Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Tantra (film)

2026-05-08T02:05:29Z

MableHaight9: created a entry

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Srinivas Gopisetti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Tantra
| image = Tantra (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Srinivas Gopisetti
| screenplay =
| writer = Srinivas Gopisetti
| producer = {{plain list|
* Naresh Babu P
* Ravi Chaitanya
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Ananya Nagalla]]
* Dhanush Raghumudri
* [[Saloni Aswani]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plain list|
* Sai Ram Uday
* Vijay Bhaskar Saddala
}}
| editing = S. B. Uddhav
| music = RR Dhruvan
| studio = {{plain list|
* First Copy Movies
* Be The Way Films
* Vizag Film Factory
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|15}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Tantra''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Horror film|horror]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Srinivas Gopisetti.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2024 |title=Gaami, Bhimaa, Tillu Square: 5 upcoming Tollywood movies to look forward to in March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gaami-bhimaa-tillu-square-5-upcoming-tollywood-movies-to-look-forward-to-in-march/photostory/108243499.cms?picid=108243525 |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913105907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gaami-bhimaa-tillu-square-5-upcoming-tollywood-movies-to-look-forward-to-in-march/photostory/108243499.cms?picid=108243525 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film features [[Ananya Nagalla]], Dhanush Raghumudri and [[Saloni Aswani]] in lead roles. ''Tantra'' was released on 15 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Ananya Nagalla's Tantra release-date locked |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ananya-nagallas-tantra-release-date-locked-883134 |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810070134/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ananya-nagallas-tantra-release-date-locked-883134 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An old man sees a young girl eating a crow inside a forest. Rekha sees the young girl in her house's bathroom but Rekha's grandmother is unable to see the young girl. Rekha, Sailu, Teju / Teja and Sailu's younger brother, Vasu study in the same college. Teju and Rekha are lovers. It is revealed that Rekha could see ghosts. Vasu and Teju meet Sankar who explains about tantric. Rekha, possessed by a ghost, wanders at night but Rekha's father, Kumar, Rekha's grandmother and Rekha's friends believe that Rekha is sleep walking. Rekha visits a priest every friday. A ghost asks Rekha for blood and possessed Rekha cuts her leg with a knife to offer blood. Teju and Sankar talk about Sankar's past experiences with tantric.

Rekha feels Sailaja / Sailu is possessed by a ghost. As per the priest's instructions, Rekha confirms that someone has used Tantric on Sailu. Rekha and Teju explain to Sailu's family about the Tantric and the way to save Sailu but Sailu's elder brother doesn't believe in Tantric. Sailu's elder brother believes everything after Sailu goes to the graveyard on 12th day under the influence of Tantric as predicted by the priest. Teju explains everything to Sankar. On the 16th day, Sailu becomes normal after Teju kills the man who used Tantric on Sailu.

Possessed Rekha continues to offer blood to a ghost. A mysterious man inquires about Rajeshwari, Rekha's mother. The mysterious man wants to kill Rekha after killing a woman who told about Rekha. The mysterious man uses Tantric on Rekha and the priest performs a pooja to disrupt the tantric. A ghost kills the priest inside a forest. Rekha informs about Vikathi, the mysterious man to Teju. Sankar asks Teju to meet Sandi Swamy and explains about Sankar's past experiences with tantric. Sandi Swamy performs a pooja to disrupt Vikathi's tantric. Teju finds out that the priest never helped to save Sailu. Teju confronts Vikathi and understands Vikathi was not involved in the priest's death. Sandi Swamy explains to Teju that someone else is using Tantric to help Rekha. Sankar sees Possessed Rekha performing Tantric. Rekha tells about Rajeshwari to Teju.

In a flashback, Kumar marries Rajeshwari but doesn't consummate the marriage. Vikathi befriends Kumar and suggests killing Rajeshwari using Tantric. Kumar helps Vikathi to weaken Rajeshwari. Vikathi uses Tantric to sacrifice Rajeshwari to become more powerful but Vikathi's plan backfires when Vikathi loses focus. Vikathi loses sanity and Rajeshwari gets pregnant. Rajeshwari dies after giving birth to Rekha.

Rekha can see ghosts as Rekha was born as a result of a Tantric ritual. Rekha tells Teju that Rekha doesn't fear ghosts and Rekha actually found the way to save Sailu. Rekha explains to Teju that the priest misbehaved with Rekha and so Rekha killed the priest using Tantric and a Ghost. Rekha performs Tantric as a protection from Vikathi and Rajeshwari's spirit guides Rekha. It is revealed that Rekha drinks blood on every full moon night to stabilize her Tantric powers and Rekha was responsible for Teju's mother's death.

Teju finds out that Sankar is giving Tantric equipment to Rekha and Sankar was in love with Rajeshwari. Vikathi turns the villagers against Rekha, ties Rekha to a tree and prepares to sacrifice Rekha to become more powerful. Teju tries to save Rekha but Vikathi attacks Teju. Teju gives his blood to Rekha and Rekha frees herself from her bonds. Vikathi attacks Teju and Rekha agrees to sacrifice herself to save Teju. Sankar and Sandi Swamy perform pooja separately to help Rekha. With Rajeshwari's spirit's help, Teju attacks Vikathi disrupting the Tantric ritual. Rekha uses Tantric to sacrifice Vikathi. Sandi Swamy advises Rekha to use her Tantric powers for good.

==Cast==

* [[Ananya Nagalla]] as Rekha
* Dhanush Raghumudri as Teju
* [[Saloni Aswani]] as Rajeshwari
* Temper Vamsi
* Meesala Lakshman
* Manoj Muthyam
* Kushalini as Sailu
* Bhaskar Manyam

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tantra
| type = soundtrack
| artist = RR Dhruvan
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2024
| language = Telugu
| label = Nivriti Vibes
| producer = RR Dhruvan
}}

The film's [[soundtrack|soundtrack album]] and [[background score]] were composed by RR Dhruvan.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = RR Dhruvan
| title1 = Dheere Dheere
| length1 = 4:00
| lyrics1 = Alaraju
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Aditi Bhavaraju
| title2 = Gayatri Mantram
| length2 = 2:11
| lyrics2 = Alaraju
| extra2 = ML Gayatri, Pavani Vasa, Sony Komanduri, Lipsika, RR Dhruvan, ML Sruti
| title3 = Arari Raaro
| length3 = 2:54
| lyrics3 = Raghuram
| extra3 = Aditi Bhavaraju
| title4 = Vandhanam
| length4 = 3:30
| lyrics4 = Alaraju
| extra4 = Aditi Bhavaraju, Lipsika, RR Dhruvan
}}

==Release==
''Tantra'' was released on 15 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2024 |title=Ananya Nagalla's Tantra to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Feb/20/ananya-nagallas-tantra-to-release-on-this-date-52231.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913110001/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=migrator&dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-4&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1833830659653046732&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemaexpress.com%2Ftelugu%2Fnews%2F2024%2FFeb%2F20%2Fananya-nagallas-tantra-to-release-on-this-date-52231.html&sessionId=4b46f0eb4927cb81c6f88b7c4e2b13b04f77a9b7&siteScreenName=XpressCinema&theme=light&widgetsVersion=2615f7e52b7e0%3A1702314776716&width=550px |url-status=live}}</ref> Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and was premiered on 5 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=1 August 2024 |title='Pottel' team comes with a crazy poster featuring Ananya Nagalla |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pottel-team-comes-with-a-crazy-poster-featuring-ananya-nagalla-896130 |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810070134/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pottel-team-comes-with-a-crazy-poster-featuring-ananya-nagalla-896130 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Times Now]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5, and praised the performance of Ananya Nagalla and the storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=Tantra Review: Scares You Stiff With Rituals And Tantric Teachings |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/tantra-review-scares-you-stiff-with-rituals-and-tantric-teachings-review-108520993 |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913105903/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/tantra-review-scares-you-stiff-with-rituals-and-tantric-teachings-review-108520993 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'' too gave a similar review citing it as a "<bdi>tiresome, convoluted horror-thriller".</bdi><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=15 March 2024 |title=Tantra Movie Review: A tiresome, convoluted horror-thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Mar/15/tantra-movie-review-a-tiresome-convoluted-horror-thriller |access-date=10 August 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408173740/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Mar/15/tantra-movie-review-a-tiresome-convoluted-horror-thriller |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|28535416|title=Tantra}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]

Araria–Thakurganj–Galgalia railway line

2026-05-05T10:46:26Z

MableHaight9: done

{{short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 32em
| name = Araria–Thakurganj–Galgalia railway line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Bihar]]
| start = [[Araria]]
| end = [[Galgalia]]
| stations = 17
| routes =
| open = 2025
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|111|km}}
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| speed =
| elevation =
| website =
| map =
| map_state =
}}
'''Araria–Thakurganj–Galgalia railway line''' is a railway line in [[Bihar]]. The line traverses out from [[Katihar–Siliguri line]] in [[Galgalia]], and goes towards [[Thakurganj Junction]] and ends in [[Araria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=PM मोदी ने अररिया-गलगलिया रेललाइन का किया शुभारंभ, सिल्लीगुड़ी के लिए चली पहली ट्रेन|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/araria-narendra-modi-inaugurated-katihar-siliguri-express-train-on-araria-galgalia-railway-line-24048506.html|website=www.jagran.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Modi to Inaugurate Araria–Galgalia Rail Line, New Hope for Seemanchal's Growth|url=https://patnapress.com/araria-galgalia-rail-line-pm-modi-inauguration/|website=patnapress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=18 साल बाद अररिया-गलगलिया रेलखंड पर होगा परिचालन शुरू|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/araria/story-train-services-launch-on-araria-galgalia-rail-line-after-18-years-201757876372711.html|website=www.livehindustan.com}}</ref>

==Route==
The Araria–Thalurganj line acts as an alternate route between Kosi region of Bihar with northern part of West Bengal. The {{convert|111|km|mi}} lines has 17 stations en route. The line has 12 major bridges, notably on [[Mechi River]], [[Kankai River]] & Ratua River. The [[Kankai River]] railway bridge is the longest in this line stretching to {{convert|900.25|m|ft}} length.

==See also==
*[[Katihar–Siliguri Intercity Express (via Purnea)]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
*[[Katihar–Siliguri line]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Araria-Thakurganj-Galgalia railway line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Bihar]]

Battle of Conagul

2026-05-03T16:29:02Z

MableHaight9: new - done

{{Short description|1800 battle of the Waugh Insurgency}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Conagul
| partof = the [[Waugh Insurgency]]
| place = Near [[Conagul]], [[Karnataka]]
| image = Body of Dhondji Wagh on gun carriage (cropped).jpg
| caption = 1917 illustration of the battle
| date = 10 September 1800
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] [[East India Company]]
| combatant2 = [[Dhondia Wagh]]
| commander1 = [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]]
| commander2 = [[Dhondia Wagh]]
| strength1 = 1,200
| strength2 = 5,000
| casualties1 = 200–350 killed or wounded
| casualties2 = 600+ killed or wounded 100+ captured
| coordinates = {{coord|16.001671|76.829935}}
}}

The '''Battle of Conagul''' was a decisive cavalry engagement fought on 10 September 1800 during the [[Waugh Insurgency]] between a British force and an irregular army led by [[Dhondia Wagh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Culture Portal-Battle of Konagal (1800) |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/battle-konagal-1800}}</ref> The battle took place near [[Conagul]] village in present-day [[Raichur district]] in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Conagul |url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Battle_of_Conagul |website=FIBIwiki (Families in British India Society)}}</ref>

== Background ==

Following the fall of [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1799, [[Dhondia Wagh]], a former [[Mysore]]an commander, escaped captivity and rallied a force of Maratha irregulars, disbanded Mysorean troops, and local insurgents. His growing influence in northern Karnataka posed a threat to British control in the region. [[Major-General]] [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], commanding British and allied forces in the [[Deccan]], was tasked with suppressing Dhoondia's insurgency. After weeks of pursuit, Wellesley's cavalry caught up with Wagh's force near Conaghul.<ref>{{Cite book |title="A History of Mahrattas" by James Grant Duff (1826)}}</ref>

==Battle==

Wellesley led a cavalry force of approximately 1,200, including the [[19th Light Dragoons]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Huw J. |title=Wellington's First Command: The Political and Military Campaign Against Dhoondiah Vagh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40926542 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |publisher=Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 44, No. 5 (2010), pp. 1081–1113 |jstor=40926542 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> and native horsemen. Dhoondia Wagh's army was estimated to include over 5,000 [[cavalry]], though many were irregular and poorly coordinated. The British cavalry executed a rapid and disciplined charge, breaking through Dhoondia's formation. Wagh's army was routed, and Wagh was killed in action, reportedly by a British [[sepoy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=British Library – Eyewitness Descriptions of the Battle of Kongal |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/a5370511-47f0-48d1-b17b-7a193e62389f |publisher=British Library: Asian and African Studies}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

The victory at Conaghul effectively ended Wagh's insurgency and solidified British control over northern Karnataka. The battle also marked one of Arthur Wellesley's earliest independent field commands, showcasing his tactical decisiveness and leadership—a precursor to his later campaigns in India and Europe. Wellesley later described the campaign against Dhoondia as a formative experience, and the Battle of Conaghul remains a notable example of cavalry-led tempo warfare in colonial India.<ref>{{Cite book |title="The Life of Arthur Duke of Wellington" by G.R. Gleig (1865)}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1799|Mallavelly]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Mysore|Mallavelly]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Great Britain|Mallavelly]]
[[Category:1799 in India]]

Srinagar–Jammu Tawi Vande Bharat Express

2026-05-03T05:54:44Z

MableHaight9:

{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Distinguish||text=[[Jammu Tawi–Srinagar Vande Bharat Express]], India's 68th semi high-speed Mini Vande Bharat Express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Srinagar – Jammu Tawi ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Srinagar vande Bharat.jpg
| image_width = 330px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = J&K’s first Vande Bharat train At [[Banihal railway station]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| first = {{start date and age|June 06, 2025|df=yes}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|June 07 2025|df=yes}} (Commercial) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Katra - Srinagar Vande Bharat Express begins operations from June 7: Key details|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/katra-srinagar-vande-bharat-express-begins-operations-from-june-7-key-details-2736768-2025-06-06|access-date=2025-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> {{start date and age|April 30 2026|df=yes}} (Extension)
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways (NR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Srinagar}} '''(SINA)'''
| stops = 3
| end = {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} '''(JAT)'''
| distance = {{convert|269|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 04 hrs 45 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Wednesdays}}
| trainnumber = 26404 / 26403
| line_used = [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]], [[Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning#Heating|Advanced heating systems]]
| stock = Specially-Designed [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|480|m|ft}} (20 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = '''''(TBC)'''''
| map = {{Srinagar – SMVD Katra VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 26403/26404 '''Srinagar – Jammu Tawi Vande Bharat Express''' is India's 69th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], which connects the Summer capital city of [[Srinagar]] and the Divine [[Vaishno Devi Temple]] in the Temple City of [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] with Winter capital city of [[Jammu]] in the Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]].

This express train was inaugurated on June 6, 2025, by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] from [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] between [[Srinagar railway station|Srinagar]] and [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra|SMVD Katra]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=PM Modi flags off Vande Bharat train between Katra and Srinagar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/pm-modi-flags-off-vande-bharat-train-between-katra-and-srinagar-2736687-2025-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Flags Off Two Vande Bharat Express Trains From Katra To Srinagar {{!}} Check Routes, Timings |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-flags-off-vande-bharat-express-trains-from-katra-to-srinagar-routes-timings-fares-9371403.html |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Vanshika |title=Katra to Srinagar in 3 hours: PM Modi flags off new Kashmir Vande Bharat express, know ticket prices, stoppages, timings and more |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-katra-to-srinagar-in-3-hours-pm-modi-flags-off-new-kashmir-vande-bharat-express-know-ticket-prices-stoppages-timings-and-more-3157253 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Rajesh Kumar |date=2025-06-06 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Chenab arch railway bridge, flags off Katra-Srinagar Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/06/pm-modi-inaugurates-chenab-arch-railway-bridge-flags-off-katra-srinagar-vande-bharat-express |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-03 |title=PM Modi will inaugurate Vande Bharat train service from Katra to Srinagar on June 6 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/pm-modi-will-inaugurate-vande-bharat-train-service-from-katra-to-srinagar-on-june-6/article69653430.ece |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |work=Moneycontrol |date=3 June 2025 |title=PM Modi to flag off Katra-Srinagar Vande Bharat service on June 6 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/city/pm-modi-to-flag-off-katra-srinagar-vande-bharat-service-on-june-6-article-13090106.html |access-date=4 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=PM Modi likely to launch Vande Bharat express to Srinagar on June 6 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/pm-modi-likely-to-launch-vande-bharat-express-to-srinagar-on-june-6-2734886-2025-06-03 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Rajesh Kumar |date=2025-06-03 |title=PM Modi likely to flag off Vande Bharat train in Katra; his first J&K visit post Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/03/pm-modi-likely-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-train-in-katra-his-first-jk-visit-post-pahalgam-terror-attack |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 30 April 2026, The service has been extended to Jammu Tawi as its new terminating station.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/vaishnaw-flags-off-jammu-srinagar-vande-bharat-services-from-may-2/article70923544.ece#:~:text=%22The%20modern%2020%2Dcoach%20Vande,system%2C%20and%20comfortable%20rotating%20seats.</ref>

== Overview ==
This specially designed train is currently operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Srinagar railway station|Srinagar]], [[Banihal railway station|Banihal]], [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station|SMVD Katra]], [[Udhampur railway station|MCTM Udhampur]] and [[Jammu Tawi]]. This service currently runs along the recently finalized 272-kilometer [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail corridor]], a major initiative aimed at integrating the [[Kashmir Valley]] into the broader Indian rail system.

== Interesting Facts ==

* Traversing through remarkable feats of engineering, the special express train crosses the [[Chenab Rail Bridge]], famed as the world's highest rail bridge, and pass through the [[Banihal-Qazigund Railway Tunnel|Banihal Tunnel]], both of which play a major role in improving the area's rail connectivity.
* This new rail service is poised to be a game-changer for the region, making visits to the [[Vaishno Devi Temple|Mata Vaishno Devi shrine]] in Katra more accessible, attracting more tourists, and spurring economic activity throughout the [[Kashmir Valley]] through better transportation links.

==Rakes==
It is the sixty-fourth and '''the second''' specially designed [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation '''Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The train has been upgraded to a '''20-coach configuration'''. This indicates a permanent expansion from previous coach counts to accommodate higher passenger demands.
* To tackle extreme cold, this specially designed train is outfitted with advanced heating solutions tailored specifically for sub-zero weather environments.
* Equipped with defrosting heaters embedded in the driver's windshield, the train ensures unobstructed sightlines even in the harshest winter conditions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-08 |title=Railways unveils Vande Bharat, specially designed for winters in J&K, for Katra-Srinagar route |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/railways-unveils-vande-bharat-specially-designed-for-winters-in-jk-for-katra-srinagar-route/article69075026.ece |access-date=2025-04-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Service ==
The 26404/26403 Srinagar – Jammu Tawi Vande Bharat Express currently operates '''6 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{Convert|269|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 04 hrs 45 mins with average speed of 58 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
* [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail link]]
* [[Srinagar railway station]]
* [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station]]
* [[Jammu Tawi railway station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinagar-Jammu Tawi Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Transport in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu]]

Jamnagar Municipal Corporation

2026-05-01T08:27:09Z

MableHaight9: new a article

{{Short description|Local civic body in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
|name=Jamnagar Municipal Corporation
|house_type=[[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
|jurisdiction=Jamnagar
|foundation=1981
|leader1=D N Modi, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|leader2=TBA
|leader3=TBA
|leader1_type=[[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
|party1=
|leader2_type=Mayor
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|leader3_type=Deputy Mayor
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|structure1=[[File:India Jamnagar, Gujarat Municipal Corporation 2021.svg|250px]]
|political_groups1=
'''Government (60)'''
*{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|60}}
'''Opposition (4)''' 
*'''Official Opposition (11)'''
*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}
• '''Other Opposition (2)'''
*{{Party legend||2}}|seats=64|structure1_res=250px|structure1_alt=|last_election1=2021|next_election1=2026|website={{URL|https://mcjamnagar.com/}}}}

'''Jamnagar Municipal Corporation''' is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of [[Jamnagar]] in Gujarat state of India. The organization is known, in short, as '''JMC'''. It was established in 1981. This civic administrative body administers an area of 26.4 km2. The Municipal commissioner of JMC is Shri D N Modi, IAS.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mcjamnagar.com//|title=Jamnagar Municipal Corporation|website=mcjamnagar.com|accessdate= }}</ref>

The governing structure of JMC consists of political and administrative wings. The political wing is an elected body of councilors headed by a mayor. The commissioner from the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] cadre heads the administrative wing and is responsible for strategic and operational planning and management of the corporation. The commissioner takes decisions on behalf of the board or the standing committee formed from the elected councilors to perform the duties of the corporation.

Current [[Jamnagar]] city area population is 6.7 lakhs & district total population is 25.2 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jamnagar-population|title=Jamnagar Population 2023|website=worldpopulationreview.com|accessdate=8 November 2023}}</ref>

==History==
* Jamnagar City Council was established on 30 Dec 1875 by the then Maharaja of Nawanagar.<ref name="auto"/>
* The revenue collection for the city council was started on 1 July 1902 to make the Body Financially Self Dependent.
* The City Council was axed and the Municipality of Jamnagar was established by the then [[Bombay State]] on 2 October 1949 as per Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act 1949.
* The present ''Jamnagar Municipal Corporation'' was established on 6 October 1981 after Jamnagar was part of the state of [[Gujarat]] and since then all the administrative activities of the J.M.C. is conducted as per Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act 1949.
* The Jamnagar Municipal Corporation has a governing urban area of about 26.40 square kilometres and an urban population of 6,68,000 in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jamnagar-population | title=Jamnagar Population 2023 }}</ref>

==2026 Election==
{| class="wikitable"
|+2026 Jamnagar Municipal Corporation Election
!#
! colspan="2"|Party
!Seats
|-
|1.
|{{party color cell|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|60 {{gain}}
|-
|2.
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|2 {{loss}}
|-
|2.
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|others
|2 {{Loss}}
|-
!colspan="3"|Total
!64<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-23|title=Jamnagar Municipal Election Result 2021: BJP bags 50, Congress 11, BSP 3 seats|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jamnagar-local-body-election-results-2021-live-updates-news-1772001-2021-02-23|access-date=2021-10-10|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Services==
The Jamnagar Municipal Corporation is responsible for administering and providing basic infrastructure facilities to the city. The following are the major services provided by the Municipality:<ref>[http://newsonair.com/Gujarati/Language-Main-News.aspx?id=25803 Tax Collection and Rebate announced by the Municipality of Jamnagar to fight corona virus]</ref>
* Water Purification and Supply
* Sewage treatment and Disposal
* [[Garbage disposal]] and Street Cleanliness
* Solid Waste Management
* Disaster Management<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/jamnagar-municipal-corporation-scandal-in-preconceived-work-54308/amp|title=જામનગર મહાનગર પાલિકા દ્વારા પ્રિમોન્સુન કામગીરીમાં લાલિયાવાડી આવી સામે | Gujarat News in Gujarati|website=zeenews.india.com|accessdate=8 November 2023}}</ref>
* Building and Maintenance of Roads, Streets and Flyovers.
* Street Lighting
* Maintenance of Parks, Gardens and Open Plots (Spaces)
* Cemeteries and Crematoriums
* Registering of Births and Deaths
* Conservation of Heritage Sites
* Disease control, including Immunization<ref>[https://m.gujaratimidday.com/amp/news/articles/jamnagar-municipal-corporation-fail-to-pre-monsoon-activities-in-city-area-98834 Pre Monsoon activities carried out by Jamnagar Municipal Corporation ahead of Monsoon season]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Maintaining (Public) Municipal managed schools.

===City Civic Center===
Jamnagar Municipal Corporation has started City Civic Center in different areas of city to get maximum advantage of the technology and give transparency in the day-to-day administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meranews.com/news/view/complaint-against-former-town-planning-officer-of-jamnagar-c|title=જામનગર મહાનગર પાલિકાના પૂર્વ ટાઉન પ્લાનિંગ ઓફિસર અને તેની ટોળકીએ કર્યું કૌભાંડ, જાણો વિગતે|website=www.meranews.com|accessdate=8 November 2023}}</ref> JMC has four City Civic Centers, operational in different areas of Jamnagar Municipal Corporation for the urban resident citizens of Jamnagar. City Civic Center provides the following facilities:
* Collection and Assessment of Property Taxes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-JAMN-OMC-MAT-latest-jamnagar-news-040005-1746643-NOR.html|title=જામનગર મહાનગર પાલિકા દ્વારા 10 મિલ્કતો જપ્ત કરાઇ|date=7 January 2017|website=Divya Bhaskar|accessdate=8 November 2023}}</ref>
* Collection and Assessment of Water Charges
* Application for New Water Connection
* Complaint Redressal for the above, * Registration of Shop and Establishment
* Registration of Birth and Death Certificates
* Approvals for Construction of Buildings under Municipality Area
* Other Permissions and various Tax Collection.

For the Administrative purposes the city is divided 16 wards with each ward having 4 corporators totalling to 64 corporators with half of it reserved for women for the entire municipality who then elect Mayor and his deputy.

The Corporation is headed by a Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer appointed by the government of Gujarat. He wields the executive power of the house. The mayor heads the party with the largest number of corporators elected. The mayor is responsible for the day-to-day running of the city services.

===Environment Safety Initiative===
* JMC Commissioner banned the usage of Polythene bags, plastic pouches all under 25 microns in Jamnagar promoting ''Green India, Clean India'' initiative.

===Awards & Recognition===
* In 2017, [[Computer Society of India]], [[Kolkata]] gave CSI-Nihilent eGovernance Award to Jamnagar Municipal Corporation for Best eGovarnance Project of E-Governance: An Ushering into digital era for e-enablement of Citizens.<ref>https://gswan.gujarat.gov.in/e-governance/awards-won-on-ict-e-governance.aspx</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://mcjamnagar.com/ Official Website of Jamnagar Municipal Corporation]

[[Category:Jamnagar]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Gujarat]]

Baisi Assembly constituency

2026-04-30T05:59:47Z

MableHaight9: new - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baisi
| type = SLA
| map_image = 57-Baisi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ghulam Sarwar (AIMIM politician)|Ghulam Sarwar]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent|shortname=None}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = [[Syed Ruknuddin Ahmad]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Purnia district|Purnia]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 286,869
| reservation = None
| abolished = 
}}

'''Baisi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purnia district|Purnea district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 57 Baisi Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Baisi and [[Dagarua (Purnia)|Dagarua]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Baisi Assembly constituency is part of No 10 [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Baisi Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/baisi.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Abul Ahmad Mohammad Noor
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Haseebur Rahman
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Syed Moinuddin Ahmad
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Abdus Subhan
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Syed Moinuddin Ahmad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |Abdus Subhan
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Syed Ruknuddin Ahmad]]
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Santosh Kumar Kushwaha|Santosh Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2014^
| rowspan="2" |Abdus Subhan
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Syed Ruknuddin Ahmad]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Ghulam Sarwar (AIMIM politician)|Ghulam Sarwar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|}
^by-election

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Baisi<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Ghulam Sarwar (AIMIM politician)|Ghulam Sarwar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92766}}
|percentage = 41.37
|change = +3.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vinod Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:65515}}
|percentage = 29.22
|change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Abdus Subhan
|votes = {{formatnum:56000}}
|percentage = 24.97
|change = +3.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Mohammad Muzammil
|votes = {{formatnum:2444}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Md Shahnawaz Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:2389}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3074}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change = -0.33
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27251}}
|percentage = 12.15
|change = +2.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224244}}
|percentage = 78.17
|change = +12.86
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===

In the 2020 Bihar Assembly Elections, Syed Ruknuddin Ahmad of [[AIMIM]] defeated [[BJP]] Vinod Kumar.

{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Baisi]]<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Syed Ruknuddin Ahmad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:68416}}
|percentage = 38.27
|change = +27.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vinod Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:52043}}
|percentage = 29.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Abdus Subhan
|votes = {{formatnum:38254}}
|percentage = 21.4
|change = -20.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Ghulam Sarwar (AIMIM politician)|Ghulam Sarwar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5075}}
|percentage = 2.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md Rashid Raza
|votes = {{formatnum:2626}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Israil Azad
|votes = {{formatnum:2404}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change = -11.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3042}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change = -1.5
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16373}}
|percentage = 9.16
|change = -14.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178787}}
|percentage = 65.31
|change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===

In the 2015 Bihar Assembly Elections, Abdus Subhan of RJD defeated independent Binod Kumar.<ref name="election2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/2015-election-results.html |title=Bihar Assembly Election 2015 Results |website=www.elections.in |access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref><ref name="election2012">{{cite web |title=137 - Baisi Assembly Constituency |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp137.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330235913/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp137.htm |archive-date=2012-03-30 |access-date=2011-01-15 |work=Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="election2010">{{Cite web |title=List of Candidates in Baisi : PURNIA Bihar 2010 |url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=57 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Baisi<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Abdus Subhan
|votes = {{formatnum:67022}}
|percentage = 41.55
|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vinod Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:28282}}
|percentage = 17.53
|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = [[Syed Ruknuddin Ahmad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:21404}}
|percentage = 13.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Ghulam Sarwar (AIMIM politician)|Ghulam Sarwar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:16723}}
|percentage = 10.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Azizur Rahman
|votes = {{formatnum:9573}}
|percentage = 5.93
|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Khursheed Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:3361}}
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2875}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ittehad-E-Millait Council
|candidate = Rizwan Ahamad Noori
|votes = {{formatnum:2559}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Harun Rasid
|votes = {{formatnum:1474}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
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{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5160}}
|percentage = 3.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38740}}
|percentage = 24.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:161320}}
|percentage = 65.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

{{coord|25|49|49|N|87|44|05|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Purnia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Canna (plant)

2026-04-26T23:10:28Z

MableHaight9: Starting First Details V1!

{{short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{redirect|Cannas|other uses|Canna (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Canna lily|a similarly named plant|Calla lily}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Cannaceae|Cannabaceae{{!}}''Cannabaceae''}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Canna sp.jpg
| image_caption = ''Canna'' hybrid flowers and foliage
| parent_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| taxon = Canna
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 19 classified species, see [[List of Canna species|List of ''Canna'' species]]
| synonyms =
* ''Cannacorus'' Mill.
* ''Katubala '' Adans.
* ''Xyphostylis'' Raf.
* ''Achirida'' Horan
* ''Distemon'' Bouché
* ''Eurystylus'' Bouché
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319130-2 |title=''Canna'' L. |date= 2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=[[Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>
}}

'''''Canna''''' or '''canna lily''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s consisting of 10 [[species]]. It is the only genus in the family Cannaceae.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |year=2016 |title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=261 |pages=201–217 |url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 |issue=3 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Tanaka/><ref name=Cooke/><ref name=HMaas>The Cannaceae of the World, [[Hiltje Maas-van de Kamer|H. Maas-van der Kamer]] & [[Paulus Johannes Maria Maas|P.J.M. Maas]], BLUMEA 53: 247–318</ref> All of the genus's species are native to the [[Neotropical realm|American tropics]]<ref name=Lamarck>Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste. ''Botanical Encyclelopédie''. {{page needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> and were naturalized in Europe, India and Africa in the 1860s.<ref name="Chate">Chaté, E. (1867).'' Le Canna, son histoire, sa culture. ''[[Libraire Centrale d'Agriculture et de Jardinage]] {{page needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> Although they grow native to the tropics, most cultivars have been developed in [[temperateness|temperate]] climates and are easy to grow in most countries of the world, as long as they receive at least 6–8 hours average sunlight during the summer, and are moved to a warm location for the winter. See the [[Canna (Plant) Gallery|''Canna'' cultivar gallery]] for photographs of ''Canna'' cultivars.

Cannas are not true [[lilies]], but have been assigned by the [[APG II system]] of 2003 to the order [[Zingiberales]] in the [[monocot]] clade [[Commelinids]], together with their closest relatives, the [[Zingiberaceae|gingers]], [[Costaceae|spiral gingers]], [[Musaceae|bananas]], [[Marantaceae|arrowroots]], [[Heliconiaceae|heliconias]], and [[Strelitziaceae|birds of paradise]].<ref name=Khoshoo/>

The plants have large foliage, so [[horticulture|horticulturists]] have developed selected forms as large-flowered garden plants. Cannas are also used in agriculture as a source of [[starch]] for human and animal consumption.<ref name="Khoshoo">[[Triloki Nath Khoshoo|Khoshoo, T.N.]] & Guha, I. – Origin and Evolution of Cultivated Cannas. Vikas Publishing House {{page needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> ''C. indica'' and ''C. glauca'' have been grown into many cultivars in India and Africa.<ref name=Lamarck/>

== Description ==
[[Image:Canna AugusteFerrier 1679.jpg|thumb|right|''Canna'' (foliage group) 'Auguste Ferrier']]
The plants are large [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]]s with a [[rhizomatous]] rootstock. The broad, flat, [[Phyllotaxis|alternate]] [[Leaf|leaves]] that are such a feature of these plants, grow out of a stem in a long, narrow roll and then unfurl. The leaves are typically solid green, but some cultivars have glaucose, brownish, maroon, or even variegated leaves.<ref name=Khoshoo/>

The flowers are asymmetric and composed of three [[sepal]]s and three [[petal]]s that are small, inconspicuous, and hidden under extravagant [[stamen]]s. What appear to be petals are the highly modified stamens or [[staminode]]s. The staminodes number (1–) 3 (–4) (with at least one staminodal member called the [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]], always being present. A specialized staminode, the stamen, bears [[pollen]] from a half-[[anther]]. A somewhat narrower "petal" is the [[pistil]], which is connected down to a three-chambered [[ovary (plants)|ovary]].<ref name=Khoshoo/>

The [[flower]]s are typically red, orange, or yellow, or any combination of those colours, and are aggregated in [[inflorescence]]s that are [[Raceme|spikes]] or [[panicles]] (thyrses). The main pollinators of the flowers are [[bee]]s, [[hummingbird]]s, [[sunbird]]s, and [[bat]]s. The [[pollination]] mechanism is conspicuously specialized. [[Pollen]] is shed on the [[style (botany)|style]] while still in the [[bud]], and in the species and early hybrids, some is also found on the stigma because of the high position of the anther, which means that they are self-pollinating. Later cultivars have a lower anther, and rely on pollinators alighting on the labellum and touching first the terminal stigma, and then the pollen.<ref name=Khoshoo/>

The wild species often grow to at least {{convert|2|-|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height, but wide variation in size exists among cultivated plants; numerous cultivars have been selected for smaller stature.<ref name=Khoshoo/>

Cannas grow from swollen [[underground stem]]s, correctly known as rhizomes, which store starch, and this is the main attraction of the plant to agriculture, having the largest starch grains of all plant life.<ref name=Khoshoo/>

''Canna'' is the only member of the [[Liliopsida]] class ([[monocot]] group) in which [[Seed hibernation|hibernation of seed]] is known to occur, due to its hard, impenetrable seed covering.<ref name=Grootjen>Grootjen, C. J. and F. Bouman. 1988. Seed structure in Cannaceae</ref><ref name=Lerman>Lerman, J. C. and E. M. Cigliano. 1971. New carbon-14 evidence for six hundred years old ''Canna compacta'' seed</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sivori |first=E. |display-authors=etal |date=September 21, 1968 |title=Germination of Achira Seed (''Canna'' sp.) Approx. 550 Years Old |journal=Nature |volume=219 |issue=5160 |pages=1269–1270 |doi=10.1038/2191269a0 |pmid=5677429 |s2cid=400894 }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
===History===
[[Image:Canna Alberich 20030824 014.jpg|thumb|right|''Canna'' (Crozy Group) 'Alberich', Pfitzer 1949]]

The name ''Canna'' originates from the [[Latin]] word for a cane or reed.<ref>"canna, n.1." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2014. Web. 16 August 2014.</ref>

''[[Canna indica]]'', commonly called ''achira'' in Latin America, has been cultivated by Native Americans in tropical America for thousands of years, and was one of the earliest domesticated plants in the Americas. The starchy root is edible.<ref>FAO, "''[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2228 Canna edulis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005090156/http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2228 |date=2016-10-05 }}''", accessed 23 Feb 2016.</ref>

The first species of ''Canna'' introduced to Europe was ''C. indica'', which was imported from the [[East Indies]], though the species originated from the [[Americas]]. [[Charles de l'Ecluse]], who first described and sketched ''C. indica'', indicated this origin, and stated that it was given the name ''indica'', not because the plant is from India, in Asia, but because this species was originally transported from America: ''Quia ex America primum delata sit''; and at that time, one described the tropical areas of that part of the globe as the [[Caribbean|West Indies]].<ref>de l'Ecluse, Charles (1576) Histoire des plantes rare observées en Espagne</ref>

Much later, in 1658, [[Willem Piso]] made reference<ref>Willem Piso (1658), Histoire naturelle du Brésil</ref> to another species that he documented under the vulgar or common name of 'Albara' and 'Pacivira', which resided, he said, in the "shaded and damp places, between the tropics"; this species is ''C. angustifolia'' L. (later reclassified as ''[[Canna glauca|C. glauca]]'' L. by taxonomists).<ref name=Tanaka/>

=== Phylogeny ===
{{cladogram
| title= {{anchor|CladVI}}Cladogram: [[Phylogeny]] of Zingiberales{{sfn|Sass et al|2016}}
| align=left
| cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Zingiberales]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Zingiberineae]]
|1={{clade
|label1=Zingiberariae
|1={{clade
|1=[[Zingiberaceae]]
|2=[[Costaceae]]}}
|label2=Cannariae
|2={{clade
|1=Cannaceae
|2=[[Marantaceae]]}}}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Strelitziineae
|1={{clade
|1= [[Lowiaceae]]
|2= [[Strelitziaceae]]}}
|2=[[Heliconiaceae]]}}
}}}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Musaceae]]}}}}}}}}
{{clear}}
[[File:Cana Lily (not-a-real-lily) -- Canna.jpg|thumb|Texas Gulf Coast, Red & Yellow]]
[[File:Canna Lily.jpg|thumb|Orange canna lily]]
[[File:Red canna lily.jpg|thumb|Red canna lily]]
===Species===
{{Main|List of Canna species||l1=List of ''Canna'' species}}

Although most cannas grown these days are [[cultivars]] (see below), about 20 known species are of the wild form,{{clarify|reason=this is twice the number stated in the lead|date=March 2020}} and in the last three decades of the 20th century, ''Canna'' species have been categorized by two different [[taxonomists]], [[Paulus Johannes Maria Maas|Paul Maas]], from the [[Netherlands]]<ref name=Maas>[[Paulus Johannes Maria Maas|Paul Maas]] 1985. 195. Cannaceae. & Maas, P. J. M. and H. Maas. 1988. 223. Cannaceae.</ref> and [[Nobuyuki Tanaka]] from Japan.<ref name=Tanaka>[[Nobuyuki Tanaka|Tanaka, N.]] 2001. Taxonomic revision of the family Cannaceae in the New World and Asia. Makinoa ser. 2, 1:34–43.</ref> Both reduced the number of species from the 50–100 accepted previously, assigning most as [[List of Canna species|synonyms]].

This reduction in species is also confirmed by work done by Kress and Prince at the [[Smithsonian Institution]], but this only covers a subset of the species range.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.botany2001.org/section12/abstracts/111.shtml |title=Species boundaries in Canna (Cannaceae): evidence from nuclear ITS DNA sequence data |access-date=2006-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312065416/http://www.botany2001.org/section12/abstracts/111.shtml |archive-date=2007-03-12 }}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[Image:Pink Canna.JPG|thumb|''Canna'' 'Pink Dancer' in [[Escambray Mountains]], [[Cuba]]]]
The genus is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the [[New World]], from the [[Southern United States]] (southern [[South Carolina]] west to southern [[Texas]]) and south to northern [[Argentina]].<ref name=Khoshoo/>

''C. indica'' has become [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in many tropical areas around the world, is a difficult plant to remove, and is [[Invasive species|invasive]] in some places.<ref>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/?compid=5&dsid=14575&loadmodule=datasheet&page=481&site=144 |title=Invasive Plant Compendium |chapter=''Canna indica'' (canna lilly) |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref>

''Canna'' cultivars are grown in most countries, even those with territory above the [[Arctic Circle]], which have short summers, but long days, and the rapid growth rate of cannas makes them a feasible gardening plant, as long as they receive 6–8 hours of sunlight each day during the growing season and are protected from the cold of winter.

== Ecology ==
===Pests===
Cannas are largely free of pests. However, in the [[East Coast of the United States|eastern]] and [[southern United States]], plants sometimes fall victim to the [[Canna leaf roller|canna leaf roller moth]], with the resultant leaf damage, while not being fatal to the plant, can be most distressing to a keen gardener's eye.<ref name=Cooke/>

[[Slug]]s and [[snail]]s are quite fond of cannas and their large, juicy leaves, potentially leaving unsightly holes where they have chewed on the plant—particularly during and after rainy periods (when mollusks become active). Slugs and snails tend to prefer tender, younger foliage, however. [[Red spider mite]]s may also be a potential pest for cannas grown indoors, in dry areas, or that receive poor airflow.

For canna grown outside (in [[California]] or [[Texas]], for example), [[mealybug]]s and [[scale insect]]s are most drawn to the dense folds and creases between the leaves and the stem/petiole, where the foliage attaches to the plant. At times, if left unchecked, these sucking-insects may remain effectively concealed in these tight areas, only for older or dead leaves to be peeled off to reveal a small colony of white, fuzzy mealybugs congregated. Mealybugs are particularly prevalent in drier climates, such as the [[Southwestern United States|Southwestern US]].<ref name="Cooke" /> [[Japanese beetle]]s can also ravage the leaves if left uncontrolled.<ref name="Pests">[http://vvv.caes.state.ct.us/PlantPestHandbookFiles/pphC/pphcann.htm Plant Pest handbook]{{Dead link|date=November 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

These pests, while certainly able to drain a plant of its energy over time, and cause its eventual decline, are generally not lethal to the plant when dealt with immediately. The majority of insect pests on canna plants can be sprayed with a 70% [[Isopropyl alcohol|isopropyl]] alcohol mist—diluted slightly—applied during non-sunny periods, as the alcohol may cause sunburn on the plant. Other effective options include [[insecticidal soap]], [[Neem oil|neem]] and [[horticultural oil]]s, and other commercially available spray treatments. Granulated systemic insecticides are also useful, and generally completely safe; when applied to the soil topically every few months, granulated or powdered systemics will prevent nearly all pest infestations (for the duration of effectiveness). Non-scented [[Wet wipe|baby wipes]] or paper towels, moistened with rubbing alcohol or [[cider vinegar]] may be used to wipe any invisible eggs or larvae from the leaves.

===Disease===
Cannas are remarkably free of diseases, compared to many genera. However, they may fall victim to [[canna rust]], a [[fungus|fungal disease]] resulting in orange spots on the plant's leaves, caused by over-moist soil. They are also susceptible to certain plant [[viruses]], some of which are [[Canna virus|''Canna''-specific]], which may result in spotted or streaked leaves, in a mild form, but can finally result in stunted growth and twisted and distorted blooms and foliage.<ref name=Lancaster/>

The flowers are sometimes affected by a grey, fuzzy mold called [[Botryotinia|botrytis]]. Under humid conditions, it is often found growing on the older flowers. Treatment is to simply remove the old flowers, so the mold does not spread to the new flowers.

==Cultivation==
[[Image:Canna Oberon 02.JPG|thumb|right|''Canna'' (miniature group) 'Oberon']]
Cannas grow best in full sun with moderate water in well-drained, rich or sandy [[soil]]. They grow from perennial [[rhizome]]s, but are frequently grown as annuals in temperate zones for an exotic or tropical look in the garden.<ref name=Cooke/> In arid regions, cannas are often grown in the water garden, with the lower inch of pot submerged. In all areas, high winds tear the leaves, so shelter is advised.

The rhizomes are sensitive to frost and will rot if left unprotected in freezing conditions. In areas with winter temperatures below {{convert|-10|C|F}} in the winter (< USDA Zone 8b), the rhizomes can be dug up before freezing and stored (above {{convert|7|C|F|disp=or}}) for replanting in the spring. Otherwise, they should be protected by a thick layer of mulch over winter.<ref name=Cooke/>

==Uses==
[[Image:Canna YKH 1075.jpg|thumb|''Canna'' (Italian group) 'Yellow King Humbert']]
[[Image:hota-seed-canna.jpg|thumb|right|Detail of the seed pods and seeds: The seeds are used for jewelry and musical instruments.]]
* Some species and many cultivars are widely grown in the garden in temperate and subtropical regions. Sometimes, they are also grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental cultivars have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, tropical plantings, and as a patio or decking plant.
* Internationally, cannas are one of the most popular garden plants, and a large horticultural industry depends on the plant.
* The rhizomes of cannas are rich in [[starch]], and have many uses in [[agriculture]]. All of the plant material has commercial value, rhizomes for starch (consumption by humans and livestock), stems and foliage for animal [[fodder]], young shoots as a [[vegetable]], and young seeds as an addition to [[tortilla]]s.
* The seeds are used as [[beads]] in [[jewelry]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alohaainajewelry.com/info/AboutTheJewelry/aboutJewl.html |title=Aloha 'Aina Jewelry |access-date=2008-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503104125/http://www.alohaainajewelry.com/info/AboutTheJewelry/aboutJewl.html |archive-date=2008-05-03 }}</ref>
* The seeds are used as the mobile elements of the [[kayamb]], a [[musical instrument]] from [[Réunion]], as well as the [[hosho (instrument)|hosho]], a [[gourd]] [[rattle (percussion instrument)|rattle]] from [[Zimbabwe]], where the seeds are known as ''hota'' seeds.
* In more remote regions of India, cannas are [[fermentation (food)|ferment]]ed to produce [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ganeshvilla.com/plants/index.html |title=Ganesh Mani Pradhan & Son |access-date=2008-02-04 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509130331/http://www.ganeshvilla.com/plants/index.html }}</ref>
* The plant yields a fibre from the stem, which is used as a jute substitute.<ref name=PlantFuture>[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Canna+indica Plants for a Future]</ref>
* A fibre obtained from the leaves is used for making paper. The leaves are harvested in late summer after the plant has flowered, they are scraped to remove the outer skin, and are then soaked in water for two hours prior to cooking. The fibres are cooked for 24 hours with lye and then beaten in a blender. They make a light tan to brown [[paper]].<ref name=PlantFuture/>
* A purple [[dye]] is obtained from the seed.<ref name=PlantFuture/>
* [[Smoke]] from the burning leaves is said to be [[insecticide|insecticidal]].<ref name=PlantFuture/>
* Cannas are [[Phytoremediation|used to extract]] many undesirable [[Water pollution|pollutants]] in a [[wetland]] environment as they have a high tolerance to [[contaminants]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ayaz |first1=Selma Ç. |last2=Akça |first2=Lütfi |date=2001 |title=Treatment of wastewater by natural systems |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160412000000994 |journal=Environment International|volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=189–195 |doi=10.1016/S0160-4120(00)00099-4|pmid=11341705 |bibcode=2001EnInt..26..189A |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/etpmcbrconwet.pdf |title=Constructed wetland for on-site septic treatment. |access-date=2008-02-11 |archive-date=2008-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227150434/http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/etpmcbrconwet.pdf }}</ref>
* In [[Thailand]], cannas are a traditional gift for [[Father's Day]].
* In [[Vietnam]], canna starch is used to make [[cellophane noodles]] known as ''miến dong''.
* Cannas attract hummingbirds, so can be part of a pollinator and wildlife habitat strategy.

=== Horticultural varieties (cultivars) ===
[[Image:Cannaceae Canna L. Golden Gate.JPG|thumb|right|''Canna'' 'Golden Gate']]
[[Image:Canna TheresaBlakey 1061.jpg|thumb|right|''Canna'' (Crozy group) 'Theresa Blakey']]

Cannas became very popular in Victorian times as garden plants, and were grown widely in France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref name=Khoshoo/><ref name=Lancaster/> Some cultivars from this time, including a sterile hybrid, usually referred to as [[Canna × ehemannii|''Canna'' × ''ehemannii'']], are still commercially available.<ref name="Delebo">{{Cite web |title=Canna Ehemannii |url=http://clainescanna.co.uk/canna-ehemannii-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820191541/http://clainescanna.co.uk/canna-ehemannii-2/ |archive-date=2013-08-20 |access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> ''C.'' × ''ehemannii'' is tall and green-leafed with terminal drooping panicles of hot pink iris-like flowers, looking somewhat like a cross between a banana and a fuchsia.<ref name=Grant>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Greg|title=Heirloom Gardening in the South|date=2011|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, Texas|page=187}}</ref>

As tender perennials in northern climates, they suffered severe setbacks when two world wars sent the young gardening staff off to war.  The genus ''Canna'' has recently experienced a renewed interest and revival in popularity.<ref name=Cooke/> Once, hundreds of [[cultivar]]s existed, but many are now extinct. In 1910, Árpäd Mühle, from Hungary, published his ''Canna'' book, written in German. It contained descriptions of over 500 cultivars.

In recent years, many new cultivars have been created, but the genus suffers severely from having many synonyms for many popular ones. Most of the synonyms were created by old varieties resurfacing without viable names, with the increase in popularity from the 1960s onwards. Research has accumulated over 2,800 ''Canna'' cultivar names, but many of these are simply synonyms.<ref name=Synonyms>{{Cite web |url=http://www.clainescanna.co.uk/Index_Synonyms.htm |title=Canna Synonyms |access-date=2008-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701032356/http://www.clainescanna.co.uk/Index_Synonyms.htm |archive-date=2007-07-01 }}</ref> See [[List of Canna hybridists|List of ''Canna'' hybridists]] for details of the people and firms that created the current ''Canna'' legacy.

