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Baghor stone

2026-05-04T12:37:36Z

Maansi26: started a stub

{{Short description|Indian archeological artifact}}
[[File:Sandstone_deposits,_Near_Allahabad,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India.jpg|thumb|The type of sandstone from which the Baghor stone was made. Uttar Pradesh, India]]

'''Baghor stone''' is an [[Upper Paleolithic]] archaeological object that was found in the [[Son river]] valley near the village of Medhauli, in the [[Sidhi District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The stone was found at the site of Baghor I, which is located near the base of the [[Kaimur Range|Kaimur Escarpment]]. It was first excavated in 1980.

Baghor stone is a natural triangular piece of local sandstone; it is colourful, and decorated with yellow pigment. These types of stones may be found on top of the escarpment. The Baghor site, with all its many lithic artefacts, was probably formed between 9000 BC and 8000 BC. Researchers dated the Upper Paleolithic small blade industry at the site to be approximately 11,870 years old (± 120 [[YBP]]) or possibly older than 10,000 BC. The research team mentioned in 1983 that there is a very strong possibility that the stone represents a shrine to [[Shakti]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kenoyer|first1=J. M.|last2=Clark|first2=J. D.|last3=Pal|first3=J. N.|last4=Sharma|first4=G. R.|date=1983-07-01|title=An upper palaeolithic shrine in India?|journal=Antiquity|volume=57|issue=220|pages=88–94|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00055253|s2cid=163969200 |issn=0003-598X|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer1983_An%20Upper%20Palaeolithic%20Shrine%20in%20India.pdf}}</ref>

==Site description==
The site was first excavated under the direction of archaeologists [[G. R. Sharma]] of [[Allahabad University]] and [[J. Desmond Clark]] of [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], and assisted by [[Jonathan Mark Kenoyer]] and J.N. Pal.

This was determined as a short-term occupation site. The floor was composed of rubble, and there was a lot of manufacturing waste from stone tool manufacture. Many varieties of [[Blade (archaeology)|backed blades]] and geometric microliths were found, as well as grinding stones and ring stones.

Later, as a lot of material was removed, a stone platform was identified, with the Baghor triangular stone in the center. This platform was interpreted as a site for ritual ceremonies.

Archaeologists required a lot of time and analysis to determine the original role and meaning of the Baghor stone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt3f59n89f;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=d0e11490&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e11202&brand=calisphere|title=An Archaeologist at Work in African Prehistory and Early Human Studies: Teamwork and Insight – Interview with archaeologist J. Desmond Clark|website=www.oac.cdlib.org|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref>

==Shakti worship==
Numerous ethnographic comparisons have been made between the palaeolithic site of Baghor I and some of the other sites in the area that are still being honoured today by local peoples. Thus, Baghor site has been interpreted as the earliest mother goddess shrine in the subcontinent.<ref name="JamesPetraglia2005">{{cite journal|last1=James|first1=Hannah V.A.|last2=Petraglia|first2=Michael D.|title=Modern Human Origins and the Evolution of Behavior in the Later Pleistocene Record of South Asia|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=46|issue=S5|year=2005|pages=S3–S27|issn=0011-3204|doi=10.1086/444365|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002B-0DBC-F|s2cid=12529822 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Shakti]] worship is one of the local personifications of this tradition.

Researchers state that the significance of the central triangular stone became clear when considering current local practices, as inhabitants use similar stones with concentric geometric laminations, often triangular, as a symbol of the mother goddess. Specifically, the tribal groups [[Kol people|Kol]] and [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]] have been mentioned. Their primary subsistence has traditionally been hunting and gathering, and they currently worship at the sites rather similar to Baghor. These tribes have [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] affinities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kenoyer|first1=J. M.|last2=Clark|first2=J. D.|last3=Pal|first3=J. N.|last4=Sharma|first4=G. R.|date=1983-07-01|title=An upper palaeolithic shrine in India?|journal=Antiquity|volume=57|issue=220|pages=88–94|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00055253|s2cid=163969200 |issn=0003-598X|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer1983_An%20Upper%20Palaeolithic%20Shrine%20in%20India.pdf}}</ref> A 2020 genetic study, however, on the Kol tribe found genetic and linguistic non-correspondence. The Kol share their more recent common ancestry with both the Dravidian and [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] speaking populations, and are genetically closer to the latter.<ref name="KolDNA2020">{{cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Anshika|last2=Singh|first2=Prajjval P.|last3=Bandopadhyay|first3=Audditiya|last4=Singh|first4=Pooja|title=Genetic and linguistic non-correspondence suggests evidence for collective social climbing in the Kol tribe of South Asia|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|year=2020|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-61941-z|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340232651_Genetic_and_linguistic_non-correspondence_suggests_evidence_for_collective_social_climbing_in_the_Kol_tribe_of_South_Asia|doi-access=free|pmc=7101412}}</ref>

The living shrine at which it was found is currently used as a place for worshipping [[Devi]] by [[Hindus]]. The triangular shape of the stone is that of the [[Kali]] [[Yantra]] which is also still in use across India. The Kol and Baiga tribes consider the triangular shape to symbolize the mother goddess 'Mai', variously named Kerai, Kari, Kali, [[Kali]]ka or Karika.<ref name="AdheerSom2023">{{cite news|last=Som|first=Adheer|title=Baghor Kali: The timeless roots of Sanatana Dharma|year=2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/baghor-kali-the-timeless-roots-of-sanatana-dharma/articleshow/105089867.cms|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=November 11, 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Yantra]]
*[[South Asian Stone Age]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal|last1=Chattopadhyaya|first1=Indrani|title=Living Tradition: A Study of Prehistoric Rock-paintings and Indigenous Art from District Sonbhadra, Southern Uttar Pradesh, India|journal=Athens Journal of Humanities and Arts|volume=3|issue=4|year=2016|pages=251–270|issn=2241-7702|doi=10.30958/ajha.3.4.3|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Misra|first1=V. N.|title=Prehistoric human colonization of India|journal=Journal of Biosciences|volume=26|issue=4|year=2001|pages=491–531|issn=0250-5991|doi=10.1007/BF02704749|pmid=11779962 |s2cid=26248907 }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Sacha C.|last2=Pal|first2=J.N.|title=The Palaeolithic of the Middle Son valley, north-central India: Changes in hominin lithic technology and behaviour during the Upper Pleistocene|journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=28|issue=3|year=2009|pages=323–341|issn=0278-4165|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2009.05.003}}

==External links==
*[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Spirituality_in_India_-_A_Cultural_Perspective/Roots_of_Indian_spirituality Spirituality in India - A Cultural Perspective/Roots of Indian spirituality]

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Sidhi district]]

Nashik Central Assembly constituency

2026-04-25T17:53:06Z

Maansi26: put up a info more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nashik Central
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| constituency_no = 124
| map_image = 124-Nashik Central.svg
| map_caption =
| loksabha_cons = [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Devayani Farande]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors =345,502
}}
'''Nashik Central Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of the six assembly segments under [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency]]. As of 2019, its representative is [[Devayani Farande]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2024}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class=wikitable
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nashik Central Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/nashik-central.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Vasantrao Gite]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Devayani Farande|Devyani Suhas Pharande]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik Central<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nashik Central">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nashik Central |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13124.htm |access-date=23 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223092948/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13124.htm |archive-date=23 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Devayani Farande|Devyani Suhas Pharande]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 105,689 |percentage = 53.11% |change={{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vasantrao Gite]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 87,833 |percentage = 44.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mushir Muniroddin Sayed |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,080 |percentage = 1.55% |change={{decrease}}4.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,660 |percentage = 0.83% |change={{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,856 |percentage = 8.97% |change= {{decrease}}9.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 200,659 |percentage = 58.08% |change= {{increase}}9.78 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 198,999}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 345,502|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik Central<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Devayani Farande|Devyani Suhas Pharande]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,460 |percentage = 48.07% |change={{increase}}9.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hemlata Ninad Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,062 |percentage = 29.49% |change={{increase}}12.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Nitin Keshavrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 22,140 |percentage = 14.49% |change={{decrease}}6.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Bharat Sabale |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 9,163 |percentage = 6.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,493 |percentage = 1.63% |change={{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Rangnath Doke |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 933 |percentage = 0.61% |change={{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,398 |percentage = 18.58% |change= {{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,324 |percentage = 48.60% |change= {{decrease}}3.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,818}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 319,566|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik Central<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Devayani Farande|Devyani Suhas Pharande]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,548 |percentage = 38.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vasantrao Gite]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 33,276 |percentage = 20.89% |change={{decrease}}25.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khaire Shahu Sahadevrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,393 |percentage = 16.57% |change={{decrease}}6.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Boraste Ajay Bhaskarrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 24,549 |percentage = 15.41% |change={{decrease}}3.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khaire Vinayak(Naiya) Dattatray |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 7,095 |percentage = 4.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tejale Devidas Laxman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,308 |percentage = 1.45% |change={{increase}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,401 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Imran Dagushaikh |party=Independent politician |votes = 993 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,272 |percentage = 17.75% |change= {{decrease}}5.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,771 |percentage = 51.92% |change= {{increase}}4.93 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,309}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 309,633|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |swing= {{decrease}}7.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vasantrao Gite]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 62,167 |percentage = 46.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh|Dr. Bachhav Shobha Dinesh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,998 |percentage = 23.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagul Sunil Kisan |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 24,784 |percentage = 18.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Saiyyad Mushir Munirodin |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 9,206 |percentage = 6.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shafik Harun Chaudhari |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,168 |percentage = 2.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kokani Akhtar Gafur |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,538 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,169 |percentage = 23.28% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,926 |percentage = 46.52% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,911}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 287,859|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Nashik district}}
{{coord|19|59|27.98|N|73|43|15.88|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Nashik]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Rebel (2012 film)

2026-04-24T14:14:28Z

Maansi26: creating a pg from scratch

{{short description|2012 Indian film by Raghava Lawrence}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rebel
| image = Rebel Movie Poster Prabhas.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Raghava Lawrence
| producer = {{plainlist|
* J. Bhagavan
* J. Pulla Rao}}
| writer = Raghava Lawrence
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Prabhas]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
* [[Deeksha Seth]]
* [[Mukesh Rishi]]
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
* Raghava Lawrence (songs)
* S. Chinna (score)}}
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Sri Balaji Cine Media
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] (Nizam)
* 7 Seas (overseas)
* 14 Reels Entertainment (Krishna)
* N.V. Prasad (ceded)}}
| released = {{Film date|2012|09|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 176 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR}}44 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Prabhas Top 10 Highest Grossing Films |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/prabhas-top-10-highest-grossing-films/photostory/106099056.cms |website=timesnownews |language=en |date=18 December 2023 |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rebel''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Raghava Lawrence]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] featuring [[Prabhas]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Deeksha Seth]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], K. C. Shankar, and [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]. It was produced by J. Bhaghawan and J. Pulla Rao under the Sri Balaji Cine Media banner.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Prabhas with Tamannaah, Deeksha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhas-with-tamannaah-deeksha-news-news-ljnmcqabihf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915191012/http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhas-with-tamannaah-deeksha-news-news-ljnmcqabihf.html |archive-date=15 September 2011 |access-date=13 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Lawrence also handled the dance choreography and soundtrack, while the background score was handled by S. Chinna.

''Rebel'' was theatrically released worldwide on 28 September 2012. The film received mixed reviews from critics and underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=Lawrence told to pay 2.5 cr to Rebel producers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lawrence-told-to-pay-2-5-cr-to-rebel-producers/articleshow/17637974.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321070835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lawrence-told-to-pay-2-5-cr-to-rebel-producers/articleshow/17637974.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rishi is the happy-go-lucky son of Bhupathi, a powerful [[dictator]] of the village, who is respected by the villagers. Rishi is influenced by his father's ideals and grows up just like him. However, Bhupathi does not want his son to take up violence and sends him to [[Bangalore]] to study and also learn music. While in Bangalore, Rishi falls for an orphan named Deepali and brings her to his house in disguise of his old music teacher as he wants his father to be happy about him not taking up violence. During the festival held in their village, a politician named Simhadri sends 100 thugs to kill Bhupathi and his family, but Rishi eliminates all the thugs.

Bhupathi's brother Jayram joins hands with Simhadri so that they can kill Bhupathi as he has exiled his son permanently from his house. Bhupathi, his wife Lakshmi and Deepali are killed by Jayaram and his son. Simhadri tells Rishi that a local goon helped Jayram kill Bhupathi and his family. Simhadri soon kills himself. Rishi along with Bhupathi's bodyguards assist him in exacting revenge. Two years later, Rishi discovers that a goon named Stephen is doing illegal business in [[Hyderabad]] since a long time and also discovers that Robert is none other than Jayaram. Robert started working with Stephen right after Bhupathi's death and the duo became powerful gangsters.

Rishi suspects that Jayaram's new identity is Robert, where he leaves to Hyderabad and finds that Stephen and Robert have an assistant named Nanu, who works in [[Bangkok]]. Rishi meets Nanu's daughter Nandini and the two fall in love with each other. Nanu shows his phone to Nandini as she wants to see the photos of Stephen and Robert. Rishi sees the photos, where he confirms that Robert is indeed Jayaram's new identity. Later, Raju reveals Rishi's tragic past to Nandini, after hearing which Nandini decides to help Rishi in locating Stephen and Robert.

Rishi bribes Nanu's henchmen to stop protecting Nanu and tortures Nanu until the latter agrees to lure Stephen and Robert into a trap. It is revealed that Stephen and Robert sent two henchmen to disguise themselves as Stephen and Robert. Robert tells Rishi that he sent his henchmen to kidnap Raju, Nandini and Rishi's bodyguards. Rishi gets taken to his old house, where Raju and the rest of his bodyguards are killed, but Nandini is left alive. Stephen and his henchmen brutally beat up Rishi. However, Rishi beats up all the henchmen and finally kills Stephen, Robert and his son, thus avenging the deaths of his parents and Deepali. Rishi and Nandini then reunite with each other.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prabhas]] as Rishi alias "Rebel"
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Nandini
* [[Deeksha Seth]] as Deepali
* K. C. Shankar as Stephen
* [[Kelly Dorji]] as APC-MI6
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Jayaram alias Robert, Bhupathi's brother and Rishi's paternal uncle
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as Bhupathi, Rishi's father
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] as Lakshmi, Rishi's mother
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Narasa Raju
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as [[Kamal Haasan]] Shiv Shankar
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Simhadri
* [[Supreeth]] as Raju, Bhupathi's bodyguard
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Nanu, Nandini's father
* [[Vikram Singh (actor)|Vikram Singh]] as David
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Jayaram's son
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Shastri
* [[Ananth Babu]] as Shastri
* Ravi Nair as Sanjay
* Junior Relangi as Junior Shastri
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Ajay
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as a police officer
* [[Vincent Asokan]] as Varadan
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Shankar
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Nandini's aunt
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Rishi's aunt
* [[Shanoor Sana]] as Nandini's friend
* [[Rajitha]] as Nandini's aunt}}

== Production ==
In December 2011, it was reported that the unit would go back to Bangkok to shoot some vital scenes and action sequences with Tamannaah and Prabhas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas Rebel shooting in Bangkok and Malaysia |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/35446/tollywood/prabhas-rebel-shooting-in-bangkok-news-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412110616/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/35446/tollywood/prabhas-rebel-shooting-in-bangkok-news-details |archive-date=12 April 2012 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=Super Good Movies}}</ref>

After completing the schedule, the filming resumed at [[Pollachi]] where scenes on Prabhas and other lead cast were canned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebel shooting in pollachi |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/news-interviews/32712749_1_rebel-prabhas-pollachi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103104745/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/news-interviews/32712749_1_rebel-prabhas-pollachi |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=18 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The filming shifted to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] where action episodes involving Prabhas were shot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebel in Pondicherry |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-22/news-interviews/32787788_1_young-rebel-star-prabhas-tamannaah-and-deeksha-seth-director-raghava-lawrence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117034113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-22/news-interviews/32787788_1_young-rebel-star-prabhas-tamannaah-and-deeksha-seth-director-raghava-lawrence |archive-date=17 January 2014 |access-date=18 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The last schedule of filming took at an aluminium factory in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebel last schedule at aluminium factory |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rebel-targets-aluminium-factory-for-last-schedule/287730-71-216.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127152719/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rebel-targets-aluminium-factory-for-last-schedule/287730-71-216.html |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=IBN live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rebel
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Raghava Lawrence]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|9|14}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:53
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Raghava Lawrence
| prev_title = [[Don (2007 film)|Don]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Raghava Lawrence]] himself composed the songs while the [[film score]] was composed by S. Chinna.{{cn|date=September 2025}} The soundtrack of the film was released through [[Aditya Music]] label on 14 September 2012 at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebel audio launch tomorrow |url=http://www.rebelthefilm.com/home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820052252/http://www.rebelthefilm.com/home/ |archive-date=20 August 2012 |access-date=13 September 2012 |publisher=rebelthefilm.com}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:53
| title1 = Keka
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]], Lloyd Paul, [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]], [[Naresh Iyer]]
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length1 = 4:09
| title2 = Deepali
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Priya Himesh|Priya Hemesh]], Diya (Child) & Group
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = Google
| extra3 = [[Andrea Jeremiah|Andrea]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]] & Group
| lyrics3 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Orinayano
| extra4 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]], [[Vijay Prakash]] & Group
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length4 = 5:09
| title5 = Excellent Nee Figure (Remix)
| extra5 = Benny Dayal, Lloyd Paul, Sathyan, Naresh Iyer
| lyrics5 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length5 = 3:20
}}

== Release ==

=== Distribution ===
It was announced that 7 Seas, a premier entertainment company, purchased the overseas theatrical distribution rights of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebel Overseas rights |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-25/news-interviews/33384650_1_prabhas-rebel-j-pulla-rao-tamannaah-and-deeksha-seth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105012902/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-25/news-interviews/33384650_1_prabhas-rebel-j-pulla-rao-tamannaah-and-deeksha-seth |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=18 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Tamil Nadu theatrical distribution rights were sold for ₹33 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebel sold for huge prize in TN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-16/news-interviews/33879701_1_prabhas-rebel-record-price-telugu-films |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103142837/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-16/news-interviews/33879701_1_prabhas-rebel-record-price-telugu-films |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=18 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
''Rebel'' received mixed reviews, with praise for [[Prabhas]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]'s performances, action sequences, and production values, but criticism for its plot, screenwriting, and technical aspects.

Purnima Ranawat of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote "Rebel serves up fare for the mass audience. The film will be definitely liked by Prabhas' fans. Watch it for the dancing talent of Tamannaah Bhatia and action skills of Prabhas."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebel movie review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=273278&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=273278 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930230808/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=273278&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=273278 |archive-date=30 September 2012 |access-date=28 September 2012 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Working with hardly any storyline, director Raghava Lawrence had made a film that is arduous to watch... Rebel is a movie for the masses and certainly not for the discerning audience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |title=Review: Rebel is for the masses |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-rebel-is-for-masses/20120928.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001024722/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-rebel-is-for-masses/20120928.htm |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=29 September 2012 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>

Jeevi from ''Idlebrain.com'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Rebel is an revenge-based action film. Prabhas is known as one of the best mass stars of [[Telugu cinema]]. Lawrence's movies are known to appeal to the raw senses of mass movie lovers. Rebel is no exception. Interval block is really good. Rebel has decent commercial elements and targeted at masses. Masses will like it.<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rebel.html Rebel review – Telugu cinema – Prabhas & Tamanna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930230709/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rebel.html |date=30 September 2012 }}. Idlebrain.com (2012-09-28). Retrieved 2015-09-06.</ref>

== Dubbed versions ==
The film was dubbed into [[Malayalam]] with the same title. It was dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''The Return of Rebel'' and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Veerabali''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Veerabali Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/veerabali/movieshow/61295961.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312095541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/veerabali/movieshow/61295961.cms |archive-date=12 March 2022 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Return Of Rebel Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/the-return-of-rebel/movieshow/61267853.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312100011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/the-return-of-rebel/movieshow/61267853.cms |archive-date=12 March 2022 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2235858|Rebel}}

{{Raghava Lawrence}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2012 action films]]
[[Category:Films set in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:2012 masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raghava Lawrence]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]

Lakhan Patel

2026-04-23T06:45:58Z

Maansi26: put up basic post initial version!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pathariya Assembly constituency|Pathariya]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end = 2018
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Ramkrishna Kusmaria
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = Rambai Govind Singh
| constituency1 = [[Pathariya Assembly constituency|Pathariya]]
}}
'''Lakhan Patel''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a two time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Pathariya Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Political career ==
In the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Patel was nominated by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Madhya Pradesh|Bharatiya Janata Party]] to contest from the [[Pathariya Assembly constituency]]. He faced [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Kunvar Pushpendra Singh Hazari and won by a narrow margin of 7,315 votes, securing a total of 60,083 votes, while Hazari received 52,768 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pathariya, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/madhya-pradesh/pathariya-assembly-constituency-s12aed2008a054/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Pathariya Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Lakhan Patel defeats INC's Rao Brajendra Singh with 18159 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/pathariya-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470421-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018 Madhya Pradesh Assembly election]], Patel again contested from the BJP but lost to [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate Rambai Govind Singh by a margin of 2,205 votes. Patel received 37,062 votes, while Singh secured 39,267 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2023-12-03 |title=Pathariya Election Result 2023 Live Updates: BJP Won In This Seat Of MP |url=https://www.thequint.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election/pathariya-election-result-2023-live-updates-counting-of-votes-mp-assembly-elections-bjp-congress-candidate-2#read-more |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In the 2023 Assembly election, Patel once again ran on a BJP ticket and won, defeating [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate Rao Brajendra Singh by a margin of 18,159 votes, with Patel receiving 82,603 votes and Singh securing 64,444 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Lakhan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

S. M. Balan

2026-04-21T02:52:26Z

Maansi26: creating new pg w/ refs

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. M. Balan
| native_name = எசு. எம். பாலன்
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|7|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lalgudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2006
| predecessor = [[K. N. Nehru]]
| successor = [[A. Soundara Pandian]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Farmer
| profession = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''S. M. Balan''' was an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from [[Lalgudi]], [[Tiruchirappalli district]]. Representing the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party, he contested and won the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Lalgudi Assembly constituency]] to become a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 475-477.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/lalgudi.html | title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Lalgudi Assembly Constituency | accessdate=25 February 2026}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Lalgudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Balan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,288 |percentage=47.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Nehru]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,678 |percentage=45.81% |change={{decrease}} 22.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Adhanam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,665 |percentage=3.77% |change={{decrease}} 6.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Stephen |party=Independent politician |votes=1,412 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Pappu |party=Independent politician |votes=946 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Akthar Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=875 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Mohankumar |party=Independent politician |votes=512 |percentage=0.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. N. Gunasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=0.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,610 |percentage=1.30% |change=-47.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,719 |percentage=67.15% |change= -9.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,259 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balan, S.M.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sivalinga (2017 film)

2026-04-20T18:46:58Z

Maansi26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sivalinga
| image = Shivalinga 2017.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = R. Ravindran
| writer = P. Vasu
| based_on = ''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]'' (Kannada) By P. Vasu
| starring = [[Raghava Lawrence]] [[Shakthi Vasudevan]] [[Ritika Singh]]
| music = [[S. S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[Sarvesh Murari]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Trident Arts
| distributor = Across Films
| released = {{Film date|2017|04|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Sivalinga''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy horror|horror]] [[mystery film|mystery thriller film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]], starring [[Raghava Lawrence]], [[Shakthi Vasudevan]] and [[Ritika Singh]] with [[Vadivelu]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] in supporting roles.

It is a remake of Vasu's earlier 2016 Kannada [[Shivalinga (2016 film)|film of the same name]] which starred [[Shiva Rajkumar]], the project began production in July 2016 and finished in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivalinga remake in the pipeline |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shivalinga-remake-in-the-pipeline-news-tamil-qgzvcmjbdjfdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819175308/http://www.sify.com/movies/shivalinga-remake-in-the-pipeline-news-tamil-qgzvcmjbdjfdc.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-24 |title=Lawrence Raghava, Ritika Singh pair up for horror flick Shivalinga |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/lawrence-raghava-ritika-singh-pair-up-for-horror-flick-shivalinga-4392938/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616053439/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/lawrence-raghava-ritika-singh-pair-up-for-horror-flick-shivalinga-4392938/ |archive-date=16 June 2018 |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Raheem and his well-trained [[pigeon]] Saara are alone in a coach aboard a train when a blind man enters and reaches an open door. Raheem saves the man, but the man turns out to be an assassin and throws Raheem off the moving train to his death. Raheem's death is ruled a suicide, but Raheem's fiancée Sangeetha knows that Raheem had no reason to kill himself. The same night, Raheem appears in Sangeetha's dream and says that he was murdered. The following day, Raheem's case is forwarded to the CBCID at Sangeetha's request.

Shivalingeshwaran aka Shiva is a strict [[Criminal Investigation Department|CID]] officer married to a thrill-seeker named Sathya. The two live in a house that is near a cemetery. Shiva is assigned to Raheem's case and begins the investigation. The same night, Sathya sees a ghost of a child and is frightened by this. However, Shiva cannot see the ghost and thinks Sathya is imagining it. Then he appoints Pattukunjam, a thief who comes to that house as a servant and night watchman. The following day, Shiva visits Raheem's home to investigate Raheem's relationship with his father and Sangeetha. Shiva suspects Sangeetha's father Krishnamoorthy is responsible for Raheem's death as he disapproves of Raheem & Sangeetha's love, only to find out that he has nothing to do with Raheem's death.

Sathya's behaviour becomes erratic. She travels around the city in search of someone and she's redecorated the house with green curtains and lights and has cooked biriyani, even though she has no experience in cooking. Pattukunjam and a few other maids inform Shiva about Sathya's strange behaviour. Shiva meets his friend and [[psychiatrist]], Ashok who advises Shiva to secretly observe her behaviour. That night, Shiva returns home early. He hears a man's voice and smells a cigar burning. He heads to Sathya's room and is shocked to discover that Raheem's soul has possessed Sathya's body. Raheem warns Shiva, that he must solve Raheem's murder.

Shiva accesses the security footage at the railway station and discovers that a person, who was acting as a blind man is the killer. Shiva tracks down the killer and chases him, finally cornering him on a train coach with no passengers. Sathya, who is still possessed by Raheem, enters and demands to know why the man killed him. The man tries to escape by jumping out of the moving train but falls to his death. Shiva takes Sathya to a Darga, informing only Sathya's mother Sarala about what has been happening. Baba helps them to exorcise Raheem's soul, but only temporarily. He tells Shiva that solving Raheem's case is the only solution for saving Sathya.

Shiva starts the investigation piece by piece, and Raheem's pigeon Saara helps Shiva by giving clues. Shiva interrogates Sathya at the CID Conference Hall about Raheem. It is then revealed that Raheem recovered Sathya's stolen iPad and returned it to her. Raheem refuses to even tell his name, so Sathya clicks a picture of him for the sake of his noble gesture. Sathya's stalker college mate sees this and feels jealous. So he calls Sathya's residential landline and when her father Viswanathan answers, he purposefully plants wrong information that Sathya and Raheem are planning to elope and marry. Hearing this, Viswanathan hires David, an assassin to injure and cripple Raheem.

After unveiling the truth about the mistaken identity, the ghost of Raheem possesses Sathya and threatens everyone present in the hall. Sathya's father begs for his forgiveness and says that he intended to only harm Raheem, not kill him. Shiva also begs Raheem to leave Sathya's body and asks Raheem to possess him instead, promising to show the killer. Then, it is revealed that a pigeon race organiser discovered David's assignment to injure Raheem and paid David more money to kill him since Raheem and Saara are his nemeses in the pigeon race and the duo always wins. The organiser is insulted by his friends for his incapability. The possessed Shiva kills all the henchmen while allowing Raheem to exit his body and possess and kill the pigeon race organiser. In the end credits, Shiva and a pregnant Sathya reunite.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Raghava Lawrence]] as Shivalingeswaran, a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer
*[[Shakthi Vasudevan]] as Raheem (credited as Shakthivel Vasu)
*[[Ritika Singh]] as Sathyabama (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])
*[[Vadivelu]] as Pattukunjam
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Arusuvai Annalakshmi
*[[Radharavi]] as Krishnamurthy
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Abdullah
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Viswanathan
*[[VTV Ganesh]] as N. Murali
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Sarala
*[[Saipriya Deva]] as Sangeetha
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Baba
*[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Pigeon Race Organizer and the Main culprit in Raheem's Murder
*[[Madhuvanti Arun]] as CID Chief
*[[Sivashankar]] as Arusuvai Annalakshmi's assistant
*Bharathi
*Danny Kuttappa as David
*Shyam Prasad
*[[P. Vasu]] in a cameo appearance in song "Saarah Saarah"
{{colend}}

==Production==
Following the success of [[P. Vasu]]'s Kannada horror film, ''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]'' (2016), the filmmaker chose to remake the project in Tamil. Vasu initially tried to market the project as ''Chandramukhi 2'', as a spiritual sequel to ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005), and approached [[Rajinikanth]] to portray the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2016 |title=P Vasu to remake Shivalinga in Tamil as Chandramukhi 2 |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/p-vasu-to-remake-shivalinga-in-tamil-as-chandramukhi-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813160025/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/p-vasu-to-remake-shivalinga-in-tamil-as-chandramukhi-2.html |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> However, the actor did not accept to work on the project, while reports suggested that Vasu may approach [[Ajith Kumar]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2016 |title=Rajinikanth refers Ajith's name for 'Sivalinga' remake, will Thala accept P Vasu's offer? |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanth-refers-ajiths-name-shivalinga-remake-will-thala-accept-p-vasus-offer-675432#Iv2lF1XqdRpgTeLB.97 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816180444/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanth-refers-ajiths-name-shivalinga-remake-will-thala-accept-p-vasus-offer-675432#Iv2lF1XqdRpgTeLB.97 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> In March 2016, [[Raghava Lawrence]] accepted to work on the film, while [[Vadivelu]] was also signed on to appear in a role thereafter. After negotiations with [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Hansika Motwani]], Vasu chose to sign on Ritika Singh for the female lead role. Vasu's son, [[Shakthi Vasudevan|Shakthi]] was also added to the cast to reprise the role he had portrayed in the original version. Shakthi revealed that his character would have more prominence in the Tamil version, in comparison with the Kannada version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawrence-Ritika in 'Shivalinga' remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lawrence-ritika-in-shivalinga-remake-imagegallery-kollywood-qhooGxiabdhge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717210435/http://www.sify.com/movies/lawrence-ritika-in-shivalinga-remake-imagegallery-kollywood-qhooGxiabdhge.html |archive-date=17 July 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film was launched in a ceremony during mid July 2016, with [[Radharavi]], [[Bhanupriya]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] revealed to be a part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2016 |title=Lawrence-Ritika film Shivalinga starts rolling |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160716/lawrence-ritika-film-shivalinga-starts-rolling.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107083747/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160716/lawrence-ritika-film-shivalinga-starts-rolling.html |archive-date=7 January 2017 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> The film's first schedule was completed in Chennai during August 2016. The film ended up being a commercial success, a huge comeback for Lawrence and director P. Vasu.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Shivalinga' shoot begins today in Bangalore |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shivalinga-shoot-begins-today-in-bangalore-news-tamil-qibkq2jhafbab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804153516/http://www.sify.com/movies/shivalinga-shoot-begins-today-in-bangalore-news-tamil-qibkq2jhafbab.html |archive-date=4 August 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. Thaman]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Sivalinga
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Film soundtrack
| length = 21:22
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| title1 = Chinna Kabali
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Naveen (singer)|Naveen]], [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]

| music1 = [[S. S. Thaman]]
| all_lyrics = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| length1 = 4:37

| title2 = Sirika Vechu
| extra2 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Ramya Behra
| music2 = S. S. Thaman
| length2 = 4:17

| title3 = Rangu Rakkara
| extra3 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| music3 = S. S. Thaman
| length3 = 4:29

| title4 = Sivalinga
| extra4 = [[Usha Uthup]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]], [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
| music4 = S. S. Thaman
| length4 = 3:42

| title5 = Saarah Saarah
| extra5 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| music5 = S. S. Thaman
| length5 = 4:17
}}

==Reception==
The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a two out of five star review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-14 |title=Sivalinga movie review: This Raghava Lawrencce starrer is clichéd yet entertaining |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/sivalinga-movie-review-this-raghava-lawrencce-starrer-is-cliched-yet-entertaining/story-HnhCymxBZ8Tbd4bp9paWgK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012120216/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/sivalinga-movie-review-this-raghava-lawrencce-starrer-is-cliched-yet-entertaining/story-HnhCymxBZ8Tbd4bp9paWgK.html |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=6723182}}
{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2017 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]

Manika Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:07Z

Maansi26: put up some stub w/ sources!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| name = Manika
| map_image = Manika constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[Latehar district|Latehar]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Ramchandra Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:238041}}
| constituency_no = 73
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Manika Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> It was previously in [[Latehar Assembly constituency]]. In 1977 it was partitioned forming new ''''Manika (Vidhan Sabha Constituency''')'.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1977: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=4|[[Yamuna Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Ramchandra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Yamuna Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Ramchandra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2|[[Harikrishna Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Ramchandra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manika<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=74,946 |percentage=42.50% |change={{decrease}}6.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harikrishna Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,092 |percentage=32.94% |change={{decrease}}5.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muneshwar Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=18,748 |percentage=10.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghupal Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=8,403 |percentage=4.76% |change={{increase}}2.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,583 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atul Kumar Singh |party=Hindustani Awam Manch (United) |votes=2,820 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,747 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=5,030 |percentage=2.85% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,854 |percentage=9.56% |change= {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,76,351 |percentage=67.62% |change= {{increase}}4.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,60,816 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manika<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=74,000 |percentage=49.27% |change={{increase}}27.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghupal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=57,760 |percentage=38.46% |change={{increase}}13.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Victor Kerketta |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,941 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardayal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,476 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Lagan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,945 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,867 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal Singh |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,656 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,980 |percentage=3.32% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,240 |percentage=10.81% |change= {{increase}}9.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,50,190 |percentage=63.09% |change= {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,38,041 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}24.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manika<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harikrishna Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,583 |percentage=24.70% |change={{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Singh]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=30,500 |percentage=23.86% |change={{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muneshwar Oraon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,731 |percentage=21.69% |change={{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neera Devi |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=6,326 |percentage=4.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shilpa Kumari |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=5,975 |percentage=4.67% |change={{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Minj |party=Independent politician |votes=4,750 |percentage=3.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Bhagat |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,027 |percentage=3.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,660 |percentage=3.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,083 |percentage=0.85% |change= {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,27,846 |percentage=59.77% |change= {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,13,888 |ref = |change= {{increase}}40.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manika<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harikrishna Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,645 |percentage=21.98% |change={{increase}}10.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rameshwar Oraon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,876 |percentage=19.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Singh]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=15,214 |percentage=17.94% |change={{decrease}}1.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muneshwar Oraon |party=Jharkhand Janadikhar Manch |votes=7,425 |percentage=8.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrit Joy Kujur |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=3,300 |percentage=3.89% |change={{decrease}}8.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janeshwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,057 |percentage=3.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanhai Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=2,349 |percentage=2.77% |change={{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,769 |percentage=2.09% |change= {{decrease}}5.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,825 |percentage=55.60% |change= {{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,558 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}36.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}2.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manika<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Singh]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=26,460 |percentage=19.34% |change={{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Deepak Oraon |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=16,577 |percentage=12.12% |change={{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yamuna Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,680 |percentage=11.46% |change={{decrease}}25.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Prakash Minj |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=3,709 |percentage=2.71% |change={{decrease}}11.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeshwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,419 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardayal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,703 |percentage=1.98% |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,548 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,883 |percentage=7.22% |change= {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,36,824 |percentage=57.21% |change= {{increase}}23.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,39,166 |ref = |change= {{increase}}78.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}17.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Manika<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yamuna Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,674 |percentage=37.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Singh]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=11,905 |percentage=26.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeshwar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,239 |percentage=16.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Prakash Minj |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=6,477 |percentage=14.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar Bhagat |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,799 |percentage=4.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Lakra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=911 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,769 |percentage=10.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,005 |percentage=34.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,33,838 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.87|84.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Latehar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Geeta Colony Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:51Z

Maansi26: Made A Article.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Geeta Colony
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2008
| state =[[Delhi]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}
'''Geeta Colony''' was a [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituency of the [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]], [[New Delhi]], India from 1967 to 2008.<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3875-delhi-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>

==Formation==
The constituency was created pursuant to "Delimitation Order, 1967". Its first election was held in 1972 and it was assigned identification number 25.The history behind the name taken from BHAGVAT GEETA which have 18 chapters so Geeta Colony have total 18 blocks accordingly.

==Extinguishment==
The constituency ceased to exist in 2008 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed.<ref name="Delimitation Order, 1967">{{cite news|title=Delimitation Order, 1967|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=3 September 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=3 September 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

==Area covered==
The Geeta Colony Assembly constituency was delineated by a line starting from the junction of Gandhi Nagar Road with Yamuna and running eastwards along Gandhi Nagar Road up to its junction with the eastern boundary of Krishna Nagar, thence along the eastern and southern boundary of Krishna Nagar and along the southern boundary of Geeta Colony up to the Canal Bund; thence westwards along the Canal Bund up to Yamuna; thence north-westwards along Yamuna back to the starting point.<ref name="Delimitation Order, 1967"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="Geeta Colony Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency">{{cite news |title=Geeta Colony Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/geetacolony-delhi-assembly-constituency |access-date=10 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Result University |date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210154955/https://resultuniversity.com/election/geetacolony-delhi-assembly-constituency |archive-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1972
|Brij Lal Goswami
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="3" |Ashok Kumar Walia
|-
|[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|}

==See also==
*[[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[New Delhi]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.651|77.271|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:North East Delhi district]]
[[Category:History of New Delhi]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Sapotra Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:47Z

Maansi26: Started some article added tags

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sapotra
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-84-Sapotra.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type= SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli–Dholpur]]
| constituency_no = 84
| district = [[Karauli]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Hansraj Meena]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = 2,49,633 (2018)
}}
'''Sapotra Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] covering the Sapotra Tehsil in the [[Karauli district]] of [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="election2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/sapotra.html|title=Sapotra (Rajasthan) Assembly Constituency Elections|work=www.elections.in|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{Cite news|title=Sapotra Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) (MLA) Elections Result Live|work=[[News18]]|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/sapotra-election-result-s20a084/|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="election2020-1">{{Cite web|title=Sapotra Assembly Results|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/rajasthan/sapotra-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|website=ElectionsinIndia|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>

Sapotra is one of eight assembly constituencies in the [[Karauli–Dholpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Currently this seat is represented by [[Indian National Congress]] candidate '''[[Ramesh Chand Meena]]''', who won in last assembly election of [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''[[Golma Devi Meena]]''' by a margin of 14,104 votes.<ref name=RU>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sapotra-rajasthan-assembly-constituency|title=Sapotra Assembly Constituency Election Result|date=12 December 2018|website=resultuniversity.com|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of Sapotra Tehsil, Mandrail Tehsil, Karauli Tehsil (Partly) (1) ILRC Maholi (2) ILRC Kailadevi<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|date=20 August 2018|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Dharam Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Constituency abolished''
|-
|1967
| rowspan=2|Ram Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|1972
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1977
| rowspan=2|Rangji Meena
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1980
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|1985
| Rishikesh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1990
|Prabhu Lal Patel
|-
|1993
| Rangji Meena
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|1998
|Kamala
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Sukh Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan=3|[[Ramesh Chand Meena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Hansraj Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sapotra<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hansraj Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:111385}}
|percentage = 56.24
|change = +19.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramesh Chand Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:67551}}
|percentage = 34.11
|change = -10.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Urf Kallu
|votes = {{formatnum:11304}}
|percentage = 5.71
|change = -7.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1634}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change = -0.49
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43834}}
|percentage = 22.13
|change = +13.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198042}}
|percentage = 72.01
|change = +3.6
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===

In 2018, Sapotra legislative assembly constituency had total 2,49,633 electors. Total number of valid vote was 1,70,763. [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ramesh Chand Meena]] won and became MLA from this seat third time continuously. He secured total 76,399 votes. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Golma Devi Meena]] stood second with total 62,295 votes. He lost by 14,104 votes.

