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Dhanekhali Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:01:32Z

MadelaineStanfie: Created!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhanekhali
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Dhanekhali.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Dhanekhali Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
| constituency_no = 197
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Ashima Patra]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}+
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 222,502
}}

'''Dhanekhali Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 197 Dhanekhali Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: Belmuri, Bhastara, Dashghara I, Dashghara II, Dhaniakhali I, Dhaniakhali II, Gurap, Gurbari I, Gurbari II, Khajurdaha Milki, Mandra, Somaspur I and Somaspur II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Dhaniakhali (community development block)|Dhaniakhali]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Babnan, Dadpur, Makalpur and Satithan gram panchayats of [[Polba Dadpur]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015 |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Dhanekhali Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 28 [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''Dhaniakhali''
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Dhirendra Narayan Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Radha Nath Das
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|D. N. Mukherjee
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Birendra Chaudhury
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|Kripa Sindhu Saha
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Kashi Nath Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kashi Nath Patra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="6"|Kripa Sindhu Saha
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Ajit Patra
|-
!colspan="4"|''Dhanekhali''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Ashima Patra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanekhali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ashima Patra]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:123462}}
|percentage = 49.85
|change = {{decrease}}3.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Barnali Das
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:110405}}
|percentage = 44.57
|change = {{increase}}4.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ruma Aheri
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jyoti Kumari Das
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:2896}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:13057}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25197.htm

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanekhali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ashima Patra]]
|votes = 1,24,776
|percentage = 53.36
|change = {{decrease}}4.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tushar Kumar Majumdar
|votes = 94,617
|percentage = 40.46
|change = {{increase}}32.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anirban Saha
|votes = 9,033
|percentage = 3.86
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Sajal Kumar De
|votes = 3,230
|percentage = 1.20
|change = {{increase}}0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,182
|percentage = 0.93
|change = {{decrease}}0.77
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,159
|percentage = 12.90
|change = {{decrease}}14.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,33,838
|percentage = 86.12
|change = {{decrease}}1.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanekhali<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3469-west-bangal-general-legislative-election-2016/ |work = Dhanekhali| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 12 April 2021|title = West Bengal General Legislative Election 2016}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ashima Patra]]
|votes = 1,25,298
|percentage = 57.54
|change = {{increase}}6.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Pradip Majumdar
|votes = 66,654
|percentage = 30.61
|change = {{decrease}}12.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sasthi Duley
|votes = 16,338
|percentage = 7.50
|change = {{increase}}5.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,709
|percentage = 1.70
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashish Halder
|votes = 2,558
|percentage = 1.17
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Sajal Kumar De
|votes = 1,754
|percentage = 0.81
|change = {{decrease}}1.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Pallab Bag
|votes = 1,439
|percentage = 0.66
|change = {{decrease}}0.89
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 58,644
|percentage = 26.93
|change = {{increase}}18.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,17,750
|percentage = 87.14
|change = {{decrease}}1.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhanekhali<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=197| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164418/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=197| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Dhanekhali| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ashima Patra]]
|votes = 1,00,529
|percentage = 51.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Srabani Sarkar
|votes = 84,252
|percentage = 42.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kripasindhu Roy
|votes = 4,334
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Tarun Bauldas
|votes = 4,276
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Amit Mandal
|votes = 3,042
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 16,277
|percentage = 8.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,96,433
|percentage = 88.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislativer Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Ajit Patra of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Dhaniakhali assembly seat defeating Jitendra Nath Sarkar of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Kripa Sindu Saha of Forward Bloc defeated Asima Patra representing Trinamool Congress in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> and 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Kashinath Patra of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp191.htm |title =191 - Dhaniakhali (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Kashi Nath Patra of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Kashi Nath Roy of CPI(M) won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Kripa Sindhu Saha of Forward Bloc won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Birendra Chaudhury of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Dhaniakhali was a double seat. It was won by Radha Nath Das and D.N.Mukherjee, both of Congress. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> the Dhaniakhali seat was won by Dhirendra Narayan Mukherjee of Congress.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Nizamat Imambara

2026-05-05T15:19:11Z

MadelaineStanfie: data...

{{Short description|Shia Islam congregation hall in Murshidabad, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Nizamat Imambara
| native_name = {{lang|bn|নিজামত ইমামবাড়া}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Nizamat Imambara 2, Murshidabad.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The new ''imambara'', opposite the [[Hazarduari Palace]] and the [[Bhagirathi River]]
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the imambara in [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates ={{coord|24.188374|88.268623|region:IN-WB_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Shia Islam]]
| locale =
| location = [[Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]]
| deity =
| rite =
| sect =
| tradition =
| festival = 
| country = [[India]]
| administration =
| consecration_year =
| organisational_status = ''[[Imambara]]''
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| architect = Sadiq Ali Khan {{small|(1847)}}
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| founded_by = {{ubl|[[Siraj ud-Daulah|Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah]] {{small|(1740)}}|[[Mansur Ali Khan|Nawab Mansur Ali Khan]] {{small|(1847)}}}}
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{ubl|{{nowrap|1740 [[Common Era|CE]] {{small|(1st structure)}}}}|1847 {{small|(current structure)}}}}
| construction_cost = 6 [[lakh]]s gold coins {{small|(1847)}}
| date_destroyed = 1846 {{small|(1st structure)}}
| facade_direction = South
| capacity =
| length = {{cvt|680|ft|m|order=flip}} {{small|(1847)}}
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = One {{small|(maybe more)}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| shrine_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| footnotes =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = [[Hazarduari Palace]] and Imambara (Murshidabad) | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = 1977 | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-WB-122 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Nizamat Imambara''' ({{langx|bn|নিজামত ইমামবাড়া}}), also known as the '''Nizamat Kila''', is a [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] ''[[imambara]]'' (or congregation hall{{efn|Sometimes incorrectly described as a ''[[mosque]]''.}}), located in [[Murshidabad]], in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

It was built in 1740 [[Common Era|CE]] by [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah]] and, after it was destroyed by the fires of 1842 and 1846, was rebuilt in 1847 by [[Mansur Ali Khan|Nawab Mansur Ali Khan]].<ref name="nizamatimambara2">{{cite web |url=http://murshidabad.nic.in/tourism1.htm |title=Nizamat Imambara |work=Murshidabad Tourism |date= |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213131632/http://murshidabad.nic.in/tourism1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wondersofindia2">{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Nizamat-Imambara-39804.htm |title=Wonders of India: Nizamat Imambara |work=India9.com |date= |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307102727/http://www.india9.com/i9show/nizamat-imambara-39804.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="murshidabadtouristattractions2">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatonline.com/west-bengal/travel/murshidabad/tourist-attraction.html |title=Murshidabad Tourist Attractions |work=bharatonline.com |date= |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610200946/http://www.bharatonline.com/west-bengal/travel/murshidabad/tourist-attraction.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The building is frequently mentioned as the largest ''imambara'' in the world.<ref name="nizamatimambara2" /><ref name="wondersofindia2" /><ref name="murshidabadtouristattractions2" /><ref name="imambara2">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/monuments-temples/murshidabad.htm |title=Imambara |work=India Profile: Monuments and temples in Murshidabad |date= |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-date=27 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827101757/http://www.indiaprofile.com/monuments-temples/murshidabad.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Together with the [[Hazarduari Palace]], the Imambara is a [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|Monument of National Importance]] since 1977,<ref name=NCF>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncf.nic.in/projects/ongoing-projects/hazarduari-palace |title=Up gradation of Hazarduari Palace, Murshidabad , West Bengal |work=Project NCF |publisher=National Cultural Fund of India |date=2024-08-29 |access-date=4 March 2025 }}</ref> and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] since 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/ |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal: Item no. 122 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Palace handed over to ASI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100813/jsp/bengal/story_12806034.jsp |title=Palace handed over to ASI |work=Telegraph India |date= |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145113/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100813/jsp/bengal/story_12806034.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Handed over to ASI">{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_murshidabad.asp |title=Handed over to ASI |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507095350/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_murshidabad.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
=== Old Imambara ===
The old Nizamat Imambara was built by Nawab [[Siraj ud-Daulah]]<ref name="nizamatimambara2" /><ref name="murshidabadtouristattractions2" /><ref name="imambara2" /> in the [[Hazarduari Palace#Kila Nizamat|Nizamat Fort Area]]. He bought bricks and mortar, and laid the foundation of the building with his own hands. However, the old Imambara was primarily made up of wood. The plot where this Imambara had been built was dug to a depth of {{convert|6|ft|m|order=flip}}. It was refilled with soil which was brought from [[Mecca]] so that the poor members of the Muslim community could have an experience of [[Hajji|Hajj]].

The old Imambara caught fire<ref name="nizamatimambara2" /><ref name="murshidabadtouristattractions2" /><ref name="imambara2" /> for the first time in 1842 and was partly destroyed. It was completely destroyed by a fire on 23 December 1846.<ref name="wondersofindia2" /> That day the Nawabs along with the Europeans threw a party to celebrate the weaning ceremony of five-year-old [[Hassan Ali Mirza Khan|Hassan Ali Mirza]]. The Imambara caught fire at midnight due to the fireworks and was completely burnt down. Nothing survived except the old [[Madina Mosque (Bengal)|Madina Mosque]].

=== New Imambara ===
[[File:The Imambara at Hazarduary Palace.jpg|left|thumb|The new Nizamat Imambara]]
The new Imambara was built in 1847<ref name="nizamatimambara2" /> by Nawab Nazim Mansur Ali Khan<ref name="nizamatimambara2" /><ref name="wondersofindia2" /><ref name="murshidabadtouristattractions2" /><ref name="imambara2" /> under the supervision and direction of Sadeq Ali Khan. The new mosque is located opposite the Hazarduari Palace and cost more than {{Indian Rupees}} 6 lacs.<ref name="imambara2" /> The main entrance faces south, and is parallel to the north face of the Hazarduari Palace.<ref name="nizamatimambara2" /><ref name="murshidabadtouristattractions2" /> The masons took eleven months<ref name="nizamatimambara2" /><ref name="imambara2" /> to finish the construction as, in addition to their wages, they received food which allowed them to work day and night. The present Imambara is {{convert|680|ft|m|order=flip}} long, however the width varies. The central block that has the Madina is {{convert|300|ft|m|order=flip}} long. The new Imambara was built a metre away from the site of the old building. The gap between the shores of the river and the west wall of the Imambara are less than {{convert|1|m|ft|spell=on}}.

The old Madina Mosque was left as it was and a new one was constructed in the newly constructed Imambara. The old Madina Mosque can still be seen standing between the new Imambara and the Hazarduari Palace near the [[Bacchawali Tope]] and the [[Clock Tower of Murshidabad]].
[[File:Nizamat Imambara.jpg|thumb|An old photo on the main entrance of the Imambara, opposite the [[Hazarduari Palace]]]]
[[File:Panoramic view of Imambara, Murshidabad.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view of the Imambara]]

The present Imambara has been divided into three large quadrangles as follows:
* The central quadrangle has the ''Madina Mosque'' and the ''Memberdalan''.
* The eastern quadrangle has the ''Naubat Khana''.
* The western quadrangle has a two-storied ''Mosque''. The mosque stands on the Mint Ghat and rises almost from the Bhagirathi River as the distance may be a few feet.
The Memberdalan, which means hall for members, is a hall rather than a corridor just beside the Madina Mosque. It has a pulpit and to recite an [[elegy]]. The hall also has a verandah. The hall, the verandah and its flooring, are all built with marble. The hall also has a spacious room for the ladies. The vat between this hall and the mosque had silver headed fountains. They worked after the singing of the elegies were over.

The entrance of the Naubat Khana is a huge gate built in [[Imamia]] style which is surrounded by this Naubat Khana.

The western quadrangle of the Imambara has a two storied mosque which stands on the Mint Ghat. It has stately pillars and spacious marble floors. The mosque has several magnificent chandeliers, most of them gifted to the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawabs]] by the [[East India Company]] and several other magnificent equipments.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Hazarduari Palace or the Nizamat Kila.jpg|A painting by William Prinsep of the [[Hazarduari Palace#Kila Nizamat|Nizamat Fort Campus]] with the old Imambara at extreme right just behind the boat and the other surrounding buildings which include the [[Hazarduari Palace]].
Map of Nizamat Imambara.JPG|Map of Nizamat Fort Campus showing the ''Imambara'' in yellow
Nizamat Fort Campus.JPG|Map of Nizamat Fort Campus showing the ''Imambara'' in yellow and other buildings surrounding it, including the [[Madina Mosque (Bengal)|Madina Mosque]], the Hazarduari Palace, [[Chawk Masjid]], [[Bacchawali Tope]], the clock tower, Shia complex, and the Zurud Mosque (north).
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Shia Islam}}}}
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
* [[Shia Islam in India]]

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Nizamat Imambara (Murshidabad)|Nizamat Imambara}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Tourist attractions in Murshidabad}}

[[Category:1846 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1847 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:18th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:19th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:Destroyed mosques]]
[[Category:Former mosques in India]]
[[Category:Husayniyyas]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1740s]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1840s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Murshidabad]]
[[Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1740]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1847]]
[[Category:Siraj ud-Daulah]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Murshidabad]]

Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)

2026-04-27T14:38:35Z

MadelaineStanfie:

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|abbreviation = HAM(S)
|colorcode = Yellow
|president = [[Santosh Kumar Suman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/videos/news18-bihar-jharkhand/political-news-indian-political-news/patna-jitan-ram-manjhi-handed-over-the-legacy-to-his-son-santosh-suman-will-be-the-new-president-of-ham-bihar-news-4197360.html|title=Jitan Ram Manjhi ने बेटे को सौंपी विरासत, Santosh Suman होंगे HAM के नए अध्यक्ष}}</ref>
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2015|05|08}}
|founder = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|loksabha_leader = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|split = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|headquarters = 12, Strand Rd, Rajbansi Nagar, Patna, Bihar 800015
|eci = [[Bihar]] (State Party)
|state_seats_name = [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|1|75|hex=Yellow}}
|state2_seats_name = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|state2_seats = {{Composition bar|5|243|hex=Yellow}}
|alliance =
*[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] (2015–2017; 2020–2022; 2023–present)
*[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]], [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]] (2018–2020; 2022–23)
*[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]] ([[Bihar]]) (2022–23)
|ideology =
|symbol = [[File: Hindustani Awam Morcha Secular.jpg|150px]]
|party_name = Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)
|colours = {{Color box|{{Party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}}}
|flag = [[File:Hindustani Awam Morcha Flag.svg|250px]]
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|543|hex={{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}}}}}

'''Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jitan Ram Manjhi(Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)):Constituency- IMAMGANJ (SC)(GAYA) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9716 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> (English: Indian People's Front), abbreviated '''HAM(S)''', is an [[Political parties in India|Indian political party]] with a presence in [[Bihar]]. In Bihar, this party is also a natural ally of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), similar to the [[Janata Dal (United)]]. It received a new [[election symbol]], the [[wok]], for the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election in 2020]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=जीतन राम मांझी की पार्टी HAM को कड़ाही तो पप्पू यादव की JAP को मिली कैंची, EC ने 12 दलों का चुनाव चिन्ह बदला|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-assembly-elections-jitan-ram-manjhi-party-ham-kadai-and-pappu-yadav-jap-gets-kainchi-election-commission-changed-election-symbol-of-12-parties-3492959.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=The Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref>

==Formation==

It was launched formally on 8 May 2015 by former [[Chief Minister of Bihar]], [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]], who left the [[Janata Dal (United)]] party along with 18 others to form Hindustani Awam Morcha following the [[2015 Bihar political crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/manjhi-to-rewrite-bihar-politics-nitish-mishra-66735.html|title=Manjhi to rewrite Bihar politics: Nitish Mishra|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/jitan-ram-manjhi-announces-new-party-as-hindustani-awam-morcha/|title=Jitan Ram Manjhi announces new party as Hindustani Awam Morcha|date=8 May 2015}}</ref> The party added "Secular" to its name in June 2015, becoming Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular).<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Manjhi's Party HAM Adds 'Secular' to Its Name|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/manjhis-party-ham-adds-secular-to-its-name/902280|date=2015-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128111750/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/manjhis-party-ham-adds-secular-to-its-name/902280|archive-date=2016-01-28|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jitan-manjhi-wants-dalits-to-unite-against-nitish-kumar-in-bihar-polls-774912|title=Jitan Manjhi Wants Dalits to Unite Against Nitish Kumar in Bihar Polls|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In July 2015, the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] recognised HAM(S) as a political party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/manjhi-s-ham-recognised-by-poll-panel-78698.html|title=Manjhi's HAM recognised by poll panel|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> The election symbol of the party is a [[wok]].<ref name="NDTV.com 2015">{{cite web|title=Jitan Ram Manjhi's Party HAM Gets Telephone Symbol|website=NDTV.com|date=7 August 2015| url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jitan-ram-manjhis-party-ham-gets-this-election-symbol-1204680|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/green-chilli-chappals-among-poll-symbols/articleshow/49018231.cms|title=Green chilli, chappals among poll symbols |website=The Times of India|date=19 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/ham-gets-telephone-as-election-symbol-80379.html|title=HAM gets 'Telephone' as election symbol|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=5 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/jitan-ram-manjhis-party-gets-election-symbol-1.1561821|title=Jitan Ram Manjhi's party gets election symbol|website=gulfnews.com|date=5 August 2015 }}</ref>

== History ==

In July 2015, the party joined the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) and contested 21 seats, with some additional members contesting on the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) ticket in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/bihar/deal-done-bjp-jitan-ram-manjhi-agree-on-seat-sharing-for-bihar-1217297|title=Bihar Deal: BJP Wins Over Jitan Ram Manjhi, Now Paswan Upset, Say Sources|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On 18 September 2015, HAM(S) announced its first list of 13 candidates with Manjhi contesting from [[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency|Makhdumpur]] and [[Imamganj Assembly constituency|Imamganj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-polls-jitan-ram-manjhi-to-contest-from-makhdumpur/article1-1391448.aspx |title=Bihar polls: Manjhi ends suspense, to contest from Makhdumpur |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921081151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-polls-jitan-ram-manjhi-to-contest-from-makhdumpur/article1-1391448.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bihar-polls-2015-ham-releases-its-first-list-manjhi-to-contest-from-makhdumpur-2126331|title=Bihar Polls 2015: HAM releases its first list; Manjhi to contest from Makhdumpur|first=DNA Web|last=Team|date=18 September 2015|website=DNA India}}</ref>

The party ended up winning only in Imamganj with Manjhi losing in Makhdumpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/election-results/bihar-election-resuls/6699-bihar-assembly-election-result-2015-live.html|title=Assembly Election Result 2016, Assembly Election Schedule Candidate List, Assembly Election Opinion/Exit Poll Latest News 2016|website=infoelections.com|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref>

In the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] the alliance was led by the BJP alongside three smaller allies, namely the [[Lok Janshakti Party]], the [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]] and HAM(S), while [[Janata Dal (United)]] had contested as part of the Mahagathbandan opposition party.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Arjun|date=10 November 2015|title=From lousy rallies to inept partners, the six charts that explain Modi's decimation in Bihar|url=https://qz.com/india/544758/from-ill-conceived-rallies-to-inept-partners-the-six-charts-that-explain-modis-decimation-in-bihar/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Quartz India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Varma|first=Gyan|date=2015-11-08|title=Bihar results: Social arithmetic, quota comments seen behind BJP's failure|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/1pOz3HPgOrKZDdpfrrbcNK/Bihar-results-Social-arithmetic-quota-comments-seen-behind.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Livemint}}</ref> In 2017, Janata Dal (United) switched allegiance, which caused the Mahagathbandan government to dissolve and the NDA to come into power.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|last=Bhaskar|first=Utpal|date=2019-05-27|title=Lok Sabha win gives a 2nd wind to JD(U) for assembly polls, NDA in pole position|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/lok-sabha-win-gives-a-2nd-wind-to-jd-u-for-assembly-polls-nda-in-pole-position-1558958108966.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Livemint}}</ref> In 2018, HAM(S) and the Rashtriya Lok Samata Party left the alliance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jitan Ram Manjhi left NDA, joined hands with Alliance. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/video/news/1128855- }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Prakash|date=2018-12-10|title=Jolt to NDA; Kushwaha resigns as Union minister|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/rlsp-president-upendra-707313.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-28|title=Jitam Ram Manjhi quits NDA, set to join 'Mahagathbandhan'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jitan-ram-manjhi-nda-mahagathbandhan-grand-alliance-nda-ham-5081198/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

During the campaigning phase in August 2020, the alliance was re-joined [[National Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2020-09-02|title=Manjhi's HAM(S) joins NDA|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-bihar-chief-minister-manjhis-party-to-join-nda-on-sept-3/article32501850.ece|access-date=2020-10-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The party won four seats in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] and Manjhi's son Santosh Suman was made a minister in [[Nitish Kumar]]'s cabinet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/will-remain-with-nitish-kumar-and-nda-says-hindustan-awam-morcha/articleshow/79204311.cms|title=Will remain with Nitish Kumar and NDA, says Hindustan Awam Morcha|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election/bihar-government-check-full-list-of-ministers-in-new-nitish-kumar-cabinet-10019949|title=Bihar Government: Check full list of ministers in new Nitish Kumar Cabinet|website=Jagran.com|date=16 November 2020|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref>

In the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], HAM (S) the contested in 6 seats as part of [[National Democratic Alliance]]. It won in 5 of these.

==Prominent members==
*[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]], founding member and former [[Chief Minister]] of [[Bihar]], former Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Imamganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Imamganj]] and [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Union Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]].
*[[Santosh Suman Manjhi]], Minister of Irrigation and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC ST]] Welfare in the [[Government of Bihar]], and Member of Legislative Council of Bihar.
*[[Ramesh Singh]] (National Vice President), Hindustan Awam Morcha, he is national vice president of Hindustan Awam Morcha since 2021

==Electoral performance==

===Lok Sabha elections===

{| class=wikitable
|+Indian General Elections (Bihar)
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Election Year
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Election
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" |
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Alliance
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Contested Seat
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" |seat Won
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" |Seats-/+
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Total Votes
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Votes %
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Votes % -/+
|-
! Colspan="8"|'''''Indian General Election 2019'''''
|+
|2019
|[[2019 Lok sabha election |17th Assembly]]
| rowspan=6 bgcolor={{party color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}|
| rowspan=6 style="background:#FFE6E6"|[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]]
|3
|{{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#FFD700}}
|0
|9,56,501
|0.02%
|{{new}}
|-
! Colspan="8"|'''''Indian General Election 2024'''''
|+
|2024
|[[2024 Indian General election|18th Assembly]]
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|rowspan="3"style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|1
|{{Composition bar|1|543|hex=#FFD700}}
|{{increase}}1
|4,94,960
|2.3%
|{{new}}
|}

== List of Members of Parliament in Lok Sabha 2024 ==
{| class=wikitable
|+Lok sabha (General) Election 2024
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | SL.No.
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Name
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Alliance
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Constituency
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Year
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Portrait
|-
!1
|''[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]'' [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Union Minister of Micro, Small and Medium]]
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|NDA
|[[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya
(Bihar)]]
|2024
|[[File:Jitan Ram Manjhi June 2024 cropped.jpg|100px]]
|-
|}

=== Bihar Assembly Election ===
{| class=wikitable
|+Bihar Legislative Assembly
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Election Year
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Election
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" |
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Alliance
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Contested Seat
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" |Seat won/Seats contested
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" |Seats-/+
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Total Votes
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Votes %
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Votes % -/+
|-
|2015
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|16th Assembly]]
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|21
|{{Composition bar|1|21|hex=#FFD700}}
|{{increase}} 1
|8,64,856
|2.3%
|{{new}}
|-
|2020
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|17th Assembly]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|7
|{{Composition bar|4|7|hex=#FFD700}}
|{{increase}} 3
|3,75,564
| 0.89%
|{{decrease}} 1.41
|-
|2025
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|18th Assembly]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|6
|{{Composition bar|5|6|hex=#FFD700}}
|{{increase}} 1
|5,87,056
|1.17%
|{{increase}} 0.28
|}

== List of Members of Legislative Council of Bihar ==
{| class=wikitable
|+Bihar Legislative council Election 2024
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | SL.No.
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Member
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Alliance
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Party
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Term Start
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Term end
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Portrait
|-
!1
|[[Santosh Suman]]
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|NDA
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}"|HAM
|07-May-2024
|06-May-2030
|[[File:Santosh Suman.png|100px]]
|}
== List of Members of Legislative Assembly in Bihar ==

{| class=wikitable
|+Bihar assembly Election 2020
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | SL.No.
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Name
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Alliance
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Constunsy
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Year
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Portrait
|-
!1
|''[[Jyoti Devi]]''
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|NDA
|[[Barachatti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barachatti]]
|2020
|
|-
!2
|[[Anil Kumar]]
|[[Tikari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikari]]
|2020
|
|-
!3
|[[Prafull Kumar Singh]]
|[[Sikandra (Vidhan Sabha constituency) |Sikandra]]
|2020
|
|-
!4
|[[Deepa Manjhi]]
|[[Imamganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Imamganj]]
|2024
|
|}

{| class=wikitable
|+Bihar assembly Election 2025
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | SL.No.
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Name
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Alliance
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Constunsy
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Year
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black" | Portrait
|-
!1
|''[[Jyoti Devi]]''
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|NDA
|[[Barachatti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barachatti]]
|2025
|
|-
!2
|[[Romit Kumar]]
|[[Attri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Attri]]
|2025
|
|-
!3
|[[Prafull Kumar Singh]]
|[[Sikandra (Vidhan Sabha constituency) |Sikandra]]
|2025
|
|-
!4
|[[Deepa Manjhi]]
|[[Imamganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Imamganj]]
|2025
|
|-
!5
|Lalan Ram
|[[Kutumba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kutumba]]
|2025
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[State Mahadalit Commission, Bihar]]
* [[Bhola Paswan Shastri]]
* [[Ram Sundar Das]]
* [[2015 Bihar political crisis]]
* [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{Commons category|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties|state=expanded}}
{{India topics}}
{{National Democratic Alliance |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha| ]]
[[Category:Political parties in Bihar]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Parivar]]
[[Category:Dalit politics]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Ratan Chakraborty

2026-04-20T09:48:11Z

MadelaineStanfie: new...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP one source|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ratan Chakraborty
| birth_name = Ratan Chakraborty
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|07|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Khayerpur Assembly constituency|Khayerpur]]
| term_start = 2021
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = [[Rebati Mohan Das]]
| successor = [[Biswa Bandhu Sen]]
| office1 = Member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Khayerpur Assembly constituency|Khayerpur]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Pabitra Kar]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Ratan Chakraborty''' (born 17 July 1951) is an [[Indian politician]] and [[Member of Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khayerpur Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2018 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3472-tripura-general-legislative-election-2018/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> and Former [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratan Chakraborty to be new Tripura Speaker |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/ratan-chakraborty-to-be-new-tripura-speaker |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Morung Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratan Chakraborty elected as new Speaker of 12th Tripura Legislative Assembly |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Ratan-Chakraborty-elected-as-new-Speaker-of-12th-Tripura-Legislative-Assembly&id=426771 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=All India Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura gets new assembly speaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/tripura-gets-new-assembly-speaker/articleshow/86491197.cms |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 17 July 1951 in [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]]. He is married to Sharmila Debbarma and they have three daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker of Tripura Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in/speaker.html |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Tripura Legislative Assembly}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:People from Agartala]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kolebira Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:51Z

MadelaineStanfie: made some post added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| name =Kolebira
| map_image =Kolebira constituency map.svg
| state =[[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons =[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]
| district =[[Simdega district|Simdega]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla =[[Naman Bixal Kongari]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| established = 2000
| electors = {{formatnum:196667}}
| constituency_no =71}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Kolebira Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Jharkhand Party|JP]]|value1=50|color1={{party color|Jharkhand Party}}|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|value2=50|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|rowspan=3|Sushil Bage
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[N. E. Horo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan=2|Sushil Bage
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Jharkhand Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Birsing Munda
|{{Full party name with color|Jan Kranti Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Sushil Bage
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Birsing Munda
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Theodore Kiro
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Basant Kumar Longa
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Theodore Kiro
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|rowspan=3|[[Anosh Ekka]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2018 elections in India#Jharkhand|2018^]]
| rowspan=3|[[Naman Bixal Kongari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

^by-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolebira<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naman Bixal Kongari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=75,376 |percentage=51.86 |change={{increase}}13.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sujan Jojo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,345 |percentage=26.38 |change={{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vibhav Sandesh Ekka |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=18,878 |percentage=12.99 |change={{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Richard Tirkey |party=Independent politician |votes=3,333 |percentage=2.29 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rosalia Shanta Kandulna |party=Independent politician |votes=1,570 |percentage=1.08 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bernard Kandulna |party=Independent politician |votes=1,321 |percentage=0.91 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Punit Kumar |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=892 |percentage=0.61 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=499 |percentage=0.34 |change={{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,031 |percentage=25.48 |change= {{increase}}15.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,45,351 |percentage=69.20 |change= {{increase}}4.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,10,037 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolebira<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naman Bixal Kongari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,574 |percentage=38.17 |change={{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sujan Jojo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=36,236 |percentage=28.47 |change={{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ireen Ekka |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=18,700 |percentage=14.69 |change={{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box candidate | |candidate=Anil Kandulna |party=[[Rashtriya Sangail Party|RSP]] |votes=14,351 |percentage=11.28 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,810 |percentage=1.42 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivchan Manghi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,526 |percentage=1.20 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pyara Mundu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,474 |percentage=1.16 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,353 |percentage=1.85 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,338 |percentage=9.69 |change= {{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,27,264 |percentage=64.71 |change= {{increase}}1.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,96,667 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly by-election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 elections in India#Jharkhand|2018 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Kolebira<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/2018/ByeElection(Jan-June2018).xlsx|title=Bye Elections 2023 (July to December,2023) |access-date=15 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naman Bixal Kongari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,355 |percentage=33.92 |change={{increase}}25.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Soreng |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,690 |percentage=25.80 |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kandulna |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=23,802 |percentage=20.01 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Menon Ekka |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=16,455 |percentage=13.83 |change={{decrease}}25.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,665 |percentage=8.12 |change= {{decrease}}5.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,18,954 |percentage=63.00 |change= {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,88,829 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jharkhand Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolebira<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anosh Ekka]] |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=48,978 |percentage=39.59 |change={{increase}}10.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Nagesiya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,835 |percentage=25.73 |change={{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Louis Kujur |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=17,083 |percentage=13.81 |change={{increase}}9.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Theodore Kiro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,714 |percentage=8.66 |change={{decrease}}4.86 }}
{{Election box candidate | |candidate=Patras Surin |party=[[Akhil Bhartiya Jharkhand Party|ABJP]] |votes=5,027 |percentage=4.06 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alphons Munda |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes=2,045 |percentage=1.65 |change={{decrease}}4.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ismail Kerketta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,951 |percentage=1.58 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,398 |percentage=2.75 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,143 |percentage=13.86 |change= {{increase}}6.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,723 |percentage=65.66 |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,88,443 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Party |loser=Jharkhand Party |swing= {{increase}}10.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolebira<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anosh Ekka]] |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=28,834 |percentage=28.87 |change={{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Bhagat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,332 |percentage=21.36 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Benjamin Lakra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,499 |percentage=13.52 |change={{decrease}}8.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Louis Kujur |party=Independent politician |votes=8,214 |percentage=8.23 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alfons Munda |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=6,575 |percentage=6.58 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Kumar Longa |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=4,595 |percentage=4.60 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bernard Kandulna |party=Independent politician |votes=2,948 |percentage=2.95 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,502 |percentage=7.51 |change= {{increase}}4.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,863 |percentage=62.86 |change= {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,58,862 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}25.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Party |loser=Jharkhand Party |swing= {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolebira<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Enos Ekka |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=34,067 |percentage=25.43 |change={{increase}}12.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Theodore Kiro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,781 |percentage=22.23 |change={{decrease}}22.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chatur Baraik |party=Independent politician |votes=6,625 |percentage=4.95 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagarnath Baraik |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=3,694 |percentage=2.53 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Isidor Kerketta |party=Independent politician |votes=3,395 |percentage=2.33 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldeo Singh |party=Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Mazdoor Congess |votes=2,930 |percentage=2.01 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Jadiya |party=Independent politician |votes=2,683 |percentage=1.84 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,286 |percentage=3.20 |change= {{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,33,969 |percentage=63.13 |change= {{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,12,216 |ref = |change= {{increase}}51.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolebira<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Theodore Kiro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,266 |percentage=45.12 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Kumar Besra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,544 |percentage=32.68 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Susil Dang |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=10,315 |percentage=13.20 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sylvia Bage |party=Independent politician |votes=2,206 |percentage=2.82 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Kumar Longa |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,407 |percentage=1.80 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onil Tirkey |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,168 |percentage=1.49 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Petamber Kandeyang |party=Independent politician |votes=634 |percentage=0.81 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,722 |percentage=12.44 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,159 |percentage=57.23 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,39,970 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Simdega district]]
*[[Kolebira block]]
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|22.700|84.694|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Simdega district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Saurabh Ajay Gupta

2026-04-05T21:29:36Z

MadelaineStanfie: starting the entry w/ refs

{{short description|Indian Supreme Court advocate (born 1980)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saurabh Ajay Gupta
| image =
| caption =
| spouse = Alpika Agarwal
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|21 October 1980}}
| occupation = [[Advocate]], Additional [[Advocate General]]: [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] in [[Supreme Court of India]]
| education = BA LLB: Symbiosis Law College
| alma_mater = Symbiosis Law College
| years_active = 16
}}

'''Saurabh Ajay Gupta''' is an [[Advocate-on-Record]] in [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/advocates|title=Advocates | SUPREME COURT OF INDIA|website=main.sci.gov.in}}</ref> He is also the additional [[advocate general]] for [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] in Supreme Court.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/chhattisgarh-government-3-aag-sc|title=Chhattisgarh Government appoints 3 AAGs for conducting cases before Supreme Court|first=Bar &|last=Bench|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|date=13 August 2019 }}</ref> Formerly he has held position of additional [[advocate general]] for Government of Punjab, India in Supreme Court for around seven years.<ref name="auto"/>

He is better known for handling cases related to Prevention of Corruption Act matters, matters relation to Prevention of Money Laundering Act, mining and leases, insolvency and bankruptcy, arbitration proceedings at the appellate courts.

==Early life==
Gupta graduated in law from Symbiosis law college, Pune, in 2003.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.symlaw.edu.in/extension-lecture/422&start=41&ml=1?start=40|title=Extension Lecture Series - Archive - Page 41|website=www.symlaw.edu.in}}</ref> Later he completed his diploma in taxation law from the same. After completing his education & working for multiple firms, Gupta joined senior [[lawyer]] and former union law minister, [[Ram Jethmalani]] as his chamber assistant in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qjk.9bc.myftpupload.com/2019/09/10/obituary-the-maverick-ram-jethmalani/|title=Obituary: The Maverick Ram Jethmalani|date=September 10, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Cases==
Saurabh is known for handling following cases.

* [[Indian coal allocation scam]]: Saurabh Gupta has been handling the disputes of steel, power & mining company, Jindal Steel & Power in respect of mining and transportation at Sarda Mines, Odisha. He is also the representative of the former member of parliament [[Naveen Jindal]] & [[Jindal Steel & Power]] in the prevention of corruption & prevention of money laundering act matters.
* [[Asaram Bapu]] Sexual Harassment Case: He represented Indian godman (guru) when he moved supreme court for early hearing of bail plea in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/oct/26/self-styled-preacher-asaram-bapu-moves-supreme-court-for-early-hearing-of-bail-plea-in-rape-case-1683723.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027121658/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/oct/26/self-styled-preacher-asaram-bapu-moves-supreme-court-for-early-hearing-of-bail-plea-in-rape-case-1683723.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 27, 2017|title=Self-styled preacher Asaram Bapu moves Supreme Court for early hearing of bail plea in rape case|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Other cases
* Case for alleged involvement in the Parliament attack case.<ref name="auto1"/>
* A case against an accused in the Ketan Parekh stock scam.<ref name="auto1"/>
* Allocation of the spectrum to the telecom operators in India.<ref>{{Cite web| title=IA Nos. 78 & 82/2016 in Civil Appeal No (s). 10660/2010 before Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in the matter of Centre for PIL & Ors. [Appellant (s)] versus Union of India & Ors. [Respondents]-reg | url=https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/trai.pdf?download=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419144342/https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/trai.pdf?download=1 | archive-date=2021-04-19}}</ref>
* Famous [[Murder of Jessica Lal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ae6ee4b0149711413d94|title=Sidhartha Vashisht Alias Manu Sharma v. State (Nct Of Delhi) . | Supreme Court Of India | Judgment | Law | CaseMine|website=www.casemine.com}}</ref>
* Sohrabbudin fake encounter case.<ref name="auto1"/>
* Gujarat Riots Case [[Best Bakery Case]].<ref name="auto1"/>
* Disproportionate cases of [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/471073064/N-Ram-Ors-vs-Union-of-India|title=N. Ram & Ors. vs. Union of India | Contempt Of Court | Supreme Court Of India|website=Scribd}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Saurabh Ajay}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Indian states]]

News18 Marathi

2026-03-23T22:01:54Z

MadelaineStanfie: new

{{short description|Marathi-language news channel based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = News18 Lokmat
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2008|4|6|df=yes}}
| picture_format = [[16:9]] ([[576i]], [[SDTV]])
| network =
| owner = [[Network18 Group]]
| headquarters = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| sister_channels = [[Network18 Group#Owned Channels|Network18 Group channels]]
| website = {{URL|https://lokmat.news18.com/}}
| online_serv_1 = Live Stream
| online_chan_1 = [https://lokmat.news18.com/live-tv/ Watch Live]
| logo = News18 Lokmat Logo.svg
| logo_size =
| image =
}}

'''News18 Lokmat''' is a 24-hour [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[News broadcasting|news channel]] based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is a joint venture between [[Network18 Group]] and Lokmat Group the publisher of the newspaper [[Lokmat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/14tv18.htm|title=TV 18, Lokmat in JV to launch Marathi news channel}}</ref>

The channel was launched as IBN Lokmat on 6 April 2008, the day of the Hindu New Year festival [[Gudi Padwa]]. It was branded as News 18 Lokmat from 6 November 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Network18 re-brands IBN Lokmat as News18 Lokmat|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/network18-re-brands-ibn-lokmat-as-news18-lokmat/|website=TelevisionPost|access-date=5 January 2018|date=6 November 2017}}</ref>

== Rebranding ==
''News18 Lokmat'' is going to be rebranded as '''News18 Marathi''' from 10 January 2026 onwards<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://cdn.jiostar.com/jiostar/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Website-copy-Intimation-of-name-change-News18-Lokmat-11.12.25.pdf}}</ref>.

== References ==
{{reflist}}<nowiki/>{{Network 18}}
{{Television news in India}}
{{Marathi language television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:News18 Lokmat}}
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television channels]]
[[Category:Network18 Group]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2008]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Kekeya kingdom

2026-03-19T13:04:55Z

MadelaineStanfie: made new entry v1!

{{Short description|Ancient Indian kingdom}}
{{for|the ancient tribe|Kekaya}}
{{South Asia in 500 BCE||South Asia circa 500 BCE, with location of the Kekeya Kingdom, next to [[Gandhara]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (d) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2022-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Content mirrored from [[:File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png|this map]]</ref>}}

The '''Kekeya kingdom''' (also known as Kekaya, Kaikaya, Kaikeya etc.) was a kingdom mentioned in the ancient Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' among the western kingdoms of then India. The epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' mentions one of the wives of [[Dasharatha]], the king of [[Kosala]] and father of [[Rama]], was from Kekeya kingdom and was known as [[Kaikeyi]]. Her son [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] conquered the neighbouring kingdom of [[Gandhara kingdom|Gandhara]] and built the city of [[Taxila|Takshasila]]. Later the sons and descendants of Bharata ([[Gaur (clan)|Gaud kshatriya]]) ruled this region from [[Takshasila]].

In ''Mahabharata'', a Kekaya prince was mentioned, who joined the [[Pandavas]] in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. He was the eldest among the six brothers and was described as a king known as Vrihatkshatra who is banished from his kingdom by his own kinsmen, like the Pandavas who were banished from their [[Kuru kingdom]], by their cousin brothers viz the [[Kauravas]] headed by [[Duryodhana]]. Thus this Kekaya brother was circumstantially inclined to ally with the Pandavas. Besides this, the 6 Kekaya brothers were sons of the sister of [[Kunti]], the mother of the Pandavas, making them cousins. In the Kurukshetra War, the Kekaya brother fought against his own kinsmen, viz the other 5 Kekaya brothers who sided with Duryodhana.

==References in Valmiki Ramayana==

There are several references to [[Kaikeyi]] in the epic [[Ramayana]]. Kaikeyi was one of the three [[Monarch|queens]] of [[Dasharatha]], the king of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. She was a Kekaya princess, and the daughter of Ashwapati. Ramayana testifies that the capital of Kekayas lay beyond river Sudama.<ref>Ramayana 2.71.1.</ref> River Sudama has been identified with river Saranges of [[Arrian]] which flowed also flowed through Kekians.<ref>Ancient India as Described by [[Megasthenes]], p 196.</ref> The Vedic texts do not mention name of the capital of Kekaya but Ramayana does inform us that the Kekaya metropolis was Rajagriha or Girivraja.<ref>Ramayana II.67.7; II. 68.22.</ref> which A. Cunningham has identified with Girjak or [[Jalalpur Sharif|Jalalpur]] on river Jhelum in the Jhelum district <ref>Ancient Geography of India, A. Cunningham, p 64.</ref> but this view has not been accepted by scholars.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Ramayana further attests that Kekaya lay beyond Vipasa or Beas <ref>Ramayana II.68.19-22; VII.113.14.</ref> and abutted with the country of Gandharava or Gandhara [[vishaya]] (country). Ravana, the son of Vishrava and Kaikesi (Princess of Kaikeya may be an early predecessor of Bhagawan Rama’s Step mother){{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} was born in Devagana.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/37599459|title = Woven Threads of the Rāmāyaṇa the Early Āḻvārs on Brahmā and Rāvaṇa|journal = Romanian Journal of Indian Studies|last1 = Rajarajan|first1 = R. K. K.}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Nasik/histroy_hindus.html#1 |title=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency - Nasik |website=www.maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809040052/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Nasik/histroy_hindus.html#1 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References in Vishnu-Dharmottara Mahapurana==
According to Vishnu-Dharmottara Mahapurana also, the capital of the Kekayas lay beyond river Sudama which flowed some distance westwards from the Vitasta or Jhelum river. Prince Bharata, son of princess Kekayi, while going to Kekaya country from [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] had to cross river Vitasta and then after crossing river Sudama, he reached the land of the Kekayas.<ref>Vishnu Dharmotari, I.207.62-71</ref>

== References in Mahabharata ==

Kekaya is mentioned as an ancient Indian kingdom at (6,9).