In the early 20th century, Professor [[Liberty Hyde Bailey]] defined, in detail, two "garden species" (''C.'' × ''generalis''<ref>Bailey, L.H. – Canna x generalis. Hortus, 118 (1930); cf. Standley & Steyerm. in Fieldiana, Bot., xxiv. III.204 (1952)</ref> and ''C.'' × ''orchiodes''<ref>Bailey, L.H. – Canna x orchiodes. Gentes Herb. (Ithaca), 1 (3): 120 (1923)</ref>) to categorise the [[floriferous]] cannas being grown at that time, namely the Crozy hybrids and the orchid-like hybrids introduced by [[Carl Ludwig Sprenger]] in Italy and [[Luther Burbank]] in the U.S., at about the same time (1894).<ref name=Khoshoo/><ref>[https://cannanews.blogspot.com/2007/04/comparison-of-crozy-and-italian-groups.html Comparison of Crozy & Italian Group cultivars]</ref> The definition was based on the [[genotype]], rather than the [[phenotype]], of the two cultivar groups.<ref name=Lancaster>[[Sydney Percy-Lancaster|Percy-Lancaster, S.]], An Indian Garden. 1927</ref> Inevitably over time, those two floriferous groups were interbred, the distinctions became blurred and overlapped, and the Bailey species names became redundant.<ref name="Cooke">{{Cite book |last=Cooke |first=Ian |year=2001 |title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Canna |publisher=[[Timber Press]] |isbn=978-0-88192-513-5}}</ref> Pseudo-species names are now [[deprecated]] by the [[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]] which, instead, provides [[cultivar group]]s for categorising cultivars (see groups at [[List of Canna cultivars|List of ''Canna'' cultivars]]).<ref name="ICNCP">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, C. D. Brickell (Commission chairman), B. R. Baum, W. L. A. Hetterscheid, A. C. Leslie, J. McNeill, P. Trehane, F. Vrugtman, J. H. Wiersema (eds.). {{ISBN|90-6605-527-8}}</ref>

===AGM cultivars===
These canna cultivars have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*'Alaska'<ref name="apps.rhs.org.uk">{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Alaska' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/195926/Canna-Alaska/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (cream flushed yellow)
*'Annaeei'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Annaeei' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/166538/Canna-Annaeei/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (large blue-green leaves)
*[[Canna × ehemannii|''C.'' × ''ehemannii'']]<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' × ''ehemanii'' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98223/Canna-x-ehemanii/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (deep pink)
*'Erebus'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Erebus' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/76206/Canna-Erebus/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (coral pink)
*'General Eisenhower'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'General Eisenhower' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/92724/Canna-General-Eisenhower/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (bronze leaves, orange flowers)
*'Louis Cayeux'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Louis Cayeux' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/92297/Canna-Louis-Cayeux/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (salmon pink)
*'Musifolia'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Musifolia' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/191041/Canna-Musifolia/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (large leaves flushed bronze)
*'Mystique'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Mystique' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/138774/Canna-Mystique/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (bronze leaves)
*'Phasion'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Phasion' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/137372/Canna-Phasion-(v)/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (bronze leaves, orange flowers)
*'Picasso'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Picasso' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/94337/Canna-Picasso/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (yellow spotted red flowers)
*'Russian Red'<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna indica'' 'Russian Red' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/192702/Canna-indica-Russian-Red/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (bronze leaves)
*'Shenandoah'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Shenandoah' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93407/Canna-Shenandoah/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (flesh pink)
*'Verdi'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Verdi' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/77677/Canna-Verdi/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (bright orange)
*'Whithelm Pride'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Whithelm Pride' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/190387/Canna-Whithelm-Pride/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (bright pink)
*'Wyoming'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Canna'' 'Wyoming' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90931/Canna-Wyoming/Details |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> (bright orange)
{{div col end}}

===Agricultural varieties===
[[Image:Canna Edulis 2003072001 0014.jpg|thumb|left|''Canna'' (Agriculture Group) 'Edulis Dark']]
The [[Canna Agriculture Group]] contains all of the varieties of ''Canna'' grown in agriculture. "Canna achira" is a generic term used in South America to describe the cannas that have been selectively bred for agricultural purposes, normally derived from ''[[Canna discolor|C. discolor]]''. It is grown especially for its edible [[rootstock]] from which starch is obtained, but the leaves and young seeds are also edible, and achira was once a staple food crop in [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]].<ref name=Khoshoo/> Trials in Ecuador using a wide range of varieties have shown that achira can yield on average 56 tons of rhizomes and 7.8 tons of extractable starch per hectare. However, the crop needs 9–12 months to mature to full productivity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hermann|first=Michael|title=Crop growth and starch productivity of edible canna|year=1995–1996|publisher=International Potato Center|pages=295–301|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mE35sBhT48C}}</ref>

Many more traditional kinds exist worldwide; they have all involved human selection, so are classified as agricultural cultivars. Traditionally, ''Canna edulis'' Ker Gawl. has been reputed to be the species grown for food in South America, but ''C. edulis'' probably is simply a synonym of ''C. discolor'', which is also grown for agricultural purposes throughout Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=4256780 |title=The utilization of edible ''Canna'' plants in southeastern Asia and southern China |author=Nobuyuki Tanaka |journal=Economic Botany |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=112–114 |year=2004 |doi=10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0112:noep]2.0.co;2 |s2cid=198152695 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jjbot.com/English/Vol.73E/73-3E.html |title=On the Genus Canna in Yaeyama Islands, the Ryukyus, Japan |access-date=2007-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082450/http://www.jjbot.com/English/Vol.73E/73-3E.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ffcr.or.jp/zaidan/FFCRHOME.nsf/7bd44c20b0dc562649256502001b65e9/cb71f616e311cc9549257177000afed8/$FILE/211(4)4.pdf |title=Edible Canna and its Starch: An Under-Exploited Starch-Producing Plant Resource |access-date=2007-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227150439/http://www.ffcr.or.jp/zaidan/FFCRHOME.nsf/7bd44c20b0dc562649256502001b65e9/cb71f616e311cc9549257177000afed8/$FILE/211(4)4.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.econbot.org/_publications_/index.php?sm=03 |title=Progress in the Development of Economic Botany and Knowledge of Food Plants. |access-date=2007-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708224604/http://www.econbot.org/_publications_/index.php?sm=03 |archive-date=2007-07-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hermann|first=Michael|author2=NK Quynh|author3=D. Peters|title=Reappraisal of Edible Canna as a High-Value Starch Crop in Vietnam|journal=CIP Program Report 1997-98|year=1999|url=http://www.cipotato.org/publications/program_reports/97_98/50canna.pdf|access-date=27 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927143833/http://www.cipotato.org/publications/program_reports/97_98/50canna.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-27}}</ref>

===Propagation===
====Sexual propagation====
[[Image:Canna Seeds 01.JPG|thumb|Canna fruit (green) and ripe seed pods]]
[[File:Canna fruits.jpg|thumb|Canna fruits]]
Seeds are produced from [[Plant sexuality|sexual]] reproduction, involving the transfer of [[pollen]] from the [[stamen]] of the pollen parent onto the stigma of the seed parent.<ref name=HMaas/> In the case of ''Canna'', the same plant can usually play the roles of both pollen and seed parents, technically referred to as a [[hermaphrodite]]. However, the cultivars of the Italian group and [[Polyploidy|triploids]] are almost always seed sterile, and their pollen has a low fertility level. [[Mutations]] are almost always totally sterile.<ref name=Khoshoo/>

''Canna'' seeds have a very hard [[seed coat]], which contributes to their [[seed#Seed dormancy|dormancy]]. Germination is facilitated by [[seed#Inducing germination|scarification]] of the seed coat, which can be accomplished by several techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.organicgardening.com/learn-and-grow/how-propagate-canna-seed |title=Organic Gardening: How to Propagate Canna by Seed. |access-date=2012-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213072933/http://www.organicgardening.com/learn-and-grow/how-propagate-canna-seed |archive-date=2012-02-13 }}</ref>

;Pollination
The species are capable of [[self-pollination]], but most cultivars require an outside [[pollinator]]. All cannas produce [[nectar]], so attract nectar-consuming [[insects]], [[bat]]s, and [[hummingbird]]s, that act as the transfer agent, spreading pollen between stamens and stigmas on the same or different flowers.<ref name=Khoshoo/>

;Genetic changes
Since [[genetic recombination]] has occurred, a cultivar grown from seed will have different characteristics from its parent(s), thus should never be given a parent's name. The wild species have evolved in the absence of other ''Canna'' genes and are usually true to type when the parents are of the same species, but a degree of variance still occurs. The species ''C. indica'' is an aggregate species, having many different and extreme forms ranging from the giant to miniature, from large foliage to small foliage, both green and dark foliage, and many differently coloured blooms of red, orange, pink, or yellow, and combinations of those colours.<ref name=Khoshoo/>

====Asexual propagation====
[[Image:Culture in vitro.JPG|thumb|right|200px|''In vitro'' culture of plants in a controlled, sterile environment]]
;Division of plant parts
Outside of a laboratory, the only effective asexual propagation method is rhizome division. This uses material from a single parent, and as no exchange of genetic material occurs, it almost always produces plants that are identical to the parent. After a summer's growth, the horticultural cultivars can be separated into typically four or five separate smaller rhizomes, each with a growing nodal point (growing eye). Without the growing point, which is composed of [[meristem]] material, the rhizome will not grow.<ref name=Khoshoo/>

;Micropropagation
[[Micropropagation]], also known as tissue culture, is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants. Micropropagation uses ''[[in vitro]]'' division of small pieces in a sterile environment, where they first produce proliferations of tissue, which are then separated into small pieces that are treated differently so that they produce roots and new stem tissue. The steps in the process are regulated by different ratios of plant growth regulators. Many commercial organizations have produced cannas this way, and specifically the "Island Series" of cannas was introduced by means of mass-produced plants using this technique. However, cannas have a reputation for being difficult micropropagation candidates.<ref name=Cooke/>

Micropropagation techniques can be employed to disinfest plants of a virus. In the growing tip of a plant, cell division is so rapid that the younger cells may not have had time to be infected with the virus. The rapidly growing region of meristem cells producing the shoot tip is cut off and placed ''in vitro'', with a very high probability of being uncontaminated by virus.


== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sass|first1=C|last2=Iles|first2=WJ|last3=Barrett|first3=CF|last4=Smith|first4=SY|last5=Specht|first5=CD|title=Revisiting the Zingiberales: using multiplexed exon capture to resolve ancient and recent phylogenetic splits in a charismatic plant lineage.|journal=[[PeerJ]]|date=21 January 2016|volume=4|article-number=e1584|pmid=26819846|doi=10.7717/peerj.1584|ref={{harvid|Sass et al|2016}}|pmc=4727956|doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10155 Cannaceae] in Flora of North America
* [https://hindijankariblog.com/canna-flower-in-hindi/ Indian Canna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002033608/https://hindijankariblog.com/canna-flower-in-hindi/ |date=2023-10-02 }}
* [http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cann_xge.cfm Canna ''× generalis''] from [http://www.floridata.com/ Floridata]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927085915/http://www.botanik.de/mendel/image-galleries/blumen/indisches-blumenrohr Canna indica hybrids]
* [http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pljune98.htm Canna ''indica'': Indian Shot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206085349/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pljune98.htm |date=2006-02-06 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927143833/http://www.cipotato.org/publications/program_reports/97_98/50canna.pdf Reappraisal of Edible Canna as a High-Value Starch Crop in Vietnam]
* [https://archive.today/20071025003808/http://www.cipotato.org/publications/program_reports/95_96/program6/prog611.asp Crop Growth and Starch Productivity of Edible Canna]
* [http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&issn=0013-0001&volume=058&issue=01&page=0112 The utilization of edible Canna plants in southeastern Asia and southern China]
* {{Cite book | author=Pink, A. | url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11892|title=Gardening for the Million| year=2004 | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] Literary Archive Foundation}}
* [http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/etpmcbrconwet.pdf Constructed wetland for on-site septic treatment.]

{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227150434/http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/etpmcbrconwet.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}

{{Culinary wrappings}}
{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q161182}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canna (Plant)}}
[[Category:Cannaceae| ]]
[[Category:Zingiberales genera]]

Menino De Bandar

2026-04-24T17:53:45Z

MableHaight9: New

{{Short description|Indian playwright and director (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Menino De Bandar
| image = Menino de Bandar (cropped).jpg
| caption = Fernandes at [[Gomant Vidya Niketan]], 2015
| birth_name = Menino Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|2|17|df=y}}
| years_active = {{circa|1974}}–present
| known_for = ''Soccorina'' (1984)
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|director|singer|composer}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Salvação Silva|1984}}
| children = 3
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = 4th President of [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]
| term_start = October 2020
| term_end = October 2023
| predecessor = [[Comedian Agostinho]]
| successor = Anthony Barbosa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/amp/story/goa/goa/anthony-barbosa-takes-charge-as-tiatr-academy-president/414318|title=Anthony Barbosa takes charge as Tiatr Academy president|first=Herald|last=Team|date=October 10, 2024|website=Herald Goa}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Menino Fernandes''' (born 17 February 1957), known professionally as '''Menino De Bandar''', is an Indian playwright, theatre director, singer, composer, and actor known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' and ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'' ([[street play]]) productions. Referred to as the "King of Triple Centuries", he is best known for his play ''Soccorina'' (1984), having amassed more than 500 shows and having been [[Revival (theatre)|restaged]] two times. Fernandes served as the president of the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] from October 2020 to 2023.

==Early life==
Menino Fernandes was born on 17 February 1957 in [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]], during the [[Portuguese Empire]], to José Antonio Fernandes, a tailor, and Ana Severina Fernandes, a [[homemaker]]. Fernandes's family background included involvement in [[contradance]], a regional song and dance tradition featuring [[ankle bracelet]]s. Contradans bears similarities to the [[folk dance]] known as ''[[Zagor (festival)|zagor]]'', though the latter is sometimes associated with more risqué or vulgar lyrical content.<ref name=":1" />

Fernandes inherited musical and performative talents from his father José, who was active in the Contradance tradition. Beginning at the age of 15, Fernandes initially exhibited his vocal prowess by performing at various school functions, such as commemorations for the principal's birthday.<ref name=":1" /> During his childhood, he actively took part in school theatrical productions and musical concerts. As he matured, he expanded his performative [[repertoire]] to include roles in village ''khells'' - traditional dramatic presentations. Fernandes transitioned to ''khell'' writing, eventually composing his own original ''khells'' and ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]'', a [[Goan]] form of [[folk play|folk theatre]].<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
Fernandes rose to prominence in the [[street play]]s (''zomnivhele khell'') tradition beginning in his late teenage years. From the age of 17 onward, he wrote and produced his own original street plays, which he and a troupe of performers would present shows or performances in the vicinity of private residences. Each performance, or [[Act (drama)|act]] (''parti''), of Fernandes' plays was priced at {{INRConvert|10|year=1974}} for the audience. In his debut street play ''Bhikari'' (Beggar), Fernandes overcame parental apprehension<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The new captain of the Tiatr academy is raring to go |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-new-captain-of-the-Tiatr-academy-is-raring-to-go/166217 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> by using white [[quicklime]] or [[brick]] dust to paint his and his fellow performers' faces. The production was presented in a [[cowshed]] located within a household that housed cattle. After this debut, Fernandes crafted theatrical works comprising three acts specifically for street shows held during [[Carnival in Goa|carnival celebrations]]. He organized a troupe of performers to enact these productions, referred to as ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell]]''. While he wrote and directed his own original works, he did not appear as an actor in plays created by others, preferring to focus on his skills as a playwright. His street plays gained popularity, and he began entering them in competitions. In these contests, Fernandes earned multiple awards in recognition of his writing and production abilities within the ''zomnivhele khell'' tradition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=59–60}}</ref>

Fernandes is known for his distinctive approach to theatrical production. In the early stages of his career, he eschewed the use of written scripts, instead opting to verbally explain the plot of each play to his actors. The performers would then interpret and enact to his oral instructions, with the plays becoming "refined and polished" through repeated performances. Fernandes also incorporated original [[musical composition]]s into his theatrical works, with the songs reflecting the themes of the plays. His songs often conclude with an ''opari'', (sayings or [[proverb]]s). This innovative approach proved popular with audiences, who responded positively to the minimal use of written material, as only the basic ''cants'' (songs) and plot summaries were formally documented.<ref name=":1" />

For the first fifteen years of his career, Fernandes was able to stage his productions without relying on formal written scripts. It was only later that he began to incorporate scripted elements into a small number of his plays. His theatrical debut was a [[One-act play|single-act play]] titled ''Noxib ani Tufan'' (Luck and Storm), which he presented in 1978. Following this initial production, he went on to write and stage several additional plays and non stop dramas. Some of his popular works include ''Duddu ani Ginean'' (Money and Knowledge), ''Soccorina'' (1984), ''Ho Uzo Paloiat'' (Put Out This Fire), ''Ghara Ea'' (Come Home), ''Khorench Hanv Fattim Paulom'', etc. These works experienced commercial success, with several surpassing 100 individual performances.<ref name=":1" /> ''Soccorina'' stood out by achieving 215 shows within the first year of its debut. The work was later [[Revival (theatre)|revived]] in 2015, leading to an additional 309 performances,<ref name=":0" /> and was again re-staged in July 2024.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Colaco |first=Kimberly |date=2024-07-26 |title=Goa tiatr lovers give 'Sucorina' third curtain call |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/goa-tiatr-lovers-give-sucorina-third-curtain-call |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Goa News in English on Gomantak Times |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802121044/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/goa-tiatr-lovers-give-sucorina-third-curtain-call |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his early career, Fernandes found that his contributions to writing and acting in ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]'' did not fully meet his expectations for personal satisfaction and a sense of fulfillment. Despite being familiar with ''[[tiatr]]s'' from his early years, this exposure sparked his ambition to pursue a career as a ''[[tiatrist]]'', with a particular interest in vocal performance, he encountered obstacles. However, his foray into writing ''khell tiatrs'' proved successful, attracting significant audiences to his productions. However, he eventually transitioned to writing full-length ''tiatr'' productions, drawing on his background as a singer and composer.<ref name=":2" />

Fernandes' ''tiatr'' plays were well-received by audiences in [[Goa]] and gained him acclaim, as he was known for assembling group of popular performers to star in his ''tiatrs''. Some of his most popular works included ''Florian Vaz'', ''Sounsarant Astana Diat'', ''Mhozo Uzvadd'' (My Light), and ''Sogleani Korchem'' etc. A distinctive feature of his ''tiatrs'' was that Fernandes consistently took on the task of presenting the inaugural song in his ''tiatrs''. His musical compositions were known for their meanings, philosophical insights, and utilization of [[proverb]]s and customary [[adage]]s. In addition to his popularity within Goa, he also brought his ''tiatr'' productions to other parts of India, such as [[Bombay]], as well as to [[Goan]] diaspora communities in the [[Gulf region]], where they were also acclaimed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=216, 218 |language=en |access-date=2024-08-02 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Fernandes is known for creating [[musical piece]]s called ''cants'' which are included in the ''[[tiatr]]'' shows he produces. The inclusion of his compositions is a significant draw for audiences attending his ''tiatrs''. In addition to his work as a songwriter, he has also released an [[audio cassette]] containing his songs, which achieved commercial success. During the early 1990s, Fernandes temporarily ceased his stage performances as he pursued employment opportunities in [[Muscat]], Oman, leading to a hiatus in his theatrical engagements. However, he took part in performances of his own ''tiatr'' shows and productions directed by others. Additionally, he supported other ''tiatr'' directors in coordinating their shows in Muscat.<ref name=":2" /> In October 2020,<ref name=":0" /> Fernandes was elected to serve as the president of the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) for a three-year term. He was later succeeded in this role by Sagun Velip, Director of Art and Culture of [[Government of Goa]], who served as the interim president of the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatr Academy of Goa, a ship without captain and sailors |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Tiatr-Academy-of-Goa-a-ship-without-captain-and-sailors/223435 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802121043/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Tiatr-Academy-of-Goa-a-ship-without-captain-and-sailors/223435 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Fernandes is married to Salvação Silva, together they have three daughters Jayanti, Ramira, and Soccorina. Jayanti, the youngest daughter, is a lawyer by profession and is also active on the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' stage as an actress and singer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayanti Valana Fernandes {{!}} Menino De Bandar {{!}} Candid with Candida {{!}} Ep. 86 {{!}} Prudent {{!}} 070824 |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/candid-with-candida/jayanti-valana-fernandes-menino-de-bandar-candid-with-candida-ep-86-prudent-070824/23813.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en}}</ref> During the early 1990s, Fernandes temporarily moved to [[Muscat]], Oman, for work and took a break from Konkani theatre. During his periodic trips to [[Goa]] while on leave, he would arrange for the staging of his ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":2" /> As of 2012, he resides in the Mazilvaddo neighborhood in [[Benaulim]] with his family.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |pages=150 |language=en |access-date=2024-08-02 |archive-date=2024-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620184716/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Directory_of_Tiatr_Artistes_2012/45_WlAEACAAJ?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1984 defamation case===
The 1984 Konkani theatrical production ''Soccorina'', by Fernandes, became the subject of a [[defamation]] case and controversy. During the original staging of the play, certain attendees alleged that the performance was influenced by a genuine occurrence related to the demise of a girl named Soccorina from [[Colva]]. This assertion was supported by references in [[Wilson Mazarello]]'s 2000 book ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'',<ref name=":2" /> as well as comments made by ''[[tiatrist]]'' ([[Konkani-language|Konkani]] theater performer) Michael Gracias in a 2015 article in ''The Goan Everyday'', when the play was revived. Gracias raised concerns that the introductory musical piece in the performance included veiled references to a specific individual or event, prompting worries about the protection of privacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gracias |first=Michael |date=November 27, 2015 |title=Don't wash you dirty linen here |url=https://www.thegoan.net//dont-wash-you-dirty-linen-here/6674.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> As a result of these claims, Fernandes faced a defamation lawsuit in 1984. He received legal representation from various lawyers, with additional ''tiatrists'', including [[John Claro]], serving as witnesses during the proceedings. After nearly two years of [[legal proceeding]]s, Fernandes ultimately prevailed in the case in 1986.<ref name=":4" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De Bandar, Menino}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:Actors from Goa]]

Umreth Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T13:59:15Z

MableHaight9: new new page

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Umreth
| mla = Vacant<ref>{{Cite news |title=Umreth MLA dies at 82 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/umreth-mla-dies-at-82/amp_articleshow/129172649.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| party =
| latest_election_year =
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Anand district|Anand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:271249}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 111
}}

'''Umreth''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Anand district|Anand]] district.

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Umreth Taluka
# Anand Taluka (Part) Villages – Ajarpura, Kasor, Rahtalav, Kunjrao, Tarnol, Samarkha, Chikhodra, Rasnol, Khambholaj, Vaghasi, Boriavi (M), Ode (M)

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election Year !! MLA!!colspan=2| Party
|-
|1972
|Udesinh Vadodia
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|1975
|[[Harihar Khambholja]]
|-
|1980
| Harihar Khambholja
|-
|1985
|Kusumben Khambholja
|-
|1990
|Shubhas Shelat
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1995
|Shubhas Shelat
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1998
|Shubhas Shelat
|-
|2002
|Vishnubhai Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2007
|Lalsinh Vadodiya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2012
|[[Jayantbhai Patel Boskey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Govindbhai Parmar]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2 }}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2026 elections in India#Gujarat|Gujarat Legislative Assembly by-election 2026]]: Umreth}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harshad Parmar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhrigurajsinh Chauhan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jitesh Sevak
|party = Independent
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nirupa Madhu
|party = Independent
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahendra Parmar
|party = Independent
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Umreth}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Govindbhai Parmar|Govind Parmar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=95,639|percentage=51.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jayantbhai Patel Boskey|Jayant Patel Boskey]]|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=68,922|percentage=36.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jagdish Ravji Thakor|party=Independent|votes=5,415|percentage=2.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amrish Hemendra Patel<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's 6th List For Gujarat Polls Out, 73 Names Out Of 182 Seats Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-6th-list-for-gujarat-polls-out-73-names-out-of-182-seats-revealed-3450225 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=3,948|percentage=2.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above (India)|votes=3,857|percentage=2.07|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=26,717|percentage=14.33|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:266,540}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election2020" />

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Umreth<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Govindbhai Parmar]]
|votes = 68,326
|percentage = 38.60
|change = -2.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kapila Chavda|votes=66,443|percentage=37.54|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=[[Jayantbhai Patel Boskey|Jayant Patel Boskey]]|votes=35,051|percentage=19.80|change=-21.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Yakubmiya Malek|votes=1,286|percentage=0.72|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Jayantibhai Parmar|votes=830|percentage=0.46|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Apna Desh Party
|candidate = Ramesh Parmar
|votes = 662
|percentage = 0.37
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Bharat Patel|votes=342|percentage=0.19|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sunil Patel|votes=329|percentage=0.18|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,710|percentage=2.09|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,883|percentage=1.06|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,76,979|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing = +9.84
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jayantbhai Patel Boskey]]|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=67,363|percentage=41.73|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Govindbhai Parmar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=65,969|percentage=40.86|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,394|percentage=0.86|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=161,434|percentage=74.39|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anand district}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.7|73.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Anand district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Ranjit Singh Balian

2026-04-20T09:44:02Z

MableHaight9: put up new bio w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ranjit Singh Balian
| predecessor1 = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| children =
| party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| successor2 = [[Arvind Khanna]]
| predecessor2 = Jasbir Singh
| term2 = 1997 - 2002
| constituency2 = Sangrur
| successor1 = [[Jasbir Singh (politician)|Jasbir Singh]]
| term1 = 1985 - 1987
| image =
| constituency1 = [[Sangrur Assembly Constituency|Sangrur]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| term = 1999 - 2002
| office = [[Government of Punjab, India|Cabinet Minister, Government of Punjab]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| caption =
| website =
}}

'''Ranjit Singh Balian''' was an Indian politician, and a member of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]. He served as [[Government of Punjab, India|Cabinet Minister]] in Punjab, and MLA twice from [[Sangrur Assembly Constituency|Sangrur]]. Balian died on 16 February 2016 in [[Mohali]], at age of 61.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=SAD ex-minister Ranjit Balian dies|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/sad-ex-minister-ranjit-balian-dies-197820|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balian, Ranjit Singh}}
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1997–2002]]

{{PunjabIN-SAD-politician-stub}}

Balasaheb Mangulkar

2026-04-18T23:05:03Z

MableHaight9: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Yavatmal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal]]
| term_start = 20 Nov 2024 - Present
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Madan Yerawar]]
| successor =
| birth_name = Anil Shankarrao Mangulkar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|12|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = At.Bhari (Talegaon), Tq.[[Yavatmal]], Dist.[[Yavatmal District]], [[Maharashtra]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children = 1 Daughter (Dhwaneeka Mangulkar)
| alma_mater = 12th Pass From Anglo Hindi High School, [[Yavatmal]]
}}
'''Anil''' alias '''Balasaheb Shankarao Mangulkar''' (born 4 December1958){{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from [[Yavatmal Assembly constituency]] in [[Yavatmal district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yavatmal Election Result 2024 LIVE: Anil Alias Balasaheb Shankarrao Mangulkar of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/yavatmal-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130023.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Yavatmal Constituency Election Results 20242">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |title=Yavatmal Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/yavatmal |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213064048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/yavatmal |archivedate=13 December 2024 |accessdate=13 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Balasaheb Mangulkar is from a small village, Bhaari, near [[Yavatmal|Yavatmal city]]. His father Shankarrao Baliramji Mangulkar was a farmer. He passed Class 12 from Anglo Hindi High School, Yavatmal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anil Alias Balasaheb Shankarrao Mangulkar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- YAVATMAL(YAVATMAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=828 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is considered to be a close associate of former three consecutive terms Rajya Sabha member [[Vijay Darda]] & his late father Former four terms Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] and cabinet Minister [[Jawaharlal Darda|Jawaharlal Darda Babuji]] and
Darda Family of Yavatmal and He was also close associate & Freind of Former [[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|MLA of Yavatmal]] Late. Nilesh Deshmukh Parvekar.

== Political career ==
Balasaheb Mangulkar lost by a margin of 2,253 votes to [[Madan Yerawar]] of the BJP in the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]. But he won the next election from Yavatmal representing Indian National Congress in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 117,504 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Madan Yerawar|Madan Madhukar Yerawar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 11,381 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anil Alias Balasaheb Shankarrao Mangulkar, INC Candidate from Yavatmal Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/maharashtra/anil-alias-balasaheb-shankarrao-mangulkar-s13aed2008a078e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Yavatmal2">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Yavatmal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1378.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213063936/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1378.htm |archivedate=13 December 2024 |accessdate=13 December 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangulkar, Balasaheb}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Yavatmal]]

Saoli Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:01Z

MableHaight9: created a entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saoli
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1962
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Saoli Assembly constituency''' was one of the 288 assembly constituencies of [[Maharashtra]], a western state of [[India]]. [[Saoli]] was also part of [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Saoli-in-Maharashtra Elections Traceall]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=October 2, 2014 |title=Fadnavis 4th CM from Vidarbha |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Fadnavis-4th-CM-from-Vidarbha/articleshow/44965047.cms |work=timesofindia |access-date=Oct 2, 2017 }}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|1963^
| rowspan="2" |Wamanrao Gaddamwar
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Yashodhara B. Bajaj
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Deorao Bhandekar
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Mahadeo Tajane
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Wamanrao Gaddamwar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Shobha Fadnavis]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2008 onwards : Constituency defunct''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shobha Fadnavis]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,004 |percentage = 31.99% |change={{decrease}}14.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deorao Bhayyaji Bhandekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,094 |percentage = 28.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Munghate Rameshchandra Jeewan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 23,587 |percentage = 15.72% |change={{increase}}14.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahirkar Vinod Gajanan |party=Independent politician |votes = 15,611 |percentage = 10.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pendam Diwakar Gulab |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,601 |percentage = 3.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bapuji Ganpat Madavi |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 4,965 |percentage = 3.31% |change={{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Charandas Sambhaji Nikhade |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,559 |percentage = 2.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,910 |percentage = 3.27% |change= {{decrease}}19.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,50,057 |percentage = 66.43% |change= {{decrease}}4.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,50,039}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,887|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shobha Fadnavis]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,773 |percentage = 46.34% |change={{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khobragade Mrunalini Girish |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 31,718 |percentage = 23.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadore Rambhau Asaram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 30,268 |percentage = 22.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madavi Vijay Surajsingh |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 5,024 |percentage = 3.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amrutkar Ganpat Govindrao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 2,862 |percentage = 2.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meshram Mukunda Alias Mukkadar Dewaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,612 |percentage = 1.19% |change={{decrease}}6.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,055 |percentage = 22.93% |change= {{increase}}6.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,40,612 |percentage = 70.72% |change= {{decrease}}10.12 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,35,462}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,98,819|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shobha Fadnavis]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,343 |percentage = 45.57% |change={{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaddamwar Waman Vistari |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,677 |percentage = 29.18% |change={{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nagpure Sakharam Kolhuji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 12,430 |percentage = 7.94% |change={{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahadore Sanjay Maroti |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,002 |percentage = 5.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fand Babanrao Gajananrao |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 8,272 |percentage = 5.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Pramod Nilkanth |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,215 |percentage = 1.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khobragade Lularam Zungaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,183 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,666 |percentage = 16.39% |change= {{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,60,300 |percentage = 82.78% |change= {{increase}}36.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,56,553}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,93,639|ref = |change= {{decrease}}25.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shobha Fadnavis]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,924 |percentage = 42.95% |change={{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaddamwar Waman Vistari |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,630 |percentage = 31.51% |change={{decrease}}14.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Pramod Nilkanthrao |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 14,365 |percentage = 12.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Murlidharrao Patil (Marakwar) |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,771 |percentage = 4.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajane Mahadeorao Laxmanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,726 |percentage = 3.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nagpure Guruji Sakharam Kolhuji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,379 |percentage = 1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singam Wmanrao Balkrishan |party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,150 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,294 |percentage = 11.44% |change= {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,18,312 |percentage = 45.26% |change= {{decrease}}18.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,16,248}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,61,379|ref = |change= {{increase}}106.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gaddamwar Waman Vistari |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,611 |percentage = 45.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shobha Fadnavis]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,933 |percentage = 33.80% |change={{increase}}14.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadaorao Tukaramji Gedam |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 7,364 |percentage = 9.24% |change={{decrease}}6.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingale Jayashri Ajay |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,436 |percentage = 5.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eknath Salve |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,920 |percentage = 2.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Undaruji Bhanannaji Kundawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 701 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kundawar Kawaluji Undaruji |party=Independent politician |votes = 575 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,678 |percentage = 12.15% |change= {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,694 |percentage = 64.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,674}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,26,851|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}15.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tajane Mahadeo Laxmanrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 21,729 |percentage = 30.73% |change={{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mashakhetri Baburao Patil |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 13,664 |percentage = 19.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yenurkar Gulabrao Madhaorao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 13,432 |percentage = 18.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gedam Yadaorao Tukaramji |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 11,290 |percentage = 15.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nana Nagpure |party=Janata Party |votes = 8,072 |percentage = 11.41% |change={{decrease}}19.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadaorao Keuji Wadhai |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,528 |percentage = 3.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,065 |percentage = 11.40% |change= {{increase}}5.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,878 |percentage = 65.33% |change= {{decrease}}11.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,715}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,547|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhandekar Deorao Bhayyaji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,466 |percentage = 36.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dada Deshkar Vakil |party=Janata Party |votes = 23,862 |percentage = 30.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhole Narendrea Vishwanath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,003 |percentage = 15.44% |change={{decrease}}39.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadaorao Tukaramji Gedam |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,539 |percentage = 7.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. K. Kosankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,832 |percentage = 6.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mistri Asharaf Ali Mahammad Ali |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,685 |percentage = 2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chowdhari Rushideo Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,356 |percentage = 1.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,604 |percentage = 5.92% |change= {{decrease}}24.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,492 |percentage = 77.29% |change= {{increase}}3.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,743}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,04,143|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Y. Bhagirath Bajaj |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,482 |percentage = 55.03% |change={{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balayipant Deshkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 16,809 |percentage = 24.68% |change={{decrease}}4.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Ballewar |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 5,340 |percentage = 7.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raghobaji Gomaji Gongle |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 4,969 |percentage = 7.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Talande Vithalrao Kanhuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,877 |percentage = 2.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Atram Maroti Donu |party=Independent politician |votes = 947 |percentage = 1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaduskar Dewaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 688 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,673 |percentage = 30.35% |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,845 |percentage = 74.01% |change= {{increase}}6.87 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,112}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,723|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=W. V. Goddamvar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,485 |percentage = 54.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. B. Deskar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 16,160 |percentage = 29.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. G. Kachinkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,897 |percentage = 12.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Damodhar Laxman Kale |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,475 |percentage = 2.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. R. Almast |party=Independent politician |votes = 488 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,325 |percentage = 25.81% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,995 |percentage = 70.64% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,505}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,343|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1964===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1964 elections in India#Maharashtra|1964 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=W. V. Goddamvar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,081 |percentage = |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. A. Patil |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 12,378 |percentage = |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,703 |percentage = |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = |percentage = |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 0}}
|change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Marotrao Kannamwar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,696 |percentage = 50.78% |change={{decrease}}13.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Damodhar Laxman Kale |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,968 |percentage = 49.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 728 |percentage = 1.56% |change= {{decrease}}44.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,151 |percentage = 75.57% |change= {{decrease}}1.72 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,664}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,330|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Saoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Marotrao Kannamwar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,907 |percentage = 64.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umbre Kawadu Vithu (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 7,682 |percentage = 17.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Damodhar Laxmanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,310 |percentage = 9.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dekate Purushottam Mansaram |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,564 |percentage = 8.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,225 |percentage = 46.53% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,463 |percentage = 68.07% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,463}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,849|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Saoli]]
* [[Chandrapur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|20.08|79.78|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saoli}}
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Chandrapur-geo-stub}}

Karoli, Rewari

2026-04-10T22:55:10Z

MableHaight9: Stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2010}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karoli
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.385|N|76.337|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Rewari
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3628<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/62340-karoli-haryana.html|title=Census 2011}}</ref>
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 123303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01259
| registration_plate = HR43
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kanina Khas|Kanina]], [[Kosli]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1000:941 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 79.83%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Rohtak]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Kosli]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Dry]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karoli''' is a village located in [[Kosli]] Tehsil, [[Rewari|Rewari District]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]. It is on the 1.5-kilometre approach road boarded to [[Bahu-Jholri]] on the [[Kosli]]–[[Kanina (India)|Kanina]] road and is 12 kilometres from [[Kosli]] and 7 kilometres from [[Kanina (India)|Kanina]]. The villages is 125 kilometres from [[Delhi]], the capital of India. It is a large village with an approximate population of 5,000 to 5,500. There is an average of one person in the army from each family. ''Smt. Kamala Devi'' is second ladies ''[[sarpanch]]'' of the village after ''Smt. Bhoori Devi''. There are numerous temples in the village, of which that of [[Baba Thakur Ji]] and [[Baba Lal Das Hanuman Mandir]] has a special importance. All the villagers used to have dinner in the [[temple]] on ''[[Holi]]'' (The Indian festival). The village school was earlier up to class 10 and due to excellent results in the entire district, the school has been upgraded to ''Senior Secondary School''. The village was the birthplace of Hari Ram Arya,<ref name="A">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiffo.org/component/sobi2/?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=1&sobi2Id=1 |title=Freedom Fighter - Arya |access-date=10 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724230503/http://www.aiffo.org/component/sobi2/?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=1&sobi2Id=1 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Chairman of ''Haryana Azad Hind Fouj'' who participated in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence Movement]].

==Geography==

[[File:Baba Thakur Mandir Burz.jpg|Baba Thakur Mandir Burz|thumb|right|170px]]

Karoli has an average elevation of 245 metres (803 feet). It borders [[Lookhi]], [[Bishoha]], [[Bawwa]], [[Gahra]], [[Kotia, Mahendragarh|Kotia]] and [[Lisan]] villages.

The temperature can go as high as 46.5 degrees Celsius from May to July. Winter is from November to February, and the temperature can fall to 5 degrees Celsius in December and January. The village is adjacent to the [[Mahendragarh district|Mahindergarh district]] and has dust storms in summer. Rugged hilly terrain of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]] ranges as well as sandy dunes are found in nearby villages.

The overall climate is dry. Rain falls from July to September. A little rain is experienced during winter.

==Demographics==

Karoli village has a population of 3,628. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Karoli has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5% (Male literacy is 93% and female literacy is 66%). 13% of the population is under 6 years of age in the village.

Karoli is a part of Ahirwal, the land of [[Ahirs]]. Ahirwal includes [[Mahendragarh]]–[[Narnaul]] area and [[Alwar]], which also have a large population of Ahirs (Yadavs). The adjacent districts of Mahendragarh and Alwar have Yadav-majority populations. Other castes in the village are Brahmin, Kumhar, Chamar, Dhanak, Swamy (Bairagi), Khati and Nai.

==Transport==

Delhi airport is about 120 km from Karoli (Via-[[Rewari]]). It is three hour drive from the airport to Karoli by access-controlled eight-lane Delhi-Gurgaon expressway, four-lane NH 8 (Gurgaon-Jaipur highway) and then Rewari-Kanina State Highway. State highways connect Karoli to all major towns in Haryana and adjacent districts of [[Rajasthan]].

Karoli is connected to Rewari by a state highway which is a major junction on [[Indian Railways]] network. Five railway lines connect it to Delhi and [[Ahmedabad]] on the major north-west trunk route, Bhiwani and Hissar towards [[Punjab]], Bikaner via Kanina-Mahendragarh-Loharu-Sadulpur-Churu, Ajmer via Alwar and [[Jaipur]], and Ajmer via Ringas. A sixth railway line is being built to connect Rewari to Jhajjhar and Rohtak. The seventh railway line connecting Rewari to Palwal and Khurja has been under planning for over two decades but not approved for construction (as of September 2010).

Karoli is just 9 km from near by railway station [[Kanina (India)|Kanina]] on Rewari-Luharu-Sadulpur-Bikaner Railway line and 13 km from the Railway Station [[Kosli]] on Rewari-Bhiwani-Hissar-Sirsa railway line. Both of the stations ([[Kanina (India)|Kanina]] and [[Kosli]]) are connected to [[Delhi]] via [[Rewari]].

==Education==

Karoli has three schools (two government and one private) and one college (private). Nearby towns of Kanina and Kosli has a number of schools and two colleges in each town. A government college in Nahar is the nearest and another is Pksd gc Kanina. Ahir College, Kishanlal Public College and several private colleges have been also set up in Rewari (40 km) and Mahendregarh (25 km) districts.

==Politics==

The village follows the ''[[panchayati raj]]''<ref name="C">[[Panchayati raj#District level panchayat]]</ref> system of the [[Indian Constitution]] and a selected and independent ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]''<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_IX#Article_243B_.7BConstitution_of_Panchayats.7D|title=Constitution of India}}</ref> is there to establish law and order. The village is organized into 12 wards which constitute the ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]''.

The list of the ''[[sarpanch]]'' from 1953 and after now-
<div style="height:auto; width:500px; float:left; margin-top:0;">
Till Date ''[[sarpanch]]''-

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Nº
!Name
!Year
!For the period
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 1
|''Sh. Kundan Pandit''
|1953
|5 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 2
|''Sh. Raghunaath Pandit''
|
|5 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 3
|''Sh. Bed Prakash''
|
|5 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 4
|''Sh. Bed Prakash''
|
|7 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 5
|''Sh. Juglal''
|
|5 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 6
|''Sh. Shyokaran''
|
|5 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 7
|''Sh. Ravi Prakash''
|
|3.5 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 8
|''Sh. Ravi Prakash''
|
|5 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 9
|''Sh. Ravi Prakash''
|
|3 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 10
|''Sh. Ishwar Singh Yadav''
|
|6 Months
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 11
|''Sh. Ravi Prakash''
|
|1.3 Year
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 12
|''Smt. Bhoori Devi''
|2000–2005
|5 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 13
|''Sh. Jhuthar Yadav''
|2005–2010
|5 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 14
|''Smt. Kamla Devi''
|2010–2015
|5 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 15
|''Sh. Rampal Punia''
|Jan'16–Nov'22
|6 Years
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia}};" | 16
|''Smt. Sharmila''
|Nov'22–Present
|till date
|}
</div>
Current ''[[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]''-
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2" |Smt. Sharmila''(sarpanch)''
|-
!Ward No
!Name of panch
|-
|1
|Mahesh Yadav
|-
|2
|Anita Yadav
|-
|3
|Vijay Singh
|-
|4
|Koyal
|-
|5
|Sharmila
|-
|6
|Mahesh Dutt
|-
|7
|Sushma Devi
|-
|8
|Bir Singh
|-
|9
|Dolly Devi
|-
|10
|Rajkumar
|-
|11
|Rajesh
|-
|12
|Rajesh
|}

==Notable people==
*''Lt. Hari Ram Arya ''<ref name="A"/> Freedom Fighter and Ex. Chairman of Haryana Sawtantrta Senani Samman Samiti, Chandigarh. He was also founding member of the Dujana Rajya Prajamandal Movement and also the founding member of Babu Bal Mukund Gupt Sahitya Sanrakhsan Samiti. He was also elected president of the All India Freedom Fighters Organization. He has been active in the field of social service and political movements since 1939. He actively participated in faridkot Satayagrah under the leadership of [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru ji]]. He has experience working with leaders like Pt. Nehru, Babu Vrissh Bhan, Ch. Ranveer Singh, and Gyani Jail Singh ji.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Pump House on Canal.jpg|Pump House on Canal
File:Play Ground (Karoli).jpg|Playground
File:Tabla Dance.webm|Dance on Tabla by Manohar Singh
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Kotia, Mahendragarh|Kotia]]
*[[Gahra]]
*[[Bawwa]]
*[[Lookhi]]
*[[Kosli]]
*[[Kanina khas]]
*[[Rewari]]
*[[Mahendragarh]]

[[Category:Villages in Rewari district]]

Haal (film)

2026-04-06T15:22:05Z

MableHaight9: Created - done

{{short description|Indian Malayalam language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| director = Veeraa
| writer = Dathan B
| producer = Juby Thomas, Verra,Jay
| starring = [[Shane Nigam]] [[Sakshi Vaidya]] Johny Antony
| cinematography = Ravichandran
| editing = Akash Joseph Varghese
| music = Nandhagopan V.
| studio = JVJ Profuctions
| released = {{Film date|2025|12|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Haal''''' is a 2025 Indian Malayalam language film directed by Veeraa. The film stars [[Shane Nigam]], [[Sakshi Vaidya]] and [[Johny Antony]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shane Nigam]] as Asif Kadalundi
* [[Sakshi Vaidya]] as Mariya Fernandez
* [[Johny Antony]]
* Abin Bino
* Vineeth Beep Kumar
* [[Madhupal]]
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]]
* Drishya Cherot
* [[Joy Mathew]]
* [[Nishanth Sagar]]
* Niyas Becker
* Manoj K. U.
* [[Riyas Narmakala]]
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]
* [[Raveendran]]
* [[Sohan Seenulal]]
* Unni Raja
}}

== Controversies ==

=== Certification issue ===
The [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] demanded a 15 cuts<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-10 |title=Shane Nigam's 'Haal' in trouble: CBFC flags multiple scenes as 'Objectionable'; demands 15 cuts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigams-haal-in-trouble-cbfc-flags-multiple-scenes-as-objectionable-demands-15-cuts/articleshow/124442352.cms |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> from the film for religious and sensitivity reason. They wanted to remove the scenes including "beef biriyani"<ref>{{Cite web |title='Haal' row: Censor board asks makers of Shane Nigam film to cut beef biriyani scene, 'dhwaja pranamam' dialogue- The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/10/09/haal-row-censor-board-shane-nigam-film-cut-beef-biriyani-scene-dhwaja-pranamam-dialogue.html |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.theweek.in}}</ref>, "Dhwaja Pranaman" (salutation to the flag) and a Rakhi scene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PA |first=Aneesa |date=2025-10-10 |title=Citing 'hidden agenda', CBFC denies certification to Malayalam film 'Haal' with interfaith love plot |url=https://theprint.in/india/citing-hidden-agenda-cbfc-denies-certification-to-malayalam-film-haal-with-interfaith-love-plot/2761158/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Even though the changes are made, the CBFC informed to the producer that film would get an A certification.

The filmmakers moved legally to [[Kerala High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |date=2025-11-15 |title=Kerala HC directs CBFC to issue fresh certificate to Malayalam film 'Haal' |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1088575/kerala-hc-directs-cbfc-to-issue-fresh-certificate-to-malayalam-film-haal |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=2025-10-09 |title=Censor Board flags beef biryani scene in Malayalam film Haal, makers move High Court |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-film-haal-lands-in-trouble-as-censor-board-cites-religious-concerns-2800609-2025-10-09 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The high court judge reviewed the film and ordered to remove some scenes "Dhwaja Pranama" from the film and to release the film. Initially the film received a UA16+ certification and was released on Christmas<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-26 |title=Kerala High Court Judge Watches Controversial Malayalam Film Haal Amid Censorship Dispute |url=https://lawchakra.in/high-court/kerala-judge-watches-malayalam-film-haal/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=lawchakra.in |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=After controversy and court battles, Shane Nigam’s ‘Haal’ set for Christmas release |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shane-nigam-haal-release-dec-25-ju6owv9p |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>.

=== Catholic Petitions ===
The Catholic Congress filed a petition on High court against their film arguing that the film would hurt sentiments of Christian communities, because the film portrays a bishop of Thamarassery as a supporter of [[Love jihad conspiracy theory|Love Jihad]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-11-08 |title=‘Haal’ film misrepresents faith of Christians, Catholic Congress tells Kerala High Court |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Nov/02/haal-film-misrepresents-faith-of-christians-catholic-congress-tells-kerala-high-court |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-17 |title=Christian outfit opposes Haal, Kerala High Court says it will watch the film: All about the controversy - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/christian-outfit-opposes-haal-kerala-high-court-says-it-will-watch-the-film-all-about-the-controversy-19719931.htm |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]

Vishwasa Devi

2026-03-26T15:58:37Z

MableHaight9: created bio

{{Short description|Queen of Mithila}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vishwasa Devi
| title = Queen of Mithila
| reign = 1431 CE - 1443 CE
| reign-type = Ruler
| predecessor = [[Padmasimha]]
| successor = Harasimha
| birth_name = Vishwasa
| birth_place = Mithila
| spouse = Padmasimha
| spouse-type = Husband
| full name = Viśvasadevi
| regnal name = Maharani Vishwasa Devi
| occupation = *Queen
*Ruler of Tirhut Sarkar
*Scholar of [[Sanskrit literature]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| royal house = Mithila Kingdom
| dynasty = [[Oiniwar Dynasty]]
}}
'''Vishwasa Devi''' (Maithili: विश्वास देवी, Romanised: ''Viśvasadevi'') was the queen of the [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]] in the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] during the 15th-century. She ascended the throne of the Mithila Kingdom after the death of the ''[[Padmasimha|King Padmasimha]]''. She ruled the kingdom for twelve years since 1431 CE to 1443 CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=Lakhima |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Rabindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmYeAAAAMAAJ |title=Political History of Khandavala Dynasity [sic] in Mithila, 1556-1793 |date=1987 |publisher=Capital Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kāṇe |first=Pāṇḍuraṅga Vāmana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7bWAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Dharmaśāstra: (ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law in India) |date=1975 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |pages=814 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Arun Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Some Aspects of the Cultural History of Mithila: The Janaka Dynasty, the Karnātas & the Oinwāras |date=2005 |publisher=University Department of History and A.I.H.C. & Archaeology, T.M. Bhagalpur University |pages=27, 60 |language=en}}</ref> She was the tenth ruler in the Oiniwar Dynasty of the Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&q=Bhairavasimha |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=2005 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-2973-2 |pages=269 |language=en}}</ref> Apart from being the ruler of the kingdom, she was also an eminent scholar of the [[Sanskrit literature]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-03-17 |title=Contribution of Women to Sanskrit Literature |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/compilation/triveni-journal/d/doc71234.html |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Later life ==
Her names in different historical documents are written with slightly different spelling. They are ''Vishwasa Devi'', ''Viśvasadevi'', ''Visvasadevi'' and ''Viswavasa Devi''. She was married to the ''King Padmasimha'' of the Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila. Padmasimha was the brother of the [[Shiva Simha Singh|King Shivasimha]] in Mithila. After the marriage with King Padmasimha, she became the queen of the kingdom. The king Padmasimha later died in 1431 CE without having a child. Since the king was childless so after the death of the king, the queen Vishwasa Devi took control on the territory and ascended the throne of the kingdom in 1431 CE. She ruled the kingdom for 12 years till 1443 CE.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> She was the second queen in the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] after the queen [[Lakhimadevi]], who ascended the throne of the kingdom and ruled the territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=शर्म्मा |first=रामप्रकाश |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7sBAAAAMAAJ |title=मिथिला का इतिहास |date=1979 |publisher=Kāmeśvarasiṃhadarabhaṅgāsaṃskr̥taviśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>

== Rule and legacy ==
The queen Vishwasa Devi established a new village [[Bisaul|Visual]] in the kingdom after her name. Then she transferred the capital of the Mithila Kingdom from [[Padma Village|Padma]] to the newly established village Visual.<ref name=":0" />

During her regime, she patronised the scholars in the kingdom. Her royal court became the centre for the gathering of eminent scholars just like the court of the [[Janaka|King Janaka]] in [[Ramayana]]. She organised a notable Yajna known as ''Chatuscharan Yajna'' at her royal court where large numbers of scholars gathered. In the Yajna, fourteen hundred [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimansa]] scholars alone were invited by the queen Vishwasa Devi.<ref name=":3" />

The queen Vishwasa Devi also patronised the Maithil scholar [[Vidyapati]] at her royal court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Kamala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vk8qAAAAYAAJ |title=Social Status of Hindu Women in Northern India, 1206-1707 A.D. |date=1987 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0179-3 |pages=242 |language=en}}</ref> The Maithil scholar Vidyapati composed his literary work ''Saiva-Sarvasva-Sara'' on the behest of the queen Vishwasa Devi, which gives account of the histories of the kings of the Oiniwar Dynasty. The literary work Saiva-Sarvasva-Sara is attributed to the queen Vishwasa Devi and deals with the matters of worship of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]. Similarly Vidyapati also composed another literary work attributed to the queen Vishwasa Devi known as ''Gangāvākyāvalī'', which deals with the rituals and practices related to worship of the holy river [[Ganges]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerji |first=Sures Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAZ0CAt03_QC&q=padmasimha |title=A Brief History of Dharmaśāstra |date=1999 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-370-0 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref>

Vishwasa Devi as a queen was a powerful leader of men. Similarly as a scholar she was a champion of defeating many great scholars of her age. She was also compared with the [[Upanishads|Upanashadic]] woman scholar [[Brahmavadini|Brahmvadini]] [[Gārgī Vāchaknavī|Gargi Vachaknavi]] for her scholarly wisdom.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
<references />{{India-royal-stub}}

[[Category:Indian royalty stubs]]
[[Category:Indian queens regnant]]
[[Category:15th-century queens regnant]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mithila]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]

Dulaara (1994 film)

2026-03-23T10:01:58Z

MableHaight9: Starting First Info From Scratch!

{{About||the 2015 film|Dulaara (2015 film)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dulaara
| image = Dulaara.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = Vimal Kumar
| producer = Vimal Kumar
| writer = Satish Jain
| narrator =
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Karisma Kapoor]]
| music = [[Nikhil-Vinay]]
| cinematography = Anil Dhanda
| editing = Prakash Dave
| studio = Shivam Chitrya
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|1|28|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}1.80 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3181|title=Dulaara – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}6.60 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}
'''''Dulaara''''' ({{Translation|Darling}}) is a 1994 Indian Hindi-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by Vimal Kumar starring [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]].

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=March 2021}}
Raja ([[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]) is the adopted son of Florence ([[Farida Jalal]]). James was a target killer who was killed in an encounter with the police and died in front of Florence. After James' funeral, Florence found a new born baby lying, she takes him with her and makes him her son. This toddler is Raja. At college Raja has Morarilal ([[Rakesh Bedi]]), Deepak ([[Satyajeet]]) and Gulshan, ''aka'' Gullu, ([[Gulshan Grover]]) as friends. Priya ([[Karishma Kapoor]]), the sister of Inspector Vijay Chauhan ([[Ranjeet]]), joins the college. After a series of tiffs with Raja, Priya begins to fall for him.

In the meanwhile, various college girls get killed by a mysterious killer. Inspector Chauhan is given charge of these cases. During a Christmas party, Raja goes with her mother to meet Priya, suddenly Deepak's sister, Ranjana, dies falling from the building. Gullu, who was in love with Ranjana, confirms that he saw her meeting with Professor Verma. Meanwhile, Professor Verma is seen furious and tries to call the police station. At the same time, someone tries to attack him with a knife, but Verma snatches the knife and runs. Suddenly, while running, Raja finds him in front and accidentally stabs him with that knife which Verma was holding. Raja runs from there and hides out.

Next day, everyone is shocked by Verma's murder. Inspector Chauhan starts taking fingerprints of everybody in the college. Raja, terrified of his crime and the fact that he turned out just like his father, gives unclear fingerprints. Gullu makes him realize that by doing this, he has actually incriminated himself. On that day was Priya's birthday party, where Raja and his friends were invited. Priya's nephew (and Chauhan's son) pointed out Raja as the murderer of Verma. Soon, Inspector Vijay Chauhan realises that his son was the main eyewitness of Verma's murder; Vijay Chauhan's son saw it through the window. When Raja learns that the murder was committed in front of Priya's home and that Priya's nephew (and Chauhan's son) Sunny has suddenly become silent since the day of the murder, he realizes that Sunny has seen him. Next day someone tries to murder Sunny, but soon Vijay comes and the killer runs away. Inspector Vijay confirms it to be Raja and provides security guards to his house.

On the other hand, Inspector Chauhan finds out why the girls were murdered on the basis of a sex scandal. Raja is immediately branded as a [[Amateur pornography|blue film]] maker. To make matters worse, Raja runs away to another place with his mother not knowing the fact. On the other hand, Inspector Chauhan frees Watchman Badruddin, who turns out to work for Monica, a blue film maker working for the unknown killer.

Chauhan eventually arrests Raja and interrogates him. Raja tells the truth, but is shocked to learn that the Professor was stabbed 20 times. He realizes that the Professor was killed by someone else and is still on the loose, tying up all leads. Realizing that Sunny is in danger, he escapes from the police station and kidnaps Sunny from the hospital. When Raja asks him why he told a lie, Sunny says he did not. Just then, the real killer comes to kill Sunny. Raja is shocked to see that the killer is Deepak.

Deepak says that he and his aide Monica were involved in blue film making. The victims were killed because they were threatening to expose Deepak. When Verma was stabbed by Raja, Deepak saw an opportunity to eliminate him and make his side safe. Then he saw Sunny and knew that he had another problem. Deepak killed every person who knew his secret, and incriminating Raja was his only option. The reason Sunny pointed to Raja as the killer was that Deepak was standing behind him!

Deepak tries to kill Sunny, but Raja fights him on the hospital roof. Deepak is thereafter arrested with Sunny as the eyewitness. Chauhan lets Raja go, telling him that his mother is in hospital in a critical state. Raja succeeds in saving his mother and the statement of Inspector Chauhan proves his innocence.