{{Election box begin|
title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sapotra<ref name=RU/><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chand Meena]]
|votes = {{formatnum:76399}}
|percentage = 44.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Golma Devi Meena]]
|votes = {{formatnum:62295}}
|percentage = 36.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hansraj Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:22831}}
|percentage = 13.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = Jagdish
|votes = {{formatnum:2063}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2260}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14104}}
|percentage = 8.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170763}}
|percentage = 68.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}7.91
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
In 2013, Sapotra legislative assembly constituency had total 2,13,158 electors. Total number of valid vote was 1,42,681. [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ramesh Chand Meena]] won and became MLA from this seat. He secured total 52,555 votes. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Rishikesh stood second with total 46,323 votes. He lost by 6,232 votes.
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sapotra<ref name=RU/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chand Meena]]
|votes = 52,555
|percentage = 36.83
|change = {{increase}}11.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rishikesh
|votes = 46,323
|percentage = 32.47
|change = {{increase}}11.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Vijaylaxmi Meena
|votes = 23,447
|percentage = 16.43
|change = {{increase}}16.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jaldhari
|votes = 9,079
|percentage = 6.36
|change = {{decrease}}26.28
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 4 Candidates
|votes = 6,644
|percentage = 4.57
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None Of The Above]]
|votes = 4,633
|percentage = 3.25
|change = {{increase}}3.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 6,232
|percentage = 4.36
|change = {{decrease}}2.82
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,42,681
|percentage = 66.94
|change = {{increase}}3.46
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = {{increase}}4.19
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
In 2008, Sapotra legislative assembly constituency had total 1,82,827 electors. Total number of valid vote was 1,16,062. [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate [[Ramesh Chand Meena]] won and became MLA from this seat. He secured total 37,878 votes. [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Mukhraj stood second with total 29,549 votes. He lost by 8,329 votes.
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sapotra<ref name=RU/><ref name="election2008"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chand Meena]]
|votes = 37,878
|percentage = 32.64
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mukhraj
|votes = 29,549
|percentage = 25.46
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shakuntala
|votes = 24,912
|percentage = 21.46
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Brij Lal Meena
|votes = 9,837
|percentage = 8.48
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 9 Candidates
|votes = 13,886
|percentage = 11.96
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 8,329
|percentage = 7.18
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,16,062
|percentage = 63.48
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|26.30|76.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Karauli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Gandhari language

2026-04-12T10:35:20Z

Maansi26: Made Article.

{{Short description|Ancient Indo-Aryan language of Gāndhāra}}
{{Not to be confused|Gandhari (Mahabharata)|text=}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Gandhari
| altname =
| nativename = {{lang|pgd-Khar|𐨒𐨢𐨪𐨁}} ([[Kharosthi]]) {{lang|pgd-Brah|𑀕𑀸𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀸𑀭𑀻}} ([[Brahmi]])
| region = [[Gandhāra]]
| era = ca. 300 BCE to 100 CE
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Dardic languages|Dardic]]
| script = [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]]
| iso3 = pgd
| linglist = pgd.html
| glotto = gand1259
| states = Northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]]
}}
[[File:Manuscrit BnF pali 715-A.jpg|thumb|Incomplete [[birchbark manuscript]] of the [[Dhammapada]] in Gandhari language and [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]] script acquired by the [[Jules-Léon Dutreuil de Rhins|Dutreuil de Rhins]] mission (1891–1894) in Central Asia. End of the 1st century to 3rd century. [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]]]
{{Buddhism}}

'''Gandhārī''' was an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Prakrit]] language attested mainly in texts dated between the 3rd century BCE and 4th century CE in the region of [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhāra]], in the northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]]. The language was heavily used by the former [[Central Asian Buddhism|Buddhist cultures of Central Asia]] and its inscriptions have been found as far away as [[Luoyang]] and [[Anyang]] in eastern China.

Gandhari served as an official language of the [[Kushan Empire]] and various central Asian kingdoms, including [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotan]] and [[Shanshan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salomon |first=Richard|author-link=Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|date=2007 |title=Gandhārī in the Worlds of India, Iran, and Central Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049371 |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=21 |pages=179–192 |jstor=24049371 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref> It appears on coins, inscriptions and texts, notably the [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]]. It is notable among the Prakrits for having some archaic phonology, for its relative isolation and independence, for being partially within the influence of the [[ancient Near East]] and [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] and for its use of the [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]] script, compared to [[Brahmic scripts]] used by other Prakrits.

Gandhārī is an early Middle Indo-Aryan language – a Prakrit – with unique features that distinguish it from all other known Prakrits. Phonetically, it maintained all three Old Indo-Aryan [[sibilant]]s (''s'', ''ś'', and ''ṣ'') as distinct sounds, whereas they fell together as [s] in other Prakrits – a change that is considered to be one of the earliest Middle Indo-Aryan shifts.{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=169}} The language also preserves certain Old Indo-Aryan consonant clusters, mostly those involving ''v'' and ''r''.{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=110}} In addition, intervocalic Old Indo-Aryan ''th'' and ''dh'' are written, early on, with a special letter (represented by scholars with an underlined ''s'': [s]), which is later used interchangeably with ''s'' – suggesting an early sound-change, likely to the [[voiced dental fricative]] ''ð'', and then subsequent shifts to ''z'' and, finally, a plain ''s''.{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=121}} Gandhārī has been linked with members of the modern [[Dardic]] language family, including [[Kohistani Shina|Shina]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Ruth |title=A Grammar of the Shina Language of Indus Kohistan |date=2008 |publisher=Harrassowitz |isbn=9783447056762 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZzD86umtbAC}}</ref> and [[Torwali language|Torwali]].

The Middle Prakrits typically weakened ''th'' to ''dh'', which later shifted to ''h''.{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=180}} Kharoṣṭhī does not render the distinction between short and long vowels, so details regarding its handling of this feature are not known.{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=124}}

== Rediscovery and history ==
Initial identification of a distinct language occurred through study of one of the [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Buddhist āgama]]s, the ''Dīrghāgama'', which had been translated into [[Chinese language|Chinese]] by Buddhayaśas ({{zh|c=佛陀耶舍}}) and Zhu Fonian ({{zh|c=竺佛念}}).

{{Blockquote|The now dominant hypothesis on the propagation of Buddhism in Central Asia goes back to 1932 when E. Waldschmidt remarked that the names quoted in the Chinese ''Dīrghāgama'' (T. 1), which had been translated by the avowedly [[Dharmaguptaka]] monk Buddhayaśas (who also translated the ''Dharmaguptakavinaya''), were not rendered from Sanskrit, but from a then undetermined Prākrit also found in the [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotan]] ''[[Dharmapada]]''. In 1946, Bailey identified this Prākrit, which he named Gandhārī, as corresponding to the language of most Kharoṣṭhī inscriptions from Northwestern India.{{sfn|Heirman|Bumbacher|2007|p=97}}}}

Since this time, a consensus has grown in scholarship which sees the first wave of Buddhist missionary work as associated with Gandhārī and the Kharoṣṭhī script, and tentatively with the Dharmaguptaka sect.{{Citation needed|reason=The previous citation, to Bumbacher 2008, p.97, is incorrect, the book has nothing by this author at this page|date=April 2020}}

Available evidence also indicates that the first Buddhist missions to Khotan were carried out by the Dharmaguptaka sect, and used a Kharoṣṭhī-written Gandhārī.{{sfn|Heirman|Bumbacher|2007|p=98}} However, there is evidence that other sects and traditions of Buddhism also used Gandhārī, and evidence that the Dharmaguptaka sect also used Sanskrit at times.

{{Blockquote|It is true that most manuscripts in Gandhārī belong to the Dharmaguptakas, but virtually all schools — inclusive [[Mahāyāna]] — used some Gandhārī. Von Hinüber (1982b and 1983) has pointed out incompletely Sanskritised Gandhārī words in works heretofore ascribed to the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādins]] and drew the conclusion that either the sectarian attribution had to be revised, or the tacit dogma "Gandhārī equals Dharmaguptaka" is wrong. Conversely, Dharmaguptakas also resorted to Sanskrit.{{sfn|Heirman|Bumbacher|2007|p=99}}}}

Starting in the first century of the common era, there was a large trend toward a type of Gandhārī which was heavily Sanskritised.{{sfn|Heirman|Bumbacher|2007|p=99}}

Linguistic evidence links some groups of the [[Dardic languages]] with Gandhari.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOltAAAAMAAJ&q=gandhari |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D. |date=2001 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1231-1 |pages=64–67 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Saxena |first=Anju |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTgv1ZYGZdoC&pg=PA35 |title=Himalayan Languages: Past and Present |date=12 May 2011 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-089887-3 |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Liljegren |first=Henrik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRK1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=A grammar of Palula |date=26 February 2016 |publisher=Language Science Press |isbn=978-3-946234-31-9 |pages=13–14 |language=en |quote=Palula belongs to a group of Indo-Aryan (IA) languages spoken in the Hindukush region that are often referred to as "Dardic" languages... It has been and is still disputed to what extent this primarily geographically defined grouping has any real classificatory validity... On the one hand, Strand suggests that the term should be discarded altogether, holding that there is no justification whatsoever for any such grouping (in addition to the term itself having a problematic history of use), and prefers to make a finer classification of these languages into smaller genealogical groups directly under the IA heading, a classification we shall return to shortly... Zoller identifies the Dardic languages as the modern successors of the Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) language Gandhari (also Gandhari Prakrit), but along with Bashir, Zoller concludes that the family tree model alone will not explain all the historical developments.}}</ref> The [[Kohistani languages]], now all being displaced from their original homelands, were once more widespread in the region and most likely descend from the ancient dialects of the region of Gandhara.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cacopardo |first1=Alberto M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush |last2=Cacopardo |first2=Augusto S. |date=2001 |publisher=IsIAO |isbn=978-88-6323-149-6 |pages=253 |language=en |quote=...This leads us to the conclusion that the ancient dialects of the Peshawar District, the country between Tirah and Swât, must have belonged to the Tirahi-Kohistani type, and that the westernmost Dardic language, Pashai, which probably had its ancient centre in Laghmân, has enjoyed a comparatively independent position since early times". …Today the Kohistâni languages descendent from the ancient dialects that developed in these valleys have all been displaced from their original homelands, as described below.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Burrow |first=T. |date=1936 |title=The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/608051 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |volume=8 |issue=2/3 |pages=419–435 |issn=1356-1898 |jstor=608051 |quote=... It might be going too far to say that Torwali is the direct lineal descendant of the Niya Prakrit, but there is no doubt that out of all the modern languages it shows the closest resemblance to it. A glance at the map in the Linguistic Survey of India shows that the area at present covered by "Kohistani" is the nearest to that area round Peshawar, where, as stated above, there is most reason to believe was the original home of the Niya Prakrit. That conclusion, which was reached for other reasons, is thus confirmed by the distribution of the modern dialects.}}</ref> The last to disappear was [[Tirahi language|Tirahi]], still spoken some years ago in a few villages in the vicinity of [[Jalalabad]] in eastern Afghanistan, by descendants of migrants expelled from [[Tirah]] by the [[Afridi]] [[Pashtuns]] in the 19th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOltAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D. |date=2001 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1231-1 |pages=65 |language=en |quote=In the Peshawar district, there does not remain any Indian dialect continuing this old Gandhari. The last to disappear was Tirahi, still spoken some years ago in Afghanistan, in the vicinity of Jalalabad, by descendants of migrants expelled from Tirah by the Afridis in the 19th century. Nowadays, it must be entirely extinct and in the NWFP are only to be found modern Iranian languages brought in by later immigrants (Baluch, Pashto) or Indian languages brought in by the paramount political power (Urdu, Panjabi) or by Hindu traders (Hindko).}}</ref> [[Georg Morgenstierne]] claimed that Tirahi is "probably the remnant of a dialect group extending from Tirah through the [[Peshawar District|Peshawar district]] into [[Swat District|Swat]] and [[Dir region|Dir]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79710-2 |pages=991 |language=en}}</ref> Nowadays, it must be entirely extinct and the region is now dominated by [[Iranian languages]] brought in by later immigrations, such as [[Pashto]].<ref name=":2" /> Among the modern-day Indo-Aryan languages still spoken today, [[Torwali language|Torwali]], another language within the Dardic subgroup, shows the closest linguistic affinity possible to '''Niya Prakrit''', a dialect of Gandhārī once spoken in [[Niya ruins|Niya]] (now [[Xinjiang]], [[China]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA79 |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=10 December 1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref>

==Phonology==
In general terms, Gandhārī is a Middle Prakrit, a term for middle-stage Middle Indo-Aryan languages. It only begins to show the characteristics of the Late Prakrits in the 1st century of the Common Era.{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=125}} The Middle Prakrit phonetic features are the weakening of intervocalic consonants: degemination and voicing, such as the shift of OIA *''k'' to ''g''. The most rapid loss was the dentals, which started to disappear completely even before the late period as with *''t'' > ''∅'' as in *''pitar'' > ''piu''; in contrast, [[retroflex consonant]]s were never lost.{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=125-6}} There is also evidence of the loss of a distinction between aspirates and plain stops as well, which is unusual in the [[Indo-Aryan languages]].{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=127}}

In Central Asian Gandhārī, there is often confusion in writing nasals with homorganic stops;{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=129}} it is unclear if this might represent assimilation of the stop or the appearance of [[Prenasalised consonant|prenasalised consonants]] to the phonetic inventory.

== Grammar ==
Gandhārī grammar is difficult to analyse; endings were eroded not only by the loss of final consonants and cluster simplification of all Prakrits but also by the apparent weakening of final vowels "'to the point that they were no longer differentiated'".{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=130}} Nonetheless, there was still at least a rudimentary system of [[grammatical case]].{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=132}} Verbal forms are highly restricted in usage due to the primary usage of longer texts to translations of religious documents and the narrative nature of the sutras but seem to parallel changes in other Prakrits.{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=133}}

== Lexicon ==
The lexicon of Gandhārī is also limited by its textual usage; it is still possible to determine unusual forms, such as Gandhārī forms that show commonalities with forms in modern Indo-Aryan languages of the area, notably some groups of the [[Dardic languages]]. An example is the word for sister, which is a descendant of Old Indo-Aryan ''svasṛ-'' as in the Dardic languages, whereas all the Indo-Aryan languages have replaced that term with reflexes of ''bhaginī''.{{sfn|Salomon|Allchin|Barnard|1999|p=134}}

==Buddhist manuscripts in Gāndhāri==
Until 1994, the only Gāndhāri manuscript available to the scholars was a [[birch bark manuscript]] of a Buddhist text, the ''[[Dhammapada|Dharmapāda]]'', discovered at Kohmāri Mazār near [[Hotan]] in [[Xinjiang]] in 1893 CE. From 1994 on, a large number of fragmentary manuscripts of Buddhist texts, seventy-seven altogether,<ref>http://ebmp.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911211001/http://ebmp.org/ |date=11 September 2014 }} The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project</ref> were discovered in eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan. These include:<ref>{{iranica|Gandhārī-LANGUAGE|Gandhārī language}}</ref>

* 29 fragments of birch-bark scrolls of British Library collection consisting of parts of the ''Dharmapada'', ''[[Anavatapta]] Gāthā'', the ''[[Rhinoceros Sutra|Rhinoceros Sūtra]]'', ''[[Sangitiparyaya]]'' and a collection of sutras from the ''[[Ekottara Agama|Ekottara Āgama]]''.
* 129 fragments of palm leaf folios of [[Schøyen Collection]], 27 fragments of palm-leaf folios of Hirayama collection and 18 fragments of palm leaf folios of Hayashidera collection consisting of the ''[[Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra]]'' and the ''Bhadrakalpikā Sūtra''.
* 24 birch-bark scrolls of Senior collection consists of mostly different sutras and the ''Anavatapta Gāthā''.
* 8 fragments of a single birch-bark scroll and 2 small fragments of another scroll of University of Washington collection consisting of probably an [[Abhidharma]] text or other scholastic commentaries.

==Translations from Gāndhāri==
Mahayana Buddhist [[Buddhist texts#Pure Land Sūtras|Pure Land Sūtras]] were brought from Gandhāra to [[China]] as early as 147 CE, when the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] monk [[Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)|Lokakṣema]] began translating the first Buddhist sutras into Chinese.{{sfn|Lancaster|Park|1979|p=24}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lancaster|first1=Lewis R.|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue|url=http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0024.html|website=www.acmuller.net|access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> The earliest of these translations show evidence of having been translated from Gandhārī.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1996|p=15}} It is also known that manuscripts in the Kharoṣṭhī script existed in China during this period.{{sfn|Nakamura|1987|p=205}}

==See also==
*[[Pre-Islamic scripts in Afghanistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last1=Heirman|first1=Ann|last2=Bumbacher|first2=Stephan Peter|title=The Spread of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOvCQAAQBAJ|year=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-474-2006-4}}
* {{iranica|Gandhārī-LANGUAGE|Gandhārī language}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lancaster|first1=Lewis R.|author-link1=Lewis R. Lancaster|last2=Park|first2=Sung-bae|author-link2=Sung-bae Park|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fx1grPgzHEMC&pg=PA15|year=1979|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-03159-3}}
* {{cite web|last1=Lancaster|first1=Lewis R.|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue|url=http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0024.html|website=www.acmuller.net|access-date=4 September 2017}}
* {{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=B. N.|author-link=B. N. Mukherjee|title=India in Early Central Asia: A Survey of Indian Scripts, Languages, and Literatures in Central Asia of the First Millennium A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HltjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA15|year=1996|publisher=Harman Publishing House|isbn=978-81-85151-98-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Nakamura|first=Hajime|author-link=Hajime Nakamura|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC&pg=PA205|year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0272-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Masica|first=Colin|author-link=Colin Masica|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}}
* {{Citation| last = Salomon| first = Richard| contribution = Gandhārī language| title = Encyclopædia Iranica| publisher = Encyclopædia Iranica | date = 2008 | contribution-url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gandhari-language}}
* {{cite book|last1=Salomon|first1=Richard|last2=Allchin|first2=Raymond|author-link2=Raymond Allchin|last3=Barnard|first3=Mark|title=Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharoṣṭhī Fragments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm8aXSwL0OgC|year=1999|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-97769-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Salomon|first=Richard|editor=Patrick Olivelle|editor-link=Patrick Olivelle|title=Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press USA|isbn=978-0-19-977507-1}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Halfmann |first=J. |date=2024 |title=Observations on Gandhārī Orthography and Phonology: ST Clusters and Related Problems |journal=Bhasha |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=191–210 |doi=10.30687/bhasha/2785-5953/2024/02/002 |url=https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/article/bhasha/2024/2/art-10.30687-bhasha-2785-5953-2024-02-002.pdf}}

== External links ==
*[https://gandhari.org Gandhari.org] Complete Corpus, Catalog, Bibliography and Dictionary of Gandhārī texts
* {{cite web|last1=Gippert|first1=Jost|title=TITUS Texts: Gandhari Dharmapada: Frame|url=http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/mind/gandhpkt/dhpgpkt/dhpgp.htm|website=titus.uni-frankfurt.de}}

{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhari Language}}
[[Category:Dardic languages]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Prakrit languages]]

Somnath Awghade

2026-04-07T09:27:32Z

Maansi26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Somnath Awghade
| image = Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Rajat Kamal Award for Best Child Artist (Shared) Fandry Meengal (Marathi) to Somnath Avghade, at the 61st National Film Awards function, in New Delhi. The Secretary.jpg
| caption = Awghade (right) at the [[61st National Film Awards]] function, in [[New Delhi]]
| birth_name = Somnath Laxman Awghade
| birth_place = Kem, [[Solapur district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2013–present
| known_for = ''[[Fandry]]'' (2013)
| spouse =
| awards = [[#Awards|See below]]
}}

'''Somnath Awghade''' is an Indian actor known for his role in the 2013 [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film ''[[Fandry]]'', for which he earned the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jabya in Fandry has changed so much; Have you seen his new look? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/fandry-fame-somnath-awghade-look-change-actor-will-seen-in-sunil-govind-magares-free-hit-danka/articleshow/80746809.cms |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> He also appeared in ''[[Free Hit Danka]]'' (2021), ''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]'' (2022) and ''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mane |first=Rashmi |title=Filmmaker Nagraj Manjule's diamonds together in the film 'Jhund' |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/somnath-avghade-rinku-rajguru-and-akash-thosar-jhund-will-be-seen-in-the-film/405290/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=My Mahanagar |date=23 February 2022 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Somnath Avghade |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Somnath-Avghade |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Somnath Awghade is from Kem village, [[Karmala Taluka]], [[Solapur district]], [[Maharashtra]]. He belongs to a family of Halgi performers, and has an elder brother named Ravi and a sister named Ambika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-12-25 |title=Jabya in Fandry - Somnath Awghade, Think Maharashtra |url=http://www.thinkmaharashtra.com/node/2163 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Think Maharashtra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225210354/http://www.thinkmaharashtra.com/node/2163 |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-05 |title=Reality Check |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/reality-check-11/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hindi Movie Actor Somnath Awghade Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/movie-actor/somnath-awghade#:~:text=Somnath%20was%20born%20in%20Kemp%20village%20of%20Solapur,,did%20his%20schooling%20in%20Kem%E2%80%99s%20rajabhau%20Vidyalaya%20Kendra. |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> Awghade received his education in a public school in Kem.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Awghade began his career with ''[[Fandry]]'' as the lead character Jambuwant (nicknamed Jabya) and became famous for his performance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Film Awards: Rajkummar Rao wins Best Actor for 'Shahid' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-national-film-awards-rajkummar-rao-wins-best-actor-for-shahid-1978956 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> The director of ''Fandry,'' [[Nagraj Manjule]] received the National Award in 2011 for his short film ''[[Pistulya]]''. During the felicitation ceremony in Kem village, he noticed Somnath Awghade playing the [[Parai|halgi]]. This encounter led to Manjule offering the lead role in ''Fandry'' to Awghade.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maokar |first=Amol |date=10 January 2014 |title=I didn't have to think of the script, it was already there: Nagraj |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-i-didn-t-have-to-think-of-the-script-it-was-already-there-nagraj-1948853 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Awghade was initially afraid to act and would hide under his village's water tank, but Manjule and his team eventually convinced Awghade to accept the role.<ref name=":2" />

After ''Fandry'', Awghade starred in ''[[Free Hit Danka]]'' in 2021 co-starring [[Arbaj Shaikh|Arbaz Shaikh]] and [[Tanaji Galgunde]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया |date=2021-10-05 |title=सोमनाथ अवघडे : ‘फँड्री’तल्या जब्याचा मेकओव्हर |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/fandry-fame-jabya-somnath-awaghade-makeover |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=[[Pudhari]] |language=mr}}</ref> The following year, Awghade made his Bollywood debut in ''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]'' with [[Amitabh Bachchan]], marking his second collaboration with Manjule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somnath Awghade movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/somnath-awghade-100527 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023085528/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/somnath-awghade-100527 |url-status=live |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> In 2023, Manjule again cast him in the Hemant Awtade's ''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-13 |title=Nagraj Manjule's 'Ghar Banduk Biryani' to release on March 30 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/nagraj-manjules-ghar-banduk-biryani-to-release-on-march-30-8379317/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he starred in ''[[Sangharsh Yoddha Manoj Jarange Patil]],'' which is based on the real-life story of [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] activist [[Manoj Jarange Patil]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title='आलो तर तुआ, गेलो तर समाजाचा'; 'संघर्ष योद्धा मनोज जरांगे पाटील' चित्रपटाचा Teaser प्रदर्शित, 'या' तारखेला होणार प्रदर्शित |url=https://marathi.timesnownews.com/entertainment/sangharsh-yoddha-manoj-jarange-patil-movie-teaser-released-latest-entertainment-news-in-marathi-article-108200027 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=TimesNowMarathi |language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2013
|''[[Fandry]]''
|Jambuwant "Jabya" Kachru Mane
|Debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fandry (Marathi) |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/fandry-marathi/289482 |website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FANDRY theme song by Somnath Avghade, Suraj Pawar and Rajeshwari Kharat |url=https://www.loksatta.com/videos/itar/380062/fandry-theme-song-by-somnath-avghade-suraj-pawar-and-rajeshwari-kharat/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Free Hit Danka]]''
|Santosh
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somnath Awghade and Apurva Shelgaokar starrer 'Free Hit Danka' to release on OTT on THIS date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/somnath-awghade-and-apurva-shelgaokar-starrer-free-hit-danka-to-release-on-ott-on-this-date/articleshow/90151638.cms |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]''
|Imran
|Hindi film
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jhund (2022) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film220879.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
|Soma
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/ghar-banduk-biryani/movieshow/98736632.cms |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Sangharsh Yoddha Manoj Jarange Patil]]''
|Kisna
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
!Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|[[61st National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Fandry]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-05 |title=Reality Check |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/reality-check-11/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pune International Film Festival]]
|Best Actor
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune International Film Festival |url=https://www.piffindia.com/akhil-bharatiya-chitrapat-mahamandal-winner.php |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.piffindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Fandry sweeps five awards at PIFF |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/fandry-piff-nagraj-manjule-somnath-awghade-vikram-amladi/articleshow/28908728.cms |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
* {{IMDb name|id=6030661}}
* {{Facebook|id=Somnath.awghadeoffical}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Awghade, Somnath}}
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Solapur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Best Child Artist National Film Award winners]]

2009 Beemapally police shooting

2026-04-03T17:08:42Z

Maansi26: started new pg

{{Short description|Incident in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2009 Beemapally Police Shooting
| location = [[Beemapally]], Kerala, India
| date = 17 May 2009
| fatalities = 6
| injuries = 42
}}

The '''2009 Beemapally police shooting''' was a [[List of cases of police brutality in India|police shooting]] that happened at [[Beemapally]], a coastal area in southern [[Kerala]], [[India]] on 17 May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/kerala-clash-four-killed-in-police-firing/|title=Kerala clash: four killed in police firing|date=May 18, 2009}}</ref> Six people died and 42 others were injured. Four policemen were suspended and the city police commissioner was transferred in the aftermath.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/may/23/cheriyathura-police-chief-shifted-four-cops-suspended-51685.html|title=Cheriyathura: police chief shifted, four cops suspended|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref>

== Investigation ==

A judicial commission headed by district judge K. Ramakrishnan investigated the incident.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cheriyathura firing: Panel submits rerport to CM|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/05/cheriyathura-firing-panel-submits-rerport-to-cm-327062.html}}</ref> The Commission submitted a report to then chief minister [[Oommen Chandy|Oommen Chandy]] in January 2012. Following the report, the state government requested the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] to investigate the explosives found at the location.<ref>{{Cite news|title=CBI probe into source of explosive begins|work=News 18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cbi-probe-into-source-of-explosive-begins-461435.html}}</ref> The CBI submitted a closure report on 2013, stating they could not establish how the explosives arrived at the location and which people were behind it.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cheriyathura: CBI files closure report|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/sep/01/cheriyathura-cbi-files-closure-report-512300.html}}</ref>

The judicial commission report rejected allegations that the police firing is unjustifiable and concluded that it was the police action which prevented a large scale communal riot. The Beemapally Muslim Jama-Ath Action committee rejected the judicial commission report by saying "The Ramakrishnan Commission report has not offered any justice to the victims. In fact, it has portrayed people from the Muslim community in bad light" and demanded strong action against the policemen involved.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cheriyathura firing: Action Council rejects panel report|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2013/oct/09/cheriyathura-firing-action-council-rejects-panel-report-524719.html}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

The plot of the 2021 film ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]'' is supposedly based on this event. Director Mahesh Narayanan replied that the movie was "taken from surroundings but it's still a fictional place with fictional characters.".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title='Malik' was the toughest film for me to write: Director Mahesh Narayanan to TNM|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malik-was-toughest-film-me-write-director-mahesh-narayanan-tnm-152255|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> In film, a Muslim aligned party was shown to be the brain behind the incidents, while in reality, so called parties have no roots in the area where incidents happened.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} Many{{Who?|date=October 2022}} criticised it as a rewriting of very recent history in favour of left wing politics using the convenience of [[Artistic license|cinematic liberty]], as all the events happened during the rule of a [[Achuthanandan ministry|leftist government]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=മാലിക്: പറഞ്ഞതും പറയാത്തതും: OUT OF FOCUS: Malik Malayalam Movie Review|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cno2UXG0Bg8|access-date=2021-07-17|website=YouTube Channel of MediaOne| date=16 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='മാലിക്ക്' മറ്റൊരു 'മെക്സിക്കൻ അപാരത'യെന്ന് ഒമർ ലുലു, മനസിലാകാത്തവർക്കായി ഒരു പത്രക്കട്ടിങ്ങും|url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/chalachithram-film/2021/jul/16/director-omar-lulu-about-malik-movie-125801.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Samakalika Malayalam|date=16 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='ചങ്ക്സ് പോലുള്ള ചിത്രം ചെയ്ത ആള്‍ക്ക് മാലിക്കിനെ വിമർശിക്കാൻ എന്ത് യോഗ്യത'; മറുപടിയുമായി ഒമർ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/07/17/omar-lulu-criticises-malik-movie-social-media-debate.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Malayala Manorama Online}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Kerala]]
[[Category:May 2009 in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in the 2000s]]

Julia, Lady Inglis

2026-04-03T00:07:44Z

Maansi26: stub!

{{Use British English|date=June 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name = Julia, Lady Inglis
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Julia Inglis.jpg
| caption = Julia Inglis
| birth_name = Julia Selina Thesiger
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1833|04|19|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1904|02|03|1833|04|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Beckenham]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works = Her diary of the [[Siege of Lucknow]] (1857)
| style =
| spouse = Major-General Sir [[John Eardley Inglis]]
| children = {{Plainlist|
* [[John Frederic Inglis]]
* Charles George Inglis
* [[Alfred Inglis|Alfred Markham Inglis]]
* Victoria Alexandrina Inglis
* Julia Mathilda Inglis
* [[Rupert Edward Inglis]]
}}
| parents = [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Baron Chelmsford]] Anna Maria Tinling
| relatives = [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford]] (brother) [[Alfred Thesiger]] (brother)
| awards =
}}
'''Julia Selina, Lady Inglis''' (19 April 1833 – 3 February 1904) was a British memoir writer. She was the daughter of [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Baron Chelmsford]], and wife of Major-General Sir [[John Eardley Inglis]], who commanded the British troops at the [[Siege of Lucknow]] in 1857. She kept a diary of her life during the siege, which was published as ''The Siege of Lucknow: a Diary''. She aimed to give "a simple account of each day's events (which) may give a clear idea of what was done by the garrison under (her husband's) command".<ref name="Diary"/>

==Background==
Her father was [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Baron Chelmsford|Frederic Thesiger]], a lawyer who later became a Member of Parliament, serving as [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney-General]] under [[Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet|Robert Peel]] and as [[Lord Chancellor]] under [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|Lord Derby]] and was created the first [[Baron Chelmsford]].<ref name = "oxforddnb">{{cite ODNB|title=Thesiger, Frederick, first Baron Chelmsford|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27176 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/27176 |accessdate=12 May 2011|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Her mother was Anna Maria Tinling (1799–1875), daughter of William Tinling and niece of [[Francis Peirson]], who was killed in the defence of Jersey during an attempted [[Battle of Jersey|French invasion]] on 6 January 1781.<ref name = "Tree"/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12153 |page=1|date=13 January 1781 }}</ref>

Her elder brother, [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford|Frederic]] (1827–1905) succeeded their father as 2nd Baron Chelmsford and led the British forces in the battles at [[Battle of Isandlwana|Isandlwana]] and [[Battle of Ulundi|Ulundi]] during the [[Anglo-Zulu War]] of 1879.<ref>{{cite ODNB|title=Thesiger, Frederic Augustus|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36464 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36464 |accessdate=17 May 2011|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Family==
On 19 July 1851,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://website.lineone.net/~jcn/LND/illust2.htm|title=Marriages|publisher=Illustrated London News|accessdate=24 June 2011|date=26 July 1851}}</ref> she married Lieutenant-Colonel [[John Eardley Inglis]] of the [[32nd Regiment of Foot]], who had commanded the 32nd at [[Suraj Kund]] and was present at the storming and capture of [[Siege of Multan (1848-1849)|Multan]], the action at [[Chiniot]] and the [[Battle of Gujrat]], during the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1848–49.<ref name = "ODNB14404">{{cite ODNB|title=Inglis, Sir John Eardley Wilmot|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14404|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/14404 |accessdate=17 May 2011|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

They had a total of seven children:<ref name=REI/><ref name = "Tree">{{cite web|title=Inglis family tree|url=http://www.inglis.uk.com/coldstoreindex.htm|publisher=inglis.uk.com|accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref>
* John Frederic Inglis (b. 1852, died an infant)
* [[John Frederic Inglis]] (1853–1923), who played cricket for [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] and football for [[Wanderers F.C.|Wanderers]] and [[England v Scotland representative matches (1870–1872)|Scotland]].
* Charles George Inglis (1855–1923), who became a tea planter on the Agra Kandy Estate in Ceylon.<ref name = "Tree"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Charles George Inglis|url=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I6119&tree=Kings|publisher=Family Search|accessdate=1 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202353/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I6119&tree=Kings|archivedate=30 March 2012}}</ref>
* [[Alfred Inglis|Alfred Markham Inglis]] (1856–1919), who played cricket for [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]].
* Victoria Alexandrina Inglis (1859–1929), who married Hubert Ashton, and was the mother of cricketers [[Hubert Ashton|Hubert]], [[Gilbert Ashton|Gilbert]], [[Percy Ashton|Percy]] and [[Claude Ashton|Claude]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria Alexandrina Inglis|url=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I6126&tree=Kings|publisher=Family Search|accessdate=1 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202349/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I6126&tree=Kings|archivedate=30 March 2012}}</ref>
* Julia Mathilda Inglis (1861–1929), who married Sir George Herman Collier of the India Office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Julia Mathilda Inglis|url=http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I6127&tree=Kings|publisher=Family Search|accessdate=1 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202356/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I6127&tree=Kings|archivedate=30 March 2012}}</ref>
* [[Rupert Edward Inglis]] (1863–1916), who was an England international rugby player and became a minister in the Church of England before serving as a chaplain in the First World War and was killed during the [[Battle of the Somme]].<ref name=REI>{{cite web|title=Rupert Edward Inglis|url=http://www.inglis.uk.com/RUPERT%20EDWARD%20INGLIS%20thiepval.htm|publisher=inglis.uk.com|accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref>

==The Siege of Lucknow==
{{main|Siege of Lucknow}}
[[File:Inglis family.png|thumb|left|300px|Colonel John Inglis, Julia Inglis and two of their three children. Source: Illustrated London News, 28 November 1857]]
By June 1857, with three sons aged under five, Julia Inglis was living at [[Lucknow]] where her husband was in command of the [[32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot|32nd Foot]] at the start of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]]. On 30 June, under the overall command of [[Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)|Sir Henry Lawrence]], the British forces had failed in a preliminary skirmish at [[Battle of Chinhat|Chinhat]] and retreated into the residency at Lucknow, which immediately came under siege.<ref name = "ODNB14404"/> On 2 July, Lawrence was hit by a shell and died two days later. At Lawrence's wish, Colonel Inglis took command of the Brigade and led the defence until the arrival of [[Henry Havelock|Sir Henry Havelock]] on 26 September 1857. He remained there until the arrival of [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]] on 18 November.<ref name = "ODNB14404"/>

Julia Inglis kept a diary of life during the siege which "vividly brings home the situation of the British trapped within the Residency walls".<ref name="Merrigold">{{cite web|last=Ockerbloom |first=Mary Mark |title=The Siege of Lucknow: a Diary |url=http://merrigold.livejournal.com/ |work=Celebrating Women Writers |accessdate=20 June 2011 |date=1 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718034038/http://merrigold.livejournal.com/ |archivedate=18 July 2011 }}</ref> Mrs. Inglis and her three sons lived in a room which "was very small, hardly more than a verandah, about twelve feet by six feet, with no doors nor windows, only arches" (30 June)<ref name="Diary">{{cite web|last=Inglis|first=Julia|title=The Siege of Lucknow: a Diary|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/inglis/lucknow/lucknow.html|publisher=James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co.|accessdate=20 June 2011|location=London|year=1892}}</ref> in which screens had been erected for privacy; compared to other residents, Inglis was fortunate – "In the next square to us lived a good many of the ladies, who were all together in a large room, and very uncomfortable." (30 June)<ref name="Diary"/> She had the assistance of several servants, including her "''khansamah''", who acted as cook, and an "''ayah''" who helped with the children, whereas many wives were left with only one or two servants, and some had no help at all. (30 June)<ref name="Diary"/>

The diary recounts the events of the siege, with movement being restricted for fear of snipers. "We felt sure the enemy must get in, when the most terrible death awaited us. We sat trembling, hardly able to breathe" (1 July).<ref name="Diary"/> "John had a most providential escape to-day; he left his little room in the Residency house rather earlier than usual, and soon after a round shot came through the door and passed over his bed. Had he been in his room, he could hardly have been untouched." (16 July)<ref name="Diary"/> "Mrs. Dorin was killed to-day... she was helping to carry some things upstairs, when a very small bullet struck her in the forehead and went through her head, causing instantaneous death." (21 July)<ref name="Diary"/>

{{quote| This evening I was standing outside the door with baby in my arms, talking to the ayah, when I felt something whiz past my ears. I rushed inside, and when my alarm had subsided, ventured out again to discover what it was. I found a large piece of shell embedded about ten inches deep in the earth. It had fallen on the spot where I had been standing. It was a fragment from one of our own shells, which often recoiled and fell inside our entrenchments. (23 July)<ref name="Diary"/>}}

As well as attacks from the enemy, the besieged residents had to endure epidemics of [[cholera]] and [[small pox]]; Inglis herself had been taken ill with smallpox a few days before the siege commenced. (28 June)<ref name="Diary"/>

In the diary she frequently talks about keeping the "boys" and the "baby" (Alfred) safe during the siege and retreat:{{quote|This was Johnny's fourth birthday, a sad one to us all. We managed to get some toys for Johnny from a merchant inside. (16 July) Johnny was not well to-day, and I feared he might be sickening for small-pox. (31 July) Johnny's rosy cheeks, which he never lost, excited great admiration; he passed most of his time in the square next to us with the Sikhs, who were very fond of him, and used to give him chappatties (native bread), though they could not have had much to eat themselves, poor men! (28 August) Mrs. Case and Johnny were walking in the square next to ours to-day, when a Sikh officer passed them, and directly afterwards he was hit in the arm by a bullet. No place was really safe, and I never liked having the children out of my sight. (18 October) During the siege, we had picked up a little white hen, which used to run about and pick up what it could. Just before Colonel Campbell became so very ill, we had decided to kill and eat it, when one morning Johnny ran in and said, 'Oh, mamma, the white hen has laid an egg!' We took it at once to Colonel Campbell, it being a great luxury in those days. The hen laid one every day for him till he died, and then ceased for the rest of the siege; but we would not kill it then. (12 November) I had at first put the two boys into a dhoolie with their ayah, but they got separated from us, and it was fully a quarter of an hour before I found them, so I would not let them go from me again. . . poor baby, who was very thirsty, cried louder for it [water] than I had ever heard him before. With difficulty I pacified him, and succeeded in getting him to sleep. (19 November)<ref name = "Diary"/>}}

After an initial siege lasting 87 days, the residency was relieved by General Sir [[Henry Havelock]] on 26 September.{{quote|At 6 pm tremendous cheering was heard, and it was known our relief had reached us. I was standing outside our door when Ellicock rushed in for John's sword; he had not worn it since Chinhut, and a few moments afterwards he came to us accompanied by a short, quiet-looking, gray-haired man, who I knew at once was General Havelock. He shook hands with me, and said he feared we had suffered a great deal. I could hardly answer him – I longed to be with John alone, and he shared my feelings, for erelong he returned to me, and never shall I forget his heartfelt kiss as he said, 'Thank God for this!' Yes, we were safe, and my darling husband spared to me. It was a moment of unmixed happiness, but not lasting. I felt how different my lot was to others.<ref name = "Diary"/>}}

Unfortunately, it quickly became apparent that the relief force was inadequate to evacuate the residency:
{{quote| It was evident to us, from the conversation that went on, and from the reports that were constantly coming in to the general, that though reinforced we were not relieved; indeed, John told me that himself, and our position still seemed most perilous. The opposition the force had met with in getting to us had far exceeded their expectations, and all seemed much disheartened and discouraged.<ref name = "Diary"/>}}

Despite the attempted first relief, life in the residency continued much as before, with frequent attacks resulting in further deaths. Eventually, on 17 November, the residency was again relieved by forces under the command of Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]]. "At about 4 pm two strange officers walked through our yard, leading their horses, and asking for the brigadier. One was Colonel Berkely, who had exchanged with Colonel Brooks, and had come out to command the 32nd. By this we knew communication was established between the two forces, and, that we really were relieved."<ref name = "Diary"/>