=== Alliances of Kekaya brides with Puru kings ===

*[[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] king Sarvabhauma married Sunanda, the daughter of the Kekaya prince, having obtained her by force. (1,95)
*Puru king Parikshit's son Bhimasena married Kumari, the princess of Kekaya and begot upon her Pratisravas whose son was [[Pratipa]], the father of [[Santanu]]. (1,95)

=== Kekaya kings ===

==== King Sahasrachitya ====

There was a ruler of the Kekayas, named Sahasrachitya and he was the grandfather of king Satayupa, who was the contemporary of [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]] king [[Dhritarashtra]]. Abdicating his kingdom to his eldest son, king Sahasrachitya retired into the woods. (15,20)

==== King Satyayupa ====

Satayupa was the great king of the Kekayas. Having made over the sovereignty of his kingdom to his son he had come into the woods. Kuru king Dhritarashtra, after the Kurukshetra War was over, installed the victorious Pandava king [[Yudhishthira]], on the throne of the Kuru capital, [[Hastinapura]]. He then retired to woods. Then Satayupa, received king Dhritarashtra with due rites. Accompanied by him, the latter proceeded to the retreat of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa|Vyasa]]. Arrived at Vyasa’s retreat, Dhritarashtra received his initiation into the forest mode of life. Returning he took up his abode in the retreat of Satayupa. The high-souled Satayupa, instructed Dhritarashtra in all the rites of the forest mode, at the command of Vyasa. (15,19)

==== King Vrihatkhsatra ====

The Kekaya brothers (six each) who fought the Kurukshetra War, on the side of Pandavas as well as on the side of Kauravas, belonged to the next generation of Kekaya's royal family. The foremost of them was Vrihatkshatra, the eldest of the brothers who sided with the Pandavas. He was described as a king of Kekaya. He had a son named '''Visoka''', who also fought in Kurukshetra War.

==== Kekaya bowmen Dyumatsena ====
''Not much is known about this warrior from Kekaya except the following passages.''

After [[Bhima]] completed his learning with [[Balarama]], he became in strength like unto Dyumatsena himself (1,141). Dyumatsena, the chief of bowmen among the Kekayas was present in [[Yudhishthira]]'s court, newly inaugurated at [[Indraprastha]] (2,3).

=== Kekaya's friendship with the Pandavas ===

The five Kekaya princes, allied with the [[Kauravas]] and Eldest sixth one allied with Pandavas and visited the Pandavas when they were banished into woods along with other Pandava allies viz [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]], [[Dhristadyumna]] and [[Dhrishtaketu]] (3–12,22,51,120), (5,55).

=== The five Kekaya brothers, on the Kauravas side ===

The five Kekaya brothers who battled on the Kauravas side in Kurukshetra War is mentioned at many places (5–61,83,144).

At (5,22) is mentioned:- deposed from the throne of the Kekaya land, and desirous of being reinstated thereon, the five mighty brothers from that land, wielding mighty bows, are now following the Pandavas ready to fight. The Panchalas and the Matsyas, along with the very herdsmen that attend on their kins and sheep, are rejoicing and gladdening Yudhishthira (5–50,53). Only one Kekaya brother is on Pandavas side.

The five royal brothers of Kekaya, accepted the Kekaya warriors (on Dhritarashtra’s side) as antagonists. And in their share are included the [[Malava kingdom|Malavas]] also, and the [[Salwa kingdom|Salwakas]], as also, the two famous warriors of the [[Trigarta kingdom|Trigarta]] host who have sworn to conquer or die. (5,57).

The princes of Kekaya, and Dhrishtaketu, and the son of the [[Kingdom of Kashi|king of the Kasis]], and Srenimat, and Vasudana, and the invincible Sikhandin, all hale and hearty, cased in armour and armed with weapons and decked with ornaments, marched behind Yudhishthira (5,152).

=== The hundred Kekaya brothers on Kaurava side ===

Kekayas on Kaurava side is mentioned at many places (5–19,30,198), (6,16)

The five Kekaya brothers, (probably those who sided with Duryodhana) were equated with the five [[Asuras]] viz Ayahsira, Aswasira, Aysanku, Gaganamurdhan, and Vegavat. (1,67)

[[Jayadratha]] (the brother-in-law of Duryodhana), assisted by the Kekayas, endeavoured to ravish [[Draupadi]] (the wife of Pandavas) (11,22)

The five royal brothers, the princes of Kekaya, hastened to Duryodhana with an Akshauhini of troops, and gladdened his heart. (5,19). Kekayas were mentioned along with the Vasatis, the [[Salwa kingdom|Salwakas]], the Amvashthas, and the [[Trigarta kingdom|Trigartas]] as allies of [[Duryodhana]] at (5,30). The Kekayas on the Kaurava side marched under [[Drona]] along with Vinda and Anuvinda, both of [[Avanti Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]] and the [[Bahlika kingdom|Vahlikas]]. (5,198). 100 Kekaya brothers were generals in the Kaurava army along with others like Vinda and Anuvinda, of [[Avanti Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]] (6,16).

The camp of the Kekayas used to have loud sound of song and slapping of palms which their soldiers, engaged in dance and revelry, used to make. (7,84)

=== The appearance of Kekaya brothers on Pandava side ===

The Kekaya brothers, were all of ''the hue of Indragopaka insects'' (mix of red and black colors) (5,141). All of them had purple flags (5,57). The five Kekaya brothers, resembling (in hue) the insects called Indragopakas, had red coats of mail, red weapons and red banners. (7,10). The five Kekaya brothers were borne by steeds of deep red hue. They were of the splendour of gold and had standards of the red hue, and were decked with chains of gold (7,23).

The Kekaya brother is lying on the ground, slain by [[Drona]]. Their coats of mail, of the splendour of heated gold, and their tall standards and cars and garlands, all made of the same metal, are shedding a bright light on the earth like so many blazing fires. (11,25)

=== Kekayas in Kurukshetra War ===

The Kekayas are said to have fought on both sides in the [[Kurukshetra war]]. The five Kekaya princes, led by their elder brother Vrihatkshatra, had joined the [[Pandava]] army while other Kekaya brothers opposed Vrihatkshatra had sided with the Kauravas. The other numerous kingdoms of ancient India viz. [[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]], [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kasi]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Matsya]], Mahishmati, [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]], [[Pandya]] and the Yadus of Mathura were allies of Pandavas while the allies of the Kauravas were nations of Pragjyotisha, [[Anga]], Kekaya, Sindhudesa, [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] in Madhyadesa, Madras, Gandhara, [[Bahlikas|Bahlika]], [[Kamboja kingdom|Kamboja]] (with [[Yavanas]], [[Sakas]], Tusharas) and many others had sided with Kauravas.

[[File:Karna Slays the Kaikeya Prince Vishoka.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Karna Slays the Kaikeya Prince Vishoka-Razmnama]]

[[Mahabharata]] associates the Kekaya peoples with the Madras (Madraschasca saha Kekayaiha).<ref>MBH VI.61.12</ref> Madra-Kekayah <ref>VII.19.7, Madra-Kekayah</ref>

==== On Pandava side ====

(7–21,83,107), (8–3) Yudhamanyu and Uttamaujas, became protectors of [[Arjuna]]’s car-wheels, along with the Kekaya brothers, and [[Dhrishtaketu]], and [[Chekitana]] of great valour. (6,19). The Kekaya brothers at the head of their troops, encountered in battle the five [[Gandhara kingdom|Gandhara]] princes with their troops. (6,45).

*Kekaya king is mentioned as fighting for the Pandavas at (6,52).
*The king of the Kekayas, owning an akshauhini, formed the right wing of a Pandava battle-array (6,69). The five Kekaya brothers consisted the left wing of another array at another day of the war (6,75)
*[[Dushasana]] fought with the five Kekaya brothers. (6,79)
*The chief of the Kekayas, who was equal to Bhima himself in battle and surrounded by Kekaya warriors, has been slain by Kekaya, the brother by the brother. (8,6)
*1700 Kekaya troops, skilled in smiting, united with a body of the Panchala troops checked the Kauravas trying to capture Yudhishthira. (8,62)
*Drona, with his swift-going shafts, slew all the Kaikeyas (7,152)
*The five Kekaya brothers are lying on the ground, slain by Drona. (11,25)

===== Battles of Vrihadkshatra =====

[[Kripa]] rushed against Vrihadkshatra, the ruler of the Kaikeyas. (6,45). Excellent steeds of the Sindhu breed, of beautiful limbs, and of the hue of the smoke of straw, quickly bore the Kaikeya prince, Vrihatkshatra. (7,23). Vrihatkshatra and others rushed against Drona (7,33). The mighty car-warrior among the Kaikeyas, viz., Vrihatkshatra, incessantly scattering keen shafts that resembled the thunder in force, proceeded towards Drona; then Kshemadhurti of great fame quickly rushed against Vrihatkshatra (7,103). Having slain his foe, Kshemadhurti, the mighty car-warrior Vrihatkshatra became filled with joy (7,104). Vrihadkshatra and others rushed against [[Ashwatthama]] (7,198).

===== Death of Vrihatkshatra =====

The mighty car-warrior of the Kaikeyas, Vrihatkshatra the eldest of five brothers, rushed against Drona, the generalissimo of the Kauravas. He baffled Drona's Brahma weapon with his Brahmna weapon. Drona, with a third shaft well-shot from his bow, pierced Vrihatkshatra himself in the chest. Thereupon, the latter, thus struck in the chest, fell down from his car, slain. (7,122).(8,5)

===== Death of Kekaya Prince Visoka and Kekaya commander Ugrakarman =====

Karna slew Visoka, the son of the ruler of the Kaikayas. Upon the slaughter of the Kaikaya prince, the commander of the Kaikaya division, Ugrakarman, rushed with speed and striking Prasena, Karna's son. Then Karna, with three crescent-shaped arrows, cut off the arms and the head of his son’s assailant. (8,82)

==== On Kaurava side ====

The Abhishahas, the Surasenas, the Sivis, and the Vasatis, the Salwas, the Matsyas, the Amvashtas, the Trigartas, and the Kekayas, the [[Sauvira kingdom|Sauviras]], the Kitavas, and the dwellers of the Eastern, Western, and the Northern countries,--these twelve brave races protected the Kaurava generalissimo, Bhishma. (6,18)

*Kekayas along with the Trigartas, the Matsyas (Matsays in the western region) and the Vatadhanas were mentioned as part of the Kaurava army at (6,56)
*The Trigartas and the Madras, with the Kekayas, numbering 25000 urged by Duryodhana, surrounded Arjuna (6,61)
*The mighty car-warrior, the son of the ruler of the Kaikeyas stayeth on the field for battling for Duryodhana's sake. (8,6)

=== Kekaya and Avanti ===

At some places in ''Mahabharata'', people of Avanti is mentioned as Kekayas. This could be an oral-transmission error crept into Mahabharata, or a translation error, or could mean some tribal-link between Avanti and Kekaya. Similar to other western rulers, like the [[Kamboja kingdom|Kambojas]], the Kekayas also had migrated to east, hence in principle, could reach [[Avanti Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]]. In fact, in ''Ramayana'', there is some indication of a Kekaya kingdom in the eastern sea-shore !

*Vinda and Anuvinda of Avanti, with their troops encountered [[Virata]], the ruler of Matsyas at the head of his forces. That awful encounter between the Matsyas and the ''Kekayas'' was terrible. (7,23).
*[[Satyaki]] (a Pandava general, belonging to the Yadava clan, who was a disciple in arms, of Arjuna) checked the Kaikaya princes Vinda and Anuvinda. The two Kaikaya princes, in that battle, shrouded Satyaki. Satyaki shrouded the Kaikaya brothers. Satyaki cut the head of Anuvinda with a razor arrow, sorrowing the Kaikeyas. Satyaki next slew Vinda in a sword fight. ''Amazingly these Vinda and Anuvinda resemble in name to the two other princes named Vinda and Anuvinda who were from [[Avanti Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]]. They however were slain by [[Arjuna]] (7,96)''

=== Other references ===
*A lady named Sumana of Kekaya’s race is mentioned at (13,123)
*Conversation of Kaikeya King and a [[Rakshasa kingdom|Rakshasa]] is mentioned at (12,76)

== Reference in Bhagavata Purana ==
There are several references to the Kekayas in the Bhagavatam Purana.

The five Kekaya brothers were the sons of Kunti's sister Srutakirti, wedded to Kekaya king Dhristaketu. Srutakirti, who was also a sister of [[Vasudeva]], and Dhristaketu were also the parents of Bhadra, who married her cousin, [[Krishna]]. Kunti's sister Srutadevi was wedded to the [[Karusha kingdom|Karusha]] king Vriddhasarma, whose son was [[Dantavakra]]. Kunti's sister Srutasravas was married to the [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]] king Damaghosha whose son was [[Shishupala]]. Kunti's sister Rajadhidevi was married to the Avanti king. (''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', Canto 9, Chapter 24 (The history of Yadavas), Verses 37–40)

===Kekayas visit Samantapancaka===
[[Bhagavata Purana]] attests that the prince of Kekaya along with princes from Matsya, [[Kosala]], Vidharbha, [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]], Srnjaya, [[Kambojas|Kamboja]], [[Usinara kingdom|Uśīnara]], Madra, Kunti, Anarta, [[Kerala]] was present at ''Samanta-pancaka'' in Kurukshetra at the occasion of the solar eclipse.<ref>
:Tatragataste dadrshuh suhrt-sambandhino nrpan
:Matsyoshinara-kaushalya-vidarbha-kuru-srnjayan
:Kamboja kaikayan madrn kuntin ānarta-keralan
:Anyamsh caivatma-paksiyan paramsh ca shatasho nrpa
:Nandadin suhrdo gopan gopish cotkanthitāś ciram
:(Bhagavata Purana 10.82.12-13)

*'''Trans''': ''"The Yadavas saw that many of the kings who had arrived were old friends and relatives-- the Matsyas, Usinaras, Kosalas, Vidarbhas, Kurus, Srnjayas, Kambojas, [[Kekayas|Kaikayas]], Madras, Kuntis and the kings of Ānarta and Kerala. They also saw many hundreds of other kings, both allies and adversaries. In addition, my dear King Parikshit, they saw their dear friends Nanda Maharaja and the cowherd men and women, who had been suffering in anxiety for so long"''.</ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200641/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/82/12-13/en].

===Kekayas join Rajasuya of Yudhishthira===
Bhagavata Purana also testifies that the Kekayas and other nation like those of the Yadus, Srnjayas, Kurus and Kambojas had participated in the [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice of Yudhishthira. ''"The massed armies of the Yadus, Srnjayas, Kambojas, Kurus, Kekayas and Kosalas made the earth tremble as they followed Yudhishthira Maharaja, the performer of the Rajasuya sacrifice, in procession" ''<ref>
:yadu-srnjaya-kamboja-kuru-kekaya-kosalah |:kampayanto bhuvam sainyair yayamana-purah-sarah ||(Bhagavata Purana 10.75.12).</ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927063614/http://www.srimadbhagavatam.org/canto10/Canto10-Sanskrit/chapter75.html].

===Kekayas fight Yadavas===
The Kekayas, Madras and Kambojas from north are stated to have sided with king Jarasandha of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and had participated in a war against [[Krishna]] and his Yadava army <ref>Bhagavata Purana 10.52</ref><ref>

*See also:
:ye ca pralamba-khara-dardura-kesy-arishta-
:mallebha-kamsa-yavanah kapi-paundrakadyah
:anye ca shalya-kuja-balvala-dantavakra-
:saptoksha-shambra-viduratha-rukmi-mukhyah
:ye va mridhe samiti-shalina atta-capah
:kamboja-matsya-kuru-srnjaya-kaikayadyah
:yasyanty adarshanam alam bala-partha-bhima-
:vyajahvayena harina nilayam tadiyam

*'''Trans''': ''"All demonic personalities like Pralamba, Dhenuka, Baka, Kesi, Arishta, Canura, Mushika, Kuvalayapida elephant, Kamsa, Yavana, Narakasura and Paundraka, great marshals like Shalya, Dvivida monkey and Balvala, Dantavakra, the seven bulls, Śambara, Viduratha and Rukmi, as also great warriors like Kamboja, Matsya, Kuru, Srnjaya and Kekaya, would all fight vigorously, either with the Lord Hari directly or with Him under His names of Baladeva, Arjuna, Bhīma, etc. And these demons, thus being killed, would attain either the impersonal brahmajyoti or His personal abode in the Vaikunha planets" '' (Bhagavata Purana 2.7.34-35).</ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20070222061009/http://vedabase.net/sb/2/7/34-35/en1].

===Other references in Bhagavata Purana===
Kekays had participated in the marriage ceremony of Rukmini, queen consort of Krishna, the daughter of Bhishmaka, the king of Vidarbha.<ref>Bhagavatam Purana 10.54.58.</ref> One of the wives of Krishna was a Kekaya princess. When [[Krishna]] was going to Mithila, the Kekays had met him with presents.

==Traditional origin of Kekayas==
Bhagavata Purana further states that the Usinaras, the Sibi, the Madras, and the Kekayas were the direct descendants of [[Yayati]]'s son Anu. Sibi or Sivi is stated to be son of Usinara <ref>"Anu, the fourth son of Yayati, had three sons, named Sabhanara, Caksu and Paresnu. From Sabhanara came a son named Kalanara, and from Kalanara came a son named Srnjaya. From Srnjaya came a son named Janamejaya. From Janamejaya came Mahasala; from Mahasala, Mahamana; and from Mahamana two sons, named Usinara and Titiksu.The four sons of Usinara were Sibi, Vara, Krmi and Daksa, and from Sibi again came four sons, named Vrsadarbha, Sudhira, Madra and atma-tattva-vit Kekaya...." (Bhagavata Purana, 9.23.1-4). [https://www.astrojyoti.com/bhagavatam9e.htm]</ref>

The same tradition is also furnished by other [[Puranic]] texts like [[Vayu Purana]] and [[Matsya Purana]] as well.<ref>Matsya Purana, 48.10-20; Vayu Purana, 99.12-23</ref> The Anavas, derived from Anu, were a [[tribe]] of the [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] period

==Kekays in Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi==
Pāṇini refers to the Kaikeyas or Kekayas in his [[Ashtadhyayi]]<ref>VII.3.2</ref> and mentions their land as a part of the Vahika country. The other three countries which formed parts of the Vahika land were the Madra, the Usinara and the Savasa lands.<ref>India as Known to Panini, p 54, Dr V. S. Aggarwala</ref>

==Jaina accounts==
The [[Jain]]a texts say that one half of the Kekaya was [[Aryan]] and refer to the Kekaya city called Seyaviya.<ref>Indian Antiquary, 1891, p 375; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 58, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
*[[Ramayana]] of Valmiki
*Mahabhagavata [[Purana]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]]

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

Kota Formation

2026-03-16T12:15:25Z

MadelaineStanfie:

{{Short description|Geological formation in India}}

{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Kota Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Jurassic]] ~{{fossilrange|190.8|161.5}}
| period = Jurassic
| prilithology = [[Mudstone]], [[sandstone]]
| otherlithology = [[Limestone]]
| namedfor = Kota Village
| namedby =
| region = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9|N|80.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|31.6|S|31.9|E|display=inline}}
| unitof =
| subunits = Lower & Upper members
| underlies = Unconformity with the [[Gangapur Formation]] and [[Chikiala Formation]]
| overlies = [[Dharmaram Formation]]
| thickness = {{convert|550|-|600|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| extent = [[Pranhita-Godavari Basin]]
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 18.9
| lon_deg = 80.0
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}{{Split|date=August 2023|}}
The '''Kota Formation''' is a geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in India. The age of the Kota Formation is uncertain; it is commonly considered to date to the Early Jurassic, but some studies have suggested it may extend into the Middle Jurassic or even later. It conformably overlies the Lower Jurassic [[Upper Dharmaram Formation]] and is unconformably overlain by the [[Lower Cretaceous]] [[Gangapur Formation]]. It is split into a Lower Member and Upper Member. The Lower Member is approximately 100 m thick while the Upper Member is 490 m thick. Both subunits primarily consist of mudstone and sandstone, but near the base of the upper unit there is a 20-30 metre thick succession of limestone deposited in a freshwater setting.<ref name=Sedi>{{Cite journal|last1=Goswami|first1=Suparna|last2=Gierlowski-Kordesch|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Ghosh|first3=Parthasarathi|date=January 2018|title=Sedimentology of the Early Jurassic limestone beds of the Kota Formation: record of carbonate wetlands in a continental rift basin of India|journal=Journal of Paleolimnology|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=21–38|doi=10.1007/s10933-016-9918-y|bibcode=2018JPall..59...21G |s2cid=133167210|issn=0921-2728}}</ref>

==Stratigraphy==
The lower boundary of the Kota Formation is made of pebbly sandstone, covering the topmost clay seen in the [[Dharmaram Formation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kutty |first1=T. S. |last2=Jain |first2=S. L. |last3=Chowdhury |first3=T. R. |title=Gondwana sequence of the northern Pranhita-Godavari Valley: its stratigraphy and vertebrate faunas |journal=Palaeobotanist |date=1987 |volume=36 |pages=263–282 |url=http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/1556/1/PbV36_214.pdf |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> The Kota Formation has been traditionally divided into 2 main members, the Lower and Upper members, yet more recent work have redivided it into 3.<ref name=MemberAA>{{cite journal |last1=Lakshminarayana |first1=G. |title=Stratigraphy and structural framework of the Gondwana sediments in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh |journal=Gondwana Nine |date=1994 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=311–330}}</ref> The Lower member can be seen at locations such as [[Adamilli]], [[Kamavarapukota]] and [[Sudikonda]], being made of sandstones, with clay clasts, with greater or lower stratification.<ref name=MemberAB>{{cite journal |last1=Lakshminarayana |first1=G. |title=Evolution in basin fill style during the Mesozoic Gondwana continental break-up in the Godavari Triple junction, SE India |journal=Gondwana Research |date=2002 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=227–244 |doi=10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70906-0 |bibcode=2002GondR...5..227L |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X05709060 |access-date=16 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Middle Member is well developed along the Continental Gondwana basin, specially towards the northwestern part, and is made of medium to fine white sandstone with clay and concretionary limestone, suggesting the development of paleosols associated with alluvial floodplains.<ref name=MemberAA/> The last member is mostly made of broad sandstone sheets with large clay casts associated with fluvial channels, and has an extension that can be easuly seen on several continuous kilometers.<ref name=MemberAB/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sengupta |first1=S. |title=Gondwana sedimentation in the Pranhita–Godavari Valley: a review |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |date=2003 |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=633–642 |doi=10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00052-4 |bibcode=2003JAESc..21..633S |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367912002000524 |access-date=16 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Uppermost section of the unit is mostly made of limestones and is overlain on an angular unconformity by the [[Gangapur Formation]].<ref name=MemberAA/>

==Age==
The age of the Kota Formation is controversial. There are no magmatic rocks or volcanic ash beds associated with the Kota Formation, which means that its age cannot be determined directly through [[radiometric dating]].<ref name="Chinnappa2019">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.7306/vj.17.1| volume = 17| pages = 1–16| last1 = Chinnappa| first1 = Chopparapu| last2 = Rajanikanth| first2 = Annamraju| last3 = Pauline Sabina| first3 = Kavali| title = Palaeofloras from the Kota Formation, India: palaeodiversity and ecological implications| journal = Volumina Jurassica| date = 2019| doi-broken-date = 1 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Chatterjee2020">{{Cite book| publisher = Springer International Publishing| isbn = 978-3-030-49752-1 | pages = 181–226| editor-first1 = Guntupalli V.R. | editor-last1 = Prasad | editor-first2 = Rajeev | editor-last2 = Patnaik | last = Chatterjee| first = Sankar| title = Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics| chapter = The Age of Dinosaurs in the Land of Gonds| series = Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology | location = Cham| date = 2020| doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_8 | s2cid = 229651571 | chapter-url = http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_8}}</ref> The maximum age of the Kota Formation is constrained by the underlying [[Upper Dharmaram Formation]], which is [[Early Jurassic]], probably [[Hettangian]] or [[Sinemurian]], in age.<ref name="Kutty2007">{{cite journal |last1=Kutty |first1=T.S. | last2 = Chatterjee | first2 = Sankar | last3 = Galton | first3 = Peter M. | last4 = Upchurch | first4 = Paul |year=2007 |title=Basal sauropodomorphs (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Lower Jurassic of India: their anatomy and relationships |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=1552–1574 |doi=10.1666/04-074.1 |bibcode=2007JPal...81.1218K |s2cid=130508134 |url=http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/81/6/1218|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Chatterjee2020"/> Various researchers have attempted to date the Kota Formation using [[biostratigraphy]]. Krishnan (1968), Jain (1973), and Yadagiri and Prasad (1977) favored an Early Jurassic age based on the fish fauna. Govindan (1975) suggested a Middle Jurassic age based on [[ostracods]]. In 2006, Bandyopadhyay and Sengupta argued that the fish fauna suggested a Toarcian age for the Upper Kota Formation, possibly extending into the Aalenian, and in turn estimated the Lower Kota to be Sinemurian to Pliensbachian in age.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2006">{{Cite journal| volume = 37| pages = 77–85| last1 = Bandyopadhyay| first1 = Saswati| last2 = Sengupta| first2 = Dhurjati Prasad| title = Vertebrate faunal turnover during the Triassic-Jurassic transition: an Indian scenario| journal = New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin| date = 2006}}</ref> Guntupalli V. R. Prasad, along with various coauthors, has argued for a younger age. In 2001, Vijaya and Prasad proposed based on palynological evidence that the Kota Formation was deposited between the Callovian age of the Middle Jurassic and the Barremian age of the Early Cretaceous.<ref name="Vijaya2001">{{Cite journal| volume = 46| pages = 77–93| last1 = Vijaya| last2 = Prasad| first2 = G. V. R.| title = Age of the Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India: a palynological approach| journal = Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India| date = 2001| issue = 1| doi = 10.1177/0971102320010108| bibcode = 2001JPalS..46...77P}}</ref> In 2002, Prasad and Manhas argued that the mammal genus ''[[Dyskritodon]]'', known only from the Kota Formation and the Early Cretaceous of Morocco, provides evidence for a young age for the Kota Formation.<ref name="Prasad2002"/> In 2020, Prasad and Parmar argued that the similarity of the dinosaur fauna of the Kota Formation to that of the Middle Jurassic of the United Kingdom supported a Middle Jurassic age for the Kota Formation.<ref name="Prasad2020"/>

==Paleoenvironment==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| perrow = 2/2
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Tablas de Daimiel Reflejos de Atardecer.jpg
| image2 = Rainbow Mountain Scenic Reserve 15.jpg
| footer = The Kota Formation hosted lacustrine and wetland settings, this last one being of carbonate type, having modern analoges such as the Tablas de Daimiel in Spain or Waiotapu in New Zealand
}}

The Kota Formation represents mostly a Continental succession related to a continental rift basin, the [[Pranhita-Godavari Gondwana Basin]] of peninsular India.<ref name="Micro">{{Citation |last1=Goswami |first1=Suparna |title=Freshwater Microbialites in Early Jurassic Fluvial Strata of the Pranhita-Godavari Gondwana Basin, India |date=2021 |work=Limnogeology: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities |pages=549–578 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66576-0_18 |access-date=2024-02-07 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-66575-3 |last2=Ghosh |first2=Parthasarathi|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-66576-0_18 |s2cid=237995280 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The associated facies of sandstone and limestones are likely related to playa-type lake, with nearby fluvial currents, part of low gradient hanging wall alluvial fans, being deposited on it´s margin. There have been records of freshwater lue green algal stromatolites and oncolites, suggested to be deposited on low energy and low bathymetry lacustrine settings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rudra |first1=D. K. |last2=Maulik |first2=P. K. |title=Stromatolites from Jurassic freshwater limestone, India |journal=Mesozoic Research |date=1987 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=135–146}}</ref> More recent works have proven the basin hosted in the Early Jurassic a freshwater carbonate wetland marked by the presence of limestones.<ref name="Sedi" /> The environmental model proposed include a depositional cycle marked by several facies types, A for the sublittoral zones of shallow water bodies, followed by palustrine environments, including surfaces with abundance of influence of both plants and animals, specially rhizobrecciation indicating active colonization of the margins by plants, having a similar deposition to the modern [[Las Tablas de Daimiel]] wetlands.<ref name="Sedi" /> Associated with the lacustrine facies have recovered microbial bioherms and lacustrine spring mounds, shallow ephemeral ponds with carbonated mud and Phyllopods, pedogenic calcrete under arid seasons and short-lived distributary channels.<ref name="Micro" /> The depositional setting may have been partially sheltered from the input of siliciclastic materials, except on flooding seasons. Microbial biomats likely developed on shallow waters, while rhizoliths increased it´s presence of abandoned channel fills and pedogenic facies indicate drought seasons.<ref name="Micro" />

The carbonate layers with iron-rich grains and mudstones suggest a transition zone between a lake margin and wetland in a rift valley, in a marsh that experienced periodic influxes of iron-rich and barium-rich waters through faults.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=Shantanu |last2=Sain |first2=Arnab |last3=Goswami |first3=Suparna |last4=Ghosh |first4=Parthasarathi |last5=Arenas |first5=Concepción Abad |date=2024-05-20 |title=Origin of ferruginous coated grains in the Lower Jurassic palustrine limestones of the Pranhita Godavari Basin, India |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/dep2.285 |journal=The Depositional Record |volume=11 |pages=44–69 |doi= 10.1002/dep2.285|issn=}}</ref> These waters briefly increased acidity but were neutralized by mixing with alkaline surface water, allowing carbonate formation. Iron-oxidizing microbes likely helped deposit iron oxides, cementing the sediment. During high water flow, these deposits were eroded and transported to deeper waters, forming iron-rich coatings. Thin sandy layers suggest that freshwater influxes occurred, forming carbonate bodies near water discharge points. As the water returned to being more alkaline, carbonates could form again, supporting freshwater [[Bivalvia]], similar to modern geothermal areas of [[New Zealand]].<ref name=":0" />

{{clear}}

== Fossil content ==
{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}

=== Ostracoda ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ Ostracods
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Clinocypris]]''<ref name=Ostrac2/>
|
''C. sp.''
|
*Daroghapalli
|
*Upper Member
|
Six carapaces
|
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family [[Pontocyprididae]].
|
|-
|
''[[Cypredea]]''<ref name=Ostrac2/>
|
''C. sp.''
|
*Daroghapalli
|
*Upper Member
|
Fourteen incomplete carapaces
|
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family [[Palaeocytheridae]].
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|
''[[Darwinula]]''<ref name=Ostrac1>{{cite journal |last1=Govindan |first1=A. |title=Jurassic fresh water ostracods from the Kota limestones of India |journal=Palaeontology |date=1975 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=207–216 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/173308 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=Ostrac2>{{cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=R.S. |last2=Satsangi |first2=P.P. |title=Ostracods from Kota Formation |journal=Proceedings of the Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy. Geological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication |date=1979 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=73–80}}</ref>
|
''D. cf.sarytirmenensis''
|
*Aklapalli
*Daroghapalli
*Kanchelli
*Metpalli
*Potepalli
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
More than 200 carapaces and valves
|
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family [[Darwinulidae]]. The most dominant genus locally and the main indicator of both fluvial and lacustrine settings
|
|-
|
''D. kingi''
|
*Aklapalli
*Daroghapalli
*Kanchelli
*Metpalli
*Potepalli
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Around 120 carapaces and valves
|
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family [[Darwinulidae]].
|
|-
|
''D. spp.''
|
*Daroghapalli
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Nineteen Carapaces
|
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family [[Darwinulidae]].
|
|-
|
''[[Eucandona]]''<ref name=Ostrac2/>
|
''E. sp.''
|
*Daroghapalli
|
*Upper Member
|
Eight incomplete carapaces
|
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family [[Candoninae]].
|
|-
|
''[[Limnocythere]]''<ref name=Ostrac1/>
|
''L. spp.''
|
*Daroghapalli
|
*Lower Member
|
Three complete carapaces
|
A freshwater ostracodan of the family [[Limnocytheridae]].
|
|-
|
''[[Stenocypris]]''<ref name=Ostrac2/>
|
''?S. sp.''
|
*Daroghapalli
|
*Upper Member
|
Single incomplete carapace
|
A freshwater ostracodan of the family [[Cyprididae]].
|
|-
|
''[[Timiriasevia]]''<ref name=Ostrac1/>
|
''T. digitalis''
|
*Daroghapalli
|
*Lower Member
|
Twenty complete carapaces and thirty-six partly broken carapaces.
|
A freshwater ostracodan of the family [[Limnocytheridae]].
|
|-
|}

=== Phyllopoda ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ Phyllopods
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|rowspan="4"|
''[[Estheriina]]''<ref name="Esthe1">{{Citation |last=Tasch |first=Paul |title=FOSSIL CONCHOSTRACA OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT |date=1987-01-01 |volume=165 |pages=0 |editor-last=Tasch |editor-first=Paul |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/books/book/176/chapter-abstract/3792882/FOSSIL-CONCHOSTRACA-OF-THE-SOUTHERN-HEMISPHERE-AND?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2024-11-28 |publisher=Geological Society of America |isbn=978-0-8137-1165-2}}</ref><ref name=Estheria/>
|
''E. alibadadensis''
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Lingal-Metpalli ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Valves
|
A freshwater [[clam shrimp]] of the family [[Estheriininae]]. The most abundant Estheriid in the region and the key element of the Estheriina biozone
|
|-
|
''E. indijurassica''
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Lingal-Metpalli ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Valves
|
A freshwater [[clam shrimp]] of the family [[Estheriininae]].
|
|-
|
''E. bullata''
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Lingal-Metpalli ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Valves
|
A freshwater [[clam shrimp]] of the family [[Estheriininae]].
|
|-
|
''E. pranhitaensis''
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Lingal-Metpalli ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Valves
|
A freshwater [[clam shrimp]] of the family [[Estheriininae]].
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|
''[[Lioestheria]]''<ref name=Esthe1/><ref name=Estheria>{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=S. C. |last2=Datta |first2=A. |last3=Nandi |first3=A. |last4=Mukhopadhyay |first4=S. |title=Estheriid zonation in the Gondwana |journal=Paleobotanist |date=1987 |pages=99–123 |url=http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/1464/1/PbV36_143.pdf |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
|
''L. kotaensis''
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Lingal-Metpalli ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Valves
|
A freshwater [[clam shrimp]] of the family [[Lioestheriidae]]. The second key element of the Estheriina biozone
|rowspan="3"|
[[File:FMIB 47695 Estheria obliqua, one of the Conchostraca.jpeg|thumb|none|155px]]
|-
|
''L. crustabundis''<ref name=Esthe1/>
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Lingal-Metpalli ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Valves
|
A freshwater [[clam shrimp]] of the family [[Lioestheriidae]].
|-
|
''L. ssp.''<ref name=Esthe1/>
|
*Kota limestone ridge
|
*Lower Member
|
Valves
|
A freshwater [[clam shrimp]] of the family [[Lioestheriidae]].
|-
|
''[[Paleolimnadia]]''<ref name=Esthe1/>
|
''P. spp.''
|
*Kota limestone ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Valves
|
A freshwater [[clam shrimp]] of the family [[Estheriininae]].
|
|-
|
''[[Pseudeasmussiata]]''<ref name=Esthe1/>
|
''P. andhrapradeshia''
|
*Kadamba Village
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Valves
|
A freshwater [[clam shrimp]] of the family [[Lioestheriidae]].
|
|-
|}

=== Insecta ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+[[Insect]]s
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Archimesoblatta]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=M. S. |last2=Pérez-de La Fuente |first2=R. |title=A new species of roach from the Jurassic of India (Blattaria: Mesoblattinidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |date=2012 |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.2317/JKES110524.1 |s2cid=86567655 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-the-kansas-entomological-society/volume-85/issue-1/JKES110524.1/A-New-Species-of-Roach-from-the-Jurassic-of-India/10.2317/JKES110524.1.short |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
''A. shiva''
|
Tasch outcrop K-2 bed 8
|
*Upper Member
|
Right forewing tegmen
|
A [[Mesoblattinidae|mesoblattinid]] [[cockroach]]
|-
|[[Blattodea]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Rao. |first1=C. |last2=Shans |first2=S.C. |date=1959 |title=Fossil Insects from the Gondwana of India. |journal=Indian Minerals |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=3–5}}</ref><ref name="Esthe1" />
|Indeterminate
|Tasch outcrop K-l, K-2, K-4 and K-5
|
*Upper Member
|Isolated wings
|Indeterminate Blattodean remains
|-
|[[Coleoptera]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Esthe1" />
|Indeterminate
|Tasch outcrop K-l, K-2 and K-5
|
*Upper Member
|Isolated wings
|Indeterminate Beetle remains
|-
|
''[[Coleopteron]]''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Handlirsch |first1=A. |title=Die Fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der Rezenten Formen: Ein Handbuch für Paläontologen und Zoologen |date=1906 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=1–640 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5636 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
|
''C. sp.''
|
Kota limestone ridge
|
*Lower Member
|
Isolated wings
|
An Indeterminate [[Coleoptera]]n.
|-
|[[Ephemeroptera]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Esthe1" />
|Indeterminate
|Tasch outcrop K-l, K-2 and K-5
|
*Upper Member
|Isolated wings
|Indeterminate Mayfly remains
|-
|[[Hemiptera]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Esthe1" />
|Indeterminate
|Tasch outcrop K-l & K-2
|
*Upper Member
|Isolated wings
|Indeterminate Hemipteran remains
|-
|[[Heteroptera]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Esthe1" />
|Indeterminate
|Tasch outcrop K-l & K-2
|
*Upper Member
|Isolated wings
|Indeterminate Heteropteran remains
|-
|[[Neuroptera]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Esthe1" />
|Indeterminate
|Tasch outcrop K-l, K-2 and K-5
|
*Upper Member
|Isolated wings
|Indeterminate Neuropteran remains
|-
|
''[[Kotaphialtites]]''<ref name=Hymeno>{{cite journal |last1=Rasnitsyn. |first1=A. P. |title=New hymenopteran insects (Insecta: Vespida) from the lower or middle Jurassic of India |journal=Paleontological Journal |date=2008 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=81–85 |doi=10.1134/S0031030108010139 |bibcode=2008PalJ...42...81R |s2cid=85535556 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030108010139 |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
''K. frankmortoni''
|
Sirpur Taluka, Tasch's K1 outcrop bed 2(A)
|
*Upper Member
|
MCZ 11909, Isolated wing
|
An [[Ephialtitidae|ephialtitid]] [[hymenoptera]]n.
|-
|
''[[Protogryllus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pérez-de La Fuente |first1=R. |last2=Heads |first2=S.W. |last3=Hinojosa-Díaz |first3=I. A. |last4=Engel |first4=M. S. |title=The first record of Protogryllinae from the Jurassic of India (Orthoptera: Protogryllidae) |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |date=2012 |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=53–58 |doi=10.2317/JKES111103.1 |s2cid=83496373 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-the-Kansas-Entomological-Society/volume-85/issue-1/JKES111103.1/The-first-record-of-Protogryllinae-from-the-Jurassic-of-India/10.2317/JKES111103.1.short |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
''P. lakshmi''
|
Kota Formation outcrop K-2
|
*Upper Member
|
MCZ 3046, Isolated wing
|
A [[Protogryllidae|protogryllid]] [[Grylloidea|cricket]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|
''[[Taschigatra]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mostovski |first1=M. B. |last2=Jarzembowski |first2=E. A. |title=The first brachycerous flies (Diptera: Rhagionidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Gondwana |journal=Paleontological Journal |date=2000 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=367–369 |url=http://palaeoentomolog.ru/Publ/PALS367.pdf |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
|
''T. bharataja''
|
Sirpur Taluka, Tasch's K1 outcrop bed 3(A)
|
*Upper Member
|
No.2013(3013), part and counterpart of well preserved wing
|
A [[Rhagionidae|rhagionid]] [[diptera]]n.
|-
|
''T. tulyabhijana''
|
Sirpur Taluka, Tasch's K1 outcrop bed 2(A)
|
*Upper Member
|
No. 5034, well preserved wing
|
A [[Rhagionidae|rhagionid]] [[diptera]]n.
|-
|
''[[Xyelula]]''<ref name=Hymeno/>
|
''X. alexandri''
|
Kota Formation outcrop K-2
|
*Upper Member
|
MCZ 11831, well preserved wing
|
A [[Sepulcidae|sepulcid]] [[hymenoptera]]n.
|-
|}