==Cast==
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Rajshekhar; Raja
*[[Karishma Kapoor]] as Priya Chauhan
*[[Ranjeet]] as Inspector Vijay Chauhan
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Florence Joyner
*[[Satyajeet Puri|Satyajeet]] as Deepak
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Morarilal
*[[Avtar Gill]] as College Principal Pratap Thakkar
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Gulshan aka Gullu
*[[Javed Khan Amrohi|Javed Khan]] as Watchman Badruddin
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Professor Akash Verma
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as James Joyner
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Police Commissioner Mohandas Kapoor
*[[Aparajita Bhushan]] as Mrs. Vijay Chauhan
*[[Rajesh Puri]] as Bhikaridas (Bhiku) College student whose hands are tied with Handcuffs
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Saxena, Bhikaridas Father
*[[Guddi Maruti]] as a College friend of Priya
*[[Ghanshyam Rohera]] as Police constable Ghanshyam
*[[Amrit Patel]] as Police Constable Khan
*[[Brahm Bhardwaj]] as Guest at Priya's birthday party
*[[Master Rafi]] as Sunny Chauhan, Vijay's son

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dulaara
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Nikhil–Vinay]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
Music by [[Nikhil-Vinay]] and lyrics were written by Rani Malik and [[Yogesh Gaur]]. The song "Mera Pant Bhi Sexy" was well received.<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raveena-tandon-neelam-kothari-celebrate-90s-govinda-madhuri-dixit-watch-7833795/</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Mera Pant Bhi Sexy"
| [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 2
| "Silsila Shuru Hua Pyar Ka"
| [[Udit Narayan]], Alka Yagnik
|-
| 3
| "Tumhi Se Tumhi Ko Chura"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 4
| "Dil Mein Duaen Hain"
| [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 5
| "Sajan Re Sajan Kahta"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 6
| "Kal Kahin College Mein Mera"
| Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 7
| "Bale Bale Nazren Tu"
| Udit Narayan
|-
| 8
| "Dil Yahin Kahin Kho Gaya"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0121232|Dulaara}}

[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1990s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:1990s comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:1990s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nikhil-Vinay]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:1994 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vimal Kumar]]

Shefali Shah

2026-03-20T17:51:51Z

MableHaight9:

{{Short description|Indian film actress (born 1973)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shefali Shah
| image = File:Photos-Celebs-attend-the-premiere-of-Delhi-Crime-2-0086-1 (cropped2).jpg
| alt = Shefali Shah smiling and looking at the camera.
| caption = Shah in 2022
| birth_name = Shefali Shetty
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|5|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| education =
| occupation = Actress
| works = [[Shefali Shah filmography|Full list]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Shefali Shah|Full list]]
| yearsactive = 1993–present
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Harsh Chhaya]]|1994|2000|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]]|2000}}
}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Shefali Shah''' ({{née}} '''Shetty'''; born 22 May 1973) is an Indian actress of film, television and theatre. Working primarily in independent [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]], she has received [[List of awards and nominations received by Shefali Shah|multiple local and foreign accolades]] for her performances. Shah's acting career started on the [[Gujarat]]i stage before she debuted on television in 1993. After small parts on television and a brief stint with cinema in ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'' (1995), she gained wider recognition in 1997 for her role in the popular series {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Hasratein]]}}. This was followed by lead roles in the TV series ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1997 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]'' (1997) and ''Raahein'' (1999). A supporting role in the crime film ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998) won her positive notice and a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Filmfare Critics Award]], and she soon shifted her focus to film acting starting with a lead role in the Gujarati drama ''[[Dariya Chhoru]]'' (1999).

Shah was selective about her roles through the following decades, resulting in intermittent film work, mostly in character parts and often to appreciation from critics. She appeared in the international co-production ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' (2001) and the mainstream comedy-drama ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]'' (2005). In 2007, her portrayal of [[Kasturba Gandhi]] in the biographical drama ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' won her the Best Actress prize at the [[Tokyo International Film Festival]], and she received the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for the drama film ''[[The Last Lear]]''. Among her subsequent film roles, she played a leading part in ''[[Kucch Luv Jaisaa]]'' (2011) and was noted for her work in the social problem film ''[[Lakshmi (2014 film)|Lakshmi]]'' (2014) and the ensemble drama ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' (2015).

Shah's career surged in the late 2010s as she transitioned to leading roles. She won a [[Filmfare Short Film Awards|Filmfare Short Film Award]] for her performance in ''[[Juice (2017 film)|Juice]]'' (2017) and followed with two [[Netflix]] projects: the romantic drama ''[[Once Again (2018 film)|Once Again]]'' (2018) and the crime series ''[[Delhi Crime]]'' (2019). Her performance as DCP Vartika Chaturvedi in the latter met with widespread acclaim. Five 2022 projects, including the [[Disney+ Hotstar]] series ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]'', the feature dramas ''[[Jalsa (2022 film)|Jalsa]]'' and ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]'', as well as the second season of ''Delhi Crime'', brought Shah further recognition. The last of these earned her a nomination for the [[International Emmy Award for Best Actress]], and she won a second Filmfare Critics Award for playing a woman with [[early onset dementia]] in ''[[Three of Us (film)|Three of Us]]'' (2023).

==Early life==
Shefali Shah was born as Shefali Shetty on 22 May 1973 in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Ghosh20">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Madhusree |title=I think some people hire me only for my eyes: Shefali Shah on craft, passion and the ''Delhi Crime'' Emmy win |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-think-some-people-hire-me-only-for-my-eyes-shefali-shah-on-craft-passion-and-the-delhi-crime-emmy-win/story-lzt1XSNeDCgPlPsbbgWKoL.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323000308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-think-some-people-hire-me-only-for-my-eyes-shefali-shah-on-craft-passion-and-the-delhi-crime-emmy-win/story-lzt1XSNeDCgPlPsbbgWKoL.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="age">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Pratim D. |author1-link=Pratim D Gupta |title=I want to play my age |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/i-want-to-play-my-age/cid/613541 |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=23 February 2008 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320195853/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/i-want-to-play-my-age/cid/613541 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali Shah's low-key birthday celebrations at home |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shefali-shahs-low-key-birthday-celebrations-at-home-23174936 |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=26 May 2021 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204902/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shefali-shahs-low-key-birthday-celebrations-at-home-23174936 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali Shah sports pigtails, poses with birthday cake in throwback pic from childhood; fans say 'she's still the same' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-sports-pigtails-poses-with-birthday-cake-in-throwback-pic-from-childhood-fans-say-she-s-still-the-same-101653200214179.html |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523011732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-sports-pigtails-poses-with-birthday-cake-in-throwback-pic-from-childhood-fans-say-she-s-still-the-same-101653200214179.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She is the only child of [[Mangaloreans|Mangalorean]] Sudhakar Shetty, a banker at [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), and his [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] wife Shobha, a [[Homeopathy|homeopathy practitioner]].<ref name="Patil">{{cite news |first=Vimla |last=Patil |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan24/sunday/head9.htm |title=A role to remember... |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=24 January 1999 |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215073027/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan24/sunday/head9.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Society">{{cite news |last=Agrawal |first=Vinay |title='Our daughters will be safe if our sons are raised right.'—Shefali Shah |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/Lifestyle/SOCIETY/Our-daughters-will-be-safe-if-our-sons-are-raised-rightShefali-Shah |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=[[Society (magazine)|Society]] |date=February–March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204916/https://www.magzter.com/stories/Lifestyle/SOCIETY/Our-daughters-will-be-safe-if-our-sons-are-raised-rightShefali-Shah |url-status=live }}</ref> The family resided in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santa Cruz, Mumbai]] at the RBI quarters, where she attended Arya Vidya Mandir School.<ref name="MW">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Ananya |title=Fifty Shades Of Shefali Shah |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/culture/features/fifty-shades-of-shefali-shah/ |access-date=1 April 2022 |work=[[MW (Indian magazine)|Man's World]] |date=25 April 2021 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204914/https://www.mansworldindia.com/culture/features/fifty-shades-of-shefali-shah/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sahani19">{{cite news |last1=Sahani |first1=Alaka |title='I don't have a long resumé but I'm proud of the work I have done' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/i-dont-have-a-long-resume-but-im-proud-of-the-work-i-have-done-shefali-shah-delhi-crime-5660254/ |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317143844/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/i-dont-have-a-long-resume-but-im-proud-of-the-work-i-have-done-shefali-shah-delhi-crime-5660254/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shah is fluent in [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Hindi]], English, [[Marathi language |Marathi]], and [[Gujarati language |Gujarati]].<ref name="Patil"/><ref name="Society"/>

While she was inclined to the arts as a child, including singing and dancing (she is trained in [[Bharatanatyam]]<ref name="Once">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title=The eyes have it |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-eyes-have-it/article24944862.ece |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040816/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-eyes-have-it/article24944862.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>), she did not find particular interest in acting.<ref name="MW"/><ref name="IE99INT">{{cite news |title=I had never thought of becoming an actress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/i-had-never-thought-of-becoming-an-actress-2/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 February 1999 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310221356/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/i-had-never-thought-of-becoming-an-actress-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her first stint with acting happened on [[Gujarati language |Gujarati]] stage when she was 10; her school teacher's [[playwright]] husband asked Shah's mother if she would permit her daughter to play a character based on [[Damien Thorn]] from ''[[The Omen]]'' (1976).<ref name="MW"/><ref name="Sahani19"/> Shah played the part with her mother's consent, and did not act again until several years later.<ref name="Sahani19"/> After her schooling, she enrolled at [[Mithibai College]] in [[Vile Parle]], opting to study science, but spent most of her student days working in theatre.<ref name="Sahani19"/>

==Career==
{{see also|Shefali Shah filmography|List of awards and nominations received by Shefali Shah|l2=awards}}

===Early theatre and television work (1990–1996)===
Shah's acting career began with work in inter-collegiate plays in Gujarati during the early 1990s.<ref name="Sahani2021">{{cite news |last1=Sahani |first1=Alaka |author1-link=Alaka Sahani |title=Shefali Shah: 'I don't want to lose out on the wave I'm riding' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/shefali-shah-interview-i-dont-want-to-lose-out-on-the-wave-im-riding-7420858/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=25 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324193714/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/shefali-shah-interview-i-dont-want-to-lose-out-on-the-wave-im-riding-7420858/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her work included roles in several stage dramas including ''Ant Vagarni Antakshari'' and ''Doctor Tame Pan?''.<ref name="Patil"/> A 1995 piece by ''Rasa'' magazine reported that Shah had proved her abilities to become one of the stars of Gujarati theatre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarati Theatre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfsLAQAAMAAJ |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Rasa: Theatre and cinema |publisher=Anamika Kala Sangam |year=1995 |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221201433/https://books.google.com/books?id=dfsLAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In one of the plays, she was brought to the attention of a team member of the TV serial ''Campus'' (1993) who suggested that she audition for a part in it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Awaasthi |first1=Kavita |title=Campus: TV actors recall working on the hit 1990s show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/campus-tv-actors-recall-working-on-the-hit-1990s-show/story-xXXt4JCbTQZyt9F7NlT0EK.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 September 2016 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310001438/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/campus-tv-actors-recall-working-on-the-hit-1990s-show/story-xXXt4JCbTQZyt9F7NlT0EK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She was accepted following a screen test.<ref name="Patil"/> This was followed by several other serials, including the popular [[Zee TV]] shows ''[[Tara (TV series)|Tara]]'' and ''[[Banegi Apni Baat]]'' (both 1993–1997), as well as ''Naya Nukkad'' (1993–1994) on [[Doordarshan]] and ''Daraar'' (1994–1995) on Zee TV.<ref name="Patil"/><ref name="IE99INT"/><ref name="BAB">{{cite news |last1=Awaasthi |first1=Kavita |title=Banegi Apni Baat: How the show brought freshness to Indian TV |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/banegi-apni-baat-how-the-show-brought-freshness-to-indian-tv/story-R1PGcQQFFn1diaLYxC1TQI.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 July 2016 |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416121453/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/banegi-apni-baat-how-the-show-brought-freshness-to-indian-tv/story-R1PGcQQFFn1diaLYxC1TQI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The year 1995 marked Shah's first film appearance with a brief role in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]''.<ref name="Patil"/> A few days into shooting, she realised the part was different from what she was set up for, and she walked out of the sets as she felt cheated.<ref name="Rangeela">{{cite news |last1=Britto |first1=Anita |title=Shefali Shah feels Rangeela was a 'mistake': Exclusive interview |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shefali-shah-feels-rangeela-was-a-mistake-exclusive-interview-1898262-2022-01-10 |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=10 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310152659/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shefali-shah-feels-rangeela-was-a-mistake-exclusive-interview-1898262-2022-01-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shah was reluctant to work in motion pictures after that, and the roles she was offered were mostly small character parts.<ref name="Rediffold">{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=V S |title=She's dynamite! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/aug/05she.htm |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=5 August 1998 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309014609/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/aug/05she.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She continued working in TV series, including [[Balaji Telefilms]]' ''[[Mano Ya Na Mano (1995 TV series)|Mano Ya Na Mano]]'' (1995–1999) and Doordarshan's ''[[Aarohan]]'' (1996–1997) and ''[[Sea Hawks (TV series)|Sea Hawks]]'' (1997–1998).<ref name="Sahani2021"/><ref name="Sadhwani">{{cite news |last1=Sadhwani |first1=Bhavya |title=Shefali Shah Has No Qualms About Doing Less Number Of Roles, As Long As They Are Special Ones |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-has-no-qualms-about-doing-limited-number-of-roles-as-long-as-they-are-special-ones-364152.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=[[Times Internet]] |date=22 March 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310004742/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-has-no-qualms-about-doing-limited-number-of-roles-as-long-as-they-are-special-ones-364152.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An anthology horror series, ''Mano Ya Na Mano'' starred Shah opposite [[Durga Jasraj]] in an episode titled "Kabzaa", directed by [[Homi Wadia]], which was developed into a full-fledged serial called ''[[Kavach (TV series)|Kavach]]'' in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Horror Show to Aahat: 5 horror shows 90s kids still remember |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/zee-horror-show-to-aahat-5-horror-shows-90s-kids-still-remember-1272238-2018-06-28 |access-date=24 September 2022 |work=India Today |date=28 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> ''Arohan'', starring and produced by [[Pallavi Joshi]], tells the story of a woman who joins the [[Indian Navy]].{{sfn|Singh|2021|p=212}}

===Breakthrough with ''Hasratein'' and ''Satya'' (1997–1999)===
In 1997, Shah replaced Seema Kapoor in the Zee TV series {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Hasratein]]}} (1996–1999) after over 120 episodes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reel to real |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19970825-harsh-chhayas-wife-shefali-to-replace-seema-kapoor-in-hasratein-831980-1997-08-25 |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=25 August 1997 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310185052/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19970825-harsh-chhayas-wife-shefali-to-replace-seema-kapoor-in-hasratein-831980-1997-08-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> In her first lead role, Shah starred as Savi, a married woman involved in an extramarital affair with a married man.<ref name="break">{{cite news |last1=Deosthalee |first1=Deepa |title=My first break |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/my-first-break-4/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 July 1998 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310211458/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/my-first-break-4/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Mankekar|2012|p=193}} Based on the Marathi novel ''Adhantari'' by [[Jaywant Dalvi]], the show was popular with audiences and attracted attention for its commentary on the institution of marriage.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Awaasthi |first1=Kavita |title=''Hasratein'': A story about infidelity and complicated relationships |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/hasratein-a-story-about-infidelity-and-complicated-relationships/story-oJRyze947qoXW0kbfExxFO.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 December 2016 |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123201528/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/hasratein-a-story-about-infidelity-and-complicated-relationships/story-oJRyze947qoXW0kbfExxFO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GuptaSunday">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |author1-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Savi's story |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.23265/page/n201/mode/2up?q=shefali+chaya |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|Sunday]] |publisher=[[ABP Group]] |date=24 April 1999}}</ref> ''India Today'' describes it as "one of the prime productions that changed the face of Indian television".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Manpreet |title=#ZEEturns24: From Banegi Apni Baat to Hip Hip Hurray, 5 iconic shows we can thank Zee TV for |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/zeeturns24-banegi-apni-baat-hip-hip-hurray-tara-hum-paanch-top-5-iconic-shows-lifetv-344435-2016-10-02 |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=2 October 2016 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309025219/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/zeeturns24-banegi-apni-baat-hip-hip-hurray-tara-hum-paanch-top-5-iconic-shows-lifetv-344435-2016-10-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> The character of Savi, a mature woman with grown up children, was significantly older in age than Shah.<ref name="earshot">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Murli |title=Earshot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/earshot-27/lite/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=25 August 1998 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310160328/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/earshot-27/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hindu15">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title=I can even play a dog |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/i-can-even-play-a-dog-says-shefali-shah/article7309923.ece |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=12 June 2015 |language=en-IN |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310160123/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/i-can-even-play-a-dog-says-shefali-shah/article7309923.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Given the age differences, she had to persuade director Ajay Sinha to cast her.<ref name="break"/> Bhavya Sadhwani of ''[[Times Internet|IndiaTimes]]'' attributed the show's success with viewers mainly to the "impeccable acting skills" demonstrated by Shah in the part.<ref name="Sadhwani"/> The serial gained wider public recognition for Shah,<ref name="IE99INT"/> and she called it a milestone in her career.<ref name="IE98"/><ref name="screen97">{{cite news |title=Rich and famous |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb20/tele3.htm |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |date=20 February 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991009174719/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb20/tele3.htm |archive-date=9 October 1999}}</ref> Her performance earned her the [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Woman of the Year]] award in 1997.<ref name="screen97"/> Another lead role was given to her in [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s weekend soap ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1997 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]'' (1997), which aired on [[StarPlus]].<ref name="IE98">{{cite news |title=Strong and never silent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/strong-and-never-silent/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 April 1998 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310192048/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/strong-and-never-silent/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Screen97">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Anil |title=Awake to the wild-life |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/sep24/tele3.htm |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=Screen |date=24 September 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628175811/http://www.screenindia.com/old/sep24/tele3.htm |archive-date=28 June 2008}}</ref>

In 1998, she was offered a small part in Ram Gopal Varma's crime thriller ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'', which revolves around the [[organised crime in India|Mumbai underworld]].{{sfn|Dwyer|2005|pp=211–2012}}{{sfn|Roy|2011|pp=98–119}} Having been disappointed in her previous collaboration with Varma on ''Rangeela'', she was hesitant on accepting it but eventually relented as she found the part special and made sure to receive thorough information about it.<ref name="Patil"/><ref name="Rediffold"/><ref name="break"/> In a seven-minute role, she played Pyaari Mhatre, the wife of a mafia gangster played by [[Manoj Bajpayee]].<ref name="Sahani19"/>{{sfn|Dwyer|2005|pp=211–2012}}<ref name="IE99">{{cite news |last1=Poojari |first1=Chatura |title=Out of the Shadows |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/out-of-the-shadows-6/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 February 1999 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310200056/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/out-of-the-shadows-6/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their roles were said to be modelled after [[Arun Gawli]] and his wife Asha.<ref name="Patil"/><ref name="Rediffold"/> Shah said she instinctively recognised her part and knew exactly how to play it.<ref name="Patil"/> ''Satya'' opened to commercial success and major critical acclaim, and Shah's performance in it was favourably reviewed.<ref name="Patil"/>{{sfn|Dasgupta|Datta|2018|pp=197–198}} [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote that Shah and her co-actors "are so good that you can almost smell the Mumbai grime on their sweaty bodies".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |author1-link=Anupama Chopra |title=Nowhere man |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19980720-film-review-satya-starring-urmila-matondkar-j-d-chakravarty-manoj-bajpai-826739-1998-07-20 |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=20 July 1998 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310152659/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19980720-film-review-satya-starring-urmila-matondkar-j-d-chakravarty-manoj-bajpai-826739-1998-07-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> For her portrayal, Shah won the [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="Rangeela"/><ref name="Screen99">{{cite news |title=Still waiting for the reward |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb26/tele1.htm |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=Screen |publisher=Express Group |date=26 February 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000306200714/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/feb26/tele1.htm |archive-date=6 March 2000}}</ref> At the [[44th Filmfare Awards]], she was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] and was awarded the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Critics Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=''Satya'': Awards and Nominations |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/awards/6387/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama|IndiaFM]] |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511032325/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/awards/6387/index.html |archive-date=11 May 2008 |date=11 May 2008}}</ref>

Despite the positive reaction to her work in ''Satya'', Shah did not receive as many film offers as she expected.<ref name="IE99INT"/><ref name="IE99"/> Following ''Hasratein'', she starred in its successor on Zee TV's prime-time spot, the soap opera ''Raahein'' (1999).<ref>{{cite news |title=Second innings |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19990412-roducers-of-hit-serial-raahein-gets-nod-from-zee-tv-for-104-episode-run-780670-1999-04-12 |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=12 April 1999 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309005424/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19990412-roducers-of-hit-serial-raahein-gets-nod-from-zee-tv-for-104-episode-run-780670-1999-04-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Raahein">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Murli |title=Earshot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/earshot-40/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 March 1999 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310201336/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/earshot-40/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The show was met with approval from viewers and critics alike.<ref name="Screen97"/> She played Preeti, a woman caught between her love life and career ambitions.<ref name="Raahein"/> In contrast to Shah's previous roles, the character of Preeti was 22 years old. Shailaja Bajpai of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' commended Shah's acting talent but thought she was less suitable for such a young-aged part, concluding that she is "brilliantly miscast".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bajpai |first1=Shailaja |title=Married to the box |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/married-to-the-box/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 August 1999 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310202500/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/married-to-the-box/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During this period she was one of the co-hosts on the musical game show ''[[Titan Antakshari|Antakshari]]'' opposite [[Annu Kapoor]].<ref name="IE99"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Awaasthi |first1=Kavita |title=Antakshari: Annu Kapoor, Pallavi Joshi share memories of iconic musical show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/antakshari-annu-kapoor-pallavi-joshi-share-memories-of-iconic-musical-show/story-JoOrFIY2UYIwhb6VhOIkEJ.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 September 2016 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310001440/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/antakshari-annu-kapoor-pallavi-joshi-share-memories-of-iconic-musical-show/story-JoOrFIY2UYIwhb6VhOIkEJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Among other projects on television, she acted in several episodes of the anthology series ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]'' (1999–2001), including the well-received "Highway".{{sfn|Mahadevan|2020}}

In 1999, she was cast in a Gujarati film, ''[[Dariya Chhoru]]'', made by her future husband Vipul Shah. A love story situated on the coast of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] between a poor man ([[Jamnadas Majethia]]) and a wealthy woman (Shah), the film was named Best Film at the Gujarat State Film Awards, where Shah won the Best Actress award.{{sfn|Thaker|2007|p=515}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat State Awards announced ''Dariya Chhoru'' is best film |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20000825/film1.htm |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=Screen |date=28 July 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010524115121/http://www.screenindia.com/20000825/film1.htm |archive-date=24 May 2001}}</ref> The film, which ''[[The Times of India]]'' said should cater to educated Gujarati viewers, was a box-office success.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khatri |first1=J. A. H. |title=Gujarathi Cinema: From a Historical Perspective |journal=International Journal of Research Culture Society |date=1 January 2021 |issue=21 |url=https://www.academia.edu/45453666 |issn=2456-6683 |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509200959/https://www.academia.edu/45453666/GUJARATI_CINEMA_FROM_A_HISTORICAL_PERSPECTIVE |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Michelle |title=Lights, camera, resurgence! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/lights-camera-resurgence/articleshow/14198987.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=17 June 2012 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313110423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/lights-camera-resurgence/articleshow/14198987.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the book ''Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas'', it was among the films that started a trend of larger productions in the Gujarati film industry.{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=99}} In the book ''Gujarat: A Panorama of the Heritage of Gujarat'', the film was praised for its beautiful portrayal and Shah and her colleagues were hailed as screen artistes who "could create fresh hopes among the film goers in Gujarat".{{sfn|Thaker|2007|p=515}}

===Recognition for character roles (2000–2007)===
Shah's work in the 2000s started with a short appearance in [[Aditya Chopra]]'s 2000 romance ''[[Mohabbatein]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |author1-link=Dinesh Raheja |title=''Mohabbatein''{{snd}}Maple Syrup |url=http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewmohab.shtml |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=India Today |year=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417023618/http://tntmovies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewmohab.shtml |archive-date=17 April 2001}}</ref> A year later, she was cast in [[Mira Nair]]'s international co-production ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'',{{efn|The film was coproduced by India, USA, France, Germany, and Italy.{{sfn|Dasgupta|Sinha|Chakravarti|2011|pp=86–87}}}} a comedy-drama which chronicles the reunion of a large Punjabi family for a wedding.{{sfn|Scheuer|Brill-Scheuer|2007|p=218}} Shah played Rhea Verma, an orphaned young woman, aspiring writer and a survivor of [[child sexual abuse]], a character she considered as the most complex in the film.<ref name="IEMW">{{cite news |last1=Sundaram |first1=Suguna |title=Salaam Mira |url=http://movies.thenewspapertoday.com/interviews/intmonsoon.shtml |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=India Today |year=2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011109232620/http://movies.thenewspapertoday.com/interviews/intmonsoon.shtml |archive-date=9 November 2001}}</ref> The film opened to considerable international acclaim, receiving the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[58th Venice International Film Festival]] and nominations for Best Foreign Language Film at the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Golden Globe Awards]].{{sfn|Tzanelli|2015|p=46}}<ref>{{cite news |title=''Monsoon Wedding'' |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/monsoon-wedding/2000038431/ |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=[[TV Guide]] |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315172926/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/monsoon-wedding/2000038431/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Elvis Mitchell]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' singled out Shah's part, and [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote that she "taps into the depths of a difficult character with amazing ease".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitchell |first1=Elvis |author1-link=Elvis Mitchell |title=Film Review; Clashing Ingredients In a Marital Masala |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/22/movies/film-review-clashing-ingredients-in-a-marital-masala.html |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 February 2002 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315200444/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/22/movies/film-review-clashing-ingredients-in-a-marital-masala.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |author1-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Monsoon Wedding |url=http://167.216.192.98/infotainment/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsmw.shtml |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 February 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020202151712/http://167.216.192.98/infotainment/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsmw.shtml |archive-date=2 February 2002}}</ref> The film was a significant box-office success, earning over $33{{spaces}}million against its $1.2{{nbh}}million budget.<ref>{{cite news |title=''Monsoon Wedding'' |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/releasegroup/gr276779525/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319143956/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/releasegroup/gr276779525/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=''Monsoon Wedding'' (2002) |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Monsoon-Wedding#tab=summary |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319143956/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Monsoon-Wedding#tab=summary |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shah worked again under her husband Vipul's direction in the family melodrama ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]'' (2005), playing [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s wife and [[Akshay Kumar]]'s mother.<ref name="BHWaqt">{{cite news |title=It was challenging to portray a woman of 50 – Shefali Shah |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2005/4/11/160/index.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=11 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915180618/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2005/4/11/160/index.html |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref> She was considered for the part following Bachchan's suggestion against her husband's hesitation.<ref name="BHWaqt"/> Her casting in the role of a middle-aged mother to Kumar, who in reality is five years her senior, attracted considerable media coverage.<ref name="indulge">{{cite news |last1=Khandelwal |first1=Heena |title=Shefali Shah: ''Delhi Crime'' was extremely consuming, it demanded every ounce of me' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2020/dec/04/interview-shefali-shah-emmys-delhi-crime-lockdown-film-30019.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204710/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2020/dec/04/interview-shefali-shah-emmys-delhi-crime-lockdown-film-30019.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali Shah on not wanting to play the roles of mothers to 40-year-olds anymore |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shefali-shah-on-not-wanting-to-play-the-roles-of-mothers-to-40-year-olds-anymore-52655-1.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204715/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shefali-shah-on-not-wanting-to-play-the-roles-of-mothers-to-40-year-olds-anymore-52655-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She defended her choice of the part, saying she admired the character's traits and found particular challenge in the significant age differences.<ref name="telegraph21">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Priyanka |title='This is what I've dreamt of' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/interview-shefali-shah-opens-up-about-her-career-2-0-in-a-candid-chat/cid/1824744 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=The Telegraph |date=1 August 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309020948/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/interview-shefali-shah-opens-up-about-her-career-2-0-in-a-candid-chat/cid/1824744 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her portrayal of Sumitra Thakur, a strict mother who encourages her husband to take extreme measures to discipline their irresponsible son, earned her a second Filmfare nomination for Best Supporting Actress. [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' and [[Ziya Us Salam]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' commended her subtle and composed acting,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elley |first1=Derek |author1-link=Derek Elley |title=''Gandhi My Father'' |url=https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/gandhi-my-father-1200557147/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319183301/https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/gandhi-my-father-1200557147/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Ziya Us |author1-link=Ziya Us Salam |title=Plenty of moments to remember, smile, savour |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/04/24/stories/2005042402260200.htm |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=24 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050504131108/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/04/24/stories/2005042402260200.htm |archive-date=4 May 2005}}</ref> and Subhash K. Jha of ''The Times of India'' argued that "it's Shefali Shah as Amitabh Bachchan's wife whose expressive eyes conveying spousal and matriarchal pain that you come home with".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |author1-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=''Waqt'' |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1087918,curpg-5.cms |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507173130/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1087918,curpg-5.cms |archive-date=7 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tanwar |first1=Sarita |title=Film review: ''Waqt'' |url=http://ww1.mid-day.com/hitlist/2005/april/107929.htm |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=Mid-Day |date=22 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126234609/http://ww1.mid-day.com/hitlist/2005/april/107929.htm |archive-date=26 November 2005}}</ref> She followed with a role in [[Aparna Sen]]'s English-language drama ''[[15 Park Avenue]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |author1-link=Namrata Joshi |title=''15 Park Avenue'' |url=http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?229900 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=23 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117155740/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?229900 |archive-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Rituparno Ghosh alongwith actor Shefali Shah (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Shah with director [[Rituparno Ghosh]] at an event for ''[[The Last Lear]]'' in 2007]]

In 2007, Shah was lauded for her work in two films: [[Feroz Abbas Khan]]'s biographical film ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' and [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s English-language [[Story within a story#Nested films|film-within-a-film]] drama ''[[The Last Lear]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |author1-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=Spectrum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070902/spectrum/main4.htm |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=2 September 2007 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201185600/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070902/spectrum/main4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nigel">{{cite news |last1=Andrews |first1=Nigel |author1-link=Nigel Andrews |title=The bluster behind the bluff |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c2d5154-4049-11dc-9d0c-0000779fd2ac |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=1 August 2007 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327171032/https://www.ft.com/content/5c2d5154-4049-11dc-9d0c-0000779fd2ac |url-status=live }}</ref> An Indo-British co-production, ''Gandhi, My Father'' features Shah in the role of [[Kasturba Gandhi]], who is torn by the lifelong conflict between her husband [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and son [[Harilal Gandhi|Hiralal]] (played by [[Darshan Jariwala]] and [[Akshaye Khanna]], respectively).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |author1-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=''Gandhi My Father'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dKGAAAAIAAJ |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |date=October 2007 |quote=India/United Kingdom 2007... Darshan Jariwala as Gandhi and Shefali Shah as his wife Kasturba put in strong performances |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328003632/https://books.google.com/books?id=4dKGAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=John |title=''Gandhi My Father'' – Movie Review |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-et-gandhi3aug03,0,2355932.story |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=3 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060214/http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-et-gandhi3aug03,0,2355932.story |archive-date=20 October 2007}}</ref> Portraying the character from Kasturba's early adulthood to old age, Shah lost weight to look the part.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali ready to break the mould |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shefali-ready-to-break-the-mould/story-ScjoArPbhmUlieG32GzsqL.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2006 |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320232341/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shefali-ready-to-break-the-mould/story-ScjoArPbhmUlieG32GzsqL.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dalal |first1=Sandipan |title=Keep a calm pose |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/keep-a-calm-pose/articleshow/15721032.cms |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=4 July 2007 |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320233503/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/keep-a-calm-pose/articleshow/15721032.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''Hindustan Times'' called her performance "magnificent" and [[Roshmila Bhattacharya]] of ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' described her as "brilliant, her sparkling glances, eloquent silences and drooping shoulders effectively conveying the hopelessness and helplessness of a parent whose child has gone astray".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |author1-link=Khalid Mohamed |title=Review: ''Gandhi My Father'' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-gandhi-my-father/story-CoxaWST3I9cAua7hXtojMN.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 August 2007 |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205200/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-gandhi-my-father/story-CoxaWST3I9cAua7hXtojMN.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Roshmila |author1-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |title=''Gandhi My Father'' (Hindi) |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=16735 |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=Screen |date=10 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201145121/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=16735 |archive-date=1 December 2007}}</ref> She was awarded the [[Tokyo International Film Festival#Best Actress Award|Best Actress]] prize at the [[Tokyo International Film Festival]] and the [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Critics Award for Best Actor – Female]] at the [[2008 Zee Cine Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ryall |first1=Julian |title=Tokyo fest listens to ''Band'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/tokyo-fest-listens-band-153612/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=29 October 2007 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205202/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/tokyo-fest-listens-band-153612/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Cine Awards 2008 |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/2008/videos/awards/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[Zee Cine Awards]] |publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214131545/http://www.zeecineawards.com/2008/videos/awards/ |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>

''The Last Lear'' revolves around a [[William Shakespeare|Shakespearean]] theatre actor (played by Amitabh Bachchan).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14758862 |title='The Last Lear's' my best work till date: Shefali Shah|website=[[Sify]] |date=16 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021135358/https://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14758862 |archive-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> Shah played his troubled and irritable caregiver and live-in partner, a role she considered her best yet, alongside [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Divya Dutta]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nag |first1=Kushali |title='It's my best role ever' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/it-s-my-best-role-ever/cid/541593 |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Telegraph |date=12 September 2008 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320155511/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/it-s-my-best-role-ever/cid/541593 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film premiered at the [[2007 Toronto International Film Festival]] where it was well-received.{{sfn|Chakravarti|2017|p=117}} [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[IBN Live]] wrote of "the manner she goes from spiteful to soothing" throughout the film, and [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] took note of Shah's commanding presence.<ref>{{cite web |author=Masand, Rajeev |website=[[IBN Live]] |title=Masand's Verdict: ''The Last Lear'' is slyly over the top |date=13 September 2008 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-the-last-lear-is-slyly-over-the-top/73463-8-p1.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113072003/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-the-last-lear-is-slyly-over-the-top/73463-8-p1.html |archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Effectively intriguing |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lear/20080912.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=20 April 2020 |language=en |date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006132618/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lear/20080912.htm |archive-date=6 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was named [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|Best Feature Film in English]] at the [[55th National Film Awards]], where Shah won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] award for what was cited by the jury as an "aggressive portrayal of a Bengali housewife who in time becomes more tolerant of her aging husband's many eccentric guests".<ref>{{cite web |title=55th National Film Awards 2007 |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf |website=dff.nic.in |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=19 March 2022 |page=38 |year=2007 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725171514/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Intermittent work on stage and screen (2008–2016)===
{{Quote box|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|width=25em|align=left|quote="Those who have not seen Shefali Shah on stage have missed seeing one of the best live performers in this country. For the entire length of a two-hour play she draws the audience in, making them believe her story is part of their story too, that her pain is something they feel too."|source={{mdash}}Authors [[Sunil Kant Munjal]] and S.K. Rai on Shah's performance in ''Bas Itna Sa Khwab'' (2010){{sfn|Munjal|Rai|2017|ps=: "'Bus Itna Sa Khwab' with Shefali Shah, one of the most talented actors of screen and stage... Those who have not seen Shefali Shah on stage have missed seeing one of the best live performers in this country. For the entire length of a two-hour play she draws the audience in, making them believe her story is part of their story too, that her pain is something they feel too."}}}}
[[Subhash Ghai]]'s crime thriller ''[[Black & White (2008 Hindi film)|Black & White]]'' (2008) stars Shah as Roma Mathur, a Bengali activist and the wife of an Urdu professor ([[Anil Kapoor]]).<ref name="age"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Ritujaay |title=''The Last Lear''{{'}}s my best work till date: Shefali Shah |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-last-lear-s-my-best-work-till-date-shefali-shah/story-IDTLnnFxefTqChXNWVxvtK.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 February 2008 |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320203455/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-last-lear-s-my-best-work-till-date-shefali-shah/story-IDTLnnFxefTqChXNWVxvtK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film follows the couple's acquaintance with a disguised Islamic fundamentalist plotting a [[suicide attack]] at the [[Red Fort]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandohar |first1=Jaspreet |title=''Black And White'' (2008) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2008/03/03/black_and_white_2008_review.shtml |access-date=20 March 2022 |publisher=BBC |date=26 February 2008 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205202/https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2008/03/03/black_and_white_2008_review.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="French08">{{cite news |last1=French |first1=Philip |author1-link=Philip French |title=Review: Black & White |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/mar/09/bollywood.drama |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=9 March 2008 |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320162753/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/mar/09/bollywood.drama |url-status=live }}</ref> It generated mixed reviews and so did Shah's performance, which Khalid Mohamed found to be "unusually hammy".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=Review: ''Black and White'' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-black-and-white/story-IV8Dfb097rN7sQep9lo8PO.html |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 March 2008 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317130109/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-black-and-white/story-IV8Dfb097rN7sQep9lo8PO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Review of ''Black & White'':
* {{cite news |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |author1-link=Taran Adarsh |title=''Black & White'': Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/13390/index.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=7 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310160220/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/13390/index.html |archive-date=10 March 2008 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Raja |title=''Black & White'' is a relevant watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/07black.htm |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=Rediff.com |date=7 March 2008 |archive-date=2 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802152854/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/07black.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |author1-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Black & White |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/black---white/281994/0 |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 September 2012 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205202/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/black---white/281994/0 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Gajjar |first1=Manish |title=''Black n White'' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/03/21/bollywood_reviews_black_n_white_feature.shtml |access-date=20 March 2022 |publisher=BBC |date=7 March 2008 |language=en-gb |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205202/https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/03/21/bollywood_reviews_black_n_white_feature.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Two years later, in view of the lack of substantial film work that would realise her acting potential, Shah's husband Vipul cast her in his Hindi stage production ''Bas Itna Sa Khwab'', directed by [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]].<ref name="Manuel10">{{cite news |last1=Manuel |first1=Mark |title=We're going housefull: Vipul and Shefali Shah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/were-going-housefull-vipul-and-shefali-shah/articleshow/6719224.cms |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=10 October 2010 |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321211112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/were-going-housefull-vipul-and-shefali-shah/articleshow/6719224.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on Kulkarni's Marathi play ''Dhyanimani'', it marked Shah's return to the stage after a decade and saw her in the role of a middle-class housewife opposite [[Kiran Karmarkar]].<ref name="stage10">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Roshmila |last2=Mazumder |first2=Jayeeta |author1-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |title='It's been a liberating experience' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/it-s-been-a-liberating-experience/story-GS75ECWiFaHbWwrb8pWiGJ.html |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 August 2010 |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205202/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/it-s-been-a-liberating-experience/story-GS75ECWiFaHbWwrb8pWiGJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="taxing">{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Rinky |title=Re-living a dream |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/RELIVING-a-dream/663213/ |access-date=26 May 2011 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=20 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014024259/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/RELIVING-a-dream/663213/ |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The production travelled from Mumbai's Rangsharda to [[Ludhiana]]'s Sanskritik Samagam, to Dubai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali gets theatrical |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/city-times/shefali-gets-theatrical |access-date=14 April 2023 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |agency=City Times |date=21 March 2011 |language=en}}</ref> She spoke of her acting experience on stage, recounting her full involvement with her character: "I have to literally break down every time, then collect the pieces and put them back together again."<ref name="stage10"/> Authors [[Sunil Kant Munjal]] and S.K. Rai, in the book ''All the World is a Stage'', lavished praise on her performance.{{sfn|Munjal|Rai|2017|ps=: "'Bus Itna Sa Khwab' with Shefali Shah, one of the most talented actors of screen and stage... Those who have not seen Shefali Shah on stage have missed seeing one of the best live performers in this country. For the entire length of a two-hour play she draws the audience in, making them believe her story is part of their story too, that her pain is something they feel too."}}

[[File:Shefali Shah.jpg|thumb|upright|Shah in 2012]]

After appearing as a psychiatrist in the thriller ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]'' in 2010,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tejpal |first1=Minty |title=Your Call |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Your-Call/articleshow/15996290.cms |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=27 February 2010 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331185411/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Your-Call/articleshow/15996290.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Shah was cast in the lead part of her husband's production ''[[Kucch Luv Jaisaa]]'' the following year.<ref name="LKJ">{{cite news |title=Finally, I get to play my age |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2011/may/23/finally-i-get-to-play-my-age--255839.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 May 2011 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323195411/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2011/may/23/finally-i-get-to-play-my-age--255839.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She played a young housewife who spends a romantic day with a criminal on the run from prison ([[Rahul Bose]]).<ref name="Kotwani">{{cite news |last1=Kotwani |first1=Hiren |title=Shefali Shah goes to jail |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Shefali-Shah-goes-to-jail/Article1-696144.aspx |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903165636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Shefali-Shah-goes-to-jail/Article1-696144.aspx |archive-date=3 September 2012}}</ref> To prepare for the part, Shah visited the Thane Jail and interacted with prisoners to attain better understanding of her character's experience.<ref name="Kotwani"/> The film opened to a lukewarm critical response,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=''Kuchh Luv Jaisa'' |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kuchh-luv-jaisa/796243/0 |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 May 2011 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171830/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kuchh-luv-jaisa/796243/0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bamzai |first1=Kaveree |author1-link=Kaveree Bamzai |title=''Kuch Luv Jaisa'' review |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kuch-luv-jaisa-movie-review-134538-2011-05-27 |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=27 May 2011 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171034/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kuch-luv-jaisa-movie-review-134538-2011-05-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> with critics Subhash K. Jha and Mihir Fadnavis observing that Shah struggles with material that was written with little conviction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |author1-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=Subhash K. Jha speaks about ''Kucch Luv Jaisa'' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/subhash-k-jha-speaks-about-kucch-luv-jaisaa/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 May 2011 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331173036/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/subhash-k-jha-speaks-about-kucch-luv-jaisaa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fadnavis |first1=Mihir |title=''Kuchh Luv Jaisa'' is a worthless trip to the land of idiocy |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-kuchh-luv-jaisa-is-a-worthless-trip-to-the-land-of-idiocy-1548162 |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=DNA India |year=2011 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171943/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-kuchh-luv-jaisa-is-a-worthless-trip-to-the-land-of-idiocy-1548162 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her efforts were better received by [[Mayank Shekhar]], who found her "startlingly expressive" and commended her for exuding "the kind of vulnerability and warmth that's rare to match".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Mayank |author1-link=Mayank Shekhar |title=Mayank Shekhar's review: ''Kuch Luv Jaisa'' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-kuch-luv-jaisa/story-4XzS4yPsBIQ9pDbJ6H0VOM.html |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 May 2011 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172143/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mayank-shekhar-s-review-kuch-luv-jaisa/story-4XzS4yPsBIQ9pDbJ6H0VOM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After three years of absence from the screen, Shah returned as Jyoti, a [[Procuring (prostitution)|brothel madam]] in [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]'s 2014 [[social problem film]] ''[[Lakshmi (2014 film)|Lakshmi]]'', alongside [[Monali Thakur]].<ref name="James16">{{cite journal |last1=James |first1=Nisha |last2=Ranganathan |first2=Shubha |title=From Victimhood to Survivor-Hood: Reflections on Women's Agency in Popular Films on Sex Trafficking in India |journal=Psychological Studies |date=1 March 2016 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=76–82 |doi=10.1007/s12646-015-0344-4 |s2cid=55050086 |url=https://raiith.iith.ac.in/2114/7/From-Victimhood.pdf |language=en |issn=0974-9861 |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204633/https://raiith.iith.ac.in/2114/7/From-Victimhood.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |author1-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=Shefali Shah on crossing all frontiers to play brothel 'madame' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shefali-shah-on-crossing-all-frontiers-to-play-brothel-madame/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=25 March 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204631/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shefali-shah-on-crossing-all-frontiers-to-play-brothel-madame/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on the true story of a teenager who is kidnapped and sold into a brothel in [[Hyderabad]],<ref name="James16"/> ''Lakshmi'' released to a positive critical reception for its harshly realistic depiction [[human trafficking]] and [[child prostitution]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ruhani |first1=Faheem |title=Movie Review: ''Lakshmi'' not for the faint hearted |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/lakshmi-movie-review-monali-thakur-nagesh-kukunoor-satish-kaushik-185636-2014-03-21 |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=21 March 2014 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331185411/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/lakshmi-movie-review-monali-thakur-nagesh-kukunoor-satish-kaushik-185636-2014-03-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Suparna |title=''Lakshmi'', film review: terrifying, inspiring account of a 14-year-old girl sold into prostitution |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140321/entertainment-movie-review/article/lakshmi |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 March 2014 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331185411/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140321/entertainment-movie-review/article/lakshmi |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sudhish Kamath]] appreciated Shah's performance in a complex role.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Sudhish |author1-link=Sudhish Kamath |title=''Lakshmi'': Innocence lost |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/lakshmi-innocence-lost/article5818833.ece |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2014 |language=en-IN |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331202433/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/lakshmi-innocence-lost/article5818833.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sanjukta |title=Film Review: ''Lakshmi'' |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/bcqbiwZQuKZ0jmkvBRP76O/Film-Review--Lakshmi.html |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=21 March 2014 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331190325/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/bcqbiwZQuKZ0jmkvBRP76O/Film-Review--Lakshmi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, Shah starred in [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' alongside Anil Kapoor as her husband, and [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Ranveer Singh]] as her children.{{sfn|Bari|2017|pp=3–10}} The story is about a wealthy, dysfunctional family who embark on a cruise to celebrate the 30th wedding anniversary of the parents; Shah played Neelam Mehra, the passive-aggressive matriarch caught in a marriage of convenience and hiding her eating disorder.{{sfn|Bari|2017|pp=3–10}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Kunal |title=Film review: ''Dil Dhadakne Do'' |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Dil-Dhadakne-Do/articleshow_newlogin/47547376.cms |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=5 June 2015 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204629/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Dil-Dhadakne-Do/articleshow_newlogin/47547376.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Silence">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Devansh |title=Shefali Shah on playing different shades of an 'everywoman', and using silence as her weapon of choice |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-on-playing-different-shades-of-an-everywoman-and-using-silence-as-her-weapon-of-choice-6784511.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=16 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321044308/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-on-playing-different-shades-of-an-everywoman-and-using-silence-as-her-weapon-of-choice-6784511.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shah loved the script and the character but was initially apprehensive about accepting another part of a middle-aged woman and playing a mother to Chopra and Singh; she eventually relented on her husband's advice.<ref name="DDD">{{cite news |title=Here's why Shefali Shah was apprehensive about doing ''Dil Dhadakne Do'' |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-why-shefali-shah-was-apprehensive-about-doing-dil-dhadakne-do-49641-1.html |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Filmfare |date=20 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204631/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-why-shefali-shah-was-apprehensive-about-doing-dil-dhadakne-do-49641-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Dil Dhadakne Do'' was one of the [[List of Bollywood films of 2015|highest-grossing Hindi films of 2015]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2015 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2015 |access-date=21 March 2022 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322000150/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> A scene where an emotionally collapsing Neelam is seen binging on a cake in front of the mirror was particularly noted by critics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Masand |first1=Rajeev |author1-link=Rajeev Masand |title=''Dil Dhadakne Do'' review: It's easy and breezy, and packed with terrific actors |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/dil-dhadakne-do-review-its-easy-and-breezy-and-packed-with-terrific-actors-1002090.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=[[News18]] |date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607175850/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/dil-dhadakne-do-review-its-easy-and-breezy-and-packed-with-terrific-actors-1002090.html |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali Shah says she refused ''Kapoor and Sons'' and ''Neerja'', talks of ''Dil Dhadakne Do''{{'}}s iconic scene |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-rejected-kapoor-and-sons-neerja-talks-of-dil-dhadakne-do-7353863/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322112304/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-rejected-kapoor-and-sons-neerja-talks-of-dil-dhadakne-do-7353863/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Desai |first1=Rahul |title=Top 50 Memorable Bollywood Characters: Neelam Mehra from Dil Dhadakne Do |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/top-50-memorable-bollywood-characters-neelam-mehra-dil-dhadakne-do-shefali-shah-rahul-desai/ |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=29 September 2023 |language=en |date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Subhash K. Jha found Shah's performance the most effective of the ensemble cast, arguing she "brings to her character an unfussy pitch-perfection rarely seen in mainstream cinema".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Subhash K. |first1=Jha |author1-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=Subhash K Jha speaks about ''Dil Dhadakne Do'' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/subhash-k-jha-speaks-about-dil-dhadakne-do/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 June 2015 |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322130757/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/subhash-k-jha-speaks-about-dil-dhadakne-do/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She received her third Best Supporting Actress Filmfare nomination for the film, and was awarded the [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress]] as well as a [[Screen Awards|Screen Award for Best Ensemble Cast]] along with her co-stars in the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Raya |title=Stardust Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |access-date=22 March 2022 |publisher=NDTV |date=22 December 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227182636/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screen Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/screen-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1263815 |author=Ghosh, Raya |publisher=NDTV |access-date=22 March 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110051251/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/screen-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1263815 |archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref>