===Evacuation===
[[File:JohnInglisByWilliamGushNSProvinceHouse.JPG|thumb|Sir [[John Eardley Inglis]] by [[William Gush]], [[Province House (Nova Scotia)]]]]

Immediately, orders were given to evacuate the residency, to the dismay of the residents: "We were indeed thunderstruck, and truly grieved to think of abandoning the place we had held so long with a small force, now that it seemed to us we could have driven the enemy completely out of Lucknow, re-established our supremacy, and marched out triumphantly."<ref name = "Diary"/> The evacuation commenced on 19 November: "I turned my back on the Residency with a heavy heart, for at that time I fancied a force might still be left there, and that I was bidding farewell to my husband for some time."<ref name = "Diary"/>

An hour after leaving the residency, they arrived at [[Secundra Bagh]], where only days before 1,200 rebels were slaughtered by the British; "Nearly 1,200 of them had been cut to pieces, no quarter being asked or granted. Their bodies had just been covered over with earth, and it sickened me to feel they were so near us."(19 November)<ref name = "Diary"/> They then moved on to [[Dilkusha Park]], arriving about midnight. "After partaking of some refreshments, which had been kindly prepared for us by Colonel Little and the officers of the 9th Lancers, we all lay down and slept pretty soundly."<ref name = "Diary"/>

On the morning of 23 November, Mrs. Inglis was rejoined by her husband, who had remained in command of the garrison until the British forces withdrew at midnight. The following day, the evacuees left Dilkusha Park and after seven hours reached [[Alambagh|Alum Bagh]], having only travelled four miles. Later that day, they received news that Havelock had died at Dilkusha. On 27 November, the party moved out of Alum Bagh headed towards the relative safety of [[Cawnpore]], which they reached on the evening of 29 November.<ref name = "Diary"/>

With Cawnpore under renewed attack from forces led by [[Tantya Tope]], the party were soon on the move again, leaving Cawnpore on 3 December, reaching [[Allahabad]] on 7 December, from where they were eventually taken down the [[River Ganges]] to [[Calcutta]] arriving there on 6 February 1858.<ref name = "Diary"/>

Shortly after her arrival at Calcutta, Mrs. Inglis was notified that her husband had been promoted to the rank of [[Major-General (United Kingdom)|major-general]];<ref name = "Diary"/> the promotion had been awarded to her husband "for his enduring fortitude and persevering gallantry in the defence of the Residency of Lucknow, for eighty-seven days, against an overwhelming force of the enemy".<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22083|page=183|date=15 January 1858 }}</ref> Major-General Inglis had also been appointed to the rank of Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath ([[K.C.B.]]) on 21 January 1858,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22086|page=309|date=22 January 1858 }}</ref> although the news only reached Julia shortly before arriving in [[Suez]] several weeks later.<ref name = "Diary"/>

[[File:Inglis's Quarters.png|thumb|right|Inglis's Quarters in the ruins of Residency in Lucknow, circa 2014]]

==Shipwreck==
Following the retreat from Lucknow, Lady Inglis and her three children returned to England on board the SS ''[[SS Ava (1855)|Ava]]''; the ship set out from Calcutta for Suez on 10 February 1858, but ran aground off [[Pigeon Island National Park|Pigeon Island]], about 12 miles from [[Trincomalee]], Ceylon on 16 February.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kainic |first=Pascal |title=Another P & O Steamer lost: The Ava |url=http://www.oceantreasures.org/rubrique,the-ava,1090657.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907165734/http://www.oceantreasures.org/rubrique,the-ava,1090657.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2012 |publisher=oceantreasures.org |accessdate=1 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Ava |url=http://www.gregormacgregor.com/Tod&Macgregor/Ava_93.htm |work=Tod & Macgregor Shiplist |publisher=gregormacgregor.com|accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref> The passengers and crew were rescued after spending a night in the ship's boats. "Johnny was delighted when [the waves] broke over the boat, and his merry laugh sounded sadly in my ears, for I quite thought that a watery grave awaited each one of us". The family eventually reached [[Alexandria]] before travelling on to [[Southampton]], arriving there in early March.<ref name = "Diary"/>

The family were re-united when Sir John arrived back in London on 20 May 1858.<ref name = "Diary"/>

==Diary==
In 1892, more than thirty years after the events at Lucknow, Lady Inglis decided to publish her diary saying that she thought it "may prove interesting to my relations and friends" and would give "the present generation a clearer knowledge of the defence of Lucknow, and greater appreciation of the services of those engaged in it".<ref name = "Diary"/> She presented a copy to [[Queen Victoria]], it is now part of the [[Royal Librarian (United Kingdom)|Royal Library]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lady Julia Inglis The Siege of Lucknow : a diary / by Lady Inglis. 1892 |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1145736/the-siege-of-lucknow-a-diary-by-lady-inglis |website=Royal Collection Trust |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>
The diary has been variously described as "absorbing"<ref>{{cite web|last=Roy|first=Parama|title=The Indias of Anglo-India |url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/colonial_discourses_series_three_parts_1_to-3/editorial-introduction.aspx|work=Colonial Fiction, 1650–1914 |publisher=University of California, Davis|accessdate=27 June 2011}}</ref> and "blood-curdling".<ref>{{cite web |last=Kennedy|first=Maureen|title=The siege of Lucknow : a diary (1892) |url=https://archive.org/details/siegelucknowadi00inglgoog|accessdate=27 June 2011|date=20 October 2010}}</ref>

==Later life==
After his return from India, Sir John suffered from poor health: "the continued suffering which he had undergone in India, and the almost total loss of sleep, had shaken his constitution, originally strong and robust."<ref name="King's College">{{cite web|last=Eaton|first=Arthur Wentworth|title=King's College|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/canada/ns/eaton/11.html|work=The Church of England in Nova Scotia and the Tory Clergy of the Revolution|publisher=Thomas Whittaker|accessdate=27 June 2011|location=New York|year=1891}}</ref> He was appointed colonel of the 32nd light infantry on 5 May 1860, and soon after he was sent to [[Corfu]] to take command of the troops in the [[Ionian Islands]].<ref name = "oxforddnb"/> His failing health soon led to his retirement from active service, when he was advised by his physicians to take a course of treatment at the baths at [[Bad Homburg|Homburg]] in Germany; unfortunately, this was in vain and he died there on 27 September 1862, aged 47.<ref name="King's College"/>

Lady Inglis later held the honorary position of "Housekeeper" of the State apartments of [[St James's Palace]].<ref name = "Tree"/> After her husband's death she lived at [[Beckenham]] where she died on 3 February 1904.<ref name = "Tree"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|lcheading=Inglis, Julia Selina, Lady, 1833-1904}}

{{Inglis family}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inglis, Julia}}
[[Category:1833 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:British people of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:19th-century British diarists]]
[[Category:19th-century British women writers]]
[[Category:Daughters of barons]]
[[Category:British women diarists]]
[[Category:Thesiger family|Julia]]
[[Category:Inglis family|Julia]]
[[Category:Shipwreck survivors]]
[[Category:British women in the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

Rythu bazaar

2026-03-28T19:18:53Z

Maansi26:

{{Short description|Farmers' market initiative by the government of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Rythu Bazaar
| logo =
| image = Rythubazaar hyd.jpg
| image_caption = Rythu Bazaar at [[Erragadda]], [[Hyderabad]]
| type = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Government-owned Market]]
| founder = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| area_served = [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Telangana]]
| industry =
| genre =
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner =
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1999|1|26}}
| website = {{url|https://digirythubazaarap.com/|Official website}}
}}

'''Rythu Bazaar''' is a government operated [[farmers' market]] in the [[Indian states]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] run by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Government of Telangana]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2016-10-05 |title=Rythu Bazaar 2.0: Telangana govt is attempting to revamp farm fresh veggies retail |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/rythu-bazaar-20-telangana-govt-attempting-revamp-farm-fresh-veggies-retail-50898 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> It provides small and marginal farmers to sell their agricultural produce, primarily fresh vegetables, fruits, flowers and other perishables directly to consumers, eliminating traditional middlemen and intermediaries. This provides remunerative prices to farmers and offers fresh produce at reasonable rates to consumers. The initiative was launched by Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] on 26 January 1999 in the [[undivided Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-10-19 |title=Rythu Bazars a hit, but problems still persist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rythu-bazars-a-hit-but-problems-still-persist/articleshow/240820.cms |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/124048/15/15_chapter%205.pdf|title=Rythu bazaar launch date and purpose|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Operations==
The markets ideally operate on a minimum one acre of vacant land with government provided infrastructure, including sheds, drinking water supply, toilet, sanitation facilities, vehicle parking, daily cleaning by local bodies and storage for unsold produce, weighing scales for all farmers funded by the [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]], Rural Infrastructure Development Fund and [[National Cooperative Development Corporation (India)|National Cooperative Development Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=vihaanit |title=Mana Rythu Bazar - Home |url=http://manarythubazar.com:80/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422083403/http://manarythubazar.com:80/ |archive-date=2020-04-22 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=manarythubazar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Team LEISA |date=2015-12-19 |title=Rythu Bazaars - The alternative marketing channel |url=https://www.leisaindia.org/rythu-bazaars-the-alternative-marketing-channel/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=LEISA India |language=en-US}}</ref> The government regulates the prices through daily fixation by committees, issuing identification cards to the farmers and horticulturists guiding on crop selection and quantities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=Rythu bazaars to sell rice, dal at subsidised rates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/rythu-bazaars-to-sell-rice-dal-at-subsidised-rates/articleshow/111673608.cms |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Door-delivery of vegetables from rythu bazar |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010811010500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314233959/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010811010500.htm |archive-date=2008-03-14 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.hinduonnet.com}}</ref> In December 2025, the government of Andhra Pradesh launched the Digi Rythu Bazaar initiative to extend the services to the doorstep of the consumers directly from farmers through online ordering.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regana |first=Dharmendra |date=2025-12-18 |title=Andhra Pradesh introduces ‘Digi Rythu Bazaar’ in Visakhapatnam to deliver farm-fresh produce to homes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Dec/18/andhra-pradesh-introduces-digi-rythu-bazaar-in-visakhapatnam-to-deliver-farm-fresh-produce-to-homes |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Arabber]]
*[[Bazaar]]
*[[Bazaari]]
*[[Hawker centre]] (Asia), a centre where stree food is sold
*[[Haat bazaar]]
*[[Peddler]]
*[[Retail]]
*[[Street vendor]]
*[[Street food]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bazaars in India]]
[[Category:Retail markets in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Hyderabad, India]]

Nain, Raebareli

2026-03-26T15:57:33Z

Maansi26: put up basic stub w/ sources

{{other uses|Nain (disambiguation){{!}}Nain}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nain
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Salon block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Nain (#440) in Salon CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.077448|N|81.421621|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title="Geonames Search"}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.702
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2028
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nain''' is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> It is located on the south bank of the [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai river]], north of the main road from Salon to [[Raebareli]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=88, 199 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, the village has a population of 2,028 people, in 372 households.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011" />

== History ==
Nain was historically the seat of a large [[taluqdar]]i estate held by a branch of the [[Kanhpuria]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Although they were locally known as taluqdars, they never officially held that status.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Their old fort near the Sai could still be seen in the early 1900s, surrounded by ravines filled with [[shrubland|brush]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The Kanhpurias of Nain originated with Arjun Singh, a younger brother of Chait Singh of [[Kaithaula]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Arjun Singh was granted 12 villages by the raja of [[Tiloi]] in recognition of his military services in battle against the Sombansis of [[Sujakhar]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> His descendants expanded their possessions through warfare, and they frequently came into conflict with officials of the [[Nawabs of Awadh]] over refusal to pay revenue.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Nain was thus the site of several battles between the Kanhpurias and the [[chakladar]]s of Salon, including in 1802, 1815, 1833, 1836, 1843 (involving as many as 5,000 combatants), and around 1853.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Additionally, in 1826, one Darshan Singh besieged the fort at Nain and led an attack during a wedding, killing and wounding many of the guests and driving the Kanhpurias out of Nain altogether for a year.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the Kanhpurias of Nain joined the rebel faction.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Some of them were followers of [[Rana Beni Madho|Beni Madho Baksh]], who had been wounded during Darshan Singh's attack in 1826.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Afterward, a large part of the Nain estate was confiscated by the British.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

At some point, the Nain estate became divided into various branches including [[Baghaula]], [[Umran, Raebareli|Umran]], [[Pachmadh]], [[Basahia]], and [[Itaura Buzurg]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

At the turn of the 20th century, Nain was described as a small and relatively minor village, with a population of 907 in 1901.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Most villagers belonged to the [[Ahir]] caste, and there was a grant-in-aid school and a small bazar.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The village was held in [[pattidari]] tenure by "a large body of Kanhpurias".<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Nain (as "Naian") as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 1,024 people (529 male and 495 female), in 203 households and 191 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 – Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cx-cxi of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,159 [[acre]]s and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Special Operations Group (Jammu and Kashmir)

2026-03-24T14:37:49Z

Maansi26: Started first article w/ refs

{{short description|Anti-insurgency force of the J&K Police}}
{{For|Odishan anti-insurgency unit|Special Operation Group (Odisha)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| formedmonthday =
| formedyear = March 1994
| employees = 2,300+
| country = Jammu and Kashmir (union territory){{!}}Jammu and Kashmir
| countryabbr =
| speciality1 =
}}
The '''Special Operations Group''' ('''SOG''') is a police tactical unit of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] (JKP) that is specialized in anti-irregular military, counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and operating in difficult to access terrain.

The unit's missions primarily involve anti-irregular military, apprehension of armed and dangerous criminals, counterterrorism and hostage rescue crisis management, counterinsurgency, covert operation, executive protection, high-risk tactical law enforcement situations, operating in difficult to access terrain, protecting high-level meeting areas, providing security in areas at risk of attack or terrorism in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], special reconnaissance in difficult to access and dangerous areas, support crowd control and riot control, and special operations.

This unit is approximately 2,300+ strong. It is trained and equipped to handle high stakes situations. Its personnel are chosen from more than 100,000 personnel of the JKP.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Assad|first=Bashir|date=2019-07-25|title=Lead Role of JK Police, Synergy in Anti-Terrorist Operations|url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2019/july/25/lead-role-of-jk-police-synergy-in-anti-terrorist-operations|access-date=2020-08-12|website=VIF India|language=en}}</ref> The J&K police has since been very competent and on the frontlines in anti-terror activities. The SOG members are also the first targets of the militant groups and local separatists alike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mufti-disbands-sog-merges-force-with-police/articleshow/38495217.cms?intenttarget=no|title=Mufti disbands SOG, merges force with police|last=Hussain|first=Masood|date=2003-02-25|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Peer|first=Basharat|date=October 2020|title=SOG: Good guys or bad guys?|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/oct/31spec.htm|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Rediff}}</ref> Since its inception, the unit has played an important role in suppressing terrorism in J&K.

==History==
It was raised in 1994 with the idea of "involving the passive Jammu and Kashmir Police in the anti-terrorist activities and giving a local face to these operations".<ref name=":3" />

The SOG till date conducts joint operations with other security forces in the region; one example is the 13 March 2000 operation in which [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] commander [[Hamid Gada]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Swami|first=Praveen|author-link=Praveen Swami|date=1 April 2000|title=The killing of Hamid Gada|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30253667.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812055012/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30253667.ece|archive-date=12 August 2020|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Frontline (The Hindu)|language=en}}</ref> was killed, and the 6 May 2020 operation in which Hizbul chief [[Riyaz Naikoo]] was killed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Shaswati|date=2020-05-06|title=Hizbul Mujahideen chief Riyaz Naikoo killed in encounter in Kashmir|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/hizbul-mujahideen-chief-riyaz-naikoo-killed-in-encounter-in-kashmir-11588757433866.html|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jameel|first=Yusuf|date=2020-05-06|title=Burhan Wani's successor Riyaz Naikoo killed in Kashmir gunfight|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/060520/burhan-wanis-successor-killed-in-kashmir-gunfight.html|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> SOG are well trained and fight shoulder to shoulder with other forces .<ref name=":4">Chandran, D. Suba. (December 2008) IPCS Issue Brief 88. ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09199 Fighting Terrorism: Strengthen and Modernize the State Police]''. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, 2008, www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09199. Accessed 14 Aug. 2020.</ref>

==Operations==
In every district of the state, the SOG is headed by Superintendent Police (operations) or Deputy Superintendent Police (operations).<ref name=":3" /> The recruits of the SOG are young men from all the regions of the state and reflect Jammu and Kashmir's various ethnic groups: [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]], [[Gujjar]]s, [[Dogras|Dogra]]s and [[Sikh]]s. Many of them have been the victims of militancy in the state. The group is a volunteer force comprising police officers and policemen. The volunteers come for different reasons: some genuinely want to fight anti-India insurgents, while some are motivated by the incentives offered.<ref name=":3" /> In 2020, a BBC report said that every militant killed by the group earns it between {{INRConvert|35|k}} and {{INRConvert|50|k}}, according to a police officer. Bonuses are paid for arresting the militants and capturing arms and ammunition. Other incentives for SOG personnel include out-of-turn promotions.<ref name=":1" />

Whenever there is a militant attack in Jammu and Kashmir, SOG personnel are the first ones to reach the spot.<ref name=":3" /> In addition, SOG personnel have been regularly called in to control [[Stone pelting in Kashmir|stone pelting incidents]] (usually [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] does that in Valley) when the situation gets out of control for local police.<ref name=":3" /> SOG has also conducted many cordon and search operations (CASO) and raiding quickly to capture or kill (if necessary) targets in the main commercial hub of [[Lal Chowk]]. The group usually does not wear [[khaki]] uniform instead they wear camouflage uniform and cover their faces all the time. This elite force is said to set a dangerous precedent where armed officers are awarded promotions and money rewards for every terrorist eliminated. It is said to be the cause of many false shooting incidents where teenagers pelting stones are termed as violent armed terrorists.<ref name=":1" />{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

In 2016, there were reports that SOG operations were being "thwarted" by hostile youth.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narayanan|first=M. K.|date=2016-05-30|title=Adrift in the Valley|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Adrift-in-the-Valley/article14346052.ece|access-date=2020-08-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2019, the SOG in each district of Jammu and Kashmir were given targets of "one or two terrorists they need to track and ''target single-mindedly''". Assigning individual targets was a change from how militants were tracked previously.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Sudhi Ranjan|date=2019-11-22|title=Over two dozen terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir Police's cross-hairs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/over-two-dozen-terrorists-in-j-k-police-s-cross-hairs/story-ByR3mCpRuSRKcVECOls0pO.html|access-date=2020-08-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> SOG are also given training by the [[National Security Guard]] (NSG).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandhu|first=Kamaljit Kaur|date=28 December 2016|title=NSG trains anti-insurgent 'Special Operation Group' of Jammu Kashmir Police|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nsg-anti-insurgent-special-operation-group-jammu-kashmir-police-360036-2016-12-28|access-date=2020-08-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Criticism ==

=== Usage of excessive force ===
The SOG was notorious for alleged human rights violations.{{Efn|"wherever the forces operate, whether the army, paramilitary, or the SOG, there are (always) allegations of abuse."<ref name=":0" />|name=|group=}}<ref name=":4" /> So much so that [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|JK Peoples Democratic Party]] (JK PDP) made it an election promise. [[Mehbooba Mufti]], who was the PDP Vice-president at the time, was quoted saying that the first thing they would do once in power was disband the SOG.<ref name=":1" />

{{Blockquote|text=A commission would be set up to inquire into the allegations against Special Operations Group/security forces relating to disappearances and custodial killings. We demand stern punishment for those responsible for custodial killings.|author=|title=|source=People's Democratic Party manifesto}}

In 2003, when the JK PDP came into power, the SOG was disbanded.<ref name=":0" /> However today the SOG are considered a model anti-insurgency force which could be replicated in other states.<ref name=":4" />

== Leadership ==
[[Farooq Khan|Farooq Khan, IPS]] was the first head of the Special Operations Group.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=17 August 2016|title=Former J&K top cop Farooq Khan is new Administrator of Lakshadweep|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-jk-top-cop-farooq-khan-is-new-administrator-of-lakshadweep/articleshow/53741858.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-08-09}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Counter Insurgency Force]] (West Bengal)
* [[Special Operation Group (Odisha)|Special Operation Group]] (Odisha)
* [[Greyhounds (police)]]
* [[Force One (Mumbai Police)]]
* [[Punjab Police SWAT Team]]
*[[Kerala Thunderbolts]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:Non-military counterterrorist organizations]]
[[Category:Counterterrorism in India]]
[[Category:Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Jakhama

2026-03-22T13:25:03Z

Maansi26: improved formatting for clarity and added references for consistency

{{moresources|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jakhama
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]] and [[Metropolitan area]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Jakhama
| coordinates = {{coord|25.58213|N|94.125631|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kohima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 1606
| elevation_min_m =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 4695 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/nagaland/kohima/jakhama-population.html|title=Census of India 2011 – Jakhama data|website=www.censusindia2011.com|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 = Yokha–mi
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Dialect
| population_blank2 = [[Angami language#Keyho|Keyho]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797005
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#NL.E2.80.94Nagaland|NL-01]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1040 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jakhama''' is a [[Angami Naga#Southern Angami|Southern Angami]] [[Naga people|Naga]] village located 18 km south of [[Kohima]], the capital of [[Nagaland]]. It hosts the [[St. Joseph's College, Jakhama]].

==Demographics==
Jakhama is located in Jakhama Circle of Kohima District, Nagaland with total 953 families residing. The Jakhama has a population of 5216 of which 3576 are males while 1640 are females as per Population Census 2011.

==See also==
*[[Viswema]]
*[[Southern Angami]]
*[[Angami Naga]]
*[[Chakhesang Naga]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kohima district]]

{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}

Shibpur

2026-03-22T07:53:07Z

Maansi26: Started a details and citations

{{other uses}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shibpur
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Sibpur Road - Howrah 2011-05-22 00289.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Shibpur road, popularly known as Shibpur bazar
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|N|88|18|E|region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| subdivision_type4 = City
| subdivision_name4 = [[Howrah]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] and [[Howrah metro station|Howrah]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|HMC]] wards
| blank1_info_sec1 = 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Howrah Madhya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah Madhya]] and [[Howrah Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah Dakshin]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| leader_title = Member of Legislative Assembly
| leader_name = [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 197,161
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 711101, 711102, 711103, 711104
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB 12
| iso_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Shibpur''' is a neighbourhood in [[Howrah]] of [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref>

It is well known for being the location of the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]], the [[IIEST Shibpur]] and the Hajar Hath Kali Temple. The famous Bengali linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] was born in Shibpur. During [[British Raj]], its name was written as Seebpore.

Recently, parts of administrative headquarters of the West Bengal government have been temporarily shifted to Mandirtala ([[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna]]) in Shibpur. Shibpur is under the jurisdiction of Howrah Police Station, Shibpur Police Station, Chatterjeehat Police Station, B. Garden Police Station and Santragachi Police Station of [[Howrah Police Commissionerate|Howrah City Police]].
{{stack|[[File:Hazar Hath Kali Temple - Sibpur - Howrah 2012-09-20 0238.JPG|thumb|Hajar Hath Kali Temple]]}}

==History==
[[File:Sanjar Aatchala - Sibpur - Howrah 2012-10-20 0863.JPG|thumb|left|The Sanjher Attchala Estate]]
The Haldars were the founders & landowners of Shibpur more than 750 years ago. The Halders were in business, establishing their fortunes in Kolkata, namely started & flourishing under the guidance of Nilmoni Halder, Pulin Behari's grandfather. The town of Shibpur was founded during the reign of the [[Bengal Sultanate]].

The area was home to many royal landlords ([[zamindar]]s) in [[Bengal]]. During the era of [[British Raj|British rule in India]], the landlords sold their possessions to build [[jute]] mills. These included the successful jute mills such as the Howrah Jute Mill and the Bengal Jute Mill. The proximity to [[Kolkata]]'s southern district and the [[central business district]] which is just across the river brought many middle-class office goers to seek cheaper lodging in Shibpur. Some of the old [[zamindar]] house in Shibpur is like Roy Choudhury's and Mukherjee bari in Chaterjeehat named as Digambar Mukhopadhyay Attalika. The Roy Chowdhury family stayed in Shibpur for near about 500 years at Sanjher Attchala and Mukhopadhyay family is staying in Chaterjeehat for more than 300 years. [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|Botanical Garden]] was a British determent area. Then after freedom, the Indian government took a long place from the garden and made the college. Pulin Behari Halder was the founder president of all the girls' schools & colleges in Shibpur.

{{stack|[[File:Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden - Howrah 2011-01-08 9879.JPG|thumb|[[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]]]]}}
The [[The Great Banyan|oldest banyan tree]] is in the [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden|Shibpur B. Garden]]. Its original root has been destroyed many years ago and the tree sprayed a lot through its branches. This tree was taken from Africa by the British government.

[[File:Shiva Temples - Char Mandir - Sibpur - Howrah 2013-07-14 0962 to 0965 Combined.JPG|left|thumb|Char Mandir, Kazipara]]
Batai Chandi Temple (considered an avatar of Goddess Kali) and Char Mandir are other notable places of Shibpur.

==Recent developments==
{{multiple image
| image1 = Flyovers approaching Vidyasagar Setu 11.jpg
| caption1 = Flyovers approaching [[Vidyasagar Setu]] at Mandirtala
| image2 = Nabanna - HRBC Building with Multistorey Car Park - Sibpur - Howrah 2015-03-09 6834.JPG
| caption2 = The HRBC Garment Park (Now [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna]])
}}
Before the [[Vidyasagar Setu]] project, a vast tract of land near used to be a marsh and was only dotted by few villages. This is in the distant past now after building the iconic bridge and the [[National Highway 117 (India)|Kona expressway]] easily connecting the place with heart of [[Kolkata]] and the national highway and the industrial sector in Dasnagar.

Notably, the [[Kolkata Port]] was connected to the rest of India easier than the other existing route through [[Howrah Bridge]] and [[Vivekananda Setu|Bally bridge]] which are famous for their congested rush hour traffic. As a result of that, the place has good attention recently all over again. The town saw an immediate rush for land after the proposal for the bridge. Now various important buildings of the district are located in the town, namely the water purifying plant at Padmapukur, the [[Howrah Indoor Stadium|Dumurjala Indoor Stadium]] and a good number of women's hockey clubs. The first Garment Park of Eastern India, initiated by the [[Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners]] (HRBC) is coming up at the approach to [[Vidyasagar Setu]].<ref>"Green Address for Garment Trade - Small-scale Sector Gets Manufacturing, Marketing and Distribution Hub." N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Aug. 2012.</ref>

The secretariat of [[Mamata Banerjee]]-run West Bengal Government is shifted permanently to the Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners or HRBC made 16 storied with basement and ground floor<ref>"Engineering Projects India Ltd." Engineering Projects India Ltd. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Aug. 2013.</ref> the 'Garment Park' building popularly known as 'Nabanna' at Shibpur from 1 October 2013, as the restoration of 236-year-old [[Writers' Buildings]] is shortly for cost of Rs. 2,000 million.<ref>"Seat of Power Will Shift to Howrah as CM Unveils Rs 200cr Writers’ Restoration." The Times of India. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Aug. 2013.</ref>

[[File:Narayana Superspeciality Hospital - 120-1 Andul Road - Howrah 2016-01-31 0278-0280.tif|thumb|[[Narayana Superspeciality Hospital|NH Narayana Superspeciality Hospital]], Shalimar]]
[[Narayana Health]] group, led by Dr. [[Devi Prasad Shetty]], launched [[Narayana Superspeciality Hospital|NH Narayana Superspeciality Hospital]] at the Shalimar area of Shibpur (Andul Road). It is a reputed centre for oncology and cardiac sciences facilities in Eastern India.<ref>{{cite news|work= indiablooms.com |title= Narayana Superspeciality Hospital, IDA roll out campaign on World No Tobacco Day |url= http://indiablooms.com/ibns_new/health-details/H/1800/narayana-superspeciality-hospital-ida-roll-out-campaign-on-world-no-tobacco-day.html }}</ref> Its [[tertiary care]] services including cardiac surgery, neurology, neurosurgery, orthopaedics and Advanced Brachytherapy.<ref>{{cite news|work= sify.com |title= Narayana Superspeciality Hospital creates awareness on health hazards of consuming tobacco |url= http://www.sify.com/news/narayana-superspeciality-hospital-creates-awareness-on-health-hazards-of-consuming-tobacco-news-health-pf2ab5heifddj.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160818041530/http://www.sify.com/news/narayana-superspeciality-hospital-creates-awareness-on-health-hazards-of-consuming-tobacco-news-health-pf2ab5heifddj.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2016-08-18}}</ref> The hospital provides an aggregate of 41 services along with a cancer support cell,<ref>{{cite news|work= timesofindia.indiatimes.com |title= Cancer support cell for treatment of the poor |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cancer-support-cell-for-treatment-of-the-poor/articleshow/50895162.cms}}</ref> which aims to raise funds for cancer patients, physiotherapy, nutrition, preventive health checks, counselling, emergency services and trauma care.

Shibpur is also geared towards luxury living with some big real estate projects like Ideal Grand, Clubtown Riverdale building up luxury apartments with plenty of open spaces and amenities of mini townships in old Tram Depot area and Shibpur market between [[G.T. Road]] and Foreshore Road. That place is currently occupied by dilapidated warehouses. Over the last ten years, Shibpur has developed into a popular residential community. Many multi-storied apartment complexes have been built (e.g. Shree Apartment - being one of the oldest, Vivek Vihar - the complex widely spread, Panchsheel Apartments) attracted by the location near the [[River Ganges]], as well as by the easy connection to South [[Kolkata]] through the [[Vidyasagar Setu]]. Newly constructed roads have made access to the area very easy. Many parts have turned up as a transportation gateway to Kolkata.

Heavyweight transportation businesses are also growing in the Shalimar area.

==Culture==
[[File:Shibpur Public Library - 178 Sibpur Road - Howrah 2013-07-14 0939 to 0943 Combined.JPG|thumb|200px|The Shibpur Public Library is one of the oldest libraries in Howrah]]
The eminent novelist [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] lived in Baje Shibpur, alias Bajiye Shibpur, meaning the musicians Shibpur, north of Shibpur. The linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] was born in this place. [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]], the author of the first complete English translation of the Sanskrit epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (1883–1893), also lived in Shibpur.<ref name=tra>{{cite book |title=The Mahabharata Book 1: Adi Parva |author= Kisari Mohan Ganguli tr.|chapter= Translator's Preface|year=1883|page=xii |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01001.htm}}</ref>

Shibpur is notorious for its narrow lanes and high density built uptown space.

Shibpur has a chequered history in the field of culture. The residents of this place are well known for their interest in music, the arts and literature.

Many luminaries of West Bengal in the fields of sports and athletics reside here. The only indoor stadium in [[Howrah]], the [[Howrah Indoor Stadium|Dumurjala Indoor Stadium]], is located in the western fringe of Shibpur ([[Belepole|Dumurjala]]) on Dr. Bholanath Chakraborty Sarani (Formerly Drainage Canal Road).

The legacy of the late master sarod player Bahadur Hossain Khan is continued through the "Ustad Ayet Ali Khan Sangeet Niketon" (Ustad Ayet Ali Khan Memorial School of Music) - a music school in memory of his father Ayet Ali Khan - in Shibpur.

{{multiple image|perrow=1/1/1|total_width=200
|image1 = Mandirtala Bus Terminus - Sibpur - Howrah 2013-07-14 0909.JPG
|caption1 = Mandirtala Bus Stoppage
|image2 = Nabanna Bus Terminus - Sibpur - Howrah 2014-02-06 8469-8471.JPG
|caption2 = Nabanna Bus Terminus
|image3 = Batai Chandi Mandir - Grand Trunk Road & Debendra Ganguly Road Crossing - Bataitala - Sibpur - Howrah 2012-10-02 0396.JPG
|caption3 = [[Grand Trunk Road]] (part of [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|SH 6]]), Bataitala
}}

==Popular areas==
[[File:Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2012-01-14 0957.JPG|thumb|[[Avani Riverside Mall]], Kazipara]]
Being a largely populated city Shibpur has its share of areas and places that play the role of landmarks and "hangout" points, such as Mandirtala, the Shibpur entrance to the [[Vidyasagar Setu]], a very popular jogging track and rendezvous point. It was named 'Mandirtala' due to two popular [[Mandir]]s of [[Shiva]] situated here. Nearby popular places are Sashthitala, Shibpur Bazar, Hajar Hath Kalitala, Mallick Phatak, [[Howrah Indoor Stadium|Dumurjala Indoor Stadium]] etc. Shibpur Bazaar is a busy marketplace, where most of Shibpur's shops and stalls are located.

Besides Mandirtala and Nabanna Bus Terminus, Buses ply along [[Grand Trunk Road]]/Andul Road (part of [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|State Highway 6]]), Foreshore Road, Jagat Banerjee Ghat Road, College Road/Botanical Garden Road, [[Kona Expressway]] and Netaji Subhash Road in Shibpur. The nearest railway station [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] is a terminus station for [[South Eastern Railway Zone (India)|South Eastern Railway]] and also has a port near it. The Shalimar port is even older than the Kolkata port made by the colonial rulers. Shalimar port was in function during the [[Mughal Empire]], which was connected to the rest of the country with [[Grand Trunk Road]]. One manufacturing unit of the second largest Paint Company, [[Berger Paints]] is situated here.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/berger-paints-plans-60-cr-for-howrah-rishra-units/article19429268.ece|title=Berger Paints plans ₹60 cr. for Howrah, Rishra units|date=2017-08-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The largest mall-cum-multiplex of [[Howrah]], Avani Riverside Mall on the west bank of [[Hooghly River]] is located here (on Jagat Banerjee Ghat Road). It was launched in 2012 and has a gross leasable area of 6 lakh square feet.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avani Riverside Mall|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/avani-riverside-mall-launched-in-kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140321/jsp/howrah/story_18099532.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326010702/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140321/jsp/howrah/story_18099532.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2014|title=A green mall by the riverside|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref>

There are many schools and colleges in Shibpur. One of the best institutions in India [[Bengal Engineering College]], the second oldest engineering college, was given the status of a [[university]], making it the first university in [[Howrah]]. It was renamed as Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur in 2004, in recognition of its contributions for more than 150 years. This engineering university was transformed into the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (an Institute of National Importance) in 2014 by the Government of India. Shibpur Dinobundhoo Institution (College) is one of the best colleges of Howrah district. Shibpur Hindu Girls High School, B. K. Paul's Institution, [[Sibpur Srimat Swami Projnanananda Saraswati Vidyalaya|Shibpur Srimat Swami Projnanananda Saraswati Vidyalaya]], [[Vivekananda Institution|Howrah Vivekananda Institution]], Shibpur Bhabani Balika Vidyalaya, Shree Jain vidhyalaya, Maria's day school, St. John's high school, Heritage Academy high School and B. E. College Model School are some of the well known schools in this area.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Howrah}}
{{Howrah District}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Howrah]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Bhavishya Purana

2026-03-22T07:16:34Z

Maansi26: small changes

{{short description|Medieval era Sanskrit text, one of twenty major Puranas}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Bhavishya Purana, Bhavishyottara, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A page from the Bhavishyottara section of ''Bhavishya Purana'' (Sanskrit, Devanagari)]]
{{Hindu scriptures}}

The ''''Bhavishya Purana'''' (''{{IAST|Bhaviṣya Purāṇa}}'') is one of the eighteen major works in the [[Purana]] genre of [[Hinduism]], written in [[Sanskrit]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=71}}{{Sfn|Winternitz|1922|p=541}} The title ''Bhavishya'' means "future" and implies it is a work that contains prophecies regarding the future.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=151-154}}{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=215 with note 1180}}

The ''Bhavishya Purana'' exists in many inconsistent versions, wherein the content as well as their subdivisions vary, and five major versions are known.{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=215 with note 1180}} Some manuscripts have four ''Parvam'' (parts), some two, others don't have any parts.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=71}}{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=151-154}} The text as it exists today is a composite of material ranging from medieval era to the modern era. Those sections of the surviving manuscripts that are dated to be older, are partly borrowed from other Indian texts such as ''Brihat Samhita'' and ''Shamba Purana''.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=151-154}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=72}} The veracity and authenticity of much of the ''Bhavishya Purana'' has been questioned by modern scholars and historians, and the text is considered an example of "constant revisions and living nature" of Puranic genre of [[Hindu literature]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=153}}{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=48-49 with note 246}}

The first 16 chapters of the first part of the ''Bhavisya Purana'' is called ''Brahmaparvam''. It shows similarities to, and likely borrowed verses from some version of the [[Manusmriti]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=151-154}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sarma | first=KV | title=Review of The Manava Dharmasastra I-III and the Bhavisya Purana by Ludwik Sternbach | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=109 | issue=2 | year=1977 | page=217 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x00133957 | s2cid=163650785 }}</ref> However, some of the [[Varna (Hinduism)|caste]]-related and women's rights related discussion in the ''Bhavishya Purana'' is [[egalitarian]] and challenge those found in the 19th century published manuscripts of the Manusmriti.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=152 with footnotes}}<ref name="Raj Arora 1972">Raj Arora (1972), Historical and cultural data from the Bhavisya Purana, Sterling Publishers, {{oclc|844555576}}, pages viii-ix, 92-119, Chapter 4</ref><ref name=lallanji174>L Gopal (1986), [https://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=FfNjAAAAMAAJ Bhavisya Purana Brahma Parvan Chapters 40-44], Journal: Purana, Volume XXVIII, Issue 2 (July), pages 174-196</ref> The second part of the text, called ''Madhyamaparvam'', is a [[Tantra]]-related work.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=153}} The "prophecy"-related third part ''Pratisargaparvan'' includes sections on [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Bhakti movement]], [[Sikhism]], Sultanate history, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] history, British rule, and others.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=153-154}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=72}}<ref name="Hiltebeitel1999p217"/> The fourth part of the text called ''Uttaraparvam'', is also known as ''Bhavishyottara Purana''. This last part describes festivals related to various [[Hindu gods]] and goddesses and their ''Tithis'' (dates on [[lunar calendar]]), as well as mythology and a discussion of [[Dharma]] particularly ''vrata'' (vow) and ''dana'' (charity).{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=153-154}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=72}} The text also has many ''Mahatmya'' chapters on geography, travel guide and pilgrimage to holy sites such as [[Uthiramerur]],{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=154 with footnotes}}{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=146, '''Quote:''' The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''}} and is one of the ''Tirtha''-focussed Puranas.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=78}}

==Manuscripts==
The Bombay edition contains:

* ''Brahma Parva'' which has 215 chapters.
* ''Madhyama Parva'' which has three sections with a cumulative total of 62 chapters,
* ''Pratisarga Parva'' which has four sections with 7, 35, 32 and 26 chapters respectively, and
* ''Uttara Parva'' which has 208 chapters.

Some manuscripts of the text do not have these ''Parvans'' and have different number of chapters.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=151-154}} A few manuscripts assert that it has five parts (Sanskrit: ''parvans''), but all extant editions contain only the above four parts.<ref>For self-report of five parts, but only four parts in the printed text, see: Hazra, Rajendra Chandra, "The {{IAST|Purāṇas}}", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1962), volume 2, p. 263.</ref> The text is sometimes titled ''{{IAST|Bhaviṣyat Purāṇa}}''.{{Sfn|Winternitz|1922|p=541}}

=== Dating ===
In records of land grants of the fifth century CE, verses are quoted which occur only in the ''[[Padma Purana|Padma]]'', ''Bhavishya'', and ''[[Brahma Purana]]s''. On this basis Pargiter in 1912 assigned these particular Puranas to the early centuries CE. However, [[Moriz Winternitz]] considers it more probable that these verses, both in the inscriptions and in the puranas, were taken as quotations from now nonextant [[dharmaśāstra]]s.<ref>For the fifth century CE land grant references, citation to Pargiter (1912), and debunking of the theory, see: Winternitz, volume 1, p. 526, note 2.</ref> According to Winternitz, the text which has come down to us in manuscript form is certainly not the ancient work which is quoted in the ''{{IAST|Āpastambīya Dharmasūtra}}'' ; a quotation attributed to the ''{{IAST|Bhaviṣyat Purāṇa}}'' cannot be found anymore in extant editions.<ref>For statement that the extant text is not the ancient work, see: Winternitz, volume 1, p. 567.</ref><ref>For the quotation in ''{{IAST|Āpastambīya Dharmasūtra}}'' attributed to the ''{{IAST|Bhaviṣyat Purāṇa}}'' not extant today, see: Winternitz, volume 1, p. 519.</ref>

It is now accepted that the four parts have different dates. However, Puranic scholars have increasingly arrived at a consensus that it is impossible to meaningfully date most of the Puranic corpus due to their extremely fluid nature. Gustav Glaesser reiterates this argument to highlight how the surviving manuscripts of ''Bhavishya Purana'' are neither the ancient nor a medieval version of some original Bhavishya Purana.