===Fish===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Fish
|-
! Taxon
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Indocoelacanthus]]''<ref name=Coelac>{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=S. L. |title=Indocoelacanthus robustus n. gen., n. sp. (Coelacanthidae, Lower Jurassic), the first fossil coelacanth from India |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=1974 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=49–62 |jstor=1303105 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1303105 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
|
''I. robustus''
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Lingal-Metpalli ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
*ISI P. 39. Impression of the caudal fin
*ISI P. 40. Nearly complete head and trunk squamation
*ISI P. 41-45. Fragments of fin-rays
*ISI P. 46. Neural arches, isolated scales and girdle elements
|
A robust freshwater coelacanth of the family [[Latimeriidae]]. Represents the largest member of the local freshwater fauna, measuring up to 70 cm.<ref name=Coelac/>
|
|-
|''[[Ionoscopus]]''<ref name="Fish" />
|''I. spp.''
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Lingal-Metpalli ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|Teeth
|A freshwater neopterygian of the group [[Amiiformes]].
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|
''[[Lepidotes]]''<ref name=Fish/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sykes |title=On a Fossil Fish from the Table-land of the Deccan, in the Peninsula of India: With a Description of the Specimens. By Sir P. de MG Egerton |journal= Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London|date=1851 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=272–273 |doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1851.007.01-02.49 |s2cid=131619174 |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/abs/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1851.007.01-02.49 |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadagiri |first1=P. |last2=Satsangi |first2=P. P. |last3=Prasad |first3=K. N. |title=The Piscean Fauna from the Kota Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh |journal=Geological Survey of India |date=1980 |volume=45}}</ref>
|
''L. deccanensis''
|
*Kota limestone ridge
*Paikasigudem village
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
*Complete Specimen
*Isolated Remains
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family [[Lepisosteiformes]].
|rowspan="2"|
[[File:Lepidotes 1904.png|thumb|none|155px]]
|-
|
''L. spp.''
|
*Kota limestone ridge
*Paikasigudem village
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
Isolated remains
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family [[Lepisosteiformes]].
|-
|
''[[Lonchidion]]''<ref name=Ver86>{{cite journal |last1=Yadagiri |first1=P. M. |title=Lower Jurassic lower vertebrates from Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India |journal=Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India |date=1986 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=89–962 |doi=10.1177/0971102319860111 |bibcode=1986JPalS..31...89Y |url=http://palaeontologicalsociety.in/vol31/v11.pdf |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=Fish>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=G. V. |last2=Manhas |first2=B. K. |last3=Arratia |first3=G. |title=Elasmobranch and actinopterygian remains from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of India |journal=Mesozoic Fishes |date=2004 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=625–638 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/48415245/Elasmobranch_and_actinopterygian_remains20160829-18406-1yo3xr7.pdf |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
|
''L. indicus''
|
*Paikasigudem village
*Yamanpalli bonebed
|
*Upper Member
|
*GSI.TI.2, tooth
*Isolated Teeth
|
A freshwater elasmobranch of the family [[Lonchidiidae]].
|
|-
|
''[[Paradapedium]]''<ref name=Fish/><ref name=Fish2>{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=S. L. |title=New specimens of Lower Jurassic holostean fishes from India |journal=Palaeontology |date=1973 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=149–177|url=https://www.palass.org/publications/palaeontology-journal/archive/16/1/article_pp149-177 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
|
''P. egertoni''
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Near Ankisha
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
*BMNHP12146, Partial specimen
*BMNHP12147, Almost complete specimen
*BMNHP12148, Partial specimen
*ISIP.32 Nearly complete specimen
*ISIP.33 Nearly complete specimen
*ISIP.34 Nearly complete specimen
*ISIP.35 specimen lacking tail and head
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family [[Dapediidae]].
|[[File:Paradapedium_egertoni_skeletal.png|thumb|none|155px]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|
''[[Pholidophorus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadagiri |first1=P. |last2=Prasad |first2=K. N. |title=On the discovery of new Pholidophorus fishes from the Kota Formation, Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh |journal= Journal Geological Society of India|date=1977 |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=436–444 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/1977/180808 |bibcode=1977JGSI...18..436Y |url=https://www.samvad.sibmpune.edu.in/index.php/jgsi/article/view/63962 |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
''P. kingi''
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Paikasigudem village
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
*Several complete and incomplete specimens
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family [[Pholidophoridae]].
|
|-
|
''P. indicus''
|
*Boraigudem limestone ridge
*Kota limestone ridge
*Paikasigudem village
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
*Several complete and incomplete specimens
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family [[Pholidophoridae]].
|
|-
|
''[[Polyacrodus]]''<ref name=Fish/><ref name="Prasad2007">{{Cite journal| volume = 10| issue = 2| last1 = Prasad| first1 = G V R| last2 = Manhas| first2 = B K| title = A new docodont mammal from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India| journal = Palaeontologia Electronica| date = 2007 | url = https://palaeo-electronica.org/2007_2/00117/index.html}}</ref>
|
''P.? sp.''
|
*Paikasigudem village
|
*Upper Member
|
*Tooth
|
A freshwater elasmobranch of the family [[Polyacrodontidae]].
|
|-
|
[[Pycnodontidae]]<ref name=Ver86/>
|
Indeterminate
|
*Paikasigudem village
|
*Upper Member
|
*About 60 specimens of Pharyngeal Teeth, including GSITL3-6
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family [[Pycnodontidae]], originally classified as [[Perciformes]], yet suggested to be very similar to the Cretaceous pycnodont ''[[Stephanodus]]''.
|
|-
|
[[Semionotiformes]]<ref name=Fish/>
|
Indeterminate
|
*Paikasigudem village
*Kota limestone ridge
*Lingal-Metpalli ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
*Teeth
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family [[Semionotiformes]].
|
|-
|
''[[Tetragonolepis]]''<ref name=Fish/><ref name=Fish2/>
|
''T. oldhami''
|
*Kota limestone ridge
*Lingal-Metpalli ridge
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
*GSI2145, an impression including most of the body
*ISP36, fragment of trunk and skull
*ISP37, nearly complete specimen
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family [[Dapediidae]].
|
[[File:Tetragonolepis.jpg|thumb|none|155px]]
|-
|}

===Amphibia===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Amphibians
|-
! Taxon
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
[[Anura (frog)|Anura]]<ref name=Ver86/>
|
Indeterminate
|
*Paikasigudem village
|Upper Member
|
*GSI.TL.19, Mandible
*GSI.TL.20, right illium
|
Indeterminate frog remains, originally referred to [[Pelobatidae]] due to be compared with younger Creteaceous Indian frog material
|
|-
|
[[Caudata]]<ref name=Ver86/>
|
Indeterminate
|
*Paikasigudem village
|Upper Member
|
*GSI.TI.10, mandible with one teeth
*GSI.TI.16, fragment of mandible
*GSI.TI.17, mandible with 4 teeth
|
Indeterminate caudatan remains, originally referred to [[Sirenidae]] due to be compared with younger Creteaceous sirenid material
|
|-
|}

===Mammaliaforms===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Mammaliaforms
|-
! Taxon
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
[[Australosphenida]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=G.V.R. |last2=Parmar |first2=V. |last3=Kumar |first3=D. |title=A Jurassic australosphenidan mammal from India: Implications for mammalian evolution and distribution in former Gondwanaland |journal=Abstract Volume XII International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Science (ISAES 2015) |date=2015 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=462–463 |url=https://www.scar.org/library/conferences/isaes/3617-xii-international-symposium-on-antarctic-earth-sciences-2015-abstract-volume/ |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
|
Indeterminate
|
Paikasigudem village
|Upper Member
|
Isolated lower molar
|
A mammal of the group [[Australosphenida]], resembling the south american genus ''[[Asfaltomylos]]''
|
|-
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
''[[Dyskritodon]]?''<ref name="Prasad2002">{{Cite journal| volume = 24| issue = 2| pages = 445–464| last1 = Prasad| first1 = Guntupalli V R| last2 = Manhas| first2 = Brijesh K| title = Triconodont mammals from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India| journal = Geodiversitas| date = 2002}}</ref>
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
''D.? indicus''
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
Paikasigudem village
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"| Upper Member
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
VPL/JU/KM/13, lower left molar
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
A dubious mammal of the group [[Eutriconodonta]]. This Genus is known from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco, what has been used to suggest a minimum Berrasian age for the Upper Kota Formation
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
|-
|
''[[Gondtherium]]''<ref name="Prasad2007"/>
|
''G. dattai''
|
Paikasigudem village
| Upper Member
|
VPL/JU/KM 12 right lower molar
|
A mammal of the family [[Docodontidae]]
|
|-
|
''[[Indotherium]]''<ref name="Yadagiri 1984">{{cite journal |last1=Yadagiri |first1=P. |title=New symmetrodonts from Kota Formation (Early Jurassic), India |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |date=1984 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=514–621 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/1984/250805 |bibcode=1984JGSI...25..514Y |url=https://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/65284 |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
''I. pranhitai''
|
5 km west of Yamanapalli
|
Lower Member
|
GSI20795, right upper molar
|
A mammaliform of the family [[Morganucodontidae]]. Includes the informally named "Indozostrodon simpsoni".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=P. M. |last2=Das |first2=D. P. |title=Indozostrodon simpsoni, gen. et sp. nov., an Early Jurassic megazostrodontid mammal from India |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2001 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=528–234 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0528:ISGESN]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=20061981 |s2cid=85979614 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20061981 |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|-
|
''[[Indobaatar]]''<ref name="Parmar2013">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s00114-013-1047-0| issn = 0028-1042 | eissn = 1432-1904| volume = 100| issue = 6| pages = 515–523| last1 = Parmar| first1 = Varun| last2 = Prasad| first2 = Guntupalli V. R.| last3 = Kumar| first3 = Deepak| title = The first multituberculate mammal from India| journal = Naturwissenschaften| date = 2013 | pmid = 23644519 | bibcode = 2013NW....100..515P | s2cid = 253638698 | url = http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-013-1047-0| url-access = subscription}}</ref>
|
''I. zofiae''
|
Paikasigudem village
|Upper Member
|
VPL/JU/KM/20, a left upper premolar
|
A mammal described as an [[eobaatarid]] [[multituberculate]], but this interpretation has been challenged.<ref name="Kusuhashi2020">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s10914-019-09481-w| issn = 1064-7554 | eissn = 1573-7055| volume = 27| issue = 4| pages = 605–623| last1 = Kusuhashi| first1 = Nao| last2 = Wang| first2 = Yuan-Qing| last3 = Jin| first3 = Xun| title = A New Eobaatarid Multituberculate (Mammalia) from the Lower Cretaceous Fuxin Formation, Fuxin-Jinzhou Basin, Liaoning, Northeastern China| journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution| date = 2020| s2cid = 201283262 }}</ref>
|
|-
|
''[[Kotatherium]]''<ref name="Datta1981">{{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=PM |title=The first Jurassic mammal from India |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London |date=1981 |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=307–312 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01598.x |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/73/4/307/2658802?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
''K. haldanei''
|
5 km west of Yamanapalli
|
Lower Member
|
GSI19634, right upper molar
|
A mammaliform of the family [[Kuehneotheriidae]]
|
|-
|
''[[Nakunodon]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadagiri |first1=P. |title=An amphidontid symmetrodont from the Early Jurassic Kota Formation, India |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=1985 |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=411–417 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01518.x |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/85/4/411/2648668?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
''N. paikasiensis''
|
Paikasigudem village
|Upper Member
|
GSI.SR/PAL/12, right upper molar
|
A mammal of the family [[Amphidontidae]]
|
|-
|
''[[Paikasigudodon]]''<ref name="Prasad2002"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=G.V.R. |last2=B.K. |first2=Manhas |title=A new symmetrodont mammal from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India |journal=Geobios |date=1997 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=563–572 |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80122-2 |bibcode=1997Geobi..30..563P |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016699597801222 |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
''P. yadagirii''
|
Paikasigudem village
|Upper Member
|
VPL/JU/KM/10, right upper molar
|
A mammaliaform of the family [[Morganucodontidae]], originally known as "Kotatherium yadagirii"
|
|-
|
''[[Trishulotherium]]''<ref name="Yadagiri 1984"/>
|
''T. kotaensis''
|
Paikasigudem village
|Upper Member
|
GSISR/PAL/10, left lower molar
|
A mammal of the order [[Symmetrodonta]]
|
|-
|}

=== Lepidosauromorpha ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Lepidosauromorphs
|-
! Taxon
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Bharatagama]]''<ref name="Evans2002">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0299:FLFTJK]2.0.CO;2| issn = 0272-4634 | eissn = 1937-2809| volume = 22| issue = 2| pages = 299–312| last1 = Evans| first1 = Susan E.| last2 = Prasad| first2 = G. V. R.| last3 = Manhas| first3 = B. K.| title = Fossil lizards from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology| date = 2002-07-08| jstor = 4524224 | s2cid = 131207549 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524224 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
|
''B. rebbanensis''
|
Paikasigudem village
| Upper Member
|
*VPL/JU/KR 66, dentary
*VPL/JU/KR 88, anterior region of a left maxilla
*VPL/JU/KR 91, left maxilla
*VPL/JU/KR 90-92, posterior ends of right maxillae
*VPL/JU/KR 67-80-103, anterior symphysial region
*JU/KR 79, 98, 100, dentaries mid-region
*VPL/JU/KR 69, 81-84, 87, dentary with hatchling dentition
*VPL/JU/KR 68, 85-86, dentary
*VPL/JU/KR 70, 71, 76,78, 93, 94, 97, 104, 105, dentary
|
A lepidosauromorph originally described as an [[Iguania]]n lizard. May actually be a sphenodontian rather than a lizard.<ref name="Conrad2017">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx055| issn = 0024-4082 | eissn = 1096-3642| volume = 183| issue = 3| pages = 584–634| last = Conrad| first = Jack L| title = A new lizard (Squamata) was the last meal of Compsognathus (Theropoda: Dinosauria) and is a holotype in a holotype| journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society| date = 2018-06-28}}</ref>
|
|-
|
''[[Godavarisaurus]]''<ref name="Evans2001">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb00629.x| issn = 0024-4082| volume = 133| issue = 3| pages = 309–334| last1 = Evans| first1 = S. E.| last2 = Prasad| first2 = G. V. R.| last3 = Manhas| first3 = B. K.| title = Rhynchocephalians (Diapsida: Lepidosauria) from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India| journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society| date = 2001| doi-access = free}}</ref>
|
''G. lateefi''
|
*Gorlapalli village
*Paikasigudem village
| Upper Member
|
*VP4Ju/KR47, a partial right dentary
*VP4Ju/KR44, 51, 52, right maxilla
*VP4Ju/KR40, 41, 43, 49, 50, left maxilla
*VP4Ju/KR37, 48, 65, right dentary
*VP4Ju/KR39, fragment of left dentary
*VP4Ju/KR46, left palatine
|
A small [[sphenodontian]], with a skull estimated to measure less than 20 mm
|
|-
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
''[[Paikasisaurus]]''<ref name=Ver86/><ref name="Evans2002"/>
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
''P. indicus''
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
Paikasigudem village
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"| Upper Member
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
*GSI.TI.14, left dentary with teeth
*GSI.TI.15, left dentary with one tooth
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
An indeterminate and dubious lepidosauromorph, originally suggested to be a [[varanoid]] lizard
|style="background:#E6E6E6;"|
|-
|
''[[Rebbanasaurus]]''<ref name="Evans2001"/>
|
''R. jaini''
|
Paikasigudem village
| Upper Member
|
*About 50 specimens, including premaxillae, maxillae, dentaries, and a palatine
|
A small sphenodont
|
|-
|
[[Squamata]]?<ref name=Ver86/><ref name="Evans2002"/>
|
Indeterminate
|
Paikasigudem village
| Upper Member
|
*VPL/JU/KR 62, fragmentary right maxilla
*VPL/JU/KR 61, partial maxilla
|
Distinct from ''Bharatagama rebbanensis''; may include material formerly assigned to the dubious Kota squamate ''Paikasisaurus indicus''.{{efn|It cannot be determined which of the two Kota squamate forms, if either, the holotype of ''Paikasisaurus indicus'' pertains to.<ref name="Evans2002"/>}}
|
|-
|
[[Sphenodontidae]]<ref name=Ver86/><ref name="Evans2001"/>
|
Indeterminate
|
Paikasigudem village
| Upper Member
|
*GSI.TI.8-12, 17, maxilla
|
Indeterminate Sphenodontidae remains
|
|-
|}

===Testudinata===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Turtles
|-
! Taxon
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Indochelys]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Datta|first1=P.M.|last2=Manna|first2=P.|last3=Ghosh|first3=S.C.|last4=Das|first4=D. P.|date=April 2000|title=The First Jurassic turtle from India|journal=Palaeontology|volume=43|issue=1|pages=99–109|doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00120|bibcode=2000Palgy..43...99D |s2cid=129794477 |issn=0031-0239|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15493/files/PAL_E2888.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Joyce|first1=Walter G.|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=Saswati|date=2020-02-11|title=A reevaluation of the basal turtle Indochelys spatulata from the Early–Middle Jurassic (Toarcian–Aalenian) of India, with descriptions of new material|journal=PeerJ|volume=8|article-number=e8542|doi=10.7717/peerj.8542|pmid=32095362|pmc=7020818|issn=2167-8359|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|
''I. spatulata''
|
*3 km NNE of Kistapur village, Kota
*Near Kota village, north of Sironcha
| Upper Member
|
*GSI 20380, a partial shell
*ISI R176, a partial shell
*ISI R177, the anterior half of a shell
|
[[Mesochelydia]]n stem-turtle, suggested to be related with ''[[Condorchelys]]''
|
|-
|
[[Testudines]]<ref name=Thy>{{cite journal |last1=T. T. |first1=Nath |last2=Yadagiri |first2=P. |last3=Moitra |first3=K. |title=First record of armoured dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |date=2002 |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=575–577 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297847532 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
|
Indeterminate
|
1 km south of Bodepalli
|
Lower Member
|
Carapace fragments
|
Indeterminate turtle remains
|
|-
|}

===Crocodylomorpha===
[[Atoposauridae|Atoposaurid]] crocodiles are known from the unit, yet is not clear from what locality.<ref name="Chatterjee2020"/>
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Crocodylomorpha
|-
! Taxon
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
[[Crocodylomorpha]]<ref name="Galton2019">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800| issn = 0077-7749| volume = 291| issue = 2| pages = 205–219| last = Galton| first = Peter M.| title = Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India| journal = Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen| date = 2019-02-28| bibcode = 2019NJGPA.291..205G| s2cid = 134302379}}</ref>
|
Indeterminate
|
1 km south of Bodepalli
|
Lower Member
|
Maxillae, dentaries, teeth
|
Indeterminate crocodylomorph remains, previously mixed with thyreophoran material and part of the chimaeric ''"[[Andhrasaurus]]"''
|
|-
|
[[Teleosauridae]]?<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Owen |first1=R. |title=Note on the crocodilian remains accompanying Dr. T.L. Bell's paper on Kotah |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |date=1852 |volume=7 |page=233}}</ref>
|
Indeterminate
|
Kota limestone ridge
|
Lower Member
|
Dermal scutes, with a femur and some fragments of other bones
|
Indeterminate material referred to crocodylomorphs similar to ''[[Teleosaurus]]''
|
|-
|}

===Pterosauria===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Pterosaurs
|-
! Taxon
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|style="background:#fbdddb;" |
''[[Campylognathoides]]''<ref name=Ptero>{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=S. L. |title=Jurassic pterosaur from India |journal= Journal Geological Society of India|date=1974 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=330–335 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/1974/150318 |bibcode=1974JGSI...15..330J |url=http://indianjournalofcomputerscience.com/index.php/jgsi/article/download/63266/49378 |access-date=15 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbdddb;" |
''C. indicus''
|style="background:#fbdddb;" |
Kota limestone ridge
|style="background:#fbdddb;" |
Lower Member
|style="background:#fbdddb;" |
* ISI R38, holotype, fragment of skull and upper jaw
| style="background:#fbdddb;" |
The holotype of ''Campylognathoides indicus'', a pair of premaxillae, may represent a fish rather than a pterosaur.<ref name="Padian2008">{{Cite journal| volume = 80| last = Padian| first = Kevin| title = The Early Jurassic pterosaur Campylognathoides Strand, 1928| journal = Special Papers in Palaeontology| date= 2008}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbdddb;" |
|-
|
[[Pterosauria]]<ref name=Ptero/><ref name=Ptero2>{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=C.N. |last2=Shah |first2=S.C. |title=On the occurrence of pterosaur from the Kota-Maleri beds, Chanda district, Maharashtra |journal=Records of the Geological Survey of India |date=1963 |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=315–318}}</ref>
|
Indeterminate
|
*Boraigudem
*Chitur
|
Lower Member
|
*GSI17868, radius and ulna, wing metacarpal, first wing-phalanx and a clawed toe
*ISIR49. fragment displaying dissociated bones from post-cranial region
|
Indeterminate pterosaur remains
|
|-
|}

===Dinosaurs===
Indeterminate ankylosaurian remains have been unearthed in the Kota Formation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nath |first=T.T. |last2=Yadagiri |first2=P. |last3=Moitra |first3=A.K. |date=2002-06-01 |title=FIRST RECORD OF ARMOURED DINOSAUR FROM THE LOWER JURASSIC KOTA FORMATION, PRANHITA-GODAVARI VALLEY, ANDHRA PRADESH |url=https://doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/2002/590610 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=575–577 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/2002/590610 |issn=0974-6889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galton |first=Peter M. |date=2019-02-28 |title=Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India |url=https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=291 |issue=2 |pages=205–219 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800 |issn=0077-7749}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Dinosaurs
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
| style="background:#fbdddb;" |
''"[[Andhrasaurus]]"''<ref name="Thy" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ulansky |first1=R. E. |title=Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia) |journal=Dinologia |date=2014 |pages=1–35 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/51597336/Ulansky_2014_Stegosaurs_evolution.pdf |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
| style="background:#fbdddb;" |
''"A. indicus"''
| style="background:#fbdddb;" |
1 km south of Bodepalli
| style="background:#fbdddb;" |
Lower Member
| style="background:#fbdddb;" |
Sacral vertebra, vertebral centra, dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, parts of scapula and ilium, osteoderms
| style="background:#fbdddb;" |
A chimaera of thyreophoran postcranial material and Crocodylomorph skull pieces. The armor was later suggested to be [[Ankylosauria]] indet.<ref name="Galton2019" /> And other later works pointed out it likely belongs to an indeterminate basal thyreophoran.<ref name="Spicomellus">{{Cite journal|last1=Maidment|first1=Susannah C. R.|last2=Strachan|first2=Sarah J.|last3=Ouarhache|first3=Driss|last4=Scheyer|first4=Torsten M.|last5=Brown|first5=Emily E.|last6=Fernandez|first6=Vincent|last7=Johanson|first7=Zerina|last8=Raven|first8=Thomas J.|last9=Barrett|first9=Paul M.|date=2021-09-23|title=Bizarre dermal armour suggests the first African ankylosaur|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01553-6|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=5|issue=12|language=en|pages=1576–1581|doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01553-6|pmid=34556830|bibcode=2021NatEE...5.1576M |s2cid=237616095|issn=2397-334X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| style="background:#fbdddb;" |
|-
|
''[[Barapasaurus]]''<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2010">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00933.x| issn = 0031-0239 | eissn = 1475-4983| volume = 53| issue = 3| pages = 533–569| last1 = Bandyopadhyay| first1 = Saswati| last2 = Gillette| first2 = David D.| last3 = Ray| first3 = Sanghamitra| last4 = Sengupta| first4 = Dhurjati P.| title = Osteology of Barapasaurus tagorei (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of India| journal = Palaeontology| date = 2010-03-19| bibcode = 2010Palgy..53..533B | s2cid = 140566138 | doi-access = free}}</ref>
|
''B. tagorei''
|
*North of Krishnapur
*Pochampalli village
|
Lower Member
|
*Roughly 300 bones, representing the disarticulated remains of at least six individuals
|
A sauropod dinosaur, either a [[Eusauropoda]] or more likely a [[Gravisauria]]. Represents the best-known Early Jurassic sauropod
| [[File:Barapasaurus TD.png|none|thumb|183x183px|Reconstruction]]
|-
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |''[[Breviparopus]]''?<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Paul Rozario |first1=Anthony |last2=and Dasgupta |first2=Sanghita |date=2025 |title=Preliminary description of the first saurischian tracksite from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Basin, Southern India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2025.2482185 |journal=Historical Biology |volume=0 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2025.2482185 |issn=0891-2963|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |''cf.B. taghbaloutensis''
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Saligaon Village
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Lower Member
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Footprints
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Sauropod Tracks
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |
|-
|[[Theropoda|Carnosauria]]<ref name="Yadagiri2001" />
|Indeterminate
|Yamanapalli bonebed
|
Lower Member
|Isolated Teeth
|Found in the same bonebed as ''Kotasaurus'', referred to as '[[Carnosauria|carnosaur]] predators'
|
|-
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
''[[Dandakosaurus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadagiri |first1=P. |title=Osteological studies of a carnosaurian dinosaur from Lower Jurassic Kota Formation: Andhra Pradesh |journal=Geological Survey of India, Report for Field Season Programme |date=1982 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–7 |url=https://www.ablesci.com/assist/detail?id=3x6RaL |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
''D. indicus''
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
Yamanpalli bonebed
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
Lower Member
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
*Lateral tooth, proximal pubis, ischium,
*Dorsal vertebra, proximal caudal vertebra (Likely of ''Kotasaurus'')
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
A chimaera of large theropod bones, including Pubis, ischium, and tooth, probably belonging to a carnosaur, and sauropod bones (two ''[[Kotasaurus]]'' vertebrae)
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |[[File:Dandakosaurus.png|thumb|none|155px|Speculative reconstruction]]
|-
|
[[Dromaeosauridae]]?<ref name="Prasad2020" />
|
Indeterminate
|
Paikasigudem village
| Upper Member
|
Isolated Teeth
|
Five distinct morphotypes have been identified, mostly resemble coelurosaurs or dromaeosauroids.<ref name="Prasad2020" />
|
|-
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |''[[Eubrontes]]''<ref name=":2" />
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |''E. giganteus''
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Saligaon Village
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Lower Member
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Footprints
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Theropod Tracks of the ichnofamily [[Eubrontidae]].
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |[[File:Eubrontes (dinosaur track) (East Berlin Formation, Lower Jurassic; Rocky Hill, Connecticut, USA).jpg|center|thumb|184x184px|Example of track of the same Ichnogenus]]
|- style="background:#fbdddb;"
|"[[Hypsilophodontidae|Hypsilophodontid]]"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=G.V. R. |title=Microvertebrate assemblage from the Kota Formation (Early Jurassic) of Gorlapalli, Adilabad District, Andhra Pradesh |journal=Indian Society of Geoscientists Bulletin |date=1986 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=3–13}}</ref>
|
Indeterminate
|
Gorlapalli Village
|Upper Member
|
Isolated Tooth
|
Identified originally as a member of [[Hypsilophodontidae]], probably represents a tooth of a basal neornithischian.<ref name="Prasad2020" />
|
|-
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |''[[Kayentapus]]''<ref name=":2" />
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |''K. hopii''
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Saligaon Village
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Lower Member
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Footprints
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |Theropod Tracks of the ichnofamily [[Grallatoridae]]
| style="background:#FEF6E4;" |
|-
|
''[[Kotasaurus]]''<ref name="Yadagiri2001">{{Cite journal| volume = 21| issue = 2| pages = 242–252| last = Yadagiri| first = P.| title = The osteology of Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis, a sauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Kota Formation of India| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology| date = 2001-07-20| doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0242:TOOKYA]2.0.CO;2| jstor = 20061951| s2cid = 86345394}}</ref>
|
''K. yamanpalliensis''
|
Yamanpalli bonebed
|
Lower Member
|
Disarticulated remains of at least 12 individuals<ref name="Yadagiri2001" />
|
A basal sauropod
|
[[File:160-million-year-old mounted dinosaur skeleton.jpg|thumb|180x180px|center|Mounted esqueleton]]
|-
|
[[Ornithischia]]<ref name="Galton2019" /><ref name="Prasad2020">{{Cite book| publisher = Springer International Publishing| isbn = 978-3-030-49752-1 | pages = 1–30| editor-first1 = Guntupalli V.R. | editor-last1 = Prasad | editor-first2 = Rajeev | editor-last2 = Patnaik | last1 = Prasad| first1 = Guntupalli V. R.| last2 = Parmar| first2 = Varun| title = Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics| chapter = First Ornithischian and Theropod Dinosaur Teeth from the Middle Jurassic Kota Formation of India: Paleobiogeographic Relationships| location = Cham| date = 2020}}</ref>
|
Indeterminate
|
*1 km south of Bodepalli
*Paikasigudem village
|
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|
*End of left humerus
*Isolated Teeth
|
Indeterminate ornithischian material. Among the teeth, at least five distinct morphotypes have been identified.
|-
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
''[[Richardoestesia]]''?<ref name="Prasad2020" />
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
''R.? spp.''
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
Paikasigudem village
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Upper Member
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
Isolated Teeth
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
Teeth similar to those of the problematic taxon ''Richardoestesia'', of supposed coelurosaur affinities
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
|[[Sauropoda]]<ref name="Yadagiri2001" />
|Indeterminate
|Yamanpalli bonebed
|
Lower Member
|Isolated Teeth
|Found in the same bonebed as ''Kotasaurus'', resembles ''[[Amygdalodon]]''.
|
|-
|
[[Thyreophora]]<ref name="Prasad2020" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=S. |last2=Scotese |first2=C. R. |last3=Bajpai |first3=S. |title=The restless Indian plate and its epic voyage from Gondwana to Asia: Its tectonic, paleoclimatic, and paleobiogeographic evolution |journal=Geological Society of America Special Paper |date=2017 |volume=529 |issue=2 |pages=1–147 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/books/book/1864/The-Restless-Indian-Plate-and-Its-Epic-Voyage-from |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nath |first=T.T. |last2=Yadagiri |first2=P. |last3=Moitra |first3=A.K. |date=2002-06-01 |title=FIRST RECORD OF ARMOURED DINOSAUR FROM THE LOWER JURASSIC KOTA FORMATION, PRANHITA-GODAVARI VALLEY, ANDHRA PRADESH |url=https://doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/2002/590610 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=575–577 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/2002/590610 |issn=0974-6889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galton |first=Peter M. |date=2019-02-28 |title=Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India |url=https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=291 |issue=2 |pages=205–219 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800 |issn=0077-7749}}</ref>
|
Indeterminate
|
Paikasigudem village
|Upper Member
|
Scute and associated fragmentary limb bones.
|
Indeterminate scelidosaurid material.
|
|}

=== Megaflora ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Notes
! Images
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="6" |
''[[Agathoxylon]]''<ref name=Flora2>{{cite journal |last1=Chinnappa |first1=C. |last2=Rajanikanth |first2=A. |last3=Kavali |first3=P. S. |title=Palaeofloras from the Kota Formation, India: palaeodiversity and ecological implications |journal=Volumina Jurassica |date=2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |url=https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-3ac99cbc-b76f-44d1-b4c1-d36e9bec8dda |access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''A. kotaense''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''A. chandrapurensis''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''A. santacruzense''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chinnappa |first1=C. |last2=Kavali |first2=P. S. |title=Agathoxylon santacruzense Kloster & Gnaedinger from the Lower–Middle Jurassic Kota Formation, India and its paleoenvironmental implications |journal=Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia |date=2020 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=227–233 |doi=10.4072/rbp.2020.4.01 |s2cid=230537208 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347656268 |access-date=16 June 2023|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020RvBrP..23..227C }}</ref>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''A. pranhitaensis''<ref name=Flora2/><ref name=Wooda>{{cite journal |last1=Rajanikanth |first1=A. |last2=Sukh-Dev |first2=A. |title=The Kota Formation: fossil flora and stratigraphy |journal=Geophytology |date=1989 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=52–64}}</ref>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''A. santalense''<ref name=Flora2/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''A. spp.''<ref name=Flora2/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Bodepalli
*Near Kota village
*Paikasigudem village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="2" |
''[[Araucarites]]''<ref name=Wooda/><ref name=Ptero2/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''A. minutus''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Dronadula
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''A. sp.''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Brachyphyllum]]''<ref name=Wooda/><ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''B. expansum''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="5" |
''[[Elatocladus]]''<ref name=Wooda/><ref name=Ptero2/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''E. conferta''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''E. tenerrimus''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''E. jabalpurensis''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''E. plana''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''E. sp.''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="4" |
''[[Cladophlebis]]''<ref name=Ptero2/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''C. denticulata''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Boraigudem
*Chitur
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Isolated fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Osmundaceae]] in the [[Osmundales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="4" |
[[File:EB1911 Palaeobotany - Cladophlebis denticulata.jpg|thumb|none|155px|''[[Cladophlebis]]'' denticulata illustration]]
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''C. indica''<ref name=Wooda/><ref name=Ptero2/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Boraigudem
*Chitur
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Isolated fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Osmundaceae]] in the [[Osmundales]]
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''C. reversa''<ref name=Wooda/><ref name=Ptero2/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Boraigudem
*Chitur
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Isolated fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Osmundaceae]] in the [[Osmundales]]
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''C. spp.''<ref name=Wooda/><ref name=Ptero2/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Boraigudem
*Chitur
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Isolated fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Osmundaceae]] in the [[Osmundales]]
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
''[[Circoporoxylon]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chinnappa |first1=C. |last2=Rajanikanth |first2=A. |title=A New Species of Circoporoxylon from the Kota Formation (Jurassic), Pranhita-Godavari Basin, India, and Palaeobiogeography of the Genus |journal=Ameghiniana |date=2016 |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=675–684 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.19.07.2016.2954 |bibcode=2016Amegh..53..675C |s2cid=132877882 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/ameghiniana/volume-53/issue-6/AMGH.19.07.2016.2954/A-New-Species-of-Circoporoxylon-from-the-Kota-Formation-Jurassic/10.5710/AMGH.19.07.2016.2954.short |access-date=16 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''C. kotaense''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Podocarpaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="2" |
''[[Coniopteris]]''<ref name=Wooda/><ref name=Ptero2/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''C. hymenophylloides''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Boraigudem
*Chitur
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Isolated fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Polypodiales]] in the [[Polypodiidae (plant)|Polypodiidae]]. Common cosmopolitan Mesozoic fern genus. Recent research has reinterpreted it a [[Crown group|stem group]] of the [[Polypodiales]] (closely related to the extant genera ''[[Dennstaedtia]]'', ''[[Lindsaea]]'', and ''[[Odontosoria]]'')
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="2" |
[[File:Dictyophyllum and Coniopteris (cropped).jpg|thumb|center|155px|''[[Coniopteris]]'' specimen]]
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''C. sp.''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Isolated fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Polypodiales]] in the [[Polypodiidae (plant)|Polypodiidae]].
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
''[[Cupressinoxylon]]''<ref name=Flora2/><ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''C. kotaense''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="2"|
''[[Dictyozamites]]''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''D. falcatus''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Williamsoniaceae]] in the [[Bennettitales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''D. kotaense''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Williamsoniaceae]] in the [[Bennettitales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
''[[Equisetum]]''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''E.rajmahalensis''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Chitur village
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Isolated Stems
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Equisetaceae]] inside [[Equisetales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
[[File:Equisetum arvense 116526373.jpg|thumb|center|155px|Extant ''[[Equisetum]] arvense'' specimen]]
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
''[[Ginkgoites]]''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''G. lobata''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leafs
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Ginkgoaceae]] inside [[Ginkgoopsida]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
[[File:Ginkgo sibirica - Zhevlakova Ekaterina.jpg|thumb|none|155px|''[[Ginkgoites]]'' reconstruction]]
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
''[[Ginkgoxylon]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Biradar |first1=N.V. |last2=Mahabale |first2=T.S. |title=Occurrence of Ginkgo like wood in east Gondwanas of India |journal=Recent Advances in Geology |date=1978 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=146–153}}</ref>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''G. dixii''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Ginkgoaceae]] inside [[Ginkgoopsida]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
''[[Hausmannia]]''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''H. cf. buchii''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Isolated pinnae
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Dipteridaceae]] in the [[Polypodiales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
[[File:Hausmannia dentata.jpg|thumb|none|155px|''[[Hausmannia]]'' specimen]]
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''[[Otozamites]]''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''O. vemavarmensis''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Williamsoniaceae]] in the [[Bennettitales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
[[File:Otozamites brevifolium.JPG|thumb|center|155px|''[[Otozamites]]'' specimen]]
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="3" |
''[[Pagiophyllum]]''<ref name=Wooda/><ref name=Ptero2/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. peregrinum''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. cf.peregrinum''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. spp.''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''[[Pachypteris]]''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. indica''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Isolated pinnae
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Umkomasiaceae]] in the [[Pteridospermatophyta]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
''[[Planoxylon]]''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''P. mahabalei''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Protopinaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="6"|
''[[Podocarpoxylon]]''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''P. chandrapurensis''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Podocarpaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. chiturensis''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Chitur village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Upper Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Podocarpaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. krauselii''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Podocarpaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. rajmahalense''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Podocarpaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. sewardii''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Podocarpaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. sp.''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Podocarpaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
''[[Podozamites]]''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. sp.''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Broad conifer leaves
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|

|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''[[Pseudoctenis]]''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. cf. fragilis''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cycadales]] in the [[Cycadopsida]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="6"|
''[[Ptilophyllum]]''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. fissum''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Boraigudem
*Chitur
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Williamsoniaceae]] in the [[Bennettitales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. acutifolium''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Boraigudem
*Chitur
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Williamsoniaceae]] in the [[Bennettitales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. cutchense''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Chitur village
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
*Upper Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Williamsoniaceae]] in the [[Bennettitales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. cf.sahnii''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Williamsoniaceae]] in the [[Bennettitales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. cf.institacallum''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Williamsoniaceae]] in the [[Bennettitales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''P. sp.''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Leaflets
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Williamsoniaceae]] in the [[Bennettitales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="2"|
''[[Protaxodioxylon]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chinnappa |first1=C. H. |last2=Kavali |first2=P. S. |last3=Rajanikanth |first3=A. |title=Protaxodioxylon from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Basin, India |journal=Paleontological Journal |date=2019 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=1206–1215 |doi=10.1134/S0031030119110029 |bibcode=2019PalJ...53.1206C |s2cid=212642535 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030119110029 |access-date=16 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''P. sahnii''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Chitur village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Upper Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''P. liassicum''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murlidhar |first1=R.G. |title=On a silicified wood from the Kota formation (Liassic) of the Pranhita Godavari Basin |journal=Journal of Swamy's Botany |date=1991 |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=107–112}}</ref>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;"|
''[[Sphenopteris]]''<ref name=Wooda/><ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''S. kotaensis''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Isolated Fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Dicksoniaceae]] in the [[Cyatheales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" rowspan="4"|
''[[Taxaceoxylon]]''<ref name=Wooda/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''T. sahnii''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''T. biradarii''<ref name=ThesisFlo>{{cite journal |last1=Jayashri Shivajirao |first1=Jadhav |title=Studies on the fossil flora of Kota formation |journal=Thesis Shivaji University, Department of Botany |date=1995 |volume=1 |issue=1 |url=http://ir.unishivaji.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/220?mode=full |access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Chitur village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''T. antiquum''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Lower Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''T. sp.''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Near Kota village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Upper Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Fossil wood
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Affinities with [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinales]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;|
''[[Torreyites]]''<ref name=ThesisFlo/>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''T. constricte''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Chitur village
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*Upper Member
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
Branched shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
[[File:Torreya nucifera var. spaerica.jpg|thumb|center|160px|Extant ''[[Torreya]]'' specimen]]
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
{{div col|colwidth=29em}}
* [[Hanson Formation]], Antarctica
* [[Mawson Formation]], Antarctica
* [[Cañadón Asfalto Formation]], Argentina
* [[Los Molles Formation]], Argentina
* [[Evergreen Formation]], Australia
* [[Cattamarra Coal Measures]], Australia
* [[Blue Lias]], England
* [[Charmouth Mudstone Formation]], England
* [[Calcare di Sogno]], Italy
* [[Marne di Monte Serrone]], Italy
* [[Moltrasio Formation]], Italy
* [[Rotzo Formation]], Italy
* [[Saltrio Formation]], Italy
* [[Kandreho Formation]], Madagascar
* [[Budoš Limestone]], Montenegro
* [[Aganane Formation]], Morocco
* [[Azilal Formation]], Morocco
* [[Tafraout Group]], Morocco
* [[Borucice Formation]], Poland
* [[Ciechocinek Formation]], Poland
* [[Drzewica Formation]], Poland
* [[Zagaje Formation]], Poland
* [[Coimbra Formation]], Portugal
* [[Podpeč Limestone]], Slovenia
* [[Clarens Formation]], South Africa
* [[Elliot Formation]], South Africa
* [[El Pedregal Formation]], Spain
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Jurassic System of Asia]]
[[Category:Jurassic India]]

[[Category:Toarcian Stage]]
[[Category:Aalenian Stage]]
[[Category:Mudstone formations]]
[[Category:Limestone formations]]
[[Category:Sandstone formations]]
[[Category:Lagoonal deposits]]
[[Category:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Asia]]
[[Category:Paleontology in India]]
[[Category:Geography of Telangana|Formations]]

Shruthi Rajanikanth

2026-03-10T13:32:51Z

MadelaineStanfie:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shruthi Rajanikanth
| image = Shruthi Rajanikanth.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|7|df=yes}}<ref name="dob"/><ref name="manoramaonline.com"/>
| birth_place = [[Ambalapuzha]], [[Kerala]]
| alma_mater = [[Pazhassi Raja College, Pulpally, Bathery|Pazhassi Raja College]]
| notable_works = [[Chakkappazham]]
| parents = Rajanikanth (Father), Lekha Rajanikanth (Mother)
}}

'''Shruthi Rajanikanth''' is an Indian actress, model, and [[Radio Jockey|RJ]] from [[Ambalappuzha|Ambalapuzha]] who rose to fame through the Malayalam TV series ''[[Chakkappazham]] ''aired on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Shruthi Rajanikanth shares a dance video from the sets of 'Chakkappazham' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shruthi-rajanikanth-shares-a-fan-video-from-the-sets-of-chakkappazham/articleshow/79472885.cms |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=16 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dob">{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Radhika |title=After a struggle of six years, Chakkappazham is the best thing that happened to me this year: Actress Shruthi Rajanikanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/after-a-struggle-of-six-years-chakkappazham-is-the-best-thing-that-happened-to-me-this-year-actress-shruthi-rajanikanth/articleshow/80026296.cms |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=30 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231162333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/after-a-struggle-of-six-years-chakkappazham-is-the-best-thing-that-happened-to-me-this-year-actress-shruthi-rajanikanth/articleshow/80026296.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='എനിക്കും ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു പ്രണയം ; ചില സാഹചര്യങ്ങൾ കൊണ്ട് അതിപ്പോൾ ഇല്ല: മനസ്സ് തുറന്ന് നമ്മുടെ പൈങ്കിളി! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/chakkappazham-shruthi-rajanikanths-exclusive-interview-painkilis-open-talk-about-her-career-and-family/articleshow/78950271.cms |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114000031/https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/chakkappazham-shruthi-rajanikanths-exclusive-interview-painkilis-open-talk-about-her-career-and-family/articleshow/78950271.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="manoramaonline.com">{{Cite web |title=അഭിനയം തുടങ്ങിയത് പയ്യനായി, വാശി സംവിധായികയാക്കി, തേടി വന്ന പൈങ്കിളി: ശ്രുതി രജനീകാന്ത് സംസാരിക്കുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2021/01/06/actress-shruthi-rajanikanth-life-and-style-statement-exclusive-interview.html |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113131735/https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2021/01/06/actress-shruthi-rajanikanth-life-and-style-statement-exclusive-interview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She started her acting career as a child artist in the Malayalam TV series Unnikuttan.<ref name="manoramaonline.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഈ ചിരികുടുക്ക; മാനസപുത്രിയിലെ ചെക്കനായെത്തിയ കുട്ടി താരം; സ്വയം ചിരിച്ചും ചിരിപ്പിച്ചും തരംഗമായ താര സുന്ദരി! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/chakkappazham-serial-fame-shruthi-rajnikanths-childhood-photo-viral-on-social-media/articleshow/78888032.cms |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104045727/https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/chakkappazham-serial-fame-shruthi-rajnikanths-childhood-photo-viral-on-social-media/articleshow/78888032.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shruthi is the daughter of Rajanikanth J. who is a business man and Lekha Rajanikanth, a makeup artist from [[Alappuzha]]. She also has an younger brother, Sangeeth R.