In ''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]'' (2015), [[Karan Malhotra]]'s remake of the American sports drama ''[[Warrior (2011 film)|Warrior]]'' (2011), Shah had a minor supporting role.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Srijana Mitra |title=Movie ''Brothers'' Review 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/brothers/movie-review/48480933.cms |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=18 December 2015 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/brothers/movie-review/48480933.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Her character Maria Fernandes is presented in flashbacks as a woman who accepts the child her adulterous husband had out of wedlock.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCahill |first1=Mike |title=''Brothers'' review – Akshay Kumar is lead Weeble in feeble ''Warrior'' remake |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/aug/17/brothers-review-akshay-kumar-is-lead-weeble-in-feeble-warrior-remake |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=17 August 2015 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171156/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/aug/17/brothers-review-akshay-kumar-is-lead-weeble-in-feeble-warrior-remake |url-status=live }}</ref> The film generated mixed-to-negative reviews;<ref>{{cite news |title=''Brothers'' ... Blood Against Blood |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/brothers_2015 |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422065121/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/brothers_2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''The Hindu'' thought she had a role which required copious crying but ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' found her performance heartbreaking.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Vishal |title=Unintentionally nostalgic movie |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/unintentionally-nostalgic-movie/article7548368.ece |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=17 August 2015 |language=en-IN |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331192351/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/unintentionally-nostalgic-movie/article7548368.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tsering |first1=Lisa |title=''Brothers'': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/brothers-film-review-815601/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171011/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/brothers-film-review-815601/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shah voiced the character of [[Raksha (The Jungle Book)|Raksha]] in the Hindi version of the Disney live-action feature ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |author1-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Localization Makes 'Jungle Book' a Hit in India |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/localization-makes-jungle-book-a-hit-in-india-1201758157/ |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=21 April 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329102450/https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/localization-makes-jungle-book-a-hit-in-india-1201758157/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She next played the fictional part of India's [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] Leena Chowdhury in the action thriller ''[[Commando 2: The Black Money Trail]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Kunal |title=''Commando 2'' movie review: Vidyut Jammwal's film offers few thrills |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/commando-2-movie-review-vidyut-jammwals-film-offers-few-thrills/articleshow/57448721.cms |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=3 March 2017 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171217/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/commando-2-movie-review-vidyut-jammwals-film-offers-few-thrills/articleshow/57448721.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Critical acclaim in leading roles (2017–present)===
In 2017, Shah acted in ''[[Juice (2017 film)|Juice]]'', a short film about gender inequality in middle-class Indian families. Directed by [[Neeraj Ghaywan]], it stars Shah as Manju Singh, a woman who, after hours spent in the kitchen, acts in defiance of her inconsiderate husband.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Reema |title=A descriptive study of the Content Orientation of Selected Contemporary Indian Short Films. |journal=Global Media Journal: Indian Edition |date=June 2020 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=17–19 |url=http://gmj.manipal.edu/issues/june2020/8%20A%20descriptive%20study%20of%20the%20Content%20Orientation%20of%20Selected%20Contemporary%20Indian%20Short%20Films.pdf |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204631/http://gmj.manipal.edu/issues/june2020/8%20A%20descriptive%20study%20of%20the%20Content%20Orientation%20of%20Selected%20Contemporary%20Indian%20Short%20Films.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The film and Shah's performance received favourable reviews.<ref name="indulge"/><ref name="TOIJoshi">{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Sonam |title=When age is no bar to a good role (for a woman) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/when-age-is-no-bar-to-a-good-role-for-a-woman/articleshow/71870043.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=3 November 2019 |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329100157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/when-age-is-no-bar-to-a-good-role-for-a-woman/articleshow/71870043.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics noted her ability to communicate emotions through gestures and expressions;<ref name="FP">{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Pradeep |title=''Juice'' short film review: Shefali Shah anchors Neeraj Ghaywan's story about patriarchy in Indian homes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/juice-short-film-review-shefali-shah-anchors-neeraj-ghaywans-story-about-patriarchy-in-indian-homes-4226183.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=24 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318015205/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/juice-short-film-review-shefali-shah-anchors-neeraj-ghaywans-story-about-patriarchy-in-indian-homes-4226183.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Quint">{{cite news |last1=Mathew |first1=Suresh |title=''Juice'' Is an Unflinching Stare at Everyday Male Entitlement |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/juice-short-film-neeraj-ghaywan-masaan |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=24 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204626/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/juice-short-film-neeraj-ghaywan-masaan |url-status=live }}</ref> Kriti Tulsiani wrote that Shah's "unfazed gazes convey more than words will ever say".<ref name="N18">{{cite news |last1=Tulsiani |first1=Kriti |title=''Juice'' Short Film Review: Watch It Till Shefali Shah's Last Gaze |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/juice-short-film-review-shefali-shahs-steady-gaze-pierces-deep-into-the-normalised-patriarchy-of-indian-middle-class-households-1587007.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=[[News18]] |date=25 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318015328/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/juice-short-film-review-shefali-shahs-steady-gaze-pierces-deep-into-the-normalised-patriarchy-of-indian-middle-class-households-1587007.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film won two [[Filmfare Short Film Awards]] at the [[63rd Filmfare Awards]]: Best Film (fiction) and Best Actress for Shah.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of Jio Filmfare Short Film Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/short-films-2018/winners |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=Filmfare |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313081247/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/short-films-2018/winners |url-status=live }}</ref> In years to follow, she credited ''Juice'' as the first of several films that helped propel her career forward.<ref name="indulge"/> In ''[[Once Again (2018 film)|Once Again]]'' (2018), an Indo-German [[Netflix]] romance film, Shah was cast in the lead as a widowed middle-aged restaurateur who falls in love with an ageing film star played by [[Neeraj Kabi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lohana |first1=Avinash |title=Shefali Shah, Neeraj Kabi to team up for Indo-German love story titled ''Once Again'' |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-neeraj-kabi-to-team-up-for-indo-german-love-story-titled-once-again/articleshow/65568878.cms |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=28 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330231844/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-neeraj-kabi-to-team-up-for-indo-german-love-story-titled-once-again/articleshow/65568878.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Shah said she had long awaited a film of the sort, describing herself as "an incurable romantic".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dedhia |first1=Sonil |title=Shefali Shah croons Jagjit Singh's nazm for her film ''Once Again'' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shefali-shah-croons-jagjit-singhs-nazm-for-her-film-once-again-19756174 |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=Mid-Day |date=31 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330231835/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shefali-shah-croons-jagjit-singhs-nazm-for-her-film-once-again-19756174 |url-status=live }}</ref> She received compliments for her performance,<ref name="TOIJoshi"/><ref name="SharmaOAEyes"/> and her chemistry with Kabi drew positive notice.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kharude |first1=Dipti |title=Netflix's ''Once Again'' Is a Love Letter to Shefali Shah |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/netflix-once-again-review#read-more |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=The Quint |date=12 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330231827/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/netflix-once-again-review#read-more |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Trisha |title=Old School Romance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20180924-old-school-romance-1339864-2018-09-15 |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=15 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170955/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20180924-old-school-romance-1339864-2018-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Financial Chronicle]]'' appreciated the film's subtlety and took note of Shah's expressive eyes revealing her inner state,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gahlot |first1=Deepa |author1-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Food For Love |url=http://mydigitalfc.com/fc-supplements/elan/food-love |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=[[Financial Chronicle]] |date=7 September 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204632/http://mydigitalfc.com/fc-supplements/elan/food-love |url-status=live }}</ref> an opinion shared by other critics.<ref name="SharmaOAEyes">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Devansh |title=''Once Again'' movie review: Shefali Shah, Neeraj Kabi's sweet romance would have been richer with more restraint |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/once-again-movie-review-shefali-shah-neeraj-kabis-sweet-romance-would-have-been-richer-with-more-restraint-5084961.html |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=1 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204659/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/once-again-movie-review-shefali-shah-neeraj-kabis-sweet-romance-would-have-been-richer-with-more-restraint-5084961.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sampada |title=''Once Again'' review: Watch this only for Shefali Shah and Neeraj Kabi's spellbinding performances |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/once-again-movie-review-shefali-shah-neeraj-kabi-netflix-5338787/ |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170917/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/once-again-movie-review-shefali-shah-neeraj-kabi-netflix-5338787/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Quote box
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| quote = "Each episode [in ''Delhi Crime''] moves along at a lightning fast pace and at the centre of it is the brilliant Shefali Shah, who is like a tornado that blows through every scene and leaves a permanent mark. It needed a great actress to bring the writing to life and Shefali more than delivers in what is one of the finest performances you will see this year."
| source = {{mdash}}Priya Mulji of ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' on Shah's performance in ''Delhi Crime'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mulji |first1=Priya |title=Netflix drama based on real-life crime is very gripping |work=[[Eastern Eye]] |date=21 June 2019 |quote=Each episode moves along at a lightning fast pace and at the centre of it is the brilliant Shefali Shah, who is like a tornado that blows through every scene and leaves a permanent mark. It needed a great actress to bring the writing to life and Shefali more than delivers in what is one of the finest performances you will see this year.}}</ref>
}}
Shah's second collaboration with Netflix took place in the 2019 procedural miniseries ''[[Delhi Crime]]'', which was written and directed by [[Richie Mehta]].<ref name="DCVogue">{{cite news |last1=Mubarak |first1=Salva |title=Shefali Shah talks about getting into the skin of her character on Delhi Crime |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/shefali-shah-talks-about-getting-into-the-skin-of-her-character-on-delhi-crime-this-has-been-a-learning-curve-for-me |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[Vogue India]] |date=2 December 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="WSJ">{{cite news |last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Dorothy |author1-link=Dorothy Rabinowitz |title=''Delhi Crime'' Review: Hunt for Justice |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/delhi-crime-review-hunt-for-justice-11553205335 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=21 March 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204626/https://www.wsj.com/articles/delhi-crime-review-hunt-for-justice-11553205335 |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on the aftermath of the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi gang rape]], the show stars Shah as Vartika Chaturvedi, a South Delhi [[Superintendent of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (DCP) who is assigned to investigate a brutal gang rape in Delhi.<ref name="WSJ"/>{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|2021|p=124}} The character was modelled after former Delhi DCP Chhaya Sharma.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pathi |first1=Krutika |last2=Drury |first2=Flora |title=''Delhi Crime'': New drama tells story of bus rape investigation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47663939 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316205132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47663939 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shah found the part "emotionally, physically, mentally" consuming and would often interact with Sharma throughout filming to learn more about the character.<ref name="Week19">{{cite news |last1=Bhadani |first1=Priyanka |title=Shefali Shah was 'shocked' when she first heard script of ''Delhi Crime'' |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2019/03/30/shefali-shah-was-shocked-when-she-first-heard-script-of-delhi-crime.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=30 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204632/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2019/03/30/shefali-shah-was-shocked-when-she-first-heard-script-of-delhi-crime.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The series opened to universally positive reviews from critics, and Shah's performance met with widespread acclaim.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=Shefali Shah is riding the success of ''Delhi Crime'' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-is-riding-the-success-of-delhi-crime/cid/1688350 |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=The Telegraph |date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204626/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-is-riding-the-success-of-delhi-crime/cid/1688350 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Juhi |title=People now trust I can carry an entire project |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-city/20200110/281612422337995 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 January 2020 |quote=Her portrayal of a police officer earned widespread acclaim |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316193328/https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-city/20200110/281612422337995 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dorothy Rabinowitz]] of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' commended Shah for "a movingly understated and complex performance" and [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''The Hindu'' wrote: "Shah is on top of her game, conflicted yet sure of herself, vulnerable but strong, swayed by emotions yet never giving in to them, bristling equally with anger, concern, disappointments and dejection."<ref name="WSJ"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |author1-link=Namrata Joshi |title=Netflix's ''Delhi Crime'': Delving into the 2012 Delhi gang rape |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/delhi-crime-the-festering-wound/article26613111.ece |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191426/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/delhi-crime-the-festering-wound/article26613111.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Delhi Crime'' was named [[International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series|Best Drama Series]] at the [[48th International Emmy Awards]], and won four [[Asian Academy Creative Awards]], including Best Drama Series and Best Actress for Shah.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |author1-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=''Delhi Crime'', Glenda Jackson, Billy Barratt Triumph at International Emmy Awards |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/international-emmy-winners-glenda-jackson-delhi-crime-1234838213/ |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=Variety |date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316195201/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/international-emmy-winners-glenda-jackson-delhi-crime-1234838213/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=''Delhi Crime'' Wins Big at Asian Academy Creative Awards |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/asia/delhi-crime-wins-at-asian-academy-creative-awards-1203428215/ |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=Variety |date=7 December 2019 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323083435/https://variety.com/2019/tv/asia/delhi-crime-wins-at-asian-academy-creative-awards-1203428215/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She hailed the show as a turning point in her life,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bamzai |first1=Kaveree |author1-link=Kaveree Bamzai |title=Shefali Shah: The whole point of acting is to be other people |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-the-whole-point-of-acting-is-to-be-other-people |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Khaleej Times |date=31 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322152538/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-the-whole-point-of-acting-is-to-be-other-people |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=''Delhi Crime'' a turning point in my life: Shefali Shah |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-a-turning-point-in-my-life-my-career-shefali-shah-7065710/ |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125102320/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-a-turning-point-in-my-life-my-career-shefali-shah-7065710/ |url-status=live }}</ref> saying it reassured filmmakers to cast her in primary parts and heralded the busiest period of her career.<ref name="lead">{{cite news |last1=Ramasubramanian |first1=Uma |title=Shefali Shah: Makers saw me in lead roles after ''Delhi Crime'' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shefali-shah-makers-saw-me-in-lead-roles-after-delhi-crime-23218603 |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=Mid-Day |date=16 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317134536/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/shefali-shah-makers-saw-me-in-lead-roles-after-delhi-crime-23218603 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, Shah experimented with writing and directing in two self-starring [[COVID-19]]-based short films, ''[[Someday (2021 film)|Someday]]'' and ''[[Happy Birthday Mummyji]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Shefali |title=Everything I consumed on screen as an escape from 2020 helped me evolve into a filmmaker, writes Shefali Shah |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/everything-i-consumed-on-screen-as-an-escape-from-2020-helped-me-evolve-into-a-filmmaker-writes-shefali-shah-9112811.html |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=17 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321215123/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/everything-i-consumed-on-screen-as-an-escape-from-2020-helped-me-evolve-into-a-filmmaker-writes-shefali-shah-9112811.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HBM">{{cite news |last1=Cyril |first1=Grace |title=Shefali Shah says ''Happy Birthday Mummy Ji'' is inspired by her own life. Interview |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shefali-shah-says-happy-birthday-mummy-ji-is-inspired-by-her-own-life-interview-1831638-2021-07-23 |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=23 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317222207/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shefali-shah-says-happy-birthday-mummy-ji-is-inspired-by-her-own-life-interview-1831638-2021-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Someday'', which marked her directorial debut, she played a frontline healthcare worker who returns home for a seven-day quarantine due to the pandemic and spends time interacting through a door with her elderly mother, who suffers from Alzheimer's disease.<ref name="Someday">{{cite news |title=Wasn't sure if I had it in me to direct a film: Shefali Shah on ''Someday'' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jun/21/wasnt-sure-if-i-had-it-in-me-to-direct-a-film-shefali-shah-on-someday-2319395.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317222205/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jun/21/wasnt-sure-if-i-had-it-in-me-to-direct-a-film-shefali-shah-on-someday-2319395.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shah conceived the story based on memories from her mother who had turned caregiver to her grandmother, and shot the film with a five-member crew at her residence over a period of two days.<ref name="Someday"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Suri |first1=Rishabh |title=Shefali Shah on her debut directorial short film: I shot in my house with a unit of five people |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-on-her-debut-directorial-short-film-i-shot-in-my-house-with-a-unit-of-five-people-101625316837628.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317222205/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-on-her-debut-directorial-short-film-i-shot-in-my-house-with-a-unit-of-five-people-101625316837628.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film premiered at the 51st USA Film Festival and was later screened at the 18th Indian Film Festival Stuttgart in Germany.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy Chowdhury |first1=Rishita |title=Shefali Shah's directorial debut ''Someday'' selected for 51st USA Film Festival |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shefali-shah-s-directorial-debut-someday-selected-for-51st-usa-film-festival-1788085-2021-04-07 |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=7 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317222308/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shefali-shah-s-directorial-debut-someday-selected-for-51st-usa-film-festival-1788085-2021-04-07 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali Shah's directorial debut ''Someday'' to be screened at the 18th Indian Film Festival Stuttgart |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shefali-shahs-directorial-debut-someday-to-be-screened-at-the-18th-indian-film-festival-stuttgart-9723101.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=16 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317222205/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shefali-shahs-directorial-debut-someday-to-be-screened-at-the-18th-indian-film-festival-stuttgart-9723101.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''Happy Birthday Mummyji'', she played Suchi, a housewife whose preparations for her mother-in-law's birthday party are halted by a sudden national curfew, leaving her home alone and decisive to make the most of the rare opportunity to spend time on herself.<ref name="HBMDH">{{cite news |last1=Rajpal |first1=Roktim |title=''Happy Birthday Mummyji'' short film review: A treat for Shefali Shah fans |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/happy-birthday-mummyji-short-film-review-a-treat-for-shefali-shah-fans-1012958.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=26 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107132937/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/happy-birthday-mummyji-short-film-review-a-treat-for-shefali-shah-fans-1012958.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shah wrote the script drawing upon her own life experiences and believed Suchi "represents all the women you know".<ref name="HBM"/> A [[Solo performance|single-character film]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Mayukh |title=We can pretend that women don't have sexual needs but they do – Shefali Shah |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/we-can-pretend-that-women-dont-have-sexual-needs-but-they-do-shefali-shah-50777-1.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=Filmfare |date=21 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204629/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/we-can-pretend-that-women-dont-have-sexual-needs-but-they-do-shefali-shah-50777-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> it opened to positive reviews and attracted some notice for a masturbation scene played by Shah.<ref name="telegraph21"/><ref name="HBMDH"/><ref>{{cite news |title='Someone asked me if I committed suicide': Shefali Shah on 'masturbation' scene in 'Happy Birthday Mummy Ji' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/someone-asked-me-if-i-committed-suicide-shefali-shah-on-masturbation-scene-in-happy-birthday-mummy-ji |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |date=21 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204626/https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/someone-asked-me-if-i-committed-suicide-shefali-shah-on-masturbation-scene-in-happy-birthday-mummy-ji |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Shefali2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Shefali Shah looking at the camera|Shah in 2022]]

The 2021 Netflix original anthology film ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]'', comprising four short stories, featured Shah in the fourth segment "Ankahi", directed by [[Kayoze Irani]]. She played Natasha, an unhappily married woman who struggles with her teenaged daughter's hearing loss and falls in love with a hearing-impaired photographer, played by [[Manav Kaul]].<ref name="SahaniAnkahi">{{cite news |last1=Sahani |first1=Alaka |title=Ankahi: A layered tale of love and lies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ajeeb-daastaans-ankahi-manav-kaul-shefali-shah-director-kayoze-irani-netflix-7276614/ |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329195158/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ajeeb-daastaans-ankahi-manav-kaul-shefali-shah-director-kayoze-irani-netflix-7276614/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She studied sign language in preparation for the part and revealed to have grown so emotionally invested in the story that it left her heartbroken when filming ended.<ref name="SahaniAnkahi"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vats |first1=Rohit |title=Here's Why Shefali Shah Cried After Finishing the Last Scene of Ajeeb Daastaans |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/heres-why-shefali-shah-cried-after-finishing-the-last-scene-of-ajeeb-daastaans-3654788.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=News18 |date=19 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329205302/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/heres-why-shefali-shah-cried-after-finishing-the-last-scene-of-ajeeb-daastaans-3654788.html |url-status=live }}</ref> "Ankahi" was well-received by critics, with particular emphasis placed on Shah and Kaul's performances.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |authorlink=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Ajeeb Daastaans Review: Netflix's Anthology Is Neatly Crafted And Exquisitely Acted |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajeeb-daastaans-review-netflixs-anthology-is-neatly-crafted-and-exquisitely-acted-3-stars-2414982 |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=NDTV |date=16 April 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329230519/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ajeeb-daastaans-review-netflixs-anthology-is-neatly-crafted-and-exquisitely-acted-3-stars-2414982 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Naahar |first1=Rohan |title=''Ajeeb Daastaans'' movie review: Neeraj Ghaywan saves Karan Johar's uneven Netflix film from disaster |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ajeeb-daastaans-movie-review-neeraj-ghaywan-saves-karan-johar-s-uneven-netflix-film-from-disaster-101618458789212.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324233229/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ajeeb-daastaans-movie-review-neeraj-ghaywan-saves-karan-johar-s-uneven-netflix-film-from-disaster-101618458789212.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, Shah starred in ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]'', a medical [[streaming television]] series. Directed by her husband for [[Disney+ Hotstar]], the show explores the nexus between pharmaceutical companies and large private hospitals who conduct human [[Drug test|trials for new drugs]] on lower-class citizens.<ref name="humanht">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Devarsi |title=Human review: Shefali Shah gives a vicious performance in series about Big Pharma's crimes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/human-review-shefali-shah-gives-a-vicious-performance-in-series-about-big-pharma-s-crimes-101642130783673.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326023445/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/human-review-shefali-shah-gives-a-vicious-performance-in-series-about-big-pharma-s-crimes-101642130783673.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She played Dr. Gauri Nath, a powerful and ruthlessly ambitious neurosurgeon with a traumatic childhood who owns Manthan, a self-founded multi-specialty hospital. Shah found the negative character of Gauri to be unlike anyone she had ever known.<ref name="pattern">{{cite news |title=I don't have set acting patterns to fall back on, says Shefali Shah |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/i-dont-have-set-acting-patterns-to-fall-back-on-says-shefali-shah/articleshow/88670432.cms |access-date=24 March 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204629/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/i-dont-have-set-acting-patterns-to-fall-back-on-says-shefali-shah/articleshow/88670432.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Hindustan Times'' described Gauri as one of the best characters on Indian digital series yet, calling her an "incredibly disturbed sociopath" and "a vicious snake singularly committed to building her business".<ref name="humanht"/> Critics reacted positively to Shah's turn, noting her composed demeanor and hushed tone in the part.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanabar |first1=Nirali |title=Shefali Shah admits she had a crush on Aamir Khan, sent him a love letter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shefali-shah-admits-she-had-a-crush-on-aamir-khan-sent-him-a-love-letter-1928530-2022-03-23 |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=23 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326132352/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shefali-shah-admits-she-had-a-crush-on-aamir-khan-sent-him-a-love-letter-1928530-2022-03-23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Reviews of ''Human'':
* {{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Srijita |title=''Human'' Review: Shefali Shah Delivers Spine Chilling Performance in This Traumatizing Medical Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/human-review-shefali-shah-delivers-spine-chilling-performance-in-this-traumatizing-medical-drama-4654127.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=News18 |date=14 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327000250/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/human-review-shefali-shah-delivers-spine-chilling-performance-in-this-traumatizing-medical-drama-4654127.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Sur |first1=Prateek |title=''Human'' Review: Thrilling And Thought-Provoking, Yet Improbable At Junctures |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/human-review-shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-thrilling-thought-provoking-yet-improbable/409808 |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=Outlook |date=15 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327000252/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/human-review-shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-thrilling-thought-provoking-yet-improbable/409808 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=''Human'' Review: Shefali Shah, Kirti Kulhari are brilliant in series exposing disturbing Pharma crimes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/human-review-shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-are-brilliant-in-series-exposing-disturbing-pharma-crimes-1899787-2022-01-14 |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=14 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327000250/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/human-review-shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-are-brilliant-in-series-exposing-disturbing-pharma-crimes-1899787-2022-01-14 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Hajirnis |first1=Aparnna |title=Shefali Shah & Kirti Kulhari's Medical Drama ''Human'' Makes For A Touching Yet Compelling Watch |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/human-shefali-shah-and-kirti-kulhari-medical-drama-review-559743.html |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=Times Internet |date=19 January 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324154930/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/human-shefali-shah-and-kirti-kulhari-medical-drama-review-559743.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Jhunjhunwala |first1=Udita |title=''Human'' review: Medical ethics is at the core of well-performed drama |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1014754/human-review-medical-ethics-is-at-the-core-of-well-performed-drama |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327000254/https://scroll.in/reel/1014754/human-review-medical-ethics-is-at-the-core-of-well-performed-drama |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=''Human'' Review: Shefali Shah-Kirti Kulhari Are The Pounding Heart And Pulsing Veins Of The Series |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/human-review-shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-are-the-pounding-heart-and-pulsing-veins-of-the-series-4-stars-2707763 |access-date=27 March 2022 |publisher=NDTV |date=14 January 2014 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114082334/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/human-review-shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-are-the-pounding-heart-and-pulsing-veins-of-the-series-4-stars-2707763 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later in the year, Shah starred opposite [[Vidya Balan]] in the social thriller ''[[Jalsa (2022 film)|Jalsa]]'', an [[Amazon Prime]] feature film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |author1-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Vidya Balan, Shefali Shah Deliver Acting Masterclass in Amazon Film ''Jalsa'' |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/vidya-balan-shefali-shah-amazon-jalsa-1235208882/ |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329093820/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/vidya-balan-shefali-shah-amazon-jalsa-1235208882/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her part is that of Rukhsana, a maid whose daughter becomes the victim of a hit-and-run accident. The film opened to a positive response from critics,<ref>{{cite news |title=''Jalsa'' |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jalsa_2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205204/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jalsa_2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Shah received rave reviews for her understated performance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Kajol |title=''Jalsa'': 5 reasons why you should watch Shefali Shah & Vidya Balan starrer crime drama |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/5-reasons-why-you-should-watch-shefali-shah-and-vidya-balan-starrer-crime-drama-jalsa |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |date=23 March 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205203/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/5-reasons-why-you-should-watch-shefali-shah-and-vidya-balan-starrer-crime-drama-jalsa |url-status=live }}</ref> She was named Best Actress at the annual [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2022 full list of winners: Ranveer Singh and Shefali Shah win big, 83 best film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-awards-2022-full-list-of-winners-ranveer-singh-and-shefali-shah-win-big-101660556816330.html |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205203/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-awards-2022-full-list-of-winners-ranveer-singh-and-shefali-shah-win-big-101660556816330.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''The Hindu'' commended Shah and her character: "At the cost of repeating oneself, the depth of Shefali's eyes and the emotions that they could hold continues to bewitch and baffle. Her Rukhsana is that vulnerable maid from the margins who makes an attempt to hold on to a life of dignity."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title=''Jalsa'' movie review: Vidya Balan, Shefali Shah shine in this tryst with truth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-shine-in-this-tryst-with-truth/article65237502.ece |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=18 March 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328231301/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-shefali-shah-shine-in-this-tryst-with-truth/article65237502.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HTJalsa">{{cite news |last1=Rawal Kukreja |first1=Monika |title=''Jalsa'' movie review: Vidya Balan and Shefali Shah struggle to engage audience with half-baked characters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-struggle-to-engage-audience-with-half-baked-characters-101647541016615.html |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327210126/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jalsa-movie-review-vidya-balan-and-shefali-shah-struggle-to-engage-audience-with-half-baked-characters-101647541016615.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the black comedy ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]'' (2022), produced for Netflix, Shah and [[Alia Bhatt]] star as a mother and daughter who embark on a revenge plan against the latter's abusive husband.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kukreja |first1=Monika Rawal |title=''Darlings'' movie review: Alia Bhatt brings out her quirky best in this dark comedy with questionable story |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/darlings-movie-review-alia-bhatt-brings-out-her-quirky-best-in-this-dark-comedy-101659766747187.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806082127/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/darlings-movie-review-alia-bhatt-brings-out-her-quirky-best-in-this-dark-comedy-101659766747187.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali Shah On Her Kiss Scene With Roshan Mathew In ''Darlings'': That Took Me Completely By Surprise, Ye Kya Ho Gaya |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shefali-shah-on-her-kiss-scene-with-roshan-mathew-in-darlings-that-took-me-completely-by-surprise-ye-kya-ho-gaya-news-215886 |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=Outlook |date=12 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813070719/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shefali-shah-on-her-kiss-scene-with-roshan-mathew-in-darlings-that-took-me-completely-by-surprise-ye-kya-ho-gaya-news-215886 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] complimented Shah for a "powerful act", and [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] wrote of Shah's effective blend of comedy and drama in the part.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=''Darlings'' movie review: Alia Bhatt raises the bar for movies with meaning |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/darlings-movie-review-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-vijay-varma-netflix-8072049/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806065053/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/darlings-movie-review-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-vijay-varma-netflix-8072049/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vetticad |first1=Anna M. M. |author1-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |title=''Darlings'' movie review: A faltering black comedy on marital violence that tips Alia Bhatt off balance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darlings-movie-review-a-faltering-black-comedy-on-marital-violence-that-tips-alia-bhatt-off-balance-11012911.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=5 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806065729/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darlings-movie-review-a-faltering-black-comedy-on-marital-violence-that-tips-alia-bhatt-off-balance-11012911.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Darlings'' became the highest-viewed non-English Indian original on Netflix.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=Really thankful for the success of ''Darlings'', says Alia Bhatt |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/really-thankful-for-the-success-of-darlings-says-alia-bhatt |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=National Herald |date=26 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826170027/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/really-thankful-for-the-success-of-darlings-says-alia-bhatt |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=Team darlings gets candid about the success of their film |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/team-darlings-gets-candid-about-the-success-of-their-film/cid/1884574 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=The Telegraph |date=26 August 2022 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905023858/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/team-darlings-gets-candid-about-the-success-of-their-film/cid/1884574 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]], Shah received the Best Supporting Actress award in a Web Original Film for her performance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Alia Bhatt in Darlings to Vijay Varma for Dahaad, here's complete list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-of-alia-bhatt-darlings-vijay-varma-dahaad-scoop-101701059758795.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

August 2022 saw the release of the second season of ''Delhi Crime'', based on the chapter "Moon Gazer" from retired police officer [[Neeraj Kumar (police officer)|Neeraj Kumar]]'s book ''Khaki Files''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jhunjhunwala |first1=Udita |title=''Delhi Crime'' Season 2 review: A sharp look at policing and the class divide |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/delhi-crime-season-2-review-a-sharp-look-at-policing-and-the-class-divide-111661581958496.html |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=Mint |date=27 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827113520/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/delhi-crime-season-2-review-a-sharp-look-at-policing-and-the-class-divide-111661581958496.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Addressing new themes such as [[class prejudice]], the show opened to positive reviews and Shah again received favourable comments for holding the show together with both power and vulnerability.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=''Delhi Crime 2'' review: Shefali Shah-starrer is more brutal, graphic yet still one of the best Indian web series around |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-2-review-netflix-s-shefali-shah-starrer-is-a-masterpiece-that-is-a-worthy-if-flawed-successor-101661499349330.html |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917024703/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-2-review-netflix-s-shefali-shah-starrer-is-a-masterpiece-that-is-a-worthy-if-flawed-successor-101661499349330.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title=''Delhi Crime'' Season 2 series review: Chasing the moon's shadow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/delhi-crime-season-2-series-review-chasing-the-moons-shadow/article65813809.ece |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=26 August 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906063711/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/delhi-crime-season-2-series-review-chasing-the-moons-shadow/article65813809.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vyavahare |first1=Renuka |title=''Delhi Crime'' Season 2 Review: A gritty and immersive police procedural that views crime from a wider lens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/delhi-crime/season-2/seasonreview/93635625.cms |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=26 August 2022 |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911111853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/delhi-crime/season-2/seasonreview/93635625.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''{{'}}s [[Taylor Antrim]], Shah is "tremendous in the role" as she "seizes your attention" in her reprisal of Vartika Chaturvedi, who is "intensely serious; fearsome to her subordinates, who call her 'Madam Sir'; and clearly burdened by her job".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Antrim |first1=Taylor |author1-link=Taylor Antrim |title=Why ''Delhi Crime'' Season 2 Should Be Your Next Netflix Binge |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/delhi-crime-season-two-review |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=26 August 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012609/https://www.vogue.com/article/delhi-crime-season-two-review |url-status=live }}</ref> She received a nomination for the [[International Emmy Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Billie Piper, 'The Great British Bake Off' Land International Emmy Nominations|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/billie-piper-great-british-bake-off-international-emmy-nominations-1235735660/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Variety |date=26 September 2023 }}</ref> Shah next appeared as a strict physician in the medical comedy ''[[Doctor G]]'', alongside [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]], for which she was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maru|first=Vibha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shefali-shah-to-play-a-doctor-in-ayushmann-khurrana-s-doctor-g-1788959-2021-04-09|title=Shefali Shah to play a doctor in Ayushmann Khurrana's ''Doctor G'' |date=9 April 2021|work=India Today|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="ff23">{{Cite news|date=24 April 2023|title=Nominations for the 68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023 with Maharashtra Tourism |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-68th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2023-with-maharashtra-tourism-58094.html|work=Filmfare |access-date=24 April 2023 }}</ref>

The drama ''[[Three of Us (film)|Three of Us]]'' (2023), directed by [[Avinash Arun]], stars Shah as Shailaja, a woman who, after being diagnosed with [[Early onset dementia|early-stage dementia]], decides to make a trip to revisit her childhood and confront her past.<ref name="ITToU">{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Dipali |title=''Three Of Us'' Review: Backed by powerful performances and thought-provoking writing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/three-of-us-review-backed-by-powerful-performances-and-thought-provoking-writing-2458342-2023-11-05 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=India Today |date=5 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Shah said she had to fully immerse in the story to play the fragility and vulnerable state of the character, which was a departure from her recent parts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhagat |first1=Shama |title='I've raised the bar for myself', says actor Shefali Shah |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/nov/05/ive-raised-the-bar-for-myself-says-actor-shefali-shah-2629459.html |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 November 2023}}</ref> Co-starring [[Swanand Kirkire]] as her husband and [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] as her childhood sweetheart, the film was noted by critics, who highlighted the performances of the three leads.<ref name="ITToU"/> Prateek Sur of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' described ''Three of Us'' as the best film of the year, calling it "a masterpiece in acting".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sur |first1=Prateek |title=''Three Of Us'' Movie Review: Leave Everything And Go Watch Shefali Shah, Jaideep Ahlawat, Swanand Kirkire's Acting Masterclass |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-three-of-us-movie-review-leave-everything-and-go-watch-shefali-shah-jaideep-ahlawat-swanand-kirkire-s-acting-masterclass-movie_reviews-328406 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=Outlook |date=3 November 2023}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' observed: "Shah opts to play Shailaja with childlike awe and wonder. It’s a curious choice, but the actress owns it."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jhunjhunwala |first1=Udita |title=''Three Of Us'' review: Memories to hold on to |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/three-of-us-review-shefali-shah-swanand-kirkire-jaideep-ahlawat-avinash-arun-111699035010469.html |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=Mint |date=4 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Her performance earned her a second Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress (shared with [[Rani Mukerji]] for ''[[Mrs. Chatterjee vs Norway]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 January 2024|title=Filmfare Critics Awards 2024: Vikrant Massey Wins Best Actor, Rani Mukerji, Shefali Shah Tied for Best Actress|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/filmfare-critics-awards-2024-vikrant-massey-wins-best-actor-rani-mukerji-shefali-shah-tied-for-best-actress-article-107207670|access-date=29 January 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref>

In 2025, Shah returned for the third season of ''Delhi Crime'', which follows her character's investigation of a human-trafficking case inspired by the [[Death of Baby Falak|2012 death of Baby Falak]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Kuhu |title=What is the Baby Falak case? Shefali Shah’s ''Delhi Crime'' season 3 dives deeper into the city-haunting mystery |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-what-is-the-baby-falak-case-shefali-shahs-delhi-crime-season-3-dives-deeper-into-the-city-haunting-mystery-4041784/ |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=The Financial Express |date=13 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The season opened to mostly positive reviews and so did Shah's reprisal of Vartika Chaturvedi, now promoted to [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG).<ref>{{cite web |title=''Delhi Crime'': Season 3 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/delhi_crime/s03 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=22 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Reviews of ''Delhi Crime'' Season 3:
*{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=''Delhi Crime'' S3 review: Shefali Shah, Huma Qureshi outdo each other in taut thriller that mixes formula with substance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-s3-review-shefali-shah-huma-qureshi-outdo-each-other-in-taut-thriller-netflix-101763040668641.html |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 November 2025 |language=en}}
*{{cite news |last1=Deb Roy |first1=Lachmi |title=Netflix's ''Delhi Crime'' Season 3' Review: Shefali Shah-Huma Qureshi’s show is relevant, impactful and immersive |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflix-delhi-crime-season-3-review-not-just-shefali-shah-its-huma-qureshi-who-steals-the-show-13950144.html |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=Firstpost |date=14 November 2025}}
*{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=''Delhi Crime'' 3 review: Shefali Shah series returns, as gripping and taut as ever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-3-review-shefali-shah-show-returns-as-gripping-and-taut-as-ever-10363032/ |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 November 2025 |language=en}}
*{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=''Delhi Crime'' 3 review: Shefali-Huma's show is gripping, gutting but lacks thrill |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/delhi-crime-3-review-human-trafficking-social-apathy-shefali-shah-huma-qureshi-2818708-2025-11-13 |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=India Today |date=13 November 2025 |language=en}}
*{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title=''Delhi Crime'' Season 3 review: Shefali Shah’s gravitas and Huma Qureshi’s charisma light up an underwhelming season |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/delhi-crime-season-3-review-shefali-shahs-gravitas-and-huma-qureshis-charisma-light-up-an-underwhelming-season/article70278730.ece |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=14 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}
*{{cite news |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Shreyanka |title=''Delhi Crime'' 3 Review: A Dark, Relentless Watch With Shefali Shah, Huma Qureshi And An Ensemble Cast At Their Best |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/delhi-crime-3-review-a-dark-relentless-watch-with-shefali-shah-huma-qureshi-and-an-ensemble-cast-at-their-best-9697496.html |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=CNN-News18 |date=13 November 2025}}
*{{cite news |last1=Vasudeva |first1=Rashmi |title=''Delhi Crime'' Season 3 Review: Strong Performances Anchor a Dark, Gripping Plot |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/delhi-crime-season-3-review-quieter-pace-but-tight-plot-in-new-season-3798282 |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |date=14 November 2025 |language=en}}
*{{cite news |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Troy |title=''Delhi Crime'' Season 3 Review: Shefali Shah, Huma Qureshi's Show Is Dark, Deliberate & Disturbingly Good |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/delhi-crime-season-3-review-dark-deliberate-and-disturbingly-good |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=Free Press Journal |date=13 November 2025 |language=en}}
*{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Kusumika |title=''Delhi Crime'' Season 3 Review: Shefali Shah Leads With Grit As Huma Qureshi Packs Commanding Punch With Performance |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/delhi-crime-season-3-review-shefali-shah-lead-with-grit-as-huma-qureshi-packs-commanding-punch-with-performance-review-153142683 |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=Times Now |date=13 November 2025 |language=en}}
*{{cite news |last1=Gahlot |first1=Deepa |title=''Delhi Crime'' 3 Review: Gritty And Disturbing |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/delhi-crime-3-review/20251113.htm |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=Rediff |date=13 November 2025 |language=en}}
*{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=''Delhi Crime'' Season 3 Review: Shefali Shah Is As Good As Ever, Huma Qureshi Is Rock-Solid |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/delhi-crime-season-3-review-shefali-shah-is-as-good-as-ever-huma-qureshi-is-rock-solid-3-stars-9627200 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=NDTV |date=13 November 2025}}</ref> ''The Times of India''<nowiki/>'s Archika Khurana wrote that Shah "once again, anchors the narrative with unmatched gravitas", arguing that through her portrayal, Vartika emerges as "a woman of steel, yet one whose eyes betray exhaustion, compassion, and controlled fury".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khurana |first1=Archika |title=''Delhi Crime'' Season 3 Review: A deeply felt police procedural that blends grit with grace |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/delhi-crime/delhi-crime-season-3/seasonreview/125222967.cms |access-date=17 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=13 November 2025}}</ref> She will next reteam with Jaideep Ahlawat in the thriller ''Hisaab'', produced by her husband.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatia|first=Aiyana|date=16 July 2024|title=How Shefali Shah and Jaideep Ahlawat surprised the crew of Vipul Shah's Hisaab|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/how-shefali-shah-and-jaideep-ahlawat-surprised-the-crew-of-vipul-shahs-hisaab-article-12770336.html|access-date=22 July 2024|website=Money Control}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
Shah was married to television actor [[Harsh Chhaya]] from 1994 to 2000.<ref name="IE99INT"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Yes, Shefali has left me! |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCIqAAAAYAAJ |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=[[Cine Blitz]] |publisher=Blitz Publications |date=January 2000 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204906/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCIqAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2000, she married director [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Olivera |first1=Roshni |title='I wasn't happy doing what I was' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/i-wasnt-happy-doing-what-i-was/articleshow/122130718.cms |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 August 2001 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309220938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/i-wasnt-happy-doing-what-i-was/articleshow/122130718.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> with whom she has two sons, Aryaman and Maurya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Shefali |title=Mother's Day Special: 'I am not three any more' writes Shefali Shah |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/mother-s-day-special-i-am-not-three-any-more-writes-shefali-shah/story-dQJbfjP8hdykAhvFaNZudL.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404174831/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/mother-s-day-special-i-am-not-three-any-more-writes-shefali-shah/story-dQJbfjP8hdykAhvFaNZudL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Shefali Vipul.jpg|thumb|alt=Shah and her husband looking at the camera|Shah with her husband [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah|Vipul Shah]] in 2019]]

In addition to acting, Shah is fond of painting and cooking. Finding painting therapeutic, she says it gives her the creative outlet she craves when not acting in films.<ref name="MW"/><ref name="IndulgePaint">{{cite news |last1=Khandelwal |first1=Heena |title=Cover story: An actor and now a director, Shefali Shah talks about finding the artist within |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2021/jul/30/interview-shefali-shah-directing-short-films-paintings-webseries-upcoming-films-34954.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=30 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204856/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2021/jul/30/interview-shefali-shah-directing-short-films-paintings-webseries-upcoming-films-34954.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She trained for six months at Last Ship, an artists' residency in [[Bandra]], and in 2016 took a course at Metàfora, an art school in [[Barcelona]], Spain.<ref name="MW"/><ref name="MMart">{{cite news |last1=Coutinho |first1=Natasha |title=Shefali Shah turns painter |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-turns-painter/articleshow/61350614.cms |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=31 October 2017 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204856/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-turns-painter/articleshow/61350614.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Working mostly with acrylic on canvas as well as charcoal and ink, Shah focuses on [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective art]], namely "the marriage of perspective with architectural designs" of places she has visited.<ref name="IndulgePaint"/><ref name="MMart"/> She cites [[Mark Rothko]] and [[Jackson Pollock]] as her sources of inspiration.<ref name="MMart"/> One of her paintings was on display at [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] in Mumbai at an exhibition held by Art for Concern, where it was eventually sold, while a solo show at The Monalisa Kalagram in Pune in 2017 was, by her own admission, unsuccessful.<ref name="IndulgePaint"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shetty |first1=Anjali |title=Art has made me more content: Shefali |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/art-has-made-me-more-content-shefali/story-VTBizCxee1Gzamj0whRoUP.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 December 2017 |language=en-us |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405222805/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/art-has-made-me-more-content-shefali/story-VTBizCxee1Gzamj0whRoUP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Shah opened a restaurant named Jalsa in [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]], which serves Indian and international cuisines and offers customers different cultural and recreational activities, from [[pottery]] and [[Mehndi|henna decoration]] to musical performances such as [[Garba (dance)|Garba]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Srivatsan |title=Actor Shefali Shah launches into the hospitality business with Jalsa in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/actor-shefali-shah-launches-new-restaurant/article37801948.ece |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=2 December 2021 |language=en-IN |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409222353/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/actor-shefali-shah-launches-new-restaurant/article37801948.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JalsaRest">{{cite news |last1=Srinivas |first1=Eshita |title=Jalsa review: Shefali Shah's first restaurant serves dhaba-like vegetarian fare in Bengaluru |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/food-drink/dining/jalsa-review-shefali-shahs-first-restaurant-serves-dhaba-like-vegetarian-fare-in-bengaluru/#:~:text=12%3A14%20PM-,Jalsa%20review%3A%20Shefali%20Shah's%20first%20restaurant%20serves%20dhaba,like%20vegetarian%20fare%20in%20Bengaluru&text=With%20a%20host%20of%20quirky,to%20add%20to%20your%20plate. |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[Lifestyle Asia]] |date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204857/https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/food-drink/dining/jalsa-review-shefali-shahs-first-restaurant-serves-dhaba-like-vegetarian-fare-in-bengaluru/#:~:text=12%3A14%20PM-,Jalsa%20review%3A%20Shefali%20Shah's%20first%20restaurant%20serves%20dhaba,like%20vegetarian%20fare%20in%20Bengaluru&text=With%20a%20host%20of%20quirky,to%20add%20to%20your%20plate. |url-status=live }}</ref> She directly supervises its cuisine, some of which is based on her home recipes, as well as decor, having designed some of its interiors, including walls [[Mural|hand-painted]] by her.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=Shefali Shah on Jalsa, her 'labour of love' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-on-jalsa-her-restaurant-in-ahmedabad/cid/1839453 |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=The Telegraph |date=18 November 2021 |ref=none |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402215209/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-on-jalsa-her-restaurant-in-ahmedabad/cid/1839453 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali Shah's new restaurant Jalsa has hand-painted walls, recipes from her kitchen. See photos |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-s-new-restaurant-jalsa-has-hand-painted-walls-recipes-from-her-kitchen-see-photos-101636532480580.html |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407103724/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-s-new-restaurant-jalsa-has-hand-painted-walls-recipes-from-her-kitchen-see-photos-101636532480580.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The restaurant's second outlet was opened in [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Bikramjit |title=Not just a restaurant{{snd}}it's an experience |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/restaurants/not-just-a-restaurantits-an-experience/89421565 |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204858/https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/restaurants/not-just-a-restaurantits-an-experience/89421565 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was positively reviewed by ''[[Lifestyle Asia]]''.<ref name="JalsaRest"/>

==Artistry and reception==
{{Quote box
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| quote = "I genuinely feel that, if I can say something in four words, I won't use eight; If I can say something in two words, I won't use four; and if I can say it without using a word, I will do it."
| source = {{mdash}} Shah explaining her approach to film acting and her preference for minimal use of words<ref>{{cite AV media | host=Subramanian, Rahul | date=31 December 2019 | title=The Brand New Show | trans-title = Shefali Shah Interview | type=Talk show | location=India| publisher=[[Netflix|Netflix India]]}}</ref>
}}

Shah has been described by critics and the media as one of India's finest actresses.<ref name="telegraph21"/>{{sfn|Munjal|Rai|2017|ps=: "'Bus Itna Sa Khwab' with Shefali Shah, one of the most talented actors of screen and stage... Those who have not seen Shefali Shah on stage have missed seeing one of the best live performers in this country. For the entire length of a two-hour play she draws the audience in, making them believe her story is part of their story too, that her pain is something they feel too."}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nullwala |first1=Murtuza |title=Shefali Shah's ''Someday'' to be screened at Indian Film Festival Stuttgart |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/shefali-shahs-someday-to-be-screened-at-indian-film-festival-stuttgart/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Eastern Eye |date=16 June 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804000558/https://www.easterneye.biz/shefali-shahs-someday-to-be-screened-at-indian-film-festival-stuttgart/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Describing herself as an instinctive actor, she has confessed to not approaching acting as a craft but rather becoming a person and living each character's struggle, which often proves taxing.<ref name="stage10"/><ref name="taxing"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rathi |first1=Vasundhara |title=Acting gives me a tremendous high, says Shefali Shah of ''Delhi Crime'' fame |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/acting-gives-me-a-tremendous-high/article26935073.ece |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=24 April 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317044013/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/acting-gives-me-a-tremendous-high/article26935073.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She explained her technique: "Every role takes away a part of me. It's exhausting, it drains me completely, and then enriches me. It's a cycle, but I don't know any other way".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datar |first1=Saraswati |title=Shefali Shah's best is yet to be: Now Stree-ming |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shefali-shah-best-is-yet-to-be-now-stree-ming-7317228/ |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516104032/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shefali-shah-best-is-yet-to-be-now-stree-ming-7317228/ |archive-date=16 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Known for her understated acting style, Shah has been noted for her big, expressive eyes and her ability to emote through minimal facial expressions and gestures, and often through silence.<ref name="Ghosh20"/><ref name="Once"/><ref name="IE99INT"/> Devansh Sharma described Shah's use of silence as "a leitmotif in all her performances", and Sneha Bengani commented: "Shah has always thrived in silences. Through them, she communicates with easy effortlessness what words almost always fail to."<ref name="Silence"/><ref name="Bengani22">{{cite news |last1=Bengani |first1=Sneha |title=Let's Talk About Women {{!}} Shefali Shah is unstoppable, ''Darlings'' proves it again |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/lets-talk-about-women-shefali-shah-is-unstoppable-darlings-proves-it-again-11061611.html |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=16 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816094318/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/lets-talk-about-women-shefali-shah-is-unstoppable-darlings-proves-it-again-11061611.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In view of her preference for minimalism, she has gained a reputation for asking directors to cut her lines and scenes. Shah explains that cinema being a powerful visual medium which captures actors' faces, sometimes not much spoken text is required and is often redundant.<ref name="Ghosh20"/><ref name="Silence"/> Due to her eagerness to be thoroughly versed in details about her scripts and parts, Shah often keeps badgering her directors with questions during filming.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Suhani |title=Shefali Shah: Delighting in the detail |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20220124-shefali-shah-delighting-in-the-detail-1900069-2022-01-14 |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=14 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323145451/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20220124-shefali-shah-delighting-in-the-detail-1900069-2022-01-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Seema |title=Shefali Shah on working with Vidya Balan in ''Jalsa'': 'She is an incredible actor, I don't see myself in her league' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-on-working-with-vidya-balan-in-jalsa-she-is-an-incredible-actor-i-dont-see-myself-in-her-league-10463251.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=17 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329095513/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-on-working-with-vidya-balan-in-jalsa-she-is-an-incredible-actor-i-dont-see-myself-in-her-league-10463251.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Highly selective about her roles and unwilling to compromise her artistic integrity,<ref name="Juhi18">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Juhi |title=The work that I want to do doesn't come every day and I have come to terms with it: Shefali Shah |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-work-that-i-want-to-do-doesn-t-come-every-day-and-i-have-come-to-terms-with-it-shefali-shah/story-8JaDn48xOKxPDLJiJniNQL.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320213659/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-work-that-i-want-to-do-doesn-t-come-every-day-and-i-have-come-to-terms-with-it-shefali-shah/story-8JaDn48xOKxPDLJiJniNQL.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RoyOutlook">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Lachmi Deb |title=I Am Euphoric, Ecstatic And All Superlatives You Can Find: Shefali Shah |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-i-am-euphoric-ecstatic-and-all-superlatives-you-can-find-shefali-shah/365331 |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=Outlook |date=14 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316002920/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-i-am-euphoric-ecstatic-and-all-superlatives-you-can-find-shefali-shah/365331 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shah chooses parts by instinct and maintains that unless completely consumed by a project, she will not commit to it.<ref name="Sahani19"/><ref name="Week19"/><ref name="Mona">{{cite news |author1=Mona |title=Shefali Shah, who will soon be seen in the show ''Jalsa'' on Amazon Prime Video, says OTT is a very powerful medium |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/i-go-by-my-instinct-378240 |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=The Tribune |date=16 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323213826/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/i-go-by-my-instinct-378240 |url-status=live }}</ref> She does not give importance to the length of a role, but more "the mettle, the potency and the relevance" it has in the film.<ref name="Juhi18"/> Some of Shah's characters throughout her career were of women older than herself.<ref name="indulge"/><ref name="LKJ"/> Her first roles on television when she was in her early twenties, including Savy, the mother of a teenager in ''Hasratein'', made several filmmakers offer her parts of women that far surpassed her actual age.<ref name="IE99"/><ref name="indulge"/> She admitted that ''Hasratein'' had damaged her career in this regard.<ref name="earshot"/><ref name="Hindu15"/> On one occasion, she had almost played the role of a mother to Amitabh Bachchan, who was twice her age, before she left the project.<ref name="IE99"/> Although she was initially excited about the acting challenge in playing mature women, she decided to stop accepting such parts, especially after playing the middle-aged part of Bachchan's wife and Akshay Kumar's mother in ''Waqt'' (2005), because filmmakers sought to typecast her in similar parts.<ref name="indulge"/> She explained her choice of ''Gandhi, My Father'' (2007) was different as she played Kasturba Gandhi from the character's early adulthood into her later years.<ref name="indulge"/> ''Dil Dhadakne Do'' (2015) was another exception where she was so impressed with the character she could not refuse it.<ref name="DDD"/>

Shah was one of the leading actresses of Indian television before she left it as she was dissatisfied with the content.<ref name="TVqueen">{{cite news |last1=Sur |first1=Prateek |title=Shefali Shah: I Don't Think I Would Go Back To Television |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shefali-shah-i-don-t-think-i-would-go-back-to-television-because-i-don-t-enjoy-that-kind-of-work-news-34785 |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=Outlook |date=19 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323174254/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shefali-shah-i-don-t-think-i-would-go-back-to-television-because-i-don-t-enjoy-that-kind-of-work-news-34785 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="OTTRoy">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Arghyo |title=OTT has changed my career graph: Shefali Shah |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/jan/30/ott-has-changed-my-career-graph-shefali-shah-2412079.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323192800/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/jan/30/ott-has-changed-my-career-graph-shefali-shah-2412079.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the positive reaction to her performance in ''Satya'' in 1998, she expected more film work coming her way whereas the offers she received at the time comprised mostly small character parts.<ref name="IE99"/> While initially bothered by the limited work available to her in Hindi films, Shah has over years come to terms with the realisation that satisfactory roles would come to her every once in a while.<ref name="Sahani19"/><ref name="Juhi18"/> This resulted in numerous gaps between her film appearances.<ref name="Juhi18"/> The rise of digital streaming platforms, however, rejuvenated Shah's career,<ref name="TVqueen"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mruthyunjaya |first1=Vijay |title=Shefali Shah, the undisputed OTT star |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/shefali-shah-the-undisputed-ott-star-1149892.html |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> with parts not otherwise available in films and often written specially for her.<ref name="Mona"/><ref name="OTTRoy"/> ''Delhi Crime'' proved to be a major turning point in her career, as it brought an influx of film offers, mostly of leading roles which would seldom come her way before.<ref name="lead"/> Consequently, she embarked on the busiest period of her professional life, working on six projects throughout 2020 in films and roles the kind of which she had longed for.<ref name="Bengani22"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanabar |first1=Nirali |title=Shefali Shah says 'did 6 projects in 2021, haven't done so much work in my career' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/shefali-shah-says-did-6-projects-in-2021-haven-t-done-so-much-work-in-my-career-1899653-2022-01-13 |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=13 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323192759/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/shefali-shah-says-did-6-projects-in-2021-haven-t-done-so-much-work-in-my-career-1899653-2022-01-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> She credited digital platforms with giving her opportunity to invest more in her parts: "The web-series format gives me hours to experiment, explore and indulge and understand my character's nuances."<ref name="OTTRoy"/>

The reception to Shah's performances has been positive from her initial television work. Her early screen persona on television was that of a woman who, according to Chatura Poojari, is "homely, chatty but with a sensible head firmly screwed onto her shoulders—a regular Indian woman who deals with life by wearing a velvet glove over an iron hand".<ref name="IE99"/> Shah believes her middle-class background has helped her shape a personality which makes her characters relatable.<ref name="Silence"/> A 1999 article by ''The Indian Express'' said that she "pulls off each and every character with absolute ease".<ref name="IE99INT"/> Subhash K. Jha describes her as "an impossibly skilled actress" and, on another occasion, "an actress who forces you to watch her".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |author1-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=''Jalsa'': Powerful, probing look at suburban class structure |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/jalsa-powerful-probing-look-at-suburban-class-structure |access-date=30 March 2022 |work=[[National Herald]] |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172105/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/jalsa-powerful-probing-look-at-suburban-class-structure |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |author1-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=Subhash K. Jha speaks about ''The Last Lear'' |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/09/11/4281/index.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=11 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915062358/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/09/11/4281/index.html |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref> Speaking of her eyes, Devansh Sharma wrote in a review of ''Once Again'' (2018), "Her loquacious eyes express rage with as much ease as they do love."<ref name="SharmaOAEyes"/> Reviewing ''Jalsa'' (2022), Monika Rawal Kukreja was highly impressed with Shah's use of just her eyes and expressions to emote.<ref name="HTJalsa"/> Author and journalist Aparna Pednekar wrote, "Shah's ''au naturale'' performances come from an instinctive, savage space, with an abundance of layers simmering beneath a placid smile and soft-spoken personality".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pednekar |first1=Aparna |date=4 December 2017 |title=Shefali Shah on being part of Neeraj Ghaywan's short film ''Juice'' and her artistic inclinations |language=en |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-on-being-part-of-neeraj-ghaywans-short-film-juice-and-her-artistic-inclinations-4237493.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323213946/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-on-being-part-of-neeraj-ghaywans-short-film-juice-and-her-artistic-inclinations-4237493.html |archive-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>


==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}
==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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Leitmotif

2026-03-15T14:16:20Z

MableHaight9: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Short, constantly recurring musical phrase}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{For|the album of the same name|Leitmotif (album)}}
[[File:Siegfried leitmotif.jpg|thumb|300px|Leitmotif associated with Siegfried's horn call in [[Richard Wagner]]'s 1876 opera, [[Siegfried (opera)|''Siegfried'']][[File:Siegfried's Horn Call.wav|center]]]]

A '''leitmotif''' or '''{{lang|de|Leitmotiv}}'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite Grove|title=Leitmotif (from Ger. Leitmotiv: 'leading motif')|author=[[Arnold Whittall]]|id=16360}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|aɪ|t|m|oʊ|ˈ|t|iː|f}}) is a "short, recurring [[phrase (music)|musical phrase]]"<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Kennedy (music critic)|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-19-311320-6|location=Oxford}}</ref> associated with a particular person, place, or idea. It is closely related to the musical concepts of ''idée fixe'' or ''motto-theme''.<ref name=":0" /> The spelling ''leitmotif'' is a partial anglicization of the German ''[[wikt:Leitmotiv#German|Leitmotiv]]'' ({{IPA|de|ˈlaɪtmoˌtiːf|IPA|De-Leitmotiv.ogg}}), literally meaning "leading motif", or "guiding motif". A [[motif (music)|musical motif]] has been defined as a "short musical idea ... melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic, or all three",<ref name=":1" /> a salient recurring [[Figure (music)|figure]], musical fragment or succession of notes that has some special importance in or is characteristic of a [[musical composition|composition]]: "the smallest structural unit possessing [[theme (music)|thematic]] identity".<ref>{{Cite book|last=White|first=John|title=The Analysis of Music|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1976|isbn=9780130332332|pages=26–27}}</ref>

In particular, such a motif should be "clearly identified so as to retain its identity if modified on subsequent appearances" whether such modification be in terms of [[rhythm]], [[harmony]], [[orchestration]] or accompaniment. It may also be "combined with other leitmotifs to suggest a new dramatic condition" or development.<ref name=":1" /> The technique is notably associated with the [[opera]]s of [[Richard Wagner]], and most especially his ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'', although he was not its originator and did not employ the word in connection with his work.