==Contents==
Despite being labelled a purana or "tales of ancient times", the work relates only a few legends. It is one of several puranas in which a list of royal dynasties of the "past" are followed by lists of kings predicted to rule in the future.<ref>For the ''{{IAST|Bhaviṣyat Purāṇa}}'' as one of several puranas predicting future kings (others being the ''Matsya'', ''Vāyu'', ''{{IAST|Brahmāṇḍa}}'', ''{{IAST|Viṣṇu}}'', ''Bhāgavata'', and ''{{IAST|Garuḍa}}'' Puranas, see: Winternitz, volume 1, pp. 523–524.</ref>

The first 16 chapters of the first part of the ''Bhavisya Purana'' is called ''Brahmaparvam''. The second part of the text, called ''Madhyamaparvan'', is a Tantra-related work.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=153}} The "prophecy"-related third part ''Pratisargaparvan'' includes sections on comparing Upanishadic ideas to those found in non-Indic religions, as well as a history through the 18th century. It is considered by scholars as an 18th or 19th century creation.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=153-154}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=72}} The fourth part of the text called ''Uttaraparvam'', is also known as ''Bhavisyottara Purana''. This last part describes festivals, ''vrata'' (vow), ''dana'' (charity) and pilgrimage sites.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=78, 153-154}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=72}}

In the ''[[Padma Purana]]'',{{Sfn|Flood|2003|p=137}} it is classified in the ''rajas'' category, which contains puranas related to [[Brahma]].{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|p=xii}}{{Sfn|Flood|1996|p=110}}<ref>Mathett, Freda, "''Purāṇa''" in Flood (2003), p. 137</ref> Scholars consider the ''Sattva-Rajas-Tamas'' classification as "entirely fanciful" and there is nothing in this text that actually justifies this classification.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=21}}

===Brāhma Parva===
This part of the text has 215 chapters.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=151-154}} It covers topics such as rites of passage, ceremonies and feasts.<ref>For the characterization of the content, see: Winternitz, volume 1, p. 541-542.</ref> It also covers the duties and rights of women, a discussion on the nature of people and how to identify good and bad characters, and a caste-related discussion. According to Arora, and other scholars,{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=478-479 with note 2648}}<ref name=lallanji174/> the [[caste]]-related and women's rights related discussion in the ''Bhavishya Purana'' is egalitarian, similar to those found in ''[[Brahma Purana]]'' and [[Vajrasuchi Upanishad]], thus challenging Manusmriti.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=152 with footnotes}}<ref name="Raj Arora 1972"/><ref>For women and varna-related discussion, signs of people, see: Hazra, Rajendra Chandra, "The {{IAST|Purāṇas}}", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1962), volume 2, p. 264.</ref>{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=478-479 with note 2648}}

The Brahma Parva also includes sections on festival dates and methods for worshipping [[Brahma]], [[Ganesha]], [[Murugan|Skanda]], and the [[Nāga]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=151-154}}<ref>For Brahma, Ganesha, Skanda, and the Snakes see: Hazra, Rajendra Chandra, "The {{IAST|Purāṇas}}", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1962), volume 2, p. 264.</ref> A considerable section deals with Sun worship in a place called "Śākadvīpa" which may be a reference to [[Scythia]].<ref>For the sun worship in "Śākadvīpa", which may be Scythia, see: Winternitz, volume 1, p. 567.</ref><ref>For a large number of chapters on Sun worship, solar myths, and Śāka-dvipa, see: Hazra, Rajendra Chandra, "The {{IAST|Purāṇas}}", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1962), volume 2, p. 264.</ref> This overlaps with Zoroastrianism-related views,{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=72}} and may be related to ancient migration or interaction between Persia and central Asia with Indian subcontinent.{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=49 with note 247}}{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=218-219}} These chapters are the most comprehensive and important source of sun-worship tradition in India, and may be related to the escape and resettlement of people from Persia into western India during the mid to late medieval era.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=217-219 with footnotes}}

===Madhyama Parva===
The second part of the ''Bhavisya Purana'' has 62 chapters on [[Tantra]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=151-154}}

This is not mentioned in other Indian text, states Hazra, to have been a part of the ''Bhavishya Purana'', and therefore might be "a late appendage" abounding in Tantric theories of the 2nd millennium.<ref>For quotation from Hazra regarding the ''Madhyama Parva'' as a late appendage, see: Hazra, Rajendra Chandra, "The {{IAST|Purāṇas}}", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1962), volume 2, p. 263.</ref> However, states Rocher, these sections were likely integrated by about 1500 CE.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=153 with footnote 92}}

===Pratisarga Parva===
The Pratisarga Parva has 100 chapters,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=151-154}} which deal with topics such as the genealogy of the kings and sages, and prophecies.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=153}} It is written as a universal history with the first and the second chapters (called Khandas) dealing with old time, the third part with the medieval, and the fourth with the new age.<ref name="Hiltebeitel1999p217"/> The text includes the plundering of regions and major massacres in India after the 12th century, including those of Timur-Tamburlaine in section 3.4.6 (the text calls him Timiralinga, or "linga of darkness").<ref name="Hiltebeitel1999p275"/> It compares "Upanishadic" religion with the religions of the ''mlecchas'' in a way "comparative religions" studies do, states [[Alf Hiltebeitel]], along with historical characters whose ideas and actions impacted India between the 11th and 14th centuries. It includes critical comments about the Mughal history (the texts calls them "Mukula") and refers to a ''Mahamada'' who is a Last Prophet of the "mlecchas".<ref name="Hiltebeitel1999p275"/> This suggests this section was written well after the 14th century. The author of this ''parvan'' of the ''Bhavisya Purana'' seems to know both English Biblical and Arabic Islamic texts, but virtually all terms used here are derived from Arabic words and names, not the English sources. Thus, this part of the text must have been composed after the start of the Mughal empire and after Arabic sources were available in India.<ref name="Hiltebeitel1999p275">{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV-RrRoMzbgC|year=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-34050-0|pages=274–277}}</ref> This section has led numerous scholars to question the authenticity of much of the ''Bhavishya Purana'', and as evidence that these Puranas were not scriptures, but rather a document of history that was constantly revised and thus of a living nature, both over time and over geography.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=8-13, 153}}{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=48-49 with notes 246-247}}<ref name="Hiltebeitel1999p217">{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV-RrRoMzbgC|year=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-34050-0|pages=216–218, 271–287}}</ref>

According to Alf Hiltebeitel,<ref name="Hiltebeitel1999p217"/> the second quarter of the eighteenth century marks the ''[[terminus a quo]]'' for the text's history of the [[Mughals]] because it mentions Nadir Shah (calling him Daitya Nadira) and Muhammad Shah in section 3.4.22. This ''c.'' mid-18th century ''terminus a quo'' would also apply to Pratisargaparvan's first khanda Genesis-Exodus sequence where its author is aware of both Arabic and English sources.<ref>[[Alf Hiltebeitel]] ''Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics'' 2009 Page 276 "Thus 1739 could mark a terminus a quo for the text's history of the Mughals. If so, the same terminus would apply to its Genesis-Exodus sequence in its first khanda, its Jesus-Muhammad diptych in its third (the Krsnam&acaritd), and the history ..."</ref> Further, mention of [[Queen Victoria]]'s palaces, [[Calcutta]] and several 18th century historic events place the ''[[terminus ad quem]]'' (completed before a year) at mid to late 19th Century.<ref>Alf Hiltebeitel ''Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics'' 2009 Page 277 "Since references to Queen Victoria's Calcutta provide a mid- to even late-nineteenth-century terminus ad quem for other ... but of the Genesis-Exodus sequence and the Krsnamsacarita —with its Jesus and Muhammad passages— as well."</ref><ref>Bonazzoli, Giorgio: Christ in the Bhavisya Purana [Engl.]. (a methodological approach to Bhav. P. III. 3.2.21-32), Journal: ''Purana'' issue 21, January 1979, pp. 23-39.</ref> Hiltebeitel states that this part of the ''Bhavisya Purana'' was mostly likely composed in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV-RrRoMzbgC|year=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-34050-0|pages=217–218}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=PDFDRIVE|title=Bhavishya Puran|url=https://pdf-drive.ogili.com/bhavishya-puran/1970/|year=2021|publisher=PDFDRIVE|isbn=978-0-226-34050-0|pages=217–218}}</ref>

===Uttara Parva===
The ''Uttara Parva'' is large with 208 chapters.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=151-154}} Though nominally attached to the ''Bhavishya Purana'', is usually considered to be an independent work, also known as the ''{{IAST|Bhaviṣyottara Purāṇa}}'', and as such is included among the [[Puranas#Upapuranas|Upapuranas]] (Lesser Puranas).<ref>For independent classification of the Uttaraparvan as the {{IAST|Bhaviṣyottara Purāṇa}} see: Hazra, Rajendra Chandra, "The {{IAST|Purāṇas}}", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1962), volume 2, p. 263.</ref> The ''{{IAST|Bhaviṣyottara Purana}}'' is primarily a handbook of religious rites with a few legends and myths.<ref>For the contents of the {{IAST|Bhaviṣyottara Purana}} and characterizing it as a continuation of the ''Bhavishya Purana'' see: Winternitz, volume 1, p. 567.</ref> Rajendra Hazra characterizes it as "a loose collection of materials taken from various sources" that is lacking in many of the traditional five characteristics of a purana, but which offers an interesting study of vows, festivals, and donations from sociological and religious point of view.<ref>For quotation related to loose collection of materials see: Hazra, Rajendra Chandra, "The {{IAST|Upapurāṇas}}" in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1962), volume 2, p. 285.</ref>

The ''Bhavishya Purana'' also includes ''Mahatmya'' (travel guides) to pilgrimage sites such as [[Uthiramerur]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=154 with footnotes}}{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=146, '''Quote:''' The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''}}

== Influences ==
Indologist [[Theodor Aufrecht]] had noted the Bombay manuscript edition to be a modern era "literary fraud" that plagiarized excerpts from the [[Pentateuch]] (Bible) brought to India by early missionaries. According to Gustav Glaesser, this should not be considered "fraud" because such borrowing from all sorts of sources, interpolations and additions are common in the ''Puranas'' genre.<ref name="Glaesser">{{cite journal|last1=Glaesser|first1=Gustav|year=1969|title=Review of Das Bhaviṣyapurāṇa (Münchener Indologische Studien vol. 5) by Adam Hohenberger, Helmut Hoffmann|journal=East and West|volume=19|issue=3/4|pages=511–513|jstor=29755461}}</ref>{{Efn|Samba Purana, for example, borrows heavily from late medieval era non-Indic texts.}} In the same way, the ''Bhavishya Purana'' takes ideas from Semitic, Mesopotamian, Persian, Christian and other sources. This is evidenced by the use of words in ''Bhavishya Purana'' that are neither Sanskrit nor Prakrit, such as, ''Falgun'' (for February), ''shashtihi'' (for sixty) and others.<ref name="Glaesser" />

==See also==
* [[Bhagavata Purana]]
* [[Shiva Purana]]
* [[Markandeya Purana]]
* [[Upanishads]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|author=Gregory Bailey|editor=Arvind Sharma|title=The Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC|year=2003|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-449-7}}
*{{cite book|first = Rosen|last= Dalal|year= 2014|title= Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide| publisher= Penguin|isbn= 978-8184752779| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Dimmitt | first1 = Cornelia | first2 = J. A. B. |last2 = van Buitenen | title = Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC| publisher = Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977) | year = 2012 | isbn =978-1-4399-0464-0 }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy|author-link=Wendy Doniger |title={{IAST|Purāṇa Perennis}}: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |year=1993 |publisher=State University of New York |location=Albany, New York |isbn= 0-7914-1382-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |author-link= Gavin Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn= 0-521-43878-0}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|year=2003 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|location=Malden, MA|isbn=1-4051-3251-5 }}
*{{cite book|author=K P Gietz|display-authors=etal|title=Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&pg=PA870|year= 1992|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03028-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC| year=2008| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-971825-2 }}
*{{cite book| title= {{IAST|Bhaviṣyapurāna}}, Pratisargaparvan| year=1959|publisher= Venkateshwar Press| location=Bombay}}
*{{cite book |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sarvepalli (Editorial Chairman)|author-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |title=The Cultural Heritage of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7805 |year=1962 |publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta }} Second edition, four volumes, revised and enlarged, 1962 (volume II).
*{{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225}}
*{{cite book |last= Wilson |first=H. H. |author-link= Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 1: Introduction, Book I) |year=1864 | url=https://archive.org/stream/vishnupurnsyst01wils#page/n3/mode/2up | publisher=Read Country Books (reprinted in 2006) |isbn=1-84664-664-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |author-link= Moriz Winternitz |title=History of Indian Literature Vol 1 (Original in German, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981) |year=1922 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint 2010) |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-8120802643 }}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25210893 A Review: The Manava Dharmasastra I-III and the Bhavishya Purana by Ludwik Sternbach], KV Sarma (1997)




{{Puranas}}

[[Category:Prophecy in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Puranas]]

Takbir

2026-03-22T06:19:08Z

Maansi26: basic fix article based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Arabic phrase}}
{{Redirect|Allahu Akbar|the former national anthem of Libya|Allahu Akbar (anthem)|other uses|Allahu Akbar (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Takfir}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox Arabic term
| title = Takbir
| arabic = {{wikt-lang|ar|تَكْبِير}}
| arabic_rom = {{Transliteration|ar|takbīr}}
| native pronunciation = {{IPA|ar|tak.biːr}}
| literal meaning = "magnification [of God]"
}}
{{Infobox Arabic term
| title = Allahu Akbar
| arabic = {{wikt-lang|ar|اللّٰهُ أَكْبَر}}
| arabic_rom = {{Transliteration|ar|Allāhu ʾAkbar}}
| native pronunciation = {{IPA|ar|ʔaɫ.ɫaː.hu ʔak.bar||Ar-eg-الله أكبر.oga}}
| literal meaning = "God is greater [than everything]"
}}

The {{Lang|ar-Latn|'''takbīr'''}} ({{langx|ar|تَكْبِير}} {{IPA|ar|tak.biːr|}}, {{lit|magnification [of God]}}) is the name for the Arabic phrase ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Allāhu ʾAkbar}}'' ({{langx|ar|اللّٰهُ أَكْبَر}} {{IPA|ar|ʔaɫ.ɫaː.hu ʔak.bar||Ar-eg-الله أكبر.oga}}, {{lit|[[God in Islam|God]] is the greatest [of everything]}}).<ref name="10.1163_1573-3912_islam_SIM_7330">Wensinck, A.J., "Takbīr", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 09 September 2023 {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7330}}
First published online: 2012</ref><ref name="OUA">{{cite book | url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0980 | isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 | title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World | chapter=Takbīr | date=2009 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia.com 2023">{{cite web | title=Takbīr | website=Encyclopedia.com | date=22 August 2023 | url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/takbir | access-date=9 September 2023 | archive-date=7 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007225523/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/takbir | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="raleighmasjid.org">{{cite web|title=The Times of the Five Daily Prayers|url=https://raleighmasjid.org/times/|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323152924/https://raleighmasjid.org/times/|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is a common Arabic expression, used in various contexts by [[Muslim]]s around the world: in formal [[salah]] (prayer),<ref name="raleighmasjid.org"/> in the [[adhan]] (Islamic call to prayer),<ref name="Nigosian102">{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title= Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn= 0-253-21627-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/102 102]}}</ref> in [[Hajj]], as an informal expression of faith, in times of distress or joy, or to express resolute determination or defiance. The phrase is the official motto of [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]]. It is also used by Orthodox [[Arab Christians]] as an expression of faith.<ref name="Telegraph">Emma Bennett, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/11/what-does-allahu-akbar-mean/ What does Allahu Akbar mean?], ''The Telegraph'' (UK), 12 June 2016.</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Allahoakbar Vectorized.svg|thumb|{{Lang|ar-Latn|takbīr}} in [[Nastaliq|nastaʿlīq]]]]
[[File:Takbir in Thuluth.svg|thumb|alt=The Takbir written in Thuluth script|The Takbir written in Thuluth script]]
[[File:Takbir in naskh.svg|thumb|alt=The Takbir written in Naskh script|Takbir in Naskh script]]
The Arabic word {{lang|ar|كَبِير}} ({{transliteration|ar|DIN|kabīr}}) means ''big'' from the [[Semitic root]] ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|[[kāf|k]]-[[bāʼ|b]]-[[rāʼ|r]]}}''. A [[cognate]] word for this root exists in [[Hebrew]] as {{lang|he|כביר}} ({{Transliteration|he|kabir}}). The Arabic word {{lang|ar|أَكْبَر}} ([[:wikt:أَكْبَر|{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾakbar}}]]) is the [[Elative (gradation)|elative]] form ("bigger, biggest") of the [[adjective]] {{Transliteration|ar|kabīr}} ("big"). When used in the {{transliteration|ar|DIN|takbīr}} it is usually translated as "biggest", but some authors translate it as "bigger".<ref>E. W. Lane, ''[[Arabic English Lexicon]]'', 1893, gives for ''kabir'': "bigger, and biggest, in body, or corporeal substance, and in estimation or rank or dignity, and more, or most, advanced in age, older, and oldest" [https://archive.org/stream/ArabicEnglishLexicon.CopiousEasternSources.EnlargedSuppl.Kamoos.Lane.Poole.1863/07.ArabicEnglLex.v1p7.let.21.22.23.24.Qaf.Kaf.Lam.Mim..Lane-Poole.1885.#page/n113/mode/2up (p. 2587)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007201240/https://archive.org/stream/ArabicEnglishLexicon.CopiousEasternSources.EnlargedSuppl.Kamoos.Lane.Poole.1863/07.ArabicEnglLex.v1p7.let.21.22.23.24.Qaf.Kaf.Lam.Mim..Lane-Poole.1885.#page/n113/mode/2up |date=October 7, 2016 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Practical Arabic Grammar|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ex4UAAAAYAAJ&q=comparative&pg=PA69 |year=1887 |author=A.O.Green|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref><ref>"The formula, as the briefest expression of the absolute superiority of the One God, is used in Muslim life in different circumstances, in which the idea of God, His greatness and goodness is suggested." Wensinck, A. J. ''The [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', 2nd edition. Brill, 2000. Volume 10, T-U, p. 119, Takbir.</ref> The term ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|takbīr}}'' itself is the stem II [[Arabic grammar|verbal noun]] of the root {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|k-b-r}}, meaning "big", from which ''akbar'' "bigger" is derived. The form ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Allāhu}}'' is a [[nominative]] of ''[[Allah]]'', meaning "[[God in Islam|God]]".<ref name="EoQ">Böwering, Gerhard, ''God and His Attributes'', Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān, Brill, 2007.</ref><ref>Macdonald, D. B. ''The [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', 2nd edition. Brill, 1971. Volume 3, H-Iram, p. 1093, ''[[Ilah]]''.</ref>

The {{transliteration|ar|DIN|takbīr}} is sometimes translated into English as "God is greater", which is short for "God is greater than all" ({{Lang|ar|الله أَكْبَرُ من كلِّ شيء}}). It is an example of an Arabic idiom where an incomplete sentence, abbreviated because of its familiarity, is considered grammatically correct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=إسماعيل عتوك |first=محمد |date=December 2019 |title=لماذا لا نقول في الأذان : ( الله الأكبر ) مع أل التعريف، بدلاً من ( الله أكبر ) ؟ |url=https://quran-m.com/لماذا-لا-نقول-في-الأذان-الله-الأكبر-مع/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611031350/https://quran-m.com/لماذا-لا-نقول-في-الأذان-الله-الأكبر-مع/ |archive-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>

==Usage in Islamic rituals==
[[File:Takbir of prayer.jpg|thumb|A Muslim raises both of his hands to recite the ''takbīr'' in prayer.]]
[[File:Sancaklar Camii Minaresi.jpg|thumb|Calligraphic Takbir in minaret of [[Sancaklar Mosque]]]]
This phrase is recited by [[Muslim]]s in many different situations.

===In prayer===
The phrase is said during each stage of both [[salah]] (obligatory prayers, performed five times a day), and [[Nafl prayer|nafl]] (supererogatory prayers, performed at will). The call to prayer by the ''[[muezzin]]'' to those outside the mosque (''[[adhan]]'') and the call to those inside to line up for the commencement of prayer (''[[iqama]]'') also contain the phrase.<ref name="Nigosian102"/>

While there are many short prayers like it, the {{transliteration|ar|DIN|takbīr}} is used more frequently than any other.<ref>{{cite web|title=What I learned from Muslims about God|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/called-prayer|author=Patrick J. Ryan, S.J.|date=29 October 2015|publisher=[[America (magazine)|America]]|access-date=8 January 2025|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207125630/https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/called-prayer|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Following births and deaths===
The phrase is used after the birth of a child as a means of praising God.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerrahi.org/library/articles/birth_school|title=On Birth & School|access-date=4 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827111517/http://www.jerrahi.org/library/articles/birth_school|archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> It is also part of [[Islamic funeral]] and burial customs.<ref>{{cite book|last1=el-Hibri|first1=Tayeb|title=Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs|date=19 October 2010|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=9780231521659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouwL4dGrTN8C&pg=PA362}}</ref>

===During the Eid Festival and the Hajj===
During the festival of [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]], and also the days preceding it, Muslims recite the ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|takbīr}}''. This is particularly the case on the [[Day of Arafah]].<ref name="Faraz Rabbani">{{cite web|last=Rabbani|first=Faraz|title=The Day of 'Arafah: The 9th of Dhu'l Hijjah |url=http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=763&CATE=3|publisher=Qibla.com|access-date=4 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015192812/http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=763&CATE=3|archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref>

===During the halal slaughter of animals===
In the process of pronouncing the name of God while performing [[Dhabihah]] one must say {{Transliteration|ar|Bismillah Allahu Akbar}}.<ref name ="USA">{{cite web|url=https://www.ushalalcertification.com/terminology.html|title=Arabic Definitions|publisher=USA Halal Chamber of Commerce, Inc.|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719162845/https://www.ushalalcertification.com/terminology.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other social usage==
[[File:God is the Greatest-Arabic-Desouk.jpg|thumbnail|''Allāhu akbar'' in a memorial, [[Desouk]], [[Egypt]]]]
[[File:Imam Ali Shrine - 1994.jpg|thumbnail|''Allāhu akbar'' in Arabic calligraphy seen on [[Imam Ali Shrine|Imam Ali Mosque]] architecture (center of the Iwan), 1994]]
[[File:Roads_in_iran.jpg|thumbnail|A sign with ''Allāhu akbar'' written on the side of a road in Iran]]
The expression ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Allāhu ʾakbar}}'' can be used in a variety of situations, from celebrations to times of grief.

In a historical account by someone who was present both at the birth of the ruler [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]] (7th century) and at his funeral, the author observes that ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|Allāhu ʾakbar}}'' was said on both occasions.<ref name=suleiman/>

===In times of joy and gratitude===
The ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|takbīr}}'' can be used to express joy or surprise. It is also used as applause in religious contexts, such as after a Quran recital, as other forms of applause are considered less appropriate.<ref name=venice>{{cite web|title=Allahu akbar: What is the Takbir?|date=25 August 2017|url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/88011/allahu-akbar-what-is-the-takbir|publisher=[[The Week]]|access-date=8 January 2025|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719163313/https://www.theweek.co.uk/88011/allahu-akbar-what-is-the-takbir|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is used to celebrate an election win.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/world/mothin-ali-british-councillor-green-party-who-shouted-allahu-akbar-after-being-elected-in-local-polls-8878969.html | title=Who is Mothin Ali? British Councillor Who Shouted 'Allahu Akbar' After Being Elected in Local Polls | date=6 May 2024 | access-date=16 May 2024 | archive-date=16 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516093405/https://www.news18.com/world/mothin-ali-british-councillor-green-party-who-shouted-allahu-akbar-after-being-elected-in-local-polls-8878969.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/05/18/copy-of-most-voters-think-allahu-akbar-inappropriate-politicians/ | title=Most voters think shouting 'Allahu Akbar' is inappropriate for politicians | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=18 May 2024 | last1=Hazell | first1=Will }}</ref> As a multi-purpose phrase, it is sometimes used by Arab football commentators as an expression of amazement, or even as a [[football chant]].<ref name=nyt/>

=== Brunei ===
On 1 January 1984, Begawan Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien led the masses of people who chanted the ''takbir'' to celebrate the restoration of independence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scoop |first=The |date=2018-02-23 |title=A look back at Brunei's first National Day |url=http://thescoop.co/2018/02/24/look-back-bruneis-first-national-day/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=The Scoop |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===In battle===
Historically, the ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|takbīr}}'' has been used as a cry of victory during battle.<ref>Ludwig W. Adamec, Historical Dictionary of Islam, Scarecrow Press, 2nd ed. 2009, pg. 32</ref> [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s 8th century ''Life of Muhammed'' narrates two occasions when [[Muhammad]] proclaimed the ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|takbīr}}'' during battle.<ref>Life of Mohammed [سيرة رسول الله] by Ibn Ishaq, translated by Alfred Guillaume, Oxford University Press, 1955, 17th printing, Karachi, 2004 https://archive.org/details/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume</ref>

===Iran===
During the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, it was shouted from rooftops in Iran during the evenings as a form of protest. The ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|takbīr}}'' was later adopted as the official motto of Iran.<ref>[[Constitution of Iran]], Article 18</ref> This practice returned in the [[2009 Iranian presidential election protests]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090614/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iran_election |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617072238/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090614/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iran_election|url-status=dead |title=Yahoo News|archivedate=June 17, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WU-cxEEJ-E | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211110/9WU-cxEEJ-E| archive-date=2021-11-10 | url-status=live|title=YouTube |publisher=YouTube |date=June 9, 2009 |access-date=May 8, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> which protested the election results.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8386335.stm|title=How Iran's opposition inverts old slogans|date=December 7, 2009|work=BBC News|access-date=December 21, 2009|archive-date=January 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102053922/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8386335.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bangladesh ===
In December 2025, a mob attacked the office of ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'' in [[Farmgate]], [[Dhaka]]. Chanting slogans such as “Nara-e-Takbir” and “Allahu Akbar,” they smashed glass panels, dragged out chairs, tables, and papers, and set them on fire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=Prothom Alo, The Daily Star offices vandalised, set on fire; all trapped staff evacuated |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/fire-daily-star-doused-trapped-staff-rescued-prothom-alo-building-still-fire-1313526 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

===Usage by extremists and terrorists===
{{See also|Islamic terrorism}}
The phrase has been used as a battle cry by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]] and [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]].<ref name="Chap1">{{cite book |chapter='We Have Some Planes' |url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm |year=2004 |title=9/11 Commission Report |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |access-date=May 30, 2008 |archive-date=May 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514052417/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this usage has been denounced by other Muslims.<ref name=suleiman>{{cite news|title=What 'Allahu Akbar' really means|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/01/opinions/allahu-akbar-meaning/index.html|author=[[Omar Suleiman (imam)|Omar Suleiman]]|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-date=2020-07-27|access-date=2020-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727141624/https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/01/opinions/allahu-akbar-meaning/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |last=Nagourney |first=Eric |date=2017-11-02 |title='Allahu Akbar': An Everyday Phrase, Tarnished by Attacks |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/world/americas/allahu-akbar-terrorism.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112122355/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/world/americas/allahu-akbar-terrorism.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Professor [[Khaled A. Beydoun]], author of ''The New Crusades: Islamophobia and the Global War on Muslims'' (2023),<ref>{{cite book | isbn=978-0520356306 | title=The New Crusades: Islamophobia and the Global War on Muslims | last1=Beydoun | first1=Khaled A. | date=21 March 2023 | publisher=Univ of California Press }}</ref> writes that the association of the phrase "Allah Akbar" with terrorism has been exacerbated by mass media and television pundits. He adds that films and shows also utilize it as a cinematic [[Trope (cinema)|trope]] further cementing the association.<ref name=beydoun>{{cite news|title=The perils of saying 'Allahu Akbar' in public|author=Khaled Beydoun|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/08/25/the-perils-of-saying-allahu-akbar-in-public/|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|archive-date=2020-12-04|access-date=2020-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204174705/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/08/25/the-perils-of-saying-allahu-akbar-in-public/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===In politics===
In India, [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], president of the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] and [[Abu Taher Khan]], representing [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]], after being elected as [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of the Indian Parliament]], ended their oath with the slogan of "Allahu Akbar".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title='Jai Shri Ram', 'Allahu Akbar': Religious slogans mark swearing in ceremony of 17th LS |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/-jai-shri-ram-allahu-akbar-religious-slogans-mark-swearing-in-ceremony-of-17th-ls-789685 |website=Tribune India |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720000112/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/-jai-shri-ram-allahu-akbar-religious-slogans-mark-swearing-in-ceremony-of-17th-ls-789685 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Usage by Christians ===
The phrase (Allah; meaning God in English) is recited by Arabic speaking Orthodox Christians as an expression of their faith.<ref name="Telegraph" /> [[Palestinian Christians]] use Allah in their prayer to refer to the creator of the world, and the takbir as an expression of their faith. The use of takbir has been defended by [[Theodosios Hanna]], the Palestinian Orthodox [[Archbishop]] of [[Sebastia, Nablus|Sebastia]].<ref name="Theodosios">{{cite web | last1=Adib | first1=Reem | last2=Hadji | first2=Sohayle M | last3=Racman | first3=Abdul | last4=Gubat-Manabilang | first4=Monaimah | title=Deciphering the Stereotyping of Arabs, their language and religion by the Bruneians | website=Firdaus Journal | volume=2 | issue=1 | date=15 Jun 2022 | doi=10.37134/firdaus.vol2.1.2.2022 | url=https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.php/firdaus/article/view/6989/3574 | access-date=23 Nov 2025 | page=20}}</ref>

==Use on flags==
===Afghanistan===
The Afghan constitution that came into force on January 4, 2004, required that ''Allāhu akbar'' be inscribed on the flag of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]].<ref>McCarthy, Andrew C., "Cold Comfort on Islam and Apostasy; No one who's actually read the Afghan constitution should be surprised by the Abdul Rahman case", ''[[National Review]]'', March 27, 2006, accessed February 11, 2010]</ref> After the [[Taliban takeover|2021 Taliban offensive]], the [[Flag of Afghanistan|flag of the first emirate]] was readopted, and thus the ''takbīr'' removed from the flag.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Taliban hoist giant flag in Afghan capital, eight months after return |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220331-taliban-hoist-giant-flag-in-afghan-capital-eight-months-after-return |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402112722/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220331-taliban-hoist-giant-flag-in-afghan-capital-eight-months-after-return |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Iran===
''Allāhu akbar'' is written in stylized form across the bottom of the green stripe and the top of the red stripe of the [[Flag of Iran|flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran]], adopted in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last=McKeever |first=Amy| url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/iran-flag-symbolism-history-meaning-controversy | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129160617/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/iran-flag-symbolism-history-meaning-controversy | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 29, 2022 |title=Why Iran's flag is at the center of controversy at the World Cup |date=November 29, 2022 |work= National Geographic|accessdate=10 October 2023}}</ref>

===Iraq===
The phrase ''Allāhu akbar'' is written on the center of the [[flag of Iraq]].

During the [[Gulf War]] in January 1991, [[Saddam Hussein]] held a meeting with top military commanders, where it was decided to add the words ''Allāhu akbar'' (described as the Islamic [[battle cry]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37gTAAAAIBAJ&pg=5117,3700016&dq=flag+iraq+islamist+allahu-akbar&hl=en |title=New Straits Times |date=January 15, 1991 |access-date=May 8, 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> to Iraq's flag to boost his secular regime's religious credentials, casting himself as the leader of an Islamic army.<ref name="usat">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2004-04-26-iraq-flag_x.htm|title=U.S.-picked Iraq leaders approve new flag|date=April 26, 2004 |work=USA Today|access-date=February 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Deroy Murdock |url=http://article.nationalreview.com/268429/the-911-connection/deroy-murdock |title=Murdock, Deroy, "The 9/11 Connection," April 3, 2003 |work=The National Review |access-date=May 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617021913/http://article.nationalreview.com/268429/the-911-connection/deroy-murdock |archive-date=June 17, 2010 }}</ref> Hussein described the flag as "the banner of jihad and monotheism".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OkasRnU4K0C&q=flag+%22allahu+akbar%22&pg=PA138 |title=Saddam's war of words: politics, religion, and the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait |access-date=February 19, 2014 |isbn=978-0-292-70264-6 |last1=Long |first1=Jerry M. |date=April 2004 |publisher=University of Texas Press }}</ref>

In 2004, the US-picked [[Iraqi Governing Council]] approved a new flag for Iraq that abandoned symbols of Hussein's regime, such as the words ''Allāhu akbar''.<ref name="usat"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FE26Ak05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040528171025/http://atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FE26Ak05.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 28, 2004 |last=Rosen |first=Nir |title=Iraq's religious tide cannot be turned back |work=Asia Times |date=May 26, 2004 |access-date=May 8, 2011}}</ref> In January 2008, however, Iraq's [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|parliament]] passed a law to change the flag by leaving in the phrase, but changing the [[calligraphy]] of the words ''Allāhu akbar'', which had been a copy of Hussein's handwriting, to a [[Kufic]] script.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Jan22/0,4670,IraqFlagDispute,00.html Abdul-Zahra, Qassim, "Iraqi Lawmakers Vote to Change Flag,"] ''[[USA Today]]'', January 22, 2008, accessed February 9, 2010 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305202752/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Jan22/0%2C4670%2CIraqFlagDispute%2C00.html |date=March 5, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Abdul |first=Qassim |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2008-02-05-1386576333_x.htm |title=Abdul-Zahra, Qassim, "Iraq unveils flag without Saddam's stars" |work=USA Today|date=February 5, 2008 |access-date=May 8, 2011}}</ref> The Iraqi flag under Hussein had each of the two words of the phrase written in one of the spaces between the stars on the central band; the flag adopted in 2008 kept the phrase and removed the stars.

===Other uses===
A resistance movement that fought British rule in [[Waziristan]], [[Pakistan]], used a red flag bearing ''Allāhu akbar'' in white letters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-9628676.html |title=Analysis: A ride on the wild side |publisher=UPI |date=September 19, 2005 |access-date=May 8, 2011}}</ref>

[[Slogan of the Houthi movement|The flag used by the Houthis]] in Yemen also includes bearing ''Allāhu akbar'' in green letters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |date=2017-12-18 |title=Who are the Houthis, and why are we at war with them? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/12/18/who-are-the-houthis-and-why-are-we-at-war-with-them/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Brookings |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163411/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/12/18/who-are-the-houthis-and-why-are-we-at-war-with-them/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Flag of Iraq.svg|[[Flag of Iraq]], with stylized [[Kufic script]], introduced in 2008
File:Flag of Iran.svg|[[Flag of Iran]], introduced in 1980
File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg|Former [[flag of Afghanistan]], with the phrase beneath the [[Shahada]], used from 2004 to 2021
File:Flag of Waziristan resistance (1930s).svg|Flag of 1930s [[Waziristan|Waziristan (Pakistan)]] resistance movement
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Dhikr]]
*[[Tasbih]]
*[[Alhamdulillah|Tahmid]]
*[[Tahlil]]
*[[Basmala|Tasmiyah]]
*[[Salawat]]
*[[Shahada]]
*[[Hallelujah]]
*[[Hallel]]
*[[Alláh-u-Abhá]]
*[[Deo optimo maximo]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book|year=1995|author= Rohi Baalbaki|title=Al-Mawrid|edition=7th |location=Beirut |publisher=Dar El-Ilm Lilmalayin|isbn=9953-9023-1-3}}
* {{cite book|year=1870|author=[[F. Steingass]] Ph.D., University of Munich|title=Persian-English Dictionary, Including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in literature |location=Beirut |publisher=Librairie Du Liban}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110917001300/http://www.slate.com/id/2149455/ Essay on the ''takbir''] at ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''
* {{cite web | last=Team | first=Bridge Initiative | title=Allahu Akbar - Factsheet: Islam, Muslims, Islamophobia | website=Bridge Initiative | date=12 September 2017 | url=https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-allahu-akbar/ | access-date=2 Nov 2021 | archive-date=1 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101122740/https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-allahu-akbar/ | url-status=dead }}

{{Islamic prayer}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Superlatives in religion]]
[[Category:Religious formulas]]
[[Category:Dhikr]]
[[Category:National mottos]]

The Great Indian Suicide

2026-03-22T05:07:14Z

Maansi26:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Great Indian Suicide
| image = The Great Indian Suicide.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Viplove Koneti
| writer = Viplove Koneti
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Viplove Koneti
| starring = [[Hebah Patel]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ananth Nag Ajay Nag
| editing = Dharmendra Kakarala
| music = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| studio = Syringe Cinema KSV Presents
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|10|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Great Indian Suicide''''' also known as '''''Telisinavaallu''''' ({{translation|The people you know}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Viplove Koneti and starring [[Hebah Patel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Review": "The Great Indian Suicide: "A compelling thriller with an unexpected climax" |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/review-the-great-indian-suicide-a-compelling-thriller-with-an-unexpected-climax-79850 |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=thehansindia.com |language=te |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515233229/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/review-the-great-indian-suicide-a-compelling-thriller-with-an-unexpected-climax-79850 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is based on a double suicide that happened in [[Madanapalle]] and is inspired by the [[Burari deaths]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Sep/26/aha-announces-mystery-thriller-the-great-indian-suicide-48042.html |title=Aha announces mystery thriller The Great Indian Suicide |date=26 September 2023 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1057251/why-making-sense-of-the-burari-deaths-depends-on-your-streamer-subscription |title=Why making sense of the Burari deaths depends on your streamer subscription |first=Nandini |last=Ramnath |date=8 October 2023 |website=Scroll.in |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515233228/https://scroll.in/reel/1057251/why-making-sense-of-the-burari-deaths-depends-on-your-streamer-subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 6 October 2023 on [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pulagam |first1=Satya |title='ది గ్రేట్ ఇండియన్ సూసైడ్' రివ్యూ : ఆహాలో హెబ్బా పటేల్ కొత్త సినిమా |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/cinema-the-great-indian-suicide-review-hebah-patel-ram-karthik-naresh-pavitra-lokesh-s-aha-ott-original-film-telugu-120772 |work=ABP Desam |date=6 October 2023 |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=March 2026}}

== Cast ==
*[[Hebah Patel]] as Chaitra
*[[Ram Karthik]] as Hemanth
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Ballari Neelakantam
*[[Pavitra Lokesh]]
*[[Rathna Shekar Reddy]] as Nirmal Maharaj
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
*Deborah Doris
*Lakshmi Narayana

==Production==
The film underwent production under the working title ''Telisinavaallu''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hebah Patel's Telisinavallu inspired by true event |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Sep/28/hebah-patels-telisinavallu-inspired-by-true-event-35123.html |work=Cinema Express |date=28 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hebah Patel: నవంబర్ లో ‘తెలిసిన వాళ్ళు’ రాబోతున్నారు! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/hebba-patel-telisinavallu-movie-release-date-fixed-249376.html |work=[[NTV Telugu]] |date=18 October 2022 |language=te-IN}}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that ""The Great Indian Suicide" offers an intriguing concept that is worth exploring. Hebah Patel's performance and the surprising twists in the final half-hour are highlights".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/071023/the-great-indian-suicide-an-intriguing-concept-with-room-for-improvem.html |title=Aha-'s Great Indian Suicide Review, Rating |first=Bhavana |last=Sharma |date=7 October 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "In conclusion, "The Great Indian Suicide" is a different and orientated movie with a relevant message. It effectively blends suspense, drama, and social issues to create a compelling narrative. It is a must-watch for those who enjoy suspenseful thrillers with a meaningful story".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/review-the-great-indian-suicide-a-compelling-thriller-with-an-unexpected-climax-79850 |title=Review": "The Great Indian Suicide: "A compelling thriller with an unexpected climax" |date=6 October 2023 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' wrote that "''The Great Indian Suicide'' is a statement against superstitions and suicidal thinking that a lot of depressed people go through. It is a watchable film".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/great-indian-suicide-movie-review-235503 |title=The Great Indian Suicide Movie Review |date=6 October 2023 |website=Sakshi Post |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515233227/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/great-indian-suicide-movie-review-235503 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|29309363}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Indian Suicide}}
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]

