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Chennai Park Town railway station

2026-03-15T08:47:06Z

Madhav&granite: content update

{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Distinguish|Chennai Park railway station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Park Town
| symbol = suburban
| symbol_location = chennai
| system = [[Chennai MRTS]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = ChennaiParkTown StationOuterBuilding.jpg
| image_caption = Chennai Park Town MRTS station
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.079583|80.27633|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FF9900
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| line =
| other =
| structure = At Grade
| platform = [[Island Platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|St. Thomas Mount}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Beach}}
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 1 November 1995
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = MPKT
| owned =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 30,000/day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Chennai MRTS|line=1||left1=Chennai Fort|to-left1=Chennai Beach|right1=Chintadripet|to-right1=St. Thomas Mount}}
| mapframe = yes
| map_locator =
}}
'''Chennai Park Town''', or just '''Park Town''', is a railway station on the [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|Chennai MRTS]]. Located just to the east of Pallavan Salai and to the south of the [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital]] in the [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]] neighbourhood of Chennai, it exclusively serves the [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|Chennai MRTS]]. The station is adjacent to [[Chennai Park]], which serves the [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]. It is also within walking distance to [[Chennai Central]]. Although within walking distance, a 1 km overhead pedestrian walkway is being planned to connect [[Chennai Central]] with the MRTS station.

==History==
{{Expand section|date=August 2012}}
The Chennai Park Town station opened on 1 November 1995,<ref>{{cite news|author= Ajai Sreevatsan|title=Evolution of Chennai's Public Transport System|url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00824/Evolution_of_Chenna_824269a.pdf|access-date=29 Feb 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 October 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> as part of the first phase of the [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|Chennai MRTS network]].

==Structure==
The stations is currently located at ground level, although the MRTS route begins its ascent to an elevated viaduct for much of its route. This MRTS station has one level - platform with concourse and street level.
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Chennai Park Town track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai MRTS|Line 1}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Fort}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chintadripet}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:21em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level & Mezzanine
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance, Station ticket counters and Automatic ticket vending machines
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Beach}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Fort}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Chennai MRTS|St. Thomas Mount}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chintadripet}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==Service and connections==
{{Expand section|date=August 2012}}
Chennai Park Town station is currently the third station on the MRTS line to St. Thomas Mount. From St. Thomas Mount, it is eighteenth station towards [[Chennai Beach station]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Beach – Velachery – Chennai Beach Week days service|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1345106736152-MRTS%20WEEK.pdf|work=Southern Railways|access-date=18 Aug 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183556/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1345106736152-MRTS%20WEEK.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The station is adjacent to the Chennai Park station, which services multiple [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] lines. Additionally, it is connected to [[Chennai Central]] and to the Chennai Central metro station.

As of 2012, the station handles about 30,000 passengers a day.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ayyappan
| first = V
| title = Metro to Link Suburban, MRTS and Bus Services
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 17 May 2012
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2012/05/17&ID=Ar00200
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141128211706/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2012/05/17&ID=Ar00200
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 28 November 2014
| access-date = 15 Nov 2014}}</ref> As of late 2023, the station is being revamped as the laying of new fourth line works between Egmore and Beach station is undergoing.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:ChennaiParkTown WesternViewWithCrowd.jpg|Western view of the station
File:ChennaiParkTown EasternViewWithTrain.jpg|An MRTS train leaving the station for Chennai Fort station
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Chennai MRTS]]
* [[Chennai suburban railway]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]

==References==
{{commons category|Chennai Park Town railway station}}
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai MRTS}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1995]]
[[Category:Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Mishmi people