Although usually a short [[melody]], it can also be a [[chord progression]] or even a simple [[rhythm]]. Leitmotifs can help to bind a work together into a coherent whole, and also enable the composer to relate a story without the use of words, or to add an extra level to an already present story.

By association, the word has also been used to mean any sort of recurring theme (whether or not subject to developmental transformation) in [[literature]], or (metaphorically) the life of a fictional character or a real person. It is sometimes also used in discussion of other musical genres, such as instrumental pieces, cinema, and [[video game music]], sometimes interchangeably with the more general category of ''[[Subject (music)|theme]]''.

==Classical music==

===Early instances in classical music===
The use of characteristic, short, recurring motifs in orchestral music can be traced back to the early seventeenth century, such as ''[[L'Orfeo]]'' by [[Monteverdi]]. In French opera of the late eighteenth century, such as the works of [[Gluck]], [[André Grétry|Grétry]] and [[Étienne Méhul|Méhul]], "reminiscence motif" can be identified, which may recur at a significant juncture in the plot to establish an association with earlier events. Their use, however, is not extensive or systematic. The power of the technique was exploited early in the nineteenth century by composers of Romantic opera, such as [[Carl Maria von Weber]], where recurring themes or ideas were sometimes used in association with specific characters. For example, Samiel in ''[[Der Freischütz]]'' is coupled with the [[chord (music)|chord]] of a [[diminished seventh]].<ref name=":0" /> The first use of the word ''leitmotif'' in print was by the [[critic]] [[Friedrich Wilhelm Jähns]] in describing Weber's work in 1871.<ref name=":1" />

Motifs figured occasionally in purely instrumental music of the [[Romantic music|Romantic]] period. The related idea of a musical ''idée fixe'', i.e. the object of fixation — a term [[Idée fixe (psychology)|borrowed from psychology]] and found in literary works of the period, was employed by [[Hector Berlioz]] in his 1830 ''[[Symphonie fantastique]]''.<ref name="Brittan2006">{{cite journal |last1=Brittan |first1=Francesca |title=Berlioz and the Pathological Fantastic: Melancholy, Monomania, and Romantic Autobiography |journal=19th-Century Music |date=2006 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=211–239 |doi=10.1525/ncm.2006.29.3.211 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249981352}}</ref> This purely instrumental, programmatic work, subtitled ''Episode in the Life of an Artist ... in Five Sections'', features a recurring melody representing the object of the artist's obsessive affection and depicting his presence in various real and imagined situations.<ref name="Brittan2006"/>

Though perhaps not corresponding to the strict definition of leitmotif, several of [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]]'s operas feature similar thematic tunes, often introduced in the overtures or preludes, and recurring to mark the presence of a character or to invoke a particular sentiment. In ''[[La forza del destino]]'', the opening theme of the overture recurs whenever Leonora feels guilt or fear. In ''[[Il trovatore]]'', the theme of the first aria by Azucena is repeated whenever she invokes the horror of how her mother was burnt alive and the devastating revenge she attempted then.

In ''[[Don Carlos]]'', there are at least three leitmotifs that recur regularly across the five acts: the first is associated with the poverty and suffering from war, the second is associated with prayers around the tomb of Carlos V, and the third is introduced as a duet between Don Carlo and the Marquis of Posa, thereafter accentuating sentiments of sincere friendship and loyalty.

===Wagner===
[[File:Siegfried's Horn Call E flat version 02.png|thumb|350px|[[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]]'s heroism leitmotif, a variation of his horn call motif, from the prologue to act 1 of Wagner's opera ''[[Götterdämmerung]]'', the fourth of his ''Ring'' cycle The theme is broader and more richly orchestrated than its earlier appearances, suggesting the emergence of Siegfried's heroic character.[[File:Siegfried's Horn Call E flat version 01.wav|center]]]]

[[File:Leitmotif transformed in Hagen's Watch 02.png|thumb|350px|A more sinister version of the horn call motif, articulated as a [[half-diminished seventh]] [[arpeggio]], "music of dark strength and magnificence", occurs in "Hagen's Watch" towards the end of act 1 of ''Götterdämmerung''. Hagen, who eventually murders Siegfried, contemplates ways of using the benighted hero to further his own ends.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Donington|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Donington|title=Wagner's 'Ring' and its Symbols|publisher=Faber and Faber Limited|year=1976|isbn=978-0571048182|pages=226}}</ref>[[File:Leitmotif transformed in Hagen's Watch 01.wav|center]]]]

[[Richard Wagner]] is the earliest composer most specifically associated with the concept of leitmotif. His cycle of four operas, ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'', written between 1853 and 1869, uses hundreds of leitmotifs, often related to specific characters, things, or situations. While some of these leitmotifs occur in only one of the operas, many recur throughout the entire cycle.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Wagner Compendium: A Guide to Wagner's Life and Music|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2001|isbn=978-0500282748|editor-last=Millington|editor-first=Barry|pages=234–235|orig-year=1992}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Grout|first1=Donald|author1-link=Donald Jay Grout|title=A Short History of Opera|last2=Williams|first2=Hermine|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-231-11958-5|edition=4th|location=New York}}</ref> Wagner had raised the issue of how music could best unite disparate elements of the plot of a music drama in his essay ''[[Opera and Drama]]'' (1851). The leitmotif technique corresponds to this ideal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sutton|first=Richard|title=The Wagner Companion|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-571-11450-4|editor-last=Burbidge|editor-first=Peter|location=London|pages=345–346}}</ref>

Some controversy surrounded the use of the word in Wagner's own circle: Wagner never authorised the use of the word {{lang|de|Leitmotiv}}, using words such as {{lang|de|Grundthema}} (basic idea), or simply {{lang|de|Motiv}}. His preferred name for the technique was {{lang|de|Hauptmotiv}} (principal motif), which he first used in 1877.<ref name=":0" /> The only time he used the word {{lang|de|Leitmotiv}}, he referred to "so-called Leitmotivs".

The word gained currency with the overly literal interpretations of Wagner's music by [[Hans von Wolzogen]], who in 1876 published a ''Leitfaden'' (guide or manual) to the ''Ring''. In it he claimed to have isolated and named all of the recurring motifs in the cycle, the motif of "Servitude", the "Spear" or "Treaty" motif, etc., often leading to absurdities or contradictions with Wagner's actual practice.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Richard Wagner and His World|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-571-11450-4|editor-last=Grey|editor-first=Thomas|location=Princeton}}</ref> Some of the motifs he identified began to appear in the published [[Sheet music|musical score]]s of the operas, arousing Wagner's annoyance. His wife [[Cosima Wagner]] quoted him as saying "People will think all this nonsense is done at my request!".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wagner|first=Cosima|author-link=Cosima Wagner|title=Cosima Wagner's Diaries|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|year=1978|isbn=978-0151226368|editor-last=Gregor-Dellin|editor-first=Martin|editor-link=Martin Gregor-Dellin|volume=2|translator-last=Skelton|translator-first=Geoffrey|translator-link=Geoffrey Skelton|orig-year=1878–1883|editor-last2=Mack|editor-first2=Deitrich}}</ref>

Wagner never publicly named any of his leitmotifs, preferring to emphasize their flexibility of association, role in the musical form, and emotional effect. The practice of naming leitmotifs nevertheless continued, featuring in the work of prominent Wagnerian critics [[Ernest Newman]], [[Deryck Cooke]] and [[Robert Donington]].<ref name=":2" />

The resulting lists of leitmotifs also attracted the ridicule of anti-Wagnerian critics and composers, such as [[Eduard Hanslick]], [[Claude Debussy]], and [[Igor Stravinsky]]. They identified the motif with Wagner's own approach to composing, mocking the impression of a musical "address book" or list of "cloakroom numbers" it created.

Later commentators have defended Wagner's use of the leitmotif. According to [[Pierre Boulez]], "Wagner's was the first music in which forms never return literally, are never repeated. As the music progresses, it carries all the thematic elements with it, linking them in new ways, placing them in different relations to each other, showing them in unfamiliar lights and giving them unexpected meanings." Boulez adds: "''Leitmotivs'' are in fact anything but the traffic signals to which they have been mistakenly compared, for they have a double virtue – both poetic and dramatic, as well as formal. They are essential to the structure of both music and drama as well as to the different characters and situations. Their evolution is a kind of 'time-weave', an integrating of past and present; and they also imply dramatic progression."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boulez|first=Pierre|author-link=Pierre Boulez|title=Orientations: Collected Writings|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0674643765|editor-last=Nattiez|editor-first=Jean-Jacques|editor-link=Jean-Jacques Nattiez|pages=251|translator-last=Cooper|translator-first=Martin|translator-link=Martin Cooper (musicologist)}}</ref>

===After Wagner===
[[File:Salome leitmotif salome.jpg|thumb|350px|The leitmotif associated with Salome in Richard Strauss's opera ''[[Salome (opera)|Salome]]''{{Audio|Salome leitmotif salome.mid|Listen}}]]

Since Wagner, the use of leitmotifs has been taken up by many other composers. [[Richard Strauss]] used the device in many of his operas and several of his [[symphonic poem]]s. Despite his sometimes acerbic comments on Wagner, [[Claude Debussy]] utilized leitmotifs in his opera ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]'' (1902). [[Arnold Schoenberg]] used a complex set of leitmotifs in his choral work ''[[Gurre-Lieder]]'' (completed 1911). [[Alban Berg]]'s opera ''[[Wozzeck]]'' (1914–1922) also utilizes leitmotifs.<ref name=":1" />

The leitmotif was a major feature of the opera ''[[The Immortal Hour]]'' by the English composer [[Rutland Boughton]]. His constantly recurrent, memorably tuneful leitmotifs contributed significantly to the widespread popularity of the opera. In [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]]'s ''[[Peter and the Wolf]]'' (1936) each character or animal has its own leitmotif played on a particular instrument.

===Critique of the leitmotif concept===
The critic [[Theodor W. Adorno]], in his book ''In Search of Wagner'', written in the 1930s, expresses the opinion that the entire concept of the leitmotif is flawed. The motif cannot be both the bearer of expression and a musical "gesture", because that reduces emotional content to a mechanical process. He notes that "even in Wagner's own day the public made a crude link between the leitmotifs and the persons they characterised" because people's innate mental processes did not necessarily correspond with Wagner's subtle intentions or optimistic expectations. He continues:
<blockquote>"The degeneration of the {{lang|de|Leitmotiv}} is implicit in this ... it leads directly to [[film score|cinema music]] where the sole function of the leitmotif is to announce heroes or situations so as to allow the audience to orient itself more easily."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adorno|first=Theodor W.|author-link=Theodor W. Adorno|title=In Search of Wagner|publisher=Verso|year=2009|isbn=978-1844673445|location=London|translator-last=Livingstone|translator-first=Rodney|orig-year=1952}}</ref></blockquote>

==Entertainment==

*The movie ''[[M (1931 film)|M]] (1931)'' was one of the first to use a leitmotif. The main character, a child serial killer, whistles "[[In the Hall of the Mountain King]]" by [[Edvard Grieg]] and he is associated with this song throughout the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costantini |first=Gustavo |title=Leitmotif revisted |url=https://www.filmsound.org/gustavo/leitmotif-revisted.htm |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Filmsound}}</ref>
*In the [[Jaws (franchise)|''Jaws'' franchise]], the main "shark" theme, composed by [[John Williams]] in 1975, stands out as a suspenseful motif that is a simple alternating pattern of two [[Musical note|note]]s, [[E (musical note)|E]] and [[F (musical note)|F]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Matessino|first=Michael|magazine=Film Score Monthly|title=Letter in response to 'A Study of ''Jaws''{{'}} Incisive Overture to Close Off the Century'|url=http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/articles/1999/24_Sep---Film_Score_Friday.asp |date=24 September 1999 |access-date=17 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017155301/http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/articles/1999/24_Sep---Film_Score_Friday.asp |archive-date=17 October 2006}}</ref>
*In the first ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' film in 1977, [[John Williams]] used a large number of themes specifically associated with people and concepts, and he expanded upon this concept for the following films of the [[Star Wars original trilogy|original trilogy]]. For example, [[The Imperial March|a particular motif]] is attached to the presence of [[Darth Vader]], another to the concept of the [[Death Star]], and another to the concept of [[the Force]]. Williams later revisited this material for the [[Star Wars prequel trilogy|prequel trilogy]] starting in 1999, and then again for the [[Star Wars sequel trilogy|sequel trilogy]] starting in 2015, each time crafting new themes while incorporating the old. Other composers would utilize some of Williams' iconic leitmotifs in spin-off material.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Ross|first=Alex|author-link=Alex Ross (music critic)|date=2018-01-03|title=A Field Guide to the Musical Leitmotifs of ''Star Wars''|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/a-field-guide-to-the-musical-leitmotifs-of-star-wars|access-date=2021-08-11|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>
*The [[Super Mario]] franchise by [[Nintendo]] is often associated with a variety of themes and recurring leitmotifs based on level design and characters, with similar leitmotifs found in overworld themes, the Underground theme, [[Bowser|Bowser's]] theme, and ghost levels.
*In the 1989 film ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'', [[Danny Elfman]] composed the heroic theme for the titular character, which is also used in the [[Batman Returns|later film]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Doerschuk|first=Robert L.|date=October 1989|title=Danny Elfman – The Agony & The Ecstasy of Scoring ''Batman''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqI4AQAAIAAJ|publisher=GPI Publications|volume=15|issue=10|pages=82–95|access-date=12 January 2018|magazine=[[Keyboard (magazine)|Keyboard]]}}</ref>
*In ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' (1997), composer [[James Horner]] used a number of recurring leitmotifs that are associated with the film's romance, tragedy and the disaster.<ref>{{cite web| title = James Horner – Titanic| publisher = Mfiles| url = http://www.mfiles.co.uk/reviews/james-horner-titanic.htm| access-date =1 January 2016}}</ref>
*John Williams composed the music for the first three ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' movies starting in 2001, and leitmotifs are prominently utilized to represent specific characters, feelings, and locations, most notably the track entitled [[Hedwig's Theme]]. While Williams did not score the rest of the franchise, this theme would consistently return in the scores of later composers [[Patrick Doyle]], [[Nicholas Hooper]], [[Alexandre Desplat]], and [[James Newton Howard]] as they worked on the final films and spin-offs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roberts|first=Maddy Shaw|date=2020-09-08|title=Harry Potter soundtrack: 'Hedwig's Theme' and everything to know about the film franchise's magical score|url=https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/periods-genres/film-tv/harry-potter-soundtrack-hedwig-theme-john-williams/|access-date=2021-08-04|website=[[Classic FM (UK)]]}}</ref>
*In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'']] film series starting in 2001, composer [[Howard Shore]] prominently utilizes a vast amount of interconnecting leitmotifs to convey the ideas supporting specific characters, locations, and overall landscape of [[Middle-earth]]. His score is noteworthy because there is no singular "main theme" for the series, but a selection of several could hold this title, including the themes for [[The Fellowship of the Ring|the Fellowship]], the [[Rings of Power|Ring of Power]], [[Lothlórien]], [[the Shire]], [[Isengard]], [[Mordor]], [[Rohan, Middle-earth|Rohan]], and [[Gondor]]. Variations in these themes convey the changes that occur to the corresponding subjects throughout the trilogy. For the prequel [[The Hobbit (film series)|''Hobbit'' trilogy]] starting in 2012, Shore revisits some of these themes while introducing new leitmotifs for some of the new characters,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keane|first=Paul|date=2021-08-05|title=Howard Shore in ''The Lord of the Rings'': How to use leitmotif technique to create a masterpiece?|url=https://taketones.com/blog/howard-shore-in-the-lord-of-the-rings-how-to-use-leitmotif-technique-to-create-a-masterpiece|access-date=2021-08-11|website=TakeTones.Com}}</ref> and did so again for the show ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'' alongside [[Bear McCreary]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makuch |first=Eddie |date=July 21, 2022 |title=LOTR's Howard Shore Returns for ''The Rings of Power'', Alongside ''God of War'' Composer |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/lotrs-howard-shore-returns-for-the-rings-of-power-alongside-god-of-war-composer/1100-6505741/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=GameSpot}}</ref>
*Composed by [[Hans Zimmer]], [[Klaus Badelt]], and [[Geoff Zanelli]], the [[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|''Pirates of the Caribbean'' film series]] consists of several motifs and themes associated with the protagonists, villains and moods starting in 2003. One prominent motif is "[[He's a Pirate]]", which is associated with pirates in general and the heroic action sequences they are involved in. Besides the general leitmotifs, specific characters such as [[Jack Sparrow]], [[Davy Jones (character)|Davy Jones]], Angelica, and Salazar each have their own unique motifs.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Schweiger|first=Daniel|date=16 May 2011|title=Audio: On the Score with Hans Zimmer|url=http://www.filmmusicmag.com/?p=7890|access-date=7 August 2011|magazine=Film Music Magazine}}</ref>
*[[The Dark Knight trilogy|''The Dark Knight'' trilogy]] features several recurring themes and motifs for Batman, the villainous characters, and action scenes composed by Hans Zimmer and [[James Newton Howard]] starting in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|last=D.|first=Spence|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2005/06/13/batman-vs-hans-zimmer-and-james-newton-howard-part-2|title=Batman Vs. Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard Part 2|website=[[IGN]]|date=13 June 2005|access-date=1 December 2006}}</ref>
*The original [[Music of Minecraft|soundtrack]] of the 2009 [[video game]] ''[[Minecraft]]'' features a number of recognizable leitmotifs composed by [[C418]], with its most prominent being the main melody featured in the soundtrack's title track, "Minecraft", which generally serves as a leitmotif for the overworld.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hornsey |first=Jamie |date=31 January 2018 |title=The Lasting Power of ''Minecraft''{{'}}s Procedurally-Generated Music |url=https://theboar.org/2018/01/minecraft-c418-soundtrack/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=theboar.org}}</ref> The same melody appears throughout the soundtrack, such as in "Door" and "Mutation". Other tracks with popular leitmotifs include "[[Sweden (song)|Sweden]]", "Wet Hands", "Haggstrom", "Subwoofer Lullaby", "Mice on Venus", and "Danny".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tsai |first=Raymond |date=2019-05-17 |title=Review: German musician known for ''Minecraft'' soundtrack C418's latest, 'Sweden'|url=https://highschool.latimes.com/south-torrance-high-school/review-german-musician-known-for-minecraft-soundtrack-c418s-latest-sweden/ |access-date=2023-05-21|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|department=High School Insider}}</ref>
*The [[Massively multiplayer online role-playing game|MMORPG]] ''[[Final Fantasy XIV]]'', particularly once [[Masayoshi Soken]] became lead composer, frequently uses specific musical tracks to shape the audience's emotional response to a scene or story. Some leitmotifs identify specific characters or factions, such as ''The Maker's Ruin'' representing the [[player character]], the Warrior of Light, or ''Without Shadow'', which represents the manipulative Ascians. Others provide emotional cues, such as the somber ''Canticle''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Fantasy XIV |url=https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/AwesomeMusic/FinalFantasyXIV |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=TV Tropes}}</ref>
*While the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] has been criticized for its lack of iconic leitmotifs across its ever-expanding repertoire of films and shows,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vfqkvwW2fs |title=The Marvel Symphonic Universe |language=en |access-date=2024-04-25 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> two recurring themes are prominently featured particularly towards the end of [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three|Phase Three]]: [[Alan Silvestri|Alan Silvestri's]] theme for the [[Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Avengers]] team and Ludwig Göransson's theme for the [[Wakanda]] setting.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reynolds|first=Jeremy|date=2018-05-09|title=Here's why the music in Marvel superhero movies is so forgettable|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2018/05/09/Soundtrack-review-Marvel-Avengers-Infinity-War-music-score-theme-Captain-America-Alan-Silvestri-Marvel-Cinematic-Universe-MCU-Black-Panther-Reynolds/stories/201805070146 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-07-26|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726012202/https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2018/05/09/Soundtrack-review-Marvel-Avengers-Infinity-War-music-score-theme-Captain-America-Alan-Silvestri-Marvel-Cinematic-Universe-MCU-Black-Panther-Reynolds/stories/201805070146 |archive-date=2021-07-26 }}</ref>
*Premiering in 2015, [[Hamilton (musical)|''Hamilton: An American Musical'']] uses several leitmotifs throughout to introduce characters and reinforce connections, composed and written primarily by [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]]. Almost all characters have a trademark leitmotif; for example, the way the name [[Alexander Hamilton]] is sung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thatiranianphantom.tumblr.com/post/148823344106/hamilton-and-leitmotif |author=thatiranianphantom |title=''Hamilton'' and Leitmotif|date=12 August 2016|website=[[Tumblr]]|access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dunbar |first1=Alexandra |title=Resonances: Engaging Music in Its Cultural Context |last2=Morgan-Ellis |first2=Esther M. |date=2020 |publisher=University of North Georgia Press |isbn=978-1-940771-31-1 |editor-last=Morgan-Ellis |editor-first=Esther M. |location=Dahlonega, Georgia |chapter=4.2.1: Lin-Manuel Miranda – ''Hamilton''|chapter-url=https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/92110}}</ref>
*In [[Toby Fox]]'s [[Undertale Soundtrack|soundtrack]] for his video game ''[[Undertale]]'' (2015), which has been well received by critics as part of the success of the game, thematic and character connections are frequently portrayed using leitmotifs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yu |first=Jason |date=2016-04-06 |title=An Examination of Leitmotifs and Their Use to Shape Narrative in ''Undertale'' – Part 1 of 2|url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/audio/an-examination-of-leitmotifs-and-their-use-to-shape-narrative-in-undertale---part-1-of-2 |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=[[Game Developer (website)|Game Developer]]}} {{Cite web |last=Yu |first=Jason|author-mask=1|date=2016-04-14 |title=An Examination of Leitmotifs and Their Use to Shape Narrative in ''Undertale'' – Part 2 of 2|url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/audio/an-examination-of-leitmotifs-and-their-use-to-shape-narrative-in-undertale---part-2-of-2 |access-date=2022-12-23|website=Game Developer}}</ref> In particular, "Hopes and Dreams" and "SAVE the World", two of the game's final boss themes, bring back many important leitmotifs heard throughout the game.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-02 |title=Note Block Beat Box: Listening to Hopes and Dreams from ''Undertale''|website=[[USgamer]]|url=http://www.usgamer.net/articles/note-block-beat-box-listening-to-hopes-and-dreams-from-undertale |access-date=2022-12-23 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502124052/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/note-block-beat-box-listening-to-hopes-and-dreams-from-undertale |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fox has continued his usage of leitmotifs in his followup game ''[[Deltarune]]''’s [[Music of Deltarune|soundtrack]].

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|leitmotif}}
* [[Image song]]
* [[Motif (music)]]
* [[Motif (narrative)|Motif (literature)]]
* [[Motif (visual arts)]]
* [[Ostinato]]
* [[Theme music]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Motives (music)}}
{{Opera terms}}
{{Narrative modes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Motifs (music)]]
[[Category:Formal sections in music analysis]]
[[Category:Opera terminology]]
[[Category:Literary motifs| ]]
[[Category:Richard Wagner]]
[[Category:German words and phrases]]

Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)

2026-03-15T08:49:30Z

MableHaight9: small changes

{{Short description|2010 Indian Tamil-language action film}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Naan Mahaan Alla 2010.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suseenthiran]]
| producer = {{unbulleted list|[[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]|S. R. Prakash Babu|S. R. Prabhu}}
| writer = {{unbulleted list|[[Suseenthiran]]|Bhaskar Sakthi}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Karthi]]|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]|[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]|[[Soori (actor)|Soori]]}}
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan]]
| studio = [[Studio Green]]
| distributor = {{plainlist|
*[[Cloud Nine Movies]]
*[[Ayngaran International]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|8|20}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Naan Mahaan Alla''''' ({{translation|I Am Not A Saint}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Suseenthiran]] and produced by [[Studio Green]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2010 |title=Heroes turn real again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Heroes-turn-real-again/article11643553.ece |access-date=2 October 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Naan Mahaan Alla is a realistic action film that tries to fight off formula with its vulnerability and raw, street treatment.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2017 |title=Director Suseenthiran's film undergoes a title change |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160817/director-suseenthirans-film-undergoes-a-title-change.html |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |quote=Like my earlier movie Naan Mahan Alla, this is also an offbeat action film where I have touched upon a social issue.}}</ref> It stars [[Karthi]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]. The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] with cinematography handled by [[R. Madhi]] and editing by [[Kasi Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-22 |title=Karthi — Tamil Movie News — Dayanidhi opts for Karthi... Udhayanidhi prefers Arya – Karthi | Arya | Naan Mahaan Alla | Madharasapattinam |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-10-04/naan-mahaan-alla-karthi-arya-22-06-10.html |access-date=2011-08-24 |website=Behindwoods.com |archive-date=30 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730235633/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-10-04/naan-mahaan-alla-karthi-arya-22-06-10.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Set in [[Chennai]], Jeeva is an unemployed carefree young man whose father becomes the target of a gang of young criminals after witnessing a kidnapping.

The film is not related to the [[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|1984 film of the same name]] and is based on a real-life incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-18 |title=Eagerly awaiting Karthi's Naan Mahaan Alla: Rediff.com Movies |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/18/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-karthi.htm |access-date=2010-08-24 |publisher=Movies.rediff.com |archive-date=20 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820232604/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/18/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-karthi.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Karthi — Tamil Cinema Actor Interview – Karthi | Naan Mahaan Alla | Kajal Agarwal | Paiyaa | Tamannaah — Behindwoods.com |url=http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/actor-karthi.html |access-date=2010-08-24 |publisher=Videos.behindwoods.com |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707222257/http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/actor-karthi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Naan Mahaan Alla'' was released on 20 August 2010 to positive reviews from critics with praise for the cast performances, action sequences and realistic tone.

==Plot==
Jeeva is a [[Chennai]]-based youngster from a middle-class family. Pragasam is Jeeva's father and a [[Call Taxi (India)|call taxi driver]] who is also the family's sole breadwinner. Jeeva meets a woman named Priya at their friend's wedding and soon they fall for each other. Upon meeting Priya's father, Jeeva is asked to get a job first to get married. Jeeva accepts and takes the job as a [[Bank officer|bank manager]], but soon gets fired. Pragasam, who had witnessed the killing of two youngsters by a group of 5 young men, gets attacked by them, where he is admitted to the hospital. The gang tries to kill him again in the absence of Jeeva but to no avail.

Pragasam is brought home and Jeeva starts taking responsibility for his family by reclaiming his lost job and maintaining all the accounts. Looking at the news reports of the girl that boarded his taxi and was raped and then mutilated by the gang, Pragasam calls Jeeva to accompany him to the morgue, where he helps the [[Criminal Investigation Department|investigating officer]] by providing clues about the killer. Sensing trouble, the gang enlists the help of Pey Babu, one of the member's uncle, to plan and kill Pragasam after explaining how they killed the girl and her lover. When Pragasam and Jeeva go out to shop for the latter's sister's wedding, one of the men calls Jeeva on behalf of a store, thus separating him from Pragasam. The gang then creates a stampede by throwing bottles as one of them stabs Pragasam with a piece of poisoned glass shard. Pragasam soon dies in Jeeva's arms, leaving Jeeva devastated.

Following his cremation, Jeeva tells the cops not to pursue the killers anymore as it would bring nothing, but trouble for his middle-class family. However, Jeeva decides to [[Vigilantism|take the law into his hands]], fearing the gang might commit more inhumane crimes if they are scot-free. Jeeva recalls one of the men during his father's death, who looked the same as Pragasam described him during his visit to the morgue. Jeeva enlists the help of his friend and a gangster named Kutti Nadesan to track down the gang. With his influence, Kutti Nadesan asks his gang to bring all the guys who plan for a murder in Chennai so that Jeeva can identify him. While Jeeva is busy identifying the killers, Pey Babu leaves upon being questioned by Nadesan.

Jeeva realizes Pey Babu was the man who delivered pamphlets at his home before Pragasam's murder. A chase ensues and Jeeva succeeds in capturing Pey Babu after a brief fight. He orders him to call the boys and tell them to stay in front of their college. Jeeva succeeds in capturing his father's killer and tries to escape, but the gang gets alerted and ends up freeing their friend from Jeeva's custody following a glass bottle attack. One of the gang members stabs Pey Babu to his death. Jeeva chases the attacker near a railway line where the two brutally fight, resulting in the attacker getting run over by a train.

Jeeva visits the deceased gang member's funeral to catch his friends, who escape before Jeeva sees them. They go to the beach and Nadesan is also there, along with his henchmen. The gang gets drunk and vows to kill Jeeva, who contacts Nadesan to find out about the four remaining boys. Noticing the boys yelling, Nadesan asks for specifics and confirms the gang's location at the beach. While trying to confront the gang, Nadesan and his henchmen are lured into a trap, where they are all eliminated one by one before Jeeva arrives. A brutal fight ensues, leaving the gang members fatally wounded. Jeeva throws them into a pit and departs after burying all of them.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Karthi]] as Jeeva Pragasam
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Priya Sudharsan, Jeeva's love interest
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Pragasam, Jeeva's father
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Ravi, Jeeva's best friend
* [[Ramachandran Durairaj]] as Pei Babu
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Ganesh, Jeeva's friend
* [[Lakshmi Ramakrishnan]] as Jeeva's mother
* [[Mahendran Kandhaiyan]] as one of the antagonists.
* Ravi Prakash as Sudharsan, Priya's father
* [[Neelima Rani]] as Sudha
* [[Misha Ghoshal]] as Priya's friend
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as Santhanam
* [[Aruldoss]] as Kutti Nadesan
* [[Singampuli]] as Doss
* [[Vinod Kishan]]
* Thanjai Mahendran as Dhanam
* Arun
* Anburaj
* Emmanuel
* [[Hari Vairavan]] as Valavan
* [[Rajeevan]] as Singaaram
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/jan/15/a-new-innings-705555.html Satthya]
* Priya Atlee as Keerthi Pragasam, Jeeva's sister
* Sindhu as Saroja, Kutti Nadesan's wife
* Gayathri Tutlu
* Shathiga Banu as the murdered girl
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Development===
After his first feature film ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'', released in February 2009, became a success, receiving much critical acclaim as well, director [[Suseenthiran]] started to work on the script for his next film. Initially planning to do one titled ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]'', which failed to commence due to financial problems, he decided to first direct a film featuring a known lead actor, before coming back to that film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inian |title=I do have stories for Ajith and Vijay |url=http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/director-interview/director-suseendiran.html |access-date=2012-04-10 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> He was ready with the script by August 2009, revealing details about the project. While his previous work was based on sporting incidents in a rural background, this one was said to be a "total city subject", shot entirely in [[Chennai]].<ref name="Karthihero">{{Cite web |title=Karthi is My Hero – Susi |url=http://www.top10cinema.com/feature/748/karthi-is-my-hero-susi |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204174402/http://www.top10cinema.com/feature/748/karthi-is-my-hero-susi |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=2009-08-19 |website=top10cinema.com |publisher=}}</ref> An action film, it would deal about problems in city life, according to Suseenthiran.<ref name="Karthihero" /> On 19 August 2009, it was announced that the film was titled ''Naan Mahaan Alla'' and would be produced by K. E. Gnanavelraja under the banner of Studio Green, who earlier had produced ''[[Sillunu Oru Kadhal]]''.<ref name="NaanmahaanillaiTOI">{{Cite news |date=2009-08-19 |title=It's Naan Mahan Illai for Karthi! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Its-Naan-Mahan-Illai-for-Karthi/articleshow/4906556.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811091028/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-19/news-interviews/28158792_1_karthi-kajal-aggarwal-vennila-kabadi-kuzhu-fame |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2009-08-19 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was reportedly based on a real-life incident that happened to one of the relatives of Suseenthiran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-30 |title=Bride hunting starts for Karthi |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/58999.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730165848/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/58999.html |archive-date=30 July 2010 |access-date=2012-04-10 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> He scripted the film for five months.<ref name="TheHindu">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2010-07-01 |title=Good tidings continue |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article495354.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=5 September 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204022344/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article495354.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Casting===
While ''Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu'' starred mostly newcomers, Suseenthiran chose Karthi for the lead role in this film as he felt Karthi has an "innocence in his face" that was needed for this role and that he could "convey charm, innocence and being jolly at the same time". He chose [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as the lead actress after seeing her performances in the Telugu films ''[[Chandamama]]'' and ''[[Magadheera]]''. He felt that her "cute expressions" were what he needed for that character.<ref name="Karthihero" />

Soori, who played a comedic role in ''Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu'' was again included, while Jayaprakash, who played several supporting roles and rose to fame with his performance in ''[[Pasanga]]'' was chosen to play Karthi's father.<ref name="TheHindu" /> As in his previous film, Suseenthiran introduced several new artists,<ref name="TheHindu" /> such as five boys who played the villains with one of them being Vinod who played the younger character of [[Suriya]] in ''[[Nandhaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-03 |title=Suseendran's fantastic five |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/59827.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904061325/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/59827.html |archive-date=4 September 2010 |access-date=2012-04-10 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> According to the director, he found three of them "loitering on a popular road in the city", whilst cinematographer Vijay Milton's assistant [[Ramachandran Durairaj]] and cinematographer [[Aruldoss]] debuted and played pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-09-03 |title=Suseenthiran to release a telegu film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Suseenthiran-to-release-a-telegu-film/articleshow/6480605.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103085754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-03/news-interviews/28220773_1_telegu-film-villains-kutti-natesan |archive-date=3 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 October 2024 }}</ref>

===Filming===
Filming began, after ten days of rehearsals,<ref name="TheHindu" /> on 4 September 2009 and was held in cities as [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] and [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="NaanmahaanillaiTOI" /> In mid-September, reported locations included [[East Coast Road]] (ECR) near [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naan Mahaan Alla shooting in ECR |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=1905 |access-date=2009-09-17 |publisher=[[Ayngaran International]]}}</ref> and later in the environs of the highways near [[Poonamallee]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthi Shoots For Naan Mahaan Alla |url=http://www.top10cinema.com/news/1041/karthi-shoots-for-naan-mahaan-alla |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227135225/http://www.top10cinema.com/news/1041/karthi-shoots-for-naan-mahaan-alla |archive-date=2012-02-27 |access-date=2017-01-30 |website=top10cinema.com |publisher=}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Naan Mahaan Alla (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack of ''Naan Mahaan Alla'' is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], making this his third collaboration with [[Karthi]], after scoring highly successful results with ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007) and ''[[Paiyaa]]'' (2010),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-01 |title=Naan Mahan Alla — Movie Preview |url=http://www.southdreamz.com/2010/06/naan-mahan-alla-movie-preview.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908083616/http://www.southdreamz.com/2010/06/naan-mahan-alla-movie-preview.html |archive-date=8 September 2011 |access-date=2010-08-24 |publisher=Southdreamz.com}}</ref> and his first with director Suseenthiran, who worked with [[V. Selvaganesh]] for his previous film. The soundtrack album, which features five songs, with lyrics penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]] and [[Yugabharathi]] was released on 24 July 2010 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-24 |title=Naan Mahan Alla audio launched! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14949787 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804005507/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14949787 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |access-date=2010-08-24 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The album received extremely positive reviews, with "[[Iragai Pole]]" in particular, sung by composer Yuvan Shankar Raja, becoming hugely popular, topping the charts for several weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-04 |title=Naan Mahaan Alla Has Been Passed With 'U/A' |url=http://www.top10cinema.com/news/5846/naan-mahaan-alla-has-been-passed-with-u-a |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205143303/http://www.top10cinema.com/news/5846/naan-mahaan-alla-has-been-passed-with-u-a |archive-date=5 February 2013 |access-date=2012-04-10 |website=Top 10 Cinema |publisher=}}</ref>

==Release==
===Reception===
Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 3/5 stars and described the film is "almost perfect."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-20 |title=Naan Mahaan Alla is almost perfect: Rediff.com Movies |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/20/south-tamil-review-naan-mahaan-alla.htm |access-date=2010-08-24 |publisher=Movies.rediff.com |archive-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823225843/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/20/south-tamil-review-naan-mahaan-alla.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Sreedhar Pillai of ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "''Naan Mahaan Alla'' reinvents the staple formula but stands out for its sheer style, speed and storytelling methods."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review:Naan Mahaan Alla |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14954041&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823033434/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14954041&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=2010-08-23 |access-date=2010-08-24 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Bhama Devi Rani of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars, claiming the film to be "entertaining almost till the end", whilst addressing high praise to both Suseenthiran, who according to her is "turning out to be a treasure" and considering Karthi's performance as his "best work yet".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhama Devi Ravi |date=2010-08-21 |title=Naan Mahaan Alla movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Naan-Mahaan-Alla/movie-review/6388035.cms |access-date=2010-08-24 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103113838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Naan-Mahaan-Alla/movie-review/6388035.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Name
! Outcome
|-
|rowspan="4"|{{center|2011 [[Edison Awards (Tamil)|Edison Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-14 |title=4th Edison Awards 2011 Winners |url=http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/6946-4th-edison-awards-2011-winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521094407/http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/6946-4th-edison-awards-2011-winners |archive-date=21 May 2011 |access-date=2011-05-19 |publisher=reviews.in.88db.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}
|Best Character Actor
|[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Villain
|Mahi, Anbu, Iman, Vinoth and Arun
|{{won}}
|-
|Best PRO (Public Relations Officer)
|John
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Neelima Rani]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{center|[[58th Filmfare Awards South]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} }}
|[[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)|Best Music Director]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award (Tamil)|Best Male Playback]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for [[Iragai Pole]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|{{center|[[Vijay Awards 2011|5th Vijay Awards]] {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} }}
|[[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Karthi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|[[Vinoth Kishan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|[[Rajeevan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]
|[[Anal Arasu]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|Kasi Viswanathan
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://naanmahaanalla.com/}}
* {{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Suseenthiran}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010 action films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Action films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suseenthiran]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. R. Prabhu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Studio Green films]]

Sukumar Ray (film)

2026-03-07T06:12:45Z

MableHaight9: basic reworked information for consistency and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|1987 documentary by Satyajit Ray}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sukumar Ray
| image = Sukumar Ray (documentary, 1987) title card.jpg
| alt = Sukumar Ray (documentary, 1987) title card
| caption = Title card of the film
| director = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| producer = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Satyajit Ray
| story =
| based_on = Life and works of Sukumar Ray
| narrator = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
| starring = [[Utpal Dutt]] [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Tapen Chatterjee]] [[Santosh Dutta]]
| music = Satyajit Ray
| cinematography = Barun Raha
| studio = [[Indrapuri Studio]]
| editing = [[Dulal Dutta]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1987}}
| runtime = 30 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Sukumar Ray''''' is a 1987 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] short [[documentary film]] made by [[Satyajit Ray]] on his father, [[Sukumar Ray]]. It was released during the birth centenary year of Sukumar Ray, who was born on 30 October 1887.<ref name="SRDaily">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=160490|title=Sukumar Ray: Breaking ground with literary nonsense|publisher=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=30 October 2010|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> The thirty minutes documentary features the life and some of the works by Sukumar Ray in the form of paintings, photographs and readings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/sukumarray.htm|title=Sukumar Ray@satyajitray.org|accessdate=24 October 2012|archive-date=2 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202125751/http://satyajitray.org/films/sukumarray.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

This is the last documentary made by Satyajit Ray as a tribute to his father, before he died in 1992.<ref name="SRSR">{{cite web|url=http://satyajitray.org/films/filmo_directed.htm|title=Films Directed by Satyajit Ray@satyajitray.org|accessdate=24 October 2012|archive-date=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726133728/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/filmo_directed.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/24/movies/satyajit-ray-70-cinematic-poet-dies.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=Satyajit Ray, 70, Cinematic Poet, Dies|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 April 1992|accessdate=24 October 2012|author=Flint, Peter B.}}</ref> The documentary used Sukumar Ray's photographs and paintings than video recording as the film was considerably a new medium in India when Sukumar Ray died in 1923.

==Background==
{{Main|Sukumar Ray}}
{{multiple image
| width = 175
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Sukumar Ray.jpg
| alt1 = Photograph of Sukumar Ray
| caption1 = Sukumar Ray
| image2 = SatyajitRay.jpg
| alt2 = Portrait of Satyajit Ray
| caption2 = Satyajit Ray
}}
Sukumar Ray was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] humorous poet, story writer and playwright who mainly wrote for children. Born in a Bengali family on 30 October 1887 to Bidhumukhi and [[Upendrakishore Ray]], Sukumar Ray is a second children of six and illustrator of [[literary nonsense]] and [[Nonsense verse|nonsense rhyme]] in Bengali literature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/family_history.php|title=Ray History @satyajitrayworld.com|access-date=24 October 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420100713/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/family_history.php|archive-date=20 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Graduated with Honours degree in Physics and Chemistry from the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College, Kolkata]], Sukumar Ray got training in photography and printing technology in England at the School of Photo-Engraving and Lithography, London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www8.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/sukumar-ray|title=Sukumar Ray @The Open University, Britain|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> He formed the "Nonsense Club" and the "Monday Club", the members of which included some of the young artists, writers, scholars and critics of that time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAp5P65ZonIC&q=sukumar+ray%2Bmonday+club&pg=PA243|title=The Literary Utopias of Cultural Communities, 1790-1910|isbn=978-9042029996|accessdate=24 October 2012|last1=Corporaal|first1=Marguérite|last2=Leeuwen|first2=Evert Jan van|year=2010 |publisher=Rodopi }}</ref> Ray was also associated with [[Brahmo Samaj]] and wrote a poem called "Atiter Katha" for young readers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohsA1rdovbwC&q=%22Atiter+Katha%22&pg=PA178|title=Wordygurdyboom!|accessdate=24 October 2012|author=Ray, Sukumar|date=September 2016|publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143330783}}</ref> His works such as the collection of poems ''[[Abol Tabol]]'' (Gibberish), novella ''[[HaJaBaRaLa]]'' (The Absurdity), short story collection ''[[Pagla Dashu]]'' (Crazy Dashu) and play ''Chalachitta Chanchari'' are considered nonsense masterpieces.<ref name="SRDaily"/> Father of film-maker [[Satyajit Ray]], Sukumar Ray died of severe infectious fever, [[Leishmaniasis]] on 10 September 1923.<ref name="SRSR"/>

==Synopsis==
With [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as a narrator, the documentary begins by showcasing some of the drawings by [[Sukumar Ray]], drawn for the children books ''[[Abol Tabol]]'', ''[[HaJaBaRaLa]]'' and a short story, ''Heshoram Hushiarer Diary'' (The Diary of Heshoram: The Clever). Explaining the lineage of Ray family starting from Hari Krishna Roy Chowdhury and [[Upendrakishore Ray]], the documentary describes initial days of Sukumar Ray, his formation of the "Nonsense Group" in the college and publication of handwritten humorous magazine, "Thirty Two and a Half Fries".

[[Utpal Dutt]] enacts as a teacher from Ray's first published poetical "nonsense"-play ''Jhala Pala'' (The Cacophony) and provides humorous explanation/translation of the sentence "I go up, we go down" in Bengali. Soumitra Chatterjee appears as [[Rama]], the [[avatar]] of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]], in a spoof based on an Indian epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''Lakshmaner Shaktishel'' (The magical spear of [[Lakshmana]]). The spoof is based on Rama's dream about the central antagonist of the ''Ramayana'', the demon-king [[Ravana]] and the spy ([[Tapen Chatterjee]]) providing further information about it. The documentary also focusses on Ray's college days in London while studying photography, lithography and his meeting with [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize–winning]] littérateur, [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. While narrating his first poem ''Khichudi'' (The mixture) published in children's magazine, ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'', launched by his father, the documentary explains how entire Ray family worked together for the growth of the magazine after the death of Upendrakishore Ray.

Mentioning his association with [[Brahmo Samaj]], the documentary ends with Sukumar Ray's terminal disease and his death on 10 September 1923.

==Credits==

===Cast===
{{div col}}
* [[Utpal Dutt]] as Village teacher (character of the play ''Jhala Pala'')
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as [[Rama]] (from the play ''Lakshmaner Shaktishel'' (The magical spear of [[Lakshmana]]))
* [[Tapen Chatterjee]] as informer (from the play ''Lakshmaner Shaktishel'')
* [[Chiranjeet]] as [[Lakshmana]] (from the play ''Lakshmaner Shaktishel'')
* [[Santosh Dutta]]
* Nirmal Ghosh
* Bimal Deb
* Ramesh Mukhopadhyay
* Sambarta Sarkar
* Soumya Patra
* Chinmay Chatterjee
* Utpal Roy
* Shamik Banerjee
* Sougata Banerjee
* Ankur Chatterjee
* Soumendranath Das

===Crew===
* Narration: Soumitra Chatterjee
* Editor: Dulal Dutta
* Art direction: Ashoke Bose
* Sound designer: Sujit Sarkar
* Cinematographer: Barun Raha
* Still photographer: [[Nemai Ghosh (photographer)|Nemai Ghosh]], Hirak Sen, Satyaki
* Make up: Ananta Das

===Music===
* Music direction: Satyajit Ray
* Assistant music director: Aloknath Dey
* Singer: [[Anup Ghoshal]]
* Chorus: Biswajeet Gupta, Debashish Roy Chowdhury, Arup Majumder, Prabuddha Raha, Shekhar Gupta, Aditya Narayan Biswas
* Song recording: Sushanta Banerjee
* Re-recording: Jyoti Chatterjee, Anup Mukhopadhyay
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0094069|Sukumar Ray}}

{{Satyajit Ray}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukumar Ray (Film)}}
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 short documentary films]]
[[Category:1987 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about writers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian short documentary films]]

Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role

2026-02-27T08:26:19Z

MableHaight9: Starting A Entry More To Come!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Gold Awards|Gold Award]] for Best Actor in a Lead Role
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Dheeraj dhoopar 2.jpg
| photo1b = Mohsin Khan grace Dadasaheb Phalke Film Foundation Awards 2019.jpg
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 300
| border = 0
| color = #FFFFFF
| foot_montage =
}}
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2019 recipients: [[Dheeraj Dhoopar]] and [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Lead Role on Television
| presenter = White Leaf Entertainment
| country = [[India]]
| year = 2007
| holder =
* [[Dheeraj Dhoopar]] for ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
* [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]] for ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| website = [https://www.goldawards.in/ Gold Awards]
}}

'''Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role Male''' is an [[award]] given as part of its annual [[Gold Awards]] to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on Hindi television. The award is voted for by the fans.

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|- style="height:4.5em;"
! style="width:350px;"|[[wikt:superlative|Superlative]]
! style="width:600px;"|Name
! style="width:600px;"|Times
|- style="height:4.5em;"
| style="width:350px;"|Actor with most awards
| style="width:500px;"|[[Karan Patel]]
| style="width:100px;"|4
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|Actor with most nominations
| style="width:500px;"|[[Ronit Roy]]
| style="width:100px;"|8
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|Actor with most nominations (without ever winning)
| style="width:500px;"|[[Karan Mehra]]
| style="width:100px;"|5
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|}

==Winners and nominees==
===2000s===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Photo
! Actor
! Character
! Show
! Ref
|-
| rowspan=6|'''2007'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Rajeev Khandelwal at the launch of ‘Young Bhartiya’.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Rajeev Khandelwal]]'''
|'''Rajveer Singh Shekhawat'''
|'''''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'''''
|rowspan=6|
|-
|[[Ram Kapoor]]
|Jai Walia
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|-
|[[Rohit Roy]]
|Rahul Lamba
|''[[Viraasat (STAR One)|Viraasat]]''
|-
|[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]
|Milind Mishra
|''[[Kayamath]]''
|-
|[[Sharad Malhotra]]
|Sagar Pratap Singh
|''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''
|-
|[[Sushant Singh]]
|Susant Sharma
|''[[Virrudh]]''
|-
| rowspan=6|'''2008'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Shabbir from the sets of kumkum bhagya.png|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]'''
|'''Milind Mishra'''
|'''''[[Kayamath]]'''''
|rowspan=6|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-01-03|title=Boroplus Gold Awards on Zee TV - Sunday, 4th January 2008 at 8.00 P.M|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/boroplus-gold-awards-zee-tv/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Indiantvinfo.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sharad Malhotra]]
|Sagar Pratap Singh
|''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''
|-
|[[Angad Hasija]]
|Alekh Rajvansh
|''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''
|-
|[[Harshad Chopda]]
|Prem Juneja
|''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]''
|-
|[[Karan Singh Grover]]
|Dr. Armaan Mallik
|''[[Dill Mill Gaye]]''
|-
|[[Ram Kapoor]]
|Jai Walia
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Photo
! Actor
! Character
! Show
! Ref
|-
| rowspan=6|'''2010'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Sushant Singh Rajput.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]'''
|'''Manav Deshmukh'''
|'''''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'''''
|rowspan=6|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Divyanka Tripathi at the ' 2010 Boro Plus Gold Awards' in Mumbai|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/boro-plus-gold-awards-10/articleshow/6070450.cms|access-date=2022-02-25|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arhaan Behl]]
|Krishna Singh
|''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
|-
|[[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]]
|Rudra Singh Rawat
|''[[Sanjog Se Bani Sangini]]''
|-
|[[Karan Mehra]]
|Naitik Singhania
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
|[[Nandish Sandhu]]
|Veer Singh Bundela
|''[[Uttaran]]''
|-
|[[Ronit Roy]]
|Dharamraj Mahiyanshi
|''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''
|-
| rowspan=6|'''2011'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Sushant Singh Rajput.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]'''
|'''Manav Deshmukh'''
|'''''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'''''
|rowspan=6|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/336764/photos-4th-boroplus-gold-awards-2011 |title=4th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2011 |access-date=2017-07-14 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083719/http://www.gomolo.com/336764/photos-4th-boroplus-gold-awards-2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=indiantelevisionawards|url=https://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=indiantelevisionawards}}</ref>
|-
|[[Harshad Chopda]]
|Anurag Ganguly
|''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''
|-
|[[Arhaan Behl]]
|Krishna Singh
|''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
|-
|[[Karan Mehra]]
|Naitik Singhania
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
|[[Nandish Sandhu]]
|Veer Singh Bundela
|''[[Uttaran]]''
|-
|[[Ronit Roy]]
|Dharamraj Mahiyanshi
|''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]''
|-
|rowspan=6|'''2012'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ram Kapoor on the sets of Loveyatri in 2018.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Ram Kapoor]]'''
|'''Ram Kapoor'''
|'''''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'''''
|rowspan=6|<ref name="Gold-Awards-2012">{{Cite web|title=Watch Gold Awards 2017 - Full Event Online in HD|url=https://www.zee5.com/global/videos/details/gold-awards-2017-full-event/0-0-4756|access-date=2022-02-25|website=ZEE5|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|[[Samir Soni]]
|Kunal Chopra
|''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]''
|-
|[[Anas Rashid]]
|Sooraj Rathi
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|-
|[[Gurmeet Chaudhary]]
|Maan Singh Khurana
|''[[Geet (TV series)|Geet - Hui Sabse Parayi]]''
|-
|[[Hiten Tejwani]]
|Manav Deshmukh
|''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''
|-
|[[Ronit Roy]]
|KD Pathak
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|-
|rowspan=7|'''2013'''
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Hate story 3 saurav KSG.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Photos-Sidharth-Shukla-Rashami-Desai-and-others-snapped-on-the-sets-of-Bigg-Boss-14-at-Film-City-1 (cropped 3).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Karan Singh Grover]]'''
|'''Asad Khan'''
|'''''[[Qubool Hai]]'''''
|rowspan=7|
|-
|'''[[Sidharth Shukla]]'''
|'''Shivraj Shekhar'''
|'''[[Balika Vadhu]]'''
|-
|[[Anas Rashid]]
|Sooraj Rathi
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|-
|[[Vivian Dsena]]
|Rishabh Kundra
|''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
|-
|[[Gurmeet Chaudhary]]
|Yash Sindhia
|''[[Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara|Punar Vivaah]]''
|-
|[[Mohit Raina]]
|[[Shiva]]
|''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
|-
|[[Ram Kapoor]]
|Ram Kapoor
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
|-
|rowspan=7|'''2014'''
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Karan Patel at ITA Awards 2015.jpg|75px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Rode Gautam.jpg|75px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Karan Patel]]'''
|'''Raman Bhalla'''
|'''''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'''''
|rowspan=7|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayan|first=Girija|date=2014-05-20|title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Gautam Rode]]'''
|'''Saraswatichandra Vyas'''
|'''''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]'''''
|-
|[[Rajat Tokas]]
|[[Akbar]]
|''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]''
|-
|[[Mohit Raina]]
|[[Shiva]]
|''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
|-
|[[Anas Rashid]]
|Sooraj Rathi
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|-
|[[Shaheer Sheikh]]
|[[Arjuna]]
|''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
|-
|[[Ashish Sharma]]
|Rudra Pratap Singh
|''[[Rangrasiya]]''
|-
|rowspan=6|'''2015'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Karan Patel at ITA Awards 2015.jpg|75px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Karan Patel]]'''
|'''Raman Bhalla'''
|'''''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'''''
|rowspan=6|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Prarthna|date=2015-06-22|title=Zee Gold Awards 2015 Highlights, Complete Winners' List: 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' Bags Most Honours; Karan-Divyanka's Romance Steals the Show|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-gold-awards-2015-highlights-complete-winners-list-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-bags-most-honours-636621|access-date=2022-02-25|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ronit Roy]]
|Nachiket Khanna
|''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyar]]''
|-
|[[Shakti Arora]]
|Ranveer Vaghela
|''[[Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi]]''
|-
|[[Ravi Dubey]]
|Siddharth Khurana
|''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
|-
|[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]
|Abhishek Mehra
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|-
|[[Sharad Malhotra]]
|[[Maharana Pratap]]
|''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
|-
|rowspan=6|'''2016'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Karan Patel at ITA Awards 2015.jpg|75px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Shabbir from the sets of kumkum bhagya.png|75px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Karan Patel]]'''
|'''Raman Bhalla'''
|'''''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'''''
|rowspan=6|<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2016|title=Gold Awards 2016: Arjun Bijlani, Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Mouni Roy win top honours; full list of winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/gold-awards-2016-arjun-bijlani-devoleena-bhattacharjee-mouni-roy-full-list-of-winners-lifetv-13451-2016-06-10|access-date=2022-02-25|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]'''
|'''Abhishek Mehra'''
|'''''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'''''
|-
|[[Arjun Bijlani]]
|Ritik Singh
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 1]]''
|-
|[[Sharad Malhotra]]
|Rishi Singh Bedi
|''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]''
|-
|[[Ravi Dubey]]
|Siddharth Khurana
|''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
|-
|[[Anas Rashid]]
|Sooraj Rathi
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|-
|rowspan=5|'''2017'''
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Karan Patel at ITA Awards 2015.jpg|75px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Karan Patel]]'''
|'''Raman Bhalla'''
|'''''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'''''
|rowspan=5|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2017.html |title=Karan Patel wins fourth consecutive Best Actor trophy at 10th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2017 |access-date=2017-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012609/https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2017.html |archive-date=2017-11-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Karanvir Bohra]]
|Rocky Pratap Singh
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]''
|-
|[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]
|Abhishek Mehra
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|-
|[[Sharad Malhotra]]
|Rishi Singh Bedi
|''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]''
|-
|[[Nakuul Mehta]]
|Shivaay Singh Oberoi
|''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
|-
|rowspan=6|'''2018'''
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Nakuul Mehta at special screening of Hamari Adhuri Kahani.jpg|75px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Shabbir from the sets of kumkum bhagya.png|75px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Nakuul Mehta]]'''
|'''Shivaay Singh Oberoi'''
|'''''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'''''
|rowspan=6|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Awards 2018: Jennifer Winget, Hina Khan Are Big Winners|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gold-awards-2018-jennifer-winget-hina-khan-are-big-winners-1870228|access-date=2022-02-25|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]'''
|'''Abhishek Mehra'''
|'''''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'''''
|-
|[[Harshad Chopda]]
|Captain Aditya Hooda
|''[[Bepannah]]''
|-
|[[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]]
|Kartik Goenka
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
|[[Dheeraj Dhoopar]]
|Karan Luthra
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|-
|[[Karan Patel]]
|Raman Bhalla
|''[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|-
|rowspan=7|'''2019'''
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Dheeraj dhoopar 2.jpg|65px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} {{border|[[File:Mohsin Khan grace Dadasaheb Phalke Film Foundation Awards 2019.jpg|65px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
|'''[[Dheeraj Dhoopar]]'''
|'''Karan Luthra'''
|'''''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'''''
|-
|'''[[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]]'''
|'''Kartik Goenka'''
|'''''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'''''
|-
|[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]
|Abhishek Mehra
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|-
|[[Parth Samthaan]]
|Anurag Basu
|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
|-
|[[Pearl V Puri]]
|Mahir Sehgal
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''
|-
|[[Shaheer Sheikh]]
|Abir Rajvansh
|''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''
|-
|[[Mohit Malik]]
|Sikander Singh Gill
|''[[Kulfi Kumar Bajewala]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Best Actor in a Lead Role}}
[[Category:Gold Awards]]
[[Category:Television awards for Best Actor]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{tv-award-stub}}

Government Medical College, Anantnag

2026-02-26T05:54:11Z

MableHaight9: cleanup information

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Medical College in Anantnag, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government Medical College, Anantnag
| image = Gmc anantnag.jpg
| motto = Education Treatment Research
| type = Medical college and hospital
| established = {{start date and age|2018}}
| principal = Dr. Rukhsana Najeeb
| city = [[Anantnag]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]]
| country = India
| campus = [[Rural area|Rural]]
| colors = Blue, green, & white
| affiliations = [[University of Kashmir]]
| logo =
| website = {{url|https://www.gmcanantnag.ac.in}}
}}

'''Government Medical College, Anantnag''' '''(GMC Anantnag) ''' is a tertiary referral Government Medical college in [[Anantnag]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=Atal Dulloo inspects progress of ongoing works at GMC Anantnag|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/atal-dulloo-inspects-progress-of-ongoing-works-at-gmc-anantnag/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=[[Greater Kashmir]]|language=en-US}}</ref> It was established in the year 2019. The college is affiliated with [[University of Kashmir]] and is recognized by [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018200555/https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the [[Anantnag]]. The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]]. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 100 from the year 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GMC ANANTNAG|url=https://www.gmcanantnag.net/Department/Students.aspx|access-date=2021-05-29|website=www.gmcanantnag.net|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515010724/https://www.gmcanantnag.net/Department/Students.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is associated with the District Hospital Anantnag, (MMABH). It was the first medical college out of Srinagar district which got permission for [[Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction|Rt-pcr]] testing. A vaccination program (Co-Win) is underway. The college published its first magazine, ''MEDCOLANG'', in June 2021. First time in J&K;KASOCON 2022-North Zone Conference of Indian Association of Surgical Oncology(IASO) was held at GMC Anantnag on 13 and 14 May 2022.