Tech Mahindra

2026-03-20T03:49:42Z

Maansi26: Started first data needs work

{{short description|Indian multinational technology company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox company|
| logo = TM Logo Color Pos RGB.svg
| type = [[public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|532755}}|{{NSE|TECHM}}|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl
| [[Anand Mahindra]] {{small|(Chairman)}}
| Mohit Joshi {{small|(MD & CEO)}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techmahindra.com/en-in/techm-appoints-mohit-joshi-as-md-and-ceo-designate/ | title=Tech Mahindra appoints Mohit Joshi as MD & CEO designate | date=11 March 2023 }}</ref>
| Atul Soneja {{small|(COO)}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/experts-call-for-building-digital-infra-upskilling-to-tap-it-talent-in-small-cities/article69225681.ece | title=Experts call for building digital infra, upskilling to tap IT talent in small cities | date=16 Feb 2025}}</ref>
| Rohit Anand {{small|(CFO)}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/this-indian-it-company-added-highest-number-of-employees-in-second-quarter-of-fy2025-among-the-top-5-it-companies-in-india/articleshow/114477437.cms
| title=This Indian IT company added highest number of employees in second quarter of FY2025 among the Top 5 IT companies in India | date=23 Oct 2024}}</ref>
}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE669C01036}}
| industry = [[Information technology]] [[Consulting]] [[Outsourcing]]
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|53847|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|5653|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4499|c}} (2025)
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|44494|c}}
| assets_year = 2025
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|27791|c}}
| equity_year = 2025
| num_employees = 148,731 (March 2025)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagasundaram |first1=Dhanya |title=Tech Mahindra Q4 Results: Cons PAT soars 76.5% YoY to ₹1,166.7 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/tech-mahindra-q4-results-cons-pat-soars-76-5-yoy-to-rs-1-166-7-crore-11745478585251.html |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=Mint |date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
| parent = [[Mahindra Group]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|24 October 1986}}
| founder = [[Anand Mahindra]]
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| former_name = Mahindra British Telecom (1986–2006)
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Consolidated Financial Results for the quarter and audited results for the year ended March 31, 2025 |url=https://insights.techmahindra.com/investors/tml-q4-fy-25-consolidated-results.pdf |publisher=Tech Mahindra |access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.techmahindra.com/}}
}}

'''Tech Mahindra''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[information technology]] services and [[consulting]] company. It was formed in 1986 as a [[joint venture]] between [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] and [[BT Group]]. Part of the [[Mahindra Group]], the company is headquartered in [[Pune]] and has its registered office in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tech Mahindra |url=http://www.techmahindra.com/en-in/ |access-date=January 1, 2018 |website=techmahindra.com |publisher=TechMahindra}}</ref>

==History==

In 1986, [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] started a 60:40 [[joint venture]] technology services outsourcing firm with [[British Telecom]] named Mahindra British Telecom (MBT). In 2000, British Telecom committed business of at least £105 million over three years; as a consideration, British Telecom's stake in MBT increased to 43%.<ref>{{cite news |title=British Telecom commits Rs 7250/- million business to MBT over three years |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2000/aug/30risc.htm |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=Rediff}}</ref> MBT primarily served the [[telecommunications industry]] in its early years, with British Telecom as its largest client.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra bags $700 mn deal from British Telecom |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/tech-mahindra-bags-700-mn-deal-from-british-telecom/articleshow/3044721.cms |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 May 2008}}</ref>

In 2006, MBT was renamed as Tech Mahindra,<ref>{{cite news |title=MBT to be renamed Tech Mahindra |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/mbt-to-be-renamed-tech-mahindra-106021400031_1.html |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=14 February 2006}}</ref> and it became a [[public company|publicly-listed company]] via an [[initial public offering]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra sets IPO price band at Rs 315-Rs 365 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/tech-mahindra-sets-ipo-price-band-at-rs-315-rs-365/articleshow/1815233.cms |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=27 July 2006}}</ref> In December 2010, British Telecom sold 5.5% of its stake in Tech Mahindra to Mahindra & Mahindra for {{INR}}451 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BT Group to exit from Tech Mahindra, directors resign|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-24/news/30554758_1_bt-group-tech-mahindra-techm|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=4 July 2015|date=24 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705160534/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-24/news/30554758_1_bt-group-tech-mahindra-techm|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In August 2012, British Telecom sold 14.1% of its stake to institutional investors for about {{INR}}1,395 crore. In December 2012, British Telecom sold its remaining 9.1% stake to institutional investors for {{INR}}1,011.4 crore. This sale marked the exit of British Telecom from Tech Mahindra.<ref>{{cite web|title=BT exits Tech Mahindra|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/bt-exits-tech-mahindra/article4191751.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 July 2015|date=12 December 2012}}</ref>

===Acquisition and merger of Satyam===
In the aftermath of the [[Satyam scandal]], Tech Mahindra emerged as the top bidder for a 31% controlling stake in [[Satyam Computer Services]], beating a bid from [[Larsen & Toubro]], in April 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tech-mahindra-wins-satyam-bid--full-coverage/90124-7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416110946/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tech-mahindra-wins-satyam-bid--full-coverage/90124-7.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-04-16|title=Tech Mahindra wins Satyam Computer bid|work=IBNLive}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/tech-mahindra-wins-satyam-bid-44197-2009-04-12|title=Tech Mahindra wins Satyam bid|website=[[India Today]]|date=12 April 2009}}</ref> After the completion of the acquisition, Satyam Computer Services was renamed Mahindra Satyam in June 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Satyam renamed as Mahindra Satyam |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/satyam-renamed-as-mahindra-satyam-109062200054_1.html |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=22 June 2009}}</ref> Tech Mahindra's stake in Satyam increased to 42% through a preferential share allotment in July 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech M now has 42% stake in Satyam |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tech-m-now-has-42-stake-in-satyam-109070200032_1.html |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=2 July 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Tech Mahindra Bangalore (cropped).jpg|thumb|A building in the [[Bangalore]] campus of Tech Mahindra c. 2017]]

In 2010, Mahindra Satyam and [[IDEMIA|Morpho]] were awarded a contract by [[UIDAI]] to implement the [[Biometric identification by country|biometric identification system]] for the [[Aadhaar]] programme.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahindra Satyam, Morpho selected as key partners for UIDAI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/mahindra-satyam-morpho-selected-as-key-partners-for-uidai/articleshow/6238680.cms |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=30 July 2010}}</ref> Mahindra Satyam, along with Tech Mahindra, was the official IT services provider for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]] and [[2014 FIFA World Cup]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shuey |first1=Scott |title=Mahindra Satyam gets major brand boost through World Cup |url=https://gulfnews.com/technology/mahindra-satyam-gets-major-brand-boost-through-world-cup-1.640272 |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=Gulf News |date=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TechM kicked about World Cup ties |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/TechM-kicked-about-World-Cup-ties/article20799744.ece |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=16 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

Tech Mahindra announced its [[Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] with Mahindra Satyam on 21 March 2012, after getting approval of the two company boards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/03/21094345/Tech-Mahindra-Satyam-get-nod.html|title=Tech Mahindra, Satyam get nod to merge|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322200247/http://www.livemint.com/2012/03/21094345/Tech-Mahindra-Satyam-get-nod.html|archive-date=22 March 2012| date=21 March 2012}}</ref> The new organization would be led by [[Anand Mahindra]] as Chairman, [[Vineet Nayyar]] as Vice Chairman, and [[C. P. Gurnani]] as the CEO and Managing Director.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/market/story/m-satyam-tech-mahindra-hope-to-merge-in-four-weeks-166415-2013-06-10|title=M-Satyam, Tech Mahindra hope to merge in four weeks|date=11 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/high-court-clears-merger-of-mahindra-satyam-with-tech-mahindra/article4803837.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=MSat-Tech Mahindra merger gets court nod | date=June 11, 2013}}</ref> On 25 June 2013, Tech Mahindra completed the merger to become India's fifth largest software services company with a turnover of $2.7 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/mahindra-satyam-merges-with-tech-mahindra_78656.html |title=Mahindra Satyam merges with Tech Mahindra; becomes 5th biggest IT firm |access-date=2013-06-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619224313/http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/mahindra-satyam-merges-with-tech-mahindra_78656.html |archive-date=19 June 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tech-mahindra-satyam-computer-complete-merger_905059.html|title=Tech Mahindra, Satyam Computer complete merger|date=25 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/185-swap-for-tech-mahindra-mahindra-satyam-merger/article4849296.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=1:8.5 swap for Tech Mahindra, Mahindra Satyam merger | date=June 25, 2013}}</ref> The merger diversified Tech Mahindra's revenue mix, with the telecommunication vertical's share declining from over 90% in 2009<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Santanu |title=Headwinds in telecom impact Tech Mahindra’s Q4 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/headwinds-in-telecom-impact-tech-mahindras-q4/articleshow/4457804.cms |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 April 2009}}</ref> to 47% in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Talgeri |first1=Kunal N. |title=Inside the merger! |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/technology/inside-the-merger/100760 |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=Fortune India |date=5 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2013-14 |url=https://insights.techmahindra.com/investors/Annual-Report-FY13-14.pdf |publisher=Tech Mahindra |access-date=19 July 2025| date=27 June 2014}}</ref>

===Later years===
In 2013, Mahindra Group company Mahindra Engineering Services (MES) merged with Tech Mahindra.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Zahra |title=Mahindra Engineering to merge with Tech Mahindra |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/xfkm25DcY3bHA78akOwUDN/Mahindra-Engineering-to-merge-with-Tech-Mahindra.html |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=Mint |date=29 November 2013}}</ref>

In 2015, Tech Mahindra and Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M) jointly purchased a controlling stake in [[Pininfarina]] S.p.A., an Italian automotive and industrial design company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-14/news/69033382_1_tech-mahindra-debt-restructuring-design|title=Tech Mahindra set to acquire Italian car design company Pininfarina|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223040737/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-14/news/69033382_1_tech-mahindra-debt-restructuring-design|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> By March 2016, Tech Mahindra's post-tax earnings had surpassed that of M&M.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TECHM Shareholding Pattern - Tech Mahindra Ltd Stock|url=https://fintel.io/so/in/techm|access-date=2020-06-28|website=fintel.io|language=en}}</ref>

Tech Mahindra was ranked 5th among [[List of Indian IT companies|India's IT firms]] and overall 47th on the [[Fortune India 500|''Fortune India'' 500]] list for 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/tech-mahindra?year=2019|title=Tech Mahindra - Fortune 500 List 2019|website=Fortune|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302135619/https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/tech-mahindra?year=2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since 2023, Tech Mahindra and [[FIDE]] have organized the [[Global Chess League 2023|Global Chess League]], an over-the-board [[rapid chess]] league.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIDE and Tech Mahindra Announce Dates for First & Biggest Global Chess League |url=https://www.fide.com/news/2293 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=www.fide.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tech Mahindra, FIDE join hands for franchisee-based chess competition |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/tech-mahindra-fide-join-hands-for-franchisee-based-chess-competition-123050400859_1.html}}</ref>

In 2025, Tech Mahindra was one of the eight entities selected by the [[INDIAai|IndiaAI Mission]] to develop a sovereign [[Foundation model|foundation LLM]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Debangana |title=Tech Mahindra developing 1-trillion-parameter sovereign LLM under IndiaAI Mission |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/information-technology/tech-mahindra-developing-1-trillion-parameter-sovereign-llm-under-indiaai-mission-13616345.html |website=Moneycontrol |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>

==Acquisitions==
Notable acquisitions by Tech Mahindra include:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year !! Company !! Country !! Industry !! Acquisition cost
|-
| 2005 || Axes Technologies<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahindra British buys Axes Tech for $54m |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mahindra-british-buys-axes-tech-for-54m/articleshow/1298250.cms |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=17 November 2005}}</ref> || United States || Telecom engineering || align="right" | $54 million
|-
| 2007 || iPolicy Networks<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra buys US co iPolicy Inc |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jan/18tech1.htm |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=Rediff}}</ref> || United States || Network security || align="right" | Undisclosed
|-
| 2009-13 || [[Satyam Computer Services]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra completes Satyam merger |url=https://www.vccircle.com/tech-mahindra-completes-satyam-merger |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=VCCircle}}</ref> || India || IT services || align="right" | $600 million
|-
| 2012 || Hutchinson Global Services<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shivapriya |first1=N. |title=Tech Mahindra announces acquisition Hutchison Global Services for $ 87 million |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/tech-mahindra-announces-acquisition-hutchison-global-services-for-87-million/articleshow/16249039.cms |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=4 September 2012}}</ref> || United States || Business process outsourcing || align="right" | $87 million
|-
| 2012 || [[Comviva]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra buys 51% of Bharti Group's mobile VAS firm Comviva for $48M |url=https://www.vccircle.com/tech-mahindra-buys-51-bharti-groups-mobile-vas-firm-comviva-48m |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=VCCircle}}</ref> || India || Telecom VAS || align="right" | $48 million
|-
| 2014 || Lightbridge Communications Corporation (LCC)<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra acquires 100% stake in Lightbridge Communications |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3UHrEWFftiQd6RrqL8QrTJ/Tech-Mahindra-acquires-100-stake-in-Lightbridge-Communicati.html |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref> || United States || Telecom network services || align="right" | $240 million
|-
| 2015 || SOFGEN Holdings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-09/news/57883595_1_tech-mahindra-lightbridge-communications-gurnani|title=Tech Mahindra to acquire Swiss firm SOFGEN Holdings|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114032047/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-09/news/57883595_1_tech-mahindra-lightbridge-communications-gurnani|archive-date=14 January 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> || Switzerland || Banking technology consulting || align="right" | Undisclosed
|-
| 2015 || [[Pininfarina]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merchant |first1=Akbar |title=Mahindra acquires Pininfarina design house |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/mahindra-acquires-pininfarina-design-house-399163 |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Autocar India |date=14 December 2015 |language=en}}</ref> || Italy || Automotive design engineering || align="right" | €168 million
|-
| 2016 || Target Group<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra to acquire UK's Target Group for up to $175 mn |url=https://www.vccircle.com/tech-mahindra-acquire-uks-target-group-175-million |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=VCCircle}}</ref> || United Kingdom || Business process outsourcing || align="right" | £120 million
|-
| 2016 || The Bio Agency<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra acquires UK's The BIO Agency |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/tech-mahindra-acquires-uk-based-bio-agency-in-all-cash-deal/article64327900.ece |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=22 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref> || United Kingdom || Digital consulting || align="right" | £45 million
|-
| 2017 || HCI Group (CJS Solutions Group)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Usmani |first1=Azman |title=Tech Mahindra To Acquire U.S.-Based Healthcare IT Consulting Firm, HCI Group |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/tech-mahindra-to-acquire-us-based-healthcare-it-consulting-firm-hci-group |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=NDTV Profit |date=6 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> || United States || Healthcare technology || align="right" | $89.5 million
|-
| 2019 || Mad*Pow <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techmahindra.com/insights/news/tech-mahindra-acquires-leading-strategic-design-consultancy-madpow/|title= Tech Mahindra Acquires Leading Strategic Design Consultancy, Mad*Pow|access-date=4 November 2025 |work=Tech Mahindra |date=30 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> || United States || Design strategy agency || align="right" | unknown
|-
| 2019 || BORN Group<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tech-mahindra-acquires-born-group-for-95-million-11572959869569.html|title=Tech Mahindra acquires New York-based BORN Group for $95 million|last=Sriram|first=M.|date=2019-11-05|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> || United States || Content agency || align="right" | $90 million
|-
| 2020 || Zen3 Infosolutions<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra to acquire Zen3 Infosolutions for Rs 460 crore in all-cash deal |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/tech-mahindra-to-acquire-zen3-infosolutions-for-rs-460-crore-in-all-cash-deal-250657-2020-02-24 |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Business Today |date=24 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> || United States || Enterprise software || align="right" | $64 million
|-
| 2020 || Cerium Systems<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapur |first1=Narinder |title=Tech Mahindra tweaks terms to acquire Cerium Systems, Zen3 Infosolutions |url=https://www.vccircle.com/tech-mahindra-tweaks-terms-to-acquire-cerium-systems-zen3-infosolutions |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=VCCircle |date=13 April 2020}}</ref> || India || IC and embedded software || align="right" | $32.1 million
|-
| 2020 || Tenzing Group<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Ayushman |title=Tech Mahindra acquires Momenton and Tenzing to boost financial services biz |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tech-mahindra-acquires-momenton-and-tenzing-to-boost-financial-services-biz-11603793452877.html |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=Mint |date=27 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> || New Zealand || Management consulting || align="right" | $29.5 million
|-
| 2021 || Perigord<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra acquires 70% stake in Dublin-based Perigord for $25.06 million |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-tech-mahindra-acquires-70-stake-in-dublin-based-perigord-for-25-06-million-2213450/ |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=Financial Express |date=16 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || Ireland || Digital services || align="right" | €21 million
|-
| 2021 || DigitalOnUs<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra acquires DigitalOnUS for $120 million |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/tech-mahindra-acquires-entire-stake-in-digitalonus/article34365967.ece |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || United States || Cloud and DevOps services || align="right" | $120 million
|-
| 2021 || Eventus Solutions Group<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra to acquire Eventus Solutions Group for up to $44 million |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tech-mahindra-to-acquire-eventus-solutions-group-for-up-to-44-million/articleshow/82261217.cms |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=26 April 2021}}</ref> || United States || CX consulting || align="right" | $44 million
|-
| 2021 || Brainscale<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra acquires US cloud consulting firm Brainscale |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/tech-mahindra-acquires-us-cloud-consulting-firm-brainscale-121062800461_1.html |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> || United States || Cloud consulting || align="right" | $28.8 million
|-
| 2021 || Lodestone (Infostar)<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra acquires Lodestone, WMW |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tech-mahindra-acquires-lodestone-wmw/articleshow/87260603.cms |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=25 October 2021}}</ref> || United States || Product engineering || align="right" | $105 million
|-
| 2021 || Activus Connect<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra buys Activus |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tech-mahindra-acquires-100-stake-in-activus-connect-for-62-million-11638545377411.html |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref> || United States || CX technology || align="right" | $62 million
|-
| 2021 || Allyis Group<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra to acquire 100% stake in US-based Allyis Group |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tech-mahindra-to-acquire-100-stake-in-us-based-allyis-group-11640925605137.html |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Mint}}</ref> || United States || IT consulting || align="right" | $125 million
|-
| 2022 || Com Tec Co (CTC)<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra Acquires Com Tec Co IT Ltd and invests in two InsurTech platforms |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/companies/tech-mahindra-acquires-european-tech-firm-for-eur-310-mn/articleshow/88954235.cms |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=17 January 2022}}</ref> || Cyprus || IT consulting || align="right" | €310 million
|-
| 2022 || Thirdware<ref>{{cite news |title=Tech Mahindra to completely acquire Thirdware for Rs 320 cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tech-mahindra-to-completely-acquire-thirdware-for-rs-320-cr-122031200935_1.html |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> || India || Enterprise software || align="right" | $42 million
|-
|}

==Operations==
For the year ended March 2025, the company derived 85.9% of its revenue from [[Information technology consulting|IT consulting]], [[Offshore custom software development|software application development]] and [[Software maintenance|maintenance]] services, and the remaining 14.1% from [[Business process management|business process services]] and [[Business process outsourcing|outsourcing]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Integrated Annual Report 2024-25 |url=https://insights.techmahindra.com/investors/tml-integrated-annual-report-fy-2024-2025.pdf |publisher=Tech Mahindra |access-date=16 October 2025 |page=315}}</ref>

== Financials ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Revenue (In crores)
!Profits/Loss (In crores)
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2021
|37,885
|4,351
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |last= |title=Tech Mahindra Stock Shares Price |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/computers-software/techmahindra/TM4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920022256/https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/computers-software/techmahindra/TM4 |archive-date=2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-10-31 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}} 44,646
|{{Increase}} 5,627
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}} 53,290
|{{Decrease}} 4,886
|-
|2024
|{{Decrease}} 51,995
|{{Decrease}} 2,386
|-
|2025
|{{Increase}} 52,988
|{{Increase}} 4,244
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[Big Tech (India)]]
* [[List of Indian IT companies]]
* [[Fortune India 500]]
* [[Software industry in Telangana]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Mahindra Group}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{BSE Sensex}}
{{CNX Nifty companies}}
{{DJSI World}}
{{Major information technology consulting and outsourcing companies}}
{{Contract research organization|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:International information technology consulting firms]]
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India–Myanmar relations

2026-03-19T20:42:33Z

Maansi26: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Myanmar|India|Myanmar|map=India Burma locator.svg|mission1=High Commission of Myanmar, [[New Delhi]]|mission2=[[Embassy of India, Yangon]]|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of Myanmar to India|High Commissioner]]|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of India to Myanmar|Ambassador]]|envoy1= Moe Kyaw Aung |envoy2=Vinay Kumar}}
'''India–Myanmar relations''', also known as the '''Indo–Burmese relations''', are the [[Bilateralism|bilateral relations]] between the [[Republic of India]] and the [[Republic of the Union of Myanmar]]. These relations encompass the political, economic and socio-cultural relations that exist between the two neighboring [[Asia]]n countries. Political relations have improved considerably since 1993, overcoming tensions related to [[drug trafficking]], the suppression of democracy and the rule of the [[State Peace and Development Council|military junta]] in Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Egreteau|first=Renaud|date=2008|title=India's Ambitions in Burma: More Frustration than Success?|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/48/6/936/24229/India-s-Ambitions-in-Burma-More-Frustration-Than|journal=Asian Survey|language=en|volume=48|issue=6|pages=936–957|doi=10.1525/as.2008.48.6.936|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Politician|Political leaders]] from both countries meet regularly on a bilateral basis and within the [[ASEAN#ASEAN Plus Three and ASEAN Plus Six|ASEAN Plus Six]] community. Economic relations are considerable with India representing Myanmar's 4th largest export market and the country's 5th largest import partner.

The {{convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} [[India–Myanmar border]] separates the Indian states of [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[Northeast India]] from [[Kachin State]], [[Sagaing Region]] and [[Chin State]] in Myanmar/Burma. In addition to the long land border, India and Myanmar also share a maritime border along India's [[Andaman Islands]].<ref name="VJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5|url-status=unfit|archive-date=22 May 2001|title=Asia Times: Myanmar shows India the road to Southeast Asia|access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See|Manipuri–Burmese wars of 1717 to 1749|Manipuri history in Myanmar}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Indo-Burmese|British India|British Burma}}
[[File:Burmese ambassadors at Calcutta in 1882.jpg|thumb|Burmese ambassadors at Calcutta in 1882]]
India–Myanmar/Burmese relations date to antiquity and cultural exchanges included [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Buddhism]] and the [[Burmese script]], which was based on the Indian [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha script]]. In particular, [[Theravada Buddhism]] has tremendously influenced Burmese society and culture for millennia, with around 90% of Burma's population continuing to follow the religion.

The [[Meiteis]] from [[Manipur]], [[northeast India]], introduced [[polo]] and [[hockey]] in the Burmese court.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=meitei+Myanmar&pg=PA96|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> They introduced the science of [[astrology]] to the Burmese and the rest of the [[South East Asia]]ns.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=meitei+Myanmar&pg=PA101|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=101|language=en}}</ref>

When Burmese King [[Alaungpaya]] invaded [[Siam]] ([[Thailand]]), he had 500 [[Manipuri people|Manipuri]] ([[Meitei people|Meitei]]) horsemen with him. [[Meitei Brahmin]]s worked as [[astrologer]]s and [[priest]]s for the Burmese royalties.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=meitei+Myanmar&pg=PA19|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=19|language=en}}</ref>

Burma was [[British rule in Burma|made a province]] of British India in 1886. In 1937, the Burma Province was separated from British India and made a distinct colony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |date=2024-01-13 |title=Why Burma was separated from British India |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1062050/why-burma-was-separated-from-british-india |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> It was in [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Japanese-occupied Burma]] that [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalist]] [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] delivered his "Give me blood and I will give you freedom!" slogan, and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] highlighted Burma's role in the Indian independence movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-final-day-of-tour-pm-modi-visits-shwedagon-pagoda-in-myanmar-s-yangon/story-Rg1PCi8YgvlWLZxL8FXKbL.html |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] |quote=Emphasising Myanmar’s value in India’s freedom struggle, Prime Minister Modi said that this is the sacred land from where Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose gave the slogan of 'give me blood and I will give you freedom'. |title=PM Modi visits Shwedagon Pagoda, grave of Bahadur Shah Zafar in Myanmar |date=7 September 2017}}</ref>
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Indo-Burmese|India|Burma|flagvariant2=1948|map=India Burma locator.svg}}
[[File:Nehru with U Win.jpg|thumb|[[:w:Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru]] with U Win, Burmese High Commissioner in [[:w:India|India]], on October 23, 1947.]]
India established diplomatic relations after Myanmar's independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in 1948. For many years, Indo-Burmese relations were strong due to Myanmar previously having been a province of India, due to cultural links, flourishing commerce, common interests in regional affairs and the presence of a significant [[Burmese Indians|Indian community]] in Myanmar.<ref name="VJ"/> India provided considerable support when Myanmar struggled with regional [[insurgency|insurgencies]]. However, the 1962 overthrow of the democratic government by the [[Military of Myanmar]] led to strains in ties. Along with much of the world, India condemned the suppression of democracy and Myanmar ordered the [[Burmese Indians|expulsion]] of the [[Burmese Indians|Burmese Indian]] community, increasing its own isolation from the world.<ref name="VJ"/><ref name="VQR">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE4DA163AF937A15754C0A96E948260|title=Years of Isolation Produced Intensely Poor Nation|work=The New York Times |date=24 July 1988|access-date=2 April 2016|last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> Only [[China]] maintained close links with Myanmar while India supported the [[National League for Democracy|pro-democracy movement]].<ref name="VJ"/><ref name="G">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7013975.stm|title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - Explaining India's silence over Burma|date=26 September 2007|access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="VO">[http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=42065 Realism in India-Myanmar relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034744/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=42065 |date=15 May 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Myanmar President Thein Sein.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Myanmar President Thein Sein, 2014]]
A major breakthrough occurred in 1987 when the then-[[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] visited Myanmar, but relations worsened after the military junta's [[8888 Uprising|reaction towards pro-democracy movements]] in 1988, which resulted in an influx of Burmese refugees into India.<ref name="VJ"/><ref name="G"/> However, since 1993 the governments of the [[Indian Prime Minister]]s [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] changed course and began to establish warmer relations between the two nations, as part of a wider foreign policy of increasing India's participation and influence in [[Southeast Asia]], in light of the growing influence of the People's Republic of China, an India-Myanmar joint operation destroyed several militant camps of Arakan Army on the Indo-Myanmar border.
The action averted a possible threat to the ambitious Kaladan transit and transport project which is important for improving the connectivity in the Northeast.

In September 2024, the [[Indian Council of World Affairs]] invited representatives of the [[National Unity Government of Myanmar]], [[Arakan Army]], [[Chin National Front]], and [[Kachin Independence Army]] to participate in a mid-November seminar on "Constitutionalism and Federalism." It is currently unknown whether the [[State Administration Council|SAC]] junta was invited to this seminar.<ref> [https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-extends-unprecedented-invite-myanmars-anti-junta-forces-sources-say-2024-09-23/ Exclusive: India extends unprecedented invite to Myanmar's anti-junta forces, sources say]. [[Reuters]]. September 23, 2024. Wa Lone and Devjyot Ghoshal {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/eCSKZ|date=September 24, 2024}}</ref> India also took part in the [[Wilmington Declaration]] with Japan, the United States, and Australia to discourage the flow of jet fuel and other military items to the SAC junta.<ref> [https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/09/21/the-wilmington-declaration-joint-statement-from-the-leaders-of-australia-india-japan-and-the-united-states/ The Wilmington Declaration Joint Statement from the Leaders of Australia, India, Japan, and the United States] September 21, 2024. [[whitehouse.gov]]</ref>

==Economic relations==
[[India]] is [[Myanmar|Burma]]'s 4th largest trading partner after [[Thailand]], [[China]] and [[Singapore]], and second largest export market after Thailand, absorbing 25 percent of its total exports.<ref name="HJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=9085|title=India-Myanmar trade relations|access-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212183558/http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=9085|archive-date=12 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> India is also the seventh most important source of Burma's imports. The governments of India and Myanmar had set a target of achieving $1 billion and bilateral trade reached US$1.3 billion by 2017.<ref name="HJ"/> The Indian government has worked to extend air, land and sea routes to strengthen trade links with Myanmar and establish a gas pipeline.<ref name="G"/><ref name="HJ"/> While the involvement of India's private sector has been low and growing at a slow pace, both governments are proceeding to enhance cooperation in [[agriculture]], [[telecommunications]], [[information technology]], [[steel]], [[Petroleum industry|oil]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrocarbon]]s and [[food processing]].<ref name="G"/><ref name="HJ"/> The [[bilateralism|bilateral]] border trade agreement of 1994 provides for border trade to be carried out from three designated border points, one each in [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Nagaland]].<ref name="HJ"/>

=== Infrastructure initiatives ===
On 13 February 2001 India and Myanmar inaugurated 250 kilometre Tamu-Kalewa-Kalemyo highway, popularly called the [[India–Myanmar border|Indo-Myanmar]] Friendship Road, built mainly by the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Border Roads Organisation]] and aimed to provide a major strategic and commercial transport route connecting [[North-East India]], and [[South Asia]] as a whole, to [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="VJ"/>

====India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway====
{{main|India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway}}

India and Myanmar have agreed to a 4-lane, 3200 km triangular highway connecting [[India]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Thailand]]. The route, which is expected to have completed during 2016, runs from India's northeastern states into Myanmar, where over 1,600 km of roads were built or improved.

The route begins from [[Guwahati]] in India and connects to [[Mandalay]] in [[Myanmar]], route continues to [[Yangon]] in [[Myanmar]] and then to [[Mae Sot]] in [[Thailand]], which then continues to [[Bangkok]].

India is undertaking two sections of the Trilateral Highway namely, (i) construction of Kalewa-Yagyi road section in Myanmar, and (ii) construction of 69 bridges on the Tamu-Kyigone-Kalewa (TKK) road section in Myanmar. The work on both these sections has been awarded on Engineering, Procurement and Construction mode and is underway since May 2018 for Kalewa-Yagyi section and November 2017 for the TKK section.<ref name="MEA">{{cite web|url= https://www.mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/30799/QUESTION+NO1127+STATUS+OF+TRILATERAL+HIGHWAY+PROJECT|title= QUESTION NO.1127 STATUS OF TRILATERAL HIGHWAY PROJECT|work=mea.gov.in|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

The first phase connecting [[Guwahati]] to [[Mandalay]] will eventually be extended to [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]] under [[Mekong-Ganga Cooperation]] within the wider framework of [[Asian Highway Network]]. This is aimed at creating a new [[Special economic zone|economic zone]] ranging from [[Kolkata]] on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to [[Ho Chi Minh City]] on the [[South China Sea]].<ref name="TH">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9297354/India-to-open-super-highway-to-Burma-and-Thailand.html|title=India to open super highway to Burma and Thailand|date=29 May 2012|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref>

====Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Route====
The [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]] will connect the eastern Indian seaport of [[Kolkata]] with [[Sittwe]] seaport in [[Myanmar]] by sea; it will then link [[Sittwe]] seaport to [[Lashio]] in [[Myanmar]] via [[Kaladan river]] boat route and then from [[Lashio]] on to [[Mizoram]] in [[India]] by road transport. The project was scheduled to be completed by 2014 according to [[Governor of Mizoram]] [[Vakkom Purushothaman]].,<ref>{{cite news|last=Purushothaman|first=Vakkom|title=Kaladan Multi Modal Transit Transport Project to link sea route in Myanmar with Mizoram|url=http://tntmagazine.in/news/mizoram/kaladan-multi-modal-transit-transport-project-to-link-sea-route-in-myanmar-with-mizoram/|access-date=11 August 2012|newspaper=The Northeast Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415053036/http://tntmagazine.in/news/mizoram/kaladan-multi-modal-transit-transport-project-to-link-sea-route-in-myanmar-with-mizoram/|archive-date=15 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but there have been delays and the project was completed till the road component from [[Lashio]] to [[Mizoram]], the project was again expected to be finished by December 2023 but was again slowed due to security problems in Myanmar .<ref name="livemint.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/lXLGGeFzlUmlc3p5hIuKMP/Highway-linking-India-to-Myanmar-Thailand-likely-by-2016-V.html|title=Highway linking India to Myanmar, Thailand likely by 2016: VK Singh|author=Elizabeth Roche|date=14 August 2014|publisher=livemint|access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=2024-02-08 |title=India's Kaladan project 'almost dead' after Paletwa fell to Arakan Army: senior Myanmar Opposition leader |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indias-kaladan-project-almost-dead-after-paletwa-fell-to-arakan-army-senior-myanmar-opposition-leader/article67825130.ece?response_id=SARnKMeQgYtS22rKAvFZHPO6pRzMU56mDk07cTSJAdkysmdxwt&internal_redirect_uri=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indias-kaladan-project-almost-dead-after-paletwa-fell-to-arakan-army-senior-myanmar-opposition-leader/article67825130.ece |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===[[Travel visa|Visas]]===
During a 2017 visit to [[Nay Pyi Taw]], [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Modi]] announced that India would offer gratis/no-cost [[Travel visa|visas]] to all Myanmar citizens visiting India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-to-grant-gratis-visa-to-myanmarese-citizens-pm-narendra-modi-1746810 |quote="I am pleased to announce that we have decided to grant gratis (no-cost) visa to all the citizens of Myanmar who want to visit India," Prime Minister Modi said. |publisher=[[NDTV]] |title=India To Grant Gratis Visa To Myanmarese Citizens: PM Narendra Modi |author=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-to-grant-free-visa-to-myanmar-citizens-modi/article19630531.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=India to grant free visa to Myanmar citizens: Modi |date=6 September 2017}}</ref>

==Strategic cooperations==
India's move to forge close relations with Myanmar are motivated by a desire to counter [[China]]'s growing influence as a regional leader{{dubious|date=June 2013}} and enhance its own influence and standing.<ref name="VJ"/><ref name="G"/><ref name="TIME">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1666859,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522052532/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1666859,00.html?xid=feed-cnn-topics|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2008|title=India's Burma Silence Says Volumes|date=29 September 2007|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Concerns and tensions increased in India over China's extensive military involvement in developing ports, naval and intelligence facilities and industries, specifically the upgrading of a naval base in [[Sittwe]], a major seaport located close to the eastern Indian city of [[Kolkata]].<ref name="VJ"/> India's engagement of the Burmese military junta has helped ease the regime's [[international isolation]] and lessen Burma's reliance on China.<ref name="VJ"/> Both nations sought to cooperate to counteract drug trafficking and insurgent groups operating in the border areas.<ref name="G"/> India and Myanmar are leading members of [[BIMSTEC]] and the [[Mekong-Ganga Cooperation]], along with [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Thailand]], helping India develop its influence and ties amongst [[Southeast Asia]]n nations.<ref name="VJ"/>

In 2013, India provided a loan of about US$500 million.<ref>[http://elevenmyanmar.com/business/3197-myanmar-to-use-indian-bank-loans-for-development Myanmar to use Indian bank loans for development] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215004659/http://elevenmyanmar.com/business/3197-myanmar-to-use-indian-bank-loans-for-development |date=15 December 2013 }}</ref> to [[Myanmar]] for its development; India and Myanmar have also agreed to cooperate militarily in order to help modernize Myanmar's military.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

In 2020, India gifted the [[Myanmar Navy]] its first ever submarine, a [[Kilo-class submarine|kilo class]] ([[INS Sindhuvir (S58)|INS Sindhuvir]]) attack submarine which has been refurbished and modernised by [[Hindustan Shipyard|Hindustan Shipyard Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Kallol|date=2020-10-16|title=India to handover Kilo class attack submarine to Myanmar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-handover-kilo-class-attack-submarine-to-myanmar/article32866535.ece|access-date=2020-10-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Security ties==
Indian and Myanmar troops carried out jointly [[Operation Sunrise (2019)|Operation Sunrise]] in 2019 in their respective territories to destroy several insurgent camps. However the threat to the [[Kaladan River|Kaladan]] multi-modal transit transport project, India's gateway to [[Southeast Asia]] continues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/operation-sunrise-2-several-insurgent-camps-destroyed-along-indo-myanmar-border-myanmar-army-suffers-losses/1610987/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190619131007/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/operation-sunrise-2-several-insurgent-camps-destroyed-along-indo-myanmar-border-myanmar-army-suffers-losses/1610987/|archive-date = 19 June 2019|title = Operation Sunrise 2: Several insurgent camps destroyed along Indo-Myanmar border; Myanmar Army suffers losses| date=18 June 2019 }}</ref> In January 2023 operations by the [[Myanmar Air Force]] in a sparsely populated area along the border were carried out; proximity of local populations resulted in their disquiet.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hassan |first1=Aakash |last2=Ellis-Petersen |first2=Hannah |date=2023-01-11 |title=Myanmar junta hit Indian territory during strike on rebel camp, say witnesses |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/myanmar-junta-hit-indian-territory-during-strike-on-rebel-camp-say-witnesses |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Agarwala |first1=Tora |last2=Dutta |first2=Amrita Nayak |date=2023-01-12 |title=Myanmar air strikes target rebel camp near border, panic in Mizoram village |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/guwahati/myanmar-air-strikes-target-rebel-camp-near-border-panic-in-mizoram-village-8376595/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

India has also supported Myanmar in its efforts to combat Rohingya insurgent groups like the [[Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army|Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA)]] and Aqa Mul Mujahideen (AMM),<ref>{{cite news|date=20 February 2018|title=India Opens Probe into Rohingya Militant Group Aqa Mul Mujahidin |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/india-rohingya-02202018181722.html|publisher=[[Radio Free Asia]]}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Dutta|first= Prakash K|date=8 September 2017|title=Rohingyas in India and terror threat: How jihadi forces may have infiltrated persecuted Muslims of Myanmar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rohingya-muslims-terror-jammu-myanmar-narendra-modi-1040795-2017-09-08|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Bhaumik|first= Subir|date=18 Oct 2017|title=Why do China, India back Myanmar over the Rohingya crisis?|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2115839/why-do-china-india-back-myanmar-over-rohingya-crisis|newspaper=South China Morning Post}}</ref> after Indian intelligence agencies found the ARSA and AMM to have links with terror groups like the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)]] as well as reported Rohingya terrorists fighting alongside Pakistani extremists in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news |last= Chaudhury|first= Dipanjan Roy|date=12 July 2018|title=Rohingya terrorists linked to pro-Pak terror groups in Jammu & Kashmir|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rohingya-terrorists-linked-to-pro-pak-terror-groups-in-jammu-kashmir/articleshow/55046910.cms|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref>

==Disaster relief==
India responded promptly and effectively in rendering assistance after natural disaster in Myanmar such as the earthquake in Shan state (2010), [[Cyclone Mora]] (2017), [[Cyclone Komen]] (2015), and notably for [[2025 Myanmar earthquake]] under [[Operation Brahma]]. India offered to help in capacity building in [[disaster risk mitigation]] as well as strengthening Myanmar's National Disaster Response Mechanism.