== Education ==
After her schooling at [[Chinmaya Vidyalayas|Chinmaya Vidyalaya]], Alappuzha, she did BA in Mass Communication and Journalism at [[Pazhassi Raja College, Pulpally, Bathery|Pazhassiraja College]], [[Pulpally]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] and MA in Mass Communication and Journalism at [[Bharathiar University]], [[Coimbatore]].

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Show
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Refh}}
|-
| 2001
| ''Unnikuttan''
| Unnikutta
|
| rowspan="6"|Child Artist
|
|-
| 2002
| ''Manasaputri''
|
| rowspan="3"| [[Surya TV]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2021/02/08/shruthi-rajanikanth-serial-actor-talks-about-life-home-family.html |title=രജനികാന്ത് എന്ന സർനെയിം, വീട്; പ്രേക്ഷകരുടെ സ്വന്തം പൈങ്കിളിയുടെ പറയാത്ത വിശേഷങ്ങൾ |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729191513/https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2021/02/08/shruthi-rajanikanth-serial-actor-talks-about-life-home-family.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2004-2005
| ''Ettu Sundarikalum Njanum''
| Chinnu Mol
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shruthi-rajanikanth-to-rebecca-santhosh-tv-actors-who-started-their-career-as-child-artists/photostory/83279139.cms?picid=83279160 |title=Shruthi Rajanikanth to Rebecca Santhosh: TV actors who started their career as child artists |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513002340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shruthi-rajanikanth-to-rebecca-santhosh-tv-actors-who-started-their-career-as-child-artists/photostory/83279139.cms?picid=83279160 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2005
| ''Culcutta Hospital''
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/chakkappazham-fame-shruthi-rajanikanth-s-latest-photos-goes-viral/articleshow/83863700.cms?story=5 |title=വിവാഹം പറഞ്ഞില്ലെന്ന പരാതി പല ബന്ധുക്കളും പറയുന്നുണ്ട്; അതിന്റെ തുടർച്ച തന്നെയാണിതും; വിശേഷങ്ങൾ പങ്കുവച്ച് ശ്രുതി രജനികാന്ത്! |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729191452/https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/chakkappazham-fame-shruthi-rajanikanth-s-latest-photos-goes-viral/articleshow/83863700.cms?story=5 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Sthree Hrudayam''
|
|
|
|-
|''Sundari Sundari''
|
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Star Magic''
| Guest
| rowspan=2|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|Herself
|
|-
| 2020-2024
| ''[[Chakkappazham]]''
| Painkily/Pinky Shivan
| Lead role
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakkappazham Malayalam Serial On Flowers TV Cast And Crew |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2020/08/chakkapazham-serial-on-flowers-tv-cast.html |website=vinodadarshan.com |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001093809/https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2020/08/chakkapazham-serial-on-flowers-tv-cast.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Chilappol Penkutty]]'' ||Shreya|| || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/nov/23/chilappol-penkutty-is-intended-for-girls-and-their-parents-1902125.html |title=Chilappol Penkutty is intended for girls and their parents |date=23 November 2018 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en-US |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708150211/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/nov/23/chilappol-penkutty-is-intended-for-girls-and-their-parents-1902125.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''[[Kunjeldho]]'' || || || <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shruthi-rajanikanth-does-classy-photo-tribute-to-sheela/articleshow/79328055.cms |title=Shruthi Rajanikanth does classy photo tribute to Sheela |work=The Times of India |date=20 November 2020 |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817084229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shruthi-rajanikanth-does-classy-photo-tribute-to-sheela/articleshow/79328055.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Vaigha'' || || Short film ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Padma'' || Jolly|| || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shruthi-rajanikanth-i-was-nervous-about-playing-a-mother-in-chakkappazham-but-now-i-feel-very-maternal/articleshow/80410259.cms |title=Shruthi Rajanikanth: I was nervous about playing a mother in Chakkappazham, but now I feel very maternal |work=The Times of India |date=22 January 2021 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shruthi-rajanikanth-i-was-nervous-about-playing-a-mother-in-chakkappazham-but-now-i-feel-very-maternal/articleshow/80410259.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Neeraja]]'' || Anjali|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=New song from Shruti Ramachandran's Neeraja out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/new-song-from-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-43271.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511205530/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/new-song-from-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-43271.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]'' || Roshni || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meera Jasmine and Narain's Queen Elizabeth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/13/meera-jasmine-and-narains-queen-elizabeth-gets-a-release-date-50338.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Series
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2022–present || ''OJO Kanmani'' || Minnu || || <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1559524677282074625 |user=RedFMMalayalam |title=Shruthi Rajanikanth as Minnu in OJO Kanmani {{!}} Red FM Originals {{!}} Presenting OJO Kanmani {{!}} Red FM Originals {{!}} Super Zero Series {{!}} Directed by Sreejith Vijayan |author-link=Red FM 93.5 |date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12237531}}
* {{facebook|ShruthiRajanikanthofficial|Shruthi Rajanikanth}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajanikanth, Shruthi}}
[[Category:Actresses from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mark Tully

2026-03-10T10:38:58Z

MadelaineStanfie: further adjust details for consistency also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|British-Indian journalist (1935–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir Mark Tully
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE}}
| image = Mark Tully 1 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Tully in 2011
| birth_name = William Mark Tully
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|10|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tollygunge]], Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|01|25|1935|10|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|writer}}
| education = [[Marlborough College]] [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]
| children = 4
| signature = MarkTully Autograph.jpg
}}
[[File:Mark Tully.jpg|thumb|Tully at a function in Delhi in 2007]]

'''Sir William Mark Tully''' (24 October 1935 – 25 January 2026) was a British journalist and the bureau chief of the [[BBC]] in [[New Delhi]], a position he held for 20 years.<ref name="th">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/20/stories/1320001c.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052632/http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/20/stories/1320001c.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |title=Media reportage: Interview with Mark Tully |date=20 February 2000 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 November 2009}}</ref> He worked with the BBC for 30 years before resigning in July 1994.<ref name="ti">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/tully-quits-bbc-1412865.html |title=Tully quits BBC |last=Victor |first=Peter |date=10 July 1994 |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=25 November 2009 |location=London}}</ref> He also wrote and published several books.

==Early life and education==
Tully was born in [[Tollygunge]], Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, [[British India]], on 24 October 1935.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23678823 |title=Why Mark Tully needs a Calcutta birth certificate at 78 |date=20 August 2013 |access-date=20 August 2013 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Birthdays |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |pages=47 |publisher=Guardian News & Media |date=29 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1735083.stm |title=Mark Tully: The voice of India |date=31 December 2001 |publisher=BBC |access-date=25 November 2009 |location=London}}</ref> His father was a British businessman who was a partner in one of the leading managing agencies of the [[British Raj]]. His mother had been born in Bengal. Tully spent the first decade of his childhood in India, although without being allowed to socialise with Indian people. His British nanny once scolded him for learning to count in Hindi from his driver, saying "that's the servant's language, not yours".<ref name=bbc /> At the age of four, he was sent to a "British boarding school" in [[Darjeeling]],<ref name="th2" /><ref name="unt">{{cite web |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-4313:1 |title=British and Indian influences in the identities and literature of Mark Tully and Ruskin Bond |last=Lakhani |first=Brenda |year=2003 |publisher=University of North Texas |access-date=25 November 2009}}</ref> before going to England for further schooling from the age of nine. There he was educated at [[Twyford School]] (Hampshire), [[Marlborough College]] and at [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]], where he studied [[Theology]].<ref name="th2">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/18/stories/2007061850540100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626051043/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/18/stories/2007061850540100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2011 |title=Meeting Mark |date=18 June 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 November 2009}}</ref>

After Cambridge, Tully intended to become a priest in the [[Church of England]] but abandoned this after two terms at [[Lincoln Theological College]], admitting later that he had doubts about "trusting [his] sexuality to behave as a Christian priest".<ref name="BBC" />

==Journalistic career==
Tully joined the [[BBC]] in 1964 and moved back to India in 1965 to work as the corporation's India correspondent.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="uy" /><ref name="LAT">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61846854.html?dids=61846854:61846854&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+22%2C+1992&author=BOB+DROGIN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Profile+The+BBC%27s+Battered+Sahib+Mark+Tully+has+been+expelled+by+India%2C+chased+by+mobs+and+picketed.+He+loves+his+job. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104113334/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61846854.html?dids=61846854:61846854&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+22,+1992&author=BOB+DROGIN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Profile+The+BBC's+Battered+Sahib+Mark+Tully+has+been+expelled+by+India,+chased+by+mobs+and+picketed.+He+loves+his+job. |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2013 |title=Profile The BBC's Battered Sahib Mark Tully has been expelled by India, chased by mobs and picketed. He loves his job. |last=Drogin |first=Bob |date=22 December 1992 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=25 November 2009}}</ref> He covered all the major incidents in South Asia during his tenure, ranging from [[Indo-Pakistan conflict]]s, [[Bhopal gas tragedy]], [[Operation Blue Star]] (and the subsequent [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]], [[anti-Sikh riots]]), the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] to the [[Ayodhya debate#Demolition of Babri Masjid|demolition of Babri Masjid]].<ref name="CNN" /><ref name="BBC-bluestar">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/operationbluestar.shtml |title=After Blue Star |publisher=BBC |access-date=11 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="BBC-babri">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2528025.stm |title=Tearing down the Babri Masjid |publisher=BBC |access-date=11 January 2010 |date=5 December 2002 |location=London |first=Mark |last=Tully}}</ref> He was expelled from India shortly after [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]] and began ruling by decree in 1975; he returned a year and a half later shortly before the restoration of normality in the country.<ref name=bbc />

In 1992, when covering the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] by [[Hindutva]] activists, some of the perpetrators confronted him, chanting "Death to Mark Tully", reflecting their distrust of the BBC. Tully was locked in a room until a local official and a Hindu priest helped him leave several hours later; he later said that the demolition was India's "greatest setback" to secularism as an independent nation.<ref name=bbc /> He resigned from the BBC in July 1994 after an argument with [[John Birt]], the then director general. He accused Birt of "running the corporation by fear" and "turning the BBC into a secretive monolith with poor ratings and a demoralised staff".<ref name="ti" />

In 1994 he presented an episode of BBC's ''[[Great Railway Journeys]]'', "Karachi to The Khyber Pass", travelling by train across Pakistan. A well-known railway enthusiast,<ref name=w>{{Cite web |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/legendary-british-indian-journalist-and-broadcaster-mark-tully-passes-away |title=Legendary British-Indian journalist and broadcaster Mark Tully passes away |work=The Wire |accessdate=25 January 2026}}</ref> he also presented "Steam's Indian Summer",<ref>{{cite web | title=Steam's Indian Summer - English • Great Railways | website=[[YouTube]] | date=25 April 2023 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdKzSDlO3pA }}</ref> a documentary produced by [[Nick Lera]] in his ''World Steam Classics'' series. As Tully reports in the journal HIMAL,<ref>M Tully, By steam!, HIMAL, 1 October 2011, [https://www.himalmag.com/archives/by-steam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812122706/https://www.himalmag.com/archives/by-steam |date=12 August 2025 }}</ref> the two men could not be sure where steam trains were still operating and they travelled around India together locating and filming them.

From 1994, he worked as a freelance journalist and broadcaster based in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="uy">{{cite web|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/tully.htm|title=Mark Tully to give annual Toleration lecture at the University of York|publisher=The University of York|access-date=25 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018203226/http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/tully.htm|archive-date=18 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/12/31/tully.knighthood/|title=It's Sir Mark Tully in UK honors list|date=31 December 2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=25 November 2009|archive-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404094404/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/12/31/tully.knighthood/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was the regular presenter of the weekly [[BBC Radio 4]] programme ''[[Something Understood]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/people/presenters/mark-tully/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204141000/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/people/presenters/mark-tully/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2011|title=Mark Tully|publisher=BBC Radio 4|access-date=26 September 2010}}</ref> until the BBC announced its end in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mark Tully: BBC Radio 4 host speaks out on shock programme axe 'I feel sad for myself'|first=Michelle|last=Marshall|url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/1114613/mark-tully-bbc-radio-4-something-understood-axed-latest-news|work=[[Daily Express]]|location=London|date=16 April 2019|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref>

As a guest of the [[Bangalore Initiative for Religious Dialogue]], on 7 October 2010 he spoke on "How certain should we be? The problem of religious pluralism." He described his experiences and the fact that India had historically been home to all the world's major religions. He said that had taught him that there are many ways to God.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hafsite.org/media/pr/former-bbc-india-chief-highlights-multiple-paths-god |publisher=Hindu American Foundation |title=Former BBC-India Chief Highlights Multiple Paths To God |date=19 October 2010 |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315015252/http://www.hafsite.org/media/pr/former-bbc-india-chief-highlights-multiple-paths-god |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Tully: From Bangladesh war to Bluestar, BBC's voice of India chronicled it all |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/from-bangladesh-war-to-bluestar-bbcs-voice-of-india-chronicled-it-all/ |website=The Tribune |access-date=26 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Tully was patron of the British branch of [[Child In Need Institute (CINI)|Child in Need India]] (CINI UK).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cini.org.uk/about.html |title=About Us | Child in Need India | CINI |access-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120104023/http://www.cini.org.uk/about.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 }}</ref>

Equally well versed in English and [[Hindi]], he contributed his efforts to keep literature alive and was the key speaker among 50 speakers of second [[Kalinga Literary Festival]] on 17 May 2015, where he explored the role of literature in nation building.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 May 2015|title=50 Speakers to attend Kalinga Literary Festival 2015|url=https://odishanewsinsight.com/events/50-speakers-to-attend-kalinga-literary-festival-2015/|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Odisha News Insight|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Books==
Tully's first book on India, ''Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle'' (1985),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tully |first1=Mark |last2=Jacob |first2=Satish |title=Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's last battle |date=1986 |publisher=Pan Books |location=London Sydney |isbn=9780330294348 |edition=Revised|ol=OL14993348M }}</ref> was co-authored with his colleague at BBC Delhi, Satish Jacob; the book dealt with the events leading up to [[Operation Blue Star]], Indian military action carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 to remove militant religious leader [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and his followers from the buildings of the [[Harmandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple) complex in [[Amritsar]], Punjab.<ref name=w />

Tully's ''No Full Stops in India'' (1988),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tully |first1=Mark |title=No full stops in India |date=1991 |publisher=Viking |location=New Delhi, India ; New York, N.Y., U.S.A |isbn=9780670819195}}</ref> a collection of journalistic essays, was published in the US as ''The Defeat of a Congress-man''. ''[[The Independent]]'' wrote that "Tully's profound knowledge and sympathy ... unravels a few of the more bewildering and enchanting mysteries of the subcontinent."<ref name="Independent">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/book-review--paperbacks-no-full-stops-in-india--mark-tully-penguin-pounds-699-1552481.html |title=The Independent |publisher=independent.co.uk |work=Book Review: No Full Stops in India |date=20 September 1992 |access-date=22 November 2011}}</ref>

In 2002 came ''India in Slow Motion'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tully |first1=Mark |last2=Wright |first2=Gillian |title=India in slow motion |date=2002 |publisher=Viking |location=New Delhi |isbn=9780670049400 |edition=1. publ. in India}}</ref> written in collaboration with Gillian Wright and published by Viking. Reviewing the book in ''[[The Observer]]'', Michael Holland wrote of Tully that "Few foreigners manage to get under the skin of the world's biggest democracy the way he does, and fewer still can write about it with the clarity and insight he brings to all his work."<ref name="Observer">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/dec/07/features.review?INTCMP=SRCH |title=The Observer |publisher=guardian.co.uk |work=Slow Progress: Michael Holland on India in Slow Motion by Mark Tully |date=7 December 2003 |access-date=22 November 2011 |author=Holland, Michael}}</ref>

The anonymously authored ''Hindutva Sex and Adventure'' was a novel featuring a main character with strong similarities to Tully. Tully himself stated that "I am amazed that Roli Books should publish such thinly disguised [[plagiarism]], and allow the author to hide in a cavalier manner behind a ''nom-de-plume''. The book is clearly modelled on my career, even down to the name of the main character. That character's journalism is abysmal, and his views on Hindutva and Hinduism do not in any way reflect mine. I would disagree with them profoundly."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/7552715/Former-BBC-correspondent-Sir-Mark-Tully-attacked-in-novel.html |title=Former BBC correspondent Sir Mark Tully attacked in novel |first=Dean |last=Nelson |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=5 April 2010 |access-date=27 September 2010 |location=London}}</ref>

His last book, ''Upcountry Tales: Once Upon A Time In The Heart Of India'' (2017),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tully |first1=Mark |title=Upcountry tales: once upon a time in the heart of India |date=2017 |publisher=Speaking Tiger |location=New Delhi |isbn=9789386582690}}</ref> was a collection of short stories set in rural north India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mark Tully's latest from the frontlines of 'upcountry India'|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/mark-tully-s-latest-from-the-frontlines-of-upcountry-india/496509.html|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=9 January 2018|date=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A date with destiny|url=http://www.tabla.com.sg/jrsrc/050118full/epage004/TA20180105-TAB-004-00.html|website=[[tabla!]]|access-date=9 January 2018|date=5 January 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
In 1960 Tully married Margaret, with whom he had four children during the 1960s. However, after 1981, he lived in [[Nizamuddin West]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2026 |title=An era ends with Mark Tully: A Delhi life remembered by Mayank Austen Soofi |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/an-era-ends-with-mark-tully-a-delhi-life-remembered-by-mayank-austen-soofi-151352.html |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref> in [[Delhi]] with his girlfriend, Gillian Wright.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1735083.stm |title=Mark Tully: The Voice of India|date=31 December 2001 |publisher=BBC |access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Mighty-words-indeed/article14990094.ece |title=Mighty Words Indeed |date=1 November 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref> Tully held an [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] card.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2013 |title=Why Mark Tully needs a Calcutta birth certificate at 78 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-23678823 |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

Tully died on 25 January 2026 at the age of 90, at a hospital in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malik |first1=Irfan |title=Legendary Journalist Mark Tully Passes Away |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/legendary-journalist-mark-tully-passes-away/ |access-date=25 January 2026 |publisher=The Kashmir Monitor |date=25 January 2026}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4nnp4d064do |title=Mark Tully, BBC's "Voice of India", dies aged 90 |work=BBC News |accessdate=25 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Tully (1935-2026): The voice that India trusted when history spoke — or fell silent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mark-tully-1935-2026-the-voice-that-india-trusted-when-history-spoke-or-fell-silent-10494736/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=26 January 2026|date=26 January 2026}}</ref>

He was a member of the [[Oriental Club]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pathakshamabesh.com/author/mark-tully-56314|title=Mark Tully|publisher=Pathak Shamabesh|accessdate=12 February 2026}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Tully was made an Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] in 1985 and was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1992.<ref name="th2" /> He was [[knight]]ed in the [[New Year Honours 2002]],<ref name="PTI">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/01/01/stories/2002010101621500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052710/http://www.hindu.com/2002/01/01/stories/2002010101621500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |title=An honour, says Tully |date=1 January 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 November 2009}}</ref> receiving a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire|KBE]], and in 2005 he received the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="ig">{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=120 |title=Padma Bhushan Awardees |year=2005 |publisher=Indian government |access-date=25 November 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=https://chbbc.sussex.ac.uk/play/?id=413|title=Interview with Mark Tully|work=Sussex - BBC Centenary Collection|publisher=Connected Histories of the BBC|date=31 May 2018|accessdate=22 January 2023}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mark Tully}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1735083.stm Mark Tully: The Voice of India]—BBC News
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qn7f ''Something Understood'']—[[BBC Radio 4]] programme
* {{IMDb name|1588812}}
* {{discogs artist|Mark Tully}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{SAARC Literary Award}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Literature|Politics|Socialism|Journalism|India|Britain}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tully, Mark}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century British essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century British journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century British male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century British male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century British travel writers]]
[[Category:21st-century British male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century British short story writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Lincoln Theological College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British Christians]]
[[Category:British expatriates in India]]
[[Category:British male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British male short story writers]]
[[Category:British political writers]]
[[Category:British radio personalities]]
[[Category:Christian and Hindu interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People educated at Marlborough College]]
[[Category:People educated at Twyford School]]
[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

West Indian cricket team in India in 2025–26

2026-03-05T23:51:48Z

MadelaineStanfie:

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indian cricket team in India in 2025–26
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 2
| to_date = 14 October 2025
| team1_captain = [[Shubman Gill]]
| team2_captain = [[Roston Chase]]
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 2
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (219)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Shai Hope]] (166)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (12)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Jomel Warrican]] (5) [[Roston Chase]] (5)
| player_of_test_series = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind)
}}

The [[West Indies cricket team]] toured India in October 2025 to play the [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/bcci-announces-india-s-home-schedule-for-2025-with-west-indies-south-africa-set-to-visit |title=India to host West Indies, South Africa in packed 2025 home schedule |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133924/guwahati-to-host-indias-second-test-against-south-africa |title=Guwahati to host India's second Test against South Africa |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref> The tour consisted of two [[Test cricket|Test]] matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Men's Future Tours Program |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226133751/https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Test series formed part of the [[2025–2027 World Test Championship|2025–2027 ICC World Test Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-announce-men-s-home-bilateral-international-fixtures-for-2025-26-1479374 |title=India to host West Indies and South Africa; Guwahati gets its first Test match |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref> In April 2025, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2025–26 home international season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/SY9lTZWw |title=BCCI announces fixtures for Team India (Senior Men) international home season 2025 |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>

The venue for the 2nd Test was updated from [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] to [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|New Delhi]] in June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI announces updated venues for Team India (Int'l home season) & South Africa A Tour of India |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2025/news/55556221/bcci-announces-updated-venues-for-team-india-int-l-home-season-south-africa-a-tour-of-india |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/seT7FVWl |title=India’s squad for IDFC FIRST Bank Test series against WI announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>
!{{cr|WIN}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/cwi-announces-squad-for-test-tour-of-india-in-first-away-assignment-for-world-test-championship-cycle/ |title=CWI announces squad for Test tour of India in first away assignment for World Test Championship cycle |work=[[Cricket West Indies]] |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice_Captain|vc]])
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Dhruv Jurel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]
* [[Devdutt Padikkal]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Sai Sudharsan]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
* [[Roston Chase]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Jomel Warrican]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Kevlon Anderson]]
* [[Alick Athanaze]]
* [[Jediah Blades]]
* [[John Campbell (cricketer)|John Campbell]]
* [[Tagenarine Chanderpaul]]
* [[Justin Greaves]]
* [[Shai Hope]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tevin Imlach]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* <s>[[Alzarri Joseph]]</s>
* <s>[[Shamar Joseph]]</s>
* [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]]
* [[Johann Layne]]
* [[Anderson Phillip]]
* [[Khary Pierre]]
* [[Jayden Seales]]
|}

On 26 September, [[Shamar Joseph]] was ruled out of the series due to injury and was replaced by [[Johann Layne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-wi-shamar-joseph-ruled-out-of-india-tests-with-injury-johann-layne-called-up-1504581 |title=Injured Shamar Joseph out of India Tests, Johann Layne called up |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> On 29 September, [[Alzarri Joseph]] was ruled out of the series due to back injury and was replaced by [[Jediah Blades]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/alzarri-joseph-ruled-out-of-india-test-series-with-lower-back-injury-1504925 |title=Alzarri Joseph ruled out of India Test series with lower-back injury |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

== Test series ==
===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 2–4 October 2025
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 162 (44.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Justin Greaves]] 32 (48)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 4/40 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 448/5[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (128 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dhruv Jurel]] 125 (210)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Roston Chase]] 2/90 (24 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 146 (45.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Alick Athanaze]] 38 (74)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 4/54 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = India won by an innings and 140 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479569.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Johann Layne]] and [[Khary Pierre]] (WI) both made their Test debuts.
* [[John Campbell (cricketer)|John Campbell]] (WI) scored his 1,000th run in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspointapp.com/english/trending/ind-vs-wi-john-campbell-becomes-61st-west-indies-player-to-score-1000-test-runs-newscrab/articleshow/14504820fb511491df9948ad103510713fb2fe04 |title=IND vs WI: John Campbell Becomes 61st West Indies Player to Score 1,000 Test Runs |work=News Point |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]] equalled [[Javagal Srinath]]'s record for the fastest Indian bowler to take 50 wickets at home in Tests, in terms of innings (24).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-west-indies/jasprit-bumrah-breaks-record-fastest-indian-bowler-to-50-test-wickets-at-home/articleshow/124272670.cms |title=Record alert! Jasprit Bumrah sets new mark: Fastest Indian bowler to 50 Test wickets at home |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
* [[Dhruv Jurel]] (Ind) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-west-indies/dhruv-jurel-hits-maiden-test-century-fifth-indian-to-do-so-against-west-indies/articleshow/124289399.cms |title=Dhruv Jurel hits maiden Test century, fifth Indian to do so against West Indies |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
* World Test Championship Points: India 12, West Indies 0.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 10–14 October 2025
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 518/5[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (134.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 175 (258)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jomel Warrican]] 3/98 (34 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 248 (81.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Alick Athanaze]] 41 (84)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 5/82 (26.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 124/3 (35.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[KL Rahul]] 58[[not out|*]] (108)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Roston Chase]] 2/36 (9 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 390 (118.5 overs) ([[Follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[John Campbell (cricketer)|John Campbell]] 115 (199)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/44 (17.5 overs)

| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1479570.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind) played in his 50th Test match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!sports/ind-vs-wi-second-test-jasprit-bumrh-joins-illustrious-list-including-ms-dhoni-rohit-sharma-virat-kohli-enn25101002290 |title=IND vs WI: Jasprit Bumrah Etches His Name In Record Books With 50 Appearances Across Formats |work=ETV Bharat |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Ind) scored his 3,000th run in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/yashasvi-jaiswal-hits-7th-test-hundred-completes-3000-runs-in-test-cricket-125101000610_1.html |title=Yashasvi Jaiswal hits 7th Test hundred; Completes 3000 runs across formats |work=Business Standard |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>
* [[John Campbell (cricketer)|John Campbell]] (WI) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/india-cricket-west-indies-393a53ea4c702543e2f5877a186f6572 |title=John Campbell's maiden century boosts West Indies in second cricket test |work=AP News |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketgully.com/cricket-news/john-campbell-ends-12-year-wait-scores-maiden-century-on-indian-soil-9285 |title=John Campbell ends 12-year wait, scores maiden century on Indian soil |work=CricketGully |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref>
* World Test Championship Points: India 12, West Indies 0.
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-india-2025-26-1479561 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2025–26}}
{{2025–2027 ICC World Test Championship}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2025–26]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of India]]

Ek Duuje Ke Liye

2026-03-03T23:51:58Z

MadelaineStanfie: cleaned up details for clarity and improved wording

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Duuje Ke Liye
| image = Ek Duuje Ke Liye English poster.jpeg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander (original story & screenplay) [[Inder Raj Anand]] (dialogues)
| based_on = [[Maro Charitra]] (Telugu)
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Rati Agnihotri]] [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
| producer = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. R. Kittoo
| distributor = Prasad Productions Pvt. Ltd
| released = {{Film date|1981|06|05|df=y}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}<ref name="hit" />
}}

'''''Ek Duuje Ke Liye''''' ({{translation|Made For Each Other}}) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1981|1981]] Indian [[Hindi]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[tragedy]] film directed by [[K. Balachander]]. A remake of Balachander's [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] film ''[[Maro Charitra]]'', it stars [[Kamal Haasan]], in his Bollywood debut and [[Rati Agnihotri]] as a pair of lovers from different families who oppose their relationship, and go to dire lengths to break them apart. It features [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] and [[Rakesh Bedi]] in supporting roles.

''Ek Duuje Ke Liye'' was released on 5 June 1981, and grossed over {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}} at the box office, making it one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films of its year]].<ref name="hit">{{cite web |title= Box Office 1981 |url= http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=187&catName=MTk4MQ== |publisher= Box Office India |access-date= 15 October 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090903074132/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=187&catName=MTk4MQ== |archive-date= 3 September 2009 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="hindihit">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Vishwaroop-gets-good-response-in-Hindi-belts/articleshow/18311602.cms|title='Vishwaroop' gets good response in Hindi belts|work=The Times of India|date=3 February 2013 |access-date=2013-02-03}}</ref> It received positive reviews from critics, who praised the film's score—particularly the single "[[Tere Mere Beech Mein]]" sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and penned by [[Anand Bakshi]]—and the performances of the cast. At the [[28th National Film Awards]], it won [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] ([[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]). At the [[29th Filmfare Awards]], it received a leading 13 nominations—including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]—of which it won three awards: [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (Bakshi), [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (Balachander) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]].

''Ek Duuje Ke Liye'' is regarded as a "[[Classic|classic film]]" in [[Hindi cinema]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-05 |title='Ek Duuje Ke Liye' turns 40: Four reasons that make Kamal Haasan-Rati Agnihotri's movie an evergreen classic |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ek-duuje-ke-liye-turns-40-four-reasons-that-make-kamal-haasan-rati-agnihotris-movie-an-evergreen-classic-994001.html |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and one of the best Hindi-language films of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-21 |title='Ek Duje Ke Liye' Is The Best Movie Shot In The State, Says Goa CM, While 'Sholay' Was His All-Time Favourite Film . The movie was shot in 70 mm format and with stereophonic sound.|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/ek-duje-ke-liye-is-the-best-movie-shot-in-the-state-says-goa-cm-while-sholay-was-his-all-time-favourite-film/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=2020-06-25 |title=Why watching 'Ek Duuje Ke Liye' was an unforgetable experience for Tapas Nayak |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tapas-nayak-on-his-favourite-films/article31913856.ece |access-date=2022-03-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It has inspired several Indian and Western actors and singers, such as [[Britney Spears]], who notably sampled instruments from "Tere Mere Beech Main" for her 2004 single "[[Toxic (song)|Toxic]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Meredith Geaghan-Breiner, Dilan Garcia |title=How Bollywood gave Britney Spears her greatest hit |url=https://www.insider.com/britney-spears-toxic-deconstructed-indian-bollywood-sample-james-bond-guitar-2020-1 |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=November 2023}}
The movie is about the love between a Tamil man, Vasu ([[Kamal Haasan]]), and a North Indian woman, Sapna ([[Rati Agnihotri]]), who are neighbors in [[Goa]]. They come from totally different backgrounds and can hardly speak the other's language. When Vasu and Sapna admit their love, there is chaos in their homes as they face an unexpected test of their love.

The movie begins with an old, ruined building near the beautiful beach of [[Goa]]. The dilapidated walls of the building are covered with many names, but two names stand apart from the rest---Vasu and Sapna.

Vasu is a happy, carefree young man who belongs to a [[Tamils|Tamil]] family. He resigns his job after his boss scolds him and he returns to his home in Goa. His orthodox Tamilian father is always at loggerheads with the Hindi-speaking neighbour family. The family has a beautiful daughter named Sapna, a college student.

While being followed on her way home by a creepy bookstore clerk (who'd earlier shown her a book of nude photos), Sapna sees Vasu jogging and starts a one-way conversation with him. Seeing this, the bookstore clerk retreats. Sapna thanks Vasu for pretending to be her friend, but he reveals that he doesn't understand Hindi. Vasu wants to make friends with her. He tries to meet her later pretending his motorcycle has broken down but he crashes and ends up in the hospital. Impressed, Sapna sends him a gift: a ceremonial mask with her name on it and asks his name.

Despite the nasty conflicts between their families, Vasu and Sapna fall deeply in love with each other. They get to know each other, experiencing the joy and innocence of first love. One day, however, Sapna fairly misunderstands Vasu when he forcefully kisses her and is offended and breaks up with him. Despite Vasu's efforts to make her understand his love, Sapna ignores him and remains angry. A week later, Sapna finds Vasu awake all night looking at her window hoping that she would forgive him. Heartbroken at seeing him like that, Sapna forgives him and signals him by turning her room light off and on repeatedly.

They meet the next day and Sapna expresses her love for Vasu by kissing his hand. The lovers unite and visit the beaches, forts, waterfalls and scenic places of Goa. While returning home late at night, Vasu's motorcycle runs out of petrol. They pose as a newly married couple and ask for a lift in a car. To their shock, Sapna's father is in the car and he takes her home immediately. Vasu and Sapna keep meeting each other and fall in love even more.

One day when Sapna returns from college after meeting Vasu, she finds the lewd bookstore clerk at her home. The man has secretly clicked pictures of her and Vasu together and shown them to her parents. Burning with rage, Sapna's mother forbids her from seeing Vasu and accompanies her everywhere. Heartbroken, Vasu makes a plan and stealthily meets Sapna during her college lunch break. They go to a hotel for lunch and Vasu pauses the elevator halfway to spend some time with Sapna. He sings a love song for her using his broken Hindi. This leads to an amused crowd at the hotel lift listening in. They are reprimanded by the guard as they exit.

Vasu and Sapna's families find out. In anger, they lock up Sapna at home and Vasu's father scolds him. Despite the opposition, Vasu boldly goes and meets Sapna in her home in the presence of her parents and expresses his love for her. Sapna's mother screams and claims that Vasu is ruining their family's honor.

Finally, both the families meet and Vasu and Sapna affirm their love for each other. Their families agree to allow them to marry on one condition – that they separate from each other for one year without any contact or communication. Afterwards, if they still want to be together, they can get married. Vasu and Sapna reluctantly agree to the contract.

Vasu goes to [[Hyderabad]] for a job, while Sapna stays behind in Goa. During their year of separation, Vasu writes a letter every day to Sapna, in which he expresses his pain and love, but doesn't send it to her because of the contract. He learns to speak Hindi fluently from a young widow named Sandhya. To drown his pain of separation, he also learns classical dance from Sandhya.

On the other hand, Sapna visits all the places where she and Vasu used to go which brings back old memories. She also visits a rocky hill by the beach, where their names 'Vasu' and 'Sapna' are painted on the highest rock. In order to make Sapna forget Vasu, her mother destroys the cassette tape that he had given her. The mother also burns her only photo of Vasu which Sapna crumbles into her tea and drinks in defiance. In response, Sapna writes Vasu's name on every inch of her bedroom wall, making her family even more angry.

Sapna goes on a college trip to [[Mangalore]], where her mother sends her cousin Chakram to spy on her. Chakram wants to marry Sapna, but she doesn't like him. Coincidentally, Vasu also comes to Mangalore due to a job assignment. He spots Sapna and follows her to her hotel room, but bumps into Chakram, who lies that he and Sapna are married. A shocked Vasu meets Sapna's college friends and asks about her, but they mistakenly say Chakram and Sapna are soon to be married.

Vasu is heartbroken and proposes to Sandhya, thinking that Sapna was unfaithful to him. Sandhya is surprised but accepts and fixes their wedding date. Later she finds in his room all the letters he wrote to Sapna, and discovers the truth. Sandhya goes to Goa and meets Sapna and learns that she is not married and is still waiting for Vasu. Seeing their true love, Sandhya sacrifices her love and decides to unite Vasu and Sapna.

She tells the truth to Vasu and cancels their wedding, urging him to go to his beloved Sapna as their one-year contract was completed. Sandhya's older brother hears that the wedding is cancelled and thinks that Vasu abandoned his sister. In a drunken, angry state, he phones his criminal friend in Goa and asks him to 'completely get rid' of Vasu.

When Vasu arrives back in Goa, and is about to meet Sapna in their favorite beach spot, Sandhya's older brother's criminal friend and a gang brutally beat up Vasu. Meanwhile, Sapna is heading to the beach to meet Vasu. The lascivious bookstore clerk tries to attack her, Sapna tries to escape him and falls from the second floor. The bookstore clerk seeing her almost dead from the fall, still violently rapes her! Sapna and Vasu meet after the clerk and the goons flee. However, Vasu is badly injured. Distraught, feeling they can't live without each other, they join hands and leap off the cliff together, a symbol of doomed love.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Vasudevan "Vasu"
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Sapna
* [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Sandhya
* [[Raza Murad]] as Danny
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Chakram
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Vasudevan's Father
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Jagannath
* [[Shubha Khote]] as Mrs. Kundanlal
* [[Asrani]] as Hari
* [[Arvind Deshpande]] as Kundanlal
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Vikas
* [[Sunil Thapa]] as Librarian
}}

== Production ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Kamal Haasan FICCI event.jpg
| image2 =
| footer = [[Kamal Haasan]] (left) and [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] were cast in the film after appearing in Balachander's previous work ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' (1978)
}}
The production team had earlier thought of titling it ''Ek Aur Itihas'', but it went on to become ''Ek Duuje Ke Liye''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://picclick.com/Filmfare-1-15-Jul-1982-Kamal-Haasan-133138860671.html#&gid=1&pid=4|title=Filmfare Jul 2017 Magazine Sridevi Shridevi Priyanka Rana Manisha Bharat Bhushan • $11.43}}</ref> Leading man [[Kamal Haasan]] and supporting heroine [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] were cast in the film after appearing in director [[K. Balachander]]'s previous Telugu film ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' (1978), which ''Ek Duuje Ke Liye'' was based on. The leading actress [[Rati Agnihotri]] was relatively unknown at the time, and did not appear in ''Maro Charitra''.

==Music==
The music was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and the lyrics were written by [[Anand Bakshi]]. It was the first Hindi film for [[Cinema of South India|South Indian]] singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]; the composers were initially against including him, feeling that the "[[Madrasi]]" would not do justice to a Hindi composition, but Balachander cited that if the lead character played by Haasan could not speak Hindi well, then even if Balasubrahmanyam blemished the song, it would "capture the character."<ref>{{Cite news |last=K |first=Bhumika |date=2014-08-10 |title='I know what I don't know' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/sp-balasubrahmanyam-talks-about-his-singing-experiences/article6298959.ece |access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> Two portions of "[[Tere Mere Beech Mein]]" were later [[Sampling (music)|sampled]] in the 2004 [[Britney Spears]] song "[[Toxic (song)|Toxic]]" as part of its [[Hook (music)|hook]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-21 |title=Does Britney Spears 'Toxic' Owe Its Catchy Melody to a Bollywood Song? |work=[[Uproxx]] |url=https://uproxx.com/music/britney-spears-toxic-samples-bollywood-song/ |access-date=2018-11-24}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
! Song !! Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| "Tere Mere Beech"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|[[Shivaranjani]]
|-
| "Mere Jeevan Saathi Pyar Kiye Jaa"
|[[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
|-
| "Hum Tum Dono Jab Mil Jayenge"
| rowspan="3" | [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
|-
| "Tere Mere Beech Mein Kaisa Hai" (Duet)
|
|-
| "Hum Bane Tum Bane Ek Duuje Ke Liye"
|
|-
| "Solah Baras Ki"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Anup Jalota]]
|[[Ahir Bhairav]]
|-
|}

== Release ==
''Ek Duuje Ke Liye'' was released on 5 June 1981. In 2015, ''Ek Duuje Ke Liye'' was screened at the Habitat Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 10th Habitat Film Festival 2015 |url=http://www.habitatfilmclub.com/pdf/HFC_Brouchre_2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322032250/http://www.habitatfilmclub.com/pdf/HFC_Brouchre_2015.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=25 October 2020 |publisher=Habitat Film Club}}</ref> It grossed over {{INRConvert|100|m}} at the box office, which made it one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films of 1981]].<ref name="hit" /><ref name="hindihit" />

''Ek Duje Ke Liye'' received acclaim from critics, who especially lauded the performances of [[Kamal Haasan]] and Madhavi, as well as the performance of newcomer Agnihotri, who achieved her breakthrough in the role. Additionally praised was the film's score, and the single "[[Tere Mere Beech Mein]]", which was sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and written by [[Anand Bakshi]], was singled out for acclaim.

=== Accolades ===
'''[[29th National Film Awards]]:'''
* [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] for "[[Tere Mere Beech Mein]]"<ref name="spb">{{Cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Lalatendu|date=25 September 2020|title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, the versatile voice that conquered Bollywood|website=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/versatile-voice-that-conquered-bollywood/article32699159.ece|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref>
'''[[29th Filmfare Awards]]:'''
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Anand Bakshi]] for "Tere Mere Beech Mein" (Won)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – [[K. Balachander]] (Won)
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] – N. R. Kitoo (Won)
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[L. V. Prasad]] (Nominated)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[K. Balachander]] (Nominated)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Kamal Haasan]] (Nominated)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Rati Agnihotri]] (Nominated)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] (Nominated)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] – [[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]] (Nominated)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] (Nominated)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Anand Bakshi]] for "Solah Baras Ki Bali Umar" (Nominated)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] for "Tere Mere Beech Mein" (Nominated)
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – [[K. Balachander]] (Nominated)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0082314|Ek Duuje Ke Liye}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|ek-duuje-ke-liye}}

{{K. Balachander}}
{{Romeo and Juliet film adaptations}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films based on Romeo and Juliet]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:1981 romance films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]

Jawani (film)

2026-03-03T23:19:53Z

MadelaineStanfie: made first page v1

{{distinguish|text=[[Jawaani]], a 1984 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jawani
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Wajahat Mirza]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =Husn Banu
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1942}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jawani''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]] released in [[Bollywood films of 1942|1942]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|publisher=Gomolo.com|access-date=12 August 2012|title=Bollywood Hindi Movie, Latest Movies Release, Review & News, Actor Actress Photo Pics & Videos Gallery|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141558/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|access-date=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0241594 |title =Jawani }}

[[Category:1942 films]]
[[Category:1942 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1942 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Priyudu

2026-03-03T21:53:06Z

MadelaineStanfie: details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Priyudu
| image = Priyudu 2011.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = Shravan
| producer = Uday Kiran
| writer = Shravan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Varun Sandesh]]
*[[Preetika Rao]]
}}
| music = Mohan Jona
| cinematography = Malhar Bhatt
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|12|3}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime =
}}
'''''Priyudu''''' ({{translation|Lover}}) is a 2011 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Shravan and starring [[Varun Sandesh]] and [[Preetika Rao]].