==Courses==
Government Medical College, Anantnag undertakes education and training of MBBS courses. This college has been offering 150 MBBS seats of which 15% are filled by MCC for AIQ, rest 85% are filled by JKBOPEE as state quota. Nursing and Paramedical courses are also offered, whose admission test is conducted by JKBOPEE. GMC Anantnag offers DNB courses in several clinical and non-clinical specialties, which are filled using NEET-PG score by MCC, currently GMC Anantnag has got approval for 32 DNB seats from NBE.

==See also==
*[[Government Medical College, Rajouri]]
*[[Government Medical College, Baramulla]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.gmcanantnag.net/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125171139/https://gmcanantnag.net/ |date=25 January 2023 }}

{{University of Kashmir}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:2019 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Kashmir]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Arnold Dix

2026-02-24T01:43:11Z

MableHaight9: creating - done

{{Short description|Australian scientist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arnold Dix
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|3|8}}
| birth_place = Monbulk, Victoria, Australia
| alma_mater = Monash University
| occupation = geologist, engineer, lawyer, scientist, author
| spouse = Divina Dix
| relatives = Helena Dix (sister) Colin Dix (brother)
| awards = Alan Neyland Australasian Tunnelling Society bi-annual award (2011) NFPA Distinguished Committee Service Award (2022) Monash University 2024 Science Alumni of the Year<ref name="Monash2024" />
| website = {{URL|https://arnolddix.com/}}
}}
'''Arnold Dix''' (born 8 March 1964) is a geologist, engineer, lawyer, scientist and author from [[Monbulk]], [[Australia]]. He is a former president of the [[International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association]] (ITA).<ref name="ITA">{{cite web |title=World Tunnel Congress 2022 – Prof. Arnold Dix elected ITA President |url=https://www.tunnel-online.info/en/artikel/world-tunnel-congress-2022-prof-arnold-dix-elected-ita-president-3851711.html |website=tunnel-online.info |date=2022 |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dix earned an honours Bachelor of Science from Monash University in 1986, and a [[Bachelor of Laws|bachelor of laws]] from Monash University in 1988.<ref name="Jones2023">{{cite web |title=PRESS RELEASE – Charismatic Australian elected President of influential global association |author=Penny Jones |date=1 February 2023 |url=https://tunnelling.com.au/news/charismatic-australian-elected-president-of-influential-global-association/ |website=Australian Tunnelling Society |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="ProfilePDF">{{cite web |title=Arnold Dix - Profile |url=https://arnolddix.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Arnold-Dix-Profile.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=ArnoldDix.com |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dix is a registered barrister at the [[High Court of Australia]] and a member of the [[Victorian Bar|Victorian bar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agarwal |first1=Mehak |title=Meet Professor Arnold Dix, the Australian expert who turned savior in Uttarkashi tunnel rescue operation |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/meet-professor-arnold-dix-the-australian-expert-who-turned-savior-in-uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-operation-407582-2023-11-29 |website=Business Today |date=29 November 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=The Quint |title=Tunnel Expert Who Helped Rescue 41 Trapped Men in Uttarkashi: Who is Arnold Dix? |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/world/who-is-arnold-dix-the-tunnel-expert-rescuing-41trapped-men-in-uttarkashi#read-more |website=The Quint |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref> He is a former counsel to [[White & Case]] legal firm<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Economic Times |title=Engineer, geologist, lawyer: The many hats worn by Arnold Dix, the man behind the miraculous Uttarkashi rescue |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/engineer-geologist-lawyer-the-many-hats-worn-by-arnold-dix-the-man-behind-the-miraculous-uttarakashi-rescue/articleshow/105599939.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=30 November 2023 |publisher=The Economic Times |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref> and a former partner of law firms Maddock Lonie & Chisholm; and DLA Phillips Fox. Dix is Professor of Engineering at [[Tokyo City University]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Hindu Bureau |title=Australia proud of professor assisting Silkyara rescue efforts: envoy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/australia-proud-of-professor-assisting-silkyara-rescue-efforts-envoy/article67567025.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 November 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref> He is Professor of Engineering at [[MIT World Peace University]] (MIT-WPU), Pune, India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/mitwpuofficial_mitwpu-arnolddix-futureofinfrastructure-activity-7389624599996559360-EF2L |title=MIT-WPU appoints Prof. Arnold Dix as Professor of Engineering |website=LinkedIn |date=2025 |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref> He is a former professor of engineering at [[Queensland University of Technology]] and at [[Western Sydney University]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abraham |first1=Bobins |title=Who Is Arnold Dix, The Australian Underground Expert Involved In Uttarkashi Tunnel Rescue? |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/who-is-arnold-dix-the-australian-underground-expert-in-uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-621616.html |website=India times |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=7 September 2024}}</ref>

Dix is a former president of [[International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association]] (ITA), which is based in [[Geneva]].<ref name="ITA" /> He is also the founder of The ALARP Group.<ref name="ALARP">{{cite web |title=The ALARP Group |url=https://alarpgroup.com |website=ALARP Group |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2023, he was part of the [[Uttarakhand tunnel rescue]] operation of 41 workers in India who were trapped in [[Uttarkashi]], India.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Clure |first1=Elias |title=Arnold Dix, the 'nerdy' Aussie farmer behind the Indian tunnel rescue that saved 41 people |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-13/arnold-dix-aussie-farmer-behind-indian-tunnel-rescue/103225332 |newspaper=ABC News |date=13 December 2023 |publisher=abc.net |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

Dix has also been involved in improving the safety of bulk milk truck tankers. In 2023, he was announced by the National Bulk Tanker Association (NBTA) as the keynote speaker for Bulk Tanker Day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heavy Vehicle Industry Australia |title=The 'Tunnel Guy' Digs In For Bulk Tanker Day |url=https://hvia.asn.au/the-tunnel-guy-digs-in-for-bulk-tanker-day/#:~:text=Bulk%20Tanker%20Day%20is%20the,both%20organisations%20made%20in%202009. |website=Heavy Vehicle Industry Australia |date=29 April 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

In 2020, Dix, together with Lord Robert Mair and Peter Vickery QC, established Underground Works Chambers.<ref name="uwchambers">{{cite web |title=Underground Works Chambers |url=https://uwchambers.com |website=Underground Works Chambers |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref> The company offers technical and regulatory solutions for challenges related to underground spaces.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Times of India |title=How tunneling expert Arnold Dix played a crucial role in the successful rescue operation in Uttarkashi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/tunneling-expert-arnold-dix-played-a-crucial-role-in-the-successful-rescue-operation-in-uttarkashi/articleshow/105594131.cms |website=Times of India |date=29 November 2023 |publisher=Times of India |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

Dix is a member of the [[National Fire Protection Association]] standards committees for Road (NFPA 502) and Rail (NFPA 130) Tunnels safety.<ref>{{cite web |last1=National Fire Protection Association |title=Technical Committee on Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems (FKT-AAA) NFPA 130 First Draft Meeting (A2025) |url=https://docinfofiles.nfpa.org/files/AboutTheCodes/130/130_A2025_FKT_AAA_FDMinutes_10_23.pdf |website=National Fire Protection Association |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> He also serves on [[World Road Association|PIARC]] for road Tunnel related matters.

In September 2025, the ITA, in cooperation with the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA), appointed Dix as inaugural chair of its nuclear waste disposal working group to support UN Member States in developing deep geological repositories for high-level radioactive waste.<ref>{{cite web |title=ITA and IAEA to explore GDF collaboration and development |url=https://tunnellingjournal.com/ita-and-iaea-to-explore-gdf-collaboration-and-development/ |website=Tunnelling Journal |date=16 October 2025 |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tunnelling industry expands cooperation with IAEA on waste repositories |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/tunnelling-industry-expands-cooperation-with-iaea-on-waste-repositories |website=World Nuclear News |date=2025 |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Uttarakhand tunnel rescue ===
{{Main|Uttarakhand tunnel rescue}}
On 19 November 2023, Dix joined the [[Uttarakhand tunnel rescue]] operation.<ref name=":0" /> Upon arrival, Dix promised to evacuate all 41 workers safely. Dix played a leading role in the operation that saved 41 workers who were trapped nearly 200 ft below the surface. He worked together with five agencies ONGC, SJVNL, RVNL, NHIDCL, and THDCL, who had encountered difficulties completing the rescue mission.<ref>{{cite web |last1=FP Explainers |title=Meet Arnold Dix, Aus expert roped in for Uttarkashi tunnel rescue |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/uttarkashi-tunnel-collapse-who-is-arnold-dix-the-australian-expert-roped-in-for-rescue-ops-13425122.html |website=Firstpost |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dhar |first1=Aniruddha |title='If national agencies hadn't cooperated...': Arnold Dix's 'perfect' remark on Uttarkashi tunnel rescue |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/if-national-agencies-hadnt-cooperated-arnold-dixs-perfect-remark-on-uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-101701365452020.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

Dix suggested that the team use soft mining techniques, to avoid disturbing the mountain and causing another avalanche which would put the workers at further risk. Rescuers had been using large earth drilling machines which caused vibrations that made the tunnel more unsafe. The large drills also broke down from hitting metal obstacles from the collapsed tunnel, forcing the rescue operation to be paused frequently.<ref>{{cite web |last1=AP |title=Digging to rescue 41 workers trapped in a collapsed tunnel in India halted after machine breaks |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-uttarakhand-workers-trapped-tunnel-0e8a57c435281d97ac95e3613b98f5c8 |website=AP |date=25 November 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref> Dix proposed much slower and gentle approaches that he considered safer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baruah |first1=Rishika |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Chandrashekar |title=This Article is From Nov 29, 2023 "Advised Rat-Hole Mining After...": Tunnelling Expert Details Rescue Op |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-arnold-dix-uttarakhand-tunnel-news-softly-softly-how-tunnelling-expert-arnold-dix-rescued-41-workers-4616893 |website=NDTV |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The rescuers used a thin pipe to carry the trapped workers to safety. They finally excavated by hand to avoid disturbing the rock and causing further damage.<ref name="nakam">{{cite web |last1=Amalaraj |first1=Perkin |title=Australian tunnel expert revealed as mastermind behind miracle rescue of 41 Indian miners who were trapped underground for 17 days - as full details of claustrophobic escape emerge |url=https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/australia/australian-tunnel-expert-revealed-as-mastermind-behind-miracle-rescue-of-41-indian-miners-who-were-trapped-underground-for-17-days-as-full-details-of-claustrophobic-escape-emerge/ar-AA1kHolT?ocid=mailmignout |website=Daily Mail |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

Dix displayed faith during the rescue by praying at a makeshift temple during the rescue, which gained attention on social media. During the rescue mission, Dix was seen praying at the temple of local deity Baba Bokh Naag ji.<ref>{{cite web |last1=HT News Desk |title='Miracle': Tunnelling expert Arnold Dix says he will visit temple because... |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/miracle-tunnelling-expert-arnold-dix-says-he-will-visit-temple-because-101701233050255.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=29 November 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=The Statesman |title='When science and technology meet faith': Tunneling expert Dix offers prayers at makeshift temple |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/when-science-and-technology-meet-faith-tunneling-expert-dix-offers-prayers-at-makeshift-temple-1503244985.html |website=The Statesman |date=29 November 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Abraham |first1=Bobins |title=Uttarkashi Tunnel Rescue: Australian Expert Arnold Dix Offers Prayers Before Baba Bokhnaag After Successful Evacuation |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-australian-expert-arnold-dix-offers-prayers-before-baba-bokhnaag-622042.html |website=India Times |date=29 November 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Dix has two siblings, [[Helena Dix]] and the late Colin Dix. He is married to Divina Dix. He has three children—Sam, Hannah and Edward—from his first marriage to Karen Beckmann. He has one stepchild, Trisha, from his current marriage.<ref name="sol">{{cite web |last1=Crowe |first1=Alex |date=26 January 2024 |title=From Victoria's troublemaker to India's hero |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/from-victoria-s-troublemaker-to-india-s-hero-20231221-p5et45.html |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=The Age}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
He was a finalist in the 2026 Victorian [[Australian of the Year]] competition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arnold Dix honoured as Victorian finalist for Australian of the Year |url=https://rangestrader.mailcommunity.com.au/news/2025-11-07/arnold-dix-honoured-as-victorian-finalist-for-australian-of-the-year/ |website=Ranges Trader Mail |date=7 November 2025 |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
* In 2011, he was the recipient of the Alan Neyland Tunnelling Society award for tunnel [[fire safety]] excellence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=HT News Desk |title='Australian giving us master class': Here's why Mahindra lauds Uttarakhand rescuer Arnold Dix |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/australian-giving-us-master-class-here-s-why-mahindra-lauds-uttarakhand-rescuer-arnold-dix-101701171712283.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=28 November 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>
* In 2022, Dix was honored with a Committee Service Award by the [[National Fire Protection Association]] of the United States of America for his contribution to road and rail tunnel fire safety.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dhar |first1=Aniruddha |title=Who is Arnold Dix, underground expert roped in for Uttarkashi tunnel rescue? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-arnold-dix-underground-expert-roped-in-for-uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-101700786290520.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>
* In 2023, Dix received recognition from Australian Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]] for his work in the [[Uttarakhand tunnel rescue]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=ET Online |title=Arnold Dix, Uttarkashi tunnel rescuer honoured by Aussie PM; Albanese says '2 nations in his debt' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/arnold-dix-uttarkashi-tunnel-rescuer-honoured-by-aussie-pm-albanese-says-2-nations-in-his-debt/videoshow/105840135.cms?from=mdr |website=Economic Times |date=8 December 2023 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>
* In 2024, Dix was awarded the Distinguished Alumni Award by Monash University.<ref name="Monash2024">{{cite web |title=2024 Distinguished Alumni Awards – Arnold Dix |url=https://www.monash.edu/alumni/community/distinguished-alumni-awards/2024/arnold-dix |website=Monash University |date=2024 |access-date=7 November 2025}}</ref>

== Publications ==
* Dix, A. (2005). "Tunnel Fire Safety and the Law". In Beard, Alan; Carvel, Richard (eds.). ''The Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety''. Thomas Telford. {{doi|10.1680/hotfs.31685.0020}}
* Burns, Penelope; Stevens, Garry; Sandy, Kate; Dix, Arnold; et al. (2013). "Human behaviour during an evacuation scenario in the Sydney Harbour Tunnel". ''Australian Journal of Emergency Management''. {{URL|https://uwchambers.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/AJEM_Vol_28No1articleonly.pdf}}
* Dix, A. (2011). ''The Fatal Burnley Tunnel Crashes Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Incident – 23 March 2007'' (Expert Report for Victorian Coroner). {{URL|https://uwchambers.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Dix-Report-Burnley-9.6.11.pdf}}
* Dix, A. (2011). "Risk Analysis – from the Garden of Eden to its Seven most Deadly Sins". ''14th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Tunnels (ISAVT 14)'', Dundee, Scotland. {{URL|https://uwchambers.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/seven_sins_final1.pdf}}
* Dix, A. (2012). "Cable Certification – Crisis or Crossroads?". ''Tunnelling Journal'', Oct/Nov 2012. {{URL|https://uwchambers.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Tunnelling-Journal-Cable-Certification-Crisis-or-Crossroads-Oct-Nov-2012-issue.pdf}}
* Dix, A. (2013). "Emergency Cable Cert Withdrawal – 3M/UL". ''Tunnelling Journal''. {{URL|https://uwchambers.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Tunnelling-Journal-Emergency-Cable-Cert-Withdrawal-3M-UL-Article-2-2013.pdf}}
* Dix, A. (2016). "Doing the Best with the Resources Available: Tunnel Safety and Security in a Severely Resources Limited World". ''ISTSS Montreal 2016''. {{URL|https://uwchambers.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/A-Dix-Paper-ISTSS-Montreal-2016.pdf}}
* Dix, A. (2019). "“Rock Beats Paper” – The Renaissance of Fairness in Ground Risk Allocation – the new ITA/FIDIC Emerald Book". ''Tunnelling Journal'', September 2019. {{URL|https://uwchambers.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Tunnelling-Journal-Rock-Beats-Paper-Emerald-Book-Sept-2019.pdf}}
* Dix, A. (2020). "Regulatory Baseline Reporting: The Case for Quantifying Expected Regulatory Costs and Delays in a Baseline Report – Lessons in Crown Unfairness from Australia". ''International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)'', Volume 11, Issue 08, August 2020. {{doi|10.34218/IJCIET.11.8.2020.006}} {{URL|1=http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=11&IType=8}}
* Dix, A. (2020). "Air Cleaning Technologies for Tunnels – Honesty is the Best Policy for Protecting Human Health". ''International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)'', Volume 11, Issue 1, January 2020. {{URL|1=http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=11&IType=1}}
* Dix, A. (2020). "The Renaissance of Fairness in Ground Risk Allocation – The New ITA/FIDIC Emerald Book". ''International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)'', Volume 11, Issue 1, 2020. {{URL|1=http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=11&IType=1}}
* Dix, Arnold (2025). ''The Promise: How an everyday hero made the impossible possible''. Australia, AU: Simon & Schuster Australia. {{ISBN|1761429167}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dix, Arnold}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian mining engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian engineers]]
[[Category:Australian barristers]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Australian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Monash University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Queensland University of Technology]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Western Sydney University]]

Naveen Krishna

2026-02-08T18:04:52Z

MableHaight9: Done

{{Short description|Indian actor, director and writer}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Naveen Krishna
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor, writer, film
| father = [[Srinivasa Murthy]]
| birthname = B. S. Naveen Krishna
| othername = Akshay Krishna
| yearsactive = 1982–present
}}

'''Naveen Krishna''' is an Indian actor, director and writer based in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada Film Industry]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} After having starred in many films as a child actor, he made his adult debut in the film ''[[Shrirasthu Shubhamasthu]]'' (2000) and has since then acted in various films, mostly in supporting roles, in films such as ''[[Kadamba (2004 film)|Kadamba]]'' (2004), ''[[Nenapirali]]'' (2005), ''Dheemaku'' (2008) and ''[[Mathond Madhuvena]]'' (2011). His lead roles in the films, ''[[Haggada Kone]]'' (2014) and ''[[Actor (2016 film)|Actor]]'' (2016) won him several laurels and appreciations.

In 2013, Naveen announced that he would direct and script a film titled ''Lakshmi Bar'' which is yet to release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Naveen-Krishna-turns-director/articleshow/18349811.cms|title=Naveen Krishna turns director|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 February 2013}}</ref> He did the co-direction for the film ''Bidalare Endu Ninna'' (2013).

== Personal life ==
Naveen was born in Bangalore, Karnataka to actor [[Srinivasa Murthy]] and Pushpa. He has three siblings of whom his brother Nitil Krishna is also a film actor. He has changed his screen name twice before as Akshay Krishna and later S. S. Krishna to try his luck according to the numerology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Naveen-Krishna-changes-name/articleshow/21456849.cms|title=Naveen Krishna changes name|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=13 July 2013}}</ref> However he retained his original name after having found no satisfactory results.{{citation needed|date= November 2022}}

== Filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1982 || ''Parajitha'' || || rowspan="2" | As a child artiste
|-
| 1988 || ''Mathru Devo Bhava'' ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Shrirasthu Shubhamasthu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2003 || ''Hudugigagi'' || ||
|-
| ''Bala Shiva'' || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Kadamba (2004 film)|Kadamba]]'' || Rajashekar ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Nenapirali]]'' || Ekanth || rowspan="2" | Credited as Akshay Krishna
|-
| rowspan=3| 2006 || ''[[Good Luck (2006 film)|Good Luck]]'' || Ajay
|-
|''Autograph Please'' || ||
|-
| ''Geeya Geeya'' || || rowspan="2" | Credited as Akshay Krishna
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Amrutha Vaani]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2008 || ''[[Dheemaku]]'' || Balamurali Krishna || Also writer, lyricist and playback singer
|-
| ''[[Honganasu]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2010 || ''[[Sri Harikathe]]'' || Ram ||
|-
| ''Shambo Shankara'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naariya Seere Kadda]]'' || Vijay ||
|-
| rowspan=6| 2011 || ''[[5 Idiots]]'' || || Also playback singer for "Ringa Ringa" song
|-
| ''[[Mathond Madhuvena]]'' || Sunny ||
|-
| ''[[Dandam Dashagunam]]'' || || Voice actor for Naveen Krishna
|-
| ''[[Vinayaka Geleyara Balaga]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yogaraj But]]'' || Yogaraj ||
|-
| ''Neneyuve Ninna'' || || Also playback singer
|-
| rowspan=3| 2012 || ''Paper Doni'' || Chethan ||
|-
| ''[[Rambo (2012 film)|Rambo]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance
|-
| ''Jeevana Joke-ali'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Bidalare Endu Ninna'' || Loki ||
|-
| rowspan=6| 2014 || ''[[Gharshane]]'' || || Voice-over
|-
| ''[[Crazy Star (film)|Crazy Star]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Nenapideya'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tirupathi Express (film)|Tirupathi Express]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Haggada Kone]]'' || Channa ||
|-
| ''Chirayu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2015 || ''Sri Sai'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lodde]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ouija (2015 film)|Ouija]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vamshodharaka]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2016 || ''[[Mast Mohabbat]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Actor (2016 film)|Actor]]'' || Sanjay ||
|-
| ''Aham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mandya to Mumbai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Sri Omkara Ayyappane'' || ||
|-
| ''1944'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Ee Kalarava'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2018 || ''[[Aa Karaala Ratri]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Also dialogue writer
|-
| ''[[Puta 109]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kismath (2018 film)|Kismath]]'' || ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Cutting Shop'' || ||
|-
|}

==Television==
===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|
| ''Preethi Illada Mele''
|
|
|{{citation needed|date= November 2022}}
|-
|
| ''Maneyondu Mooru Baagilu''
|
|[[ETV Kannada]]
|{{citation needed|date= November 2022}}
|-
| 2019
|''Shree Vishnu Dashavatara''
|Hiranya Kashyapu
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Naveen Krishna as Hiranyakashapu on Shree Vishnu Dashavatara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naveen-krishna-as-hiranyakashapu-on-shree-vishnu-dashavatara/articleshow/67392710.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naveen Krishna acts in new soap opera |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naveen-krishna-acts-in-new-soap-opera-bhoomige-bandha-bagavantha/articleshow/97022888.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
|''Shree Vishnu Dashavataram''
|Hiranya Kashyapu
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Bhoomige Bandha Bhagavantha]]''
| Shivaprasad (As a lead)
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Naveen Krishna To Act In This New Kannada Serial |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-naveen-krishna-to-act-in-this-new-serial-what-we-know-7292875.html |publisher=News18 |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Telecast timings of Bhoomige Bandha Bhagavantha will change |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/naveen-krishna-kruttika-ravindras-bhoomige-banda-bhagavantha-serial-telecast-timings-will-change-from-july-17th/articleshow/101800126.cms |publisher=Vijaya Karnataka |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As director===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|2016 ||''Girija Kalyana'' || [[Colors Super]] ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Naveen Krishna turns director for TV serial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Naveen-Krishna-turns-director-for-TV/articleshow/51862157.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2017 || ''Pathedari Pratibha'' || rowspan=4|[[Zee Kannada]]
||
|-
|2018 || ''[[Kamali (TV series)|Kamali]]'' ||
|-
|2018–2019 || ''Ughe Ughe Madeshwara'' ||
|-
|2019–2020 || ''[[Radha Kalyana]]'' ||
|-
|2020–present||''Yediyur Shree Siddhalingeshwara''||[[Star Suvarna]] ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=5852404|name=Naveen Krishna}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Naveen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Eruthukali

2026-01-30T02:47:59Z

MableHaight9: Starting New Bio Needs Work!

{{short description|Indian folk dance}}
{{Infobox dance
|name=Erutukali
|image=File:Eruthukali.jpg
|alt=
|caption= Eruthukali staged in a cultural event
|native_name= എരുതുകളി (Malayalam)
|etymology=
|genre= Ritual
|signature=
|instruments=[[Chenda]], [[Chempila]]
|inventor=
|year=
|origin= [[North Malabar]], India
}}
'''Erutukali''' also spelled as '''Eruthu Kali''' is a folk art popular in [[North Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]], India. It is a folk art form performed by the Mavilar community.

==Overview==
Erutukali is a folk art popular in [[North Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]], India. It is an art form practiced by the Mavilan community living in the hilly areas of [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] and [[Kannur district|Kannur]] districts. It is a folk art form performed by Mavilar people in their village area on the tenth day of [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam month]] [[Thulam]].<ref name="Keralakaumudi">{{Cite web |title=ഗോത്ര സ്മൃതികളുണർത്തി എരുതുകളി.. |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=670779&u=local-news-kannur |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=keralakaumudi.com |publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407063446/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news-amp.php?id=670779&u=local-news-kannur |url-status=live }}</ref>

Erutukali dance is performed as a prayer that everyone will have agricultural prosperity in the future.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/>

==Etymology==
The word 'erutu' means big bull.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/> 'Kali' means play or dance. The main character in Erutukali is the ''Edupukala'' (dummy bull), a big bull which is made of bamboo sticks, straw, cloth and a wooden head.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/>

==Myth==
While the ancestors of the Mavilar people were working in Ponam (Rice farming done in the hills by clearing the forest) fields of the [[Jenmi|janmis]], two men were sent to [[Subrahmanya Temple, Saluvankuppam|Subrahmanya]] to buy bullocks.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/> On the way back with the bullocks, after feeling tired, the two rested on the way and fell asleep. When they got up, the bulls were nowhere to be found. After searching everywhere to no avail, they made a vow that they would perform Eruthukali every year.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/> After returning the bulls, they did as they were told.

==Performance==
Before wearing the Eruthu costume, the performer offers [[Poha (rice)|poha]] and [[puffed rice]] made with fresh paddy and fruits to the ancestors and praying them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=പാരമ്പര്യത്തിന്റെ നേർക്കാഴ്ചയായി എരുതുകളി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kasargod/2020/10/27/kasargod-vellarikkundu-festival.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=ManoramaOnline |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064949/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kasargod/2020/10/27/kasargod-vellarikkundu-festival.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Carrying a big bull which is made of bamboo sticks, straw, cloth and a wooden head, the mavilars will go house to house, swinging it rhythmically.<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{Cite web |title=എരുതുകളി നിറഞ്ഞാടി |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-27-10-2021/978386 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064953/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-27-10-2021/978386 |url-status=live }}</ref> Traditional instruments like [[Chenda]] and Chempila are used as instruments.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/> There is song and dance according to the instrument music. It uses songs about the beginning of agriculture.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/> Starts on the tenth day of Malayalam month Thulam, this folk art form ends with the tiger catching the bull on the third day.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

The bull is taken to all the houses associated with agricultural works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=പത്താമുദയത്തിനെത്തി 'എരുതും മരമീടനും' |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=420986&u=local-news--kasargod |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=keralakaumudi.com |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407063447/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news-amp.php?id=420986&u=local-news--kasargod |url-status=live }}</ref> The players will also be given gifts by the family.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{culture of Kerala}}

[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]
[[Category:Cattle in popular culture]]

Chandi Di Var

2026-01-27T14:50:32Z

MableHaight9: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Sikh composition from the Dasam Granth}}
{{Not to be confused with|Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas|Chandi Charitar 2}}
{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Sikhism]]|image=Chandi Di Vaar – Concluding Ang (page), Stanza 54-55 in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh.webp|caption=Concluding page of Chandi Di Var, Stanza 54-55, in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh|name=Chandi Di Var {{small|ਚੰਡੀ ਦੀ ਵਾਰ}}|author=[[Guru Gobind Singh]]|chapters=|verses=55<ref>{{cite book |last1='Makin' |first1=Gursharan Singh |title=Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |isbn=8176471798 |pages=13 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=54}}</ref>|language=[[Punjabi language]]|title_orig=Var Durga Ki|previous=Chandi Charitar II|next=Gian Prabodh|subheader=[[Dasam Granth]]|nextlink=Dasam Granth#Contents}}
{{italic title}}

'''''Chandi Di Vār''''' ({{Langx|pa|ਚੰਡੀ ਦੀ ਵਾਰ|lit=Ballad of Chandi' or 'Chandi's Deeds|translit=Caṇḍī Dī Vār|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}) also known as ''Vaar Durga Ki'' is a composition written by [[Guru Gobind Singh]], included in the 5th chapter of ''[[Dasam Granth]]''.<ref name=pashaura139>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=139–140}}, Quote: "Var Durga ki (aka Chandi di Var) (Chandi's deeds/The Ballad of Durga)</ref>

== Synopsis ==
It is based on an episode from the [[Sanskrit]] work ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'',<ref>{{cite book| title = The Impact of Guru Gobind Singh on Indian Society | author = Gurbachan Singh Talib| publisher = Guru Gobind Singh Foundation| page = 59}}</ref> and describes the [[Hindu mythological wars|conflict between the Gods and the Demons]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=43}}</ref>
[[File:Scriptural painting of Chandi slaying Indic demons from a folio from the Chandi Di Vār section of a Dasam Granth manuscript, ca.1850–60.jpg|thumb|Scriptural painting of Chandi slaying Indic demons from a folio from the ''Chandi Di Vār'' section of a Dasam Granth manuscript, ca.1850–60]]

The total work is 55 cantos<ref name=":0" /> and is a retelling of the ''[[Devi Mahatmya|Durga Saptasati]],'' much like its previous compositions. Before the ''Vaar'', the [[Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas|''Chandi Charitra Ukti Bilas'']] states it is retelling the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'' story through internal chapter references such as,<blockquote>ਇਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਮਾਰਕੰਡੇ ਪੁਰਾਨੇ ਚੰਡੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ ਉਕਤਿ ਬਿਲਾਸ ਮਧਕੈਟਭ ਬਧਹਿ ਪ੍ਰਥਮ ਧਿਆਇ ॥੧॥

eit sree maaraka(n)dde puraane cha(n)ddee charitr ukat bilaas madhakaiTabh badheh pratham dhiaai ||1||

End of the First Chapter of ‘The Killing of Madhu and Kaitabh’ as described in Chandi Charitra Ukati of the Markandeya Purana.1.</blockquote>The second part, known simply as ''[[Chandi Charitar II]],'' repeats the same story in a smaller format, while part three of the text, the ''Chandi Di Vaar'' is the shortest retelling of the story.

The composition has been a significant part of Sikh culture, state Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech, with its opening verses being part of the "frequently recited ''[[ardas]]'' prayer or petition".<ref name="SinghFenech2014p241">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT242|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=241–243}}</ref>

In sequence, the text follows the [[Chandi Charitar II]] and is itself followed by the Gian Prabodh.<ref name=":1" />

=== Language ===
The work was composed in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name=":0" /> It is the only oeuvre contained within the Dasam Granth composed and written in pure Punjabi, aside from the sixth hymn of [[Shabad Hazare|Shabad Hazare P. 10]] (also composed in Punjabi).<ref name=":1" />

==Nomenclature==
The text has historically been referred to by several names. These include:<ref name=pashaura139/><ref name=":1">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC&pg=PA106|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-984247-6|pages=27–28}}</ref>
*''Var Durga Ki'' ([[IAST]]: Vāra Durgā Kī), meaning the "Ballad of Durga"
*''Var Sri Bhagauti Ji Ki'' (Vāra Srī Bhagautī Jī Kī), meaning the "Ballad of Revered Bhagauti"
*''Chandi Di Var'' (Chandī Dī Vāra), meaning the "Ballad of Chandi"
Var Durga Ki is the title of the work in the oldest extant manuscripts of the Dasam Granth.<ref name=":1" />

==Authorship==
According to early Sikh historians such as [[Koer Singh Kalal|Bhai Koer Singh Kalal]], as mentioned in Gurbilas Patshahi 10 (1751), Chandi Di Var was written by Guru Gobind Singh at [[Anandpur Sahib]].<ref>ਪੰਨਾ 156, Gurbilas Patshahi 10, Koer Singh Kalal</ref> Various other Sikh historians and scholars like [[Giani Ditt Singh]], [[Sahib Singh|Professor Sahib Singh]], [[Giani Gian Singh]], [[Ratan Singh Bhangu]], [[Kavi Santokh Singh]] also support this.<ref name="McLeod2005">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|title=Historical dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC&pg=PA44|access-date=2 June 2010|date=2005-07-28|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0|pages=44–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1 | editor = Amaresh Datta | publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]| year = 2006| isbn = 978-81-260-1803-1 | page = 888}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>
ਪ੍ਰਿਥਮ ਭਗੌਤੀ ਸਿਮਰਿ ਕੈ ਗੁਰੁ ਨਾਨਕ ਲਈਂ ਧਿਆਇ

''Prathami bhagautī simar kai Gurū Nānakalaī dhiāi''.

First I remember ''bhagauti'' (lit. sword, other name of goddess [[Durga]], Durga in form of a sword), then I remember Guru Nanak.
</poem>
| source = — First line of the ''Chandi di Var'', Guru Gobind Singh<ref name=pashaura139/><ref name="Rinehart2011p106">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC&pg=PA106|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-984247-6|pages=106–107}}</ref>
| bgcolor = #ffd27f
| align = right
}}
[[File:'The Eternal Strife', a striking masterpiece by Gian Singh 'Naqqash' depicting the "Nikli Matha Phore Kai" verse of the Chandi di Vār composition included in the Dasam Granth, Durga in-battle against the Asuras.jpg|thumb|'The Eternal Strife', a striking masterpiece by Gian Singh 'Naqqash' depicting the "Nikli Matha Phore Kai" verse of the Chandi di Vār composition included in the Dasam Granth, Chandi in-battle against the Asuras]]
The composition has been a significant part of Sikh culture, state Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech, with its opening verses being a part of the "frequently recited ''[[ardas]]'' prayer or petition".<ref name="SinghFenech2014p241" />

=== Role in Sikh liturgy ===
The first stanza of the Sikh [[ardās]], an invocation to God and the nine Gurus preceding Gobind Singh, is from Chandi Di Var.<ref>''(This is a model of the Ardas. It may be adapted to different occasions and for different purposes. However, the initial composition with "Pritham Bhagauti......" and the concluding phrases commencing "Nanak Nam" must not be altered.'': Article IV, Chapter 3A, Sikh Rehat Maryada</ref><ref name=":0" /> The first canto from Chandi Di Var is a mandatory part of an [[Ardās|ardas]] that is a part of worship service in a [[Gurdwara]] (Sikh temple), daily rituals such as the opening the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' for ''prakash'' (morning light) or closing it for ''sukhasan'' (night bedroom) in larger Gurdwaras, closing of congregational worship in smaller Gurdwaras, rites-of-passages such as with the naming of child or wedding or the cremation of a Sikh, as well as daily prayer by devout Sikhs and any significant Sikh ceremonies.<ref name="Cole2004p8">{{cite book |author=W. Owen Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohYwDwAAQBAJ |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-906716-91-2 |pages=8, 18, 104, 111–124, 166–175 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="britgurudwara">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/gurdwara Gurdwara], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2012p237">{{cite book |author1=Knut A. Jacobsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtrWKPWBEXEC&pg=PA237 |title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs |author2=Kristina Myrvold |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4411-7087-3 |pages=237–238}}</ref> It remains part of the daily Nitnem of the [[Nihang]] sikhs.<ref name=":0" />

== Translation ==
An English translation of the ballad, alongside an accompanying commentary and glossary, authored by [[Jvala Singh]], is due to be fully published by Vaisakhi of 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=The Ballad of Chandi: Poems of resistance and Victory |url=https://www.studysikhi.com/the-ballad-of-chandi |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Study Sikhi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ardas]]
* [[Chandi]]
* [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]]
* [[Dasam Granth]]
* [[Sikh scriptures]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=The Ballad of Chandi: Guru Gobind Singh's Poems of Resistance and Victory |last2=Singh |first2=Itvinder |date=December 2025}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151212051909/http://archimedespress.co.uk/books Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri Dasam Granth Sahib]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100203102606/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/gurus/nanak10.html Life of Guru Gobind Singh]
* [http://www.sikhworld.co.uk/page3.10.html The Tenth Guru]

{{Dasven Padshah Da Granth}}

[[Category:Dasam Granth]]

Kishore Kumar: The Ultimate Biography

2026-01-24T19:43:21Z

MableHaight9: Created

{{Short description|2022 book by Anirudha Bhattacharjee}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Kishore Kumar: The Ultimate Biography
| author = [[Anirudha Bhattacharjee]] and Parthiv Dhar
| subject = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] (2024)
| publisher = [[HarperCollins India]]
| country = India
| language = English
| genre = Non-fiction
| pub_date = 2022
| image = File:Kishore_Kumar,_The_Ultimate_Biography.jpeg
}}
'''''Kishore Kumar: The Ultimate Biography''''' is a book authored by [[Anirudha Bhattacharjee]] and Parthiv Dhar, published in 2022 by [[HarperCollins India]]. It documents the life and career of [[Kishore Kumar]], a prominent Indian playback singer, actor, and filmmaker known for his versatile voice and contributions to [[Bollywood]]. The book covers his journey from his early days in [[Khandwa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], to his prominence in Indian cinema and music. It received the National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema at the [[70th National Film Awards]] in 2024 for its 2022 edition.<ref name="PIB">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960|title=70th National Film Awards Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=16 August 2024|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Anirudha Bhattacharjee]], an engineer-turned-writer, and Parthiv Dhar, a music historian, are the authors, both of whom have previously written about Indian cinema and music.<ref name="HBL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/reviews/General/book-review-kishore-kumar-the-ultimate-biography/article66209099.ece|title=Book Review: Kishore Kumar: The Ultimate Biography|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|date=25 November 2022|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> The biography is based on interviews, archival records, and anecdotes to provide a comprehensive account of Kishore Kumar's life.<ref name="NIE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2022/Dec/24/kishore-kumar-the-ultimate-biography-review-the-many-lives-of-a-maverick-2530762.html|title=Kishore Kumar: The Ultimate Biography Review - The Many Lives of a Maverick|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=24 December 2022|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

==Content==
The book outlines [[Kishore Kumar]]’s life, beginning with his childhood in Khandwa. It details his entry into the Hindi film industry in the 1940s as an actor and singer, and his work as a playback singer, recording over 2,500 songs across various Indian languages.<ref name="HT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewkishore-kumar-the-ultimate-biography-101673659339670.html|title=Review: Kishore Kumar: The Ultimate Biography|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=25 January 2022|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> It also covers his acting in comedies and dramas, and his roles as a director, producer, and composer. His personal life, including his four marriages, and his unconventional behaviour in the industry are also discussed.<ref name="TTI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/the-many-sides-of-the-maestro-kishore-kumar-the-ultimate-biography-author-anirudha-bhattacharjee-and-parthiv-dhar/cid/1909622|title=The Many Sides of the Maestro: Kishore Kumar: The Ultimate Biography|publisher=The Telegraph India|date=13 January 2023|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>
The biography explores his musical collaborations with composers such as [[S.D. Burman]] and [[R.D. Burman]], and his versatility across genres like soulful and lively songs.<ref name="NIE"/> It further notes his eccentric traits, such as his reclusive nature, which distinguished him in Bollywood.<ref name="TTI"/>

==Reception==
Critics praised the book for its research and presentation. [[Hindustan Times]] noted its appeal to Kishore Kumar fans, citing its focus on his musical talent and personality.<ref name="HT"/> [[The New Indian Express]] called it a well-researched work that balances his professional and personal aspects.<ref name="NIE"/> [[The Hindu Business Line]] appreciated its factual depth and lesser-known details.<ref name="HBL"/> [[The Telegraph India]] highlighted its coverage of Kumar's varied roles as a singer and actor.<ref name="TTI"/>
The book won the [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] in 2024 for its 2022 publication, as per the Press Information Bureau.<ref name="PIB"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]
[[Category:Biographies about musicians]]
[[Category:Biographies about actors]]

Uttar Pradesh Wizards

2026-01-24T04:29:54Z

MableHaight9: created new post

{{Short description|Indian field hockey team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox field hockey club
| image = Uttar Pradesh Wizards.png
| imagesize = 230px
| caption =
| fullname = Uttar Pradesh Wizards
| nickname = UP Wizards
| founded = 2012
| dissolved = 2017
| captain = [[V. R. Raghunath|V.R. Raghunath]]
| coach = [[Roelant Oltmans]]
| ground = [[Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]] [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| capacity = 10,000
| owner = [[Sahara India Pariwar]] [[Suresh Raina]]
| website = [http://www.uttarpradeshwizards.com/ Official website]
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The '''Uttar Pradesh Wizards''' was an Indian professional [[field hockey]] team based in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] that played in the [[Hockey India League]]. It was owned by [[Sahara India]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Roelant Oltmans set to become coach of Lucknow franchise|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/roelant-oltmans-set-to-become-coach-of-lucknow-franchise/309996-5-136.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217051329/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/roelant-oltmans-set-to-become-coach-of-lucknow-franchise/309996-5-136.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2012|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=11 December 2012|access-date=17 December 2012}}</ref>

==Franchise details==
===Ownership===
The team was owned by Sahara Adventure Sports Limited, a group company of Sahara India, starting from 23 July 2012.<ref name=Ownership>{{cite web|title= Sahara India Pariwar pick up Lucknow franchise of Hockey India League|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/194059-sahara-india-pariwar-pick-up-lucknow-franchise-of-hockey-india-league|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208124832/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/194059-sahara-india-pariwar-pick-up-lucknow-franchise-of-hockey-india-league|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2013|work=NDTV Sports|access-date=16 December 2012}} </ref> Sahara India was also the main sponsor of [[Hockey India]].<ref name=Ownership/> This was the first franchise of [[Hockey India League]] to be bought.<ref name=Ownership/>
In December 2014, Suresh Raina became the co-owner of Uttar Pradesh Wizards.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sportsmirchi.com/raina-becomes-co-owner-of-hil-franchise-uttar-pradesh-wizards/ |title= Raina becomes co-owner of HIL Franchise Uttar Pradesh Wizards |access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref>

==2017 squad==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:35%; text-align:center;"
!width=35% style="background: #0000CD; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
!width=20% style="background: #0000CD; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
|-
! colspan="2" |Goalkeepers
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Suraj Karkera]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{IND}}
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[P. R. Sreejesh]]
|style="text-align:left"|{{IND}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Defenders
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Wouter Jolie]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{NED}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Gonzalo Peillat]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ARG}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[V. R. Raghunath]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{IND}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Gurinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurinder Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{IND}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Nicholas Spooner (field hockey)|Nicholas Spooner]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{RSA}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Arthur van Doren]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{BEL}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Midfielders
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Sander Baart]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{NED}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Agustin Mazzilli]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{ARG}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Eddie Ockenden]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{AUS}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Vikas Pillay]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{IND}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Ajitesh Roy]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{IND}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Chinglensana Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{IND}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Shamsher Singh (field hockey)|Shamsher Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{IND}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Seve van Ass]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{NED}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Forwards
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[P. R. Aiyappa]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{IND}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Akashdeep Singh]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{IND}}
|-
| style="text-align:left"|[[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1993)|Ramandeep Singh]]
| style="text-align:left"|{{IND}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Ajay Yadav (field hockey)|Ajay Yadav]]
| style="text-align:left" |{{IND}}
|}

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;text-align:center"
|-
!width=10|Season
!width=10|Matches
!width=10|Won
!width=10|Drawn
!width=10|Lost
!width=10|Win%
|-style="background:white;"
|[[2013 Hockey India League|2013]]
| 14 || 6 || 2 || 6 || 42.86%
|-style="background:white;"
|[[2014 Hockey India League|2014]]
| 12 || 4 || 2 || 6 || 33.33%
|-style="background:white;"
|[[2015 Hockey India League|2015]]
| 12 || 5 || 2 || 5 || 41.67%
|-style="background:white;"
|[[2016 Hockey India League|2016]]
| 10 || 4 || 0 || 6 || 25.00%
|-style="background:white;"
|[[2017 Hockey India League|2017]]
| 12 || 4 || 4 || 4 || 33.33%
|-style="border-top:2px solid black;"
|'''Home'''
| 26 || 8 || 6 || 12 || 30.77%
|-
|'''Away'''
| 26 || 13 || 4 || 9 || 50.00%
|-
|'''Neutral'''
| 8 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 25.00%
|-style="border-top:2px solid black;background:gainsboro;"
|'''Overall'''
| '''60''' || '''23''' || '''10''' || '''27''' || '''50.83%'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;text-align:center"
|-
|+Performance details
|-
|style="background:gainsboro;"|'''Goals for'''
|style="background:white;"|50 (2.00 per match)
|-
|style="background:gainsboro;"|'''Goals against'''
|style="background:white;"|53 (2.12 per match)
|-
|style="background:gainsboro;"|'''Most goals'''
|style="background:white;"|[[V. R. Raghunath]] (16)
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+Performance by oppositions
|-
!width=130|Opposition
!width=40|Matches
!width=40|Won
!width=40|Drawn
!width=40|Lost
!width=40|For
!width=40|Against
!width=40|Win%
|-
|align=left|[[Delhi Waveriders]]
| 6 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 9 || 11 || 16.67%
|-
|align=left|[[Kalinga Lancers]]
| 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 4 || 100.00%
|-
|align=left|[[Punjab Warriors]]
| 6 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 14 || 14 || 33.33%
|-
|align=left|[[Mumbai Magicians]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 10 || 10 || 60.00%
|-
|align=left|[[Ranchi Rhinos]]
| 6 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 10 || 14 || 33.33%
|}

===Hat-tricks===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; border:none"
!No.
!Player
!Opposition
!align=center|Result
!align=center|Season
!align=center|Venue
!align=center|Report
|-
|align="center"|1
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[V. R. Raghunath]]4
|[[Punjab Warriors]]
| align="center"|'''4 – 3'''
|align="center"|[[2013 Hockey India League|2013]]
|'''[[Ranchi]]''' – [[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]]
|align="center"|[[2013 Hockey India League#3rdplace|10 February 2013]]
|-
|align="center"|2
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[V. R. Raghunath]]
|[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|align="center"|'''5 – 3'''
|align="center"|[[2014 Hockey India League|2014]]
|'''[[Mumbai]]''' – [[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|align="center"|[[2014 Hockey India League#match6|29 January 2014]]
|}

==Fixtures and results==
===2013===
{| class=wikitable style="width:60%;text-align:center; border:none"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Result
!Opponent
!Venue
!Report
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|1||17 January||'''2 – 1'''||[[Punjab Warriors]]||[[Surjeet Hockey Stadium|Jalandhar]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match4|Match 4]]
|-style="background:#d3d3d3;"
|'''2'''||19 January||'''1 – 1'''||[[Delhi Wave Riders]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match6|Match 6]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|'''3'''||20 January||'''2 – 0'''||[[Ranchi Rhinos]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match7|Match 7]]
|-style="background:#d3d3d3;"
|4||22 January||'''2 – 2'''||[[Punjab Warriors]]||[[Surjeet Hockey Stadium|Jalandhar]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match10|Match 10]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|5||24 January||'''1 – 3'''||[[Ranchi Rhinos]]||[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium|Ranchi]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match12|Match 12]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''6'''||26 January||'''1 – 3'''||[[Ranchi Rhinos]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match14|Match 14]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''7'''||27 January||'''3 – 4'''||[[Punjab Warriors]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match16|Match 16]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|8||30 January||'''0 – 4'''||[[Mumbai Magicians]]||[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium|Mumbai]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match19|Match 19]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|'''9'''||2 February||'''2 – 0'''||[[Mumbai Magicians]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match23|Match 23]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''10'''||3 February||'''0 – 3'''||[[Delhi Wave Riders]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match25|Match 25]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|11||5 February||'''1 – 0'''||[[Mumbai Magicians]]||[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium|Mumbai]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match28|Match 28]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|12||7 February||'''4 – 1'''||[[Delhi Wave Riders]]||[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium|Delhi]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#match28|Match 29]]
|-style="border-top:2px solid black; background:#fbb;"
|13||9 February||'''2 – 4'''||[[Ranchi Rhinos]]||[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium|Ranchi]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#Semi-final1|Semi-final 1]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|14||10 February||'''4 – 3''' ([[Overtime (sports)|a.e.t.]])||[[Punjab Warriors]]||[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium|Ranchi]]
|[[2013 Hockey India League#3rdplace|3rd place]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:#ffffff; border:none"|
|-style="background:#c96;"
| colspan="6"| Position in league phase: '''3rd''' '''3rd place'''
|}

* '''Goals for''': 25(1.79 per match)
* '''Goals against''': 29(2.07 per match)
* '''Most goals''': 9(Overall: '''3rd''')
** [[V. R. Raghunath]]

===2014===
{| class=wikitable style="width:60%;text-align:center; border:none"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Result
!Opponent
!Venue
!Report
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|1||26 January|| '''3 – 2''' ||[[Ranchi Rhinos]]||[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium|Ranchi]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#match2|Match 2]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|2||29 January|| '''5 – 3''' ||[[Mumbai Magicians]]||[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium|Mumbai]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#match6|Match 6]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''3'''||1 February|| '''1 – 2''' ||[[Ranchi Rhinos]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#match9|Match 9]]
|-style="background:#c3c3c3;"
|'''4'''||2 February|| '''2 – 2''' ||[[Punjab Warriors]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#match11|Match 11]]
|-style="background:#c3c3c3;"
|5||5 February|| '''1 – 1''' ||[[Delhi Waveriders]]||[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium|New Delhi]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#match14|Match 14]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''6'''||8 February|| '''3 – 4''' ||[[Delhi Waveriders]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#match17|Match 17]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|'''7'''||9 February|| '''3 – 1''' ||[[Kalinga Lancers]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#match19|Match 19]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|8||13 February|| '''4 – 3''' ||[[Kalinga Lancers]]||[[Kalinga Stadium|Bhubaneswar]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#match23|Match 23]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|9||15 February|| '''1 – 2''' ||[[Punjab Warriors]]||[[International Hockey Stadium|Mohali]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#match25|Match 25]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''10'''||18 February|| '''2 – 3''' ||[[Mumbai Magicians]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#match29|Match 29]]
|-style="border-top:2px solid black;background:#fbb;"
|11||22 February|| '''0 – 1''' ||[[Delhi Waveriders]]||[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium|Ranchi]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#sf1|Semi-final 1]]
|-
|12||23 February||||[[Ranchi Rhinos]]||[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium|Ranchi]]
|[[2014 Hockey India League#3rdplace|3rd place]]
|-
|}

===2015===
{| class=wikitable style="width:60%;text-align:center; border:none"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Result
!Opponent
!Venue
!Report
|-style="background:#d3d3d3;"
|1||23 January|| '''2 – 2''' ||[[Delhi Waveriders]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2015 Hockey India League#match2|Match 2]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|2||26 January|| '''2 – 3''' ||[[Punjab Warriors]]||[[International Hockey Stadium|Mohali]]
|[[2015 Hockey India League#match7|Match 7]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|'''3'''||29 January|| '''5 – 1''' ||[[Kalinga Lancers]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2015 Hockey India League#match9|Match 9]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|'''4'''||31 January|| '''2 – 0''' ||[[Kalinga Lancers]]||[[Kalinga Stadium|Bhubaneswar]]
|[[2015 Hockey India League#match11|Match 11]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''5'''||3 February|| '''0 – 2''' ||[[Ranchi Rays]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2015 Hockey India League#match14|Match 14]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|'''6'''||4 February|| '''2 – 1''' ||[[Punjab Warriors]]||[[Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium|Lucknow]]
|[[2015 Hockey India League#match15|Match 15]]
|-style="white"
|'''7'''||8 February|| '''0 – 1''' ||[[Ranchi Rays]]||[[Astroturf Hockey Stadium|Ranchi]]
|[[2015 Hockey India League#match19|Match 19]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|}

* '''Goals for''': 13(2.17 per match)
* '''Goals against''': 9(1.50 per match)
* '''Most goals''': [[V. R. Raghunath]] (4)

==Kit manufacturers & sponsors==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Kit manufacturer
!Sponsor
|-
|2013
|rowspan=2|[http://www.tksportsworld.com/in/index.php?route=common/Home/ TK Sports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029033554/http://www.tksportsworld.com/in/index.php?route=common/Home/ |date=29 October 2023 }}
|rowspan=5|[[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara Q Shop]]
|-
|2014
|-
|2015
|rowspan=3|[http://shivnareshsports.in/ Shiv Naresh]
|-
|2016
|-
|2017
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hockey India League teams]]
[[Category:Field hockey in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs established in 2012]]
[[Category:Sport in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Sahara India Pariwar]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs in India]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Uttar Pradesh]]

Ennamo Yeadho

2026-01-11T03:08:41Z

MableHaight9: Starting New Data W/ Infobox!