=== Covid-19 vaccines ===
India granted 1.7 million COVID-19 vaccines to Myanmar in the months of January and February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vaccine Supply|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/vaccine-supply.htm|access-date=2021-06-12|website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref>

==Human rights==
India was hesitant in reacting to the [[2007 Burmese anti-government protests]] that had drawn overwhelming international condemnation.<ref name="TIME"/> India also declared that it had no intention of interfering in Burma's internal affairs and that the [[Bamar|Burmese people]] would have to achieve [[democracy]] by themselves as it respects the sovereignty of Myanmar.<ref name="G"/> This low-key response has been widely criticised both within India and abroad as weakening India's credentials as a leading democratic nation.<ref name="VJ"/><ref name="G"/><ref name="TIME"/>

In contrast to much of the international community, [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Modi]] declined to criticize [[Aung San Suu Kyi|Suu Kyi]]'s handling of the [[2016–17 Northern Rakhine State clashes]] or Myanmar's government's treatment of its [[Rohingya people]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170907/jsp/frontpage/story_171295.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908020046/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170907/jsp/frontpage/story_171295.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 September 2017 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |title=Modi stands by Suu Kyi |first=Charu Sudan |last=Kasturi |date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/06/asia/modi-india-myanmar-rohingya/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=Indian Prime Minister blames Rohingya violence on extremists |first=Huizhong |last=Wu |date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

India also announced plans to [[Deportation|deport]] its Rohingya refugee population. Minister of State for Home Affairs [[Kiren Rijiju]] described the refugees as "illegal immigrants", echoing the Myanmar government position.<ref name="ft">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/6df8f4ea-946e-11e7-a9e6-11d2f0ebb7f0|newspaper=[[The Financial Times]] |title=India's Rohingya refugees face new deportation threat |date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170911162055/https://www.ft.com/content/6df8f4ea-946e-11e7-a9e6-11d2f0ebb7f0 |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |quote=Police across India have been instructed by New Delhi to step up surveillance of Rohingya or anyone suspected of being from the minority as a preparatory step. “They are illegal immigrants in India,” Kiren Rijiju, minister of state for home affairs, told reporters last week. “As per law, they stand to be deported.”|last1=Kazmin |first1=Amy }}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rohingya-are-illegal-immigrants-who-need-to-be-deported-says-kiren-rijiju/article19625459.ece|title=Rohingya are illegal immigrants who need to be deported, says Kiren Rijiju|website=The Hindu|date=5 September 2017|access-date=14 September 2017|last1=Phukan|first1=Sandeep}}</ref> Although the Rohingya have fought deportation in the Indian courts (partly on humanitarian grounds), in September 2017 the Indian government responded that India did not sign the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees|1951 Refugee Convention]] and most Rohingya arrived in India before the August 2017 violence. Some Indian media have reported that the country's intelligence agencies suspect militant Royhinga leaders of conspiring with Pakistani terrorists and planning to incite violence in India.<ref name="varun_gandhi_2017_09_26_ndtv">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/varun-gandhi-view-on-rohingya-is-anti-national-says-union-minister-1755345 "Varun Gandhi's View On Rohingya Draws Big Put-Down From Government"] 26 September 2017, [[NDTV]].com, retrieved 26 September 2017</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Myanmar}}
* [[Foreign relations of Burma]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[India–Myanmar barrier]]
* [[India–Myanmar border]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Daigorō Chihara|title=Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiUTOanLClcC|year=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10512-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Cœdès|first= George|author-link= George Cœdès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}
*Lokesh, Chandra, & International Academy of Indian Culture. (2000). Society and culture of Southeast Asia: Continuities and changes. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
*R. C. Majumdar, Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia
*R. C. Majumdar, Ancient Indian colonisation in South-East Asia.
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Champa'', ''Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East'', Vol.I, Lahore, 1927. {{ISBN|0-8364-2802-1}}
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Suvarnadvipa'', ''Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East'', Vol.II, Calcutta,
*R. C. Majumdar, ''Kambuja Desa or an Ancient Hindu Colony in Cambodia'', Madras, 1944
*[[R. C. Majumdar]], ''India and South-East Asia'', I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6, 1979, {{ISBN|81-7018-046-5}}.
*[[R. C. Majumdar]], History of the Hindu Colonization and Hindu Culture in South-East Asia
* Amit Singh, "Emerging Trends in India-Myanmar Relations," ''Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India,'' Vol. 8, No. 2, (Dec 2012) Pages: 25-47 DOI:10.1080/09733159.2012.742650

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Myanmar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Myanmar relations}}
[[Category:India–Myanmar relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Myanmar]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Myanmar]]

2025 Chennai Open – Singles

2026-03-18T20:07:50Z

Maansi26:

{{Tennis events|2025|Chennai Open|
| champ = {{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]]
| runner = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]]
| score = 6–4, 6–3
| draw = 32 (4{{abbr|Q|Qualifiers}} / 4{{abbr|WC|Wild Cards}})
| seeds = 8
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| before_year = 2022
}}

{{further|2025 Chennai Open}}

[[Janice Tjen]] defeated [[Kimberly Birrell]] in the final, 6–4, 6–3 to win the singles tennis title at the 2025 Chennai Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tennisnow.com/tjen-wins-chennai-title-indonesias-first-wta-champion-since-2002/|title=Tjen Wins Chennai Title, Indonesia’s First WTA Champion Since 2002|publisher=Tennis Now|accessdate=2 November 2025}}</ref> It was her first [[WTA Tour]] singles title. Tjen was the first Indonesian woman to win a tour-level singles title since [[Angelique Widjaja]] in [[2002 Volvo Women's Open – Singles|2002]], and the first player in tournament history to win both the singles and doubles titles in the same year.

[[Linda Fruhvirtová]] was the defending champion from when the tournament was last held in [[2022 Chennai Open – Singles|2022]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2796334/czech-teen-fruhvirtova-claims-first-wta-title-in-chennai|title=Czech teen Linda Fruhvirtova claims first WTA title in Chennai|publisher=Women's Tennis Association|date=18 September 2022|accessdate=30 October 2025}}</ref> but lost in the second round to Tjen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/videos/4393445/tjen-comes-from-a-set-down-to-defeat-2022-champ-fruhvirtova-in-chennai|title=Tjen comes from a set down to defeat 2022 champ Fruhvirtova in Chennai|publisher=Women's Tennis Association|accessdate=30 October 2025}}</ref>

The start of the main draw was disrupted due to heavy rain caused by [[Cyclone Montha]]. Play began on Wednesday after weather conditions improved.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/chennai-open-rain-stoppage-abandoned-day-2-revised-schedule-weather-new-rules/article70213270.ece|title=Chennai Open main draw fixtures washed out for second day in a row|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Sachdeva|first=Nihit|date=28 October 2025|access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
#{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Francesca Jones (tennis)|Francesca Jones]] ''(first round, retired)''
#{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić]] ''(quarterfinals)''
#{{flagicon|INA}} '''[[Janice Tjen]] (champion)'''
#{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Lucia Bronzetti]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Lulu Sun]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Diane Parry]] ''(second round)''
}}

==Draw==
{{draw key}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final

| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee]]
| RD1-score1-1=66
| RD1-score1-2=65
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=4
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''78'''
| RD1-score2-2='''77'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=7
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=62
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3='''7'''
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Joanna Garland]]
| RD1-score4-1='''77'''
| RD1-score4-2=3
| RD1-score4-3=5

| RD2-seed1=4
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]]
| RD2-score2-1=4
| RD2-score2-2=3
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

===Top half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez|Z Sönmez]]'''
| RD1-score01-1='''7'''
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|}} [[Tatiana Prozorova|T Prozorova]]
| RD1-score02-1=5
| RD1-score02-2=4
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]'''
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2=2
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|UZB}} [[Maria Timofeeva|M Timofeeva]]
| RD1-score04-1=2
| RD1-score04-2=0r
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|}} [[Polina Iatcenko|P Iatcenko]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2=5
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|}} [[Alina Charaeva|A Charaeva]]
| RD1-score06-1=3
| RD1-score06-2=0r
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Kawa|K Kawa]]'''
| RD1-score07-1=69
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed08=5
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Lucia Bronzetti|L Bronzetti]]
| RD1-score08-1='''711'''
| RD1-score08-2=0
| RD1-score08-3=2

| RD1-seed09=4
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen|J Tjen]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2=65
| RD1-score09-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed10=Q
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|GER}} [[Caroline Werner|C Werner]]
| RD1-score10-1=4
| RD1-score10-2='''77'''
| RD1-score10-3=2

| RD1-seed11=Q
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Astrid Lew Yan Foon|A Lew Yan Foon]]
| RD1-score11-1=2
| RD1-score11-2=2
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová|L Fruhvirtová]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino|N Hibino]]
| RD1-score13-1=5
| RD1-score13-2=1
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=WC
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Mia Pohánková|M Pohánková]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''7'''
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=LL
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|THA}} [[Thasaporn Naklo|T Naklo]]
| RD1-score15-1=2
| RD1-score15-2=0
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=9
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Diane Parry|D Parry]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|TUR}} [[Zeynep Sönmez|Z Sönmez]]
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2=3
| RD2-score01-3=3
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]'''
| RD2-score02-1=2
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|}} [[Polina Iatcenko|P Iatcenko]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Kawa|K Kawa]]
| RD2-score04-1=2
| RD2-score04-2=3
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=4
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen|J Tjen]]'''
| RD2-score05-1=2
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová|L Fruhvirtová]]
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2=3
| RD2-score06-3=2

| RD2-seed07=WC
| RD2-team07='''{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Mia Pohánková|M Pohánková]]'''
| RD2-score07-1='''6'''
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=9
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Diane Parry|D Parry]]
| RD2-score08-1=3
| RD2-score08-2=4
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|}} [[Polina Iatcenko|P Iatcenko]]
| RD3-score02-1=0
| RD3-score02-2=2
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=4
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen|J Tjen]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2='''6'''
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=WC
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|SVK}} [[Mia Pohánková|M Pohánková]]
| RD3-score04-1=3
| RD3-score04-2=1
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|THA}} [[Lanlana Tararudee|L Tararudee]]
| RD4-score01-1=66
| RD4-score01-2=65
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=4
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|INA}} [[Janice Tjen|J Tjen]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''78'''
| RD4-score02-2='''77'''
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=7
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell|K Birrell]]'''
| RD1-score01-1=1
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Nikola Bartůňková|N Bartůňková]]
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2=1
| RD1-score02-3=3

| RD1-seed03=WC
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Maaya Rajeshwaran|M Rajeshwaran]]
| RD1-score03-1=1
| RD1-score03-2=4
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=WC
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty|S Bhamidipaty]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=WC
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli|S Yamalapalli]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=LL
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Nugroho|P Nugroho]]
| RD1-score06-1=4
| RD1-score06-2=2
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=LL
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar|V Adkar]]
| RD1-score07-1=1
| RD1-score07-2=2
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=3
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić|D Vekić]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''
| RD1-score08-2='''6'''
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=LL
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova|Ar Rodionova]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2=5
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nina Stojanović|N Stojanović]]
| RD1-score10-1=3
| RD1-score10-2=5r
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama|M Hontama]]
| RD1-score11-1='''77'''
| RD1-score11-2=2
| RD1-score11-3=4
| RD1-seed12=PR
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter|S Hunter]]'''
| RD1-score12-1=60
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed13=Q
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]]
| RD1-score13-1=4
| RD1-score13-2=3
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Joanna Garland|J Garland]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=Q
| RD1-team15='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|M Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD1-score15-1=5
| RD1-score15-2='''6'''
| RD1-score15-3=1
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Francesca Jones (tennis)|F Jones]]
| RD1-score16-1='''7'''
| RD1-score16-2=0
| RD1-score16-3=0r

| RD2-seed01=7
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell|K Birrell]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''7'''
| RD2-score01-2='''77'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=WC
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty|S Bhamidipaty]]
| RD2-score02-1=5
| RD2-score02-2=62
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=WC
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli|S Yamalapalli]]
| RD2-score03-1=2
| RD2-score03-2=2
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=3
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić|D Vekić]]'''
| RD2-score04-1='''6'''
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=LL
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova|Ar Rodionova]]'''
| RD2-score05-1=1
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3='''711'''
| RD2-seed06=PR
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter|S Hunter]]
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2=4
| RD2-score06-3=69

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Joanna Garland|J Garland]]'''
| RD2-score07-1=5
| RD2-score07-2='''7'''
| RD2-score07-3='''7'''
| RD2-seed08=Q
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|M Yamaguchi]]
| RD2-score08-1='''7'''
| RD2-score08-2=5
| RD2-score08-3=5

| RD3-seed01=7
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell|K Birrell]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=3
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Donna Vekić|D Vekić]]
| RD3-score02-1=4
| RD3-score02-2=0
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=LL
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova|Ar Rodionova]]
| RD3-score03-1=2
| RD3-score03-2=62
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Joanna Garland|J Garland]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''6'''
| RD3-score04-2='''77'''
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=7
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell|K Birrell]]'''
| RD4-score01-1=62
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3='''7'''
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Joanna Garland|J Garland]]
| RD4-score02-1='''77'''
| RD4-score02-2=3
| RD4-score02-3=5
}}

==Qualifying==
===Seeds===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino]] ''(moved to main draw)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Hontama]] ''(moved to main draw)''
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova]] ''(qualifying competition, '''''lucky loser''''')''
# {{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Arianne Hartono]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Caroline Werner]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Nugroho]] ''(qualifying competition, '''''lucky loser''''')''
# {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]] ''(first round)''
}}

===Qualifiers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Caroline Werner]]'''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Astrid Lew Yan Foon]]'''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]]'''
# {{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Arianne Hartono]]'''
}}

===Lucky losers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Thasaporn Naklo]]'''
# {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Vaishnavi Adkar]]'''
# {{flagicon|INA}} '''[[Priska Nugroho]]'''
# {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Arina Rodionova]]'''
}}

===Qualifying draw===

====First qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=Alt
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroko Kuwata]]
| RD1-score1-1=1
| RD1-score1-2=4
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Thasaporn Naklo]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Bhatia]]
| RD1-score3-1=0
| RD1-score3-2=2
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Caroline Werner]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|THA}} [[Thasaporn Naklo]]
| RD2-score1-1=3
| RD2-score1-2=64
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Caroline Werner]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''77'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Second qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=Alt
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|}} [[Amina Anshba]]
| RD1-score1-1=5
| RD1-score1-2=2
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=WC
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''7'''
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Astrid Lew Yan Foon]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]]
| RD1-score4-1=2
| RD1-score4-2=3
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=WC
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar]]
| RD2-score1-1=2
| RD2-score1-2=3
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Astrid Lew Yan Foon]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Third qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=WC
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} Diya Ramesh
| RD1-score2-1=0
| RD1-score2-2=1
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]]
| RD1-score3-1=1
| RD1-score3-2=3
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=5
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova]]
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2=4
| RD2-score1-3=2
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mei Yamaguchi (tennis)|Mei Yamaguchi]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=2
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3='''6'''
}}

====Fourth qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition

|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Arianne Hartono]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|}} [[Sofya Lansere]]
| RD1-score2-1=4
| RD1-score2-2=1
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Yashina]]
| RD1-score3-1=3
| RD1-score3-2=2
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|INA}} '''[[Priska Nugroho]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=4
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Nugroho]]
| RD2-score2-1=2
| RD2-score2-2=1
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/draws/2025/1148/MDS.pdf Main draw]
* [https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/draws/2025/1148/QS.pdf Qualifying draw]

{{2025 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025 Chennai Open - Singles}}
[[Category:2025 WTA Tour|Chennai Open - Singles]]

Kalpana (2012 film)

2026-03-18T04:13:39Z

Maansi26: quick update

{{short description|2012 film by Rama Narayanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalpana
| image = Kalpana Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| producer = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| writer = [[Raghava Lawrence]]
| based_on = ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]''
| starring = {{plainlist |
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
* [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Saikumar]]
* [[Lakshmi Rai]]
}}
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = K. S. Selvaraj
| editing = Raj Keerthy
| studio = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|09|28}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}}7 crore <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/20121228201212282004404883bba01ca/Smells-like-Sandalwood.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117135308/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/20121228201212282004404883bba01ca/Smells-like-Sandalwood.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-01-17 | title=Smells like Sandalwood, Entertainment - South Masala - Bangalore Mirr… }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}11 crore<ref name="Times of India - Bangalore Mirror">{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/20121228201212282004404883bba01ca/Smells-like-Sandalwood.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117135308/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/20121228201212282004404883bba01ca/Smells-like-Sandalwood.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-17 |title=Top 10 Highest Grossers of Sandalwood 2012 |publisher=Times of India – Bangalore Mirror }}</ref>
}}

'''''Kalpana''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy horror]] film directed by [[Rama Narayanan]] and starring [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Saikumar]] and [[Lakshmi Rai]] in the lead roles. The film is produced under the banner of [[Sri Thenandal Films]] and is a remake of the 2011 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]''. [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Saikumar]] reprises the role of a transgender Kalpana, originally played by [[Sarath Kumar]] in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] version.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/upendra-s-kalpana-launched-news-kannada-lmprNHhfdcd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220223511/http://www.sify.com/movies/upendra-s-kalpana-launched-news-kannada-lmprNHhfdcd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-12-20 |title=Upendra's Kalpana launched|website=[[Sify]] |date=2011-12-15 |accessdate=2012-08-06}}</ref> [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] and [[Umashri]] play supporting roles originally played by [[Devadarshini]] and [[Kovai Sarala]].

The film was released across [[Karnataka]] on 28 September 2012 and opened to positive response from critics and audiences. The performances of [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]] and [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] have been critically acclaimed. The film did well at the box office<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/1788-kalpana-starts-off-very-well.html|title=Kalpana Starts Off Very Well - chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image|publisher=|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-date=2 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002003341/http://chitraloka.com/news/1788-kalpana-starts-off-very-well.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was a 'Super Hit' in [[Mysore]], [[Northern Karnataka]], [[Chitradurga]], [[Bellary]] districts,<ref name="sify.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15011110&cid=14635444|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430063552/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15011110&cid=14635444|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-04-30|title=Chennai Box Office - sify.com| website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}</ref> while a 'Hit' in other parts of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15009642&cid=14635444|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430063550/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15009642&cid=14635444|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-04-30|title=Chennai Box Office - sify.com| website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}</ref> ''Kalpana'' was the [[Kannada films of 2012|Sixth Highest Grossing Kannada film of 2012]].<ref name="Times of India - Bangalore Mirror"/> [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] won the [[Udaya Film Awards|Udaya Film Award for Best Male Actor]] for his performance in the film.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/udaya-film-awards-pics-upendra-radhika-winners-list-104563.html |title=Udaya film Awards 2013 Results |publisher= |date=4 March 2013 |access-date= |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021035309/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2013/udaya-film-awards-pics-upendra-radhika-winners-list-104563.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A sequel to the film was made and titled as ''[[Kalpana 2]]'' which is a remake of Tamil film ''[[Kanchana 2]]''.

It was dubbed in Hindi as ''Bhagmati'' and released in 2017.

==Plot==
Raghava ([[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]) is a typical jobless youth who spends his days playing cricket with friends. He suffers from an [[Fear of ghosts|irrational fear of ghosts]], and retreats to the safety of his home after sunset. So great is his fear, that he prefers to sleep with his mother ([[Umashri]]) and have her accompany him to the bathroom at night. This creates major annoyance in the household, including Raghava's brother ([[Achyuth Kumar]]), sister-in-law ([[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]), and their children.

One day, Raghava and his friends are forced to abandon their usual cricket ground and find a new one; they unwittingly select an abandoned land that is rumored to be haunted. A bizarre weather change scares them away. Raghava brings home his cricket stumps, which have been stained with blood from a buried corpse in the ground. He focuses on wooing Priya ([[Lakshmi Rai]]), the sister of his sister-in-law. In the following days, his mother and sister-in-law are witnesses to several paranormal phenomena at night; prominently a ghost haunting the hallways. On consulting a priest, they perform 3 rituals to ascertain if the house is haunted:

1. They keep a coconut on a [[rangoli]] and pray to [[Lord Shiva]]. The coconut rotates on its own.

2. They make a cow eat food. The cow runs out of the house without eating the food.

3. They leave a lit lamp and two drops of blood and leave the house. A ghost of a woman appears before them and licks the blood.

Scared senseless, Raghava's mother and sister-in-law hire two priests ([[Om Prakash Rao]] and [[Bullet Prakash]]) to rid their home of the ghost. The priests, however, are conmen and escape with their lives. That night, the ghost possesses Raghava, who begins acting increasingly [[effeminate]], alienating himself from Priya and wearing women's clothes and jewelry. His family angrily confronts him, when it is revealed that there are three ghosts who have possessed him: a violent woman, a Hindi-speaking Muslim, and an intellectually disabled boy. Raghava's family hires an [[exorcist]], who successfully drives the spirit away from Raghava's body. The ghost of the woman, trapped, reveals her story.

Kalpana ([[Sai Kumar Pudipeddi]]) is a [[transgender]] woman who was disowned by her parents. She is offered shelter by a kind Muslim Akbar Bai ([[Babu Antony]]), who has an intellectually disabled son. Regretting that she couldn't become a doctor as she intended, she adopts another young transgender, Geetha, and works hard to support her financially. When Geetha leaves to study medicine abroad, Kalpana buys a plot of land where Geetha intended to construct a hospital for the poor. That ground is unlawfully taken by crooked [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Shankar. Kalpana angrily confronts the MLA, who cunningly kills her. He also kills Akbar bai and his son. Before she died, she vowed to kill Shankar, his wife, and his henchmen. The bodies are then buried in Kalpana's ground.

The exorcist sympathizes with her but remains duty-bound and traps her. After hearing her story, Raghava is touched; risking the danger, he allows Kalpana to possess him once again. Raghava/Kalpana confronts the MLA and disposes of his henchmen gruesomely. The MLA seeks refuge in a [[Narasimha]] temple which Kalpana is forbidden from, but she asks the deity for justice and manages to chase him inside the temple. The three spirits combined kill the MLA. A few years later, Raghava constructed the hospital for Geetha as per Kalpana's wishes. The movie ends with Priya shouting "deva" (ghost in Kannada) and a terrified Raghava sitting on her hip.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Raghava aka Kalpana
* [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|P. Sai Kumar]] as Kalpana
* [[Lakshmi Rai]] as Priya
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Jaanki
* [[Umashree]] as Raghava's mother
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Muslim exorcist
* [[Shobaraj]] as MLA Shankar
* [[Babu Antony]] as Akbar Bhai
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Jaanki's husband
* [[Om Prakash Rao]] as fake priest
* [[Bullet Prakash]] as fake priest
}}

==Production==
The film was launched on 14 December at the Kanteerava Studios in [[Bangalore]]. 95% of the filming occurred in [[Chennai]], similar to the original version but some portions were significantly shot in and around [[Mangalore]]. Upendra brought his family, as it was his wedding anniversary. He and his wife, actress [[Priyanka Upendra]], exchanged garlands in front of hundreds of fans and film industry dignitaries. [[Lakshmi Rai]], the female lead in the original film, played in the same role opposite Upendra in this film. [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]] was cast to play a special role in the film which was played by actor [[Sarath Kumar]] in the original. [[Umashri]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] and Achyut Kumar were also cast in supporting roles in the movie. Actor Shobhraj plays the main villain, which was originally portrayed by Devan in Tamil Version.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Music==
The music for the film was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]]. All the tunes from the original Tamil film were retained.
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = V. Harikrishna
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Nillu Maga Nillu Maga
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| title2 = Bayanno Bambada
| extra2 = Lakshmi Vijay, V. Harikrishna
| length2 =
| title3 = Hei Madana Kamaraya
| length3 =
| extra3 = Chetan, [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| title4 = Bandhelu Bandhelu
| extra4 = V. Harikrishna, [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Kalpana opened to generally favorable reviews from the critics. The performances of Kumar and Upendra were critically acclaimed. A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Full marks to Saikumar for his excellent portrayal of a Mangalamukhi. Upendra shines as a man possessed. But Umashri’s sole is completely spoilt by overacting and shouting. Shruthi is sober. Harikrishna’s music fails to impress. Cinematography by KS Selvaraj is impressive".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kalpana/movie-review/16587883.cms?from=mdr|title=KALPANA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927162952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kalpana/movie-review/16587883.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The opportunity comes mostly in a couple of songs. Music composer V Harikrishna seems to be burdened with composing for a remake. The tunes are good enough for the film. The film is a complete entertainer and a full value for money. Unfortunately, you cannot take kids to this one".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kalpana-real-scare/articleshow/21303455.cms|title=Kalpana: Real Scare|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=28 September 2012|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927162956/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kalpana-real-scare/articleshow/21303455.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Y Maheswara Reddy from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Meanwhile, Raghava starts behaving like a girl and becomes aggressive. At this juncture the story takes a twist bringing Kalpana into the picture. Who is Kalpana? Simply put, this is an interesting movie — go watch it for some fun!".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-kalpana-kannada-is-a-crazy-mix-of-humour-and-horror-1746747/amp|title=Review: 'Kalpana '(Kannada) is a crazy mix of humour and horror|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=29 September 2012|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927162950/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-kalpana-kannada-is-a-crazy-mix-of-humour-and-horror-1746747/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[News18 India]] wrote "Ramnarayan is known for this kind of films- God and Ghost battle with human beings. He continues in the same speed and zeal in 'Kalpana'".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-kalpana-is-a-good-horror-film-512370.html|title=Kannada Review: 'Kalpana' is a good horror film|work=[[News18 India]]|date=28 September 2012|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927162951/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-kalpana-is-a-good-horror-film-512370.html|url-status=live}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Background score is impressive, but the songs, coming from Harikrishna, are disappointing.Kalpana is for Uppi’s fans and for those who keep hiding their fears under jokes".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/281807/kalpana.html|title=Kalpana|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=28 September 2012|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927164453/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/281807/kalpana.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Srikanth Srinivasa from [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Lakshmi Rai has limited scope. Saikumar, who enacts the part of a transgender, surprises with his superb body language and dialogue delivery. The music by Harikrishna is adequate. If you like horror films you may like this".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kalpana-is-agood-horror-film/20120928.htm|title=Review: Kalpana is an enjoyable horror film|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=28 September 2012|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927162950/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kalpana-is-agood-horror-film/20120928.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[India Today]] wrote "The editing could have been sharper. Hari Krishna, who has set a benchmark with his music compositions in recent films, has however, gone a step below".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kalpana-movie-review-117511-2012-10-01|title=Kalpana movie review|work=[[India Today]]|date=1 October 2012|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927163048/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kalpana-movie-review-117511-2012-10-01|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[Zee News]] wrote "However, the negative part of the film is that post interval, until the entry of Sai Kumars character, the film moves at a slow pace. Lakshmi Rai has little opportunity in the film and is just seen in song sequences and a few not-so-well written sequences. If you look in totality, "Kalpana" is one thoroughly enjoyable film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/allstory/120084|title=Review: Kalpana' - mass entertainer|work=[[Zee News]]|date=29 September 2012|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927163046/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/allstory/120084|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Box office==

''Kalpana'' had a good opening at the box office across [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15009222&cid=14635444|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220095036/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15009222&cid=14635444|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-20|title=Chennai Box Office - sify.com| website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}</ref> The film opened to 90% occupancy at single screens and around 70% occupancy at multiplexes. The film grossed {{INR}}4 crore during its opening weekend and collected a net share of {{INR}}2.5 crore, thus surpassing the openings of [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]'s previous film ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]'', which had grossed {{INR}}3 crore during its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2012/upendra-kalpana-box-office-099955.html|title=Upendra's Kalpana rocks at Box Office|date=3 October 2012|publisher=|access-date=3 October 2012|archive-date=8 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708031209/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2012/upendra-kalpana-box-office-099955.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed more than {{INR}}11 crore at the box office<ref name="Times of India - Bangalore Mirror"/> and completed 50 days of run in 25 centres across Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/tamil/upendra-kalpana-completes-50-days-069630.html|title=ಉಪೇಂದ್ರ 'ಕಲ್ಪನ' ಯಶಸ್ವಿ ಅರ್ಧ ಶತಕ ನಾಟೌಟ್|date=17 November 2012|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2012|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019173007/http://kannada.oneindia.in/movies/news/2012/11/upendra-kalpana-completes-50-days-069630.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Kalpana'' was the [[Kannada films of 2012|sixth highest grossing Kannada film of 2012]].<ref name="Times of India - Bangalore Mirror"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3178816}}

{{Rama Narayanan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalpana (film)}}
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:LGBTQ-related comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rama Narayanan]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Indian transgender-related films]]
[[Category:2012 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]

Handbook of North American Indians

2026-03-17T10:50:10Z

Maansi26: Done!

{{Short description|Series of volumes in Native American studies, published by the Smithsonian Institution}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Photograph of Native Americans from Southeastern Idaho - NARA - 519255.tif|thumb|Photograph of Native Americans from Southeastern Idaho taken from the Handbook of North American Indians]]

The '''''Handbook of North American Indians''''' is a series of edited scholarly and reference volumes in [[Native American studies]], published by the [[Smithsonian Institution]] beginning in 1978. Planning for the handbook series began in the late 1960s and work was initiated following a special congressional appropriation in fiscal year 1971.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Smithsonian Plans New Native American Handbook | first = William C. | last = Sturtevant | date = 1971 | journal = The Indian Historian | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 5–8}}</ref>
To date, 16 volumes have been published. Each volume addresses a subtopic of Americanist research and contains a number of articles or chapters by individual specialists in the field coordinated and edited by a volume editor. The overall series of 20 volumes is planned and coordinated by a general or series editor. Until the series was suspended, mainly due to lack of funds, the series editor was [[William C. Sturtevant]], who died in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Handbook of the North American Indians |work=[[National Museum of Natural History]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |year=2017 |url=http://anthropology.si.edu/handbook.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213095648/http://anthropology.si.edu/handbook.htm |archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>

This work documents information about all [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] north of [[Mexico]], including cultural and physical aspects of the people, [[language family]], history, and worldviews. This series is a reference work for historians, anthropologists, other scholars, and the general reader. The series utilized noted authorities for each topic. The set is illustrated, indexed, and has extensive bibliographies. Volumes may be purchased individually.

== Bibliographic information ==
''Handbook of North American Indians'' / [[William C. Sturtevant]], General Editor. Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution: For sale by the [[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]], Superintendent of Documents., 1978–.

== Volume 1: Introduction ==
{{Citation | last = Krupnik | first = Igor | title = Introduction | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 2022 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 931 | isbn = 978-1-944466-53-4 }}, https://doi.org/10.5479/si.21262173
* Introduction: A Gateway to the ''Handbook'' Series. Igor Krupnik. Pages 1–9.
* Antecedents of the Smithsonian ''Handbook'' Project: 1800s–1965. Igor Krupnik. Pages 10–30.
'''Native American Histories in the Twenty-First Century'''
* Writing American Indian Histories in the Twenty-First Century. [[Donald Fixico|Donald L. Fixico]]. Pages 31–43.
* Codes of Ethics: Anthropology's Relations with American Indians. Joe Watkins. Pages 44–56.
* Indigenous North Americans and Archaeology. George Nicholas, Dorothy Lippert, and Stephen Loring. Pages 57–74.
* Cultural Heritage Laws and Their Impact. Eric Hollinger, Lauren Sieg, William Billeck, Jacquetta Swift, and Terry Snowball. Pages 75–89.
* Emergence of Cultural Diversity: Long-Distance Interactions and Cultural Complexity in Native North America. J. Daniel Rodgers and [[William W. Fitzhugh]]. Pages 90–103.
* Coastal Peoples and Maritime Adaptations: From First Settlement to Contact. Torben C. Rick and Todd J. Braje. Pages 104–118.
'''New Cultural Domains'''
* Indigenous Peoples, Museums, and Anthropology. Aron L. Crowell. Pages 119–135.
* "A New Dream Museum": 100 Years of the (National) Museum of the American Indian, 1916–2016. Ann McMullen. Pages 136-150.
* Access to Native Collections in Museums and Archives: History, Context, and Future Directions. Hannah Turner and [[Candace S. Greene|Candace Green]]. Pages 151–164.
* Emergent Digital Networks: Museum Collections and Indigenous Knowledge in the Digital Era. Aaron Glass and Kate Hennessy. Pages 165–181.
* 3D Digital Replication: Emerging Cultural Domain for Native American Communities. Eric Hollinger. Pages 182-195.
* Social Media: Extending the Boundaries of Indian Country. [[Loriene Roy]], Marisa Elena Duarte, Christina M. Gonzalez, and Wendy Peters. Pages 196-210.
* Digital Domains for Native American Languages. [[Gary Holton (linguist)|Gary Holton]]. Pages 211-229.
'''Native American Experiences in the Twenty-First Century'''
* Food Sovereignty. [[Elizabeth Hoover (social scientist)|Elizabeth Hoover]]. Pages 230-246.
* Native American Communities and Climate Change. [[Margaret Hiza Redsteer]], Igor Krupnik, and Julie K. Maldonado. Pages 247-264.
* Native American Languages at the Threshold of the New Millennium. [[Marianne Mithun]]. Pages 265-277.
* Immigrant Indigenous Communities: Indigenous Latino Populations in the United States. Gabriela Pérez Báez, Cynthia Vidaurri, and [[José Barreiro]]. Pages 278–292.
* Contestation from Invisibility: Indigenous Peoples as a Permanent Part of the World Order. Duane Champagne. Pages 293–303.
'''Transitions in Native North American Research'''
* Arctic. Peter Collings. Pages 304–319.
* Subarctic: Accommodation and Resistance since 1970. Collin Scott, William E. Simeone, Robert Wishart, and Janelle Baker. Pages 320–337.
* Northwest Coast: Ethnology since the Late 1980s. [[Sergei Kan]] and [[Michael E. Harkin|Michael Harkin]]. Pages 338–354.
* California. [[Ira Jacknis]], Carolyn Smith, Olivia Chilcote. Pages 355–371.
* Greater Southwest: Introduction. Igor Krupnik. Page 373.
* Southwest-1. Gwyneira Isaac, Klinton Burgio-Ericson, Chip Colwell, T.J. Ferguson, [[Jane Hill (linguist)|Jane Hill]], Debra Martin, and [[Ofelia Zepeda]]. Pages 374–389.
* Southwest-2: Non-Pueblo and Northern Mexico. Maurice Crandall, Moises Gonzales, Sergei Kan, [[Enrique Lamadrid|Enrique R. Lamadrid]], Kimberly Jenkins Marshall, and José Luis Moctezuma Zamarrón. Pages 390–410.
* Great Basin. [[Catherine S. Fowler]], David Rhode, Angus Quinlan, and Darla Garey-Sage. Pages 411–427.
* Plateau: Trends in Ethnocultural Research from the 1990s. [[David Dinwoodie|David W. Dinwoodie]]. Pages 428–444.
* Plains: Research since 2000. Sebastian Felix Braun. Pages 445–460.
* Southeast. [[Robbie Ethridge]], Jessica Blanchard, and Mary Linn. Pages 461–479.
* Northeast: Research since 1978. Kathleen J. Bragdon and [[Larry Nesper]]. Pages 480–498.
'''The Smithsonian ''Handbook'' Project, 1965–2008'''
* Section Introduction. Igor Krupnik. Page 499.
* The Beginnings, 1965–1971. Adrianna Link and Igor Krupnik. Pages 500–515.
* William Curtis Sturtevant, General Editor. William L. Merrill. Pages 516–530.
* Production of the ''Handbook'', 1970–2008: An Insider's View. Joanna Cohan Scherer. Pages 531–548.
* Organization and Operation: Perspectives from 1993. Christian Carstensen. Pages 549–560.
* The ''Handbook'': A Retrospective. [[Ira Jacknis]], William L. Merril, and Joanna Cohan Scherer. Pages 561–581.
'''End Matter'''
* Contributors. Pages 583–586.
* Reviewers (December 22, 2020). Pages 587–588.
* Tributes. Pages 589–593.
* Appendix 1: Smithsonian Handbook Project Timeline, 1964–2014. Igor Krupnik, and Joanna Cohan Scherer with additions by Jan Danek and William L. Merrill. Pages 596–609.
* Appendix 2: Handbook Series Production and Editorial Staff, 1969–2022. Pages 610–612.
* Appendix 3: Conventions on Tribal and Ethnic Names in Volume 1. Igor Krupnik, with additions by Daniel G. Cole, [[Ives Goddard]], Cesare Marino, [[Larry Nesper]], and Joe Watkins. Pages 613–616.
* Bibliography. Pages 617–867.
* Index. Pages 869–931.

== Volume 2: Indians in Contemporary Society ==
{{Citation | last = Bailey | first = Garrick A. | title = Indians In Contemporary Society | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 2008 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 577 | isbn = 978-0-16-080388-8 }}
* Introduction. Garrick A. Bailey. Pages 1–9.
'''The Issues in the United States'''
* Indians in the Military. Pamela Bennett and Tom Holm. Pages 10–18.
* Termination and Relocation. Larry W. Burt. Pages 19–27.
* Indian Land Claims. Judith Royster. Pages 28–37.
* Activism, 1950-1980. [[Vine Deloria, Jr.]] Pages 38–44.
* Activism Since 1980. [[Robert Warrior]]. Pages 45–54.
* The Federal-Tribe Relationship. Alex Tallchief Skibine. Pages 55–65.
* The State-Tribe Relationship. Carole Goldberg. Pages 66–75.
* Tribal Government in the United States. Sharon O'Brien. Pages 76–85.
* The [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and Reservations. [[Angelique EagleWoman]] (Wambdi A. WasteWin). Pages 86–96.
* Health and Health Issues in the United States. Jennie R. Joe. Pages 97–105.
* Restoration of Terminated Tribes. George Roth. Pages 106-112.
* Recognition. George Roth. Pages 113-128.
* Tribal Sovereignty and Economic Development. Taylor Keen and [[Angelique EagleWoman]] (Wambdi A. WasteWin). Pages 129-139.
* Alaska Native Corporations. [[Rosita Worl]]. Pages 140-147.
* Gaming. Jessica R. Cattelino. Pages 148-156.
'''The Issues in Canada'''
* Native Rights and the Constitution in Canada. John J. Borrows. Pages 157-165.
* Native Rights Case Law. Kent McNeil. Pages 166-176.
* Aboriginal Land Claims. Shin Imai. Pages 177-184.
* Native Governments and Organizations. Yale D. Belanger. Pages 185-196.
* The Evolution of Native Reserves. Yale D. Belanger, David R. Newhouse, and Heather Y. Shpuniarsky. Pages 197-207.
* The Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. John F. Leslie. Pages 208-221.
* Health and Health Care in Canada. [[James B. Waldram]]. Pages 222-230.
* Aboriginal Economic Development. Carl Beal. Pages 231-245.
* Nunavut. [[Kirt Ejesiak]]. Pages 246-251.
* James Bay Cree. Colin H. Scott. Pages 252-260.
* Nisga'a. Margaret Seguin Anderson. Pages 261-268.
'''Demographic and Ethnic Issues'''
* United States Native Population. [[Russell Thornton]]. Pages 269-274.
* The Freedmen. Circe Sturm and Kristy J. Feldhousen-Giles. Pages 275-284.
* Native Populations of Canada. C. Vivian O'Donnell. Pages 285-293.
* Métis. Joe Sawchuk. Pages 294-301.
* Native American Identity in Law. Eva Marie Garroutte. Pages 302-307.
'''Social and Cultural Revitalization'''
* Urban Communities. Joan Weibel-Orlando. Pages 308-316.
* The Native American Church. [[Daniel C. Swan]]. Pages 317-326.
* Powwows. Thomas W. Kavanagh. Pages 327-337.
* Native Museums and Cultural Centers. Lisa J. Watt and Brian L. Laurie-Beaumont. Pages 338-350.
* Languages and Language Programs. [[Leanne Hinton]]. Pages 351-364.
* News Media. Dan Agent. Pages 365-372.
* Theater. [[Hanay Geiogamah]]. Pages 373-380.
* Film. Mark Anthony Rolo. Pages 381-391.
* Literature. Kathryn W. Shanley. Pages 392-401.
* Tribal Colleges and Universities. Wayne J. Stein. Pages 402-411.
* Native American Studies Programs. [[Clara Sue Kidwell]]. Pages 412-420.
* Lawyers and Law Programs. [[Rennard Strickland]] & M. Sharon Blackwell. Pages 421-426.
* Repatriation. C. Timothy McKeown. Pages 427-437.
* The Global Indigenous Movement. Ronald Niezen. Pages 438-445.