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Varun Sandesh]] as Karthik
*[[Preetika Rao]] as Madhu Latha
*[[Ranadhir Reddy]] as Vara Prasad
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
*[[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
*[[Vennela Kishore]]
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Karthik's father
*[[Vijay Sai]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Kuphli Baba, Hukka Baba and Pungi Baba
*[[Pragathi]]
* Surekha Vani
*[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Madhu Latha's father
*[[Shweta Basu Prasad]] (cameo appearance)
{{Colend}}

==Production==
Varun Sandhesh plays the role of a businessman's son. [[Amrita Rao]]'s sister, Preetika, is the heroine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-varunsandesh-priyudu.html|title=Varun Sandesh chitchat about Priyudu - Telugu cinema actor|website=Idlebrain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/preetikaampnbspdance-with-me/articleshow/10942578.cms|title=Preetika: Dance with me! - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[D. V. V. Danayya|Danayya]] named the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-priyudu.html|title=Priyudu music launch - Telugu cinema - Varun Sandesh and Preetika Rao|website=Idlebrain}}</ref> The film was shot in Hyderabad and a couple songs were shot in Bangkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-priyudu/20111115.htm|title=First Look: Preetika and Varun's Priyudu|work=Rediff|date=15 November 2011}}</ref> Preetika took lessons in Mumbai to learn Telugu.<ref name="R"/>

==Soundtrack==
Music by Mohan Jona.<ref name="R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-preetika/20111201.htm|title=Preetika: I am proud to be a part of Priyudu|work=Rediff|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|date=1 December 2011}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:19
| title1 = Love Lo Edo
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| length1 = 3:50
| title2 = Chaitrama
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length2 = 5:20
| title3 = Albela Albela
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Bakkodera
| extra4 = [[Priya Himesh]]
| length4 = 3:16
| title5 = Cheliya Cheliya
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 5:17
| title6 = Chinni Gunde
| extra6 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length6 = 3:16
}}

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "Priyudu is a better film for Varun Sandesh after ''Kotha Bangaru Lokam''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-priyudu.html|title=Priyudu film review - Telugu cinema Review - Varun Sandeh, Preetika Rao & Shweta Basu Prasad|website=Idlebrain}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The story gives out an outdated approach to narration and also the characters".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Priyudu-Matters-of-the-heart/article12642798.ece|title=Priyudu - Matters of the heart|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=3 December 2011|work=The Hindu}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "It just looks like a mish mash of many similar films of the past".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/priyudu/movie-review/10981803.cms|title=Priyudu Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Priyudu by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''123 Telugu'' wrote that "Priyudu is a film that has not much going for it except for some instances of humour in the first half".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-priyudu-bad-remake-of-many-good-films.html|title=Review : Priyudu – Bad remake of many good films|date=3 December 2011}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' opined that "The movie is a plain commonplace romance, nothing more than an over-dramatization of the kind of unremarkable situations that college youth get into".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/priyudu/telugu/priyudu-movie-reviews-4629-2.html|title=Priyudu review: Priyudu (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2133308}}

[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]

Avatara Purusha 2

2026-03-03T12:11:46Z

MadelaineStanfie: New

{{Short description|2024 Indian Kannada-language supernatural comedy-thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Avatara Purusha
| image = Avatara Purusha 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suni (director)|Suni]]
| writer = Suni Sheelam M Swamy Kiran Arjun
| screenplay =
| story = Suni
| producer = [[Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah]]
| starring = [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] [[Ashika Ranganath]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[William David]]
| editing = Manu Shedgar
| music = Abhinandan Kashyap
| studio = Pushkar Films
| distributor = Pushkar Films Mohan Films
| released = {{Film date|2024|04|05|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}'''''Avatara Purusha 2''''' is a 2024 [[Kannada|Indian Kannada-language]] [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[comedy thriller film]] written and directed by [[Suni (director)|Suni]] and produced by [[Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah]] under his banner Pushkar Films. It stars [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] and [[Ashika Ranganath]] in the lead roles. [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[Bhavya]], Balaji Manohar, and [[Srinagar Kitty]] feature in supporting roles. Abhinandan Kashyap composed the music while [[William David]] served as the cinematographer.

This film is the follow-up to ''[[Avatara Purusha (2022 film)|Avatara Purusha Part 1: Astadigbandanamadalakam]]'', serving as both a [[sequel]] and a [[prequel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simple Suni on Avatara Purusha - Trishankupayanam release: Aiming for December, after Sharan's Choo Mantar |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/simple-suni-on-avatara-purusha-trishankupayanam-release-aiming-for-december-after-sharans-choo-mantar/5751a2dd00285 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401075452/https://www.ottplay.com/news/simple-suni-on-avatara-purusha-trishankupayanam-release-aiming-for-december-after-sharans-choo-mantar/5751a2dd00285 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released after a long wait on 5 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Express News Service |date=2024-03-23 |title=Avatara Purusha 2 gets a new release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/23/avatara-purusha-2-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401075451/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/23/avatara-purusha-2-gets-a-new-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==

The story continues from Part 1, later revealing details of Anil's past connection with Bistha and how he decides to change his life. Full details are not revealed but the movie ends with a twist to set the story for part 3. Whether Anil is real Karna or who he really is, will the real Karna come back?

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Anil/Gampa/Karna
* [[Ashika Ranganath]] as Siri, Yashodha's daughter
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as Rama Jois
* [[Bhavya]] as Susheela, Rama Jois's wife
* Balaji Manohar as Hinnudi, Darka's aide
* [[Sudha Rani]] as Yashodha, Rama Jois's sister
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Darka
* [[Srinagar Kitty]] as Kumara
* [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] as Brahma Jois, Rama Jois's father
* [[Vijay Chendoor]] as Bhoja
* [[B. Suresha]] as Kanti Jois
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Rampa
* Manthana as Janaki, Bhoja's wife
* Patre Nagaraj as Ramshetty}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Director [[Suni (director)|Suni]] stated that he was "intrigued by the subject of [[black magic]]". He said he "took inspiration from a bunch of novels" including ''[[Tulasi Dalam]]''. He used black magic as the theme and wrote a story to be adapted into a [[web series]], but eventually decided against it as he was unsure as to how "[[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] would work with Kannada audiences".<ref name="dh2020">{{cite web |last1=Yerasala |first1=Ikyatha |date=21 February 2020 |title=Sandalwood must value its writers: Simple Suni |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sandalwood-must-value-its-writers-simple-suni-806803.html |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121030659/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sandalwood-must-value-its-writers-simple-suni-806803.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was titled after a 1988 [[Avatara Purusha (1989 film)|film of the same]] starring [[Ambareesh]], "because the makers felt the title was apt for the story". Producer [[Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah]] added that the film takes a leaf from the [[Hindu]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Suni stated that lead actor [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] would play a "junior artiste" in the film and "will be one among the crowd. He has many roles to play, and will be seen in many get ups. The different shades of him also relates to his own life. The title Avatar Purusha blends with the story." He said that "[e]xtensive research has gone into the film. ''Avatar Purusha'' will see an element of [[Trishanku]] and the slogan [[Ashwatthama|Aswathama Hatha Kunjaraha]]..., which adds a valuable point in our film".<ref name="toi1">{{cite web |date=5 February 2019 |title=Sharan's connection with 'Avatar' in 'Avatar Purusha' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/feb/05/sharans-connection-with-avatar-in-avatar-purusha-1934805.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121030700/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/feb/05/sharans-connection-with-avatar-in-avatar-purusha-1934805.html |archive-date=21 November 2021 |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Suni added that the film explored the practice of [[black magic]] in [[Karnataka]]. To study more about it, he travelled to [[Kerala]], [[Kollegal]] and [[Rajasthan]] "where they practice black magic. We got to experience the vibrations and more." He stated that the Hindu mythological King Trishanku's desire to remain [[Immortality|immortal]] and sage [[Vishwamitra]]'s creation of a ''[[loka]]'' for him, before the former backed out after learning that he has to hang upside down there, served as the base for the film because, "when Trishnanku's world became empty, there were people who wanted to find that world." Special [[Set (film and TV scenery)|sets]] to depict the ''loka'' and an animated story that shows narrating Trishnanku's tale were created.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Avatara Purusha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Abhinandan Kashyap
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio = Pushkar Films
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 03:25
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer = Abhinandan Kashyap
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music and background score of the film is composed by Abhinandan Kashyap who also composed the first installment of the series.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ivane Avatar Purusha
| length1 = 3:25
| lyrics1 = MC Bijju
| extra1 = MC Bijju, Auraa, Abhinandan Kashyap
| total_length = 3:25
}}

==Reception==
A Sharadhaa of [[The New Indian Express]] said that “Simple Suni’s sequel, Avatara Purusha 2 isn’t quite a comedy, horror, or even fantasy; it’s a journey that leaves viewers stranded in Trishanku status, unsure of where to turn.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-04-06 |title=Movie review: 'Avatara Purusha 2' leaves you stranded in the world of trishanku, wanting more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/06/movie-review-avatara-purusha-2-leaves-you-stranded-in-the-world-of-trishanku-wanting-more |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Vivek M.K of [[The Hindu]] said that “The sequel to Avatara Purusha, while anticipated due to the intriguing ending of its predecessor, unfortunately, falls short of expectations.”<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2024-04-05 |title=‘Avatara Purusha 2’ movie review: Suni’s black magic drama, starring Sharan, fails to bewitch us |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/avatara-purusha-2-movie-review-sunis-black-magic-drama-starring-sharan-fails-to-bewitch-us/article68031338.ece |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was set to be released on 22 March 2024 after a long wait due to delays in post production works, however, it was later released on 5 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharan's Avatara Purusha 2 finally gets a release date; netizens wonder if it is the right choice |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sharans-avatara-purusha-2-finally-gets-a-release-date-netizens-wonder-if-it-is-the-right-choice/4685a792e0852 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401075454/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sharans-avatara-purusha-2-finally-gets-a-release-date-netizens-wonder-if-it-is-the-right-choice/4685a792e0852 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharan's Avatara Purusha 2 release date pushed ahead again |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sharans-avatara-purusha-2-release-date-pushed-ahead-again/1d7f5c19c4981 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401075451/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sharans-avatara-purusha-2-release-date-pushed-ahead-again/1d7f5c19c4981 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt31975704}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avatara Purusha Part 2 (2024}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suni]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Jupitora Bhuyan

2026-03-02T15:43:13Z

MadelaineStanfie:

{{short description|Indian actress and politician}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jupitora Bhuyan
| image =
| caption = Bhuyan in a traditional Assamese look in 2016
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| spouse =
| years_active = 2003–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Politician}}
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2023–present)
| website =
}}

'''Jupitora Bhuyan''' is an Indian actress and politician works in the [[Cinema of Assam|Assamese films]]. She worked in a few Assamese films along with VCD films and telefilms. She is also part of Assamese mobile theatre industry debut by playing lead female roles in [[Kohinoor Theatre]]. She is especially known for playing extraordinary character with a powerful appearance.<ref>{{cite news |title=অভিনেত্ৰী জুপিতৰা ভূঞা : মঞ্চৰ পৰা পৰ্দালৈ এক উজ্জ্বল যাত্ৰা |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!entertainment/interview-actor-jupitora-bhuyan-opens-up-about-her-acting-career-journey-in-mobile-theatre-assam-news-ass25071501885 |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=15 July 2025 |lang=as }}</ref>

==Early life==
Jupitora<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magicalassam.com/2013/01/actress-jupitora-bhuyan-some-rare.htm |title=Assamese Actress Jupitora Bhuyan |access-date=13 June 2013 |publisher=magicalassam.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140111164706/http://www.magicalassam.com/2013/01/actress-jupitora-bhuyan-some-rare.htm |archive-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> was born in [[Guwahati]], the capital city of [[Assam]]. She did her schooling at [[Tarini Charan Girls School]] in Guwahati and later joined [[Handique Girls College]] to study arts.

==Acting career==
In an interview, she said that she made her acting debut through a comminsoned program in Doordarshan Guwahati at around 2003.

Bhuyan joined the [[Cinema of Assam|Assamese film industry]] in the year 2005 with Sibanan Baruah's movie ''Hiyar Dapunot Tumare Sobi'' with [[Ravi Sarma]] and [[Barsha Rani Bishaya]]. She has also acted in various VCD films like ''Unmona Mon, Jon Tora'' etc.

===Tumi Jodi Kuwa===
({{langx|as|তুমি যদি কোৱা|translit=Tumi Jodi Kuwa}}) is an [[Assamese language|Assamese]] musical, [[romantic drama film]] directed, dialogue and scriptwritten by [[Simple Gogoi]] and produced by [[Teron Jitumoni]] under the banner of [[L.N. Films]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aiyushman Dutta - Simple Gogoi's debut film to hit big screens next month |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-12-15 |work=on Sentinel Assam Newspaper |accessdate=15 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112065355/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-12-15 |archive-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cast list of the film are Prasenjit Borah, Bhuyan, Munmi Kalita, Rupam Sharma, Prince, Bhaskar Ranjan, Ranjan Dutta, Krishna. The makeup is done by Akash Gogoi, Subhash and Vijayeta. The film's story is given by Gautam Rabha. The film was released on 14 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assamese film 'Tumi Jodi Kuwa' |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-04-20 |work=on Sentinel Assam Newspaper |accessdate=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112064744/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-04-20 |archive-date=12 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ajeyo===
({{Langx|as|অজেয়}}, {{Langx|en|Invincible}}) is a 2014 [[Cinema of Assam|Assamese]] [[Assamese language|language]] drama film directed by [[Jahnu Barua]]; based on the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Assamese|winner]] 1997 Assamese novel ''Ashirbador Rong'' written by [[Arun Sharma (dramatist)|Arun Sharma]] and adapted as screenplay by the director himself. It was produced by Shankar Lal Goenka and stars Rupam Chetia and Jupitora Bhuyan in the lead roles. The film was released on 3 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-12-30 |title=Jahnu Barua's Ajeyo releases on January 3 |work=[[The Sentinel (Gauhati)|The Sentinel]] |date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=15 March 2014 |author=Deka, Prantik |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102092512/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-12-30 |archivedate=2 November 2014}}</ref>

''Ajeyo'' depicts the struggles of an honest, ideal revolutionary youth Gajen Keot who fought against the social evils in rural [[Assam]] during the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement in India]]. She played a [[Muslim]] character in the movie.

===Mobile Theater===
Bhuyan played lead female roles in [[Kohinoor Theatre]] against [[Jatin Bora]] in 2008. Later she has been part of various mobile theatre groups like Rajashree Theatre, Chiranjeeb Theatre, Rajtilak Theatre etc.

==Political career==
On 17 February 2023, Bhuyan joined the [[Trinamool Congress]] at the party headquarters in [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Popular Assamese Actress Jupitora Bhuyan Joins Assam TMC |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/guwahati-news-breaking-latest/popular-assamese-actress-jupitora-bhuyan-joins-assam-tmc |publisher=Pratidin Time |date=17 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assamese actress Jupitora Bhuyan joins TMC |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/assamese-actress-jupitora-bhuyan-joins-tmc-1463053 |publisher=The Assam Tribune |date=17 February 2023 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2003
| ''Chakrabehu''
|
|
|-
| 2005
| ''Hiyar Dapunot Tumar Sobi''
| Liza
|
|-
| 2006
| ''Joon Tora''
|
|
|-
| 2006
| ''Unmona Mon''
|
| VCD Film
|-
| 2007
| ''Uroniya Mon''
|
| VCD Film
|-
| 2011
| ''Tomar Khabar''
| Anjana
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Tumi Jodi Kuwa]]''
| Sanjana
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Ajeyo]]''
| Hasina
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Othello (2017 film)|Othello]]''
| Tina
|
|}

===Television===

*''Meghranjani''
*''Pratigya''
*''Chameli Memsaab''
*''Akaxor Thikona Bisari''
*''Sahu Buwari (episodic)''
*''Sinaki Xuhuri (episodic)''
*''Nibir Mayare''

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="75%"
! colspan="5" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Awards
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Award
! Date
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
|-
| rowspan="11" align="center"| [[Prag Cine Award]]<ref name="TAT">{{cite news |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar0414/city05 |title=Nominations for Prag Cine Award, 2013 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=4 March 2014 |accessdate=16 March 2014 |location=Guwahati |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315231108/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar0414%2Fcity05 |archivedate=15 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="AT after award">{{cite news |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar2414/city05 |title=Prag Cine Awards presented |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=24 March 2014 |accessdate=24 March 2014 |location=Guwahati |archive-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326133948/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar2414%2Fcity05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| rowspan="11" align="center"| 22 March 2014
| Best Actor Female
| Jupitora Bhuyan
| {{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6757896}}
* {{Facebook | jupitora.bhuyan | Jupitora Bhuyan }}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhuyan, Jupitora}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Guwahati]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Women in Assam politics]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran

2026-03-02T10:09:08Z

MadelaineStanfie: brief cleanup content as per guidelines further and fixed typos

{{short description|2018 Indian film directed by Abhishek Sharma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran
| image = Parmanu film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Abhishek Sharma (director)|Abhishek Sharma]]
| producer = [[John Abraham]] [[Zee Studios]] KYTA Productions
| writer = [[Saiwyn Quadras]] Abhishek Sharma Sanyuktha Chawla Shaikh
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[John Abraham]]|[[Diana Penty]]|[[Boman Irani]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sachin–Jigar]] [[Jeet Gannguli]] (1 song) '''Background Score:''' [[Sandeep Chowta]]
| cinematography = [[Aseem Mishra]] Zubin Mistry
| editing = [[Rameshwar S. Bhagat]]
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] JA Entertainment KYTA Productions
| distributor = [[Pooja Entertainment]] (India) [[Zee Studios|Zee Studios International]] (Overseas)
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2018|05|25}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}35 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3772 |title=Parmanu – The Story of Pokhran – Movie – Box Office India |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|link=no}}91.38 crore<ref name="box office">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-parmanu-story-pokhran/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Parmanu – The Story of Pokhran |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>
}}{{For|The meaning of the term|Paramanu}}
'''''Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran''''' ({{translation|'''''Atom'''''}}; {{IPA|hi|pəɾmaːɳʊ}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Period piece|historical]] [[thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/relive-indias-superpower-moment-with-parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran/articleshow/65388354.cms|title=Relive India’s superpower moment with 'Parmanu — The Story Of Pokhran' | Hindi Movie News - Times of India|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=14 August 2018|quote=Parmanu is an edge-of-the-seat historical thriller that will make every Indian proud.}}</ref> directed by [[Abhishek Sharma (director)|Abhishek Sharma]] and jointly written by [[Saiwyn Quadras]], Sanyuktha Chawla Sheikh and Sharma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran-john-abraham-set-to-surprise-again/story-rVJNeZKUiVuQSIV8VA8I9O.html |title=Parmanu-The Story of Pokhran: John Abraham set to surprise again |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 June 2017 |access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref> It was produced by [[Zee Studios]], JA Entertainment and KYTA Productions banners. The film is based on the [[Pokhran-II|nuclear bomb test explosions]] conducted by the [[Indian Army]] at [[Pokhran]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/john-abraham-parmanu-poster-pokhran-nuclear-tests-1029574-2017-08-14 |title=John Abraham unveils Parmanu poster: All you need to know about the story of Pokhran |last=Ghosh |first=Samrudhi |work=India Today |date=14 August 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/new-movies-of-2017-your-complete-list-of-all-the-major-upcoming-movies-this-year/ |title=Your complete list of all the major upcoming movies this year |date=26 July 2017 |website=GQ India}}</ref> It stars [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Diana Penty]] and [[Boman Irani]].

''Parmanu'' was earlier slated to release on 8 December 2017, but was postponed to avoid clashing with ''[[Padmaavat]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/why-john-abrahams-parmanu-is-not-releasing-in-december-1758010 |title=Why John Abraham's Parmanu Is Not Releasing in December |last=Basu |first=Nilanjana |publisher=NDTV |date=3 October 2017 |access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref> It was further delayed owing to conflicts between the producers of the film, Abraham and [[KriArj Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/reel/874848/parmanu-controversy-john-abraham-files-three-criminal-complaints-against-co-producer | title='Parmanu' controversy: John Abraham files three criminal complaints against co-producer | date=7 April 2018 }}</ref> It was eventually released on 25 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/john-abraham-and-diana-penty-parmanu-to-release-on-march-2/190628 |title=John Abraham and Diana Penty's Parmanu to release on April 6th, trailer to arrive soon |publisher=Times Now |date=19 January 2018 |access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
In 1995, Ashwat Raina, an [[IAS officer]] from the [[Research and Analysis Wing]], suggests the ministers perform a retaliatory [[nuclear test]] in response to the recent nuclear missile tests by [[China]]. However, he is ridiculed, and the PMO secretary Suresh Yadav tells him to keep the file of his plan brief. Ashwat submits the file along with a floppy containing the details, but Yadav submits a half-baked plan to the Prime Minister and ignores the floppy. The test is hastily conducted without Ashwat's involvement, who then becomes the scapegoat when an American [[Reconnaissance satellite|Lacrosse satellite]] photographs the test preparations, and the United States warns India not to continue with the tests.

Ashwat loses his job, and three years later, in 1998, when Shri [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] is sworn in as the new [[Prime Minister of India]], he is approached by the new PMO secretary Himanshu Shukla who questions the failure of the tests. Ashwat explains the most integral part of the mission was to keep it confidential, but it couldn't happen since no one viewed the floppy. Himanshu gives Ashwat a second chance to conduct the tests, for which he starts preparing a team. Selecting five members from the BARC ([[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]), DRDO ([[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]), [[Indian Army]], ISA (Indian Space Agency) and IB ([[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]), Ashwat leads the team to Pokhran for the test setup.

As the activities begin, two local spies of the [[CIA]] and [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] are alerted, and they [[Covert listening device|bug]] Ashwath's guest house to get the information on the nuclear test. Ashwat and the team manage to prepare the setup for the tests while distracting the Lacrosse satellite. When the material is arranged, Himanshu tells Ashwat to stop the tests due to the political climate. Ashwat nevertheless convinces him to greenlit the tests and distract media attention from Pokhran. This gives Ashwat and the team time as they now struggle to complete the tests within a shorter deadline.

One day, when a sandstorm exposes the setup, Ashwat and other officers rush to cover it before being spotted by the satellite. They manage to run to the bunker before being spotted, but the spies learn of the test when they view satellite-clicked photographs of Ashwat's vehicle parked oddly. They try to convince the CIA about the tests, but they don't believe them. The ISI Agent calls Ashwat's wife and tells him he's in Pokhran with a woman, after which she arrives at the guest house and mistakenly believes Ashwat to be having an affair with his teammate Ambalika. Ashwat tries to defend himself, but she leaves, following which Ambalika learns of this and believes it to be a setup.

On the day of the tests, the ISI agent breaks into the guest house to retrieve Ashwat's cell phone containing codes for the blindspot at the test site. He fights off Ashwat and runs away, taking the phone. A chase ensues, leaving Ashwat trapped in a police station when he mistakenly fires a bullet from the agent's gun. Ambalika arrives and frees him, and Himanshu proceeds to meet the Prime Minister and explain to him the plan. As Ashwat arrives at the test site, Ambalika and other officers capture the agents. Himanshu manages to get encrypted permission from the Prime Minister to proceed with the tests. The [[CIA]] now has the evidence sent by the spies, but the explosion takes place before they can take any action. The test is successfully conducted, Ashwat reconciles with his wife, and India is established as a nuclear state.

==Cast==

* [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] as [[Indian Administrative Service]] and [[Research and Analysis Wing]] officer Ashwat Raina / Krishna Joshi
* [[Diana Penty]] as [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] officer Captain Ambalika Bandyopadhyay / Nakul Singh, Krishna's colleague
* [[Boman Irani]] as Himanshu Shukla, PM secretary
* Aditya Hitkari as Dr. Viraf Wadia / Yudhishthir Parashar, Krishna's colleague
* [[Vikas Kumar]] as Major Prem Singh / Bheem Rajat, Krishna's colleague
* [[Yogendra Tikku]] as Dr. Naresh Sinha / Arjun Pathak, Krishna's colleague
* Ajay Shankar as Dr. Puru Ranganathan / Sahadeva Kumar, Krishna's colleague
* [[Anuja Sathe]] as Sushma Raina, Ashwat's wife
* [[Darshan Pandya]] as a [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Pakistani spy]]
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] as [[Prime Minister of India]]

==Production==
''Parmanu'' was officially announced on 15 April 2017 via [[Taran Adarsh]]'s Twitter handle.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-next-production-on-1998-pokhran-nuclear-test-i-search-for-stories-which-are-disruptive-yet-engaging-4614210/ |title=John Abraham's next production on 1998 Pokhran nuclear test: I search for stories which are disruptive yet engaging |work=The Indian Express |date=15 April 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> John Abraham was approached by film producers Prerna Arora and Arjun N Kapoor with the script, which was further developed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/john-abrahamparmanu-is-based-on-true-story/articleshow/59724849.cms |title=John Abraham: 'Parmanu – The Story Of Pokhran' is based on true story |work=The Times of India |date=23 July 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> ''Parmanu'' was shot in Delhi and Mumbai, with major portions being shot in [[Pokhran]], and areas of Pokhran Fort, Aada Bazaar, Gandhi Chowk Main Market and the Gomat Railway Station.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/movies-to-look-forward-to/john-abraham-launches-impressive-first-poster-of-parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran/photostory/59264370.cms |title=Movies to look forward to |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> The principal photography of the film began on 31 May 2017 and the shoot was completed in August.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/310517/john-abrahams-next-film-based-on-nuclear-test-goes-on-floors-today.html |title=John Abraham's film based on nuclear test goes on floors today |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=31 May 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran-to-release-on-december-8-see-poster-4795695/ |title=John Abraham's Parmanu The Story of Pokhran to release on December 8. See new poster |last=Kameshwari |first=A. |work=The Indian Express |date=14 August 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> About the film, Abraham said: "''Parmanu'' is an ode to the Army and scientists, who although ordinary people, truly accomplished extraordinary feats in the face of adversity to ensure that India finds its due place on the world nuclear map."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/john-abraham-wraps-parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran-shoot-heres-when-the-film-will-release-1737640 |title=John Abraham Wraps Parmanu – The Story of Pokhran Shoot. Here's When The Film Will Release |last=Misra |first=Tisya |publisher=NDTV |date=14 August 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref>

==Marketing and release==
The first look of the film was revealed by Abraham through his Twitter handle on 22 June 2017. It showed his face merged with the map of Pokhran.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/john-abraham-unveils-poster-of-his-next-parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran-on-twitter-3733145.html |title=John Abraham unveils poster of his next Parmanu – The Story of Pokhran on Twitter |publisher=Firstpost |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> The second poster of the film was released on 14 August 2017 which showed Abraham running with jeeps, bunkers in the background.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/parmanu-john-abrahams-upcoming-new-poster-unveils-his-first-look-amid-rough-terrains-of-pokhran-3928827.html |title=Parmanu: John Abraham's upcoming new poster unveils his look amid rough terrains of Pokhran |publisher=Firstpost |date=14 August 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> Two posters of the film showing John and Diana in Army uniform were released on 3 November 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/movies-to-look-forward-to/parmanu-new-posters-john-abraham-and-diana-penty-unveil-the-story-of-pokhran/photostory/60765634.cms |title=Movies to look forward to |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>

Earlier scheduled to release on 8 December 2017, the film released on 25 May 2018 across 1935 screens.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/parmanu-box-office-collections-john-abraham-starrer-inching-closer-to-rs-60-cr-2116471.html |title=Parmanu Box Office collections: John Abraham starrer inching closer to Rs 60 cr |date=14 June 2018 |work=Zee News|access-date=15 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=bh>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-parmanu-story-pokhran/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Parmanu – The Story of Pokhran – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 May 2018 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]] and [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|05|15}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/parmanu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1384846395 |title=Parmanu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| recorded = 2017–2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:49
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|6-nA4beygc8|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| type =
| prev_title = [[Simran (film)|Simran]]
| prev_year = 2017
| title = Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| type =
| prev_title = [[Total Dadagiri]]
| prev_year = 2018
| title = Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Jalebi (film)|Jalebi]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
}}
The music of the film is composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]] and [[Jeet Gannguli]] while lyrics are penned by Vayu, [[Rashmi Virag]], [[Sachin Sanghvi]] and [[Kumar Vishwas]]. The songs featured in the film are sung by [[Arijit Singh]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Yasser Desai]], [[Keerthi Sagathia]] and [[Jyotica Tangri]]. The first song of the film titled ''Shubh Din'' which is sung by Sagathia and Tangri, was released on 14 May 2018. The album was released by [[Zee Music Company]] on 15 May 2018.

Vipin Nair of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the soundtrack 2.5/5 stating that the soundtrack is a "middling start to the year" for the composer duo.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/not-quite-a-nuclear-blast/article23970629.ece |title=Not quite a nuclear blast |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=23 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 May 2018 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.musicaloud.com/2018/05/23/parmanu-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/ |title=Parmanu – Music Review (Bollywood Soundtrack) {{!}} Music Aloud|website=www.musicaloud.com|date=23 May 2018|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=22|s=49}}
| title1 = Shubh Din
| extra1 = [[Keerthi Sagathia]], [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| music1 = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| lyrics1 = Vayu
| length1 = 4:42
| title2 = Jitni Dafa
| extra2 = [[Yasser Desai]]
| music2 = [[Jeet Gannguli]]l
| lyrics2 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length2 = 3:42
| title3 = Thare Vaaste
| extra3 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| music3 = Sachin–Jigar
| lyrics3 = Vayu
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Kasumbi
| extra4 = Divya Kumar
| music4 = Sachin–Jigar
| lyrics4 = Vayu
| length4 = 4:13
| title5 = Sapna
| extra5 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| music5 = Sachin–Jigar
| lyrics5 = [[Sachin Sanghvi]]
| length5 = 2:49
| title6 = De De Jagah
| extra6 = [[Yasser Desai]]
| music6 = Sachin–Jigar
| lyrics6 = [[Kumar Vishwas]]
| length6 = 3:55
}}

==Reception==

=== Box office ===
The film has grossed over {{INRConvert|91.38|c|}} worldwide, of which {{INR}}840 million was in [[India]].<ref name="box office" />

=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=33|count=12|average=5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=26 February 2024}}
''Parmanu'' received mixed to positive reviews from film critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/parmanu-movie-review-roundup-heres-what-critics-celebs-have-say-about-john-abraham-starrer-770089 |title=Parmanu movie review roundup: Here's what critics and celebs have to say about John Abraham starrer |first=Ankita |last=Mehta |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=25 May 2018 }}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated the film 3.5/5 and predicted its financial success.<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review: Parmanu – The Story of Pokhran |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/parmanu-story-pokhran/critic-review/parmanu-story-pokhran-movie-review/ |access-date=26 May 2018 |agency=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3.5/5 and wrote "What ''Parmanu'' lacks in detail and authenticity, it makes up with emotions and a sense of national pride. The narrative isn't explosive but it does have dramatic moments to keep the viewer engaged. Thrills, suspense, drama, a little bit of humor, as well as a solid comment on India's soldiers – this movie, largely has all the tricks to please even a discerning audience."<ref>{{Citation|title=Parmanu Review {3.5/5}: Parmanu: The Story Of Pokhran is an entertaining recreation of India's race to become a nuclear power|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran/movie-review/64310837.cms|access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref> Rohit Vats from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote "Actually, the best moments of Parmanu arrive towards the end, just when they are needed. A film that was slowly progressing towards a definite end in the first half starts to gather steam 20 minutes into the second half."<ref>{{cite news |title=Parmanu The Story of Pokhran movie review: The climax of John Abraham's film keeps you hooked |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran-movie-review-john-abraham-s-film-climaxes-at-the-right-time/story-eK4JaGlmslX44itC3ERw2N.html |access-date=26 May 2018 |agency=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The film was criticized by some reviewers. Shrishti Negi of [[News18 India|News18]] criticized over-dramatization and twisting of facts, rating it 2/5. The opening sequence was also criticised, being called "too shaky".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/parmanu-the-story-of-pokhran-movie-review-john-abraham-starrer-is-too-bollywood-to-be-a-true-events-story-1759287.html |title=Parmanu Movie Review: John Abraham Starrer is Too Bollywood to be a |work=News18|access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref> Kennith Rosario of ''[[The Hindu]]'' felt the film was "simplistic" and had "all the ingredients to be a propaganda film".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/parmanu-review-billowing-plume-of-jingoistic-smoke/article23992975.ece |title=Parmanu review: Billowing plume of jingoistic smoke |last=Rosario |first=Kennith |date=25 May 2018 |work=The Hindu|access-date=26 May 2018 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' criticised the film for its lack of details and use of historical facts, calling it "all surface, no depth", and gave it 1.5 stars.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/parmanu-review-john-abraham-diana-penty-5190371/ |title=Parmanu movie review: The John Abraham starrer is all surface, no depth |date=25 May 2018 |work=The Indian Express|access-date=26 May 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' also gave it 1.5 stars out of 5 in its review by Arnab Banerjee, saying that the seriousness of the film didn't come across as it looked like a "picnic with a little bit of work thrown in here and there".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/260518/parmanu-movie-review-unintentionally-funny-while-distorting-facts.html |title=Parmanu movie review: Unintentionally funny while distorting facts |date=26 May 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=26 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/parmanu_the_story_of_pokhran}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|parmanu-story-pokhran}}

{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:Cultural depictions of Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2010s historical drama films]]
[[Category:2010s historical thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sachin–Jigar]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films set in 1998]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Thriller films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mussoorie]]
[[Category:Films about the military]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films about nuclear technology]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films directed by Abhishek Sharma]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear weapons testing]]
[[Category:Drama films based on actual events]]

The Waiting Room (2010 film)

2026-03-02T09:57:16Z

MadelaineStanfie: minor improved article for accuracy and updated info for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Waiting Room
| image = The Waiting Room 2010 poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = Maneej Premnath
| producer = Sunil Doshi
| writer = Maneej Premnath
| starring = [[Raj Singh Chaudhary]] [[Radhika Apte]] [[Sandeep Kulkarni]] [[Prateeksha Lonkar]] [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] [[Sona Nair]] Gopal Singh
| music = [[Luvv]]
| cinematography = [[Dilshad. V. A.]]
| editing = Baiju Kurup
| studio =
| distributor = [[PVR Cinemas]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|1|15}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''The Waiting Room''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Maneej Premnath<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why The Lakshadweep Administrator's Policies Are Sparking Anger Amongst Locals|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/ivideos/why-the-lakshadweep-administrators-policies-are-sparking-anger-amongst-locals-3786809.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=News18|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213148/https://www.news18.com/videos/ivideos/why-the-lakshadweep-administrators-policies-are-sparking-anger-amongst-locals-3786809.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and produced by Sunil Doshi, starring [[Raj Singh Chaudhary]], [[Radhika Apte]], [[Sandeep Kulkarni]], [[Prateeksha Lonkar]], and [[Indrajith Sukumaran]].<ref>{{cite news|last1= Sreejith|first1=N.|title=ഇന്ദ്രജിത്തിന്റെ ആദ്യ ഹിന്ദി ചിത്രം ഇന്ന് തിയേറ്ററിൽ|trans-title=Indrajith's first Hindi movie in theaters today|language=ml|url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/welcome/printpage/77689/|access-date=2 February 2017|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=15 January 2010|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203075546/http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/welcome/printpage/77689/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=മനീജ് പ്രേംനാഥിന്റെ ആദ്യ ബോളിവുഡ് ചിത്രം ജനുവരിയിൽ|trans-title=Maneej Premnath's first Bollywood film in January|language=ml|url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/hindi/73930/|access-date=2 February 2017|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=27 December 2009|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080301/http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/hindi/73930/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==

The story of ''The Waiting Room'' takes place in [[Thenmala]], a remote South Indian railway station, where four passengers are left stranded on a rainy night. Reports of a serial killer in the area led a group of distrusting passengers to make assessments of each other with suspicions that one of them might be a serial killer, creating fear among them. The dreaded night for the passengers ends with a short investigation leading to the identification of the killer, which forms the crux of the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Waiting Room - Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/The-Waiting-Room/movie-review/5449710.cms|publisher=timesofindia|date=15 January 2010|access-date=15 December 2014|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222060358/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/The-Waiting-Room/movie-review/5449710.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Waiting Room-Movie Review|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/jan/160110-The-Waiting-Room-Movie-Review.htm|publisher=mid-day|date=15 January 2010|access-date=15 December 2014|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022214749/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/jan/160110-The-Waiting-Room-Movie-Review.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Raj Singh Chaudhary]] as Karan
*[[Radhika Apte]] as Neeta
*[[Sandeep Kulkarni]]
*[[Prateeksha Lonkar]]
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Investigation Officer
*[[Sona Nair]] as Tody shop lady
*Gopal Singh
*[[Shelly (actress)|Shelly Kishore]]
*[[Ganapathi S Poduval|Master Ganapathi]] as Tea stall boy
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1948640|The Waiting Room }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waiting Room}}
[[Category:2010 thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Bishnupur Municipality

2026-02-28T10:39:16Z

MadelaineStanfie: Stub!

{{Short description|Civic body}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Bishnupur Municipality
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic = File:Bishnupur_Municipality_Logo.png
| coa_res = 200px
| coa_alt = Logo of Bishnupur Municipality
| coa_caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of Bishnupur Municipality
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipality]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1873}}
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1 = Goutam Goswami
| party1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| leader2_type = Vice Chairman
| leader2 = Mahabir Agarwala
| party2 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| seats = 19<ref name="election">{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/west-bengal-municipality-elections/ |title=West Bengal Municipality Election Results 2022 |access-date= 29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816130414/https://www.oneindia.com/west-bengal-municipality-elections/ |archive-date=16 August 2022 |website=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>
| structure1 = India Bishnupur (Bankura), West Bengal Municipality 2022.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (13)'''
*{{color box|#20C646}} [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (13)
'''Opposition (3)'''
*{{color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2)
*{{color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)
'''Others (3)'''
*{{color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| last_election1 = 2022
| next_election1 = 2027
| motto =
| website = {{URL|https://bishnupurmunicipality.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bishnupur Municipality''' is the civic body that governs [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] and its surrounding areas in [[Bishnupur subdivision]] of [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==
Bishnupur Municipality, established in 1873, is one of the oldest municipalities in West Bengal. It was created to manage the civic needs of Bishnupur town, which had become an important cultural and historical center due to its legacy under the Malla dynasty.<ref>{{cite news|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=রাজদীপ
|title=পরিকাঠামোয় পিছিয়ে একদা মল্ল-রাজধানী |trans-title=Once the Malla-capital lags behind in infrastructure |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/purulia-birbhum-bankura/bishnupur-is-lagging-behind-infrastructural-developments/cid/1462668 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829064419/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/purulia-birbhum-bankura/bishnupur-is-lagging-behind-infrastructural-developments/cid/1462668 |archive-date=29 August 2024 |location=[[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Falguni |date=2 August 2020
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/malla-family-heir-shoots-self-at-bishnupur-rajbari/articleshow/77309764.cms|title=Malla family heir shoots self at Bishnupur Rajbari
|access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829064512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/malla-family-heir-shoots-self-at-bishnupur-rajbari/articleshow/77309764.cms |archive-date=29 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The municipality was set up during the British colonial period, a time when urban governance was being introduced in various parts of India to ensure better management of sanitation, public health, and infrastructure in growing towns.

In 2023, Bishnupur Municipality celebrated its 150th anniversary, marking a significant milestone in its history.<ref>{{cite news |last=দে | first=অরিজিৎ |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/others/bankura-bishnupur-municipality-area-facing-problem-on-dumping-ground-and-waste-management/articleshow/102717588.cms |title=Bishnupur Bankura : জঞ্জালের স্তূপে ডুবে মন্দিরের শহর! TMC পরিচালিত পুরসভার বিরুদ্ধে ক্ষোভে 'অস্থির' স্থানীয়রা |trans-title=Bishnupur Bankura: City of temples sunk in piles of garbage! Locals 'unsettled' in anger against TMC-run municipality |quote=বিষ্ণুপুর পুরসভা ইতিমধ্যেই ১৫০ বছর অতিক্রম করেছে। |trans-quote=Bishnupur Bankura: City of temples sunk in piles of garbage! Locals 'unsettled' in anger against TMC-run municipality |date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829035358/https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/others/bankura-bishnupur-municipality-area-facing-problem-on-dumping-ground-and-waste-management/articleshow/102717588.cms |archive-date=29 August 2024 |website=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra|Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bishnupurmunicipality.com/notice/programme-schedule-for-celebration-of-150-years-of-bishnupur-municipality/ |title=Programme Schedule for Celebration of 150 years of Bishnupur Municipality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829071935/https://bishnupurmunicipality.com/notice/programme-schedule-for-celebration-of-150-years-of-bishnupur-municipality/ |archive-date=29 August 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bishnupur Municipality covers an area of 14.64 km2 and has a total population of 67783 (2011).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://sudawb.org/uploads/digitaldoc/PMAY/DPR/BISHNUPUR%202018-2019/CP_01.pdf | title = PMAY, HFA for Bishnupur Municipality for 2018-19 |publisher = State Urban Development Agency - West Bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829071135/https://sudawb.org/uploads/digitaldoc/PMAY/DPR/BISHNUPUR%202018-2019/CP_01.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2024 |accessdate = 29 August 2024}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Healthcare facilities in Bishnupur municipality<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Directory_Medical_Inst.pdf | title = DIRECTORY OF MEDICAL INSTITUTIONSWEST BENGAL(as on 31.03.2018) | publisher = [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)]] | accessdate = 29 August 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
! Hospital / PHC / Private Hospital
! Seat Capacity
|-
| Bishnupur District Hospital
| 300
|-
| Bishnupur Super Speciality Hospital
| 100
|-
| Ajodhya PHC
| 6
|-
| Bhora PHC
| 10
|-
| Kankila PHC
| 6
|-
| Bishnupur Nursing Home & Diagnostic
| 35
|-
| Lakeview Nursing Home
| 15
|-
| Lifeline Nursing Home
| 20
|}

==Elections==
In the 2022 municipal elections for Bishnupur Municipality [[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]] won 13 seats, [[Independent politician|Independent candidates]] won 3 seats, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won 2 seats, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] 1 seat and Independents 2 seats.<ref name="election" />

== List of councillors==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:120px" | Ward
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1
| Sunil Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 2
| Dayal Patra
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 3
| Ipsita Bose
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 4
| Srikanta Banerjee
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|color=#00BFFF}}
|-
| 5
| Ajay Kshetrapal
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 6
| Shankhajit Ray
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|color=#F4C430}}
|-
| 7
| Rita Bandyopadhyay
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 8
| Sanjay Mukherjee
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|color=#DCDCDC}}
|-
| 9
| Mahabir Agarwala
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 10
| Shukla Chatterjee
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|color=#F4C430}}
|-
| 11
| Debjit Kundu
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|color=#DCDCDC}}
|-
| 12
| Hiralal Dutta
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|color=#DCDCDC}}
|-
| 13
| Vacant
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|color=#DCDCDC}}
|-
| 14
| Priyanka Karnga
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 15
| Siddhartha Nag
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 16
| Tumpa Das Mahanta Saha
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 17
| Goutam Goswami
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 18
| Sujata Ganguli
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|-
| 19
| Atanu Mondal
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|color=#3CB371}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Bankura District}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Municipalities of West Bengal]]
{{improve categories|date=August 2024}}

Virchand Gandhi

2026-02-12T21:35:27Z

MadelaineStanfie: minor edit

{{short description|Jain scholar who represented Jainism at the first World Parliament of Religions in 1893}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Virachand Raghavji Gandhi
| image = Virachand Gandhi.png
| alt = Virchand Gandhi
| caption = Virchand Gandhi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1864|8|25}}
| birth_place = [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuva]], Gujarat
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1901|8|7|1864|8|25}}
| death_place = Mahuwar, near [[Mumbai]], India
| education = B.A.(Law)
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]]
| occupation = Lawyer, scholar on Jainism
| known_for = Representing Jainism at the first [[World Parliament of Religions]], Chicago 1893
| children = 1
| parents = Raghav Tejpal Gandhi
| signature = Virchand Gandhi Sign.svg
| signature_alt = Virchand Gandhi Signature
}}
'''Virachand Raghavji Gandhi'''{{Efn|In this [[Indian name]], ''Raghavji'' is a [[patronymic]] and the [[Surname|family name]] is ''[[Gandhi (surname)|Gandhi]]''.}} (25 August 1864 – 7 August 1901)<ref name=OpenCourt>{{cite book|last=Howard|first=Mrs. Charles|title=The Open Court, Vol. 16, Nr. 4 "The Death of Mr. Virchand R. Gandhi"|date=April 1902|publisher=The Open Court Publishing Company|location=Chicago|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-IeAQAAIAAJ&q=gandh&pg=PA51}}</ref> was a Jain scholar who represented [[Jainism]] at the first [[World Parliament of Religions]] in 1893.<ref name=it>{{cite web|last=Tribune|first=India|title=Virchand Gandhi – a Gandhi before Gandhi An unsung Gandhi who set course for his namesake|url=http://www.indiatribune.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9374:virchand-gandhi--a-gandhi-before-gandhi-an-unsung-gandhi-who-set-course-for-his-namesake-&catid=25:community&Itemid=457|publisher=India Tribune|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> A barrister by profession, he worked to defend the rights of Jains, and wrote and lectured extensively on Jainism, other religions, and philosophy.