{{short description|2011 song}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Enamo Yeadho
| cover =
| alt =
| type =
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]] (composer), [[Aalap Raju]], [[Prashanthini]], Sricharan, Emcee Jesz (performers)
| album = [[Ko (film)|Ko]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| released = 12 January 2011
| format =
| recorded = 2010
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 5:36
| label = [[Sony Music]]
| writer = '''Composer:''' [[Harris Jayaraj]] '''Lyrics:''' [[Madhan Karky]] Sricharan Emcee Jesz
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
}}

'''Enamo Yeadho''' ({{Translation|Something random}}) is a song from the 2011 Indian Tamil film ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'', composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. The song was performed by [[Aalap Raju]], [[Prashanthini]], Sricharan, Emcee Jesz, with lyrics written by [[Madhan Karky]], Sricharan, and Emcee Jesz. The song was released as part of the soundtrack album of the film on 12 January 2011. The song, which has also been referred to as "Kuviyamilla" ({{Translation|Out of focus}}) by the media, was initially released with a thirty-second teaser trailer of the film in 5 November 2010, coinciding with [[Diwali]] to positive response.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=2011-01-12|title=Kuviamilla – out of focus!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Kuviamilla-out-of-focus/articleshow/7317693.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527142121/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-19/news-interviews/28371180_1_audio-release-focus-teaser-trailer|archive-date=2012-05-27|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2011-09-15}}</ref>

==Production==
[[File:Bergen - Ko film shooting5.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Jeeva during the filming of the song in [[Bergen]], Norway]]
The lyrics of the song were written by [[Madhan Karky]], whose work won critical acclaim even prior to the release of the audio.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> He went on to explain that the term "Kuviyamilla" featured in the song meant "out of focus" in Tamil and it reflected the occupation of the lead character in the film, who plays a photo journalist. The song was sung by a leading bass guitar player in Chennai, Aalap Raju, who initially believed Harris Jayaraj had called him just to play the guitar for the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Aalap-Raju-Double-delight/articleshow/7384993.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527142132/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/news-interviews/28365370_1_bass-singers-double-delight |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-05-27 |title=Aalap Raju: Double delight |date=2011-01-29 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-09-15}}</ref> The song was predominantly sung by him, whilst [[Prashanthini]], Sricharan and Emcee Jesz also performed back vocals with the latter singing English lyrics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/news-and-interviews/28361029_1_song-singer-melodies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527142148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/news-and-interviews/28361029_1_song-singer-melodies |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-27 |title=Prashanthini's making waves |date=2011-01-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-09-15}}</ref> The song appears in the film featuring Ashwin (played by [[Jeeva (actor)|Jiiva]]) singing the tune as well as through montage scenes. The song depicts the character's love for Renuka ([[Karthika Nair]]), whilst Saro ([[Piaa Bajpai]]) shows affection for him. The song was shot in regions in [[Norway]] as well as across [[Chennai]].

== Release ==
The song was released as a part of the soundtrack album which was launched on 12 January 2011, at the Image Auditorium in [[Chennai]], with the presence of the film's cast and crew, and other celebrities, which was followed by a press meet the following day, at the Green Park Hotel in Chennai. The audio event was telecasted on [[Kalaignar TV]] on 26 January 2011, coinciding with [[Republic Day]].

==Response==
The teaser trailer's success prompted the media to claim that the audio soundtrack to the film was "red hot" with reports indicating the pull of the particular song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kv-anand-s-ko-audio-red-hot-news-tamil-kmbjPpcdfjd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204051749/http://sify.com/movies/kv-anand-s-ko-audio-red-hot-news-tamil-kmbjPpcdfjd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-12-04 |title=KV Anand's Ko audio- Red Hot |website=[[Sify]] |date= |access-date=2011-09-15}}</ref> Initial response dubbed the song as "catchy and cute" with another reviewer claiming that it was set to be "easily the chartbuster of the collection". The song topped the Tamil music charts for months.

After the release of the film, the song won further acclaim from critics, with Pavithra Srinivasan of [[Rediff]].com citing it as the "obvious pick from the album" and Indiaglitz.com agreeing with the statement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ko/20110422.htm |title=Review: Ko is a spicy ride - Rediff.com Movies |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=2011-04-22 |access-date=2011-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-music-review-ko/20110125.htm |title=Nothing original about Ko's music - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=2011-01-25 |access-date=2011-09-15}}</ref>

==Accolades==
The song was honored with the [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song]], the [[Mirchi Music Awards South|Mirchi Music Award for Best Song]] and the [[Vijay Music Awards|Vijay Music Award for Most Popular Song]] in 2011. The singer of the song, [[Aalap Raju]], won many awards for his playback singing, most notably being the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]].

==Other versions ==
The Telugu version, "Enduko Emo" written by [[Vanamali]] was also popular and won the [[CineMAA Awards|Maa Music Award]] for Best Dubbing Song in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.webdunia.com/telugu-movie-reviews/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80-%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82-111051400055_1.html|title=పొలిటికల్ అండ్ జర్నలిస్ట్ స్టోరీ 'రంగం'|trans-title=''Rangam'': Political and journalistic story|work=Webdunia|author=వెంకటేశ్వర రావు యిమ్మడిశెట్టి|language=te|date=13 May 2011|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g1KZdZtk-U | title=Maa Music Awards 2012 - Best Dubbing Song Harris Jayaraj | work =[[Star Maa]]| via=[[YouTube]] | access-date=16 May 2022 | archive-date=16 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516090247/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g1KZdZtk-U | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Brahmanandam]] performed a parody of the song in the Telugu film ''[[Naayak]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQwXiZyZHPc |title=Bramanandam Dance in Naayak Movie |date=15 January 2013 |publisher=[[Aditya Music]] |access-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/xQwXiZyZHPc |archive-date=10 March 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fq6egtAzaQM Song] on YouTube

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2011 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Madhan Karky]]

Lakshmibai Rajwade

2026-01-03T03:45:44Z

MableHaight9: Stub

{{Short description|Indian medical doctor, family planning advocate, and suffragist}}
{{Distinguish|Lakshmibai Rajwade|text= [[Laxmi Rajwade]], Chhattisgarh politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Rani
| image = Rani Lakshmibai Rajwade.jpg
| birth_date = c. 1887
| death_date = 1984
| alma_mater = [[Grant Medical College]]
| occupation = medical doctor, family planning advocate and suffragist
| organization = [[All-Asian Women's Conference]]
| father = [[Moropant Vishvanath Joshi]]
}}

Rani '''Lakshmibai Rajwade''' ({{Nee|Joshi}}, 1887–1984) was an Indian medical doctor, feminist, and family planning advocate. She was also a [[Women's suffrage|suffragist]] and advocate for the right of women to vote in India, and presided over the [[All India Women's Conference]] as well as acting as its secretary. She was the author of an influential report on the role of women in the Indian economy in 1938, as well as a driving force in the adoption of family planning measures as part of the agenda of the Indian independence movement. Rajwade also represented India internationally, at the [[United Nations]] and helped establish links between Indian women's organizations and international women's organizations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Sumita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfxdDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Rani+Lakshmibai+Rajwade%22&pg=PT342|title=Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks|date=2018-04-16|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-909370-0|language=en}}</ref>

== Life ==
Lakshmibai Rajwade was born as Lakshmi Joshi in 1887 to Sir [[Moropant Vishvanath Joshi]], a lawyer, and political activist from the [[Central Provinces]] and [[Berar Province|Berar]], and Lady Yashodabai Joshi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jośī|first=Yaśodābāī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_ZAAAAMAAJ|title=A Marathi Saga: The Story of Sir Moropant and Lady Yashodabai Joshi; [interlocutor, Manikbai Bhide]|date=2003|publisher=Namita Gokhale Editions, Roli Books|isbn=978-81-7436-290-2|language=en}}</ref> She studied medicine at the [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]] in Bombay, and continued her education in England, with the support of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]. She married Major General C. R. Rajwade, the erstwhile noble of the [[Gwalior State|Gwalior state]], and was given the title of '[[Rani]]' (queen) of Gwalior. Rajwade was a widower, and she adopted his six children, consisting of four sons and two daughters. She died in 1984.<ref name=":0"/>

== Work ==
Rajwade practised medicine in Bombay throughout her career.<ref name=":0" />

She was also closely involved with feminist advocacy and women's rights organizations, and particularly advocated for the right of women to vote in legislative councils in [[colonial India]]. In 1917, Rajwade, along with [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Annie Besant]], and S. Naik, were given a private interview with [[Edwin Montagu]] and [[Lord Chelmsford|Viscount Chelmsford]], the [[Viceroy of india|Viceroy of India]], after they circulated a memorandum on suffrage amidst proposals for the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms]]. During this interview, they described the lack of women in legislative councils as "deplorable" and argued for their inclusion in electoral processes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Basu|first=Aparna|date=2008-01-01|title=Women's Struggle for the Vote: 1917-1937|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/037698360803500106|journal=Indian Historical Review|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=128–143|doi=10.1177/037698360803500106|s2cid=148755031|issn=0376-9836|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1931, she was a member of a drafting committee within the [[All India Women's Conference]], chaired by Sarojini Naidu, and consisting of [[Hansa Jivraj Mehta|Hansa Mehta]], [[Taraben Premchand]], [[Margaret Cousins]], [[Faiz Tyabji]], [[Hilla Rustomji Faridoonji|Hilla Rustomji Fardoonji]], [[Shareefa Hamid Ali]], [[Malini Sukhtankar]] and herself. They submitted a report to the [[Second Round Table Conference]], calling for universal franchise and opposing affirmative action for women in the electoral process.<ref name=":1" />

In 1932, Rajwade was also active in efforts to establish collaborations and links with feminist organizations and movements outside India, and particularly within Asia. Along with Margaret Cousins, she was one of the early founders of the [[All-Asian Women's Conference]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mukherjee|first=Sumita|date=2017-05-04|title=The All-Asian Women's Conference 1931: Indian women and their leadership of a pan-Asian feminist organisation|journal=Women's History Review|volume=26|issue=3|pages=363–381|doi=10.1080/09612025.2016.1163924|s2cid=147853155|issn=0961-2025|doi-access=free|hdl=1983/a56bd83d-e982-46ba-84b3-82225ecba694|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In this context, Rajwade was an active opponent of colonialism, arguing in a speech at the All India Women's Conference in 1931 that support should be extended to the right of all nations to self-determination.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sandell|first=Marie|date=2011-12-01|title=Regional versus International: Women's Activism and Organisational Spaces in the Inter-war Period|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2011.620737|journal=The International History Review|volume=33|issue=4|pages=607–625|doi=10.1080/07075332.2011.620737|s2cid=154842040|issn=0707-5332|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Rajwade was closely involved with the work of the [[All India Women's Conference]], and in 1931 gave a notable speech on family planning to the conference, first proposing the adoption of a resolution to create a "committee of medical women to study and recommend ways and means of educating the public to regulate the size of their families."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Ramusack|first=Barbara N.|date=1989|title=Embattled Advocates: The Debate Over Birth Control in India, 1920-40|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/362195/summary|journal=Journal of Women's History|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=34–64|doi=10.1353/jowh.2010.0005|s2cid=144635807|issn=1527-2036|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The resolution did not succeed, but Rajwade continued to organize support for the involvement of women in family planning at the Conference through 1932, and in 1933, the resolution was finally adopted.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 January 1933|title=Indian Women Support Birth Control|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/324547755|id={{ProQuest|324547755}}}}</ref> In 1935, Rajwade was the Honorary Secretary of the All India Women's Conference, and at [[Margaret Cousins]]' urging, invited birth control advocate and educator [[Margaret Sanger]] to lecture at the conference. Despite opposition to her speech, Cousins was able to speak at the Conference, advocating for the All India Women's Conference to take a more active role in family planning.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=All India Women's Conference - Past Presidents|url=http://www.aiwc.org.in/past-presidents.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319132613/http://www.aiwc.org.in/past-presidents.html|archive-date=19 March 2014|website=[[All India Women's Conference]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rajwade|first1=Rani Lakshmibai|url=http://nlirepository.nvli.in/handle/123456789/22198|title=Woman's Role in Planned Economy: Report of the Sub-Committee|last2=Sarabhai|first2=Mridula|last3=Dubash|first3=Purvis N.|publisher=Vora Publishers|year=1947|editor-last=Shah|editor-first=K. T.|series=National Planning Committee Series|location=Bombay|archive-date=9 December 2020|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209033020/http://nlirepository.nvli.in/handle/123456789/22198|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1939 to 1940, Rajwade was the president of the [[All India Women's Conference]].<ref name=":3" />

In 1938, Rajwade chaired the Subcommittee on Women, in the Indian National Congress' National Planning Committee. As chair, she authored and published a widely circulated report on family planning in 1940, which explicitly advocated for the use of measures to control reproduction and supported the recognition of female contributions to the economy.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=TAGRA|first=VINOD|title=Jawaharlal Nehru and the Status of Women in India|date=1994|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143431|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=55|pages=712–717|jstor=44143431|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The report, which has been described as "remarkably modernist" by scholar Mary E. John, argued for the recognition of the economic rights of women, including their contributions to the economy through unpaid domestic labour.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=John|first=Mary E.|date=2005|title=Feminist Perspectives on Family and Marriage: A Historical View|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4416225|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=8|pages=712–715|jstor=4416225|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> It received some opposition from members of the national movement, with Jawaharlal Nehru writing to Rajwade that public opposition to the subject of family planning would be harsh, and stating "One has to approach the subject in a manner which is least offensive to large sections of people."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazumdar|first=Vina|title=An unfulfilled or a blurred vision?: Jawaharlal Nehru and Indian women|url=https://core.ac.uk/reader/43024300}}</ref>

In 1938, as well, Rajwade gave a notable speech at the All India Women's Conference, opposing communalisation, and calling for the women's movement to promote secularism. She said, "I am confident that the women’s unity will be the ultimate means of bringing about a brotherly understanding and even active co-operation among the seemingly divided communities of this land."<ref>{{Citation|last=Framke|first=Maria|title=The Politics of Gender and Community: Non-Governmental Relief in Late Colonial and Early Postcolonial India|date=2020|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44630-7_6|work=Gendering Global Humanitarianism in the Twentieth Century: Practice, Politics and the Power of Representation|pages=143–166|editor-last=Möller|editor-first=Esther|series=Palgrave Macmillan Transnational History Series|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-44630-7_6|isbn=978-3-030-44630-7|s2cid=226661281 |access-date=2020-11-29|editor2-last=Paulmann|editor2-first=Johannes|editor3-last=Stornig|editor3-first=Katharina|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1933, Rajwade had previously written to the British government on behalf of the All India Women's Conference, opposing the [[Communal Award]], which established separate electorates in India on the basis of religion.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 September 1932|title=Women Criticise Communal Award|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/32517885|id={{ProQuest|32517885}}}}</ref> In 1950, Rajwade was one of three Indian delegates to the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=TNN|date=7 February 1950|title=Indian delegates to U.N.|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/502492962|id={{ProQuest|502492962}}}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajwade, Lakshmibai}}
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian suffragists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]

Stephen Popham

2025-12-29T20:24:03Z

MableHaight9: enhance references based on references

{{For|Stephen Popham (English MP, died 1444)|Stephen Popham (English MP)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| constituency_MP1 = [[Castlebar (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Castlebar]]
| term_start1 = 1776
| term_end1 = ?
| predecessor1 = John William Hamilton
| successor1 = [[James Browne (died 1790)|James Browne]]
| monarch1 = [[George III of the United Kingdom]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1745|07|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1795|06|13|1745|07|05|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Conjeevaram]], [[Madras Presidency]]
| nationality = British
| party =
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| profession = Lawyer
| occupation = Solicitor, politician, civic activist
| spouse =
}}

'''Stephen Popham''' (5 July 1745 – 13 June 1795) was a British politician and solicitor who is remembered for improving the residential locality of [[Georgetown, Chennai|Georgetown]] in the city of [[Chennai]], [[India]] and reforming the civic and police administration.

== Early life ==

Popham was born on 5 July 1745,<ref name="leighrayment">{{cite web|title=Irish House of Commons, 1692-1800|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/irelandcommons.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607022535/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/irelandcommons.htm|archive-date=June 7, 2008|url-status=usurped|publisher=Leigh Rayment}}</ref> the fourth son of Joseph Popham of [[Gibraltar]] and Mary Riggs.<ref name="westminsterschoolp754">{{cite book|title=The record of old Westminsters: a biographical list of all those who are known to have been educated at Westminster school from the earliest times to 1927, Volume 2|page=754|publisher=Chiswick press|year=1928}}</ref> Popham's younger brother was the British naval officer Admiral [[Sir Home Riggs Popham]].<ref name="theindependent_19980606">{{cite news|title=Popham - The Improver|work=[[The Independent]]|first=Peter|last=Popham|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/popham-the-improver-1163210.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/popham-the-improver-1163210.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|date=6 June 1998}}</ref> He had his education at King's School and matriculated from [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1764.<ref name="westminsterschoolp754" /> He graduated as 4th Wrangler in 1767 and obtained a Master of Arts degree in 1774.<ref name="westminsterschoolp754" /> Popham was admitted to the [[Middle Temple]] on 14 April 1762.<ref name="westminsterschoolp754" />

Popham entered politics in 1776 and was elected to the [[Irish House of Commons]] in June 1776 as MP for [[Castlebar (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Castlebar]].<ref name="leighrayment" /> Popham and was succeeded as MP by [[James Browne (died 1790)|James Browne]].

== In India ==

Popham's fortunes began to decline in the late 1770s and he faced a financial crisis.<ref name="theindependent_19980606" /> He arrived in India about this time and was worked in [[Calcutta]] as Secretary to Sir John Day, the [[Advocate-General]] of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]].<ref name="theindependent_19980606" /> In 1778, he travelled along with Day to the city of Madras for an official inquiry. At Madras, a violent argument broke out between Day and Popham forcing the two to break up. Popham stayed on in Madras and purchased a plot in [[Georgetown, Chennai|Blacktown]] and settled down in the city.<ref name="theindependent_19980606" />

Popham purchased the adjacent plot and constructed a drainage channel in the area. He then constructed a wide thoroughfare through Blacktown. The road was named "Popham's Broadway" and presently, it is known simply as [[Broadway, Chennai|Broadway]]. Popham was critical of the power and influence of the ''dubashes''<ref name="belowp41">{{cite book|title=The view from below: indigenous society, temples, and the early colonial state in Tamilnadu, 1700-1835|first=Kanakalatha|last=Mukund|page=41|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2005|isbn=978-81-250-2800-0}}</ref>

Popham recommended the construction of direct and cross drains in every street, the lighting of streets, registration of births and deaths and licensing of liquor shops and outlets.<ref name="srinivasachari">{{cite book | title=History of the city of Madras written for the Tercentenary Celebration Committee| first=C. S.|last=Srinivasachari| year=1939| pages=189–191| chapter=Governor Pigot and his immediate successors (1775-1803)|publisher=P. Varadachary & Co.|place=Madras}}</ref> In 1782, Popham submitted a plan for the creation of a regular police force in Madras city.<ref name="srinivasachari" />

==Pophams Broadway, Madras==
The [[Broadway, Chennai|Pophams Broadway]] at [[Madras]] was once a fine road bisecting [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] into Peddanaickenpet and Muthialpet. Before, it was a road, it was a ditch in the suburb called Atta Pallam, and was owned by Stephen Popham, former MP of the [[British Parliament]] and later [[Advocate General]] at [[Calcutta]], who moved to [[Madras]] in 1778. Popham is credited with setting up the [[Madras Police]] in 1782. At that time, the lands of the present [[Madras United Club]], [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|General Hospital]] and [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]] Post Office was a hill called Hoggs Hill (called as Narimedu or 'mound of foxes' by the natives). Hoggs Hill was considered to be a security threat to the [[Fort St. George]] and a decision was taken to level the hill. Popham's negotiated with the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Government of Madras]] to use the earth removed from Hoggs Hill to fill up the ditch. The road which came through after filling the ditch came to be known as Popham's Broadway.<ref name=IndiaToday>{{cite news|last1=Sriram|first1=V|title=History behind the broadway|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080218-history-behind-the-broadway-735369-2008-02-08|access-date=2 December 2015|agency=India Today|date=18 February 2008}}</ref>

== Death ==

Popham died in [[Conjeevaram]] on 13 June 1795 as a result of injuries suffered during a fall from his [[curricle]].<ref name="twomonsoonsp194">{{cite book|title=Two monsoons|url=https://archive.org/details/twomonsoons0000wilk|url-access=registration|first=Theon|last=Wilkinson|publisher=Duckworth|year=1976|isbn=978-0-7156-1015-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/twomonsoons0000wilk/page/194 194]}}</ref>

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|ie}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Edward Kirwan (Irish politician)|Edward Kirwan]]
| before2 = [[John William Hamilton (Irish politician)|John William Hamilton]]
}}
{{s-title
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Castlebar (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Castlebar]]
| years = 1776 – 1783
| with = [[Thomas Coghlan]]
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Thomas Warren (politician)|Thomas Warren]]
| after2 = [[James Browne (died 1790)|James Browne]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Popham, Stephen}}
[[Category:1745 births]]
[[Category:1795 deaths]]
[[Category:Irish MPs 1776–1783]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Mayo constituencies]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]

Grand Masti

2025-12-25T00:35:22Z

MableHaight9: quick enhanced intro per standard format

{{short description|2013 film directed by Indra Kumar}}
{{redirect|Masti 2|the album|Kamal Heer}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Grand Masti
| image = Grand Masti.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Indra Kumar]]
| producer = Ashok Thakeria Indra Kumar
| writer = [[Milap Zaveri]] Tushar Hiranandani
| screenplay = Rahul Luhiya
| story = [[Indra Kumar]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Riteish Deshmukh]] [[Vivek Oberoi]] [[Aftab Shivdasani]] [[Sonalee Kulkarni|Sonalee]] [[Karishma Tanna]] [[Manjari Fadnis]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anand Raj Anand]] [[Sanjeev–Darshan]] '''Background Score:''' Sanjay Wandrekar
| cinematography = Rituraj Narain
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| studio = Maruti International
| released = {{Film date|2013|09|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = ₹34 crore (US$4.2 million)
| gross = ₹151.24 crore (US$21 million)
}}

'''''Grand Masti''''' ({{Translation|Grand fun}}), also referred to as '''''Masti 2''''', is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[sex comedy]] film directed by [[Indra Kumar]] and produced by Ashok Thakeria. The film is a sequel to the 2004 film ''[[Masti (2004 film)|Masti]]'', and the second installment of the ''[[Masti (film series)]]''. It features [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Aftab Shivdasani]] reprising their roles from the original, but the story is new and does not continue from the earlier installment. The film also stars [[Bruna Abdullah]], [[Karishma Tanna]], [[Sonalee Kulkarni|Sonalee]], [[Kainaat Arora]], [[Maryam Zakaria]] and [[Manjari Fadnis]] in key roles.<ref>{{cite web | title = GRAND MASTI to take adult humour to the next level | publisher = Glamsham | date = 9 August 2012 | url = http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/apr/17-news-grand-masti-to-take-adult-humour-to-the-next-level-041208.asp | access-date = 17 April 2012}}</ref>

''Grand Masti'' was released on 13 September 2013, and was one of the [[List of Bollywood films of 2013|highest-grossing Bollywood films of 2013]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Masti sequel to be called Grand Masti | website = [[Bollywood Hungama]] | date = 9 August 2012 | url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1535281/Grand-Masti-on-hold-for-Riteish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120811212054/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1535281/Grand-Masti-on-hold-for-Riteish | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 August 2012 | access-date = 7 February 2012}}</ref> The film received largely negative responses from critics because of its extreme sexual nature, but it was a box office success. ''Grand Masti'' was the highest grossing A-rated Bollywood film in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/206 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929011745/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/206 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2013 |title=Special Features – Box Office, Bollywood Hungama |date=24 May 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Grand-Masti-highest-grossing-adult-comedy-till-date/articleshow/23603370.cms |title=Grand Masti highest grossing adult comedy till date? |work=The Times of India |date=6 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/509168/20130926/grand-masti-box-office-collection-highest-grosser.htm |title=Box Office Collection: 'Grand Masti' Becomes Highest 'Adult' Grossing Film Ever [Top 10 List] – International Business Times |date=26 September 2013 |publisher=Ibtimes |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> until it was overtaken by [[Kabir Singh]] in 2019 and then [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]] in 2023.
The film entered [[Bollywood]]'s ''100 crore club'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/266 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004034935/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/266 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2013 |title=Special Features – Box Office, Bollywood Hungama |date=October 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/grand-masti-crosses-rs-100-crore-mark-on-home-turf-213404-2013-10-05 |title=And it's a century! Grand Masti crosses Rs 100 crore mark on home turf : Bollywood, News |work=India Today |date=6 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/grand-masti-first-bollywood-adult-film-to-cross-the-rs-100-cr-mark/426772-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009024005/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/grand-masti-first-bollywood-adult-film-to-cross-the-rs-100-cr-mark/426772-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2013 |title=Grand Masti: First Bollywood adult film to cross the Rs 100 cr mark |publisher=Ibnlive |date=6 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/why-grand-masti-continues-its-impressive-run-at-the-box-office-212784-2013-09-29 |title=Why Grand Masti continues its impressive run at the box office : Bollywood, News |work=India Today |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> and was declared a ''Super Hit'' by [[Box Office India]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} The third installment of ''[[Masti (film series)]]'', ''[[Great Grand Masti]]'' was released on 15 July 2016.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/great-grand-masti-first-look-out-riteish-deshmukh-aftab-shivdasani-vivek-oberoi-starrer-set-to-triple-the-fun-2856005/ "Great Grand Masti first look out, Riteish Deshmukh, Aftab Shivdasani, Vivek Oberoi starrer set to triple the fun"]</ref>

==Plot==
Three friends – Meet ([[Vivek Oberoi]]), Prem ([[Aftab Shivdasani]]), and Amar ([[Ritesh Deshmukh]]) – are unhappily married and have unsatisfactory sex lives. Meet thinks that his wife Unatti ([[Karishma Tanna]]) is having an affair with her boss; Prem feels that his wife Tulsi ([[Manjari Fadnis]]) doesn't spend quality time with him, and Amar believes that his wife Mamta ([[Sonalee Kulkarni|Sonalee]]) is more concerned about their son, Pappu.

One day, the men receive an invite from their college, SLUTS (Sri Lalchand University of Technology and Science), to attend their reunion. Their wives don't come with them, so the three decide to use the trip to get up to mischief and escape their unhappy marriages. When they arrive, they find that everyone else is behaving in a conservative manner due to the fear of Principal Robert Pereira ([[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]), who hangs people naked from a tree if they disobey his rules. Hardik ([[Suresh Menon]]), an ex-student, is in a mental asylum because of the principal's discipline.

Prem meets one of his former teachers, Rose ([[Maryam Zakaria]]), who is washing her cleavage with water, and is attracted to her. Meet meets Marlo ([[Kainaat Arora]]), who causes the car horn to blare because of her big breasts, and is attracted to her. Amar meets Mary ([[Bruna Abdullah]]), who seductively opens a bottle with an opener hidden in her inner garments and is attracted to her. The men try to initiate affairs with the women, but find out that Rose is Robert's wife, Mary is his daughter and Marlo is his sister.

The men's wives arrive at the college, for the reunion. The trio then receives an MMS message containing footage of them getting intimate with the women, and manages to hide the video from their wives. They find out that it was Hardik who sent the video, and he starts blackmailing them. He wants them to kill Robert to fulfill his revenge, or else he will show the footage to their wives. The trio is unable to kill Robert and decides to delete the videos from Hardik's phone and succeed.

On the last day of the reunion Robert mixes a love potion into the soup. The trio ends up with Rose, Mary and Marlo, and Robert catches them red handed. While being chased by Robert, Rose reveals that Robert is impotent. When the trio ends up on the roof of a building, Hardik pushes Robert, who slides down the roof and hangs on to a bar. The men try to save him, but Hardik pushes them too and they hang onto Robert. The girls come and push Hardik off the roof and he hangs on to Meet. The three tell Robert the truth about not making love with Marlo, Mary and Rose. The girls strip to their underwear to make a rope out of their clothes but fail. They decide to strip naked to extend the rope with their bras and panties, but the boys fall and end up in hospital.

Their wives angrily ask them what exactly happened that night. Robert calmly replies that due to a misunderstanding, their husbands suffered this consequence. Shortly later, a doctor comes and informs Robert that he is no longer impotent since blood now flows all over his body due to the pressure generated while hanging on the bar. Hardik marries Marlo. The film ends with Amar, Meet and Prem having sex with their respective wives. Robert and Hardik too have sex with Rose and Marlo. Mary is the one left alone who while bathing naked in a bathtub asks the audience to meet her.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Meet Mehta
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Amar Saxena
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Prem Chawla
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni|Sonalee]] as Mamta Saxena (Amar's wife)
* [[Manjari Fadnis]] as Tulsi Chawla (Prem's wife)
* [[Karishma Tanna]] as Unnati Mehta (Meet's wife)
* [[Maryam Zakaria]] as Rose (Prem's interest, Robert's wife)
* [[Bruna Abdullah]] as Mary (Amar's interest, Robert's daughter)
* [[Kainaat Arora]] as Marlo (Meet's interest, Robert's sister and later Hardik's wife)
* [[Suresh Menon]] as Hardik
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Principal Robert Pereira
* [[Dino Morea]] as Bank Manager (uncredited)
}}

==Production==
The production of the film was to begin in the first week of August 2012, but due to actor [[Riteish Deshmukh]]'s father [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'s critical health condition, the film's commencement was put off by a few days.<ref>{{cite web | last = Jha | first = Subhash K | title = Grand Masti at Bollywood Hungama | website = [[Bollywood Hungama]] | date = 9 August 2012 | url = https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ | access-date = 9 August 2012}}</ref> Says a source close to the project, "''Grand Masti'', the sequel to ''[[Masti (2004 film)|Masti]]'' has been in the writing process for the last one and a half years. Finally, writers [[Milap Zaveri]] and Tushar Hiranandani cracked an idea and scripted the sequel. The film brings back the [[Riteish Deshmukh]]-[[Aftab Shivdasani]]-[[Vivek Oberoi]] trio, along with four new girls. ''Grand Masti'' was supposed to kick start this week. Then, Ritesh's father fell ill. He can't be expected to act funny at a time like this."

A suggestion that the film take off without Riteish was also put forward. However, producer Ashok Thakeria and director [[Indra Kumar]] refused, arguing that a comedy is a happy occasion and therefore all the actors needed to be comfortable. Reportedly, the film then started filming on 9 September 2012. The film's original release date was put between 31 July-late August 2013.<ref>{{cite web | last = Jha | first = Subhash K | title = Grand Masti on hold for Riteish | website = [[Bollywood Hungama]] | date = 9 August 2012 | url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1535281/Grand-Masti-on-hold-for-Riteish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120811212054/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1535281/Grand-Masti-on-hold-for-Riteish | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 August 2012 | access-date = 9 August 2012}}</ref>

According to the print version of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' (dated 18 July 2013), ''Grand Masti'' (''Masti 2'') was set to release on 13 September 2013. The first official theatrical trailer was uploaded on the official YouTube channel on 18 July 2013. The stadium scene was shot in [[DY Patil Stadium]] apparently.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Vivek-Oberoi-skips-shoot-stays-in-vanity-van/Article1-1057958.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511111656/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Vivek-Oberoi-skips-shoot-stays-in-vanity-van/Article1-1057958.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2013 |title=Vivek Oberoi skips shoot, stays in vanity van |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref>

Parts of Grand Masti was shot at the [[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara]], in Gujarat.<ref name="gmlaxmivilas">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/grand-masti-makers-shoot-at-historical-laxmi-vilas-palace/article1-965977.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219124730/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/grand-masti-makers-shoot-at-historical-laxmi-vilas-palace/article1-965977.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2015 |title=Grand Masti makers shoot at historical Laxmi Vilas Palace |first=Shalvi |last=Mangaonkar |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline= Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Grand Masti
| note1 = title song
| extra1 = [[Sanjeev Rathod]], [[Darshan Rathod]] & [[Payal Dev]]
| length1 = 4:19
| title2 = Zulmi Zulmi
| extra2 = [[Mika Singh]]
| length2 = 4:11
| title3 = Tu Bhi Mood Mein
| extra3 = Wajid Ali & [[Ritu Pathak]]
| length3 = 4:36
| title4 = Grand Masti
| note4 = remix
| extra4 = [[Sanjeev Rathod]], [[Darshan Rathod]] & [[Payal Dev]]
| length4 = 4:08
| title5 = Grand Masti
| note5 = mash up
| extra5 = [[Sanjeev Rathod]], [[Darshan Rathod]], [[Payal Dev]], [[Mika Singh]], Wajid Khan, Dj Anshul Makhija
| length5 = 4:41
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Anand Raj Anand]] and [[Sanjeev Darshan]], and the lyricists are [[Kumaar]] and Manoj Darpan. It contains 3 songs, one remix song of the title track and one [[Mashup (music)|mash up]].

==Release==
''Grand Masti'' was made at a budget of {{INR}}310 million, including the production cost of 190 million and the remaining 120 million for Print & marketing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/grand-masti-crosses-rs-50-crore-211428-2013-09-17 |title=Grand Masti crosses Rs 50 crore at the box office : Bollywood, News |work=India Today |date=18 September 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-bollywood-films-2013-profit-ranking/ |title=Bollywood Box Office – 2013 Movies With Best ROI |publisher=Koimoi |access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-date=25 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025120130/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-bollywood-films-2013-profit-ranking/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1886577/report-with-grand-masti-john-day-and-horror-story-lined-up-for-release-enjoy-a-mix-of-genres-this-weekend |title=With Grand Masti, John Day and Horror Story lined up for release, enjoy a mix of genres this weekend – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=9 September 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-25/box-office/42362085_1_box-office-grand-masti-the-lunchbox |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927160304/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-25/box-office/42362085_1_box-office-grand-masti-the-lunchbox |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |title='Grand Masti' thumps 'Phata Poster Nikhla Hero' at box office |date=25 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> ''Grand Masti'' was submitted to the censor board three months ahead of its release date in June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2113331/Grand-Masti-gets-censor-certificate-well-in-advance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915214048/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2113331/Grand-Masti-gets-censor-certificate-well-in-advance |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2013 |title=Grand Masti gets censor certificate well in advance | Hindi Movies News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> The film was not released in the UAE. ''Grand Masti'' was released huge on 13 September 2013 across approximately 2100 screens in India.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

===Controversies===
The Punjab and Haryana High Court had stayed the release of ''Grand Masti'' in Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh on 10 September 2013, but later lifted the stay order on the film and the film was released on 13 September 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/punjab-haryana-high-court-lifts-stay-on-the-release-of-grand-masti/1168329/ |title=Punjab, Haryana High Court lifts stay on the release of 'Grand Masti' |work=The Indian Express |date=12 September 2013 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Punjab-and-Haryana-high-court-reprieve-for-Grand-Masti/articleshow/22530357.cms |title=Punjab and Haryana high court reprieve for 'Grand Masti'|work=The Times of India |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Punjab-and-Haryana-HC-stays-release-of-Grand-Masti/Article1-1119932.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911230447/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Punjab-and-Haryana-HC-stays-release-of-Grand-Masti/Article1-1119932.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2013 |title=Punjab and Haryana HC stays release of Grand Masti |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> A division bench of the HC has vacated the stay after hearing an appeal filed by the movie's producer Ashok Thakeria against the orders of the single bench. After a complaint about vulgar and obscene dialogue in the film, the Central Board of Film Certification on 16 September 2013 said it had constituted an inquiry against the movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1889964/report-grand-masti-faces-probe-for-loose-talks |title=Grand Masti faces probe for loose talks – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> A 22-year-old [[Vasai]], [[Maharashtra]] resident, Mangesh Bhogal died due to a heart attack caused by excessive laughing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1892117/report-grand-masti-laughter-gives-youth-heart-attack-dies |title=Grand Masti laughter gives youth heart attack, dies – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=22 September 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref>

==Marketing==
The film was promoted on TV shows like ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''. The star cast also visited theatres upon the release of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/grand-masti-time-aftab-girlfriend-at-a-cinena-hall-to-meet-fans-/3397-1.html |title=PHOTOS: 'Grand Masti' time: Aftab, girlfriend at a cinena hall to meet fans Photo Gallery, Picture News Gallery |work=The Indian Express |date=14 September 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> A book on the film written by Neha Puntambekar, basically chronicling the various escapades of Amar, Meet and Prem, the three principal characters of Masti franchise was also released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5601 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011234141/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5601 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2013 |title=Book review – Grand Masti | Latest Movie Features |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> [[Mumbai Indians]] cricketers [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Harbhajan Singh]] and [[Pragyan Ojha]] attended a screening of the film in [[Ahmedabad]] during preparation for [[2013 Champions League Twenty20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-17/news-interviews/42148156_1_grand-masti-indian-cricket-team-adult-comedy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061051/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-17/news-interviews/42148156_1_grand-masti-indian-cricket-team-adult-comedy |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2013 |title=Indian cricket team watches Grand Masti in A'Bad |date=17 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130917/entertainment-bollywood/article/sachin-catches-grand-masti-show |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921083828/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130917/entertainment-bollywood/article/sachin-catches-grand-masti-show |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2013 |title=| |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/sep/170913-sachin-tendulkar-and-friends-watch-grand-masti-in-ahmedabad.htm |title=Sachin Tendulkar and friends watch 'Grand Masti' in Ahmedabad |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/sachin-catches-grand-masti-show-231 |title=Sachin catches a Grand Masti show |publisher=The Asian Age |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref>

==Critical response==
The film received mostly negative responses from critics due to its adult content but a polarised welcome from the general public, while youngsters constituted most of the film's viewership, it was criticised from the family audience's point of view.

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 and stated that ''Grand Masti'' "crosses all limits and boundaries vis-a-vis adult humor. This one's strictly for those who relish naughty jokes, outrageous lines and scandalous visuals."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/549877 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713063012/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/549877 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2013 |title=Grand Masti (2013) | Hindi Movie Critic Review |first=Taran|last= Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 June 2012 |access-date=15 September 2013}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a 0.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Grand-Masti-is-offensive-avoidable/Article1-1121933.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915003923/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Grand-Masti-is-offensive-avoidable/Article1-1121933.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2013 |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Grand Masti is offensive, avoidable |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 September 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Critics-review-Respect-women-Don-t-watch-Grand-Masti/Article1-1121613.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914005725/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Critics-review-Respect-women-Don-t-watch-Grand-Masti/Article1-1121613.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 September 2013 |title=Critics' review: Respect women? Don't watch Grand Masti |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> Mohar Basu of ''Koimoi'' gave it 0.5/5 and called it a "grand tapestry of trash".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/grand-masti-review/ |title=Grand Masti Movie Review | Riteish Deshmukh, Vivek Oberoi |date=13 September 2013 |publisher=Koimoi.com |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of 5, commenting The sad truth is that 'Grand Masti' revels in making you cringe, not laugh. Adult humor tends to work best when some things are left to your imagination. But the makers of this film force-feed the audience images and dialogues and references so discomfiting, the only laughs you'll hear are nervous chuckles."<ref>{{cite news|title='Grand Masti' review: It's vulgar, but too silly to qualify as an 'adult comedy' |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/now-showing-309-638729.html|date=13 September 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=16 August 2021 |author=Rajeev Masand}}</ref>

Rohit Khilnani of ''[[India Today]]'' awarded the film with 1.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/grand-masti-review-210868-2013-09-12 |title=Movie review: Grand Masti : Reviews, News |work=India Today |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> Abhishek Mande of ''[[Rediff]]'' introduced 0/5 and remarked, "there is no way you can enjoy this movie and still claim you respect women".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-grand-masti-is-unbearable-and-obnoxious/20130913.htm |title=Review: Grand Masti is unbearable and obnoxious |work=Rediff.com |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

==Box office==
===India===
''Grand Masti'' earned the biggest opening at morning shows in 2013 on its first day.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} ''Grand Masti'' had a very good first day, grossing around {{INRConvert|120|m}} net.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} It was the highest opening day of 2013 after ''[[Chennai Express]]'', ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' and ''[[Race 2]]''.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} The film collected around {{INRConvert|130|m}} on its second day, and then took its opening weekend total to around {{INRConvert|400|m}} nett.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Grand-Masti-heading-for-40-crore-plus-weekend/articleshow/22596559.cms |title=Grand Masti heading for 40 crore plus weekend? |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 September 2013}}</ref> ''Grand Masti'' remained steady on weekdays. Its five-day total amounted to {{INR}}545.0 million nett.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} ''Grand Masti'' had a first-week gross of around {{INR}}636.6 million nett.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} The film earned around 32.5–35.0 million nett on its 8th day.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} It had a decent second weekend of around 122.5–125.0 million nett.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} The film collected {{INR}}52.5 million in its third weekend and subsequently {{INR}}77.5 million in its third week to have a total of {{INRConvert|905|m}} nett.<ref>{{cite news|title='Besharam' strategy fails at the box office|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/box-office/Besharam-strategy-fails-at-the-box-office/articleshow/23722556.cms?|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 October 2013|last1=Iyer |first1=Meena }}</ref> According to [[Box Office India]], the film's final domestic nett was {{INR}}920 million.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} {{efn|Sources like ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' and ''Koimoi'' reported box-office figures at {{INR}}1 billion nett, thus making it the first Adult film to enter the coveted [[100 crore club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/grand-masti-collects-100-crs-nett-at-the-box-office/|title=Grand Masti Collects 100 Crs Nett at the Box Office |publisher=Koimoi |date=6 October 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top5-hindi-movies/id/1005/date/2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215355/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top5-hindi-movies/id/1005/date/2013-10-04 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2013 |title=Top 5: 'Grand Masti' is 99 not out!Top 5: 'Grand Masti' is 99 not out!|date=4 October 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref>}}

===Overseas===
The film collected $1,259,000 internationally over its first weekend.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} The film had collections of around $3 million in ten days.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==Sequel==
The sequel to the film titled [[Great Grand Masti]] was released after almost 3 years on 15 July 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/post-success-of-grand-masti-makers-set-for-grand-masti-3/1173484 |title=Post success of 'Grand Masti', makers set for 'Grand Masti 3' |access-date=2013-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007015100/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/post-success-of-grand-masti-makers-set-for-grand-masti-3/1173484 |archive-date=7 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Grand-Masti-3-to-go-on-floors-in-next-six-months/articleshow/22856854.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924044900/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-21/news-interviews/42271879_1_grand-masti-movie-masti-indra-kumar |url-status=live |archive-date=24 September 2013 |title='Grand Masti 3' to go on floors in next six months |date=21 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1891802/report-here-comes-grand-masti-part3 |title=Here comes Grand Masti part3 – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> Another sequel Mastiii 4 was released 12 years later on 21 November 2025.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|grand-masti}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Masti series}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Indra Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjeev Darshan]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]

Nagpur–Jaipur Weekly Express

2025-12-23T04:21:26Z

MableHaight9: expand structure also and updated info after review

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Jaipur–Nagpur Weekly Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|09|26}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Nagpur}} (NGP)
| stops = 12
| end = {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}} (JP)
| distance = {{convert|1346|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 26 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Runs one days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Below the seats
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11203 / 11204
| speed = {{cvt|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:(Jaipur - Nagpur) Express Route map.png|250px|(Jaipur–Nagpur) Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 11203 / 11204 '''Jaipur–Nagpur Weekly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train which runs between {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}} railway station of [[Nagpur]] in [[Maharashtra]] and {{stnlnk|Jaipur}} of [[Rajasthan]]. It is currently being operated with 11203/11204 train numbers on a daily basis.

== Service==

The 11203/Nagpur–Jaipur Weekly Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1346 km in 26 hrs 10 mins. 11204/Jaipur–Nagpur Weekly Express has an average speed of 50 km/h and 1346 km in 26 hrs 45 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rani Kamalapati}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ujjain Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ramganj Mandi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chittaurgarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhilwara}}
* {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}'''

== Coach composite ==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 1 AC III Tier
* 12 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van.

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Bhusawal|Bhusaval Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] locomotive from Nagpur to [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and from Kota it is hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Bhagat Ki Kothi|Bhagat Ki Kothi Loco Shed]]-based [[WDP-4D]] or Ratlam Loco Shed-based [[WDM-3A]] of diesel locomotive up til Jaipur and vice versa.

== Direction reversal==

Train reverses its direction 2 times:

* {{stnlnk|Chittaurgarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagda Junction}}

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 22137/22138 [[Prerana Express]].

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/nagpur-jaipur-weekly-express-11203/22101/18/272 11203/Nagpur–Jaipur Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/jaipur-nagpur-weekly-express-11204/22102/272/18 11204/Jaipur–Nagpur Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagpur-Jaipur Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2013]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Samuel Benjamin Cnoll

2025-12-08T04:29:10Z

MableHaight9: created new details.

{{Short description|German physician}}
'''Samuel Benjamin Cnoll''' (1705 – 1767) was a German physician who worked in the Halle mission to [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]]. He was among the first to found a western-style pharmacy or ''Laboratorium Chymicum'' in India in 1732.

Cnoll studied medicine at Halle and joined the [[Tranquebar Mission|Danish-Halle mission]] around 1732 and went to Tranquebar where he succeeded Dr Caspar Schlegelmilch who died just two months into his work. Cnoll supervised the local mission hospital. He took an interest in borax which was a substance exported from India and published a description in ''Acta Medica Hafniensis''. In order to find local botanical and other chemicals for use in treatments, as supplies from Europe were difficult to manage, he began to examine local plants of medical use. He began a botanical garden and worked along with [[Christoph Theodosius Walther]] and a network of locals. Cnoll also sought to make use of the ''Hortus Malabaricus'' but received no copy and had to work with other botanical sources. He was asked to examined if European medicines were effective and he noted that they had the same efficacy as in Europe. Cnoll was a member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, possibly thanks to [[Johann Heinrich Pott]] who had a special interest in borax. After his death, Cnoll was succeeded by [[Johann Gerhard Koenig]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Raman, A. |year=2017 |title=Samuel Cnoll in Tranquebar and establishment of the first ‘pharmacy’ – Laboratorium Chymicum – in India in 1732 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/03/0368.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=368–369}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jensen, Niklas Thode |title=Beyond Tranquebar. Grappling across cultural borders in South India |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |year=2014 |editor1=Fihl, Esther |pages=323–351 |chapter=Making it in Tranquebar. The circulation of scientific knowledge in the early Danish-Halle Mission |editor2=Venkatachalapathy, A.R.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Niklas Thode |date=2005 |title=The Medical Skills of the Malabar Doctors in Tranquebar, India, as Recorded by Surgeon T L F Folly, 1798 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0025727300009170/type/journal_article |journal=Medical History |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=489–515 |doi=10.1017/S0025727300009170 |issn=0025-7273 |pmc=1251641 |pmid=16562332}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cnoll, Samuel Benjamin}}
[[Category:1705 births]]
[[Category:1767 deaths]]
[[Category:German Christian missionaries]]

Thirumanikkoodam

2025-12-02T18:08:01Z

MableHaight9: created a entry.

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Thirumanikkoodam
| image = Thirumanikoodam2.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|10|46|N|79|47|17|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = Thirunangur
| elevation_m =
| deity = Varadaraja Perumal, Senkanmal ([[Vishnu]]) Thirumamagal, Bhoodevi ([[Lakshmi]])
| facade_direction =
| tower = Kanaka
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Thirumanikkoodam''' or '''Varadaraja Perumal Temple''' is located in Thirunangur, a village in the outskirts of [[Sirkazhi|Sirkaḻi]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Varadharaja Perumal.

It is one among the eleven ''Divya Desams'' of [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupatis]] and is closely associated with [[Thirumangai Alvar]]. It is also the only temple in the Nangur Divya Desams to have revered by a poet-saint other than Thirumangai Alvar. As per Hindu legend, the temple tank for dug by [[Arjuna]] from the age of ''[[Mahabaratha|Mahabharata]]''. [[Krishna]] is regarded to have appeared as [[Sarathi (name of Krishna)|Parthasarathy]] to Arjuna here and initiated his education, leading to the name of the temple.

The temple is open from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 7 p.m and has four daily rituals at various times of the day. The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana Utsavam celebrated annually during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Thai'' is the major festival of the temple during which the festival images of the eleven [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupathis]] are brought on mount designed like [[Garuda]], called Garuda Vahana, to Thirunangur. The temple follows the [[thenkalai|Tenkalai]] mode of worship.