== Volume 3: Environment, Origins, and Population ==
{{Citation | last = Ubelaker | first = Douglas H. | authorlink = Douglas H. Ubelaker | title = Environment, Origins, and Population | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 2006 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 1,146 | isbn = 978-0-16-077511-6 }}
* Introduction. [[Douglas H. Ubelaker]]. Pages 1–3.
* Native Views of Origins. [[JoAllyn Archambault]]. Pages 4–15.
'''Paleo-Indian'''
* Paleo-Indian: Introduction. [[Dennis Stanford]]. Pages 16–22.
* Geoarcheology of the Plains, Southwest, and Great Lakes. Vance T. Holliday & [[Rolfe D. Mandel]]. Pages 23–46.
* Geological Framework and Glaciation of the Western Area. Christopher L. Hill. Pages 47–60.
* Climate and Biota of Western North America. Russell William Graham. Pages 61–66.
* Geological Framework and Glaciation of the Central Area. Christopher L. Hill. Pages 67–80.
* Geological Framework and Glaciation of the Eastern Area. Christopher L. Hill. Pages 81–98.
* Climate and Biota of Eastern North America. [[Herb Wright|Herbert E. Wright]], Jr. Pages 99–109.
* History of Research on the Paleo-Indian. [[David J. Meltzer]]. Pages 110-128.
* Paleo-Indian: Far Northwest. E. James Dixon. Pages 129-147.
* Paleo-Indian: Plains and Southwest. Bruce B. Huckell & W. James Judge. Pages 148-170.
* Paleo-Indian: East. Bradley T. Lepper & Robert E. Funk. Pages 171-193.
* Paleo-Indian: West. C. Melvin Aikens. Pages 194-207.
* Late Pleistocene Faunal Extinctions. Donald K. Grayson. Pages 208-218.
'''Plant and Animal Resources'''
* Plant and Animal Resources: Introduction. [[Bruce D. Smith]]. Pages 219-221.
* Arctic and Subarctic Plants. Alestine Andre, Amanda Karst, & [[Nancy Turner|Nancy J. Turner]]. Pages 222-235.
* Arctic and Subarctic Animals. Christyann M. Darwent & Laura L. Smith. Pages 236-250.
* Northwest Coast and Plateau Plants. Nancy J. Turner & Fiona Hamersley-Chambers. Pages 251-262.
* Northwest Coast and Plateau Animals. Virginia L. Butler & Sarah K. Campbell. Pages 263-273.
* California Plants. Robert L. Bettinger & Eric Wohlgemuth. Pages 274-283.
* California Animals. William R. Hildebrandt & Kimberly Carpenter. Pages 284-291.
* Southwest Plants. Karen R. Adams & Suzanne K. Fish. Pages 292-312.
* Southwest Animals. Steven R. James. Pages 313-330.
* Great Basin Plants. [[Catherine S. Fowler]] & David E. Rhode. Pages 331-350.
* Great Basin Animals. Joel C. Janetski. Pages 351-364.
* Plains Plants. [[Mary Adair|Mary J. Adair]]. Pages 365-374.
* Plains Animals. John R. Bozell, Carl R. Falk, & Eileen Johnson. Pages 375-387.
* Southeast Plants. [[Kristen Gremillion|Kristen J. Gremillion]]. Pages 388-395.
* Southeast Animals. Heather A. Lapham. Pages 396-404.
* Northeast Plants. Gary W. Crawford. Pages 405-411.
* Northeast Animals. Bonnie W. Styles. Pages 412-427.
* Domestication of Plants in the East. C. Margaret Scarry & Richard A. Yarnell. Pages 428-436.
* Introduction and Diffusion of Crops from Mexico. [[Gayle J. Fritz]]. Pages 437-446.
* Tobacco. Volney H. Jones & Sandra L. Dunavan. Pages 447-451.
* Dog. Lynn M. Snyder & Jennifer A. Leonard. Pages 452-462.
* The Role of the Turkey in the Southwest. [[Natalie Munro|Natalie D. Munro]]. Pages 463-470.
* Introduction and Adoption of Crops from Europe. Lee A. Newsom & Deborah Ann Trieu. Pages 471-484.
* Introduction and Adoption of Animals from Europe. Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman & [[Elizabeth J. Reitz]]. Pages 485-491.
'''Skeletal Biology and Population Size'''
* Skeletal Biology and Population Size: Introduction. [[Douglas H. Ubelaker]]. Pages 492-496.
* History of Craniometric Studies, The View in 1975. [[William W. Howells|W.W. Howells]]. Pages 497-503.
* History of Research in Skeletal Biology. [[Jane E. Buikstra|Jane Buikstra]]. Pages 504-523.
* Skeletal Biology: Arctic and Subarctic. Anne Keenleyside. Pages 524-531.
* Skeletal Biology: Northwest Coast and Plateau. Jerome S. Cybulski. Pages 532-547.
* Skeletal Biology: California. Phillip L. Walker. Pages 548-556.
* Skeletal Biology: Southwest. Ann L.W. Stodder. Pages 557-580.
* Skeletal Biology: Great Basin. [[Clark Spencer Larsen]] & Brian E. Hemphill. Pages 581-589.
* Skeletal Biology: Northern Mexico and Texas. Lee Meadows Jantz, Nicholas P. Herrmann, [[Richard Jantz|Richard L. Jantz]], & [[Douglas H. Ubelaker]]. Pages 590-594.
* Skeletal Biology: Plains. Laura L. Scheiber. Pages 595-609.
* Skeletal Biology: Southeast. [[Clark Spencer Larsen]]. Pages 610-621.
* Skeletal Biology: Great Lakes Area. M. Anne Katzenberg. Pages 622-629.
* Skeletal Biology: Northeast. [[George R. Milner]] & [[Jane E. Buikstra|Jane Buikstra]]. Pages 630-639.
* Population Inferences from Bone Chemistry. [[Margaret Schoeninger|Margaret J. Schoeninger]]. Pages 640-644.
* Dentition. G. Richard Scott & [[Christy G. Turner II|Christy G. Turner]]. Pages 645-660.
* Paleopathology. Donald J. Ortner & Mary Lucas Powell. Pages 661-678.
* Craniometric Affinities and Early Skeletal Evidence for Origins. Russell Nelson, Noriko Seguchi, & [[C. Loring Brace]]. Pages 679-684.
* Environmental Influences on Skeletal Morphology. Christopher Ruff. Pages 685-693.
* Population Size, Contact to Nadir. [[Douglas H. Ubelaker]]. Pages 694-701.
* Population Size, Nadir to 2000. [[C. Matthew Snipp]]. Pages 702-710.
'''Human Biology'''
* Human Biology: Introduction. [[Emőke Szathmáry|Emőke J.E. Szathmáry]]. Pages 711-726.
* Growth and Development. Lawrence M. Schell, Mia V. Gallo, & Francis E. Johnston. Pages 727-739.
* Acclimatization and Adaptation: Responses to Cold. Michael A. Little and A.T. Steegman Jr. Pages 740-747.
* Acclimatization and Adaptation: Responses to Heat. Joel M. Hanna and Donald M. Austin. Pages 748-753.
* Albinism. Charles M. Woolf. Pages 754-761.
* Blood Groups, Immunoglobulins, and Genetic Variation. Dennis H. O'Rourke. Pages 762-776.
* Anthropometry. [[Richard Jantz|Richard L. Jantz]]. Pages 777-788.
* Health and Disease. Kue Young. Pages 789-798.
* Admixture. [[Jeffrey C. Long]]. Pages 799-807.
* Dermatoglyphics. Robert J. Meier. Pages 808-816.
* Mitochondrial DNA. D. Andrew Merriwether. Pages 817-830.
* Y Chromosomes. Tatiana M. Karafet, Stephen L. Zegura, & Michael F. Hammer. Pages 831-839.
* Ancient DNA. [[Anne Stone (academic)|Anne C. Stone]]. Pages 840-847.

== Volume 4: History of Indian-White relations ==
{{Citation | last = Washburn | first = Wilcomb E. | authorlink = Wilcomb E. Washburn | title = History of Indian-White Relations | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1988 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 852 | isbn = 978-0-16-004583-7 }}
* Introduction. [[Wilcomb E. Washburn]]. Pages 1–4.
'''National Policies'''
* British Indian Policies to 1783. [[Wilbur R. Jacobs]]. Pages 5–12.
* Dutch and Swedish Indian Policies. [[Francis Jennings]]. Pages 13–19.
* French Indian Policies. Mason Wade. Pages 20–28.
* United States Indian Policies, 1776-1815. Reginald Horsman. Pages 29–39.
* United States Indian Policies, 1815-1860. [[Francis Paul Prucha]]. Pages 40–50.
* United States Indian Policies, 1860-1900. [[William T. Hagan]]. Pages 51–65.
* United States Indian Policies, 1900-1980. Lawrence C. Kelly. Pages 66–80.
* Canadian Indian Policies. Robert J. Surtees. Pages 81–95.
* Spanish Indian Policies. [[Charles Gibson (historian)|Charles Gibson]]. Pages 96–102.
* Mexican Indian Policies. [[Edward H. Spicer]]. Pages 103-109.
* Danish Greenland Policies. Finn Gad. Pages 110-118.
* Russian and Soviet Eskimo Indian Policies. [[Richard Pierce (historian)|Richard A. Pierce]]. Pages 119-127.
'''Military Situation'''
* Colonial Indian Wars. Douglas E. Leach. Pages 128-143.
* Indian-United States Military Situation, 1775-1848. [[John K. Mahon]]. Pages 144-162.
* Indian-United States Military Situation, 1848-1891. [[Robert M. Utley]]. Pages 163-184.
'''Political Relations'''
* British Colonial Indian Treaties. Dorothy V. Jones. Pages 185-194.
* United States Indian Treaties and Agreements. Robert M. Kvasnicka. Pages 195-201.
* Canadian Indian Treaties. Robert J. Surtees. Pages 202-210.
* Indian Land Transfers. [[Arrell Gibson|Arrell M. Gibson]]. Pages 211-229.
* The Legal Status of American Indians. [[Lawrence Baca|Lawrence R. Baca]]. Pages 230-237.
* Presents and Delegations. [[Francis Paul Prucha]]. Pages 238-244.
* Colonial Government Agencies. Yasuhide Kawashima. Pages 245-254.
* Nineteenth-Century United States Government Agencies. [[Donald J. Berthrong]]. Pages 255-263.
* Twentieth-century United States Government Agencies. Philleo Nash. Pages 264-275.
* Government Indian Agencies in Canada. Douglas Sanders. Pages 276-283.
* American Indian Education. Margaret Connell Szasz & Carmelita S. Ryan. Pages 284-300.
* Indian Rights Movement Until 1887. Robert W. Mardock. Pages 301-304.
* Indian Rights Movement, 1887-1973. [[Hazel Hertzberg|Hazel Whitman Hertzberg]]. Pages 305-323.
'''Economic Relations'''
* The Fur Trade in the Colonial Northeast. [[William J. Eccles]]. Pages 324-334.
* The Hudson's Bay Company and Native People. Arthur J. Ray. Pages 335-350.
* Indian Trade in the Trans-Mississippi West to 1870. William R. Swagerty. Pages 351-374.
* The Maritime Trade of the North Pacific Coast. James R. Gibson. Pages 375-390.
* Economic Relations in the Southeast Until 1783. Daniel H. Usner, Jr. Pages 391-395.
* Trade Goods. E.S. Lohse. Pages 396-403.
* Indian Servitude in the Northeast. Yasuhide Kawashima. Pages 404-406.
* Indian Servitude in the Southeast. [[Peter H. Wood]]. Pages 407-409.
* Indian Servitude in the Southwest. Albert H Schroeder & [[Omer Stewart|Omer C. Stewart]]. Pages 410-413.
* Indian Servitude in California. [[Robert Heizer|Robert F. Heizer]]. Pages 414-416.
* Ecological Change and Indian-White Relations. [[William Cronon]] & [[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]]. Pages 417-429.
'''Religious Relations'''
* Protestant Churches and the Indians. R. Pierce Beaver. Pages 430-458.
* Mormon Missions to the Indians. John A. Price. Pages 459-463.
* Roman Catholic Missions in New France. Lucien Campeau. Pages 464-471.
* Roman Catholic Missions in California and the Southwest. [[Sherburne F. Cook]] & Cesare R. Marino. Pages 472-480.
* Roman Catholic Missions in the Southeast and the Northeast. Clifford M. Lewis. Pages 481-493.
* Roman Catholic Missions in the Northwest. Robert I. Burns. Pages 494-500.
* Roman Catholic Missions in the Arctic. Louis-Jacques Dorais & [[Bernard Saladin D'Anglure|Bernard Saladin d'Anglure]]. Pages 501-505.
* The Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska. [[Sergei Kan]]. Pages 506-521.
'''Conceptual Relations'''
* White Conceptions of Indians. [[Robert F. Berkhofer]], Jr. Pages 522-547.
* Relations Between Indians and Anthropologists. [[Nancy Oestreich Lurie|Nancy O. Lurie]]. Pages 548-556.
* The Indian Hobbyist Movement in North America. William K. Powers. Pages 557-561.
* The Indian Hobbyist Movement in Europe. Colin F. Taylor. Pages 562-569.
* Indians and the Counterculture, 1960s–1970s. Stewart Brand. Pages 570-572.
* The Indian in Literature in English. [[Leslie Fiedler|Leslie A. Fiedler]]. Pages 573-581.
* The Indian in Non-English Literature. [[Christian F. Feest]]. Pages 582-586.
* The Indian in Popular American Culture. [[Rayna Green|Rayna D. Green]]. Pages 587-606.
* The Indian in the Movies. Michael T. Marsden and Jack G. Nachbar. Pages 607-616

=== Non-Indian Biographies ===
* Brief biographical sketches of 294 individuals who were not Indians but had a significant impact on the history of Indian-White relations in North America. Pages 617-699.

== Volume 5: Arctic ==
{{Citation | last = Damas | first = David | title = Arctic | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1984 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 845 | isbn = 978-0-16-004580-6 }}
* Introduction. David Damas. Pages 1–7.
* History of Research Before 1945. Henry B. Collins. Pages 8–16.
* History of Archeology After 1945. [[Elmer Harp Jr.|Elmer Harp, Jr]]. Pages 17–22.
* History of Ethnology After 1945. Charles C. Hughes. Pages 23–26.
* Physical Environment. John K. Stager & Robert J. McSkimming. Pages 27–35.
* Arctic Ecosystems. Milton M.R. Freeman. Pages 36–48.
* Eskimo and Aleut Languages. Anthony C. Woodbury. Pages 49–63.
* Human Biology of the Arctic. [[Emőke Szathmáry|Emőke J.E. Szathmary]]. Pages 64–71.
* Prehistory: Summary. Don E. Dumond. Pages 72–79.
'''Western Arctic'''
* Prehistory of North Alaska. Douglas D. Anderson. Pages 80–93.
* Prehistory of the Bering Sea Region. Don E. Dumond. Pages 94–105.
* Prehistory of the Asian Eskimo Zone. Robert E. Ackerman. Pages 106-118.
* Prehistory of the Aleutian Region. Allen P. McCartney. Pages 119-135.
* Prehistory of the Pacific Eskimo Region. Donald W. Clark. Pages 136-148.
* Exploration and Contact History of Western Alaska. [[James W. VanStone]]. Pages 149-160.
* Aleut. [[Margaret Lantis]]. Pages 161-184.
* Pacific Eskimo: Historical Ethnography. Donald W. Clark. Pages 185-197.
* Contemporary Pacific Eskimo. Nancy Yaw Davis. Pages 198-204.
* Southwest Alaska Eskimo: Introduction. [[James W. VanStone]]. Pages 205-208.
* Nunivak Eskimo. [[Margaret Lantis]]. Pages 209-223.
* Mainland Southwest Alaska Eskimo. [[James W. VanStone]]. Pages 224-242.
* Asiatic Eskimo: Introduction. Charles C. Hughes. Pages 243-246.
* Siberian Eskimo. Charles C. Hughes. Pages 247-261.
* Saint Lawrence Island Eskimo. Charles C. Hughes. Pages 262-277.
* North Alaska Eskimo: Introduction. Robert F. Spencer. Pages 278-284.
* Bering Strait Eskimo. [[Dorothy Jean Ray]]. Pages 285-302.
* Kotzebue Sound Eskimo. Ernest S. Burch, Jr. Pages 303-319.
* North Alaska Coast Eskimo. Robert F. Spencer. Pages 320-337.
* Interior North Alaska Eskimo. Edwin S. Hall. Pages 338-346.
* Mackenzie Delta Eskimo. Derek G. Smith. Pages 347-358.
'''Canadian Arctic'''
* Pre-Dorset and Dorset Prehistory of Canada. Moreau S. Maxwell. Pages 359-368.
* Thule Prehistory of Canada. [[Robert McGhee (archaeologist)|Robert McGhee]]. Pages 369-376.
* Exploration and History of the Canadian Arctic. L.H. Neatby. Pages 377-390.
* Central Eskimo: Introduction. David Damas. Pages 391-396.
* Copper Eskimo. David Damas. Pages 397-414.
* Netsilik. Asen Balikci. Pages 415-430.
* Iglulik. [[Guy Mary-Rousselière]]. Pages 431-446.
* Caribou Eskimo. Eugene Y. Arima. Pages 447-462.
* Baffinland Eskimo. William B. Kemp. Pages 463-475.
* Inuit of Quebec. [[Bernard Saladin D'Anglure|Bernard Saladin d'Anglure]]. Pages 476-507.
* Historical Ethnography of the Labrador Coast. J. Garth Taylor. Pages 508-521.
'''Greenland'''
* Greenland Eskimo: Introduction. Helge Kleivan. Pages 522-527.
* Paleo-Eskimo Cultures of Greenland. [[William W. Fitzhugh]]. Pages 528-539.
* Neo-Eskimo Prehistory of Greenland. Richard H. Jordan. Pages 540-548.
* History of Norse Greenland. Inge Kleivan. Pages 549-555.
* History of Colonial Greenland. Finn Gad. Pages 556-576.
* Polar Eskimo. Rolf Gilberg. Pages 577-594.
* West Greenland Before 1950. Inge Kleivan. Pages 595-621.
* East Greenland Before 1950. Robert Petersen. Pages 622-639.
* Greenlandic Written Literature. Robert Petersen. Pages 640-645.
'''The 1950-1980 Period'''
* Alaska Eskimo Modernization. Norman A. Chance. Pages 646-656.
* The Land Claims Era in Alaska. Ernest S. Burch. Jr. Pages 657-661.
* Contemporary Canadian Inuit. Frank G. Vallee, Derek G. Smith, & Joseph D. Cooper. Pages 662-675.
* The Grise Fiord Project. Milton M.R. Freeman. Pages 676-682.
* Contemporary Inuit of Quebec. [[Bernard Saladin D'Anglure|Bernard Saladin d'Anglure]]. Pages 683-688.
* Coastal Northern Labrador After 1950. Anne Brantenberg & Terje Brantenberg. Pages 689-699.
* Contemporary Greenlanders. Helge Kleivan. Pages 700-717.
* East Greenland After 1950. Robert Petersen. Pages 718-723.
* The Pan-Eskimo Movement. Robert Petersen. Pages 724-728.

== Volume 6: Subarctic ==
{{Citation | last = Helm | first = June | authorlink = June Helm | title = Subarctic | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1981 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 853 | isbn = 978-0-16-004578-3 }}
* Introduction. [[June Helm]]. Pages 1–4.
* General Environment. James S. Gardner. Pages 5–14.
* Major Fauna in the Traditional Economy. Beryl C. Gillespie. Pages 15–18.
* History of Ethnological Research in the Subarctic Shield and Mackenzie Borderlands. Edward S. Rogers. Pages 19–29.
* History of Archeological Research in the Subarctic Shield and Mackenzie Valley. [[Jacques Cinq-Mars]] & Charles A. Martijn. Pages 30–34.
* History of Research in the Subarctic Cordillera. [[Catharine McClellan]]. Pages 35–42.
* History of Research in Subarctic Alaska. Nancy Yaw Davis. Pages 43–48.
* Museum and Archival Resources for Subarctic Alaska. [[James W. VanStone]]. Pages 49–51.
* Subarctic Algonquian Languages. Richard A. Rhodes & Evelyn M. Todd. Pages 52–66.
* Northern Athapaskan Languages. [[Michael E. Krauss]] & Victor K. Golla. Pages 67–85.
* Prehistory of the Canadian Shield. James V. Wright. Pages 86–96.
* Prehistory of the Great Slave Lake and Great Bear Lake Region. William C. Noble. Pages 97–106.
* Prehistory of the Western Subarctic. Donald W. Clark. Pages 107-129.
'''Subarctic Shield and Mackenzie Borderlands'''
* Environment and Culture in the Shield and Mackenzie Borderlands. Edward S. Rogers & James G.E. Smith. Pages 130-146.
* Intercultural Relations and Cultural Change in the Shield and Mackenzie Borderlands. [[June Helm]], Edward S. Rogers, & James G.E. Smith. Pages 146-157.
* Territorial Groups Before 1821: Cree and Ojibwa. Charles A. Bishop. Pages 158-160.
* Territorial Groups Before 1821: Athapaskans of the Shield and the Mackenzie Drainage. Beryl C. Gillespie. Pages 161-168.
* Montagnais-Naskapi. Edward S. Rogers & [[Eleanor Leacock]]. Pages 169-189.
* Seventeenth-Century Montagnais Social Relations and Values. [[Eleanor Leacock]]. Pages 190-195.
* East Main Cree. Richard J. Preston. Pages 196-207.
* Attikamek (Tête de Boule). Gérard E. McNulty & Louis Gilbert. Pages 208-216.
* West Main Cree. John J. Honigmann. Pages 217-230.
* Northern Ojibwa. Edward S. Rogers & J. Garth Taylor. Pages 231-243.
* Saulteaux of Lake Winnipeg. Jack H. Steinbring. Pages 244-255.
* Western Woods Cree. James G.E. Smith. Pages 256-270.
* Chipewyan. James G.E. Smith. Pages 271-284.
* Yellowknife. Beryl C. Gillespie. Pages 285-290.
* Dogrib. [[June Helm]]. Pages 291-309.
* Bearlake Indians. Beryl C. Gillespie. Pages 310-313.
* Hare. Joel S. Savishinsky & Hiroko Sue Hara. Pages 314-325.
* Mountain Indians. Beryl C. Gillespie. Pages 326-337.
* Slavey. [[Michael Asch|Michael I. Asch]]. Pages 338-349.
* Beaver. Robin Ridington. Pages 350-360.
* Subarctic Métis. Richard Slobodin. Pages 361-371.
'''Subarctic Cordillera'''
* Environment and Culture in the Cordillera. [[Catharine McClellan]] & Glenda Denniston. Pages 372-386.
* Intercultural Relations and Cultural Change in the Cordillera. [[Catharine McClellan]]. Pages 387-401.
* Chilcotin. Robert B. Lane. Pages 402-412.
* Carrier. Margaret L. Tobey. Pages 413-432.
* Sekani. Glenda Denniston. Pages 433-441.
* Kaska. John J. Honigmann. Pages 442-450.
* Nahani. Beryl C. Gillespie. Pages 451-453.
* Tsetsaut. [[Wilson Duff]]. Pages 454-457.
* Tahltan. Bruce B. MacLachlan. Pages 458-468.
* Inland Tlingit. [[Catharine McClellan]]. Pages 469-480.
* Tagish. [[Catharine McClellan]]. Pages 481-492.
* Tutchone. [[Catharine McClellan]]. Pages 493-505.
* Han. John R. Crow & Philip R. Obley. Pages 506-513.
* Kutchin. Richard Slobodin. Pages 514-532.
'''Alaska Plateau'''
* Environment and Culture in the Alaska Plateau. Edward H. Hosley. Pages 533-545.
* Intercultural Relations and Cultural Change in the Alaska Plateau. Edward H. Hosley. Pages 546-555.
* Territorial Groups of West-Central Alaska Before 1898. [[James W. VanStone]] and [[Ives Goddard]]. Pages 556-561.
* Tanana. Robert A. McKennan. Pages 562-576.
* Upper Tanana River Potlatch. [[Marie-Françoise Guédon]]. Pages 577-581.
* Koyukon. A. McFadyen Clark. Pages 582-601.
* Ingalik. Jeanne H. Snow. Pages 602-617.
* Kolchan. Edward H. Hosley. Pages 618-622.
'''South of the Alaska Range'''
* Tanaina. Joan B. Townsend. Pages 623-640.
* Ahtna. [[Frederica de Laguna]] & [[Catharine McClellan]]. Pages 641-663.
'''Native Settlements'''
* Native Settlements: Introduction. [[June Helm]]. Pages 664-665.
* Davis Inlet, Labrador. Georg Henriksen. Pages 666-672.
* Great Whale River, Quebec. W.K. Barger. Pages 673-682.
* Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories. David M. Smith. Pages 683-693.
* Old Crow, Yukon Territory. Ann Welsh Acheson. Pages 694-703.
* Minto, Alaska. Wallace M. Olson. Pages 704-711.
'''Special Topics'''
* Modern Subarctic Indians and Métis. John J. Honigmann. Pages 712-717.
* Expressive Aspects of Subarctic Indian Culture. John J. Honigmann. Pages 718-738.

== Volume 7: Northwest Coast ==
{{Citation | last = Suttles | first = Wayne | authorlink = Wayne Suttles | title = Northwest Coast | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1990 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 793 | isbn = 978-0-16-020390-9 }}
* Introduction. [[Wayne Suttles]]. Pages 1–15.
* Environment. Wayne Suttles. Pages 16–29.
* Languages. [[Laurence C. Thompson]] & [[Dale Kinkade|M. Dale Kinkade]]. Pages 30–51.
* Human Biology. Jerome S. Cybulski. Pages 52–59.
* Cultural Antecedents. Roy L. Carlson. Pages 60–69.
'''History of Research'''
* History of Research: Early Sources. [[Wayne Suttles]]. Pages 70–72.
* History of Research in Ethnology. Wayne Suttles & [[Aldona Jonaitis|Aldona C. Jonaitis]]. Pages 73–87.
* History of Research: Museum Collections. E.S. Lohse & Frances Sundt. Pages 88–97.
* History of Research in Linguistics. [[Dale Kinkade|M. Dale Kinkade]]. Pages 98–106.
* History of Research in Archeology. Roy L. Carlson. Pages 107-115.
* History of Research in Physical Anthropology. Jerome S. Cybulski. Pages 116-118.
'''History of Contact'''
* History of the Early Period. [[Douglas Cole (historian)|Douglas Cole]] & David Darling. Pages 119-134.
* Demographic History, 1774-1874. [[Robert Boyd (anthropologist)|Robert T. Boyd]]. Pages 135-148.
* History of Southeastern Alaska Since 1867. [[Rosita Worl]]. Pages 149-158.
* History of Coastal British Columbia Since 1849. J.E. Michael Kew. Pages 159-168.
* History of Western Washington Since 1846. Cesare Marino. Pages 169-179.
* History of Western Oregon Since 1846. [[Stephen Dow Beckham]]. Pages 180-188.
'''The Peoples'''
* Eyak. [[Frederica de Laguna|Frederica De Laguna]]. Pages 189-196.
* Prehistory of Southeastern Alaska. Stanley D. Davis. Pages 197-202.
* Tlingit. Frederica De Laguna. Pages 203-228.
* Prehistory of the Northern Coast of British Columbia. Knut R. Fladmark, Kenneth M. Ames, & [[Patricia Sutherland|Patricia D. Sutherland]]. Pages 229-239.
* Haida: Traditional Culture. [[Margaret B. Blackman]]. Pages 240-260.
* Haida Since 1960. Mary Lee Stearns. Pages 261-266.
* Tsimshian Peoples: Southern Tsimshian, Coast Tsimshian, Nishga, and Gitksan. [[Marjorie Halpin|Marjorie M. Halpin]] & Margaret Seguin. Pages 267-284.
* Tsimshian of British Columbia Since 1900. Gordon B. Inglis, Douglas R. Hudson, Barbara K. Rigsby, & [[Bruce Rigsby]]. Pages 285-293.
* Tsimshian of Metlakatla, Alaska. John A. Dunn & Arnold Booth. Pages 294-297.
* Prehistory of the Central Coast of British Columbia. Philip M. Hobler. Pages 298-305.
* Haisla. Charles Hamori-Torok. Pages 306-311.
* Haihais, Bella Bella, and Oowekeeno. Susanne F. Hilton. Pages 312-322.
* Bella Coola. Dorothy I.D. Kennedy & Randall T. Bouchard. Pages 323-339.
* Prehistory of the Coasts of Southern British Columbia and Northern Washington. Donald Mitchell. Pages 340-358.
* Kwakiutl: Traditional Culture. [[Helen Codere]]. Pages 359-377.
* Kwakiutl: Winter Ceremonies. Bill Holm. Pages 378-386.
* Kwakiutl Since 1980. [[Gloria Cranmer Webster]]. Pages 387-390.
* Nootkans of Vancouver Island. Eugene Arima & John Dewhirst. Pages 391-411.
* Prehistory of the Ocean Coast of Washington. Gary Wessen. Pages 412-421.
* Makah. Ann M. Renker & [[Erna Gunther]]. Pages 422-430.
* Quileute. James V. Powell. Pages 431-437.
* Chemakum. William W. Elmendorf. Pages 438-440.
* Northern Coast Salish. Dorothy I.D. Kennedy & Randall T. Bouchard. Pages 441-452.
* Central Coast Salish. [[Wayne Suttles]]. Pages 453-475.
* Central and Southern Coast Salish Ceremonies Since 1900. J.E. Michael Kew. Pages 476-480.
* Prehistory of the Puget Sound Region. Charles M. Nelson. Pages 481-484.
* Southern Coast Salish. [[Wayne Suttles]] & Barbara Lane. Pages 485-502.
* Southwestern Coast Salish. Yvonne Hajda. Pages 503-517.
* Prehistory of the Lower Columbia and Willamette Valley. Richard M. Pettigrew. Pages 518-529.
* Kwalhioqua and Clatskanie. [[Michael E. Krauss]]. Pages 530-532.
* Chinookans of the Lower Columbia. [[Michael Silverstein]]. Pages 533-546.
* Kalapuyans. Henry B. Zenk. Pages 547-553.
* Prehistory of the Oregon Coast. Richard E. Ross. Pages 554-559.
* Tillamook. William R. Seaburg & [[Jay Miller (anthropologist)|Jay Miller]]. Pages 560-567.
* Alseans. Henry B. Zenk. Pages 568-571.
* Siuslawans and Coosans. Henry B. Zenk. Pages 572-579.
* Athapaskans of Southwestern Oregon. [[Jay Miller (anthropologist)|Jay Miller]] & William R. Seaburg. Pages 580-588.
* Takelma. Daythal L. Kendall. Pages 589-592.
'''Special Topics'''
* Mythology. [[Dell Hymes]]. Pages 593-601.
* Art. Bill Holm. Pages 602-632.
* The Indian Shaker Church. Pamela T. Amoss. Pages 633-639.

== Volume 8: California ==
{{Citation | last = Heizer | first = Robert F. | authorlink = Robert F. Heizer | title = California | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1978 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 816 | isbn = 978-0-16-004574-5 }}
* Introduction. [[Robert Heizer|Rebert F. Heizer]]. Pages 1–5.
* History of Research. Robert F. Heizer. Pages 6–15.
* Environmental Background. Martin A Baumhoff. Pages 16–24.
* Post-Pleistocene Archeology, 9000 to 2000 B.C. William J. Wallace. Pages 25–36.
* Development of Regional Prehistoric Cultures. Albert B. Elsasser. Pages 37–57.
* Protohistoric and Historic Archeology. Chester King. Pages 58–68.
* Indian-Euro-American Interaction: Archeological Evidence from non-Indian Sites. Robert L. Schuyler. Pages 69–79.
* Native Languages of California. [[William F. Shipley]]. Pages 80–90.
* Historical Demography. [[Sherburne F. Cook]]. Pages 91–98.
* The Impact of Euro-American Exploration and Settlement. Edward D. Castillo. Pages 99–127.
* Tolowa. Richard A. Gould. Pages 128-136.
* Yurok. Arnold R. Pilling. Pages 137-154.
* Wiyot. Albert B. Elsasser. Pages 155-163.
* Hupa, Chilula, and Whilkut. William J. Wallace. Pages 164-179.
* Karok. [[William Bright (historian)|William Bright]]. Pages 180-189.
* Mattole, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Lassik, and Wailaki. Albert B. Elsasser. Pages 190-204.
* Chimariko. Shirley Silver. Pages 205-210.
* Shastan Peoples. Shirley Silver. Pages 211-224.
* Achumawi. D.L. Olmsted & [[Omer Stewart|Omer C. Stewart]]. Pages 225-235.
* Atsugewi. T.R. Garth. Pages 236-243.
* Cahto. James E. Myers. Pages 244-248.
* Yuki, Huchnom, and Coast Yuki. Virginia P. Miller. Pages 249-255.
* Wappo. Jesse O. Sawyer. Pages 256-263.
* Lake Miwok. [[Catherine Callaghan (linguist)|Catherine A. Callaghan]]. Pages 264-273.
* Pomo: Introduction. Sally McLendon & Robert L. Oswalt. Pages 274-288.
* Western Pomo and Northeastern Pomo. Lowell John Bean & Dorothea Theodoratus. Pages 289-305.
* Eastern Pomo and Southeastern Pomo. Sally McLendon & Michael J. Lowy. Pages 306-323.
* Wintu. [[Frank LaPena|Frank R. LaPena]]. Pages 324-340.
* Nomlaki. [[Walter Goldschmidt]]. Pages 341-349.
* Patwin. Patti J. Johnson. Pages 350-360.
* Yana. Jerald Jay Johnson. Pages 361-369.
* Maidu and Konkow. Francis A. Riddell. Pages 370-386.
* Nisenan. Norman L. Wilson & Arlean H. Towne. Pages 387-397.
* Eastern Miwok. Richard Levy. Pages 398-413.
* Coast Miwok. [[Isabel Kelly]]. Pages 414-425.
* Monache. Robert F.G. Spier. Pages 426-436.
* Tubatulabal. Charles R. Smith. Pages 437-445.
* Yokuts: Introduction. [[Michael Silverstein]]. Pages 446-447.
* Southern Valley Yokuts. William J. Wallace. Pages 448-461.
* Northern Valley Yokuts. William J. Wallace. Pages 462-470.
* Foothill Yokuts. Robert F.G. Spier. Pages 471-484.
* Costanoan. Richard Levy. Pages 485-495.
* Esselen. Thomas Roy Hester. Pages 496-499.
* Salinan. Thomas Roy Hester. Pages 500-504.
* Chumash: Introduction. Campbell Grant. Pages 505-508.
* Eastern Coastal Chumash. Campbell Grant. Pages 509-519.
* Obispeño and Purisimeño Chumash. Roberts S. Greenwood. Pages 520-523.
* Island Chumash. Campbell Grant. Pages 524-529.
* Interior Chumash. Campbell Grant. Pages 530-534.
* Tataviam. Chester King & Thomas C. Blackburn. Pages 535-537.
* Gabrielino. Lowell John Bean & Charles R. Smith. Pages 538-549.
* Luiseño. Lowell John Bean & Florence C. Shipek. Pages 550-563.
* Kitanemuk. Thomas C. Blackburn & Lowell John Bean. Pages 564-569.
* Serrano. Lowell John Bean & Charles R. Smith. Pages 570-574.
* Cahuilla. Lowell John Bean. Pages 575-587.
* Cupeño. Lowell John Bean & Charles R. Smith. Pages 588-591.
* Tipai and Ipai. [[Katharine Luomala]]. Pages 592-609.
* History of Southern California Mission Indians. Florence C. Shipek. Pages 610-618.
* Prehistoric Rock Art. C. William Clewlow, Jr. Pages 619-625.
* Basketry. Albert B. Elsasser. Pages 626-641.
* Music and Musical Instruments. William J. Wallace. Pages 642-648.
* Natural Forces and Native World View. Robert F. Heizer. Pages 649-653.
* Mythology: Regional Patterns and History of Research. Robert F. Heizer. Pages 654-657.
* Comparative Literature. William J. Wallace. Pages 658-661.
* Cults and Their Transformations. Lowell John Bean & Sylvia Brakke Vane. Pages 662-672.
* Social Organization. Lowell John Bean. Pages 673-682.
* Sexual Status and Role Differences. Edith Wallace. Pages 683-689.
* Trade and Trails. Robert F. Heizer. Pages 690-693.
* Intergroup Conflict. Thomas McCorkle. Pages 694-700.
* Treaties. Robert F. Heizer. Pages 701-704.
* Litigation and its Effects. [[Omer Stewart|Omer C. Stewart]]. Pages 705-712.
* Twentieth-Century Secular Movements. Edward D. Castillo. Pages 713-718.

== Volume 9: Southwest ==
{{Citation | last = Ortiz | first = Alfonso | authorlink = Alfonso Ortiz | title = Southwest | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1979 | location = Washington, D.C. |pages = 701 |isbn=978-0-16-004577-6 |oclc=26140053}}

Volume 9 covers the Pueblo tribes of the Southwest. Volume 10 covers the non-Pueblo tribes of the Southwest.
* Introduction. Alfonso Ortiz. Pages 1–4.
* History of Archeological Research. Albert H. Schroeder. Pages 5–13.
* History of Ethnological Research. [[Keith H. Basso]]. Pages 14–21.
* Prehistory: Introduction. [[Richard B. Woodbury]]. Pages 22–30.
* Post-Pleistocene Archeology, 7000-2000 B.C. Cynthis Irwin-Williams Pages 31–42.
* Agricultural Beginnings, 2000 B.C.-A.D. 500. Richard B. Woodbury & Ezra B.W. Zubrow. Pages 43–60.
* Prehistory: Mogollon. Paul S. Martin. Pages 61–74.
* Prehistory: Hohokam. George J. Gumerman & [[Emil Haury|Emil W. Haury]]. Pages 75–90.
* Prehistory: O'otam. Charles C. Di Peso. Pages 91–99.
* Prehistory: Hakataya. Albert H. Schroeder. Pages 100-107.
* Prehistory: Western Anasazi. Fred Plog. Pages 108-130.
* Prehistory: Eastern Anasazi. [[Linda S. Cordell]]. Pages 131-151.
* Prehistory: Southern Periphery. [[Charles C. Di Peso]]. Pages 152-161.
* Southern Athapaskan Archeology. Joseph H. Gunnerson. Pages 162-169.
* Historical Linguistics and Archeology. Kenneth Hale & David Harris. Pages 170-177.
* History of Pueblo-Spanish Relations to 1821. Marc Simmons. Pages 178-193.
* The Pueblo Revolt. Joe S. Sando. Pages 194-197.
* Genizaros. Fray Angelico Chavez. Pages 198-200.
* Relations of the Southwest with the Plains and Great Basin. Charles H. Lange. Pages 201-205.
* History of the Pueblos Since 1821. [[Marc Simmons]]. Pages 206-223.
* Pueblos: Introduction. [[Fred Eggan]]. Pages 224-235.
* Pueblos Abandoned in Historic Times. Albert H. Schroeder. Pages 236-254.
* Taos Pueblo. John J. Bodine. Pages 255-267.
* Picuris Pueblo. Donald N. Brown. Pages 268-277.
* San Juan Pueblo. Alfonso Ortiz. Pages 278-295.
* Santa Clara Pueblo. Nancy S. Arnon & W.W. Hill. Pages 296-307.
* San Ildefonso Pueblo. Sandra A. Edelman. Pages 308-316.
* Nambe Pueblo. Randall H. Speirs. Pages 317-323.
* Pojoaque Pueblo. [[Marjorie F. Lambert]]. Pages 324-329.
* Tesuque Pueblo. Sandra A. Edelman & Alfonso Ortiz. Pages 330-335.
* Tigua Pueblo. Nicholas P. Houser. Pages 336-342.
* Sandia Pueblo. Elizabeth A. Brandt. Pages 343-350.
* Isleta Pueblo. Florence Hawley Ellis. Pages 351-365.
* Cochiti Pueblo. Charles H. Lange. Pages 366-378.
* Santo Domingo Pueblo. Charles H. Lange. Pages 379-389.
* San Felipe Pueblo. Pauline Turner Strong. Pages 390-397.
* Santa Ana Pueblo. [[Pauline Turner Strong]]. Pages 398-406.
* Zia Pueblo. [[E. Adamson Hoebel]]. Pages 407-417.
* Jemez Pueblo. Joe S. Sando. Pages 418-429.
* Pecos Pueblo. Albert H. Schroeder. Pages 430-437.
* Laguna Pueblo. Florence Hawley Ellis. Pages 438-449.
* Acoma Pueblo. Velma Garcia-Mason. Pages 450-466.
* Zuni Prehistory and History to 1850. Richard B. Woodbury. Pages 467-473.
* Zuni History, 1850-1970. Fred Eggan & T.N. Pandey. Pages 474-481.
* Zuni Social and Political Organization. Edmund J. Ladd. Pages 482-491.
* Zuni Economy. Edmund J. Ladd. Pages 492-498.
* Zuni Religion and World View. [[Dennis Tedlock]]. Pages 499-508.
* Zuni Semantic Categories. [[Willard Waller|Willard Walker]]. Pages 509-513.
* Hopi Prehistory and History to 1850. [[John Otis Brew|J.O. Brew]]. Pages 514-523.
* Hopi History, 1850-1940. [[Frederick J. Dockstader]]. Pages 524-532.
* Hopi History, 1940-1970. Richard O. Clemmer. Pages 533-538.
* Hopi Social Organization. [[John Connelly (historian)|John C. Connelly]]. Pages 539-553.
* Hopi Economy and Subsistence. Edward A. Kennard. Pages 554-563.
* Hopi Ceremonial Organization. Ariette Frigout. Pages 564-576.
* Hopi World View. Louis A. Hieb. Pages 577-580.
* Hopi Semantics. C.F. Voegelin, F.H. Voegelin, [[LaVerne Jeanne|LaVerne Masayesva Jeanne]]. Pages 581-586.
* Hopi-Tewa. [[Michael Stanislawski|Michael B. Stanislawski]]. Pages 587-602.
* Pueblo Fine Arts. J.J. Brody. Pages 603-608.
* The Pueblo Mythological Triangle: Poseyemu, Montezuma, and Jesus in the Pueblos. Richard J. Parmentier. Pages 609-622.