==Background and early accomplishments==
[[File:Virchand Gandhi poster.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Poster announcing lecture by Virachand Gandhi]]
Gandhi was born on 25 August 1864<ref name="JAINA">{{cite web|title=Virchand Raghavji Gandhi: A Jain Hero|url=http://www.jaina.org/|website=JAINA: Federation of Jain Associations in North America|publisher=JAINA|access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref> in [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuva]] near [[Bhavnagar]] (now in Gujarat, India),<ref name="Shah2004" /> to Mahuva Nagar Sheth<ref name="HereNow4U"/> and Raghavji Tejpalji Gandhi. His father, Raghavji, was a businessman.<ref name=it/><ref name="Virachand Gandhi">{{Cite web |url=http://virchandgandhi.blog.com/ |title=Virachand Gandhi |access-date=18 December 2007 |archive-date=16 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916072612/http://virchandgandhi.blog.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> After completing primary and secondary school in Mahuva, Gandhi was sent to [[Bhavnagar]] for further studies.<ref name="Jainsamaj">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Raksha |title=The Valiant Jain Patriot-Virchand Raghavji Gandhi |url=http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=536&cat=42 |website=Jainsamaj |publisher=Ahimsa Foundation |access-date=21 May 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611204308/http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=536&cat=42 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1879, Gandhi married Jiviben.<ref name="SAT">{{cite web|title=Barrister Virchand Raghavji Gandhi (VRG) Timeline biography|url=http://www.thesouthasiantimes.info/index.php?param=news/4813/New%20York/112|website=The South Asian Times|publisher=The South Asian Times, LLC.|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="HereNow4U">{{cite web|title=Glimpse of Virchand Gandhi Stamp Release and 'A tribute to 19th century Indian Legend' Book by JAINA.VRG|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=74585|website=HereNow4U|access-date=30 May 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701024821/http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=74585|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the age of sixteen, upon placing first on the Bhavanagar matriculation examination, he was awarded the ‘Shri Jaswant Singhji’ scholarship.<ref name="Jainsamaj"/> Gandhi continued his education at [[Elphinstone College]], of the [[University of Bombay]].<ref name=it/><ref name="Shah2004" /><ref name=Desai>{{cite book|editor-last=Desai|editor-first=Mohanlal Dalichand|title="Virchand R. Gandhi in America", in Jainacharya Shri Atmanand Janma Shatabdi Smarak Grantha (Jainacharya Shri Atmanand Centenary Commemoration Volume)|year=1936|location=Bombay|pages=4–9|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=75997|archive-date=7 August 2020|access-date=4 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807092124/http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=75997|url-status=dead}}</ref> He graduated with honors in 1884, having earned a bachelor's degree in law.<ref name=it/><ref name="JAINA"/><ref name="Shah2004" /><ref name="Desai"/> Gandhi was a polyglot who spoke fourteen languages, including Gujarati, Hindi, Bengali, English, Prakrit, Sanskrit, and French.<ref name="JAINA"/> Gandhi was a friend of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and joined Mahatma in his "experiments in dietetics" ([[vegetarianism]]). Virchand helped Mahatma in the latter's struggle to establish a legal practice.<ref name="Story">{{cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=Mahatma|title=The Story of My Experiments with Truth|date=1927|publisher=Jitendra T. Desai|location=India|isbn=0-8070-5909-9|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand|access-date=21 May 2016|chapter=28 "The First Case"|url-access=registration}}</ref>

In 1885, at the age of 21, he became the first honorary secretary of the Jain Association of India.<ref name=Desai /> During his term, he fought against a tax being levied by the ruler of [[Palitana State|Princely State of Palitana]] on pilgrims visiting [[Mount Shatrunjaya]], [[Palitana]].<ref name="Shah2004" /> During the course of this fight Gandhi met [[Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay|Lord Reay]], the British colonial governor of [[Bombay]], and Colonel John Watson of the [[Kathiawar Agency]]. With the help of these two individuals, he ultimately negotiated an annual fixed payment of Rs. 15000, rather than an individual tax on each pilgrim.<ref name="Virachand Gandhi"/> Gandhi also fought to close a pig slaughterhouse that had been started in 1891 close to Mount [[Shikharji]], a holy place of Jain pilgrimage. Gandhi spent six months in [[Calcutta]] learning [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and preparing his case against the slaughterhouse. He was eventually successful in getting the slaughterhouse closed.<ref name="Shah2004" />

[[File:Swami Vivekananda at Parliament of Religions.jpg|thumb|right|200px|At the World Parliament of Religions. From left to right: Virchand Gandhi, [[Anagarika Dharmapala|Hewivitarne Dharmapala]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], and (possibly) [[Amy Gaston Bonet-Maury|G. Bonet Maury]]]]

==Trip to the World Parliament of Religions==
{{See also|Jainism in America}}
Gandhi represented [[Jainism]] at the first [[World Parliament of Religions]], held in Chicago in 1893.<ref name="Shah2004" /> [[Śvetāmbara]]
[[Jain]] Acharya [[Vijayanandsuri]], also known as Acharya Atmaramji, had initially been invited to represent [[Jainism]] at the Parliament, but as Jain monks do not travel overseas, he could not attend. Atmaram recommended Gandhi to go in his stead and serve as the emissary for the religion. Atmaram and his disciple [[Vallabhsuri]] trained Gandhi for six months.<ref name="Shah2004" /><ref name="Virachand Gandhi"/>

[[File:Virchand Gandhi US.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Poster calling Gandhi 'a most eloquent scholar and linguist']]
Gandhi received a positive response at the Parliament<ref name="Shah2004" /><ref name="Virachand Gandhi"/> and was asked to deliver more lectures. He ultimately stayed two years in the US and one year in the UK<ref name="Shah2004" /> He went outside India to promote Jain values on two other occasions,<ref name="Shah2004" /> and is known for giving about 535 lectures on Jainism and having attracted followers from outside India to Jainism.<ref name="Shah2004" /> He was awarded various medals for his lectures.<ref name="Shah2004" />

He was a contemporary to [[Swami Vivekanand]], who deeply admired him. He faced criticism over his sea voyage, which was at the time considered unholy. Vivekanand, impressed with Gandhi's adherence to [[vegetarianism]] in the face of the cold Chicago climate, came to his defence: in an 1894 letter to [[Haridas Viharidas Desai]], Diwan of Junagadh, he wrote "Now here is Virchand Gandhi, the Jain whom you knew well in Bombay. This man never takes anything but mere vegetables even in this terribly cold climate and tooth and nail tries to defend his countrymen and the religion. The people of this country like him very well. But what are they doing who sent him over? They are trying to outcast him."

Herbert Warren, who studied Jainism under Gandhi and adopted the Jain religion, published a book on Gandhi's lectures titled ''Herbert Warren's Jainism''.

The American newspaper, the ''Buffalo Courier'', wrote regarding Gandhi, "of all Eastern scholars, it was this youth whose lectures on Jain Faith and Conduct was listened to with the greatest interest and attention". Later, in Kasadova, he delivered a lecture on 'Some Mistakes Corrected' on 8 August 1894, which prompted the citizens of the city to award him a gold medal.<ref>{{cite web|title=JAINA, VRG Scholarship Brochure|url=http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.jaina.org/resource/resmgr/VRG_Documents/VRG_Scholarship_Brochure_10J.pdf|publisher=JAINA, VRG Committee}}</ref>

Gandhi had studied [[Buddhism]], [[Vedanta]] Philosophy, Christianity, and western philosophy. He praised [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Emperor Akbar]] for his equal treatment of all religions.

[[File:V.A.Gandhi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|From Left to Right – Narasima Charya, Lakshmi Narain, Swami Vivekananda, Hewivitarne Dharmapala, Virachand Raghav Gandhi]]

Gandhi propagated the relevance of Jain tenets and [[Mahavira]]'s message of [[nonviolence]]. He delivered about 535 speeches on Jainism, other religions, and social and cultural lives in India, all of which received wide publication. He was invited two more times, first in 1897, and then in 1899 to the West.<ref name=it/>

==Later life and death==
[[File:Virchand Gandhi teaching Jainism to lady in US 1893.jpg|thumb|Virchand Gandhi teaching Jainism to a lady in US, 1893]]
{{Jainism}}
Gandhi founded Gandhi Philosophical Society and the Society for the Education of Women in India (SEWI). He participated in Pune session of [[Indian National Congress]] in 1895 as a representative of [[Bombay state]],<ref name=it/><ref name="Shah2004" /> and lectured on Indian politics and industry in Large Hall of William Science building on 19 December 1898. He also participated at the International Conference of Commerce in 1899 and represented Asia.<ref name="Shah2004" /> He settled tax disputes of [[Palitana]] and [[Shikharji]] piggery case.<ref name=it/>

Gandhi died at the age of thirty-six<ref name="Shah2004" /> of haemorrhaging of the lungs on 7 August 1901 at Mahuwar, near Mumbai, India.

==Works==
* ''The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ: translation from French to English''. It was a manuscript found in [[Tibet]].<ref name=vry>{{cite book |title=The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |author=Gandhi, Virchand R. |year=2003 |page=138 |isbn=0766138984 }}</ref>
* ''The Life of Saint Iss''<ref name=vgx>{{cite book | title=The Life of Saint Iss|publisher=Kessinger Publishing |author=Gandhi, Virchand R. |year=2010 |page=138 |isbn=1161579117 }}</ref>
* ''Religion and philosophy of the Jainas''<ref name=vrgjp>{{cite book |title=Religion and philosophy of the Jainas |publisher=Jain International |author=Gandhi, Virchand |year=1993 |editor=Nagīna Jī Śāha}}</ref>

===Collection===
* ''Speeches and Writings of Virchand R. Gandhi'', collected and edited by Bhagu F. Karbhari

==Recognition==
[[File:Virchand Raghavji Gandhi.jpg|thumb|Postal Stamp by India post on 8 November 2009]]
* Gandhi was accorded both a welcome and honour by many literary and spiritual institutions, churches and societies. He was presented with medals.<ref name=it/>
* A museum was constructed and dedicated to Gandhi in 1964.<ref name=it/>
* In the 1990s, statues of Gandhi were erected in Chicago and [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuva]].<ref name=it/>
*He was remembered on 1993 Parliament of World religions.<ref name="Shah2004" />
* A drama based on his life, ''Gandhi Before Gandhi'', was performed 200 times throughout the world.<ref name=it/>
* On 8 November 2009, the Indian Postal Department honoured him by issuing a postal stamp with his image.<ref name=it/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jain, Manik|year=2018| title= Phila India Guide Book| publisher= Philatelia| pages=219}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx|title=Postage Stamps:: Postage Stamps, Stamp issue calendar 2014, Paper postage, Commemorative and definitive stamps, Service Postage Stamps, Philately Offices, Philatelic Bureaux and counters, Mint stamps|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210123/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* On 25 August 2013, his Saardh Janma Shatabdi Year celebrations commenced at Vallabh Vihar, Rohini Delhi under the aegis of Akhil Bhartiya Shree Atma Vallabh Jain Mahasangh, organised by Shree Atmanand Jain Sabha, Rohini, Delhi.
* On 17 August 2014, the concluding function was held at Thane in the august presence of Gachhadhipati Jainacharya Shree Vikay Nityanand Surishwer Ji. The programme was held under the banner of Shree Atma VAllabh Jain Mahasangh with Mr. Ashok Jain as the Programme Convenor who also made an elaborate presentation on the life and achievements of Shree Virchand Raghav Gandhi.
* As a befitting finale to the yearlong celebrations, One day programme was organised by Akhil Bhartiya Shree Atma Vallabh Jain Mahasangh, Vallabh Smarak Jain Mandir Tirth & Akhil Bhartiya Shree Jain Shwetamber Yuvak Mahasangh at Balyogi Auditorium in the Sansad Bhawan. Sh Ravisahnkar Prasead, Union Minister of Law & Justice, Information and Broadcasting & Information Technology presided the deliberations attended by 15 Members of Parliament and leading Jains from all over Indie. Gandhi Before Gandhi - a play on the life and ideals of Shri Virchand Raghav Gandhi was presented by Rangat Productions, Mumbai. Keynote presentation was made by Sh Ashok Jain, Programme Convenor and Hony Secretary of Vallabh Smarak Jain Mandir Tirth, Delhi.

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==See also==
* [[Champat Rai Jain]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Shah2004">{{citation|last=Shah|first=Natubhai|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC&pg=PA55|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1938-2|pages=55–56}}</ref>
</references>

==Further reading==
*{{citation | title=The Systems of Indian Philosophy:Speeches and Writings of Virchand R. Gandhi | publisher=Shri Mahavir Jain Vidyalaya Bombay | author=Gandhi, Virchand R. | year=1970 | location=Mumbai | editor=Dr. K. K. Dixit}}
*{{citation | title=Savirya-Dhyan | publisher=The Jain Association of India | author=Shubhachandradevsuri | year=1989 | location=Bombay | others=Gandhi, Virchand R. (trans.), Anandnandan Lalan (commentary)|editor=Pannalal R. Shah | language=gu}}
*{{citation | title=Gandhi Before Gandhi | author=Dr. Bipin Doshi & Preeti Shah | year=2009}}
* ''Selected speeches of V. R. Gandhi'', 1964 English
:Selected speeches taken from books 1, 2, and 3. Publisher – Vallabh Smarak Nidhi, Bombay

* ''A tribute to 19th Century Indian Legend: Shri Virchandji Raghavji Gandhi'', 2009, English
:Edited By Gunvant Barvalia, Mahesh Gandhi, Pankaz Chandmal Hingarh (Published by Pravin C Shah Chair & Prakash Mody – Federation of Jain Association of North America, VRG Committee)

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.thesouthasiantimes.info/news-The_Forgotten_Gandhi-4883-New%20York-112.html Virchand Gandhi article in USA's Newspaper ''The South Asian Times'']

{{Modern Jain writers|state=expanded}}
{{Jainism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Virachand}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:Scholars of Jainism]]
[[Category:Indian Jain religious leaders]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

Seminar (magazine)

2026-02-11T06:06:52Z

MadelaineStanfie: starting some article added tags.

{{Infobox magazine
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'''''Seminar''''' was an Indian magazine founded in 1959.<ref name=Sternadori2020>{{cite book |last1=Sternadori |first1=Miglena |last2=Holmes |first2=Tim |title=The Handbook of Magazine Studies |date=2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-15156-2 |page=524 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZPTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA524 |language=en}}</ref> Established by [[Romesh Thapar]] and Raj Thapar, it was published monthly.<ref name=Banerjee2010>{{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=Sumanta |title=Seminar: 50 Years of Exploring Indian Perspectives |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2010 |volume=45 |issue=24 |pages=37–39 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40738491 |issn=0012-9976|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Sethi1991>{{cite journal |last1=Sethi |first1=Harsh |title=Towards an Anthropology of Power |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1991 |volume=26 |issue=19 |pages=1216–1218 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41498318 |issn=0012-9976|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It was last issued in 2023.<ref name=George2022>{{cite book |last1=George |first1=T. J. S. |title=The Dismantling of India: In 35 Portraits |date=2022 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-93-92099-16-8 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Stx8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nostalgia - An anniversary year for two extraordinary journals |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/nostalgia-an-anniversary-year-for-two-extraordinary-journals/cid/587461 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref><ref name=Ginsburg>{{cite book |last1=Ginsburg |first1=Seymour B. |title=Masters Speak: An American Businessman Encounters Ashish and Gurdjieff |date=2014 |publisher=Quest Books |isbn=978-0-8356-3111-2 |page=35 |url=https://www.google.es/books/edition/Masters_Speak/rVtbBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Romesh+Thapar+seminar&pg=PA35&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nandi |first1=Jayashree |title=Man who moved mountains for tigers dies at 73 |url=https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=16d2842bac&imageview=0 |website=www.epaper.hindustantimes.com |access-date=16 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{India-book-stub}}

[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in India]]

St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam

2026-01-30T16:09:14Z

MadelaineStanfie: updated references as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Syr-Malabar Catholic basilica in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica സെന്റ് മേരീസ് കത്തീഡ്രൽ ബസിലിക്ക
| fullname = St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam
| image = St Mary's Syro Malabar Basilica.jpg
| caption = St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Cathedral Basilica
| pushpin map = India Kerala
| coordinates = {{Coord|9.983|76.275|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| osgridref =
| location = {{Flagicon|India}}, [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
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The '''St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Cathedral Basilica''' is a [[cathedral]] in [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ&q=St.+Mary's+Cathedral+Basilica,+Ernakulam|title=Stark World Kerala|last=Varghese|first=Theresa|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Stark World Pub.|isbn=9788190250511|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNQlAQAAIAAJ&q=St.+Mary's+Cathedral+Basilica,+Ernakulam|title=The Catholic Directory of India|date=2005-01-01|publisher=St. Paul Publications.|language=en}}</ref> It was founded in 1112, and is also known by the names '''Nasrani Palli''', '''Anchikaimal Palli''' or '''Thekke Palli'''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deepika.com|title=Ernakulam St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica 9th Centenary|date=29 December 2012|publisher=Deepika|language=ml}}</ref> The church is the headquarters of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly]], which is the [[Episcopal See|Primatal See]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]]. Currently it’s closed down and under police protection due to dispute between the rebels in the Ernakulam-Angamaly diocese and the Syro-Malabar Hierarchy.

==History==
The present church building was constructed in the early twentieth century under the direction of [[Mar Aloysius Pazheparambil]] and was elevated to the status of a Basilica by [[Pope Paul VI]] on 20 March 1974.<ref>[http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/historicalplaces.htm Archdiocese of Ernakulam Angamaly - Historical Places] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207130218/http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/historicalplaces.htm |date=7 December 2006 }}</ref>

The large, tall and spacious cathedral has an altar that was used by [[pope John Paul II]], when he visited India during 7 February 1986. The altar depicts the birth, the crucifixion and the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The two 68-foot tall towers in the front have statues of St Peter and St Paul on top, and the bell tower (88 feet high) has St. Thomas statue on top. There is also a depiction of Jesus's apparition to St Thomas.<ref>[http://www.come2india.org/st-marys-basilica.html St. Mary's Cathedral, Ernakulam]</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Dispute over Uniform Mode of Celebrating Mass ===
The St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Ernakulam controversy reflects a deep-rooted conflict over liturgical practices, highlighting the Syro-Malabar Church's struggle between tradition and uniformity. It centers around a dispute over the implementation of a uniform mode of celebrating Holy Mass in the Arch-Diocese of Ernakulam Angamaly ''(The only Arch Diocese among a total of 5 Arch Diocese's that had so far refused to implement this directive)'', as decreed by the Synod of the Syro-Malabar Church and approved by the Holy See for implementation by Easter 2022. Adding to the origins of the dispute at St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Ernakulam, Archbishop Mar Antony Kariyil's tenure and resignation<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Bishop Antony Kariyil resigns amid brewing controversies in Syro Malabar Church |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/bishop-antony-kariyil-resigns-amid-brewing-controversies-in-syro-malabar-church-1.7729642 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> further exemplify the complexity of the issue. Appointed against the backdrop of a revolt and favored locally over the Vatican's choice of Archbishop Mar George Alencherry ''(Major Archbishop Mar George Alencherry faced criticism for his role in controversial land transactions''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-07 |title=Church land deal: Synod stands by Cardinal Alencherry |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/church-land-deal-synod-stands-by-cardinal-alencherry/articleshow/63197516.cms |access-date=2023-12-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Govt gives clean chit to Cardinal Alencherry in land deal |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/07/13/govt-clean-chit-alencherry.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Land scam case: SC refuses to quash criminal cases against Cardinal George Alencherry |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/03/17/cardinal-george-alencherry-land-scam-supreme-court.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>'', which reportedly led to significant financial losses for the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese. He resigned on 7th December 2023''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Cardinal George Alencherry, who faced land scam charges, quits as head of Kerala-based Syro-Malabar Church |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cardinal-george-alencherry-quits-as-head-of-kerala-based-syro-malabar-church-9058618/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>''),'' his leadership and subsequent resignation on 26 July 2022<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Unified Mass: Kerala Archbishop opens up after being demoted for resisting church higher-ups |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/08/04/archbishop-mar-antony-kariyil-open-letter-unified-mass-controversy.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> under Vatican pressure reflect the ongoing struggle between traditional autonomy and centralized ecclesiastical directives within the church.

The Basilica witnessed the dispute take a violent turn<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tension over unified mass at St Mary’s Basilica in Kochi, Archbishop stopped from entering church |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/11/27/st-marys-basilica-tension-unifief-mass-archbishop.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Three-member commission to investigate the brawl at St Mary's Basilica Ernakulam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/12/28/three-member-commission-investigate-chaotic-scenes-st-mary-basilica-ernakulam.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> on 28 November 2022 when Archbishop Mar Andrews Thazhath, who was supposed to conduct the uniform mass as per prior assurance by then Archdiocese Metropolitan Vicar Mar Antony Kariyil ''(Kariyil had earlier agreed along with the priests''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ernakulam-Angamaly archdiocese to have uniform mass from Dec 25 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/apr/07/ernakulam-angamaly-archdiocese-to-have-uniform-mass-from-dec-25-2438866.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''to move to uniform mode before December 25th, 2022 as per Pope Francis Directives communicated back in April 2022''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope's letter urges Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese to adhere to synodal decision |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/apr/02/popes-letter-urges-ernakulam-angamaly-archdiocese-to-adhere-to-synodal-decision-2436921.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>''),'' was blocked at the gates by the Vicars supporters ''(Athirupatha Samrakshana Samithi and Almaya Munnetta Samithi).'' The situation escalated with the group locking the gate, preventing the archbishop's entry. To avoid further conflict, the archbishop returned without conducting the mass, and the vicar of the Basilica later held the mass in the old format. This incident initially led to the temporary closure of the Basilica by police.

Plans for reopening in June 2023 faced setbacks due to ongoing disagreements. The reopening of the Basilica was initially approved conditionally by the Special Synod. However, the Basilicas vicar and trustees retracted their agreement to only celebrate the Unified Holy Mass, leading to further continuation of the Basilicas closure. It was reopened by ArchBishop Cyril Vasil on 16 August 2023 under heavy police protections and protests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Syro-Malabar Catholic Church may punish believers, priests involved in holy mass melee |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1130256&u=syro-malabar-catholic-church-may-punish-believers-priests-involved-in-holy-mass-melee-1130256 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

On 17 August 2023, Archbishop Cyril Vasil, appointed by the Vatican to address the Ernakulam-Angamaly archdiocese dispute, ordered all parishes to follow the uniform mass format, with non-compliance risking excommunication. This directive came despite resistance in Ernakulam-Angamaly, where many, led by priests and groups such as Athirupatha Samrakshana Samithi (Arch Diocese Protection Group) and Almaya Munnetta Samithi, formed by former Vicar Mar Antony Kariyil (now retired <ref name=":0" />), protested against the order by burning<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-20 |title=Ernakulam dissidents reject papal delegate’s excommunication threat |url=https://mattersindia.com/2023/08/ernakulam-dissidents-reject-papap-delegates-excommunication-threat/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Matters India |language=en-US}}</ref> the Bishops order. By the time the directive was issued 2,902 out of the 3,224 Syro Malabar parishes across Kerala's 35 dioceses & 5 Arch- Dioceses had already complied with the uniform mode mass format.

On 18 August 2023, Almaya Munnetta Samithi claiming to represent all parishioners from the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese and its 328 dioceses petitioned President Droupadi Murmu,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Kerala parishioners approach President Murmu to deport Vatican delegate |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/kerala-parishioners-approach-president-murmu-to-deport-vatican-delegate-2651567 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> seeking the deportation of Papal delegate Archbishop Cyril Vasil, citing interference in local church affairs. ArchBishop Vasil's visit to Kochi aimed to resolve disputes over the uniform Holy Mass implementation. The petition, by Almaya Munnetta Samiti, alleges Vasil's actions violate India's sovereignty and demands legal action. The controversy has led to significant dissent and protests, including Vasil's forced entry into St Mary's Cathedral and the appointment of a new administrator, exacerbating tensions. The organization criticizes the Kerala government's support for Vasil, deeming it unconstitutional. They have made similar representations to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Home Minister Amit Shah and External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar.<ref name=":1" />

On 7 December 2023, In a slightly unusual move Pope Francis reached out directly to the faithful of the Syro-Malabar community in Ernakulam in an open video message, to be clear of his direct involvement and understanding of the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Pope to Syro-Malabar faithful in Ernakulam: Don’t become a sect - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2023-12/pope-to-syro-malabarese-don-t-transform-yourselves-into-a-sect.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}</ref> Pope Francis set a Christmas deadline for the Ernakulam-Angamaly Arch-Diocese to resolve its liturgical dispute, emphasizing unity and warning against sectarianism. He urged the Arch-Diocese to embrace diversity without becoming a sect, reflecting on the potential of diversity to enrich rather than divide. The Pope's intervention highlights the urgency and importance of resolving internal conflicts within the Church, focusing on communal harmony and adherence to broader Catholic principles and prevent excommunication. "In the name of the Lord, for the spiritual good of your church, of our church, I ask you to heal this rupture. It is your church; it is our church. Restore communion; remain in the Catholic Church," the pope said in the video.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope gives Syro-Malabar Catholics Christmas deadline to end dispute |url=https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/pope-gives-syro-malabar-catholics-christmas-deadline-end-dispute |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=National Catholic Reporter |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:St Mary's Syro Malabar Basilica Full.jpg|St Mary's Syro Malabar Basilica
File:St Mary's Syro Malabar Bascilica.jpg|Entrance of the Basilica
File:St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam by Augustus Binu.jpg| Interior view
File:Kochi Bascilica.jpg|[[Bell tower|Belfry]]
File:St Mary's Syro Malabar Basilica Chapel.jpg|Perpetual Adoration Chapel
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, North Paravur]]
*[[Mar Hormiz Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Angamaly]]
*[[St. George Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Edappally]]
*[[List of cathedrals in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam}}
* [http://www.syromalabar.com/dioceses/cathedrals/st-marys-cathedral-basilica/st-marys-basilica.htm Profile]

{{Kochi (India) topics}}
{{Basilicas in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ernakulam, Mary}}
[[Category:Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kochi]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in Kerala]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic cathedrals]]
[[Category:1112 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1112]]
[[Category:Churches completed in the 1110s]]
[[Category:12th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic cathedrals in India|St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Church buildings with domes]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Kochi]]

Bellambi, Belagavi

2026-01-28T06:52:59Z

MadelaineStanfie: Stub

{{one source|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bellambi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belagavi]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Bellambi''' is a village in the Hukeri subdivision of [[Belgaum district|Belagavi district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. According to the 2011 Census, Bellambi had a population of 4,284 people and 895 households.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Bellambi Village (Population, Area, Nearby Villages) – Census 2011 Data
|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/597586
|website=VillageInfo.org
|access-date=27 January 2026
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belagavi district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belgaum-geo-stub}}

Pearl Academy

2025-12-16T19:12:02Z

MadelaineStanfie: general improved references to improve readability and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Fashion school in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Pearl Academy
| native_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = 1993
| type = [[private university|Private]]
| parent = [[Global University Systems]]
| endowment =
| head = Aditi Srivastava
| head_label = President
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| other =
| city =
| state =
| province =
| country = India
| campus = [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Jaipur]], [[Bengaluru]]
| former_names = Pearl Academy of Fashion
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colours =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| website = {{official website|https://www.pearlacademy.com}}
| faculty =
| staff =
| coor =
| colors =
| affiliations =
}}

'''Pearl Academy''' (formerly Pearl Academy of Fashion) is an India higher education institution. As of 2019 it has been owned by the [[for-profit education]] group [[Global University Systems]].

== History ==

Pearl Academy of Fashion was set up in 1993 by the House of Pearl Fashion's education arm Little People Education Society. In 1995, Pearl started offering students degrees validated by the United Kingdom's [[Nottingham Trent University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/12603/1/RG429NottinghamCase.pdf/ |title=UK collaboration in India: institutional case studies |work=Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

In July 2012, [[University Grants Commission (India)]] instructed Pearl Academy to stop awarding joint degrees with [[Nottingham Trent University]], citing 'mounting complaints against private institutes'.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma |first=Jeevan Prakash |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ugc-orders-pearl-academy-to-close-all-its-centres/story-kXVZGYvYXAbZanWi51JzcK.html |title=UGC Asks Pearl Academy to Close Degree Courses |work=Hindustan Times|date=9 July 2016 |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

In 2015, concerns were raised about the validity of programmes delivered by the institution after an alumna reported that the [[Association of Indian Universities]] had 'refused to recognize her degree from Pearl Academy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma |first=Jeevan Prakash |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/after-paying-rs-25l-they-have-degrees-that-are-not-valid-in-india/story-wV8GIsEEjQ1frTatCqJAjN.html |title=After paying Rs 25L, they have degrees that are not valid in India |work=Hindustan Times|date=July 2015 |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

==Ownership==

In 2011, Pearl became a part of the US-based education group [[Laureate International Universities]] network.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/912766/000104746915007679/a2209311zs-1.htm |title=Laureate Education, Inc. – Class A Common Stock Filing |work=United States Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gupta |first=Medha |url=https://preptube.in/news/pearl-academy-upes-may-face-trouble-as-us-based-education-giant-bids-goodbye-to-india-business/2018/11/02/ |title=Pearl Academy, UPES may face trouble as US-based education giant bids goodbye to India business |work=Preptube |date=2 November 2018}}</ref>

Laureate sold Pearl Academy to [[Netherlands]]-headquartered private education company [[Global University Systems]] in July 2019, as part of an [[Indian Rupee|INR]] 2,500 [[crores|crore]] deal for Laureate's Indian business that also included the [[University of Petroleum and Energy Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lamba |first=Prerna |url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/GUS-Buys-Out-Laureate-Education-India-Biz/08-07-2019-172950/ |title=GUS Buys Out Laureate Education India Biz |work=Business World |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

Since the acquisition, Global University Systems has partnered with Pearl Academy and UPES through a [[subsidiary]] company in [[India]], GUS Global Services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gusindia.global/about-us.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125030225/https://www.gusindia.global/about-us.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2021 |work=GUS Global Services |title=About GUS Global Services India |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>

==Campuses==
{{As of|January 2021}} the institution is present in four cities across [[India]], with a campus each in [[Mumbai]], [[Jaipur]] and [[Bangalore]], and two in [[New Delhi (south and west)]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://pearlacademy.com/academics/centers/ |title=Pearl Campuses |work=Pearl Academy |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Alisshaa Ohri]], Model
*[[Keerthy Suresh]], Actress and Model

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1993]]
[[Category:Fashion schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Design schools in India]]
[[Category:Business schools in India]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:For-profit universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Global University Systems]]

Cnemaspis sakleshpurensis

2025-12-16T04:08:59Z

MadelaineStanfie: Created

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Cnemaspis sakleshpurensis
| authority = Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2022
}}

'''''Cnemaspis sakleshpurensis''''' is a species of [[Diurnality|diurnal]], rock-dwelling, [[insectivorous]] [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=balerion Cnemaspis sakleshpurensis]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q113560901}}

[[Category:Cnemaspis|sakleshpurensis]]
[[Category:Lizards of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2022]]

{{Cnemaspis-stub}}

Ranjit Jeyakodi

2025-12-03T06:39:39Z

MadelaineStanfie: pg

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|name = Ranjit Jeyakodi
|birth_place = [[Theni]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|occupation = Film director
|spouse =
|children =
|years active = 2017-present
|
}}

'''Ranjit Jeyakodi''' is an Indian film director, who has directed Tamil and Telugu language films. He rose to fame through the thriller drama ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'' (2017), and has gone on to make feature films including the romantic drama ''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]'' (2019) and the Telugu action drama ''[[Michael (2023 film)|Michael]]'' (2023).

==Career==
Ranjit had learned filmmaking during his time studying for the Visual Communications degree at [[Loyola College, Chennai]] and later went on to become an associate of director [[Ram (director)|Ram]]. Ranjit made his directorial debut through ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'' (2017), a thriller film starring [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Gayathrie]] in the lead roles. The shoot of the film was completed by 2014 under the title of ''Mellisai'', but the production house's financial troubles meant that it eventually had a delayed release three years later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2014 |title=Mosters make their debut in Kollywood |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/mosters-make-their-debut-in-kollywood/article6086401.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727100210/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/mosters-make-their-debut-in-kollywood/article6086401.ece |archive-date=27 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=subhakeerthana |first=s |date=12 September 2015 |title=Vijay moulded himself to the character in Mellisai: Ranjit Jeyakodi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150912/entertainment-kollywood/article/vijay-moulded-himself-character-mellisai-ranjit-jeyakodi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301132951/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150912/entertainment-kollywood/article/vijay-moulded-himself-character-mellisai-ranjit-jeyakodi |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

His second film ''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]'' (2019) was a romantic drama featuring [[Harish Kalyan]] and [[Shilpa Manjunath]] in the lead roles. Prior to the film, Ranjit described the film as a "dark love story".<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=13 March 2019 |title='Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum' is a violent love story: Ranjit Jeyakodi |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranjit-jeyakodi-interview-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum/article26521394.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331224511/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranjit-jeyakodi-interview-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum/article26521394.ece |archive-date=31 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I feel we overrate love, says Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raaniyum director Ranjit Jeyakodi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/mar/13/i-feel-we-overrate-love-says-ispade-rajavum-irudhaya-raaniyum-director-ranjit-jeyakodi-10528.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523091421/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/mar/13/i-feel-we-overrate-love-says-ispade-rajavum-irudhaya-raaniyum-director-ranjit-jeyakodi-10528.html |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> A critic noted "it’s impressive that despite being a toxic romance between a broken man and a healing woman, Ranjith’s treatment of how love occurs between them is surprisingly respectable".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum Review: A romance that isn't afraid to tread uncomfortable zones |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/mar/15/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-review-harish-kalyan-shilpa-manjunath-ranjit-jeyakodi-10551.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808171050/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/mar/15/ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-review-harish-kalyan-shilpa-manjunath-ranjit-jeyakodi-10551.html |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Ranjit subsequently worked on the Telugu-language action film ''[[Michael (2023 film)|Michael]]'' (2023) starring [[Sundeep Kishan]] in the titular role. The film opened to mixed reviews from critics. Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Michael'' is a genre film that achieves what it sets out to do – tell a dark coming-of-age tale of a young man who knows what it means to be human for better or worse. Watch it if that’s your kind of cinema."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=3 February 2023 |title=Michael Movie Review : Sundeep Kishan steals the show as the broody titular character |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/michael/movie-review/97576247.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230301133731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/michael/movie-review/97576247.cms |archive-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Michael'' is a gangster flick that’s more style than story for the most part. Having said that, Sundeep Kishan, Vijay Sethupathi and Sam CS are the absolute highlights of this film."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Movie Review: Sundeep, Vijay Sethupathi shine in technically sound film that's bogged down by weak storyline |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/michael-movie-review-sundeep-vijay-sethupathi-shine-in-technically-sound-film-thats-bogged-down-by-weak-storyline-2330121-2023-02-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216180541/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/michael-movie-review-sundeep-vijay-sethupathi-shine-in-technically-sound-film-thats-bogged-down-by-weak-storyline-2330121-2023-02-03 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref>

His next release will be ''Yaarukkum Anjael'', a film starring [[Bindu Madhavi]] and [[Darshana Banik]] in the lead roles. Production on the film was completed by 2020, though Ranjit's commitments to making ''Michael'' delayed its theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundeep Kishan, Vijay Sethupathi and Ranjit Jeyakodi team up for Michael |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/aug/27/sundeep-kishan-vijay-sethupathi-and-ranjit-jeyakodi-team-up-for-michael-26298.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528175412/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/aug/27/sundeep-kishan-vijay-sethupathi-and-ranjit-jeyakodi-team-up-for-michael-26298.html |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'' ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]'' ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Michael (2023 film)|Michael]]'' || Telugu film partially reshot in Tamil
|-
| 2023 || ''Yaarukkum Anjael'' || Filming
|-
|2026
|Untitled Arjun Das Movie
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6352742}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeyakodi, Ranjit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

Furus

2025-11-20T11:26:03Z

MadelaineStanfie: Page

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Furus
| settlement_type = Hamlet, Village
| image_skyline = Furus High School.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = S.I. High School & Junior College, Furus
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.70|N|73.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan Division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Khed Taluka|Khed]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| leader_title1 = Sarpanch
| leader_name1 = Mrs Rukaya Liyakat Sunge
| leader_title2 = MLA
| leader_name2 = Mr [[Yogesh Kadam]]
| leader_title3 = MP
| leader_name3 = Mr [[Sunil Tatkare]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.62
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3255
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Konkani, Marathi, Urdu, Hindi, English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415710
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02356
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 77.29%
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|humid]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Furus''' also known as '''Phuroos or Furoos''' is a village in [[Khed Taluka|Khed]], [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]]. The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded a total of 3255 residents in the village with total area 1062.35 hectares. It is predominantly populated by [[Konkani Muslims]] along with Hindu and Buddhist. Furus is believed to be named by Persians who came here to trade in horses (horse: فارسی ''Persian''). The main language spoken in Furus is Kokni (not to be confused with [[Goan Konkani]]), a blend of Bankoti, Sangameshwari and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] infused with words of [[Arabic]], [[Urdu]] and [[Persia]]n origin.

==History==
Since antiquity, the Konkan coast has had maritime mercantile relations with major ports on the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Konkani Muslims can trace their ancestry to traders from [[Hadhramaut]] (in [[Yemen]] or [[South Arabia]]),<ref name="Popular Prakashan">{{Cite book |title=Mediaeval Deccan history: commemoration volume in honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi |date=1996 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-579-7 |editor-last=Kulkarni |editor-first=Anant R. |edition=1. publ |location=Bombay |editor-last2=Joshi |editor-first2=Purshottam M. |editor-last3=Nayeem |editor-first3=Muhammad A. |editor-last4=De Souza |editor-first4=Teotonio R.}}</ref> some who fled from [[Kufa]] in the Euphrates valley, about the year 700,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kyd Nairne |first=Reverend Alexander |date=1884 |title=Bombay Gazetteer |url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLABA/people_muslims.html |website=gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/}}</ref> the North of Indian (Haryana/Punjab), as well as various regions of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and the broader [[Middle East]].<ref name="Popular Prakashan"/> Others arriving as traders or mercenaries. By the 10th century, Ceul ([[Chaul]]), [[Dabhol]] had a significant Muslim presence, with mosques and self-governance. Subsequent waves of migration were driven by upheavals, like the Karmatian revolt (923–926 CE) and Mongol invasions (1258 CE). Despite ([[Chaul]]) and [[Dabhol]] prominence under the Ahmadnagar kingdom (1490–1626), Muslim rule was never firmly established in Konkan, and forced conversions were absent. Most Konkani Muslims are thus of mixed foreign descent.<ref name=":0" /> According to Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, Muslims first arrived in the Konkan region in 699 CE—less than 70 years after the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&dq=konkani+muslim+arab&pg=PT195 Parkar migrated from Furus of Jaoli taluka Satara district]</ref>

In the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Konkani Muslims became influential sailors, merchants, and government employees as the port city of Bombay (present [[Mumbai]]) began developing.

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is believed to have visited Furus on May 17, 1937, while en route to Dapoli, and spent the night at Buddhawadi, Furus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RWmq8a5-C4|title = Visit to Furus, Khed village ( A Memorie of Bharat Ratna Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar) Buddha Broadcast|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Location ==

Furus comes under the [[Konkan]] Division of [[Maharashtra]] State. Furus is on State Highway SH104, between the towns of [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]] and [[Dapoli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mahapwd.com/gismaps/ratnagiri/default.htm|title = Ratnagiri District}}</ref> The closest train station is in Khed, about 12 km away, and Dapoli is about 17 km from Furus. The village is next to a seasonal stream called the '''Nirgudi'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/maps/Ratnagiri/map263.jpg|title = Nirgudi River}}</ref> and is surrounded by small hills. It gets a lot of rain during the monsoon season (June-Sep), and the temperature ranges between 15 and 40 degrees Celsius.

Ratnagiri District is divided into three parts: Coastal, Middle, and Hilly. Furus lies in the '''Middle Zone''', which has medium-height land and is easy to reach thanks to the Mumbai–Goa Highway and the [[Konkan railway]]

[[File:Furuslocal.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Furus During Monsoon]]

== Political Administration==
Furus was part of erstwhile State of [[Bombay State|Bombay]]. Furus holds historical political significance as the native village of MLA Parkar Wajuddin Ahmed, who was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] for Dapoli-Khed Constituency. He contested the election under banner of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) during the tenure of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as party president.

Currently, Furus falls under the [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad]] Lok Sabha Constituency and [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]] Vidhan Sabha Constituency. Current [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] and [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] representing '''Furus''' are below
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Government Body
! Position
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Member
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]
| rowspan=1 style=background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| rowspan=1| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SS]]
| Mr [[Yogesh Kadam]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament)
| [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad]]
| rowspan=1 style=background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|
| rowspan=1|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| Mr [[Sunil Tatkare]]
|-
|}

== Transportation ==
Furus is well-connected by road to nearby big towns. State Highway 104, Khed to Dapoli passes from Furus. Besides buses are also available as per their timings auto-rickshaw are available round-the clock.