== Legend ==
The [[Sthala purana|temple legends]] of all the eleven temples of Thirunangur are closely associated with each other. As per legend, the Hindu god [[Shiva]] started dancing in fury at this place after the death of his consort [[Uma (goddess)|Uma]] due to the ''[[Daksha yajna|yajna]]'' (sacrifice) of [[Daksha]]. Each time his lock of hair touched the ground, there were eleven other forms of Shiva who appeared. The celestial deities were worried that if the dance continues, it would result in decimation of entire creations. They prayed to [[Vishnu]] for help, who appeared at this place. On seeing Vishnu, Shiva's anger was reduced and he requested Vishnu to appear in eleven forms like he did. On his request, Vishnu appeared in eleven different forms at Tirunangur. The eleven places where Vishnu appeared are believed to be where the eleven temples in Tirunangur are located.<ref name="R">[[#R.|R. 2001]], pp. 470-1</ref> As per another variant, Shiva requested Vishnu to appear in eleven different forms like him to control the eleven Shiva forms he created.<ref name=Malai>{{cite web|title=திருநாங்கூர் நாராயண பெருமாள் கோவில்|language=Tamil|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2019/10/21070922/1267133/thirunangur-narayana-perumal-temple.vpf|date=21 October 2019|accessdate=17 July 2021}}</ref> The eleven [[Rudras]], called Ekadas Rudras and the king of [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], [[Indra]], are believed to have worshipped Vishnu at this temple.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1982]], p. 535</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple complex has a single ''[[prakaram]]'' (outer courtyard) and a single shrine. It is located close to Thirunangur, a small village, 8 km east of [[Sirkali]] en route to Thiruvenkadu. Eleven Rudras and the king of celestial deities, Devas, are believed to have worshipped Varadarajar.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1993]], p. 535</ref> The presiding deity, Varadharajaperumal is housed in the sanctum in standing posture, facing east. The images of his consort, [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]] (also called Thirumaamangal Nachiyar) and [[Bhudevi]] are housed in the same shrine. The images of the festival deities are housed in the respective sanctums, while the figurative images of the vehicles carrying the deities are housed in the hall leading to the sanctum.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=62–67|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>

== Festival ==
[[File:Thirumanikoodam1.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Vimana (tower)|Vimana]] and pillared hall as seen from outside the temple]]
The temple is open from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the [[Brahmin]] class. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 7:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Pallikonda Perumal and Shenbagalavalli. During the worship, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Senganmal Ranganathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=306|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

The annual Theerthavari festival is celebrated during the New moon day of [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aadi'' when the festival deity of the temple is taken in a procession to the sea at [[Poompuhar]]. During the new moon day of the Tamil month ''Thai'', the [[utsavar|festival deity]] of Thirumangai Alvar is brought to the temple from [[Thiruvali-Thirunagari]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Shrine dedicated to Arjuna|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/shrine-dedicated-to-arjuna/article3631326.ece|work=[[The Hindu]] | date=12 July 2012|access-date=2013-09-09|last=S.|first=Prabhu}}</ref> The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana Utsavam is celebrated in the Tamil month of ''Thai'' (January–February). The highlight of the festival is ''Garudasevai'', an event in which the festival images of the eleven [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupatis]] are brought on mount designed like [[Garuda]], called Garuda Vahana, to Thirunangur. The festive image of Thirumangai Alvar is also brought on a ''Hamsa Vahanam'' (palanquin) and his ''paasurams'' (verses) dedicated to each of these eleven temples are recited during the occasion. The festival images of Thirumangai Alvar and his consort Kumudavalli Naachiyar are taken in a palanquin to each of the eleven temples. The verses dedicated to each of the eleven temples are chanted in the respective shrines. This is one of the most important festivals in the region which draws thousands of visitors.<ref name="hindu" /><ref name="Garuda Sevai Festival">{{cite news| title=Garuda Sevai| work=Ramanuja.org|
url=https://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ramanuja/archives/feb08/pdfUQOxvBFB4v.pdf|access-date= 2011-08-19}}</ref>

== Religious significance ==
The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 7th–9th century [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] canon, by [[Periazhwar|Periyalvar]], [[Thirumalisai Alvar|Tirumalisai Alvar]], and [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Tirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupati Antati'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar.<ref name="dinamalar" /> It is believed that saint Tirumangai Alvar visits the place every year to the festival to consecrate the eleven deities. As per local belief, the fresh winds which swirl the paddy fields before the day of the festival indicates a good harvest for the season.<ref name=Malai/> As per another legend, the sages Madangar, Domyar, [[Vyaghrapada]] and Udangar set up their hermitages in this place. During the period of [[Mahabharatha|Mahabharata]], [[Takshaka]], the mighty snake king who killed king [[Parikshit]], ruled the place called Nagapuri, which eventually became Nangur.<ref>{{cite web|title=அருட்சேவை அருளும் திருநாங்கூர் கருடசேவை|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Others/Devotional/2020/01/24215411/Thirunangur-Garudaseva-of-the-Blessed-Sacrament.vpf|publisher=Daily Thanthi|language=Tamil|date=25 January 2020|accessdate=17 July 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated|year=1993|edition=2 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tiruvidaimaruthur&pg=PA535|ref=Ayyar}}
{{Thirunangur Tirupathis}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Madhva Vaishnavas

2025-11-22T12:03:52Z

MableHaight9: Stub

{{Short description|Hindu communities that follow Madhva Sampradaya}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
'''Madhva Vaishnavas''' or '''Sadh Vaishnavas''' or '''Madhvas''' (also spelled as '''Madhwas''') are [[Hindu]] communities in [[India]], who follow [[Sadh Vaishnavism]] and [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita philosophy]] propounded by [[Madhvacharya]]. They are found mostly in the Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Anantapur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDBuAAAAMAAJ|page=99|publisher=Director of Print. and Stationery at the Andhra Pradesh Government Secretariat Press|year=1970|quote=Madhwas follow the ' Dwaita ' (Pluralism) philosophy propounded by Madhwacharya.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZgBAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1965|quote=Madhvas follow the teachings of Madhvacharya, the Madhvas. founder of the sect. They profess the doctrine of Dvaita or dualism.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Religious Institutions and Caste Panchayats in South India, Volume 18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ro0BAAAAMAAJ|page=1|quote=Madhwas follow the doctrines of Shri Madhwacharya, the founder of Dwaita School of Philosophy.|publisher=Government of India|year=1976}}</ref>

==Demographics and communities==
Followers of Madhvacharya include communities that follow all Varnashrama such as [[Brahmin]] (all [[Madhva Brahmins]]), [[Kshatriya]], [[Vaishya]], and [[Shudra]]. All Hindu communities that follow Madhvacharya are inclusively called Madhva Vaishnavas or Sadh Vaishnavas or Madhvas. There are many Hindu Communities that have a section that follows the [[Dvaita Vedanta]] of [[Madhvacharya]]. [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] has converted a section of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking Svarnakara (gold-smith) community by the name [[Daivadnya]]s to the Madhva fold. So Madhvas among [[Daivadnya]]s follow Sodhe Matha of Vadiraja Tirtha from North Karnataka and South Karnataka. Vadiraja Tirtha is also said to have converted many people from other communities in [[Gujarat]] and other places. Pontiffs from Adamaru Matha also converted many people from Suvarnakara (gold-smith) and other communities. {{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=415}} [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Matha]] also have followers among Akkasala community, a gold-smith community in [[Salem district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=542}} In [[Andhra Pradesh]] region including present-day [[Telangana]] state, [[Narahari Tirtha]] is said to have converted many people into the Madhva fold. So in [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], and [[Maharashtra]] there are various Hindu communities that follow Madhva Sampradaya and are followers of [[Uttaradi Matha]].{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=542}} In the late 19th century pontiffs of Majjige Halli Matha converted many people from Saurashtra [[Vaishya]] (mercantile) community from [[Madurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] to the Madhva faith.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=543}} [[Narahari Tirtha]] has converted Ganga kings of Kalinga and Matsya rulers of Oddadi to Madhva fold. The Ganga kings of Kalinga and the Matsya kings of Oddavadi were very much influenced by the Vaishnava movement of Sri [[Madhvacharya]]. The Simhachalam inscriptions of 1290 and 1292 A.D. refer to the gifts of King Jayanta of the Matsya dynasty, at the instance of Narahari Tirtha. The new names taken by the members of the royal family indicate their conversion to [[Vaishnavism]]. Arjuna, Annamraja, and Mankaditya assume the names of Narasimhavardhana, Gopalavardhana, and Srirangavardhana.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=227}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Orissa Review, Volume 51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1VQAQAAMAAJ|page=12|publisher=Home (Public Relations) Department, Government of Orissa|year=1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|author=Roshen Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2010|page=273| isbn=9780143414216 }}</ref> Narahari Tirtha is also said to have converted many princely and aristocratic families of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga region]] ([[Orissa]] and [[Coastal Andhra]]) to the Madhva fold. The descendants of these families still flourish in the coastal Andhra and adjoining states and are followers of [[Uttaradi Matha]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=227}} In the early 19th century Vishvadhiraja Tirtha of Sode Matha converted few people from [[Nambudiri]] and [[Nair]] communities to Madhva fold.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=543}}

==See also==
*[[Madhvacharya]]
*[[Dvaita Vedanta]]
*[[Sadh Vaishnavism]]
*[[Bhagavatism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}
*{{cite book|title= The Sri-Krsna Temple at Udupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/SriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi|first=B.N|last=Hebbar|publisher=Bharatiya Granth Nikethan|year=2005|isbn=81-89211-04-8}}

{{Madhva Religious Figures}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhvas}}
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]

P. Prabavathi

2025-11-10T21:24:11Z

MableHaight9: put up first details more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
'''P. Prabavathi''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Dharapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Dharapuram constituency]] in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 election]]. He was a candidate of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref>

== Reference ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Tiruppur district]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Murder of Harshandeep Singh

2025-10-29T00:27:16Z

MableHaight9: Done

{{Short description|Indian college student murdered in Edmonton, Canada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| location = [[Edmonton]], Alberta, Canada
| date = 6 December 2024
| image = Harshandeep_Singh_shortly_before_he_was_killed.jpg
| caption = Singh shortly before his murder
| map =
| coordinates =
| time = 1:28 a.m.
| type = [[Shooting]]
| weapon = [[Sawed-off shotgun]]
| fatalities = Harshandeep Singh
| injuries =
| perpetrators = Evan Rain and Judith Saulteaux
| motive = Unknown
| charges = *[[First-degree murder]]
}}

'''Harshandeep Singh Anttal''' (2004 — 6 December 2024) was an Indian [[Sikhs|Sikh]] student at [[NorQuest College]], who was shot and killed at an apartment complex he was working at in December 2024.<ref name=":0" />

== Background ==
Harshandeep Singh Anttal was born in 2004 to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Punjabi Sikhs|Sikh]] family of farmers in the village of Matehri Jattan, [[Haryana|Haryana State]], India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Drinkwater |first=Rob |date=9 December 2024 |title=Slain Edmonton security guard had only been working 3 days, family spokesman says |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/edmonton-security-guard-shot-to-death |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=National Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pasiuk |first=Emily Rae |date=15 December 2024 |title=Slain Edmonton security guard remembered as generous, selfless |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/slain-edmonton-security-guard-remembered-as-generous-selfless-1.7411198 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=CBC}}</ref> Singh was also reportedly an avid fan of video games.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ellingson |first=Craig |date=15 December 2024 |title=Slain security guard remembered in peace officer-style funeral service |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/slain-security-guard-remembered-in-peace-officer-style-funeral-service/ |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=CTV News Edmonton |language=en}}</ref>

In mid-2023 Singh began to attend NorQuest College studying business administration, using a [[student visa]]. On 3 December 2024, he began working as a security guard at an apartment complex at 10603, 107 Avenue and 106 Street, in the [[Central McDougall]] neighborhood.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Snowdon |first=Wallis |date=12 December 2024 |title=Man accused of killing Edmonton security guard has violent criminal past, parole documents show |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-security-guard-killed-1.7409062 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=CBC}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Wakefield |first=Johnny |date=15 December 2024 |title=Harshandeep Singh was killed while working as a security guard. At a memorial, Alberta first responders claimed him as one of their own |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/crime/harshandeep-singh-memorial-funeral-first-responder |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=Edmonton Journal}}</ref>

Singh wanted to become a police officer for the [[Edmonton Police Service]], and was in the process of attempting to join.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Carmichael |first=Jackie |date=12 December 2024 |title=Hundreds attend NorQuest College vigil for international student slain on night security job |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/hundreds-attend-vigil-for-slain-security-guard |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=Edmonton Journal}}</ref>

=== Perpetrators ===
Lazarus Evan Chase Francis Rain (born January 1994) who is of [[Indigenous Canadian]] descent, being a part of the [[Paul Band]], he has an extensive criminal record dating back to 2012, having been charged with at least 80 crimes and has been convicted at least 17 times. He has been convicted for assault, unlawful possession of a firearm, drug possession, kidnapping, theft and reckless endangerment. In one incident in 2019, Rain engaged in a high speed chase with police while in the possession of a sawed-off shotgun and [[methamphetamine]], while in prison he attacked several other prisoners, he also was once charged with kidnapping and car theft as well, he was sentenced to just under three years in prison.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2024 |title=Accused in killing of apartment security guard have extensive criminal histories |url=https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/pair-accused-in-killing-of-apartment-security-guard-to-spend-christmas-in-jail-1.7142114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213113612/https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/pair-accused-in-killing-of-apartment-security-guard-to-spend-christmas-in-jail-1.7142114 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Edmonton |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 December 2022 |title=La Ronge RCMP charge four after attempted robbery, eight firearms found hidden in the snow {{!}} Royal Canadian Mounted Police |url=https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/news/2022/ronge-rcmp-charge-four-attempted-robbery-eight-firearms-found-hidden-the-snow |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Royal Canadian Mounted Police}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salkeld |first=Stu |date=26 July 2018 |title=UPDATED Woman escapes from car trunk in Wetaskiwin, four arrested |url=https://www.lacombeexpress.com/home2/woman-escapes-from-car-trunk-in-wetaskiwin-police-investigating-6535172 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Lacombe Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last1=Bartko |first1=Karen |last2=Moulitharan |first2=Kabi |date=13 December 2024 |title=Crime, disrepair documented at central Edmonton apartment where security guard killed |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10918206/edmonton-shooting-apartment-history/ |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Hunter |first=Brad |date=13 December 2024 |title=HUNTER: Is accused Edmonton killer new poster boy for junk justice policies? |url=https://torontosun.com/news/national/hunter-is-accused-edmonton-killer-new-poster-boy-for-junk-justice-policies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213220546/https://torontosun.com/news/national/hunter-is-accused-edmonton-killer-new-poster-boy-for-junk-justice-policies |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=torontosun |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Judith May Saulteaux (born 1994) who is also of Indigenous descent, has an extensive criminal record as well dating back to 2013. Saulteaux has been convicted at least eight times, having been charged with aggravated assault, possession of a firearm and shoplifting. In 2015 Saulteaux was sentenced to five years in prison for aggravated assault.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" />

=== Previous events ===
In April 2023 the Alberta Health Services listed several problems in 32 of the units.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Environmental Public Health |url=https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/wf/eph/wf-eph-edm-10603-107-avenue-nw-edmonton-april-20-2023-a.pdf |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=Alberta Health Services}}</ref>

On 21 November 2024 at 5:54 a.m. a man was shot and wounded at the same apartment complex that Singh worked at.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Huncar |first=Andrea |date=13 December 2024 |title=Man shot 2 weeks earlier in same Edmonton building where security guard slain |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/security-guard-killed-edmonton-crimes-building-city-1.7409433 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=CBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A security guard was gunned down in an Edmonton apartment building. His death is drawing attention to a risky, rapidly growing industry |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/crime/edmonton-security-guard-killed-jobs-industry-murder-homicide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210003130/https://edmontonjournal.com/news/crime/edmonton-security-guard-killed-jobs-industry-murder-homicide |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=10 January 2025 |work=edmontonjournal |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the frequent crime in and around the apartment complex the building's owner Van Vuong put it up for sale.<ref name=":7" />

== Murder ==
[[File:CCTV footage of the murder of Harshandeep Singh.webm|thumb|CCTV footage of Harshandeep Singh's murder|255x255px]]
On 6 December 2024, Singh who was patrolling the complex by himself, was approached by Evan Rain and Judith Saulteaux who began to harass him, Rain at some point got enraged and grabbed a sawed-off shotgun.<ref name=":1" /> At 1:28 a.m. he approached Singh again and hit him several times in the head with the barrel of the shotgun, they then forced him into the stairwell where Saulteaux threw him down the stairs, and Rain then shot him in the back. First responders discovered Singh unconscious but alive they attempted to resuscitate him in the lobby but when they were unable to they took him to the hospital, however he ended up dying around 10 minutes later.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2024 |title=Indian student, 20, shot dead in Canada; CCTV footage of attack surfaces |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indian-student-20-shot-dead-in-canada-edmonton-cctv-footage-of-attack-surface-101733645864015-amp.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=Building where security guard died saw shooting 2 weeks earlier |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/edmonton/article/building-where-security-guard-died-saw-shooting-2-weeks-earlier/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Edmonton |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Vigil held for slain Edmonton security guard as suspect criminal histories come to light - Edmonton {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10915686/edmonton-security-guard-harshandeep-singh-vigil/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=globalnews.ca |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Megha |date=8 December 2024 |title=Shocking CCTV Footage Captures Murder Of 20-Year-Old Punjabi International Student In Canada; 2 Suspects Arrested |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/shocking-cctv-footage-captures-murder-of-20-year-old-punjabi-international-student-in-canada-2-suspects-arrested |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Rain and Saulteaux were arrested the same day and were both charged with first degree murder on 11 December, their next court appearance was scheduled for 8 January 2025.<ref name=":3" /> Rain was then scheduled to go to court for a plea on 22 January.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ropchan |first=Darcy |date=9 January 2025 |title=Accused in Edmonton security guard shooting has court proceedings put over |url=https://edmonton.citynews.ca/2025/01/08/accused-edmonton-guard-shooting-court-proceedings-put-over/ |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=CityNews Edmonton |language=en-US}}</ref>

Singh's killing also highlighted problems with the safety of security guards as they are often patrolling by themselves and unarmed.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harshandeep Singh Death Archives |url=https://securityguardcourse.ca/tag/harshandeep-singh-death/ |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=Security Guard Course Inc. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wakefield |first=Jonny |date=9 December 2024 |title=A security guard was gunned down in an Edmonton apartment building. His death is drawing attention to a risky, rapidly growing industry |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/crime/edmonton-security-guard-killed-jobs-industry-murder-homicide |access-date=10 January 2025 |work=Edmonton Journal}}</ref>

On 8 December a cousin of Singh, Gulzar Singh Nirman started a [[GoFundMe]] with its goal at $50,000 [[Canadian dollar|CAD]], and in less than 24 hours the fundraiser raised $122,720 CAD. The fundraiser was started so Singh's family could bring his body back to India for burial.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 December 2024 |title=Indian Student Shot Dead in Canada, Two Arrested for Murder |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/world/indian-student-shot-dead-in-canada-two-arrested-for-murder-1845367 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

On 12 December hundreds of people attended a vigil at NorQuest college to mourn and pay respect to Singh, the Alberta First Responders Association (AFRA) recognized Singh as an officer fallen in the line of duty.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> Three days later on 15 December the AFRA held a memorial service which had over 250 in attendance at the Edmonton Crematorium and Funeral Home.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2024 |title=Hundreds in Canada pay last respects to Indian student killed by gunmen |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/canada-news/story/indian-origin-harshandeep-singh-security-guard-shot-dead-canada-over-250-people-attended-funeral-canada-first-degree-murder-2650438-2024-12-16 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=G |first=Jerry |date=10 December 2024 |title=Harshandeep Singh Memorial Service – Alberta First Responders Association |url=https://ourafra.ca/harshandeep-singh-memorial-service/ |access-date=16 December 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 20 December the apartment complex's owner Van Vuong was charged with breaking and entering after he entered a occupied suite. However the charges were later dropped on 26 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Break and enter charges withdrawn against owner of Edmonton apartment building where security guard was killed |url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/crime/edmonton-security-guard-murder-apartment-owner-charges-dropped |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Edmonton Journal}}</ref>

On 23 December two and half weeks after Singh's murder the city of Edmonton shut down the apartment complex citing 'serious health concerns' as their reason. Around 60 people including 25 children were evicted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Madeline |date=23 December 2024 |title=Edmonton shuts down building where security guard was shot, citing 'serious safety concerns' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-apartment-building-shut-down-harshandeep-singh-shooting-1.7417926 |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=CBC}}</ref>

On 8 January 2025, Rain and Saulteaux were brought back into court, but Rain’s lawyer said he needed more time to review the case and they were scheduled to appear back in court on 22 January.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ropchan |first=Darcy |date=2025-01-09 |title=Accused in Edmonton security guard shooting has court proceedings put over |url=https://edmonton.citynews.ca/2025/01/08/accused-edmonton-guard-shooting-court-proceedings-put-over/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=CityNews Edmonton |language=en}}</ref>

Despite their next court date being scheduled for 22 January, they appeared back on 13 March, both Rain and Saulteaux pleaded not guilty. Their preliminary hearing is scheduled to start on 10 July.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sousa |first=Aaron |date=2025-03-13 |title=Man, woman accused in death of Edmonton security guard plead not guilty |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/man-woman-accused-in-death-of-edmonton-security-guard-plead-not-guilty-1.7483372 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=CBC}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harshandeep}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:2024 murders in Canada]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Canada]]
[[Category:December 2024 crimes in North America]]
[[Category:December 2024 in Canada]]
[[Category:Filmed killings in North America]]
[[Category:Viral videos]]
[[Category:Indian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:Murdered students]]
[[Category:People from Ambala district]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Security guards killed in the line of duty]]
[[Category:Murder in Alberta]]

Pakokku

2025-10-08T10:14:41Z

MableHaight9: quick fix

{{More citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
|settlement_type = Town
|name = Pakokku
|other_name =
|native_name = {{lang|my|ပခုက္ကူမြို့}}
|translit_lang1 = [[MLC Transcription System|Myanma]]
|translit_lang1_type = [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
|translit_lang1_info = {{lang|my-Latn|pa.hkukku mrui.}}
|image_skyline = Pakokku .jpg
| imagesize = 300px
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = Myanmar
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Myanmar
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Myanmar}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Burma|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Magway Region}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Myanmar|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Pakokku District]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Townships of Myanmar|Township]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Pakokku Township]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 =
|population_as_of = [[2014 Burma Census|2014]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_urban = 107,557
|population_metro = 214,597
|population_total = 322,154<ref name="census-2014">{{cite book|title=Census Report|publisher=Ministry of Immigration and Population|location=Naypyitaw|date=May 2015|series=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census|volume=2|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B067GBtstE5TeUlIVjRjSjVzWlk/view}}</ref>
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone = [[Time in Burma|MST]]
|utc_offset = +6.30
|coordinates =
{{coord|21|20|N|95|54|E|region:MM|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Pakokku''' ({{langx|my|ပခုက္ကူမြို့}}, {{IPA|my|pəkʰoʊʔkù|}}) is the largest city in the [[Magway Region]] of [[Myanmar]]. It is situated about 30 km northeast of [[Bagan]] on the [[Irrawaddy River]]. It is the administration seat of [[Pakokku Township]], [[Pakokku District]] and [[Gangaw District]]. [[Pakokku Bridge]] is part of the [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]] and is the longest bridge in Myanmar. It is home of the [[Pakokku Airport]].

The city is the location of [[Computer University, Pakokku]], Pakokku Education College, [[Technological University, Pakokku]], and [[Pakokku University]]. Thiho Shin Pagoda (The Lord of [[Sri Lanka]] Pagoda), Shwe Ku Pagoda, Shwe Mothtaw Pagoda, Shwe Tant Tit, and Phaung Taw Oo Pagoda are famous pagodas in Pakokku. Pakokku is also the largest rice market city of [[Upper Myanmar]].

==Name origin ==

According to legend, the name Pakokku originated during the reign of King [[Alaungsithu]] of Pagan. While traveling along the [[Irrawaddy River]] by [[royal barge]], King Alaungsithu arrived at Pauk Inn Village. There, Me Sein Nyo, one of his concubines (some versions of the story describe her as a minor queen consort), saw a handsome fisherman and laughed loudly to get his attention. King Alaungsithu noticed this interaction and, in his anger, ordered her execution.<ref>{{cite web |title=ပခုက္ကူမြို့နယ်ဒေသဆိုင်ရာအချက်အလက်များ |url=https://www.moi.gov.mm/sites/default/files/local-info/2020-06/pakkhokku.pdf |publisher=MOI}}</ref>

After her death, it was discovered that Me Sein Nyo was pregnant. The executioners separated the unborn child from her body and built a tomb and a small pagoda. The place where this occurred was initially called Tharhtokegu, which means "Child Out Cave". Over many centuries, the name evolved into Pakokku.<ref>{{cite news |title=ရှေ့နေနှင့် ပခုက္ကူ |url=https://www.mdn.gov.mm/my/renenng-pkhukkuu |work=Myanmar DigitalNews |language=my}}</ref>

== History ==
Before British occupation, Pakokku was a small village and part of both Pakhangyi and Bagan districts. The British occupied [[Upper Burma]] on 29 November 1885. On 1 December 1887, British India Government established Pakokku Municipal. On 21 December 1887, British India government ordered Pakokku as a town of Pakhangyi District with a population of 1,985. By the order degree (201) of British Government, Pakhangyi District was abolished and [[Pakokku District]] was established on 21 July 1888. In 1901, the population of Pakokku was 19,456. During 13 years, Pakokku's population and developments were increased rapidly.

In 1896, Pakokku became a capital city of Pakokku Hill Tracts Districts. The area under its administration included [[Pakokku District]], [[Chin State]] outside [[Paletwa]] township, [[Gangaw District]], [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]], [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]], [[Manipur]] and [[Meghalaya]] outside [[Shillong]] township.

In the early months of 1930, political speeches for Burma's colonial separation from British India were held in Shwegu Pagoda. U Lwin was appointed a new mayor of Pakokku on 7 November 1930. Pakokku Municipal election was held on 10 December 1930. In the early morning of 22 March 1931, heavy fire burned in Pakokku and more than 3,000 people were homeless, so Pakokku Fire Brigade was established on 7 April 1931.

When Burma won independence in 1948, Pakokku Hill Tracts Districts was divided into two sections. [[Pakokku District]], [[Gangaw District]], [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]] and [[Chin State]] became parts of Burma and [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]], [[Manipur]] and [[Meghalaya]] became a parts of [[India]].

By the 1947 Constitution of the Union of Burma, Pakokku Province was established with two districts in 1948. They are [[Pakokku District]] and Kanpetlet District with 11 townships. Townships are Pakokku, [[Kanpetlet]], [[Yesagyo]], [[Pauk Township|Pauk]], [[Seikphyu]], [[Myaing]], [[Gangaw]], [[Htilin]], [[Saw Township|Saw]], [[Mindat Township|Mindat]] and [[Matupi, Myanmar|Matupi]]. Pakokku was occupied by Communist rebels in 1949 and held until 1955, when it was liberated by government forces. In 1958, the name of Kanpetlet District was changed into [[Mindat District]] and Kanpetlet District's Capital was moved to [[Mindat Township|Mindat]] from [[Kanpetlet]]. Province's Capital city was Pakokku.

On 2 March 1962, the military led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup d'état, and the government has been under direct or indirect control by the military. A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974.

By the 1974 Constitution, Pakokku Province was abolished and [[Pakokku District]] was added to the [[Magway Division]] and [[Mindat District]] was added to the [[Chin State]]. On 4 April 1998, [[Pakokku District]] was divided into two districts. Pakokku, [[Pauk, Myanmar|Pauk]], [[Yesagyo]], [[Myaing]] and [[Seikphyu]] became [[Pakokku District]] and [[Gangaw]], [[Saw Township|Saw]] and [[Htilin]] became [[Gangaw District]].

[[Pakokku Bridge]] construction was started on 15 December 2009 and ended on 31 December 2011. It was opened on 1 January 2012, and is the longest bridge in [[Myanmar]].

==Notable Places==
* [[Thihoshin Pagoda]]
* [[ Shwe Mote Htaw Pagoda ]]
*[[Pakokku Bridge]]

==Climate==
Located in the powerful [[rain shadow]] of the [[Arakan Mountains]], Pakokku has a [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh''), receiving only about two-fifteenths as much rain as [[Sittwe]] at the same latitude on the [[Bay of Bengal]] coast. Unlike most monsoonal semi-arid climates, the rainy season is relatively long at around five to six months, while variability and extreme monthly and daily rainfalls are much lower than usual with this type of climate.<ref>See {{cite journal |last=Camberlin |first=Pierre |doi=10.3354/cr00856|url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/49/82/26/PDF/camberlin_CR_revised.pdf|title=More variable tropical climates have a slower demographic growth|year=2010|journal=Climate Research|volume=41|pages=157–167|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Pakokku (1981–2010)
| single line = Y
| metric first = Y
| Jan high C = 29.1
| Feb high C = 32.3
| Mar high C = 36.4
| Apr high C = 39.0
| May high C = 37.5
| Jun high C = 35.3
| Jul high C = 34.9
| Aug high C = 33.9
| Sep high C = 33.5
| Oct high C = 32.7
| Nov high C = 30.6
| Dec high C = 28.7
| year high C = 33.7
| Jan low C = 13.2
| Feb low C = 14.7
| Mar low C = 18.6
| Apr low C = 22.1
| May low C = 24.2
| Jun low C = 23.6
| Jul low C = 23.8
| Aug low C = 23.5
| Sep low C = 23.0
| Oct low C = 21.6
| Nov low C = 18.1
| Dec low C = 15.1
| year low C = 20.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.9
| Feb rain mm = 0.3
| Mar rain mm = 3.9
| Apr rain mm = 11.1
| May rain mm = 88.2
| Jun rain mm = 89.7
| Jul rain mm = 38.2
| Aug rain mm = 90.6
| Sep rain mm = 117.8
| Oct rain mm = 132.0
| Nov rain mm = 29.6
| Dec rain mm = 4.0
| source 1 = [[Norwegian Meteorological Institute]]<ref name="metno">{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181008145507/http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf | archive-date = 8 October 2018 | url = http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf | title = Myanmar Climate Report | publisher = Norwegian Meteorological Institute | pages =23–36 | access-date = 1 December 2018}}</ref>
| source =
| width = auto
}}

==Transport==
Pakokku's strategic location in Central Myanmar makes it an important hub for transport of people and goods. The city is connected to other parts of the country and to China, Thailand and India by multiple modes of transportation.

===Air===
*[[Pakokku Airport]]

===River===
The [[irrawaddy River]] remains an important arterial route for transporting goods such as farm produce including rice, beans and pulses, cooking oil, pottery, bamboo and teak. Pakokku river port is one of the most important ports, the third largest port in [[Myanmar]] after Yangon port and Mandalay port. Pakokku port is a major port of [[Magway Region]].

===Rail===
<ref>[http://www.ministryofrailtransportation.com/images/stories/mrt/pakkokku.jpg Division 10 Pakokku]</ref>
[[File:Myanmar Railways station map Division 10 Pakokku.png|thumb|[[Myanmar Railways]] station map Division 10 Pakokku]]
Pakokku Railway Station is the terminus of [[Myanmar Railways]]'s main rail line from [[Yangon]] and the starting point of branch lines to [[Pyin U Lwin]] (Maymyo), [[Monywa]], [[Mandalay]], [[Kalemyo|Kalay]], [[Gangaw]], and to the south, [[Bagan]], [[Minbu]], [[Thayetmyo|Thayet]], [[Pyay]] and [[Kyangin]].Pakokku Railway Station is the major Railway Station of [[Magwe Division]].

Pakokku does not have an intra-city [[rapid transit|metro rail]] system.

===Roads===
Pakokku is a part of Myanmar's road network. The highway network includes roads towards:<ref name=md>{{cite news| url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Article/Article2005/Feb/Feb13.htm | title=Mandalay Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity | date=13 February 2005 | author=Thiha Aung | newspaper=[[New Light of Myanmar]]}}</ref>
* Upper Burma and China—
Pakokku—[[Myingyan]]-[[Mandalay]]-[[Tagaung]]–[[Bhamo]]–[[Myitkyina]] Road, Pakokku-[[Chaung Oo]]-[[Sagaing]]-[[Mandalay]] Road, Pakokku-[[Mandalay]]–[[Lashio]]–[[Muse (Shan State)|Muse]] Road (part of [[Asian Highway]])<ref name=AH>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/MyanmarB5.pdf|title=Asian Highway in Myanmar|website= unescap.org|access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref>
* Western Burma and India—
Pakokku-[[Pauk, Myanmar|Pauk]]-[[Saw Township|Saw]]-[[Htilin]]-[[Gangaw]]-[[Kale Township|Kale]]-[[Tamu, Burma|Tamu]] Road, Pakokku-[[Pauk, Myanmar|Pauk]]-[[Kyaukhtu]]-[[Mindat Township|Mindat]]-[[Matupi Township|Matupi]] Road, Pakokku—[[Chaung Oo]]–[[Monywa]]–[[Kalewa]]–[[Tamu, Burma|Tamu]] Road (part of [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]])<ref name=AH/>
* Lower Burma and Thailand—
Pakokku-[[Nyaung-Oo]]-[[Chauk]]-[[Pyay]]-[[Bago, Myanmar|Bago]]-[[Yangon]] Road, Pakokku-[[Meiktila]] – [[Nay Pyi Taw]] – [[Thaton]] – [[Hpa-an]] – [[Kawkareik]] – [[Myawaddy]] Road (part of [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]])<ref name=AH/>

Most stretches of these highways are one-lane roads in poor condition. [[Pakokku Bridge]] is part of the [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]] and is the longest bridge in Myanmar.
[[File:IRRAWADDY FERRY JOURNEY RAILWAY BRIDGE NEAR BAGAN STEAMING TO MANDALAY MYANMA FEB2013.jpg|thumb]]

== Education ==
=== List of universities and colleges in Pakokku ===
*Pakokku Teacher Training Degree College (Pakokku Education Degree College)
*[[Pakokku University]]
*[[Computer University, Pakokku]]
*[[Technological University, Pakokku]]
*Nursing College, Pakokku
*East Pali University of Buddhism, Pakokku (Maha Vijara Rama)
*Middle Pali University of Buddhism, Pakokku (Maha Visuta Rama)
*West Pali University of Buddhism, Pakokku (Mandalay tike)

== Sports ==
The 7,000-seat Pakokku Stadium is a multi-use [[stadium]] used mostly for [[Association football|football]] matches.

==List of Ethnic Groups in Pakokku==
{{bar box
|width=35em
|barwidth=150px
|title=Ethnic Composition in Pakokku Township (Rough Estimate)
|titlebar=#ddd
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Bamar]]|orange|94.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Chin people|Chin]]|blue|2.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Yaw people|Yaw]]|Pink|1.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Mon people|Mon]]|red|0.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Rakhine people|Rakhine]]|yellow|0.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Karen people|Kayin]]|green|0.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Shan people|Shan]]|green|0.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Jingpo people|Kachin]]|black|0.01}}
{{bar percent| [[Karenni people|Kayah]]|lime|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Other groups including [[Pa'O people|Pa'O]], [[Wa people|Wa]], [[Naga people|Naga]], [[Lahu people|Lahu]], [[Lisu people|Lisu]] and [[Palaung people|Palaung]]|cyan|0.96}}
}}

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Pakokku (2014)<ref name="TUR">{{cite book | url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B067GBtstE5TSl9FNElRRGtvMUk | title=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C | publisher=Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR | author=Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR | date=July 2016 | pages=12–15}}</ref>
|title =
|label1 = Buddhism
|value1 = 99
|color1 = Yellow
|label2 = Islam
|value2 = 0.5
|color2 = Green
|label3 = Christianity
|value3 = 0.29
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = Hinduism
|value4 = 0.16
|color4 = Orange
|label5 = Atheist
|value5 = 0.05
|color5 = GreenYellow

}}

[[Buddhism]] is the practised by the majority of the population. A sizable minority, however, adheres to [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Atheism]], and [[Hinduism]].

Pakokku is the second most important and populated city of [[Buddhist monks]] in [[Myanmar]] with three Pali university of Buddhism.

== Health care ==

=== Public Hospitals ===
*Pakokku General Hospital
*Pakokku Traditional Medicine Hospital
*Pakokku Women's and Children's Hospital
*Pakokku Sangha Hospital

=== Private Hospitals ===
*ChanMyae Hospital
*ThaPyaeNyo Hospital

==References==
<references />

{{Magway Division}}

[[Category:Populated places in Magway Region]]
[[Category:Township capitals of Myanmar]]

Eparchy of Jagdalpur

2025-09-26T19:22:36Z

MableHaight9: Starting Initial Article First Draft

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic eparchy in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Eparchy
| name = Jagdalpur
| local = जगदलपुर के सूबा
| image =Jagdalpur_diocese.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =

| country = [[India]]
| territory =
| metropolitan =
| province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Ujjain|Archeparchy of Ujjain]]
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates =

| area_km2 = 39,176
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 2,953,469
| population_as_of = 2009
| catholics = 7,869
| catholics_percent = 0.3
| parishes = 28
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| established = 23 March 1972
| cathedral = Cathedral of St Joseph in [[Jagdalpur]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[Saint Joseph]]
| patron_title = 
| priests = 

| pope = Mar {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]
| metro_archbishop = Mar [[Sebastian Vadakel]] MST
| bishop = Mar Joseph Kollamparambil CMI
| bishop_title = 
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops =

| map = Map of Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Jagdalpur.png
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [http://www.jagdalpurdiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Eparchy of Jagdalpur''' is an [[Eastern Catholic]] eparchy in [[India]], under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. It came into existence when in 1977 it was raised to a diocese by [[Pope Paul VI]] by the Bull "Nobismetipsis" of 26 February, Mar [[Simon Stock Palathara]] [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]] was ordained and installed as the second Bishop of Jagdalpur. On 2013 July 16, Pope Francis accepted the resignation of Mar Simon Stock Palathara, CMI and appointed Mar Joseph Kollamparambil CMI as the new bishop.<ref name=hier>
{{cite web
|url = http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/07/16/news/31408.html
|title = Appointments, 16/07/2013
|publisher = www.vatican.va
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130717012227/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/07/16/news/31408.html
|archive-date = 2013-07-17
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/djasm.html Catholic-Hierarchy entry]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagdalpur}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1977]]
[[Category:Christianity in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{SyroMalabar-diocese-stub}}

Pâwl Kût

2025-09-02T17:14:23Z

MableHaight9:

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Mizo harvest festival}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name ={{lang|lus|Pâwl Kût}}
| image =
| caption =
| significance = Thanksgiving for a bountiful straw (rice) harvest after hardship
| nickname = Straw Harvest Festival
| observedby = [[Mizo people]] and [[Zo people]] in [[Mizoram]], India
| type = Cultural, Harvest festival
| frequency = Annual
| date = December (sometimes January)
| longtype = [[Mizo culture|Cultural]], [[Harvest festival]]
| relatedto = [[Chapchar Kut]], [[Mim Kut]], [[Thalfavang Kut]]
| celebrations = Feasting, ritual of Chawnghnawt (mother and children feeding each other), folk dances, songs, traditional games, community gatherings
}}

'''{{lang|lus|Pâwl Kût}}''' is one of the most important traditional harvest festivals of the [[Mizo people]] of [[Mizoram]], India. Celebrated annually in December, it is a thanksgiving festival marking the completion of the rice harvest and the end of the agricultural year.<ref name="Barthakur2003">{{cite book|last=Barthakur|first=Dilip Ranjan|title=The Music And Musical Instruments of North Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP4vH-4oSEcC&pg=PA55|accessdate=8 August 2012|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-881-5|page=55}}</ref><ref name="MizoramTourism">{{cite web|title=Festivals - Mizoram Tourism|url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/festivals|publisher=Department of Tourism, Mizoram|accessdate=24 May 2025}}</ref>

== Etymology and Significance ==
The word ''pawl'' means "straw" in the Mizo language, and ''kut'' means "festival" or "celebration." Thus, {{lang|lus|Pâwl Kût}} literally means the "festival of straw," referring to the straw left after the rice harvest.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYaYKXgAwLwC&q=pawl+kut+new+year&pg=PA9|title=Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography|last=Pachuau|first=Rintluanga|date=2009|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172112646}}</ref> The festival is a time of gratitude for a successful harvest, especially following years of hardship or famine, and is one of the three principal ''Kuts'' of the Mizo agricultural calendar, alongside [[Chapchar Kut]] and [[Mim Kut]].<ref name="MizoramTourism"/>

== Origins and History ==
According to Mizo oral tradition, {{lang|lus|Pâwl Kût}} originated in the 15th century when the Mizo people, after suffering a severe famine for two consecutive years, experienced a bumper rice harvest. In gratitude, they celebrated with communal feasting and thanksgiving, establishing a tradition that continues to this day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pawl Kut Festival - UTSAV|url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/pawl-kut-festival|publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India|accessdate=24 May 2025}}</ref> The festival is believed to have started in the Chin Hills (now in Myanmar) and was brought to Mizoram by migrating Mizo clans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festivals of Mizoram|url=https://www.hinduscriptures.in/vedic-lifestyle/festivals/festivals-of-mizoram/|publisher=HinduScriptures.in|accessdate=24 May 2025}}</ref>

== Celebrations ==
{{lang|lus|Pâwl Kût}} is celebrated with great enthusiasm and community spirit. The festivities typically last for two days and include:

'''Feasting:''' Meat and eggs are central to the {{lang|lus|Pâwl Kût}} feast, symbolizing abundance and prosperity.<ref name="Barthakur2003"/>

'''Chawnghnawt Ritual:''' A unique and touching ritual where mothers and their children sit on a specially constructed platform (''chawnghnawt''). The mother feeds her children meat and eggs, and the children reciprocate, symbolizing familial love, gratitude, and unity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lalthangliana |first1=B. |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |isbn=9788123026589 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of88DwAAQBAJ&q=pawl+kut&pg=PT156 |accessdate=10 December 2018}}</ref>

'''Folk Dances and Songs:''' Traditional dances and songs are performed, celebrating Mizo heritage, agricultural life, and community bonds.<ref name="MizoramTourism"/>

'''Traditional Games and Community Gatherings:''' Various games and communal activities foster camaraderie and joy.

== Modern Observance ==
Today, {{lang|lus|Pâwl Kût}} is celebrated not only in rural areas but also in urban centers like [[Aizawl]], with cultural programs, exhibitions, and participation from all sections of society. The festival is recognized as an important part of Mizoram’s intangible cultural heritage and is promoted by the state government as a symbol of unity and gratitude.<ref name="MizoramTourism"/>

== Related Festivals ==

[[Chapchar Kut]] – Spring festival marking the completion of forest clearing for jhum cultivation.

[[Mim Kut]] – Festival of the dead, celebrated after the harvest of maize and Job’s tears.

[[Thalfavang Kut]] – Festival marking the completion of weeding in jhum fields.

== See also ==

[[Mizo culture]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Harvest festivals in India]]
[[Category:Food and drink festivals in India]]

Ali Farhad Khan's Mosque

2025-06-13T17:49:23Z

MableHaight9: bio - done

{{Short description|Mosque in Aland, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Ali Farhad Khan's Mosque
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Ali Farhad Khan's Mosque.JPG
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque, viewed from the east, in 2012
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| tradition =
| sect =
| district =
| prefecture =
| province =
| region =
| deity =
| rite =
| festival = 
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]] and [[dargah]]
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| consecration_year =
| functional_status = Active
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| location = [[Aland, Karnataka|Aland]], [[Karnataka]]
| locale =
| municipality =
| cercle =
| state =
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque and dargah in [[Karnataka]]
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| sector =
| territory =
| administration =
| coordinates = {{coord|17.55690671143948|76.55878274478768|region:IN-KA_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| heritage_designation =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Architecture of the Deccan sultanates|Adil Shahi]]
| founded_by = Ali Farhad Khan
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{circa|16th century}}
| construction_cost =
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity = Two {{small|(Ali Farhad Khan and his wife)}}
| shrine_quantity =
| inscriptions = One {{small|(maybe more)}}
| materials = Stone
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| delisted1_date =
| website =
| module = 
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}}
The '''Ali Farhad Khan's Mosque''', also known as '''Kali Masjid''', is a [[mosque]] and [[dargah]], located in [[Aland, Karnataka|Aland]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. The mosque structure is a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka|state protected monument]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Jafar Khasim |date=20 February 2021 |title=The Indo-Islamic architecture of Aland |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/the-indo-islamic-architecture-of-aland-953288.html#:~:text=Popularly%20known%20as%20the%20'Kali,built%20by%20Ali%20Farhad%20Khan. |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
The mosque is built in the [[Architecture of the Deccan sultanates|Adil Shahi]] style, during the reign of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]]. It was commissioned by Ali Farhad Khan, a brother of the general [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]].

=== Exterior ===
The mosque stands atop a rectangular plinth that is {{convert|7|ft|6|in|m|order=flip}} high. The plinth is {{convert|80|ft|4|in|m|order=flip}} long and {{convert|55|ft|6|in|m|order=flip}} wide. It is accessible through a portal in the middle of the northern side, reached by a flight of eleven steps. The mosque is located at the western end of a courtyard, paved with stone slabs. Opposite the mosque stands a large masonry well, as well as two raised platforms{{spaced endash}}a [[dargah]]{{spaced endash}}containing the tombs of Ali Farhad Khan and his wife.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72334/page/n15/mode/2up |title=Annual Report Of The Archaeological Department Of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions, 1343 F. (1933-34 A.C.) |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |year=1936 |location=Calcutta |pages=4–5}}</ref>

The mosque is built out of stone masonry, and the [[façade]] has three arched entrances opening out into the eastern courtyard. Each arch has a span of {{convert|8|ft|3|in|m|order=flip}}, and there is a [[Persian language|Persian]] inscription above the central arch. The inscription, written in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script, notes that Ali Farhad Khan built the mosque, but does not give the date of its construction. Above the arches, a ''[[Chhajja|chajja]]'' rests on carved [[Bracket (architecture)|brackets]]. Finally, a [[parapet]] runs across the length of the façade, interspersed with small [[Turret (architecture)|turrets]].<ref name=":1" />

The façade is flanked by two identical octagonal minarets, each approximately {{convert|30|ft|m|order=flip}} high and {{convert|12|ft|m|order=flip}} in girth, resting on square pedestals. Four ornamental bands are placed at equal intervals on each minaret. Each minaret is topped with an orb, resting on a disc of carved lotus petals, upon which is a stone [[finial]].<ref name=":1" />

An arcade consisting of nineteen arches runs across each of the northern, southern, and western walls. Two turrets are situated on the corners of the rear wall.<ref name=":1" />

=== Interior ===
The prayer hall is {{convert|30|ft|9|in|m|order=flip}} long and {{convert|20|ft|m|order=flip}} wide. The ''[[mihrab]]'' (prayer-niche) in the center of the western wall is carved out of black stone. It is flanked by two smaller niches, which have a black stone outline. The ''[[basmala]]'' is carved over the prayer-niche. The floor is paved with slabs of grey stone.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
[[File:Ali Farhad Khan's Mosque 2.JPG|thumb|The mosque façade contains three arched entrances, and is flanked by two minarets]]
[[File:Ali Farhad Khan's Mosque 3.JPG|thumb|The [[mihrab]] in the center of the western wall]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Karnataka]]
[[Category:State Protected Monuments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Stone buildings in India]]

Kota Punnaiah

2025-06-06T21:25:43Z

MableHaight9: fixed layout further and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Indian politician (1926–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Kota Punnaiah
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date ={{birth date|1926|5|4|df=yes}}
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date|2013|6|29|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=OBITUARY REFERENCES |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/625756/2/PD_229_05082013_p1_p4_2.pdf |website=rsdebate.nic.in |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start =1960
| term_end = 1978
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| religion =
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
}}

'''Kota Punnaiah''' (May 1926 – 29 June 2013) was an Indian politician. He was a [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/p.pdf| title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sabha1973">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1LVAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 December 2017|year=1973|publisher=Council of States Secretariat|page=163}}</ref><ref name="Sabha">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Parliamentary Debate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQAfAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=23 December 2017|page=1939}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punnaiah, Kota}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]

Najafgarh Stadium

2025-05-11T15:46:07Z

MableHaight9: fixed issues

{{Short description|Stadium in Najafgarh, Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Najafgarh Stadium
| location = [[Najafgarh]], [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]
| owner = [[Delhi Development Authority]]
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28|36|40|N|76|59|19|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| opened = 2000
| cost =
| capacity = n/a
}}
'''Najafgarh Ground''' or '''Najafgarh Stadium''' is a District Level Stadium Located in the [[Najafgarh]] area of [[Delhi]], [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]. It was Established in 2000. The ground hosted a match between Manish Warriors and [[Canada cricket team]] when [[Canada cricket team]] toured India in November 2010 for practice for [[2011 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Matches Played On Najafgarh Ground, Delhi|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/8263_misc.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Matches played by Canada in India, 2010-11|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/14/Canada_in_India_2010-11.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>

The stadium is owned and managed by [[Government of Delhi]]. The stadium is only place in [[Najafgarh]] that can host sport event. It was made open to general public by [[Government of Delhi]] on 19 May 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt opens school grounds, stadiums to promote sports |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Govt-opens-school-grounds-stadiums-to-promote-sports/articleshow/47350414.cms|access-date=28 September 2016|agency=TNN|newspaper=The Times Of India|date=20 May 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/8263.html CricketArchive]
* [http://wikimapia.org/564371/Najafgarh-Stadium wikimapia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150820234027/http://www.dda.org.in/ddanew/index.aspx Delhi Development Authority]

{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Delhi]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Delhi]]
[[Category:South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Delhi]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Sanjay Meshram

2025-05-09T13:44:44Z

MableHaight9: created a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Sanjay Narayanrao Meshram''' (born 1959)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Narayanrao Meshram(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- UMRED (SC)(NAGPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=764 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Umred Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Nagpur district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umred Election Result 2024 LIVE: Sanjay Narayanrao Meshram of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/umred-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9129995.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Meshram is born in [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-25 |title=Umred MLA Meshram, an IIT-Bombay graduate, to rely on engg background for problem-solving |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/umred-mla-sanjay-meshram-iit-bombay-graduate-shaping-politics-with-engineering-solutions/articleshow/115634846.cms |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is the son of Naryanrao Meshram. He completed his BTech in mechanical at [[IIT, Mumbai]] in 1986.<ref name=":0" /> He is a former [[Rotary club|Rotary]] district president.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Meshram won from Umred Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 85,372 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sudhir Laxman Parwe of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 12,825 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE Updates {{!}} Umred Assembly Election Result 2024: Sanjay Narayanrao Meshram of Indian National Congress wins |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates-umred-assembly-election-result-2024-sudhir-parve-bjp-trails-against-sanjay-meshram-congress-2823581.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Umred, Maharashtra Election Results 2024 Highlights: Umred विधानसभा सीट पर INC प्रत्याशी Sanjay Narayanrao Meshram ने फहराया विजयी परचम |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/umred-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2103717-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

In January 2024, he filed a plea in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] along with Congress leader Jaya Thakur, seeking an interim stay on the then new law for appointing [[Election Commission of India]] members, where the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice of India]] was excluded from the panel. However, the court declined the request.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=SC refuses to stay new law excluding CJI from panel picking CEC, ECs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-refuses-stay-new-law-appointment-of-cec-ec-9106334/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Meshram, Sanjay}}

[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]

National Highway 548E (India)

2025-02-27T17:09:05Z

MableHaight9: further cleaned up layout for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 548E
| length_km = 53
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q56242203|title=National Highway 548E|zoom = 9 |frame-lat=17.66|frame-long=75.03 |text= Map of National Highway '''548E''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Mhaswad]]
| terminus_b = [[Pandharpur]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 48
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 548C
| next_route = 965
| states = [[Maharashtra]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 548E''', commonly referred to as '''NH 548E''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/173465.pdf|title=New national highways notifications dated Jan, 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=19 Aug 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=19 Aug 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=19 Aug 2018}}</ref> NH-548E traverses the state [[Maharashtra]] in India.

== Route ==

[[Mhaswad]], Piliv, [[Pandharpur]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|548C|country=IND}} Terminal near [[Mhasvad]].<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|965|country=IND}} Terminal near Pandharpur.<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/6853706 NH 548E on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH48 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]

Amman Thayee

2025-02-01T04:31:05Z

MableHaight9: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Tamil films of 2022]]

Pratihar Gurjars

2024-10-23T20:23:14Z

MableHaight9: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Parihar (clan)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with Wikidata item}}
}}

Pitambari Debi

2024-10-19T20:05:58Z

MableHaight9: put up basic entry w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian writer and lexicographer (1940–?)}}
{{Expand Odia|ପୀତାମ୍ବରୀ ଦେବୀ|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Pitambari Debi
| native_name = ପୀତାମ୍ବରୀ ଦେବୀ
| native_name_lang = or
| image = Pitambari Debi from Oriya Bhasha Kosh 1931.png
| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|06|12}}
| occupation = [[Writer]]
| birth_place = [[Puri district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
}}
'''Pitambari Debi''' (12 June 1904 – ?) was an Indian writer of [[Odia literature]], best remembered for coauthoring the ''[[:or:ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷାକୋଷ|Lexicon of the Oriya Language]]'', and her book ''Kantara Babu'' (1931).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rādhācaraṇa Paṇḍā |first1=Sudarśana Ācārẏa |last2=Rādhācaraṇa Paṇḍā |first2=Sudarśana Ācārẏa |title=ଗୋପାଳ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ପ୍ରହରାଜ |date=2010 |language=or}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panigrahi |first1=J. |last2=Mohapatra |title=Chandrasekhar Praharaj And Ors. vs Pitambari Dibya on 28 January, 1953 |journal=Indian Kanoon |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/498394/ |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ଗ୍ରାମଦେବତୀ ଭଗବତୀ ମାଁ ପୀତାମ୍ବରୀ ଦେବୀ ଙ୍କ ମନ୍ଦିର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ମହୋତ୍ସବ |url=https://odishabroadcast.com/24015 |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=Odisha Broadcast ( OB News ) |date=24 February 2020 |language=or}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debi, Pitambari}}
[[Category:1904 births]]

[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian lexicographers]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Bihari Rajputs

2023-11-14T22:08:30Z

MableHaight9: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Purbiya (soldiers)]] {{R from merge}}