2026-03-03T01:51:16Z

Madhav&granite: content fix

{{short description|Ethnic group of Tibet and Northeast India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Mishmi
|image = Festival of Kaman Mishmi.jpg
|caption = Mishmi celebrating a festival
|population = 35,000 approx<ref>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mishmi". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Aug. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mishmi. Accessed 4 April 2021.</ref>
|languages = [[Northern Mishmi languages]], [[Miju languages|Southern Mishmi languages]], [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]
|regions = |region1 = {{flag|India}}
|pop1 = N/A
|region2 = {{nbsp|10}}
[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|pop2 = N/A
|region3 ={{flag|China}}
|pop3= N/A
|region4= {{nbsp|10}}
[[Tibet Autonomous Region]]
|pop4=N/A
|religions = [[Animism]]<ref>"(T)he Mishmi as it is connected to their animist religion and tradition"{{harvcol|Mayilvaganan|Bej|Khatoon|2020|p=108}}</ref>
|related = [[Tibetans]], Other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan people]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| order = st
| c = 代巴玫
| p = Deng
| altname = Deng Ren
| t2 = 僜人
}}

The '''Mishmi''' people are an ethnic group of [[Tibet]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. The area is known as the [[Mishmi Hills]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Aiyadurai A. |first=& Lee C. S. |date=2018 |title=Living on the Sino-Indian Border: The Story of the Mishmis in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India |journal=Asian Ethnology |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=367–378 |via=Ebsco}}</ref> Only one group, called the '''Deng''', occupy [[Zayu County]] in southern Tibet.<ref name=":0" />

==Clans==
The Mishmi consist of four tribes: [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu Mishmi]] (''Idu Lhoba''); [[Digaro Mishmi language|Digaro]] tribe (''Taraon, Darang Deng''), [[Miju Mishmi tribe|Miju Mishmi]] (''Kaman Deng''), and the Deng Mishmi. The four sub-divisions of the tribe emerged due to the geographical distribution, but racially all the four groups are of the same stock.<ref name=":0" />

The Idu are also known as Yidu Lhoba in [[Tibet]] and often referred as Chulikatas in [[Assam]]. The Idus are primarily concentrated in the [[Upper Dibang Valley]] and Lower Dibang Valley district and some of the northern parts of [[Lohit district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India. Taraon, also called Digaru Mishmis, are distributed in the hill and the foothills between the Dibang, Digaru and the [[Lohit River|Lohit rivers]]. Kamans are also known as the Miju Mishmis; they live between the Lohit and the Kambang rivers in the foothills and in the [[Mishmi Hills]] on both sides of the Lohit river right up to the frontiers to Rima river. There are around 30,000 of them in Arunachal Pradesh.

==Distribution==
===India===
They are located in the northeastern tip of the central [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in Upper and Lower [[Dibang Valley district|Dibang Valley]], [[Lohit district|Lohit]] and [[Anjaw district|Anjaw]] Districts, all bordering southern Tibet in [[northeast India]].

===China===
{{main|Lhoba people|Derung people}}
In China, the Mishmi-Idu are classified as [[Lhoba people]].

The '''Deng people''' (or ''Dengba'', [[Chinese script|Chinese]] transcription of Taraon-Kaman languages: 代巴玫; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 僜人; [[Hanyu pinyin]]: Dèng Rén) live in nine villages in [[Tibet]]'s [[Zayu County]] and virgin forest areas between the [[Himalaya]]s and the Hengduan Mountains at an elevation of 1,000 metres. Bradley (2007) reports 800 ''{{IPA|ta˧˩ ʒuaŋ˥}}'' (Chinese: Darang Deng) and 200 ''{{IPA|kɯ˧˩ mɑn˧˥}}'' (Chinese: Geman Deng; known as the Kaman or Miju Mishmi in India) in China, one village in Burma where they are known as ''Taraung'', and the Taraon, Tayin, or Tain (formerly Digaru Mishmi) in northeastern India.<ref>Bradley, David (2007). "Language Endangerment in China and Mainland Southeast Asia". In Matthias Brenzinger, ed. ''Language diversity endangered''. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref>