== Educational facilities ==
[[File:S. I. Junior College of Science.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Siraj ul Islam Junior College of Science]]
[[File:SIcomplex2.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Siraj ul Islam Educational Campus]]

'''Furus''' was one of the first townships in the area to have a high school. S.I. High School & Junior College of Science, Furus was founded by Adv. W. A. Parkar under a government initiative in 1938 (pre-independence time). The School was in Marathi medium named Anglo Vernacular High School and is still functional with semi English curriculum. Furus has following schools

* Siraj-ul-Islam High School and Junior College
* CWS - Ideal English School

== Economy ==

Furus economy was hugely dependent on agricultural product till early 1980. Post 1980 most of the young earners head towards metro cities and hence agricultural production gets big hit in coming years. During the same period most of the people started to migrate to Gulf, UK, Canada, Australia, USA for the jobs. Presently 95% of Furus economy depend on remittance from foreign countries.

== Healthcare Facilities ==

Furus has government run Primary Health Center situated at Dayal Road. Apart from this Furus has one equipped private nursing home run by resident Dr. Antule and a small clinic run by visiting Dr. Chikhale.

== Demographics ==

Furus consist of 4 Sub-villages mentioned in Census 2011 viz., - Furus, Furus Gaonthan, Furus Amshet and Falsonda

[[Ratnagiri District]] and in particular Furus is one of the very few place in India whose [[sex ratio]] stood at 1210 Females per 1000 males which means the females population is higher than males

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! colspan="8" | Demographic details of Furus and Sub-Villages<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ratnagiri.gov.in/document-category/census/ | title=Census | District Ratnagiri, Government of Maharashtra | India }}</ref>
|-
! Rows !! Village !! Area (hectare) !! No. of household !! Total Population !! Male !! Female !! Sex Ratio M:F
|-bgcolor="lightyellow"
|1||Furus Amshet||73.25||140||577||238||339||1000:1424
|--bgcolor=#CAB2D6
|2||Falsonda||50.4||210||1111||511||600||1000:1174
|--bgcolor=#FEEBE2
|3||Furus||905.7||267||1129||535||594||1000:1110
|--bgcolor= #B2DF8A
|4||Furus Gaonthan||33||104||438||189||249||1000:1317
|-
|5||'''Total'''||'''1062.35'''||'''721'''||'''3255'''||'''1473'''||'''1782'''||'''1000:1210'''
|}

The main religions here are Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism.
The Muslim community consists of 7 Sub Jamaats also called as Mohallas.
They are
*'''Choughan''' (चौगन) mohalla
*'''Fanaswad''' (फणसवाड)
*'''Tahtani''' (तहतानी) mohalla
*'''Tekdi''' (टेकडी) mohalla and
*'''Aathvi''' (आठवी) mohalla
*'''Falsonda''' (फल्सोंडा)
*'''Navanagar''' (नवानगर) mohalla

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Literacy in Furus (Ratnagiri Census Handbook, 2011)
|label1 = Literate Male
|value1 = 37.27
|color1 = MediumSeaGreen
|label2 = Literate Female
|value2 = 40.22
|color2 = Seagreen
|label3= Illiterate Male
|color3= #FB9A99
|value3= 7.99
|label4= Illiterate Female
|color4= #FEEBE2
|value4= 15.53
}}

Buddhist reside at
*'''Buddhawadi''' (बौद्धवाडी)
Whereas people following Hinduism mostly reside at
*'''Nhavwadi''' (न्हाववाडी)
*'''Chougulewadi''' (चौगुलेवाडी)
*'''Gujarwadi''' (गुजरवाडी)
*'''Bhuleshwarwadi''' (भुलेश्वरवाडी)
*'''Kanganewadi''' (कांगणेवाडी)
*'''Rewalewadi''' (रेवाळेवाडी)

==See also==
*[[Ratnagiri]]
*[[Konkani Muslim]]

==References==
;General
*http://wikimapia.org/1144914/Furus
*{{cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |year=2015 |isbn=9781785394683 |page=195|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&dq=konkani+muslim+arab&pg=PT195|last1=Minahan |first1=James B. |publisher=Abc-Clio }}
*http://www.mahapwd.com/gismaps/ratnagiri/default.htm

;Specific
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20140517132220/http://furus.in/
*https://web.archive.org/web/20100823133058/http://www.fwskuwait.com/

[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]

Neha Sharma (wrestler)

2025-11-06T18:06:33Z

MadelaineStanfie: stub

{{Short description|Indian freestyle wrestler (born 2005)}}
{{No significant coverage (sports)|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Neha Sharma
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|9|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]
| club =
| weight_class = 57 kg
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[U23 World Wrestling Championships|U23 World Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 U23 World Wrestling Championships|2023 Tirana]]|[[2023 U23 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 55 kg|55 kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 U23 World Wrestling Championships|2024 Tirana]]|[[2024 U23 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 57 kg|57 kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships|2025 Novi Sad]]|[[2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 57 kg|57 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|Asian U23 Championships}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Vũng Tàu|57 kg}}
}}
'''Neha Sharma''' (born 8 September 2005) is an Indian [[freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]] who represents [[India]] in international competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uww.org/athletes-results/sharma-neha-193340-profile |title=Athlete Profile – Neha Sharma |publisher=United World Wrestling |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
At the [[2023 World Wrestling Championships]], she placed fifth in the women’s 55 kg category.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://uww.org/athletes/sharma-neha |title=United World Wrestling – Athlete Results |publisher=United World Wrestling |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

Sharma finished seventh at the [[2025 Asian Wrestling Championships]] and won multiple medals at the U23 level — a silver at the [[2023 U23 World Wrestling Championships]] in Tirana, bronze medals at both the [[2024 U23 World Wrestling Championships]] and the [[2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships]] held in Novi Sad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whatsmat.uww.org/daten.php?spid=2A967AF18BA340829502563D1A345A5B |title=Neha Sharma – Results |publisher=United World Wrestling |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

She also earned a silver medal at the 2025 Asian U23 Wrestling Championships in [[Vũng Tàu]] and became the Asian junior champion in 2025.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{UWW|sharma-neha|Neha Sharma}}
* {{IWD|2A967AF18BA340829502563D1A345A5B|Neha Sharma}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Neha}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
{{India-wrestling-bio-stub}}

Vijayakrishnan

2025-10-31T16:59:27Z

MadelaineStanfie: add structure additionally and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian film critic and director}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijayakrishnan
| image = Vijayakrishnanimage.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1952|11|5}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India
| yearsactive = 1975–present
| spouse = Asha S.P (1985–present )
| children = Sruti Vijayakrishnan, Yadu Vijayakrishnan
| occupation = Film director, writer, film critic, [[film historian]]
| URL = {{URL|http://vijayakrishnan.com}}
}}

'''Vijayakrishnan''' is an Indian film critic, film historian and director born in 1952 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yadu Vijayakrishnan |url=https://filmfreeway.com/yaduvijayakrishnan |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref> He has received eight State Awards, one National Award, and two Critics Awards.

== Committee member ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
Vijayakrishnan was a member of the Kerala State Film Award Committee and National Award Committee on multiple occasions. He was also a member of the Indian Panorama Selection Committee for Filmotsav 1986. Vijayakrishna
served as a member of the Indian Central Board for Film Certification for 8 years, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, and former Director Board Member of Kerala State Film Development Corporation. He was also a member of the Board of Studies in Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University. Presently, he is the Chairman of Padmarajan Trust.

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
|-
|1982
|[[National Film Awards]]
|Best Book on Cinema
|''[[Chalachitra Sameeksha]]''
|-
|1984
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|Best Book on Cinema
|''[[Chalachitrathinte Porul]]''
|-
|1985
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|Best Book on Cinema
|''[[Marunna Prathichhayakal]]''
|-
|1986
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|Best Book on Cinema
|''[[Karuppum Veluppum Varnangalum]]''
|-
|1989
|Film Critics Award
|Best Children's Film
|''[[Kamandalu]]''
|-
|1991
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|Best Book on Cinema
|''[[Kaalathil Kothiya Silpangal]]''
|-
|1991
|[[Kerala State Award]]
|Best TV Programme for Children
|''[[Oridathorikal]]''
|-
|1992
|[[Kerala State TV Awards]]
|Special Jury Award
|''[[Kathasamgamom]]''
|-
|1995
|[[Rotary Award]]
|Outstanding Contribution in Literature
|
|-
|1995
|[[Nana Miniscreen Award]]
|Best Director of TV Serial
|
|-
|1995
|[[State Children's Literature Institute Award]]
|Best Children's Novel
|''[[Bhoothathan Kunnu]]''
|-
|1998
|[[Challenge Foundation Award]]
|Best TV Serial Director
|
|-
|1998
|[[State TV Awards]]
|Special Jury Award
|''[[Pattolaponnu]]''
|-
|1998
|[[Madhyama Patana Kendram Awards]]
|Second Best Serial
|''[[Pattolaponnu]]''
|-
|2000
|[[Thirumanas Award]]
|Total Contribution for TV Medium
|
|-
|2000
|[[Soma Award]]
|Special Jury Award
|''[[Tharattu]]''
|-
|2000
|[[Mayoora Award]]
|Outstanding Contribution for TV
|
|-
|2000
|[[Solar Award]]
|Outstanding Contribution for TV
|
|-
|2005
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|Best Article on Cinema
|''[[Classicukal comalinadakangalakunnathu]]''
|-
|2011
|[[Kozhikkodan Award]]
|Best Book on Cinema
|''[[Tirakatayum Cinemayum]]''
|-
|2012
|[[Kerala State TV Awards]]
|Best Anchor for Education Program
|''[[Chitrasala]]''
|-
|2013
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|Best Book on Cinema
|''[[Indian Cinemayude 100 Varshangal]]''
|-
|2014
|[[Atlas TV Critics Award]]
|Best Documentary Director
|''[[Indian Cinema @ 100]]''
|-
|2015
|[[Vayalar Rama Varma Samskarika Vedi Awards]]
|Best Television Program
|''[[Aayiram Paadasarangal]]''
|-
|2016
|[[Jeycee Foundation Awards]]
|Best Television Anchor
|''[[Aayiram Paadasarangal]]''
|-
|2018
|[[Kerala Film Critics Award]]
|Best Children's Film
|''[[Ilakal Pacha Pookkal Manja]]''
|-
|2020
|[[P. Kesavadev Literary Award]]<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/jun/14/p-kesavadev-awards-announced-2156325.html#:~:text=Vijayakrishnan%20was%20chosen%20for%20the,and%20sculpture%20by%20B%20D%20Dathan. "P Kesavadev Awards announced"]. ''The New Indian Express''. 14 June 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</ref>
|Literature
|Overall contribution
|}

==Books==
'''Fiction:-'''
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
# Saarthavahakasanghom
# Anuyay
# Brahmapurathekkulla vandi
# Mruthyuvinte mukham
# Thamasinte kannukal
# Padayottom
# Naalamathe salabanjika
# Chirukantanum yakshirmarum
# Nidhi
# Shakespearum meenkariyum
# Vijayakrishnante laghunovelukal
# Kizhavanmarthandante Kuthira
# Samayaratham
# Paloramathayude Pasu
{{div col end}}

'''On film:-'''
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
# Kaalathil kothiya silpangal
# Nerinu nere pidicha kannadi
# Malayala cinemayude katha
# Karuppum veluppum varnangalum
# Marunna prathichhayakal
# Chalachitrasameeksha
# Chalachitrathinte porul
# Lokacinema
# Satyajit rayyude lokam
# Malayala cinema
# Chalachitravum yatharthyavum
# Viswothara thirakkathakal
# Malayala cinemayile madhavam
# Malayala cinemayile mathru sannidhyam
# Vathilppurakkazhchakal
# Marakkanavatha malayala cinemakal
# Chitrasala
# Thirakkathayum Cinemayum
# Luis Buñuel
# Indian Cinemayude 100 Varshangal
# Hollywood muthal Kim-ki-duk vare
# Indian Cinema : 101 varshangal 101 Chitrangal
# Rajyabhrashtanaya Marthanda Varma
{{div col end}}

'''Literary criticism:-'''
# Iruttil urangathirikkunna oral

'''Children's literature:-'''
# Kamandalu
# Boothathan kunnu

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Category !! Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Nidhiyude Katha]]'' || Feature film ||Director<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verrone |first=William E. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qxV6MBkDKcC&q=Nidhiyude+Katha&pg=PA189 |title=The Avant-Garde Feature Film: A Critical History |date=2011-11-08 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-8881-0 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 1987 || ''Padmanabhapuram Palace'' || Documentary ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Oru Maram Pala Thamasakkar]]'' || Documentary ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Mahabali'' || Documentary ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Kamandalu'' || Children's film ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Arivinte Vazhi]]'' || Documentary ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Ganasudha]]'' || Documentary ||
|-
| 1990|| ''[[Oridathorikkal]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 1992|| ''[[Sivamahimayude Raatri]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1992|| ''[[Kathasamgamom]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 1993|| ''[[Perunnal Varunnu]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1993|| ''[[Nikshepam]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Thoolikayum Camerayum]]'' || Documentary ||
|-
| 1994|| ''[[Anaathar, Sanaathar]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Gana Tharangini]]'' || Documentary ||
|-
| 1994|| ''[[Prayaschitham]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Manthrikante Pravu]]'' || Children's film ||
|-
| 1994|| ''[[Alambum]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1994|| ''[[Virunninu Mumpu]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1994|| ''[[Ullathu paranjal uriyu......]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1994|| ''[[Varnachirakukal]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1994|| ''Thudakkam'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1994|| ''[[Rithubhedangal]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1995|| ''Chamayam'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 1995|| ''[[Malathi Menon]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1996|| ''[[Mayooranritham]]'' || Feature film ||Director<ref>{{Citation |last=Vijayakrishnan |title=Mayoora Nritham |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0355759/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |others=Beena Antony, Indrans, Jagannathan}}</ref>
|-
| 1996|| ''[[Take 4 OK]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 1998|| ''[[Mookkuthiyum Manchadiyum]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 1998|| ''[[Pattola Ponnu]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Preyasi]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Thooval Kireedom]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Onnam thumbiyam onathampuranum]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Pisachinte Kuppayam]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 2000|| ''[[Panthirukulam]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 2000|| ''Tharattu'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 2001|| ''[[Kudumbavilakku]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 2001|| ''[[Agnikireedom]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 2002|| ''[[Vijanaveethi]]'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 2002|| ''Ramayanam'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Keralam Vaana Rajavamsangal]]'' || Documentary ||
|-
| 2004|| ''Pranayam'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Thakazhi'' || Documentary ||
|-
| 2005|| ''[[Illam nira vallam nira]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 2005|| ''Kudumbasametham'' || TV serial ||
|-
| 2005|| ''[[Nakshathrakannukal]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 2006|| ''[[Vazhanoolmala]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 2006|| ''[[Sivakamikkunnile Nakshatrangal]]'' || Tele film ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Dalamarmarangal'' || Feature film ||Director<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-11 |title= |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14908752&ctid=5&cid=2428 |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811141359/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14908752&ctid=5&cid=2428 |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''Umma'' || Feature film ||
|-
| 2013-14 || ''[[Indian Cinemayude 100 Varshangal]]'' || TV Program ||
|-
| 2014-16 || ''[[Aayiram Paadasarangal]]'' || TV Program||
|-
| 2017 || ''Kaviyude Osyath'' || Feature Film||Screenplay & Executive Producer
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ilakal Pacha Pookkal Manja]]'' || Feature Film||
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1320381|name=Vijayakrishnan}}
* [http://www.aol.in/southcinema/malayalam-story/newcomers-not-welcome-vijayakrishnan/579124]{{dead link|date=July 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* http://vijayakrishnan.com/ Official website

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Filmmaking|Literature}}

[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Sabareesh Prabhaker

2025-10-06T03:31:04Z

MadelaineStanfie: pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2016}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sabareesh Prabhaker
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|08|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = {{flagicon|India}} [[Thrippunithura]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]]<ref name="profile" />
| genre = [[Fusion (music)|Fusion]], [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]], [[World music|World]]
| occupation = [[Violin]]ist
| instrument = [[Violin]]
| years_active = 2001-present
}}

'''Sabareesh Prabhaker''' (born 5 August 1989) is an Indian [[violin]]ist. He comes from the musical family of the ''[[Cherthala]] sisters'' ([[Malayalam]] drama artists),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/82237/12/12_conclusion.pdf | title=Kerala drama stage history conclusion | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref> his grandmother Janaki being one of the six.<ref name="profile" >{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/raga-and-riff/article8005884.ece | title=RAGA and riff | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | work=Priyadershini S. | date=19 December 2015 | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref>

==Early life==

Sabareesh was born in a musical family as one of the grandson of late Janaki of ''Cherthala Sisters''. He is born on 5 August 1989 to Chandrasekharan Pillai & Vanaja Chandrasekhar.He studied [[vocal music]] under Tomy Thomas, P.Subramaniam and got trained violin under T. M. Abdul Hazeez at the age of 5. He completed [[Bachelor's degree#Music|BA in music]] (vocal) at [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]] and did [[Master of Arts|MA]] in violin at [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts]] securing first rank. He had initially joined the Trichur Engineering college for under graduation studies, but dropped it. While at school he secured 1st prize thrice in [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] youth festival in violin in consecutive years. While at college, he was 3 times winner at [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] inter-university arts festival and he was one of the rare south Indians who became the inter-university national winner in violin. Recognizing his skills and qualifications, Mahatma Gandhi University granted him a special permission to do [[Postgraduate|PG]] in violin and he also acquired a scholarship in the field of violin as a carnatic (instrument) by [[Ministry of Culture (India)]].<ref name="profile" /><ref name="manorama" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.facebook.com/SabareeshPrabhaker/info/ | title=Facebook Official page - Info | website=[[Facebook]] | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
He began his professional career at the age of 12. In early 2016 a [[Cover version|cover]] album, created by his band Immortal Raaga<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/immortal-raaga/article8005866.ece | title=Immortal Raaga | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=19 December 2015 | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref> was recognised by the [[BBC]] in the [[BBC Radio|Radio]] Play category.<ref name="manorama" >{{cite web | url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/interview-with-violinist-sabareesh-prabhakar.html | title=Violin play that reaches BBC | publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] | work=Lakshmi Vijayan | date=2 August 2016 | accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref> The technical beauty of [[A. R. Rahman]]’s music and the consummate beauty of [[Ilaiyaraaja]]’s compositions are his ultimate experiences. He was invited to team up with percussionists [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]] and [[Mattannoor Sankarankutty|Mattannoor Sankarankutty Marar]]. He also played along with Alappuzha Karunamurthy.<ref name="profile" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|SabareeshPrabhaker|Sabareesh Prabhaker}}
* {{YouTube|channel=UCb6mMNSjpGR29nJD67yQ6ig|title=Sabareesh Prabhaker}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhaker, Sabareesh}}
[[Category:Composers for violin]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]

Shree Kashi Karvat Mandir

2025-10-02T09:50:38Z

MadelaineStanfie:

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
[[File:श्री_काशी_करवट_मंदिर_वाराणसी.jpg|thumb]]
The '''Shri Kashi Karvat Mandir''' (or '''Kashi Karont''') is one of the Dwadesh Jyotirlingas [[temple]]. It is a few meters away from Kashi [[Vishwanath Temple]]. It is an ancient Shiva temple. It is an important temple and visited by many Hindu devotees who visit Kashi Vishwanant Temple.

In ancient times the temple used to have a saw (''Karont'' or ''Karvat''). Before [[British Raj|British period]], people used to come there and throw themselves down the hole and blade, thus killing themselves.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hamilton |first1=Alexander |date=1744 |title=A New Account of the East Indies, giving an exact and copius description of the Situation, Product, Manufactures, Laws, Customs, Religion, Trade, andc. of all the Countries and Islands which lie between the Cape of Good Hope and the Island of Japon, interspersed with an entertaining relation not only of the principal Events. which happened during the Author's Thirty Years Residence in those Parts; but also of the most remarkable Occurrences and Revolution in those vast Dominions for this Century past; comprehending also many curious and interesting Particulars relating to our Commerce with those Countries and the Affairs of the East India Company, in Two Volumes, Vol. II |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.72397/page/20/mode/2up |access-date=4 June 2021 |publisher=C. Hitch (London)}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref> They are believed to go straight to [[heaven]]. There have also been many stories that claim that later the priests started scaring the pilgrims and throwing them with blades,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parry |first1=Jonathan |date=1980 |title=Ghosts, Greed and Sin: The Occupational Identity of the Benares Funeral Priests |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2802004 |access-date=4 June 2021 |journal=Man |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=88–111 |doi=10.2307/2802004|jstor=2802004 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> robbing them of their valuables. And the dead bodies were thrown into the Ganges through a secret canal in the basement. The crypt is now confined to the priests and their families, who have been caring for it for the last 25 generations, and Karvat was taken to [[UK]] by the British people.

== History ==
The religious teachers of the Hindu religion tell the sadhana seekers society that scripture is not certified. Due to this, the [[Sādhaka|''sadhaks'']] did not get any benefit from God, which was expected from devotion.

The religious leaders of Kashi devised a reprehensible and criminal plan. [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] had decreed that the gates of heaven would open for anyone who sacrificed their life in the city of Kashi, granting them unhindered access to paradise. The karvat (saw) at Shree Kashi Karvat Mandir became infamous as an instrument of this fatal form of “liberation.” Eventually, the British authorities intervened, and the saw was removed. Bhagat Kabir’s shabad in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib also references the karvat: Karvatu bhalā na karvaṭ tērī॥

One who dies in [[Maghar, India|Maghar Nagar]] (near [[Gorakhpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] presently in District- [[Sant Kabir Nagar]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]), will go to [[hell]] or get the body of a donkey.

Due to the misconception that one who dies in [[Maghar, India|Maghar]] will go straight to the birth of a pig, that is, hell, and those who die in Kashi will go straight to heaven. That's why everyone used to spend their last days in Kashi only.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Justice |first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRFzaDLKJKEC&pg=PA37 |title=Dying the Good Death: The Pilgrimage to Die in India's Holy City |year=1997 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-0811-8 |language=en}}</ref>

The people of the surrounding villages used to hand over their parents to the selfish [[Pandit]] in Kashi in their old age. They used to keep them on a rental basis. Then gradually, the number of older people increased, so the selfish [[Pandit]]s and priests started worrying that if one could not be served, how would they serve them all? Then to kill them forcefully, they made a huge brick cave on the banks of the [[Ganges|river Ganga]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greaves |first1=Edwin |date=1909 |title=Kashi the city illustrious, or Benares |url=https://archive.org/details/kashicityillustr00grea/page/n119/mode/2up |journal=California Digital Library |publisher=Allahabad : Indian Press |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> and then got a saw-like object installed in the middle of that cave, which the people of that time used to call ''Karont''. Then those older people were told that whoever wanted to go to heaven soon should get his head cut off by ''Karont'' in this cave; he would go straight to heaven. This is Guruji's order;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parry |first1=Jonathan P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r10f4uwzcosC&dq=kashi+karvat+practice+in+history&pg=PA23 |title=Death in Banaras |last2=PhD |first2=Professor of Anthropology Jonathan P. Parry |date=7 July 1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-46625-7 |location=Cambridge |language=en |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> after saying this, all the elders were already troubled by sorrow and pain, so they all said yes to getting rid of this sorrowful life. And everyone was beheaded one by one.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heber |first1=Reginald |date=1829 |title=Narrative of a journey through the upper provinces of India, from Calcutta to Bombay, 1824-1825 |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofjourn01hebe/page/260/mode/2up |access-date=4 June 2021 |publisher=Philadelphia, Carey, Lea & Carey}}</ref> Whenever that saw got stuck, the older adult would be told that God's order had not yet been given to him. Then that older adult would go back, crying, and after some time, again provide fees to the priests to get the head cut off from ''Karont''. One of the Holy scripture of Hinduism, [[Bhagavad Gita]], explains in Chapter 17 Verse 23 that one can only attain salvation only after taking the actual mantras of the Almighty God given by a complete saint. In this way, the number of those older adults served by religious leaders was reduced cruelly.<ref>{{cite journal |title=NOMADIC LAD: The Suicide Temple of Varanasi |url=https://nomadiclad.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-suicide-temple-of-varanasi.html?m=1 |journal=Nomadic Lad |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

Prior to all this, the monument was household of an ''Ahir Sardar''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyāsa |first=Kedāranātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGpuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9F |title=Kāśīkhaṇḍokta Pañcakrośātmaka Jyotirliṅga Kāśīmāhātmya evaṃ Kāśī kā prācīna itihāsa |date=1986 |publisher=Kedāranātha Vyāsa |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arya |first=Banarasi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmcdAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9F |title=Mahārāja Balavanta Siṃha aura Kāśī kā atīta |date=1975 |publisher=Āryā |language=hi}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
A plaque at the small gate in bright maroon and yellow colours says "Only followers of ''[[Sanātana Dharma|Sanatana Dharma]]'' are allowed to enter".<ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2018 |title=Mysterious Suicide Temple of Varanasi |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/mysterious-suicide-temple-of-varanasi/ |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=Varanasi Guru}}</ref> The interior has been redone with Tylo. There is a small hole inside the temple from where you can see the ''[[Lingam|Shiv ling]]'' in the basement. In the basement, where you can see the Shivalinga, it is said that in ancient times there was placed a saw (''Karvat'' or ''Ara)'', which was suspended from the ceiling of the temple and was believed to spontaneously fall on those chosen by the [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], for his blessings. Since suicide is not allowed in [[Hinduism]], the act was arranged with the help of a priest. Gradually this practice was banned, and saws were removed from the room.

== See also ==

* [[Varanasi]] (historically known as "Kashi")
* [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]
* [[Shri Vishwanath Mandir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Varanasi| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Varanasi| ]]

Mumbai Marines FC

2025-09-22T03:34:22Z

MadelaineStanfie: done

{{Short description|Indian association football club}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Mumbai Marines
| image =
| image_size =
| fullname = Mumbai Marines Football Club
| nickname =
| short name = MMFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2017}}
| ground = ''Various''
| capacity =
| owner = Mumbai Marines Sports Club LLP
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| league = [[2024–25 Mumbai Super League|MFA Super League]]
| season = [[2023–24]]
| position = [[MFA Super League]], 8th
| current =
| pattern_la1 = _navyborder
| pattern_b1 = _whiteshoulders
| pattern_ra1 = _navyborder
| pattern_sh1 =
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'''Mumbai Marines Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. The club competes in [[MFA Super Division|MFA Super League]] of Mumbai Football League. The club was established in 2017. Mumbai Marines finished fourth in the 2021–22 season and gained its inaugural promotion to the [[MFA Super Division]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2021 |title=Good start by Mumbai Marines FC, Jason proves Hattrick Hero. |url=https://www.magzmumbai.com/good-start-by-mumbai-marines-fc-jason-proves-hattrick-hero/ |access-date=2019-10-15 |newspaper=Team Magzmumbai |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104110438/http://www.magzmumbai.com/good-start-by-mumbai-marines-fc-jason-proves-hattrick-hero/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2021 |title=Mumbai Marines to play Football Leaders Academy tomorrow in 3rd Division |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/mumbai-marines-fc-football-leaders-academy/ |access-date=2017-09-18 |newspaper=Football Counter |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117033646/https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/mumbai-marines-fc-football-leaders-academy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2021 |title=Mumbai Marines FC announces new partnership with Sportifan Ventures Limited |url=https://sportzdose.com/mumbai-marines-fc-announces-new-partnership-with-sportifan-ventures-limited/ |access-date=2020-09-01 |newspaper=Sportz Dose |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730235925/https://sportzdose.com/mumbai-marines-fc-announces-new-partnership-with-sportifan-ventures-limited/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2021 |title=MDFA 3rd division Play-off: SDKT, Revolution SC through to Round of 16 after an enthralling game |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2018/mdfa-3rd-division-play-off-sdkt-revolution-sc-through-to-round-of-16-after-an-enthralling-game/ |access-date=2018-09-30 |newspaper=Football Counter |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714231321/https://www.footballcounter.com/2018/mdfa-3rd-division-play-off-sdkt-revolution-sc-through-to-round-of-16-after-an-enthralling-game/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The club was founded and registered with the [[Mumbai Football Association]] in 2017 and played their first official league, [[MFA Third Division]]. In its first 5 years of existence, Mumbai Marines have gained three back to back promotions in Mumbai Football League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-25 |title=3 promotions in 3 seasons: the inspiring story of Mumbai Marines FC - Athletic India |url=https://athleticindia.com/football/3-promotions-in-3-seasons-the-inspiring-story-of-mumbai-marines-fc/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=16 July 2022 |title=3 promotions in 3 seasons: the inspiring story of Mumbai Marines FC |url=https://athleticindia.com/football/3-promotions-in-3-seasons-the-inspiring-story-of-mumbai-marines-fc/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |newspaper=Football Counter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=28 January 2021 |title=From football media to building Mumbai Marines |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/from-football-media-to-building-mumbai-marines/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |newspaper=Football Counter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2021 |title=MDFA 2nd Division: Boxer FA set up title clash against Mumbai Marines |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-2nd-division-boxer-fa-set-up-title-clash-against-mumbai-marines/ |access-date=2020-03-06 |newspaper=Football Counter |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919033832/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-2nd-division-boxer-fa-set-up-title-clash-against-mumbai-marines/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2021 |title=Mumbai Marines FC go through to the semifinals 4-1 on penalties |url=https://footballmfa.com/event/mumbai-marine-sd-vs-kenkre-sc-u-17/ |access-date=2022-06-28 |newspaper=Football MFA |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714231321/https://footballmfa.com/event/mumbai-marine-sd-vs-kenkre-sc-u-17/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018–19, club reached the round of 16 of MFA Third Division and gained promotion to the MFA Second Division. In 2019–20, the club was crowned runners-up of the MFA Second Division and promoted to MFA First Division. In the 2021–22 season, the club reached semi-final and finished fourth in the MFA First Division, which resulted in gaining promotion to the MFA Super Division.

== Honours ==
=== Domestic league ===
* [[Mumbai Football League#Division One|MFA First Division]]
** Semi-finalist (1): 2021–22
* [[Mumbai Football League#Division Two|MFA Second Division]]
** Runners-up (1): 2019–20

== References ==
<references />

{{Football in Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra Sports}}

[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2017]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Tanubai Birje

2025-09-05T14:12:37Z

MadelaineStanfie:

{{Short description|Indian journalist and activist (1876–1913)}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}

'''Tanubai Birje''' (1876-1913) was a social activist and a member of [[Satyashodhak Samaj]]—''Truth Seekers' Society''—founded by Mahatma [[Jotirao Phule]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Savitribai: The woman who started girls' school |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/savitribai-the-woman-who-started-girls-school-791165.html |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She edited the magazine ''[[Deenbandhu]]'' from 1908 through 1912. She was the first Indian woman to edit a news magazine.

== Early life ==
Tanubai was born in 1876. Her father Deorao Krushnarao Thosar was a government employee and a colleague of Mahatma Jotirao Phule. She had her primary education in a school established by [[Savitribai Phule]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Savitribai: The woman who started girls' school 171 years ago |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/savitribai-the-woman-who-started-girls-school-171-years-ago/articleshow/73089486.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=2020-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701041017/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/savitribai-the-woman-who-started-girls-school-171-years-ago/articleshow/73089486.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2021-07-01 |location=Pune}}</ref> She was married to Vasudeorao Lingoji Birje on 26 January 1893. The marriage was solemnized by ''Satyashodhak'' method, i.e. without a Brahmin priest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-06 |title=Tanubai Birje: Marathis woman editor of a century ago |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/lekha/tanubai-birje-woman-editor-in-marathi-1211612/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

''[[Deenbandhu]]'' was a news magazine established in 1877 by [[Krishnarao Bhalekar]] to popularize ''Satyashodhak Samaj'''s ideology. Tanubai's husband Vasudeorao edited the magazine from 1903 till his death in 1908. After his death, Tanubai assumed the editorial responsibilities herself.

She died in 1913.

==References==
<references />

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Ugale |first1=G. A. |title=दीनबंधु आणि तानुबाई बिर्जे |publisher=Swaroop Prakashan |url=https://www.bookganga.com/eBooks/Books/details/4630495537423369864 |language=Marathi}}
*{{cite web |title=तानुबाई बिर्जे : शतकापूर्वीची मराठी स्त्री-संपादक |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/lekha/tanubai-birje-woman-editor-in-marathi-1211612/ |publisher=[[Loksatta]] |access-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017160252/https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/lekha/tanubai-birje-woman-editor-in-marathi-1211612/ |archive-date=2021-10-17 |language=Marathi |date=2016-03-06}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birje, Tanubai}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:Satyashodhak Samaj]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]

{{editor-stub}}
{{India-writer-stub}}

Anand Nyamagouda

2025-09-04T16:08:44Z

MadelaineStanfie:

{{Short description|Former Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anand Siddu Nyamagouda
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jamkhandi Assembly constituency|Jamkhandi]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = [[Siddu Nyamagouda]]
| successor = [[Jagadish Gudagunti]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = 1983
| education = MBA
| occupation = Politician, agriculturist
| parents = [[Siddu Nyamagouda]] (father)
}}

'''Anand Nyamagouda''' (born 1983) is an Indian politician and agriculturist who serves as the chairman of Jamakhandi Sugars Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anand Siddu Nyamagouda in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/anand-siddu-nyamagouda-jamkhandi-candidate-s10a021c011/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is the son of the late [[Siddu Nyamagouda]], a senior [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader and former Minister of State for Coal in the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ಜಮಖಂಡಿ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ಶಾಸಕ ಆನಂದ್ ನ್ಯಾಮಗೌಡ ಪರಿಚಯ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/bagalkot/jamakhandi-congress-mla-anand-nyamagouda-profile-153455.html |website=kannada.oneindia|date=7 November 2018 }}</ref>

Anand was elected to the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the [[Jamkhandi Assembly constituency|Jamkhandi constituency]] in the 2018 election<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Jamkhandi Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/jamkhandi-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99690970.cms |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bijapur |first=Naushad |date=2018-10-29 |title=People want me to continue my father's work: Son of Jamkhandi MLA Siddu Nyamagouda |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-polls-2018/2018/Oct/29/people-want-me-to-continue-my-fathers-work-son-of-jamkhandi-mla-siddu-nyamagouda-1891418.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and served as the [[Leader of the Opposition]] from 4–21 March 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anand Siddu Nyamagouda |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/anand-siddu-nyamagouda |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Anand Nyamagouda was born in 1983 to [[Siddu Nyamagouda]], who was known for building India's first private dam in 1989. The dam, named ''[[Shrama Bindu Sagar]]'', is built across the [[Krishna River]] at [[Chikkapadasalgi|Chikkapadasalagi]] village in [[Jamakhandi]]. Anand received his MBA in Finance from [[Bangalore University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=Q&A: Never said anything to hurt Brahmins, says Anand Nyamagouda |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/191118/qa-never-said-anything-to-hurt-brahmins-says-anand-nyamagouda.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Anand entered politics following the death of his father in a car accident. Siddu Nyamagouda was a veteran Congress leader, a two-time MLA, and served as the Minister of State for Coal in [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]'s cabinet. After his father's death, a by-election was held in the [[Jamkhandi Assembly constituency|Jamkhandi constituency]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Anand contested the by-election under pressure from party workers and local residents, and he was elected as the Indian National Congress candidate with 97,017 votes.<ref name=":0" /> He also served briefly as the [[Leader of the Opposition]] from 4–21 March 2021.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nyamagouda, Anand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]

Muhammad Salaam

2025-06-23T08:06:23Z

MadelaineStanfie: improved structure also and added references

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox football biography
|name = Muhammad Salaam
|image =
|caption =
|fullname = Muhammad Abdul Salaam
|birth_date = 1931
|birth_place = [[Hyderabad]],<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |title=Olympian and former India defender Salam passes away |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/olympian-and-former-india-defender-salam-passes-away/20161203.htm |website=Rediff |date=3 December 2016 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725225656/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/olympian-and-former-india-defender-salam-passes-away/20161203.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> British India (now in [[Telangana]])
|death_date = 3 December 2016<ref name="rediff"/>
|death_place = Hyderabad, Telangana, India
|height = {{height|m=1.80}}
|position = [[Midfielder]]
|years1 =
|clubs1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|caps1 =
|goals1 =
|nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
|manageryears1 = 1974
|managerclubs1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]]
|manageryears2 = 1983<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1983 Cochin Nehru Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1983nehrucup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021659/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1983nehrucup.html |archive-date=27 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|managerclubs2 = [[India national football team|India]]
|manageryears3 =
|managerclubs3 = [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
}}

'''Muhammad Abdul Salaam''' (1931 – 3 December 2016), also known as '''Syed Abdus Salam''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Football: Legends from Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.goal.com/en-sa/news/indian-football-legends-from-andhra-pradesh/ixhxprjydr8b1c7tpu1bkjbpt |website=Goal.com |date=1 May 2020 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725225848/https://www.goal.com/en-sa/news/indian-football-legends-from-andhra-pradesh/ixhxprjydr8b1c7tpu1bkjbpt |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former India defender and coach Salam passes away |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/former-india-defender-and-coach-salam-passes-away/article9409494.ece |website=Sportstar |date=3 December 2016 |access-date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129035055/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/former-india-defender-and-coach-salam-passes-away/article9409494.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> was an Indian former [[association football|footballer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25828 |title=Muhammad Salaam |work=Olympedia |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201123152/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25828 |url-status=live }}</ref> He competed in the [[Association football at the 1956 Summer Olympics|men's tournament]] at the [[1956 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/muhammad-salaam-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085556/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/muhammad-salaam-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Muhammad Salaam Olympic Results |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1956f.html|title=Games of the XVI. Olympiad: Football Tournament (Melbourne, Australia, 24th November – 8th December 1956)|website=[[RSSSF]] |author=Esamie, Thomas (sources: ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''; personal records of Alan Garside Snr)|date=25 October 1999|access-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922131126/http://rsssf.com/tableso/ol1956f.html|archive-date=22 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/indian-football-team-national-olympics-history-1948-1952-1956-1960|title=Indian football at the Olympics: The complete history|first=Utathya|last=Nag|website=olympics.com|publisher=The Olympics|language=en|location=|agency=|date=3 February 2022|access-date=18 October 2022|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013161643/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/indian-football-team-national-olympics-history-1948-1952-1956-1960}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Player===

'''Mohammedan Sporting'''
*[[Calcutta Football League]]: 1957
*[[IFA Shield]]: 1957

===Manager===

'''India U19'''
*[[AFC Youth Championship]]: [[1974 AFC Youth Championship|1974]]

==See also==
* [[List of India national football team managers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
* {{WorldFootball.net|muhammad-salaam}}

{{India men's football squad 1956 Summer Olympics}}
{{India national football team managers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salaam, Muhammad}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Olympic footballers for India]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1956 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Footballers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Indian football coaches]]
[[Category:Indian football managers]]
[[Category:India national football team managers]]
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1958 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Bijasani Khurra Mata

2025-05-12T17:18:31Z

MadelaineStanfie:

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Bijasani Khurra Mata Temple
| image = Khurra_ki_Mata.jpg
| caption = Bijasani Khurra Mata Temple, Khurra
| deity = Bijasani Mata
| location = Khurra, Dausa district, Rajasthan, India
| architecture = Traditional Rajasthani style
| established = Believed to be of historical significance
| festivals = Annual fair (Mela)
| website =
}}
The '''Bijasani Khurra Mata''' Temple is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] temple located in Khurra village, Dausa district, Rajasthan, India, dedicated to the deity Bijasani Mata. It serves as a local religious site and community focal point.

== Religious significance ==

The temple is recognized within the local community as a place of religious observance, particularly for those seeking blessings and perceived healing, especially for children. It is noted for its annual fair (Mela), which draws local devotees.<ref name="News18">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/dausa-miraculous-temple-of-dausa-of-rajasthan-children-get-relief-from-every-disease-5392687.html |title=दौसा का चमत्कारी मंदिर, जहां बच्चों को हर बीमारी से मिलती है राहत |language=hi |website=News18 Hindi|date=16 February 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Patrika">{{cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/dausa-news/bijasani-mother-s-fair-on-license-in-khurra-1-2579303 |title=खुर्रा में बीजासणी माता का लाइसेंस पर मेला |language=hi |website=Patrika|date=April 2018 }}</ref>

== Historical context ==

While the precise date of establishment remains uncertain, local traditions suggest the temple has been a part of the region's cultural landscape for an extended period. Its significance is rooted in local religious practices and community gatherings.

== Incidents ==

In January 2022, the temple was the site of a reported theft involving a silver ceremonial umbrella (chattar).<ref name="Navbharat">{{cite web |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/dausa/silver-chattar-stolen-from-bijasani-mata-khurra-temple-in-dausa/articleshow/89111091.cms |title=दौसा: बीजासणी माता खुर्रा मंदिर से चांदी का छत्र चोरी |language=hi |website=Navbharat Times}}</ref>

== Administration and local importance ==

The temple is managed by a local trust committee in conjunction with village authorities, reflecting its role as a community institution within the Dausa district.<ref name="DausaGov">{{cite web |url=https://dausa.rajasthan.gov.in/ |title=Dausa District Official Website |website=dausa.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26.4582|76.4329|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]

Kanchanamalai

2025-05-07T12:52:28Z

MadelaineStanfie: made basic stub w/ refs!

{{short description|Mother of Hindu goddess Meenakshi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Queen ([[Maharani]]) of [[Madurai]] and [[Korkai]] Maharani Raja Mata
| name = Kanchanamalai
| image =
| caption = Statue of Kanchanamalai at her temple
| birth_place = [[Chola Nadu]]
| spouse = [[Malayadhvaja Pandya]]
| issue = [[Meenakshi]]
| succession = [[Pandya dynasty|Queen consort of Madurai & Korkai and Empress of Pandyan dynasty]]
| reign = 1200 BCE
| father = Surashena
| dynasty = [[Solar dynasty|Suryavamsha]] (by birth) [[Pandyan Dynasty]] (by marriage)
}}
{{Sources|date=June 2023}}
'''Kanchanamalai''' (Tamil:காஞ்சனமலை) was legendary queen consort of [[Madurai]] and [[Korkai]] and also empress of the [[Pandya dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=M. S. Purnalingam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&dq=kanchanamalai&pg=PA283 |title=Tamil Literature |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0955-6 |language=en}}</ref> She ruled [[Madurai]] alongside her husband, King [[Malayadhwaja Pandya|Malayadhvaja Pandya]]. She was also the mother of [[Meenakshi]]. Kanchanamalai is believed to be the reincarnation of Vidyavati (a princess of [[Gandharva]] kingdom).

