorial claim over Taiwan, take a non-committal position on Taiwan's status, or sidestep the Taiwan issue entirely. A significant number of PRC-recognising UN member states, as well as the [[Republic of Somaliland]], nonetheless conduct officially non-diplomatic relations with the ROC, designating it as either "Taipei" or "Taiwan". Bhutan is the only UN member state that has never explicitly recognised the ROC or the PRC. Since the early 1990s, the ROC has sought separate United Nations membership under a variety of names, including "Taiwan".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/taiwans-un-dilemma-to-be-or-not-to-be/|title=Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be|first=Sigrid|last=Winkler|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331180632/https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/taiwans-un-dilemma-to-be-or-not-to-be/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| The {{flag|People's Republic of China}} considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of [[Greater China|China]] (including Taiwan) and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over [[free area of the Republic of China|all territory controlled by the ROC]]. See also: [[Two Chinas]], [[One Country on Each Side|One China, One Taiwan]].<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of Taiwan|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Taiwan|to]])<hr />[[Political status of Taiwan|Political status]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Republic of Kosovo}}<br />
| 2008<br />
| Kosovo [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declared its independence]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=28 February 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7249034.stm|title=Kosovo MPs proclaim independence|work=BBC News|archive-date=15 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215131649/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249034.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>It is currently recognised by [[International recognition of Kosovo#Member states of the United Nations|{{#expr:{{Numrec/Kos|N}}-{{Numrec/Kos|W}}}}]] UN members, [[Taiwan]], the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]]. {{Numrec/Kos|W}} other UN members have recognised Kosovo and subsequently withdrawn recognition. The [[United Nations]], as stipulated in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244|Security Council Resolution 1244]], has administered the territory since 1999 through the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmikonline.org/press/reports/N9917289.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216011030/http://www.unmikonline.org/press/reports/N9917289.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008 |title=Kosovo |access-date=25 June 2010}}</ref> with cooperation from the [[European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo|European Union]] since 2008. Kosovo is a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]], [[World Bank Group]], [[Venice Commission]], [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], and the [[International Olympic Committee]], among others.<br />
| {{flag|Serbia}} claims Kosovo as part of its sovereign territory.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of Kosovo|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Kosovo|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Kosovo|to]])<hr /> [[International recognition of Kosovo|International recognition]]; [[Political status of Kosovo|Political status]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}<br />
| 1976<br />
| [[Morocco]] invaded and annexed most of [[Western Sahara]], forcing Spain to withdraw from the territory in 1975.<ref name="Mundy">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XzuIbQAXUIC|title=Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution|last1=Zunes|first1=Stephen|last2=Mundy|first2=Jacob|pages=5–6|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8156-3219-1|access-date=3 November 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1976, the [[Polisario Front]] declared the independence of Western Sahara as the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (SADR).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsahara.net/sadr.html|title=Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|access-date=28 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502035045/http://www.wsahara.net/sadr.html|archive-date=2 May 2008}}</ref> The SADR is largely a [[government in exile]] located in [[Algeria]], which claims the entire territory of Western Sahara, but controls only a [[Free Zone (region)|small fraction]] of it. The SADR is recognised by [[International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic#States that have recognized the SADR|{{#expr:{{Numrec/SADR|N}}-{{Numrec/SADR|W}}}}]] UN member states and [[South Ossetia]]. {{Numrec|SADR|W=Y|link=N}} other UN member states have recognised the SADR but subsequently retracted or suspended recognition, pending the outcome of a [[referendum]] on [[self-determination]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arso.org/03-2.htm|title=Here the states which recognize the SADR. It is a non-official list, with dates of recognition and cancellation|publisher=ARSO|access-date=7 February 2011|archive-date=16 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716183754/http://www.arso.org/03-2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://awsa.org.au/background/|title=About Western Sahara|publisher=Australia Western Sahara Association|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906073206/http://awsa.org.au/background/|url-status=live}}</ref> The remaining UN member states, including [[Morocco]], have never recognised the SADR. The SADR is a member of the [[African Union]]. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 recognised the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and recognised also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111010102815/http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/r34.htm Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly at its 34th session], United Nations.</ref> Western Sahara is listed on the [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]]. Other than Morocco and the [[United States]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-recognizing-sovereignty-kingdom-morocco-western-sahara/|title=Proclamation on Recognizing The Sovereignty Of The Kingdom Of Morocco Over The Western Sahara|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=13 January 2021|archive-date=13 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213233131/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-recognizing-sovereignty-kingdom-morocco-western-sahara/|url-status=live}}</ref> no state officially recognises Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara, but some states support the [[Moroccan Initiative for Western Sahara|Moroccan autonomy plan]]. The [[Arab League]] supports Morocco's claim over the entire territory of Western Sahara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1189656/middle-east|title=Morocco king rejects independence for Western Sahara|website=Arab News|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610171838/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1189656/middle-east|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| {{flag|Morocco}} claims Western Sahara (including the area controlled by the SADR) as part of its sovereign territory.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Sahrawi Republic|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Sahrawi Republic|to]])<hr /> [[International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|International recognition]]; [[Political status of Western Sahara|Political status]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Republic of South Ossetia}}<br />
| 1992<br />
| South Ossetia declared its independence in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mfa.rsogov.org/en/node/80 |title=A reply of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Ossetia to IA "Res" Question Concerning the Act of Adoption of RSO State Independence on 29 of May 1992 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Ossetia |access-date=2022-05-26 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124174804/https://mfa.rsogov.org/en/node/80 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is currently recognised by [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|{{#expr:{{Numrec/South Ossetia|N}}-{{Numrec/South Ossetia|W}}}}]] UN member states ([[Russia]], [[Syria]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Nauru]]), and four non-UN member states ([[Abkhazia]], [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]], [[Transnistria]] and [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]).<ref name="Medvedev"/><ref name='Venezuela-Georgia' /><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://eurasianet.org/s/syria-formally-recognizes-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia|title=Syria formally recognizes Abkhazia and South Ossetia|website=Eurasianet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529152044/https://eurasianet.org/s/syria-formally-recognizes-abkhazia-and-south-ossetia|archive-date=29 May 2018|access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="tiraspoltimes.com"/><ref name="NKRrecognition"/> One additional UN member state ([[Tuvalu]]) had recognised South Ossetia, but subsequently withdrew its recognition.<ref name="interpressnews.ge" /><ref name="mfa.gov.ge" /><br />
| South Ossetia is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of {{flag|Georgia}}.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of South Ossetia|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of South Ossetia|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in South Ossetia|to]])<hr /> [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|International recognition]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus}}<br />
| 1983<br />
| Northern Cyprus [[Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|declared its independence]] in 1983 with its official name being the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC). It is recognised by one UN member, [[Turkey]]. The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] have granted Northern Cyprus observer status under the name "Turkish Cypriot State". [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 541]] defines the declaration of independence of Northern Cyprus as legally invalid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.int/cyprus/scr541.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030828074921/http://www.un.int/cyprus/scr541.htm|archive-date=28 August 2003|title=Security Council resolution 541 (1983) on Cyprus|publisher=Un.int|access-date=25 June 2010}}</ref> The [[International Court of Justice]] stated [[International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence|in its advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2010]] that "the Security Council in an exceptional character attached illegality to the DOI of TRNC because it was, or would have been connected with the unlawful use of force" and "general international law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of independence".<ref name="International Court of Justice">{{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15987.pdf |title=Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Paragraph 81 |work=International Court of Justice |access-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821055950/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15987.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2010 }}</ref><br />