There is little information on this group due to the sensitivity of the region. The last coordinated effort to understand the Mishmi occurred in the year 1985, after the Chinese academy of social sciences dispatched a total of four anthropologists hailing from the institute of Ethnology and Anthropology.<ref name=":0" />

The Deng Mishmi are not officially recognised by the government of [[People's Republic of China]].<ref name=":0" /> (Aiyadurai & Lee, 2018) note that instead, "...they are classified as an 'unidentified ethnicity' or 'others', largely due to the nature of a category for characterizing only a handful of people in contemporary China."<ref name=":0" /> Many of them have migrated from China to India.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

==History==
=== Under British rule ===
The beginning of British rule in India with regards to the hill people was generally one of non-interference due to a fear of rebellion from these groups.<ref name=":0" />

However, this policy changed when the British began to realize how important the frontier region of Assam and the adjoining hills (including the Mishmi Hills) were for trade.<ref name=":0" />

According to (Aiyadurai & Lee, 2018), "Another strategic reason to manage such an area was that the British were concerned that if they did not take interest in this region, the Mishmi people would end up becoming 'Chinese' subjects. To win over the local native people, governmental representatives carried with them tea and cigarettes as 'political presents'".<ref name=":0" /> Officially, it was not until the murder of Noel Williamson (a political officer) and Dr Gregorson (a tea planter and doctor) that the British began to clamp down on the Mishmi in a show of force and dominance.<ref name=":0" />

The British perceived the Mishmi as something to be contained, and not understood. The Mishmi, in 1882, were labelled as “untouched by any civilizing influences”. The natives in general were typically viewed “as less than human and abominable”.<ref name=":0" />

==Culture==
===Creation myth===
[[File:Jungle tribe of Mishmi Assam.jpg|thumb|235px|Members of the Mishmi ethnic group in northern Assam (1922)]]
{{Cquote|很久以前，世界上一片茫茫大水，德饶高创造了大地，金人阿加尼与老鹰通婚，繁衍成了僜人。}}
{{Cquote|Long ago, the world is a vast-flood. ''Deraogao'' created the earth, and the gold-people ''Ajiani'' married the eagle. Deng people are their offspring.}}
It is part of the folklore of the Deng people that their ancestor is Ajiani.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Notable people==
* [[Mukut Mithi]], former Chief Minister of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Kalikho Pul]], former Chief Minister of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2020|title=Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas|journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review|volume=57|issue=1|pages=49–75|doi=10.1177/0019464619894134|s2cid=213213265}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mayilvaganan|first1=M.|last2=Bej|first2=Sourina |last3=Khatoon|first3=Nasima|title=Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition-Life and Society Along the India-China Borderland|year=2020|publisher=Springer Singapore}}
* Aiyadurai, A., & Lee, C. S. (2017). Living on the Sino-Indian border : The story of the Mishmis in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. ''Asian Ethnology'', 76(2), 367–395.

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Mishmi Folk Tales of Lohit Valley |editor=Obang Tayeng |publisher=Mittal Publications |date=2007 |isbn=9788183241069}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mishmi people}}
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Mishmis}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411100751/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/mishmi.htm RCILTS, IIT Guwahati]
* [http://www.culturalportraits.com/galleryindia/GIP013.html Photo of two Miju Mishmi women]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052962 Britannica entry of the Mishmi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512212017/http://www.t2india.com/fixed-package.php?var=cultural_tour_of_north_by_north_east.inc Internary reference on various localities of the Mishmi]
* http://www.ethnic-china.com/Deng/dengindex.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070518105343/http://zt.tibet.cn/tibetzt/ssmz_en/deng/001.htm
* [http://www.ethnic-china.com/Deng/dengindex.htm ethnic-china.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070518105343/http://zt.tibet.cn/tibetzt/ssmz_en/deng/001.htm zt.tibet.cn]

{{Ethnic groups in China}}
{{Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in China]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Karakat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-11T19:52:00Z

Madhav&granite: rd

#REDIRECT [[Karakat Assembly constituency]]

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