== Life ==
Nothing is mentioned or known about Kanchanamalai outside of this legend written during the Meenakshi era. Kanchanamalai was born to king Surashena of the [[Solar dynasty]]. She was a pious devotee of the goddess [[Parvati]]. When Kanchanamalai was living her old birth as Vidyavati, she requested that [[Parvati]] be born as her daughter in her next birth. While performing a [[yajna]] with her husband, she was granted a child called [[Meenakshi]] who was a reincarnation of goddess [[Parvati]].

== Widowhood ==
After the death of her husband king [[Malayadhwaja Pandya|Malayadhvaja Pandya]], she lost her role as queen consort and later assumed the role as ''Raja Mata'' (widow of former king) and also witnessed the [[coronation]] of her daughter [[Meenakshi]] as she became the ruler and [[queen regnant]] of [[Madurai]] and prime empress of [[Pandya]] clan. She also witnessed the wedding of [[Meenakshi]] and Sundareśvarar. After the wedding of her daughter it is believed that she spent her last days of life in her chamber.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-17 |title='Once Upon A Madurai' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/%E2%80%98Once-Upon-A-Madurai%E2%80%99/article12561163.ece |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Temple and legacy==
A temple in [[Madurai]], Arulmigu Kanchanamalai Amman Tirukovil, was built and dedicated to Kanchanamalai. She is seen as a goddess by few devotees because she was the mother of [[Meenakshi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=The Temple of Meenakshi's Mother |url=https://indiancolumbus.blogspot.com/2020/01/KanchanaMalaMadurai.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=The Temple of Meenakshi's Mother}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-27 |title=Kanchanamalai Amman Temple Portal in Madurai Tamil Nadu India |url=https://ingress-intel.com/portal/kanchanamalai-amman-temple/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Ingress Intel |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Queen Kanchanamalai. The unspoken queen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C |edition=4th |year=1988 |orig-year=first published in 1966 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-0433-3 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pandya dynasty}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pandyan people]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]

2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Flyweight

2025-03-29T18:19:42Z

MadelaineStanfie: New

{{Short description|none}}
{{morefootnotes|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sports competition event
|event = Flyweight
|championship = 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships
|image = Boxing pictogram.svg
|dates = 16–25 March
|venue = [[Indira Gandhi Arena|K. D. Jadhav Indoor Hall]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|competitors = 30
|nations = 30
|gold = [[Wu Yu (boxer)|Wu Yu]]
|gold_nation = CHN
|silver = [[Sirine Charaabi]]
|silver_nation = ITA
|bronze = [[Yuliya Apanasovich]]
|bronze_nation = BLR
|bronze2 = {{ill|Rinka Kinoshita|ja|木下鈴花}}
|bronze2_nation= JPN
|prev = [[2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Flyweight|2022]]
|next = [[2025 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Flyweight|2025]]
}}
{{2023Women'sWorldBoxingChampionships}}
The '''Flyweight''' competition at the [[2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships]] was held between 16 and 25 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Delegations' Handbook|url=https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Team-Delegation-Handbook-IBA-Womens-World-Championship-2023-New-Delhi-India-version-1.4.pdf|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|IBA]]|access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>

==Results==
===Finals===
{{#invoke:RoundN|N4
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high


||{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Yuliya Apanasovich]]|0|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wu Yu (boxer)|Wu Yu]]|5
||{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sirine Charaabi]]|4|{{flagicon|JPN}} {{ill|Rinka Kinoshita|ja|木下鈴花}}|1

||{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wu Yu (boxer)|Wu Yu]]|5|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sirine Charaabi]]|0
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
| skipmatch=1
| omit_blanks=yes


||{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Miguelina Hernández]]|3|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Anjani Teli]]|4
||{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Feruza Kazakova]]|5|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jung Joo-hyung]]|0
||{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Yuliya Apanasovich]]|4|{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Alexandra Gheorghe]]|1

||{{flagicon|HAI}} [[Kathreen Sterling]]|0|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Anjani Teli]]|5
||{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Feruza Kazakova]]|3|{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Yuliya Apanasovich]]|4

||{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Anjani Teli]]|0|{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Yuliya Apanasovich]]|5
}}

====Section 2====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high


||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhazira Urakbayeva]]|RSC|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chang Chia-hsun]]|
||{{flagicon|COL}} [[María Martínez (boxer)|María Martínez]]|0|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sakshi Chaudhary (boxer)|Sakshi Chaudhary]]|5
||{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Antonia Giannakopoulou]]}}|0|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wu Yu (boxer)|Wu Yu]]|5
||{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Gabriella Busa]]|0|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[María González (boxer)|María González]]|5

||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhazira Urakbayeva]]|0|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sakshi Chaudhary (boxer)|Sakshi Chaudhary]]|5
||{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wu Yu (boxer)|Wu Yu]]|5|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[María González (boxer)|María González]]|0

||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sakshi Chaudhary (boxer)|Sakshi Chaudhary]]|0|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wu Yu (boxer)|Wu Yu]]|5
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high


||{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Helena Bagão]]|5|{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Ann Maithori]]|0
||{{flagicon|THA}} [[Preedakamon Tintabthai]]|1|{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|MGL}} [[Oyuntsetsegiin Yesügen]]}}|4
||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anna Aedma]]|3|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Monique Suraci]]|4
||{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Efasha Kamarudin]]|0|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sirine Charaabi]]|5

||{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Helena Bagão]]||{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|MGL}} [[Oyuntsetsegiin Yesügen]]}}|RSC
||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Monique Suraci]]|0|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sirine Charaabi]]|5

||{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|MGL}} [[Oyuntsetsegiin Yesügen]]}}|0|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sirine Charaabi]]|5|
}}

====Section 4====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
| skipmatch=4
| omit_blanks=yes


||{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Venelina Poptoleva]]|3|{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Trân]]}}|4
||{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Tasmyn Benny]]|0|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Romane Moulai]]|5
||{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Sara Ćirković]]|5|{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Beyza Saraçoğlu]]|0

||{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Trân]]|0|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Romane Moulai]]|5
||{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Sara Ćirković]]|0|{{flagicon|JPN}} {{ill|Rinka Kinoshita|ja|木下鈴花}}|5

||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Romane Moulai]]|0|{{flagicon|JPN}} {{ill|Rinka Kinoshita|ja|木下鈴花}}|5
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/52-3.pdf Draw]

{{Footer World Womens Amateur Champions Flyweight}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships - Flyweight}}
[[Category:2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships|Flyweight]]

Kotwali Dehat

2025-03-18T11:53:39Z

MadelaineStanfie: made initial biography with sources!

{{Orphan|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotwali
| settlement_type = town
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1790}}
| founder = sher e kotwal
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 12000
| population_total = 15,300
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| coordinates = {{coord|29|25|51|N|78|21|25|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 246764
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP 20]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]] [[Pradhan]]
| leader_title = [[Pradhan]]
| leader_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| footnotes = clean kotwali sundar kotwali
| demographics1_title1 = Official
}}
'''Kotwali Dehat''' is a large block and village<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of villages of Kotwali block in Bijnor district |url=https://www.viewvillage.in/villages-of-block/kotwali-994 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.viewvillage.in}}</ref> in the [[Bijnor district]] and [[Tehsil]] [[Nagina]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

It is 7 kilometers from Nagina, 23 kilometers from Najibabad, 25 kilometers from Dhampur, and 8 kilometers from Nehtour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kotwali Census Town City Population Census 2011-2023 {{!}} Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/113101-kotwali-uttar-pradesh.html#:~:text=Current%20estimated%20population%20of%20Kotwali,be%20updated%20once%20its%20done. |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=K |url=h |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population finder {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Village - Madiwala, Post - Kotwali Dehat, Distt - Bijnor Pin Code: Village - Madiwala, Post - Kotwali Dehat, Distt - Bijnor, Najibabad, Bijnor, Bijnor Post Office Code & Address with Map |url=https://codepin.in/village-madiwala-post-kotwali-dehat-distt-bijnor-pin-code |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=codepin.in}}</ref>

== Members ==
{{unsourced section|date=March 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Gram Panchayat -(KOTWAALI) : Members
!S.N
!Name
!Designation
|-
|1
|'''Ahmad Gaffar'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|2
|'''Hanif'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|3
|'''Hasan Fatma'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|4
|'''Intjar Ahmad'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|5
|'''Keval Ram'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|6
|'''Mamta'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|7
|'''Mohd Khalid'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|8
|'''Mohd Shahid'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|9
|'''Nasrin'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|10
|'''Rais Ahmad'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|11
|'''Shakil Ahmad'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|12
|'''Mehboob Alam'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|13
|'''Mohd Usman'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|14
|'''Shamshida'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|}

== Wards ==
{{unsourced section|date=March 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Gram Panchayat - (KOTWAALI) : Wards
!No.
!Ward Name
!Ward No
!LGD Code
|-
|1
|'''Ward No.1'''
|ward no.1
|2432534
|-
|2
|'''Ward No.2'''
|ward no.2
|2432535
|-
|3
|'''Ward No.3'''
|ward no.3
|2432536
|-
|4
|'''Ward No.4'''
|ward no.4
|2432537
|-
|5
|'''Ward No.5'''
|ward no.5
|2432538
|-
|6
|'''Ward No.6'''
|ward no.6
|2432539
|-
|7
|'''Ward No.7'''
|ward no.7
|2432540
|-
|8
|'''Ward No.8'''
|ward no.8
|2432541
|-
|9
|'''Ward No.9'''
|ward no.9
|2432542
|-
|10
|'''Ward No.10'''
|ward no.10
|2432543
|-
|11
|'''Ward No.11'''
|ward no.11
|2432544
|-
|12
|'''Ward No.12'''
|ward no.12
|2432545
|-
|13
|'''Ward No.13'''
|ward no.13
|2432546
|-
|14
|'''Ward No.14'''
|ward no.14
|2432547
|-
|15
|'''Ward No.15'''
|ward no.15
|2432548
|}

== Gram Panchyat List of Kotwali block ==
{{unsourced section|date=March 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Gram Panchayat List of Kotwali
!S.N
!Village Panchayat Name
!LGD Code
|-
|1
|Aalealipur
|55199
|-
|2
|Abdipurherbansh
|55200
|-
|3
|Abdulfazalpurbani
|55201
|-
|4
|Abdullapurkureshi
|55202
|-
|5
|Ajupurarani
|55203
|-
|6
|Alauddinpur
|270233
|-
|7
|Alhedadpur{khajva}
|55204
|-
|8
|Alipura Ganga
|270204
|-
|9
|Alipurajat
|55205
|-
|10
|Alipurmaan
|55206
|-
|11
|Allahahedi
|270244
|-
|12
|Aslampur Bhullan
|270297
|-
|13
|Aurangabad
|270303
|-
|14
|Azampur Parma
|270240
|-
|15
|Babansaray
|55207
|-
|16
|Badhala
|55208
|-
|17
|Bedarbakpurjado
|55209
|-
|18
|Begampur Chaymal
|55213
|-
|19
|Begampurhare
|55210
|-
|20
|Benipur
|55211
|-
|21
|Bhagwanpur
|55212
|-
|22
|Bhogli
|55214
|-
|23
|Bhogpur
|55215
|-
|24
|Binjahedi
|55216
|-
|25
|Budhabala
|55217
|-
|26
|Chakudaychand (FATAHPUR AHATMALI)
|55218
|-
|27
|Chandupura
|270210
|-
|28
|Fatahpur
|55219
|-
|29
|Fazalpur Bhau
|270288
|-
|30
|Garabpur
|270213
|-
|31
|Ghansurpur Amroli
|270216
|-
|32
|Gopiwala
|55220
|-
|33
|Goshpursadat
|55221
|-
|34
|Hajimohd.purkot
|55222
|-
|35
|Haqikatpurgangwali
|55223
|-
|36
|Haqikatpursashu
|55224
|-
|37
|Hargabchadan
|55225
|-
|38
|Harganpur
|55226
|-
|39
|Hasanalipur Dharma
|270296
|-
|40
|Hasanalipur Heera
|270168
|-
|41
|Herbanshpurdhrak
|55227
|-
|42
|Huseinabad
|55228
|-
|43
|Inayatpur
|55229
|-
|44
|Ishahilpurdami
|55230
|-
|45
|Ishlamabad
|55231
|-
|46
|Jafarpur
|55232
|-
|47
|Jaganathpur Mehru
|270289
|-
|48
|Jaggannathpur
|55233
|-
|49
|Jahanabad
|55234
|-
|50
|Jahangeerpurkhash
|55235
|-
|51
|Jamalpur Banger
|55236
|-
|52
|Jamalpur Matlub
|270203
|-
|53
|Jamalpurdeekli
|55237
|-
|54
|Jhilmila
|55239
|-
|55
|Kakarpur
|270186
|-
|56
|Kalakhedi
|55238
|-
|57
|Kalyanpur
|55240
|-
|58
|Kamaalpurbhoga
|55241
|-
|59
|Kamruddin Nagar
|270309
|-
|60
|Kanakpur
|55243
|-
|61
|Kandarwala
|270308
|-
|62
|Karondachohder
|55242
|-
|63
|Karondapachdu
|55244
|-
|64
|Kashbakotra
|55245
|-
|65
|Kayamnagerdodrajpur
|55246
|-
|66
|Kazipuraimma
|55247
|-
|67
|Khanpurmanak
|55249
|-
|68
|Kharullapur
|55250
|-
|69
|Khijarpurjaggu
|55251
|-
|70
|Khurampurdallu
|55252
|-
|71
|Khurampurkhadak
|55253
|-
|72
|Khushalpurdewansingh
|55254
|-
|73
|Khushalpurmatheri
|55255
|-
|74
|Kiratpur
|55256
|-
|75
|Kirtonagli
|55257
|-
|76
|Kishanpurkunda
|55258
|-
|77
|Kotwaali
|55259
|-
|78
|Kunjeta
|55260
|-
|79
|Ladpur
|270245
|-
|80
|Madpurasultaan
|55261
|-
|81
|Maheshpur
|55262
|-
|82
|Maheshwerijat
|55264
|-
|83
|Mahmudpurnarayan
|55263
|-
|84
|Majhedashakru
|55265
|-
|85
|Makandpur Rajmal
|270250
|-
|86
|Malakpur Dehri
|270207
|-
|87
|Malakpurabdulla
|55266
|-
|88
|Manabberpursaid
|55267
|-
|89
|Masuri
|55268
|-
|90
|Maujampur Dayal
|270180
|-
|91
|Mehmudpurbhawata
|55269
|-
|92
|Mirza Alipur Bhara
|270185
|-
|93
|Mitthepur
|270217
|-
|94
|Mo.purtirlok
|55270
|-
|95
|Modh.asiqpurbhure
|55271
|-
|96
|Mohd.purherbansh
|55272
|-
|97
|Mohideenpur
|55273
|-
|98
|Murtjapur
|55274
|-
|99
|Mushtfapurbhurapur
|55275
|-
|100
|Mussypur
|245665
|-
|101
|Narullapur
|55276
|-
|102
|Nenpura
|55277
|-
|103
|Nijampurdevsi
|55278
|-
|104
|Nuralipurbhagwat
|55279
|-
|105
|Nurpurarab
|55280
|-
|106
|Pakhanpur
|55281
|-
|107
|Pitanhedi
|55282
|-
|108
|Puraeni
|55283
|-
|109
|Raipuri Garhi
|270234
|-
|110
|Rajopursadat
|55284
|-
|111
|Rajpura
|55285
|-
|112
|Ramjiwala
|270276
|-
|113
|Rampurchajmal
|55286
|-
|114
|Rampurdas
|55287
|-
|115
|Rasulpurjagan
|55288
|-
|116
|Rasulpurmujafer1
|55289
|-
|117
|Rathupura
|270242
|-
|118
|Rawal Hedi Khajuri
|55248
|-
|119
|Raypursadat
|55290
|-
|120
|Roshanpurpratap
|55291
|-
|121
|Sabuwala
|270301
|-
|122
|Sadatpurgadi
|55292
|-
|123
|Saidpura Gajju
|245631
|-
|124
|Samaspurnaseeb
|55293
|-
|125
|Samaspursaddo
|55294
|-
|126
|Sarai Dadumber
|55298
|-
|127
|Sardarpur
|270278
|-
|128
|Sedkhedi
|55295
|-
|129
|Sedpurimahichand
|55296
|-
|130
|Shadipur
|55297
|-
|131
|Shahalipur Asha
|270176
|-
|132
|Shahmujaffarpur
|55299
|-
|133
|Shahwazpur
|270169
|-
|134
|Shalipurkotra
|55300
|-
|135
|Sharfudeennagar
|55301
|-
|136
|Sharifpur Malakpur
|270239
|-
|137
|Shaubalagosibala
|55302
|-
|138
|Shekhpuraturk
|55303
|-
|139
|Shernagarnareni
|55304
|-
|140
|Sikkawala
|270235
|-
|141
|Su.aa.purbaniganesh
|55305
|-
|142
|Sulemanpurshikohpur
|55306
|-
|143
|Takipur Narottam
|270182
|-
|144
|Tandamaidas
|55307
|-
|145
|Tarapur
|55308
|-
|146
|Telipara
|270298
|-
|147
|Tukhmapurherbansh
|55309
|-
|148
|Ugersanpur
|55310
|-
|149
|Umarpur Barkhera
|270282
|}
{{bar box|title=Religions in Kotwali (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|38}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Muslims]]|green|62}}|caption=}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Bijnor district]]

{{Bijnor-geo-stub}}

Chaitanya (consciousness)

2025-02-27T21:00:30Z

MadelaineStanfie: general corrected lead and added references

{{Short description|Hindu philosophical concept}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Other uses|Chaitanya (disambiguation){{!}}Chaitanya}}

'''Chaitanya''' ({{Langx|sa|चैतन्य}}) refers variously to 'awareness', 'consciousness', 'Conscious Self', 'intelligence' or 'Pure Consciousness'.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WyGNuzXGKgC&q=Chaitanya+consciousness&pg=PA74|title=A Guide to Shaktipat|author=Swami Shivom Tirth|year=1985|publisher=Devatma Shakti Society|isbn=0961421509}}</ref> It can also mean energy or enthusiasm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanskrit Dictionary|url= http://dictionary.tamilcube.com/sanskrit-dictionary.aspx }}</ref> The meaning of name Chaitanya also stands for "State of Conscious Energy".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tirth |first=Swami Shivom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WyGNuzXGKgC&q=Chaitanya+consciousness&pg=PA74 |title=A Guide to Shaktipat |date=1985 |publisher=Swami Shivom Tirth Ashram Inc |isbn=978-0-9614215-0-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
It is derived from cetanā ({{Langx|sa|चेतना}}), which refers to [[life|living]] things or consciousness itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/10/verse/22|author=[[Mukundananda]]|title=Bhagavad Gita - Chapter 10, verse 22|access-date=2021-04-15}}</ref>

== Scripture ==

In the Rig Veda (R.V.IV.XL.5), ''Nrishad'' is the dweller amongst humans; ''Nrishad'' is explained as ''Chaitanya'' or 'Consciousness' or ''[[Prana]]'' or 'vitality' because both dwell in humans.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rig veda Samhita Vol. 3. III Ashtaka VII Adhyaya Sukta XIII (XL) .5|year=1857|publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Company|page=200|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LxwYAAAAYAAJ&q=Chaitanya+in+rig+veda&pg=PA200 }}</ref>

In his commentary on the [[Isha Upanishad]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sri Aurobindo |title=Upanishads-I: Isha Upanishad |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publications Department |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7058-749-1 |edition=2nd |location=Pondicherry |language=English}}</ref>{{pn|date=April 2024}} [[Sri Aurobindo]] explains that the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]], the Self manifests through a seven-fold movement of [[Prakrti]]. These seven folds of consciousness, along with their dominant principles are:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://incarnateword.in/sabcl/12/self-realisation#p10 |title=Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library #12 - Commentary on Upanisads |author=[[Sri Aurobindo]]|access-date=2021-04-16 |date=1972}}</ref>

# annamaya puruṣa - physical
# prāṇamaya puruṣa - nervous / vital
# manomaya puruṣa - mental / mind
# vijñānamaya puruṣa - [[Vidya (philosophy)|knowledge]] and [[satya|truth]]
# ānandamaya puruṣa - Aurobindo's concept of [[Involution (esoterism)#Delight|Delight]], otherwise known as [[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|Bliss]]
# caitanya puruṣa - infinite divine self-awareness<ref>{{cite book |title=The Upanishads: Texts, Translations and Commentaries |author=Sri Aurobindo |date=December 1996 |publisher=Lotus Press |page=45 |isbn=978-0-9149-5523-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F0IJMaMTf0cC&q=chaitanya&pg=PA445}}</ref>
# sat puruṣa - state of pure divine existence

The first five of these are arranged according to the specification of the [[panchakosha]] from the second chapter of the [[Taittiriya Upanishad#Ananda Valli|Taittiriya Upanishad]]. The final three elements make up [[satcitananda|''sat-cit-ananda'']], with [[Cit (consciousness)|cit]] being referred to as ''chaitanya''.

The essential nature of [[Brahman]] as revealed in deep sleep and Yoga is Chaitanya (pure consciousness).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mystical Philosophy of the Upanishads|author=S.C.Sen|year=2008|publisher=Genesis Publishing (P) Ltd.|page=178|isbn=9788130706603|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xnhNZQJ07DYC&q=chaitanya+in+upanishads&pg=PA178}}</ref>

== Vedanta ==

The Vedantists also speak about the Consciousness or ''Mayaopahita-chaitanya'' that is associated with the indescribable [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] which is responsible for the functions of creation, preservation and dissolution of entire Existence, and about the Consciousness or ''Avidyaopahita-chaitanya'' that is associated with [[Avidya (Hinduism)|Avidya]] which causes the wrong identification of the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] with the body etc.; after negating both Maya and Avidya, that is, after all distinctions are obliterated, what remains is Pure Consciousness or Chaitanya.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Samkara's Vivekacudamani |author=Sri Candrasekhara Bharati of Sringeri|year=2008|publisher=Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan|page=494|isbn=978-8172764203}}</ref>

The form of an object that the mind assumes, after coming into contact with that object or enveloping it, is called ''[[Vritti]]''. The process of enveloping is called ''Vritti-Vyapti''. ''[[Vyapti]]'' is pervasion and the pervasion by the mind of a certain location called the object is ''Vritti-Vyapti''. The awareness that the object is there illuminates the object due to the presence in this moving process called the mind and is called ''phala-vyapti''. It is only because of the consciousness attending on the mind that the object is perceived. [[Vedanta]] says that the object cannot be wholly material and there is no qualitative difference between the object and consciousness which consciousness by coming into contact with the object knows that the object is there which fact implies that consciousness is inherent in the object. This is the ''Vishaya- chaitanya'' or the 'object-consciousness' which does not mean consciousness of the object but the object which is a phase of consciousness which prevails everywhere.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gleanings from Rig Veda – When Science was Religion|author=Choudur Satyanarayana Murthy|date=4 November 2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|pages=66–67|isbn=9781467024013|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kv86C_pd5-YC&q=Chaitanya+in+rig+veda&pg=PA67 }}</ref>

To [[advaita vedanta|advaitins]], it refers to a pure [[consciousness]] that knows itself and also knows others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chaitanya Gurukul - Meaning of Chaitanya|url=https://www.chaitanyagurukul.co.in/meaning_of_chaitanya.php|access-date=2021-04-14|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415004734/https://www.chaitanyagurukul.co.in/meaning_of_chaitanya.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cetanā]], Buddhist concept
* [[Cit (consciousness)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Consciousness]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

Malegaon Ka Chintu

2025-02-24T09:05:53Z

MadelaineStanfie:

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
| creator =
| developer = 6fzxx
1256790
| writer =
| director = Shaikh Nasir
| creative_director =
| starring = Al Amin Ashwini Khairnar
| country = [[India]]
| language = Silent
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 75
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Deepti Bhatnagar]]
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 19 minutes
| company = [[Deepti Bhatnagar Productions]]
| channel = [[SAB TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2010|8|6}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2014|11|30}}
| related =
}}

'''''Malegaon Ka Chintu''''' is an Indian silent comedy series which premiered on [[Sony|SAB|SAB TV]]. The series is produced by [[Deepti Bhatnagar]].The first season premiered on 6 August 2010 and concluded on 26 March 2011.the story revolves around a character named Chintu.

==Overview==
===Season 1===
The story portrays the life of a small-town boy, Chintu (character loosely based on [[Mr. Bean]]), whose life revolves around his coat, his bicycle and his girlfriend, Pinky.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/talking-point-with-shaikh-nasir/654720/|title=Talking point with Shaikh Nasir|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-06/tv/28278038_1_silent-comedy-gutur-gu-sab |title=Another silent comedy on TV! - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031070704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-06/tv/28278038_1_silent-comedy-gutur-gu-sab |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They go all over the world and get caught up in hilarious situations, sometimes of Chintu's doings.

===Season 2===
The second season named '''''Chintu Ban Gaya Gentleman''''' premiered on 15 December 2012 and concluded on 6 July 2013. It takes the eventful life of Chintu from the villages of Malegaon straight to exotic locales around the globe<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/malegaon-ka-chintu-goes-globetrotting/1044740/|title=Malegaon Ka Chintu goes globetrotting|date=December 14, 2012|accessdate=January 18, 2018}}</ref>

===Season 3===
A third season '''''Chintu Aur Pintu''''' premiered on 27 September 2014 and concluded on 30 November 2014.

==Cast==
*Al Amin Shaikh as Chintu
*Al Dakin Sing as Pintu
*[[Ashwini Khairnar]] as Pinky, Chintu's Girlfriend

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sabtv.com/comedy/show.php?id=23 Official Site on SAB TV]

{{SAB TV Programmes}}

[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Maharashtra]]

Kishan Kapoor

2025-02-01T20:34:44Z

MadelaineStanfie: refine layout as per guidelines and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician (1951–2025)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kishan Kapoor
| image = Kishan Kapoor, Himachal Pradesh.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Kapoor in 2018
| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Shanta Kumar]]
| successor = [[Rajeev Bhardwaj]]
| office1 = Food and Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Election Minister [[Himachal Pradesh Government]]
| constituency1 = [[Dharamshala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharamshala assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = 27 December 2017
| term_end1 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor1 = [[GS Bali]]
| successor1 = [[Rajinder Garg]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Jai Ram Thakur]]

| office2 = Industries, Transport and Urban Development Minister [[Himachal Pradesh Government]]
| constituency2 = [[Dharamshala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharamshala assembly constituency]]
| term_start2 = 2007
| term_end2 = 2012

| 2blankname2 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata2 = [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]

| office3 = Transport, Tribal Development, Printing and Stationery and Law Minister [[Himachal Pradesh Government]]
| constituency3 = [[Dharamshala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharamshala assembly constituency]]
| term_start3 = 1998
| term_end3 = 2003

| 3blankname3 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 3namedata3 = [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]

| office4 = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 1990
| term_end4 = 1998
| constituency4 = [[Dharamshala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharamshala assembly constituency]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1951|6|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|2|1|1951|6|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Rekha Kapoor]] |10 August 1990}}
| parents = Hari Ram Gulabo Devi
| relations =
| children = Shashwat Kapoor (son), Pragati Kapoor (daughter)
| occupation = Politician, businessman
| known_for = Social work
}}

'''Kishan Kapoor''' (25 June 1951 – 1 February 2025) was an Indian politician who was a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was the [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]] of Himachal Pradesh. He won the seat by a record margin of votes in the 2019 General election. He won by a margin of 4.77 lakh votes which is the 2nd largest voting percentage at 72.2% all over the country. He had previously served as Food, Civil supplies & Consumer Affairs minister in the [[Himachal Pradesh Government]]. He served three terms as a [[Cabinet minister]] and five terms as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the legislative assembly]] representing the [[Dharamshala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharamshala assembly constituency]]. He was one of the most senior [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] leaders from the state.

== Life and career ==
Kapoor was Minister for Food and Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Election in Himachal Pradesh and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the legislative assembly]] (MLA) from [[Dharamshala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharamshala assembly constituency]]. Serving his third term as a minister in the cabinet of [[Jai Ram Thakur]], he previously held important portfolios like Industries, Transport, Town and Country Planning, Urban Development in the [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] Cabinet. During this time, he was accompanied by [[Jagat Prakash Nadda]], National President of the [[BJP]], as his colleague.

Kapoor died in [[Chandigarh]] on 1 February 2025, at the age of 73.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kishan-kapoor-himachal-pradesh-bjp-minister-kishan-kapoor-9811755/ Former Himachal Pradesh BJP minister Kishan Kapoor dies at 73: J P Nadda says ‘irreparable loss’]</ref>

== Timeline ==
Kapoor's timeline in politics was a long one, and he plunged into active politics at a relatively young age.

* '''1970''' Became a member of the Jansangh and the Janta Party
* '''1978''' Yuva Morcha Secretary
* '''1980''' Attended the formation of BJP
* '''1982–1984''' Mandal Adhyaksh BJP Dharamshala
* '''1985''' Fought first MLA election as a BJP candidate from Dharamshala constituency
* '''1990''' Represented Dharamshala constituency as an MLA for the BJP
* '''1993''' Won for the second time from Dharamshala and reached the Vidhan Sabha
* '''1993–97''' Appointed Chief Whip Vidhan Sabha
* '''1994''' Appointed the State Executive Member BJP HP
* '''1995–97''' Remained BJP President Kangra District
* '''1996''' Appointed BJP Election Incharge for MANIPUR Parliamentary Constituency
* '''1998''' Won for the third time from Dharamshala constituency
* '''1998''' Sworn in as Transport, Tribal Development, Printing and Stationery and Law Minister
* '''2003''' Contested from Dharamshala and lost
* '''2004''' Appointed State Spokesperson BJP Himachal Pradesh
* '''2007''' Won for the fourth time from Dharamshala
* '''2008''' Sworn in as Transport, Urban Development, Housing and Town and Country Planning Minister
* '''2009''' Portfolios changed to Industries, Labor and Employment and Sainik Welfare Ministries
* '''2012''' Contested from Dharamshala and lost
* '''2017''' Won from Dharamshala constituency for the fifth term
* '''2017''' Sworn in as the Food and Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs and Election Minister
* '''2019''' Elected as Member of Parliament from Kangra Parliamentary Constituency for the first time with a record margin of the highest voting percentage in the entire country.

==References==
{{Reflist|}}

==External links==
*{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/bjp-historical-win-himachal-margins-crossing-4-75-lakh-vote-share-70-1533271-2019-05-24 | title=BJP registers historical win in Himachal with victory margins crossing 4.75 lakh, vote share 70 per cent}}
*{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Pratibha |title=Rebels may play spoilsport for BJP again |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/rebels-may-play-spoilsport-for-bjp-again/483578.html |access-date=29 December 2017 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |agency=Tribune News Service |date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171229191200/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/rebels-may-play-spoilsport-for-bjp-again/483578.html |archive-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |title=Himachal Pradesh Election Results: BJP leader Kishan Kapoor wins from Dharamshala |url=http://zeenews.india.com/himachal-pradesh/himachal-pradesh-election-results-dharamshala-2065481.html |access-date=29 December 2017 |work=[[Zee News]] |agency=Zee Media Bureau |date=18 December 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171229190921/http://zeenews.india.com/himachal-pradesh/himachal-pradesh-election-results-dharamshala-2065481.html |archive-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.hp.nic.in/ |title=NICEMAIL ver 5.0 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113030954/http://hp.nic.in/ |archive-date=13 January 2006 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5112 |title = Members : Lok Sabha}}

{{17th LS members from Himachal Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Kishan}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]

Vidyakar Kavi

2024-11-02T23:29:15Z

MadelaineStanfie: starting new post with sources

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Vidyakar Kavi''' (1923 - 31 January 1986) was an Indian politician and social worker from Bihar. He was the former Education and Road Construction Minister of Bihar. He served as the president of the [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]]. Kavi participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942 and started his career as a teacher. He served as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from 1957 to 1967 and later represented [[Alamnagar Assembly constituency]] from 1967 to 1977. Under his leadership, the education system of Bihar was strengthened. He died in 1986 due to cardiac arrest.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=बहु आयामी व्यक्तित्व के स्वामी थे मधेपुरा के विद्याकर कवि: पुण्यतिथि आज |url=https://www.madhepuratimes.com/2014/01/vidyadhar-kavi.html |publisher=MadhepuraTimes |date=31 January 2014 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=पूर्व मंत्री विद्याकर कवि की पुण्यतिथि मनी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020502-1904930-NOR.html/ |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=विद्याकर कवि ने दी थी बिहार की राजनीति को ऊंचाई |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhepura/1117937 |publisher=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424093340/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhepura/1117937 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Biography ==
He was born in 1923 in [[Alamnagar]], [[Madhepura district]], in an elite family. His father, Manmohan Kavi, was a scholar of the [[Braj Bhasha]].<ref name=":1"/>

He started his career as a teacher in a high school in [[Alamnagar]]. In 1953, he left teaching to become engaged in politics. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and held positions such as the President of the [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]] and a cabinet member. He was a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from 1957 to 1967 and represented Alamnagar from 1967 to 1977. He served as the Education Minister and Road Construction Minister during this time. In 1969, when the Congress Party was not doing well in the state, he was made the President of the State Congress Committee. He was known for speaking his mind and not being afraid to criticize his own government.<ref name=":1"/>

The government of Bihar established the Vidyakar Kavi Literary Award in his honour and a library and inter-college were established posthumously in his name in [[Alamnagar]]. While in charge of the irrigation department as minister, he also implemented policies during a Patna flood crisis in 1970s that helped the city recover and prevented future damage. He was appointed as the first official language minister of Bihar.<ref name=":1"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kavi, Vidyadhar}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Madhepura district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1969–1972]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Bihar]]

Karambeli railway station

2024-07-30T05:52:33Z

MadelaineStanfie: refine lead for clarity and corrected details per sources

{{short description|Railway station in Gujarat}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Karambeli railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Karambeli, [[Valsad district]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = India
| elevation =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.316409|72.901253|format=dms|display=inline}}
| line = [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]] [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]]
| other =
| structure = Ground
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| entrances =
| parking = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KEB
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Mumbai WR}}
}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_dot_label = Karambeli railway station
| map_size = 300
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=New Delhi–Mumbai main line|left=Vapi|right=Bhilad}}
}}

'''Karambeli railway station''' is a small railway station on the [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] network in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/karambeli-keb/3184| title=KEB/Karambeli| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Karambeli railway station is 7 km away from [[Vapi railway station]]. Passenger and MEMU trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=KEB| title=KEB:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Mumbai| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationTimeTable.jsp?stncode=KEB| title=KEB/Karambeli| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/220918/western-railway-rolls-out-first-roro-service.html| title=Western Railway rolls out first RoRo service| website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Valsad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Valsad district]]
[[Category:Mumbai WR railway division]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Ibrahim Vengara

2024-03-04T20:48:08Z

MadelaineStanfie: made a stub and citations

{{Short description|Indian playwright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Ibrahim Vengara''' is a [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language]] playwright from [[Kerala]], India. He has written over 50 radio plays, 25 plays and 20 monologues.

He was born on 1 August 1941 at [[Vengara (Kannur district)|Vengara]] in [[North Malabar]] as the son of Seythammadath Alikunji and Puthiya Veettil Kunjamina.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} His father died when he was barely three years old. He started his primary school education at Vengara Mappila Upper Primary School but the study ended in two years. Later, he learned to read and write Malayalam from an old age school, which was under the auspices of the Public Library, [[Taliparamba]]. At the age of 13, he left home. He travelled across India and did all kinds of jobs in different parts of the country.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

His relationship with theatre movement began in 1962. His first work, ''Arthi'', won first prize in a drama competition in 1965. He has worked in theatre groups Thrissur Silpi and Kozhikode Sangamam. His drama troupe ''Chirantana'' has presented some of the best professional plays Malabar has ever seen.<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/Programs/Episode/16605/ee-vazhitharayil-ep-120/E "Play starts after Drama: Dramatist Ibrahim Vengara looks back"]. ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''. [[Calicut]]. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</ref> He was imprisoned during the [[Emergency (India)|Emergency]] for writing the play ''Bhoothavanam''. His works ''Ezhil Chovva'' and ''Upaharam'' won the award from [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] for best radio play in the years 1989-'90 and 1992 -'93 respectively. These plays were translated and broadcast in 14 Indian languages. He received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] for Drama in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-a-ksna/465 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Drama |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> His work ''Rajasabha'' won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] in 1997. His autobiography ''Green Room'' won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]] in 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Ibrahim Vengara has served as [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy]] member, [[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham]] State Council Member, Akashvani Kozhikode Programme Advisory Board member, and Kerala Drama Workers Welfare Association State Council member.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

==Works==
* ''Arthi'' (1965)
* ''Valmikam'' (1971)
* ''Utharam'' (1982)
* ''Ezhil Chovva'' (1989-'90)
* ''Upaharam'' (1992-'93)
* ''Padanilam'' (1994)
* ''Malikaveedu''
* ''Rajasabha''
* ''Oru Ithihasa Kavyam''

==Awards==
* 1997: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] - ''Rajasabha''
* 2015: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]] - ''Green Room''<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=2015 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/08-08-2016/Award2015.pdf |location=[[Trichur]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=28 March 2017 |access-date=17 April 2018}}</ref>
* 2010: Thikkodiyan Award<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Thikkodiyan-Award-for-Ibrahim-Vengara/article15596038.ece |title=Thikkodiyan Award for Ibrahim Vengara |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Calicut]] |date=17 December 2010 |accessdate=17 April 2018}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vengara, Ibrahim}}
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Kaifiyat

2023-12-05T15:18:50Z

MadelaineStanfie: made some page w/ refs!

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Rupenguntla Kaifiyat Page-1.jpg
| width1 = 200
| image2 = Rupenguntla Kaifiyat Page-2.jpg
| width2 = 200
| footer = [[Telugu language]] ''kaifiyat'' of Rupenguntla village
}}
A '''''Kaifiyat''''' is a historical record, especially about a village or a town, from the [[Deccan]] region of India. Compiled in 18th and 19th centuries by [[village accountant]]s, based on earlier records, the ''kaifiyats'' are a valuable source of local history. Many of them are part of the ''Mackenzie Manuscripts'' compiled by [[Colin Mackenzie]] and his assistants during 1780-1820.

== Etymology ==

The word ''kaifiyat'' is of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin,{{sfn|N.S. Raju|2019|loc=Foreword}} and comes to India from [[Persian language|Persian]], which was the official language of the [[Deccan sultanates]]. Depending on the context, it has various meanings including "circumstances, account, statement, report, particulars, story, and news." By the late 18th century, the word had entered the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] vocabulary, and meant "village account".{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=126}} Among scholars, the term became popular when [[Colin Mackenzie]]'s project to compile rural [[archive]]s used it to describe the compiled village histories.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2001|p=283}}

== History ==

The ''kaifiyats'' are written in multiple scripts and languages, including [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Sanskrit]]. The largest number of the manuscripts are in Telugu.{{sfn|N.S. Raju|2019|loc=Foreword}}

Even before the ''kaifiyats'' were first compiled in the 18th century, the village officials of the Telugu-speaking region maintained chronicles called ''dandakavile'' or ''kavile''. The [[Kakatiya]] rulers (1158–1323) had established the office of ''karanam'', who maintained such records. The ''karanam'' was a [[village accountant]], similar to the ''[[patwari]]'' of northern India. By the late 18th century, such officials had started compiling local records in form of ''kaifiyats'', transmitting them from one generation to another.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=126}}

The [[British East India Company]] officer [[Colin Mackenzie]] and his assistants came across the ''kaifiyats'', and valued them as sources of local history.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=4}} During 1780-1820, Mackenzie and his assistants collected ''kaifiyats'' from several villages, often encountering resistance and lack of cooperation from the village officers.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|pp=69-70}} Most of these ''kaifiyats'' were written down in the late 18th and early 19th century.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=125}}

The colonial historians and the early historians of independent India preferred ''kaifiyats'' over other literary sources of history because of verifiable details about village economy and genealogy. However, they did not regard these documents as fully reliable because of the presence of mythical sections.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=29}} Several later historians have analyzed ''kaifiyats'' as a source of history.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=146}}

== Contents ==

The ''kaifiyats'' vary a lot from one another,{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}} and may contain both historical and mythical information:{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=29}}

* origin stories of the village, often mythological accounts tracing the lineage of important families to the origin{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|pp=4, 141}}
* list of main rulers of the region{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}}
* land use{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=130}}
* list of crops{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}} and other agricultural products{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=125}}
* list of animals (including wild animals in the adjoining forests){{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}}
* family histories and genealogies of important families{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|pp=126,130}}
* list of land-owning families{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=130}}
* lists of ''[[inamdar (feudal title)|inam]]'' (rent-free) lands{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}}
* accounts of prominent castes{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}}
* history of temple donations{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=125}}
* transcriptions of epigraphical records{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=125}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=Precolonial India in Practice |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198031239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA283 }}
* {{cite book |editor=Nadupalli Srirama Raju |title=Catalogue of Mackenzie Kaifiyats: Telugu Manuscripts |year=2019 |publisher=National Mission for Manuscripts / Dev |isbn=978-93-80829-65-4 |url=https://www.namami.gov.in/sites/default/files/book_pdf/kaifiyats%20complete%20book.pdf |ref={{harvid|N.S. Raju|2019}} }}
* {{cite book |author=Rama Sundari Mantena |title=The Origins of Modern Historiography in India |year=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137011923 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWNdAQAAQBAJ |ref={{harvid|R.S. Mantena|2012}} }}
{{ref end}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |editor=T.V. Mahalingam |author-link=T. V. Mahalingam |title=Mackenzie Manuscripts: Summaries of the Historical Manuscripts in the Mackenzie Collection |volume=2 |year=1972 |publisher=University of Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4MMAQAAMAAJ }}

[[Category:Archives in India]]

Malayalam Encyclopedia

2023-12-04T09:31:35Z

MadelaineStanfie: new

'''''Malayalam Encyclopedia''''' may refer to:
* ''[[Britannica Malayalam Encyclopedia]]'', Malayalam translation of the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
* ''[[Sarvavijnanakosam]]'', Malayalam language encyclopedia; known in English as Malayalam Encyclopedia

{{Disambiguation}}

Babubarhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-11T19:37:01Z

MadelaineStanfie: reworked lead per sources further and corrected details per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Babubarhi Assembly constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Bhansali Productions

2018-01-31T17:27:08Z

MadelaineStanfie: small enhanced details per standard format and added references for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]