| The TRNC is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of {{flag|Cyprus}}.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Northern Cyprus|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Northern Cyprus|to]])<hr /> [[Cyprus dispute]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col style="width:12%;" | Name<br />
! scope=col style="width:5%;" | Declared<br />
! scope=col style="width:38%;" class=unsortable | Status<br />
! scope=col style="width:24%;" class=unsortable | Other claimants<br />
! scope=col style="width:16%;" class=unsortable | Further information<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Republic of Artsakh}}<br />
| 1991<br />
| Artsakh (formerly known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic) declared its independence in 1991 (roughly at the same time as Azerbaijan itself when the Soviet Union fell). It is recognised by three non-UN members: [[Abkhazia]], [[South Ossetia]] and [[Transnistria]].<ref name=montevideo/><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18270325 BBC Country Profiles: Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224927/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18270325 }}. Retrieved 14 September 2009.</ref><ref name="NKRrecognition">{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.ararat-online.ru/news/984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811164310/http://ararat-online.ru/news/984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html }}: "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой", – сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... "...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." – сказал он." [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fararat-online.ru%2Fnews%2F984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html English language translation] {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208153727/http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=&to=en&a=http://ararat-online.ru/news/984-2025-vice-spiker-parlamenta-abxazii-vybory-v-nkr-sootvetstvuyut-vsem-mezhdunarodnym-standartam.html }} from Microsoft Translator</ref><br />
| Artsakh is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of {{flag|Azerbaijan}}.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of Artsakh|relations]], missions ([[List of representative offices of Artsakh|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Artsakh|to]]) <hr />[[International recognition of Nagorno-Karabakh|International recognition]], [[Political status of Nagorno-Karabakh|Political status]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Transnistria|name=Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic}}<br />
| 1990<br />
| Transnistria (officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic) declared its independence in 1990. It is recognised by three non-UN members: [[Abkhazia]], [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref name=montevideo/><ref>{{cite web|access-date=16 June 2008|url=http://video.acasa.ro/documentare/transnistria---europe-s-black-hole-2-4--1cbc0583298a23831612.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221144730/http://video.acasa.ro/documentare/transnistria---europe-s-black-hole-2-4--1cbc0583298a23831612.html|archive-date=21 December 2009|title=Abkhazia: Ten Years On |publisher=BBC 2|year=2001}}</ref><br />
| Transnistria is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of {{flag|Moldova}}.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of Transnistria|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Transnistria|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Transnistria|to]]) <hr /> [[International recognition of Transnistria|International recognition]], [[Political status of Transnistria|Political status]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Republic of Somaliland}}<br />
| 1991<br />
| Somaliland declared its independence in 1991. It claims to be the successor to the [[State of Somaliland]], a short lived sovereign state that existed from 26 June 1960 (when the [[British Somaliland Protectorate]] gained full independence from the United Kingdom) to 1 July 1960 (when the State of Somaliland united with Somalia to form the [[Somali Republic]]).<ref name="montevideo">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC|title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States|last=Ker-Lindsay|first=James|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2012|quote=...there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognized by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh, and Somaliland.|page=53|isbn=9780199698394|access-date=13 August 2015|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130621/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115069 BBC Country Profiles: Regions and territories: Somaliland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216233149/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115069 }}. Retrieved 14 September 2009.</ref> It is recognized by the [[Republic of China]], whose Ministry of Foreign Affairs refers to Somaliland as a country as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://en.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfoEn.aspx?CASN=2&n=1289&sms=0&s=200 |author = Asia West and Africa Department|title = Republic of Somaliland| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China|access-date = 2023-02-28 |archive-date = 2022-12-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221210115329/https://en.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfoEn.aspx?CASN=2&n=1289&sms=0&s=200}}</ref> The ROC and Somaliland have [[Somaliland–Taiwan relations|mutual representative offices]] in each others' countries, similar to how the ROC conducts relations with other countries that do not recognize it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202008170019 |title=Taiwan opens representative office in Somaliland |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301013701/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202008170019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-somaliland-launches-representative-office-in-taiwan |title=Somaliland launches representative office in Taiwan |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301013656/https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-somaliland-launches-representative-office-in-taiwan |url-status=live }}</ref> Somaliland is not officially recognised by any UN member state, though it maintains unofficial relations with a limited number of them. <br />
| Somaliland is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of {{flag|Somalia}}.<br />
| [[Foreign relations of Somaliland|Foreign relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Somaliland|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Somaliland|to]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Other entities with limited recognition of sovereignty ==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Other entities recognised as sovereign by at least one UN member state<br />
|-<br />
! scope=col style="width:12%;" | Name<br />
! scope=col style="width:5%;" | Declared<br />
! scope=col style="width:38%;" class=unsortable | Status<br />
! scope=col style="width:24%;" class=unsortable | Other claimants<br />
! scope=col style="width:16%;" class=unsortable | Further information<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Cook Islands}}<br />
| 1965<br />
| The Cook Islands became a state in [[associated state|free association]] with [[New Zealand]] in 1965. Although the Cook Islands are fully self-governing and behave as a sovereign state in [[international law]], their constitutional status is different from that of a fully independent state, considering that all Cook Islands nationals are [[New Zealand nationality law|New Zealand citizens]], and the country's head of state is the [[Monarchy of New Zealand|monarch of New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web | title=About Cook Islands | website=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade | date=February 11, 2021 | url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/australia-and-pacific/cook-islands/new-zealand-high-commission-to-the-cook-islands/about-cook-islands/ | access-date=April 21, 2023 | archive-date=25 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425043511/https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/australia-and-pacific/cook-islands/new-zealand-high-commission-to-the-cook-islands/about-cook-islands/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/2015/September/09-10-03.htm|title=Home Page - Pacific Islands Report|website=pidp.eastwestcenter.org|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019062945/http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/2015/September/09-10-03.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/9050/Uncharted%20Waters.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Uncharted Waters: Has the Cook Islands become Eligible for Membership in the United Nations |last=Smith |first=Stephen Eliot |journal=New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law |volume=8 |pages=169–215 |access-date=30 July 2017 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626034320/https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/9050/Uncharted%20Waters.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2015, the Cook Islands had established [[diplomatic relations]] with 43 states,<ref name="intaff.gov.ck 2019">{{cite web | title=Wayback Machine | website=intaff.gov.ck | date=November 13, 2019 | url=http://www.intaff.gov.ck/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Cook-Islands-Application-for-ILO-Membership.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113231136/http://www.intaff.gov.ck/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Cook-Islands-Application-for-ILO-Membership.pdf | archive-date=November 13, 2019 | url-status=live| access-date=April 21, 2023}}</ref> while the number as of April 2023 is at least [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands#Diplomatic relations|53 UN member states]], as well as the [[Holy See]], [[Kosovo]], [[Niue]] and the [[European Union]]. Some countries establishing diplomatic relations such as the United States have recognized the Cook Islands as a fully sovereign state, while some such as France have not.<ref>{{cite web | title=U.S confirms recognition of the Cook Islands as a sovereign state | website=PINA | date=September 30, 2022 | url=https://pina.com.fj/2022/09/30/u-s-confirms-recognition-of-the-cook-islands-as-a-sovereign-state/ | access-date=April 21, 2023 | archive-date=14 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414215742/https://pina.com.fj/2022/09/30/u-s-confirms-recognition-of-the-cook-islands-as-a-sovereign-state/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Cook Islands | website=La France en Nouvelle Zélande | date=December 21, 2018 | url=https://nz.ambafrance.org/Cook-Islands | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407044706/https://nz.ambafrance.org/Cook-Islands | archive-date=April 7, 2023 | url-status=live | access-date=April 21, 2023}}</ref> The Cook Islands are a member of nine [[United Nations Specialized Agencies]], and the [[United Nations]] currently classifies the Cook Islands as a "non-member state", a category unique only to it and [[Niue]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |url =https://www.un.org/geospatial/content/world-today |title =United Nations - The World Today |date =2019-09-01 |access-date =2023-04-21 |website =Un.org |publisher = |last = |first = |archive-date =3 December 2022 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221203170009/https://www.un.org/geospatial/content/world-today |url-status =live }}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url = https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/WPP2013/Chapters/a_Preface.pdf|title = UN: "data for 197 countries: all 193 member states, two observer states (the Holy See and Palestine) and two non-member states (Cook Islands and Niue)"|date = |access-date = 2017-07-30|website = Un.org|publisher = |last = |first = |archive-date = 16 November 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221116025049/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/WPP2013/Chapters/a_Preface.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title = A World Tour of the States not recognized by the UN|url = http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/A-World-Tour-of-the-States-not-recognized-by-the-UN_a2998.html|access-date = 2015-09-05|first = Marine Mulcey, translated by Lucie|last = Perrier|archive-date = 6 December 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221206041508/https://www.lejournalinternational.fr/A-World-Tour-of-the-States-not-recognized-by-the-UN_a2998.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/HistoricalInfo.aspx#CookIslands|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|website=Treaties.un.org|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610022419/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/HistoricalInfo.aspx#CookIslands|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| State in [[associated state|free association]] with {{flag|New Zealand}}, recognized by some as having no international sovereignty.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of the Cook Islands|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in the Cook Islands|to]]) <hr /> [[Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue|Political status]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Niue}}<br />
| 1974<br />
| Niue became a state in [[associated state|free association]] with [[New Zealand]] in 1974 after a [[1974 Niuean constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]]. Although Niue is fully self-governing and behaves as a sovereign state in [[international law]], its constitutional status is different from that of a fully independent state, considering that all Niue nationals are [[New Zealand nationality law|New Zealand citizens]], and the country's head of state is the [[Monarchy of New Zealand|monarch of New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Affairs | first=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign | title=Niue | website=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade | date=November 7, 2022 | url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/australia-and-pacific/niue/ | access-date=April 21, 2023 | archive-date=21 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421185603/https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/australia-and-pacific/niue/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> As of April 2023, Niue has established [[diplomatic relations]] with at least [[Foreign relations of Niue#Diplomatic relations|26 UN member states]], as well as the [[Cook Islands]] and the [[European Union]]. Niue is a member of eight [[United Nations Specialized Agencies]], and the [[United Nations]] currently classifies Niue as a "non-member state", a category unique only to it and the [[Cook Islands]].<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/><br />
| State in [[associated state|free association]] with {{flag|New Zealand}}, recognized by some as having no international sovereignty.<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of Niue|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of Niue|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions in Niue|to]]) <hr /> [[Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue|Political status]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope=row | {{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}<br />
| 1113<br />
| The {{Anchor|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}[[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] (SMOM) is considered a [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] non-state entity as it claims neither statehood nor territory.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://analitica.com/opinion/opinion-nacional/la-orden-de-malta-y-su-naturaleza-juridica/|title= La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica|publisher= [[Venezuela Analitica]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150801044650/http://analitica.com/opinion/opinion-nacional/la-orden-de-malta-y-su-naturaleza-juridica/|archive-date= 1 August 2015|url-status= live|access-date= 1 August 2015}} [[Talk:Sovereign Military Order of Malta#"La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica" (English translation) - detailed, expert perspective|English language translation]] "The Order of Malta, within the limits that are compatible with its actual position as a subject deprived of territory, is in the international community, a sovereign entity on par with the States, and the Prince Grand Master is comparable, from the point of view of international law, to the Heads of State."</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110806055657/http://www.un.int/orderofmalta/orderandun.html Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations in New York] "The admission of Order of Malta to the United Nations also further solidified its legally recognized sovereignty ..."</ref><ref>Shaw, Malcolm Nathan ''International Law'' Fifth Edition Cambridge University Press 2003 {{ISBN|0-521-82473-7}} p. 218 [https://www.amazon.com/International-Law-Malcolm-N-Shaw/dp/0521824737/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1351263623&sr=1-1&keywords=0521824737 Searchable text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151856/https://www.amazon.com/International-Law-Malcolm-N-Shaw/dp/0521824737/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1351263623&sr=1-1&keywords=0521824737 }}, available via [[Amazon.com]], "The Italian Court of Cassation in 1935 recognised the international personality of the Order, noting that 'the modern theory of the subjects of international law recognises a number of collective units whose composition is independent of the nationality of their constituent members and whose scope transcends by virtue of their universal character the territorial confines of any single state.' (''Nanni v. Pace and the Sovereign Order of Malta'' 8 AD, p. 2.)"</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9LDb9lFYjVPMkNwdTBGeVk1T3c/view | title=Reconócese a la Soberana Orden Militar de Malta como Entidad Internacionál Independiente | work=Boletín Oficiál de la República Argentina, Año LIX, Número 16.92 | date=19 June 1951 | location=Buenos Aires | page=1 | access-date=11 February 2016 | archive-date=12 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312091148/https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9LDb9lFYjVPMkNwdTBGeVk1T3c/view | url-status=live }} "The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of Argentina, in Congress assembled, enact as LAW: Article 1 – The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is hereby recognized as an international independent entity."</ref><!--<ref>Knol [http://knol.google.com/k/orden-de-malta# Orden de Malta Soberana Orden Militar de San Juan de Jerusalén-Sovereign Military Order of Malta – S.M.O.M.]</ref>{{citation broken}}--><ref name="Arocha">{{cite web| url= https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9LDb9lFYjVPUnFkaUVjVVdVUnM/view?usp=sharing| publisher=Analítica.com| location=Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela| access-date=1 October 2012| last=Arocha|first=Magaly | title= La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica (The Order of Malta and Its Legal Nature) | date=May 1999|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150801044650/http://analitica.com/opinion/opinion-nacional/la-orden-de-malta-y-su-naturaleza-juridica/|archive-date= 1 August 2015|url-status= live}} [[Talk:Sovereign Military Order of Malta#"La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica" (English translation) - detailed, expert perspective|English language translation]] "[T]he clear territorial separation of sovereign areas that exists between the Italian State and the State of Vatican City does not exist between the Order of Malta and the Italian State, but neither can it be said that the treatment given to the headquarters of the Order (Aventine, Via Condotti) is, simply, that reserved for the headquarters of diplomatic missions accredited to the Italian State. In fact, the headquarters of the Order have diplomatic extraterritoriality (authoritarian acts of any kind – executive, acts of inspection, judicial – cannot take place inside), but in addition, the Italian State recognizes the exercise, in the headquarters, of the prerogatives of sovereignty. This means that Italian sovereignty and Maltese sovereignty coexist without overlapping, because the Order exercises sovereign functions in a wider area than occurs in the diplomatic missions of the States for, although [those diplomatic missions] enjoy extraterritoriality, the guarantees deriving from the privilege of immunity are constrained to a purely administrative area; the Order, instead, makes use of extraterritoriality to meet the very acts of sovereign self-determination that are the same as the States (legislative, judicial, administrative, financial acts)."</ref> First [[Pie postulatio voluntatis|recognized as sovereign]] by [[Pope Paschal II]] in 1113, it has established full [[Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|diplomatic relations with 111]] UN member states [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta#International status|as a sovereign subject of international law]],<ref>The Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintains [[List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|embassies around the world]] and receives [[List of diplomatic missions to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|accreditations from foreign ambassadors]].</ref> and also maintains diplomatic relations with the [[European Union]], the [[Holy See]], and the [[State of Palestine]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Bilateral relations | website=Sovereign Order of Malta | date=April 5, 2023 | url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/ | access-date=April 22, 2023 | archive-date=25 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625205913/https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, it participates in the United Nations as an [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Other entities|observer entity]]. Some states recognize SMOM as a sovereign state, rather than a sovereign subject of international law, such as [[San Marino]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Cansacchi|first=Giorgio|title=Il diritto di legazione attivo e passivo dell'Ordine de Malta|page=65}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Astraudo|first=A.|title=Saint-marin et l'Ordre de Malta|journal=La Revue Diplomatique|volume=7}}</ref><ref>Cox, Noel S.B., The Continuing Question of Sovereignty and the Sovereign Military Order of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (June 2008). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1140462 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151900/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1140462 }} or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1140462 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151902/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1140462 }}</ref> Italy's [[Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|Supreme Court of Cassation]] decreed on 6 June 1974 that SMOM "constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://swab.zlibcdn.com/dtoken/d9b09dd57910bda736e1e1045ece596b/23164645.pdf |title=Corte Suprema di Cassazione; Sezioni unite civili; sentenza 6 giugno 1974, n. 1653 |journal=Il Foro Italiano |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=1471/1472–1475/1476 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512200027/https://swab.zlibcdn.com/dtoken/d9b09dd57910bda736e1e1045ece596b/23164645.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As Italy recognizes, in addition to [[extraterritoriality]], SMOM sovereignty within its headquarters in Italy, Italian and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.<ref name="Arocha"/><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| None<br />
| Foreign [[Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|relations]], missions ([[List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|of]], [[List of diplomatic missions to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|to]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Excluded entities ==<br />
* Some subnational entities and regions function as ''de facto'' independent states, with the central government exercising little or no control over their territory. These entities, however, do not explicitly claim to be independent states and are therefore not included. Examples include [[Galmudug]] and [[Puntland]] in [[Somalia]], [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] in [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]], the [[Kurdistan Region]] in [[Iraq]], [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Rojava]] in [[Syria]], the [[Wa State]] in [[Myanmar]], and the areas under control of the [[Houthi movement]] in [[Yemen]].<br />
* [[Uncontacted peoples]] who either live in [[stateless society|societies that cannot be defined as states]] or whose statuses as such are not definitively known.<br />
* Entities considered to be [[micronation]]s are not included, even if they are recognised by another micronation. Even though micronations generally claim to be sovereign and independent, it is often debatable whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory.{{efn|name=Micronation2|It is far from certain that micronations, which are generally of minuscule size, have sovereign control over their claimed territories, contrasted with the mere disregard and indifference toward micronations' assertions by the states from which they allege to have seceded. By not deeming such declarations (and other acts of the micronation) important enough to react in any way, these states generally consider micronations to be private property and their claims as unofficial private announcements of individuals, who remain subject to the laws of the states in which their properties are located.{{citation needed}}}} For this reason, micronations are usually not considered of geopolitical relevance. For a list of micronations, see [[list of micronations]].<br />
* Those areas undergoing current [[list of civil wars|civil wars]] and other situations with problems over government succession, regardless of temporary alignment with [[#Criteria for inclusion|the inclusion criteria]] (e.g. by receiving recognition as state or legitimate government), where the conflict is still in its active phase, the situation is too rapidly changing and no relatively stable [[quasi-state]]s have emerged yet.<br />
* [[Rebellion|Rebel groups]] that have [[declaration of independence|declared independence]] and exert some control over territory, but that reliable sources do not describe as meeting the threshold of a sovereign state under international law. Examples include [[Ambazonia]] and the [[Southern Movement]]; see [[list of rebel groups that control territory]] for a more complete list of such groups.<br />
* Those of the current [[list of irredentist claims or disputes|irredentist movements]] and [[Current governments in exile|governments in exile]] that do not satisfy [[#Criteria for inclusion|the inclusion criteria]] by simultaneously not satisfying the declarative theory and not having been recognised as state or legitimate government by any other state.<br />
* Some states can be slow to establish relations with new UN member states and thus do not explicitly recognise them, despite having no dispute and sometimes favorable relations. These are excluded from the list. Examples include [[Croatia]]<ref name="RecogHRV">{{cite web|url=https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800|title=Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations|website=mvep.gov.hr|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia)|Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs]]|date=|access-date=1 March 2022|df=dmy-all|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928182827/https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Montenegro]].<ref name="RecogMNE">{{cite web|url=http://www.mip.gov.me/en/index.php/Bilateral/dates-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations.html|title=Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|website=mip.gov.me|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Montenegro)|Montenegrin Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]|date=|access-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517185051/http://www.mip.gov.me/en/index.php/Bilateral/dates-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations.html|archive-date=17 May 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{portal|Countries|Politics|World}}<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations]]<br />
* [[Decolonization]]<br />
* [[Diplomatic recognition]]<br />
* [[Exclusive mandate]]<br />
* [[Frozen conflict]]<br />
* [[Gallery of sovereign state flags]]<br />
* [[Government in exile]]<br />
* [[Irredentism]]<br />
* [[List of civil wars]]<br />
* [[List of current heads of state of states with limited recognition]]<br />
* [[List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies]]<br />
* [[List of micronations]]<br />
* [[Proto-state#List of modern proto-states|List of modern proto-states]]<br />
* [[List of rebel groups that control territory]]<br />
* [[List of sovereign states]]<br />
* [[List of territorial disputes]]<br />
* [[Nation state]]<br />
* [[Rump state]]<br />
* [[Self-determination]]<br />
* [[Separatism]]<br />
** [[List of active autonomist and secessionist movements]]<br />
*** [[List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations]]<br />
* [[Sovereignty]]<br />
* [[Territorial dispute]]<br />
* [[Territorial integrity]]<br />
* [[Unilateral declaration of independence]]<br />
* [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Adrian Florea, "[[doi:10.1093/isq/sqw049|De Facto States: Survival and Disappearance (1945–2011)]]." International Studies Quarterly, Volume 61, Issue 2, June 2017, Pages 337–351<br />
*{{cite journal|title=Rebel governance in de facto states|last1=Florea|first1=Adrian|journal=[[European Journal of International Relations]]|volume=26|issue=4|pages=1004–1031|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|doi=10.1177/1354066120919481|s2cid=53365477|df=dmy-all|doi-access=free}}<br />
*{{cite book| last = Geldenhuys | first = Deon| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa2HDAAAQBAJ | title = Contested States in World Politics |year= 2009 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 978-0-230-23418-5}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Keating |first=Joshua |year=2018 |title=Invisible Countries: Journeys to the Edge of Nationhood |publisher=Yale |isbn=978-0-300-22162-6}}<br />
* {{cite book| last = Ker-Lindsay | first = James| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC | title = The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States | edition = 1st |location=Oxford |year= 2012 |publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn = 9780199698394}}<br />
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/issue/special-issue-on-the-emergence-and-resilience-of-parastates/643F832C3E7BDA842E6C7C8E846DA29E Nationalities Papers. Special Issue on the Emergence and Resilience of Parastates.]<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Wertz |first1=Daniel |last2=Oh |first2=JJ |last3=Kim |first3=Insung |title=Issue Brief: DPRK Diplomatic Relations |publisher=The National Committee on North Korea |url=http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228074114/http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf |archive-date=December 28, 2016}}<br />
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{{States with limited recognition}}<br />
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[[Category:Lists of countries|Limited recognition]]<br />
[[Category:States with limited recognition| ]]</div>Maheshmkadamhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharaja_Dalip_Singh&diff=431869Maharaja Dalip Singh2022-09-21T23:34:50Z<p>Maheshmkadam: Redirected Maharaja Dalip Singh to Dalip Singh Sukerchakia over redirect: Maharaja is not his name, rather a title</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Duleep Singh]]</div>Maheshmkadamhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhai_Kahn_Singh_Nabha&diff=431780Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha2022-07-22T14:21:24Z<p>Maheshmkadam: Redirected Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha to Bhai Kahn Singh of Nabha</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Kahn Singh Nabha]]</div>Maheshmkadamhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddha_Dal&diff=431792Buddha Dal2022-07-03T13:01:18Z<p>Maheshmkadam: Redirected page to Budha Dal</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)]]</div>Maheshmkadamhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biopic&diff=387718Biopic2022-04-15T22:01:28Z<p>Maheshmkadam: Added a new release to the platform.</p>
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