== Volume 10: Southwest ==
{{Citation | last = Ortiz | first = Alfonso | authorlink = Alfonso Ortiz | title = Southwest | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1983 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 884 | isbn = 978-0-16-004579-0 }}

Volume 10 covers the non-Pueblo tribes of the Southwest. Volume 9 covers the Pueblo tribes of the Southwest.
* Yuman: Introduction. Kenneth M. Stewart. Pages 1–4.
* Yuman Languages. Martha B. Kendall. Pages 4–12.
* Havasupai. Douglas W. Schwartz. Pages 13–24.
* Walapai. Thomas R. McGuire. Pages 25–37.
* Yavapai. Sigrid Khera & Patricia S. Mariella. Pages 38–54.
* Mohave. Kenneth M. Stewart. Pages 55–70.
* Maricopa. Henry O. Harwell & Marsha C.S. Kelly. Pages 71–85.
* Quechan. Robert L. Bee. Pages 86–98.
* Cocopa. Anita Alvarez de Williams. Pages 99–112.
* Uto-Aztecan Languages. Wick R. Miller. Pages 113-124.
* Pima and Papago: Introduction. Bernard L. Fontana. Pages 125-136.
* History of the Papago. Bernard L. Fontana. Pages 137-148.
* History of the Pima. Paul H. Ezell. Pages 149-160.
* Pima and Papago Ecological Adaptations. Robert A. Hackenberg. Pages 161-177.
* Pima and Papago Social Organization. Donald M. Bahr. Pages 178-192.
* Pima and Papago Medicine and Philosophy. Donal M. Bahr. Pages 193-200.
* Papago Semantics. [[Madeleine Mathiot]]. Pages 201-211.
* Contemporary Pima. Sally Giff Pablo. Pages 212-216.
* Lower Pima. Timothy Dunnigan. Pages 217-229.
* Seri. Thomas Bowen. Pages 230-249.
* Yaqui. Edward H. Spicer. Pages 250-263.
* Mayo. N. Ross Crumrine. Pages 264-275.
* Tarahumara. Campbell W. Pennington. Pages 276-289.
* Tarahumara Social Organization, Political Organization, and Religion. William L. Merrill. Pages 290-305.
* Northern Tepehuan. Campbell W. Pennington. Pages 306-314.
* Southern Periphery: West. Thomas Hinton. Pages 315-328.
* Southern Periphery: East. William B. Griffen. Pages 329-342.
* Coahuiltecans and Their Neighbors. T.N. Campbell. Pages 343-358.
* Karankawa. William W. Newcomb, Jr. Pages 359-367.
* The Apachean Culture Pattern and Its Origins. Morris E. Opler. Pages 368-392.
* Apachean Languages. Robert W. Young. Pages 393-400.
* Chiricahua Apache. Morris E. Opler. Pages 401-418.
* Mescalero Apache. Morris E. Opler. Pages 419-439.
* Jicarilla Apache. Veronica E. Tiller. Pages 440-461.
* Western Apache. Keith H. Basso. Pages 462-488.
* Navajo Prehistory and History to 1850. David M. Brugge. Pages 489-501.
* Navajo Views of Their Origin. Sam D. Gill. Pages 502-505.
* Navajo History, 1850-1923. Robert Roessel. Pages 506-523.
* Navajo Social Organization. Gary Witherspoon. Pages 524-535.
* Navajo Ceremonial System. Leland C. Wyman. Pages 536-557.
* [[Peyote Religion]] Among the Navajo. David F. Aberle. Pages 558-569.
* Language and Reality in Navajo World View. Gary Witherspon. Pages 570-578.
* A Taxonomic View of the Traditional Navajo Universe. Oswald Werner, Allen Manning, and Kenneth Yazzie Begishe. Pages 579-591.
* Navajo Arts and Crafts. Ruth Roessel. Pages 592-604.
* Navajo Music. David P. McAllester & Douglas F. Mitchell. Pages 605-623.
* Development of Navajo Tribal Government. Mary Shepardson. Pages 624-635.
* The Emerging Navajo Nation. Peter Iverson. Pages 636-640.
* Navajo Economic Development. David F. Aberle. Pages 641-658.
* Navajo Education. Gloria J. Emerson. Pages 659-671.
* Navajo Health Services and Projects. Robert L. Bergman. Pages 672-678.
* The Navajo Nation Today. Marshall Tome. Pages 679-683.
* Comparative Traditional Economics and Ecological Adaptations. Joseph G. Jorgensen. Pages 684-710.
* Inter-Indian Exchange in the Southwest. Richard I. Ford. Pages 711-722.
* Comparative Social Organization. Fred Eggan. Pages 723-742.
* Southwestern Ceremonialism. Louise Lamphere. Pages 743-763.
* Kachinas and Masking. James Seavey Griffith. Pages 764-777.

== Volume 11: Great Basin ==
{{Citation | last = d'Azevedo | first = Warren L. | title = Great Basin | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1986 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 868 | isbn = 978-0-16-004581-3 }}
* Introduction. Warren L. d'Azevedo. Pages 1–14.
* History of Research. Don D. Fowler. Pages 15–30.
* Prehistoric Environments. Peter J. Mehringer, Jr. Pages 31–50.
* Historical Environments. Kimball T. Harper. Pages 51–63.
* Subsistence. Catherine S. Fowler. Pages 64–97.
* Numic Languages. Wick R. Miller. Pages 98–106.
* Washoe Language. William H. Jacobsen, Jr. Pages 107-112.
'''Prehistory'''
* Prehistory: Introduction. Jesse D. Jennings. Pages 113-119.
* Prehistory of the Northern Area. Luther S. Cressman. Pages 120-126.
* Prehistory of the Snake and Salmon River Area. B. Robert Butler. Pages 127-134.
* Prehistory of the Western Area. Robert G. Elston. Pages 135-148.
* Prehistory of the Eastern Area. C. Melvin Aikens & David B. Madsen. Pages 149-160.
* Fremont Cultures. John P. Marwitt. Pages 161-172.
* Prehistory of the Southeastern Area. Don D. Fowler & David B. Madsen. Pages 173-182.
* Prehistory of the Southwestern Area. Claude N. Warren & Robert H. Crabtree. Pages 183-193.
* Prehistoric Basketry. J.M. Adovasio. Pages 194-205.
* Prehistoric Ceramics. David B. Madsen. Pages 206-214.
* Rock Art. Polly Schaafsma. Pages 215-226.
* Portable Art Objects. Donald R. Tuohy. Pages 227-237.
* Early Trade. Richard E. Hughes & James A. Bennyhoff. Pages 238-255.
* Contract Anthropology. Donald L. Hardesty, Thomas J. Green, & La Mar W. Lindsay. Pages 256-261.
'''Ethnology'''
* Western Shoshone. David H. Thomas, Lorann S.A. Pendleton, & Stephen C. Cappannari. Pages 262-283.
* Northern Shoshone and Bannock. Robert F. Murphy & Yolanda Murphy. Pages 284-307.
* Eastern Shoshone. Demitri B. Shimkin. Pages 308-335.
* Ute. Donald G. Callaway, Joel C. Janetski, & Omer C. Stewart. Pages 336-367.
* Southern Paiute. Isabel T. Kelly & Catherine S. Fowler. Pages 368-397.
* Kawaiisu. Maurice Zigmond. Pages 398-411.
* Owens Valley Paiute. Sven Liljeblad & Catherine S. Fowler. Pages 412-434.
* Northern Paiute. Catherine S. Fowler & Sven Liljeblad. Pages 435-465.
* Washoe. Warren L. d'Azevedo. Pages 466-498.
'''History'''
* Euro-American Impact Before 1870. Carling I. Malouf & John Findlay. Pages 499-516.
* Introduction of the Horse. Demitri B. Shimkin. Pages 517-524.
* Treaties, Reservations, and Claims. Richard O. Clemmer & Omer C. Stewart. Pages 525-557.
* Tribal Politics. Elmer R. Rusco & Mary K. Rusco. Pages 558-572.
* Indian Economies, 1950-1980. Martha C. Knack. Pages 573-591.
* Issues: The Indian Perspective. Edward C. Johnson. Pages 592-600.
* Tribal Historical Projects. John R. Alley, Jr. Pages 601-607.
'''Special Topics'''
* Population. Joy Leland. Pages 608-619.
* Kinship. Judith R. Shapiro. Pages 620-629.
* Mythology and Religious Concepts. Åke Hultkrantz. Pages 630-640.
* Oral Tradition: Content and Style of Verbal Arts. Sven Liljeblad. Pages 641-659.
* Ghost Dance, Bear Dance, and Sun Dance. Joseph G. Jorgensen. Pages 660-672.
* The Peyote Religion. Omer C. Stewart. Pages 673-681.
* Music. Thomas Vennum, Jr. Pages 682-704.
* Ethnographic Basketry. Catherine S. Fowler & Lawrence E. Dawson. Pages 705-737.

== Volume 12: Plateau ==
{{Citation | last = Walker | first = Deward E. Jr. | title = Plateau | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1998 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 807 | isbn = 978-0-16-049514-4 }}
* Introduction. Deward E. Walker, Jr. Pages 1–7.
* History of Research. E.S. Lohse & Roderick Sprague. Pages 8–28.
* Environment. James C. Chatters. Pages 29–48.
* Languages. M. Dale Kinkade, William W. Elmendorf, Bruce Rigsby, & Haruo Aoki. Pages 49–72.
'''Prehistory'''
* Prehistory: Introduction. James C. Chatters & David L. Pokotylo. Pages 73–80.
* Prehistory of the Northern Plateau. David L. Pokotylo & Donald Mitchell. Pages 81–102.
* Prehistory of the Southern Plateau. Kenneth M. Ames, Don E. Dumond, Jerry R. Galm, and Rick Minor. Pages 103-119.
* Prehistory of the Eastern Plateau. Tom E. Roll & Steven Hackenberger. Pages 120-137.
'''History'''
* History Until 1846. Deward E. Walker, Jr. & Roderick Sprague. Pages 138-148.
* History Since 1846. Stephen Dow Beckham. Pages 149-173.
'''The Peoples'''
* Lillooet. Dorothy I.D. Kennedy & Randall T. Bouchard. Pages 174-190.
* Thompson. David Wyatt. Pages 191-202.
* Shuswap. Marianne Boelscher Ignace. Pages 203-219.
* Nicola. David Wyatt. Pages 220-222.
* Kootenai. Bill B. Brunton. Pages 223-237.
* Northern Okanagan, Lakes, and Colville. Dorothy I.D. Kennedy & Randall T. Bouchard. Pages 238-252.
* Middle Columbia River Salishans. Jay Miller. Pages 253-270.
* Spokane. John Alan Ross. Pages 271-282.
* Kalispel. Sylvester L. Lahren, Jr. Pages 283-296.
* Flathead and Pend d'Oreille. Carling I. Malouf. Pages 297-312.
* Coeur d'Alene. Gary B. Palmer. Pages 313-326.
* Yakima and Neighboring Groups. Helen H. Schuster. Pages 327-351.
* Palouse. Roderick Sprague. Pages 352-359.
* Wasco, Wishram, and Cascades. David H. French & Kathrine S. French. Pages 360-377.
* Western Columbia River Sahaptins. Eugene S. Hunn & David H. French. Pages 378-394.
* Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla. Theodore Stern. Pages 395-419.
* Nez Perce. Deward E. Walker, Jr. Pages 420-438.
* Molala. Henry B. Zenk & Bruce Rigsby. Pages 439-445.
* Klamath and Modoc. Theodore Stern. Pages 446-466.
'''Special Topics'''
* Demographic History Until 1990. Robert T. Boyd. Pages 467-483.
* Reservations and Reserves. Sylvester L. Lahren, Jr. Pages 484-498.
* Religious Movements. Deward E. Walker, Jr. & Helen H. Schuster. Pages 499-514.
* Kinship, Family, and Gender Roles. Lillian A. Ackerman. Pages 515-524.
* Ethnobiology and Subsistence. Eugene S. Hunn, Nancy J. Turner, & David H. French. Pages 525-545.
* Music and Dance. Loran Olsen. Pages 546-572.
* The Stick Game. Bill B. Brunton. Pages 573-583.
* Mythology. Rodney Frey & Dell Hymes. Pages 584-599.
* Basketry. Richard G. Conn & Mary Dodds Schlick. Pages 600-610.
* Rock Art. Keo Boreson. Pages 611-619.
* Fishing. Gordon W. Hewes. Pages 620-640.
* Columbia River Trade Network. Theodore Stern. Pages 641-652.

== Volume 13: Plains ==
{{Citation | last = DeMallie | first = Raymond J. | authorlink = Raymond J. DeMallie | title = Plains | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 2001 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 1376 | isbn = 978-0-87474-193-3 }}

Volume 13 is physically bound in two volumes (Part 1 and Part 2), but page numbering is continuous between the two parts. Part 1 ends at "Plains Métis", page 676.
* Introduction. Raymond J. DeMallie. Pages 1–13.
* History of Archeological Research. Waldo R. Wedel & Richard A. Krause. Pages 14–22.
* History of Ethnological and Ethnohistorical Research. Raymond J. DeMallie & John C. Ewers. Pages 23–43.
* Environment and Subsistence. Waldo R. Wedel & Gorge C. Frison. Pages 44–60.
* The Languages of the Plains: Introduction. Ives Goddard. Pages 61–70.
* The Algonquian Languages of the Plains. Ives Goddard. Pages 71–79.
* Caddoan Languages. Douglas R. Parks. Pages 80–93.
* Siouan Languages. Douglas R. Parks & [[Robert L. Rankin]]. Pages 94–114.
'''Prehistory'''
* Hunting and Gathering Tradition: Canadian Plains. Ian Dyck & Richard E. Morlan. Pages 115-130.
* Hunting and Gathering Tradition: Northwestern and Central Plains. George C. Frison. Pages 131-145.
* Hunting and Gathering Tradition: Southern Plains. Susan C. Vehik. Pages 146-158.
* Plains Woodland Tradition. Alfred E. Johnson. Pages 159-172.
* Plains Village Tradition: Central. Waldo R. Wedel. Pages 173-185.
* Plains Village Tradition: Middle Missouri. W. Raymond Wood. Pages 186-195.
* Plains Village Tradition: Coalescent. Richard A. Krause. Pages 196-206.
* Plains Village Tradition: Southern. Robert E. Bell & Robert L. Brooks. Pages 207-221.
* Plains Village Tradition: Eastern Periphery and Oneota Tradition. Dale R. Henning. Pages 222-233.
* Plains Village Tradition: Western Periphery. James H. Gunnerson. Pages 234-244.
* Plains Village Tradition: Postcontact. Donald J. Lehmer. Pages 245-255.
'''History'''
* History of the United States Plains Until 1850. William R. Swagerty. Pages 256-279.
* History of the United States Plains Since 1850. Loretta Fowler. Pages 280-299.
* History of the Canadian Plains Until 1870. Jennifer S.H. Brown. Pages 300-312.
* History of the Canadian Plains Since 1870. David McCrady. Pages 313-328.
'''Prairie Plains'''
* Hidatsa. Frank Henderson Stewart. Pages 329-348.
* Mandan. W. Raymond Wood & Lee Irwin. Pages 349-364.
* Arikara. Douglas R. Parks. Pages 365-390.
* Three Affiliated Tribes. Mary Jane Schneider. Pages 391-398.
* Omaha. Margot P. Liberty, W. Raymond Wood, & Lee Irwin. Pages 399-415.
* Ponca. Donald N. Brown & Lee Irwin. Pages 416-431.
* Iowa. Mildred Mott Wedel. Pages 432-446.
* Otoe and Missouria. Marjorie M. Schweitzer. Pages 447-461.
* Kansa. Garric, A. Bailey & Gloria A. Young. Pages 462-475.
* Osage. Garrick A. Bailey. Pages 476-496.
* Quapaw. Gloria A. Young & Michael P. Hoffman. Pages 497-514.
* Pawnee. Douglas R. Parks. Pages 515-547.
* Wichita. William W. Newcomb, Jr. Pages 548-566.
* Kitsai. Douglas R. Parks. Pages 567-571.
'''High Plains'''
* Assiniboine. Raymond J. DeMallie & David Reed Miller. Pages 572-595.
* Stoney. Ian A.L. Getty & Erik D. Gooding. Pages 596-603.
* Blackfoot. Hugh A. Dempsey. Pages 604-628.
* Sarcee. Hugh A. Dempsey. Pages 629-637.
* Plains Cree. Regna Darnell. Pages 638-651.
* Plains Ojibwa. Patricia C. Albers. Pages 652-660.
* Plains Métis. Diane Paulette Payment. Pages 661-676.
* Gros Ventre. Loretta Fowler & Regina Flannery. Pages 677-694.
* Crow. Fred W. Voget. Pages 695-717.
* Sioux Until 1850. Raymond J. DeMallie. Pages 718-760.
* Santee. Patricia C. Albers. Pages 761-776.
* Yankton and Yanktonai. Raymond J. DeMallie. Pages 777-793.
* Teton. Raymond J. DeMallie. Pages 794-820.
* Sioux, 1930-2000. Dennis M. Christafferson. Pages 821-839.
* Arapaho. Loretta Fowler. Pages 840-862.
* Cheyenne. John H. Moore, Margot P. Liberty, & A. Terry Straus. Pages 863-885
* Comanche. Thomas W. Kavanagh. Pages 886-906.
* Kiowa. Jerrold E. Levy. Pages 907-925.
* Plains Apache. Morris W. Foster & Martha McCollough. Pages 926-940.
* Lipan Apache. Morris E. Opler. Pages 941-952.
* Tonkawa. William W. Newcomb, Jr. & Thomas N. Campbell. Pages 953-964.
'''Special Topics'''
* Enigmatic Groups. Douglas R. Praks. Pages 965-973.
* Kinship and Social Organization. Fred Eggan & Joseph A. Maxwell. Pages 974-982.
* Sun Dance. JoAllyn Archambault. Pages 983-995.
* Intertribal Religious Movements. Gloria A. Young. Pages 996-1010.
* Celebrations and Giveaways. Gloria A. Young & Erik D. Gooding. Pages 1011-1025.
* Music. Gloria A. Young. Pages 1026-1038.
* Art Until 1900. Candace S. Greene. Pages 1039-1054.
* Art Since 1900. JoAllyn Archambault. Pages 1055-1061.
* Tribal Traditions and Records. Raymond J. DeMallie & Douglas R. Parks. Pages 1062-1073.

== Volume 14: Southeast ==
{{Citation | last = Fogelson | first = Raymond D. | authorlink = Raymond D. Fogelson | title = Southeast | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 2004 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 1058 | isbn = 978-0-16-072300-1 }}
* Introduction. Jason Baird Jackson & Raymond D. Fogelson. Pages 1–13.
* History of Archeological Research. James B. Stoltman. Pages 14–30.
* History of Ethnological and Linguistic Research. Jason Baird Jackson, Raymond D. Fogelson, & William C. Sturtevant. Pages 31–47.
* Demographic History. Russell Thornton. Pages 48–52.
* Environment. Kristen J. Gremillion. Pages 53–67.
* Languages. Jack B. Martin. Pages 68–86.
'''Regional Prehistory'''
* Early and Middle Holocene Periods, 9500 to 3750 B.C. David G. Anderson & Kenneth E. Sassaman. Pages 87–100.
* Late Holocene Period, 3750 to 650 B.C. Kenneth E. Sassaman & David G. Anderson. Pages 101-114.
* Regional Cultures, 700 B.C.-A.D. 1000. Richard W. Jefferies. Pages 115-127.
'''History'''
* History Until 1776. Claudio Saunt. Pages 128-138.
* The American Revolution to the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Gregory Evans Dowd. Pages 139-151.
* History of the Old South Since Removal. John R. Finger & Theda Perdue. Pages 152-161.
* History of the Western Southeast Since Removal. Donal L. Fixico. Pages 162-173.
* Small Tribes of the Western Southeast. Ives Goddard, Patricia Galloway, Marvin D. Jeter, Gregory A. Waskelkov, & John E. Worth. Pages 174-190.
'''Florida'''
* Prehistory of Florida After 500 B.C. Jerald T. Milanich. Pages 191-203.
* Calusa. William H. Marquardt. Pages 204-212.
* Early Groups of Central and South Florida. Jerald T. Milanich. Pages 213-218.
* Timucua. JErald T. Milanich. Pages 219-228.
'''Atlantic Coastal Plain'''
* Prehistory of the Lower Atlantic Coast After 500 B.C. Jerald T. Milanich. Pages 229-237.
* Guale. John E. Worth. Pages 238-244.
* Yamasee. John E. Worth. Pages 245-253.
* Cusabo. Gene Waddell. Pages 254-264.
'''Interior Southeast'''
* Prehistory of the Eastern Interior After 500 B.C. David J. Hally & Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. Pages 265-285.
* Tutelo and Neighboring Groups. Raymond J. DeMallie. Pages 286-300.
* Catawba and Neighboring Groups. Blair A. Rudes, Thomas J. Blumer, & J. Alan May. Pages 301-318.
* Lumbee. Karen I. Blu. Pages 319-327.
* Indians of the Carolinas Since 1900. Patricia B. Lerch. Pages 328-336.
* Cherokee in the East. Raymond D. Fogelson. Pages 337-353.
* Cherokee in the West: History Since 1776. [[Duane H. King]]. Pages 354-372.
* Creek Confederacy Before Removal. Willard B. Walker. Pages 373-392.
* Creek in the West. Pamela Innes. Pages 393-403.
* Creek in the East Since Removal. Anthony J. Paredes. Pages 404-406.
* Alabama and Koasati. Stephanie A. May. Pages 407-414.
* Yuchi. Jason Baird Jackson. Pages 415-428.
* Florida Seminole and Miccosukee. William C. Sturtevant & Jessica R. Cattelino. Pages 429-449.
* Seminole in the West. Richard A. Sattler. Pages 450-464.
* Seminole Maroons. Kevin Mulroy. Pages 465-477.
* Chickasaw. Robert A. Brightman & Pamela S. Wallace. Pages 478-495.
* Chakchiuma. Patricia Galloway. Pages 496-498.
* Choctaw in the East. Patricia Galloway & Clara Sue Kidwell. Pages 499-519.
* Choctaw in the West. Clara Sue Kidwell. Pages 520-530.
* Choctaw at Ardmore, Oklahoma. Victoria Lindsay Levine. Pages 531-533.
'''Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coastal Plain'''
* Prehistory of the Central Mississippi Valley and Ozarks After 500 B.C. Martha Ann Rolingson. Pages 534-544.
* Prehistory of the Lower Mississippi Valley After 800 B.C. Tristram R. Kidder. Pages 545-559.
* Prehistory of the Western Interior After 500 B.C. Ann M. Early. Pages 560-573.
* Prehistory of the Gulf Coastal Plain After 500 B.C. Ian W. Brown. Pages 574-585.
* Tunica, Biloxi, and Ofo. Jeffrey P. Brain, George Roth, & Willem J. de Reuse. Pages 586-597.
* Natchez and Neighboring Groups. Patricia Galloway & Jason Baird Jackson. Pages 598-615.
* Caddo. J. Daniel Rogers & George Sabo, III. Pages 616-631.
* Houma. Jack Campisi. Pages 632-641.
* Chitimacha. Robert A. Brightman. Pages 642-652.
* Survival and Maintenance Among Louisiana Tribes. Hiram F. Gregory, Jr. Pages 653-658.
* Atakapans and Neighboring Groups. William W. Newcomb, Jr. Pages 659-663.
* Chacato, Pensacola, Tahomé, Naniaba, and Mobila. George E. Lankford. Pages 664-668.
* Apalachee and Neighboring Groups. Bonnie G. McEwan. Pages 669-676.
'''Special Topics'''
* Exchange and Interaction Until 1500. James A. Brown. Pages 677-685.
* Exchange and Interaction Since 1500. Gregory A. Waselkov. Pages 686-696.
* Social Organization. Greg Urban & Jason Baird Jackson. Pages 697-706.
* Mythology and Folklore. Greg Urban & Jason Baird Jackson. Pages 707-719.
* Music. Victoria Lindsay Levine. Pages 720-733.
* Ceremonialism Until 1500. Vernon James Knight. Pages 734-741.
* Native Christianity Since 1800. C. Blue Clark. Pages 742-752.
* African-Americans in Indian Societies. Tiya Miles & Celia E. Naylor-Ojurongbe. Pages 753-759.
* Resurgence and Recognition. Jack Campisi. Pages 760-768.

== Volume 15: Northeast ==
{{Citation | last = Trigger | first = Bruce G. | authorlink = Bruce G. Trigger | title = Northeast | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1978 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 924 | isbn = 978-0-16-004575-2 }}
* Introduction. Bruce G. Trigger. Pages 1–3.
* History of Research. [[Elisabeth Tooker]]. Pages 4–13.
'''General Prehistory'''
* Prehistory: Introduction. JAmes E. Fitting. Pages 14–15.
* Post-Pleistocene Adaptations. Robert E. Funk. Pages 16–27.
* Regional Cultural Development, 3000 to 300 B.C. James A. Tuck. Pages 28–43.
* Regional Cultural Development, 300 B.C. to A.D. 1000. James E. Fitting. Pages 44–57.
'''Coastal Region'''
* Late Prehistory of the East coast. Dean R. Snow. Pages 58–69.
* Eastern Algonquian Languages. Ives Goddard. Pages 70–77.
* Early Indian-European Contacts. T.J. Brasser. Pages 78–88.
* Seventeenth-Century Indian Wars. Wilcomb E. Washburn. Pages 89–100.
* Beothuk. Barrie Reynolds. Pages 101-108.
* Micmac. Philip K. Bock. Pages 109-122.
* Maliseet-Passamaquoddy. Vincent O. Erikson. Pages 123-136.
* Eastern Abenaki. Dean R. Snow. Pages 137-147.
* Western Abenaki. Gordon M. Day. Pages 148-159.
* Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period. Bert Salwen. Pages 160-176.
* Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Late Period. Laura E. Conkey, Ethel Boissevain, & Ives Goddard. Pages 177-189.
* Narragansett. William S. Simmons. Pages 190-197.
* Mahican. T.J. Brasser. Pages 198-212.
* Delaware. Ives Goddard. Pages 213-239.
* Nanticoke and Neighboring Tribes. Christian F. Feest. Pages 240-252.
* Virginia Algonquians. Christian F. Feest. Pages 253-270.
* North Carolina Algonquians. Christian F. Feest. Pages 271-281.
* Iroquoian Tribes of the Virginia-North Carolina Coastal Plain. Douglas W. Boyce. Pages 282-289,
* Marginal Groups. Brewton Berry. Pages 290-295.
'''Saint Lawrence Lowlands Region'''
* Northern Iroquoian Culture Patterns. William N. Fenton. Pages 296-321.
* Northern Iroquoian Prehistory. James A. Tuck. Pages 322-333.
* Iroquoian Languages. Floyd G. Lounsbury. Pages 334-343.
* Early Iroquoian Contacts with Europeans. Bruce G. Trigger. Pages 344-356.
* Saint Lawrence Iroquoians. Bruce G. Trigger & James F. Pendergast. Pages 357-361.
* Susquehannock. Francis Jennings. Pages 362-367.
* Huron. Conrad E. Heidenreich. Pages 368-388.
* Huron of Lorette. Christian Morissonneau. Pages 389-393.
* Khionontateronon (Petun). Charles Garrad & Conrad E. Heidenreich. Pages 394-397.
* Wyandot. Elisabeth Tooker. Pages 398-406.
* Neutral and Wenro. Marian E. White. Pages 407-411.
* Erie. Marian E. White. Pages 412-417.
* The League of the Iroquois: Its History, Politics, and Ritual. Elisabeth Tooker. Pages 418-441.
* Origins of the Longhouse Religion. Anthony F.C. Wallace. Pages 441-448.
* Iroquois Since 1820. Elisabeth Tooker. Pages 449-465.
* Mohawk. William N. Fenton & Elisabeth Tooker. Pages 466-480.
* Oneida. Jack Campisi. Pages 481-490.
* Onondaga. Harold Blau, Jack Campisi, & Elisabeth Tooker. Pages 491-499.
* Cayuga. Marian E. White, William E. Engelbrecht, & Elisabeth Tooker. Pages 500-504.
* Seneca. Thomas S. Abler & Elisabeth Tooker. Pages 505-517.
* Tuscarora Among the Iroquois. David Landy. Pages 518-524.
* Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario. [[Sally Weaver (anthropologist)|Sally M. Weaver]]. Pages 525-536.
* Oklahoma Seneca-Cayuga. William C. Sturtevant. Pages 537-543.
* Iroquois in the West. Jack A. Frisch. Pages 544-546.
'''Great Lakes-Riverine Region'''
* Late Prehistory of the Ohio Valley. James B. Griffin. Pages 547-559.
* Late Prehistory of the Illinois Area. Melvin L. Fowler & Robert L. Hall. Pages 560-568.
* Late Prehistory of the Upper Great Lakes Area. David S. Brose. Pages 569-582.
* Central Algonquian Languages. Ives Goddard. Pages 583-593.
* History of the Ohio Valley. William A. Hunter. Pages 588-593.
* History of the Illinois Area. J. Joseph Bauxar. Pages 594-601.
* History of the Upper Great Lakes Area. Lyle M. Stone & Donald Chaput. Pages 602-609.
* Great Lakes-Riverine Sociopolitical Organization. Charles Callender. Pages 610-621.
* Shawnee. Charles Callender. Pages 622-635.
* Fox. Charles Callender. Pages 636-647.
* Sauk. Charles Callender. Pages 648-655.
* Kickapoo. Charles Callender, Richard K. Pope, & Susan M. Pope. Pages 656-667.
* Mascouten. Ives Goddard. Pages 668-672.
* Illinois. Charles Callender. Pages 673-680.
* Miami. Charles Callender. Pages 681-689.
* Winnebago. Nancy Oestreich Lurie. Pages 690-707.
* Menominee. Louise S. Spindler. Pages 708-724.
* Potawatomi. James A. Clifton. Pages 725-742.
* Southwestern Chippewa. Robert E. Ritzenthaler. Pages 743-759.
* Southeastern Ojibwa. E.S. Rogers. Pages 760-771.
* Ottawa. Johanna E. Feest & Christian F. Feest. Pages 772-786.
* Nipissing. Gordon M. Day. Pages 787-791.
* Algonquin. Gordon M. Day & Bruce G. Trigger. Pages 792-797.
* Cultural Unity and Diversity. Bruce G. Trigger. Pages 798-804.

== Volume 17: Languages ==
{{Citation | last = Goddard | first = Ives | authorlink = Ives Goddard | title = Languages | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | year = 1996 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 958 | isbn = 978-0-87474-197-1 }}

The map "Native Languages and Language Families of North America" compiled by Ives Goddard is included in a pocket in the inside cover along with a small photographic reproduction of John Wesley Powell's 1891 map, "Linguistic Stocks of American Indians North of Mexico". A wall size version of the former is available separately ({{ISBN|978-0-8032-9269-7}}).
* Introduction. Ives Goddard. Pages 1–16.
* The Description of the Native Languages of North America Before Boas. Ives Goddard. Pages 17–42.
* The Description of the Native Languages of North America: Boas and After. Marianne Mithun. Pages 43–63.
* Language and the Culture History of North America. Michael K. Foster. Pages 64–110.
* Borrowing. Catherine A. Callaghan & Geoffrey Gamble. Pages 111-116.
* Dynamics of Linguistic Contact. Michael Silverstein. Pages 117-136.
* Overview of General Characteristics. Marianne Mithun. Pages 137-157.
* Native Writing Systems. Willard B. Walker. Pages 158-184.
* Place-Names. Patricia O. Afable & Madison S. Beeler. Pages 185-199.
* Personal Names. David H. French & Kathrine S. French. Pages 200-221.
* The Ethnography of Speaking. Wick R. Miller. Pages 222-243.
* Discourse. M. Dale Kinkade & Anthony Mattina. Pages 244-274.
* Nonspeech Communication Systems. Allan R. Taylor. Pages 275-289.
* The Classification of the Native Languages of North America. Ives Goddard. Pages 290-324.
'''Grammatical Sketches'''
* Sketch of Central Alaskan Yupik, an Eskimoan Language. Osahito Miyaoka. Pages 325-363.
* Sketch of Hupa, an Athapaskan Language. Victor Golla. Pages 364-389.
* Sketch of Cree, an Algonquian Language. H.C. Wolfart. Pages 390-439.
* Sketch of Lakhota, A Siouan Language. David S. Rood & Allan R. Taylor. Pages 440-482.
* Sketch of the Zuni Language. Stanley Newman. Pages 483-506.
* Sketch of Eastern Pomo, a Pomoan Language. Sally McLendon. Pages 507-550.
* Sketch of Seneca, an Iroquoian Language. Wallace L. Chafe. Pages 551-579.
* Sketch of Wichita, a Caddoan Language. David S. Rood. Pages 580-608.
* Sketch of Thompson, A Salishan Language. Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson, & Steven M. Egesdal. Pages 609-643.
* Sketch of Coahuilteco, a Language Isolate of Texas. Rudolph C. Troike. Pages 644-665.
* Sketch of Sahaptin, a Sahaptian Language. Bruce Rigsby & Noel Rude. Pages 666-692.
* Sketch of Shoshone, a Uto-Aztecan Language. Wick R. Miller. Pages 693-720.
* Sources. Herbert J. Landar. Pages 721-761.

== Planned but unpublished volumes ==
With the suspension of publication, the following volumes remain unpublished.
* Volume 16, Technology and Visual Arts
* Volume 18, Biographical Dictionary
* Volume 19, Biographical Dictionary
* Volume 20, Index

==See also==
* ''[[Handbook of Middle American Indians]]''
* ''[[Handbook of South American Indians]]''
* [[National Museum of the American Indian]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Handbook Of North American Indians}}
[[Category:Book series introduced in 1978]]
[[Category:Anthropology books]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of North America]]
[[Category:History of Indigenous peoples of North America]]
[[Category:Monographic series]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian studies books]]
[[Category:Encyclopedias of culture and ethnicity]]
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution publications]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about Native Americans]]

Parvatibai Athavale

2026-03-16T06:36:28Z

Maansi26: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|Indian social reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parvatibai Athavale
| image = Parvatibai Athavale (cropped).jpg
| birth_name = Krishna Joshi
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1870}}
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1955|1870}}
| notable_works = ''My Story: The Autobiography of a Hindu Widow''
}}
'''Parvatibai Athavale''' (1870–1955) was an Indian social reformer and women's education advocate, who worked closely with the social reformer [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]]. She made major contributions in the social upliftment of women, particularly [[Hindu]] widows.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kosambi |first=Meera |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-65 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=9780195148909 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Bonnie G.|pages=164}}</ref>

Parvatibai was born in 1870 in [[Devrukh]], a small town in the Kokan region, on the west coast of India. Her maiden name was Krishna Joshi. She married Mahadev Narayan Athavale at the age of eleven. She gave birth to three children after her marriage, but only one son survived.

=== Widowhood ===
At the age of 21, her husband died suddenly. After his death, Parvatibai's head was shaved and her jewellery removed, in line with prevailing practices of the time for Brahmin widows.<ref name=":0" />

Parvatibai became the first student at Karve's [[Maharshi Karve Stree Shikshan Samstha|Hindu Widows' Home]] when it was established in 1896.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kapadia |first=K. M. |date=1957 |title=A Perspective Necessary for the Study of Social Change in India |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=6 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |title=Remembering the Man Who Set Up India's First University for Women |url=https://thebetterindia.com/119398/dhondho-keshav-karve-maharashtra-sndt-first-women-university-india/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref> She subsequently worked at the institution as both an educator and administrator. The institution was founded to help widows support themselves. She later travelled to the United States to raise funds for widow education programs.

After working at the Widows' Home, Parvatibai decided that substantive change required her to lead by example. In 1912, she decided to stop shaving her head and abandoned her widow's garments.<ref name=":1">Athavale, Parvati, and Justin E. Abbott. 1930. My Story: The Autobiography of a Hindu Widow. New York: Putnam.</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Atwal |first=Jyoti |date=2019-07-19 |title=Widowhood in History : Reformers, Widow Homes and the Nation |url=https://journalofsocialsciences.org/vol5no1/widowhood-in-history---reformers--widow-homes-and-the-nation/ |journal=Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |language=en-US |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=09–23 |doi=10.12944/CRJSSH.5.1.03 |issn=2581-8422|doi-access=free }}</ref> Despite facing social criticism, she maintained her position.

=== Reform Philosophy ===
Parvatibai's approach to widow reform, as noted in her autobiography, extended beyond high-caste women. She described traditional practices that affected widows from various backgrounds.<ref name=":2" />

Parvatibai's autobiography has been translated to English by the American Christian missionary, Justin E. Abbott in 1930 as ''My Story: The Autobiography of a Hindu Widow.<ref name=":1" />''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Athavale, Parvatibai}}
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Women autobiographers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]

Mahesh Narayanan

2026-03-13T05:23:25Z

Maansi26: minor edit

{{short description|Indian film director and editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Indian patronymic|Mahesh|Narayanan}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahesh Narayanan
| image = Mahesh Narayanan.jpg
| caption = Mahesh in 2011
| years_active = 2007–present
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|05|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]|[[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director|Director]]|[[Film editor]]|[[Screenwriter]]|[[Cinematographer]]}}
| spouse = Ramya
| children = 1
| awards = {{unbulleted|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director]] (2017)|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] (2022)}}
| parents =
}}

'''Mahesh Narayanan''' (born 2 May 1982) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, editor and cinematographer who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema]], he has also worked in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi films]]. He is a recipient of the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director]] (2017) and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] (2022).

He is best known for his editing in ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' and ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]'', directed by [[Kamal Haasan]]. His best works as a director include ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' (2017) ''[[C U Soon]]'' (2020) ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]'' (2021) and ''[[Ariyippu]]'' (2022)

== Career ==
After completing his graduation from [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]; he joined [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] after which he started working as an advert editor. He subsequently progressed to editing documentaries, short films and entered the film industry with ''[[Rathri Mazha]]'', a Malayalam film which won five [[Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|date=November 22, 2013|title=Right cut|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/right-cut/article5379857.ece}}</ref>

A few of his most popular films as an editor includes ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]'', ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'', ''[[Kanyaka Talkies]]'', ''[[Vishwaroopam|Viswaroopam]]'', and ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''. After establishing himself as an accomplished and successful editor, Mahesh ventured into writing and made his debut as a writer with 2015 Malayalam film ''[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]'', which opened to rave reviews in Kerala.

In 2017 Mahesh Narayanan progressed into film-making directing his debut feature ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mahesh-narayanans-directorial-debut-is-titled-take-off/articleshow/55870085.cms|title=Mahesh Narayanan's directorial debut is titled Take off - Times of India }}</ref> a 2017 Indian [[Drama film|drama]] [[thriller film]], based on the [[Foreign hostages in Iraq#India|ordeal of Indian nurses]] in the city of [[Tikrit]], [[Iraq]], in 2014 with [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Fahadh Faasil]] starring in the lead roles. It is written by Mahesh Narayanan and [[P. V. Shajikumar]]. The film was shot in various parts of [[Dubai]] and Kerala. ''Take Off'' was released on 24 March 2017. The film was a blockbuster at the box office grossing ₹40 crore and running for over 125 days in theaters. The film was in the competition section at various international festivals, including [[International Film Festival of India]] and [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]. The film won a Special Jury Award at the [[48th International Film Festival of India]]. The film won five [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Awards]] including the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director's Award]] for Mahesh Narayanan.[[File:The Secretary, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Shri N.K. Sinha presenting the Special Jury Award to the Director Mahesh Narayanan for the film TAKE OFF.jpg|alt=|thumb|The Special Jury Award of International Film Festival Of India 2017 was presented to Director Mahesh Narayanan for the film TakeOff, which is based on the ordeal of Indian nurses in the city of Tikrit, Iraq.]]

In June 2020, Mahesh Narayanan announced that his next venture would be en experimental one titled [[C U Soon]], starring [[Fahadh Faasil]] in a lead role. Mahesh described the film as a small exercise using an [[iPhone]] rather than a feature film. It was also revealed that the film would be about 60–65 minutes (the final release time amounted to 1h 38min) in length, and shot in Faasil's flat. Although the film got approval from the [[Film Employees Federation of Kerala]] (FEFKA), the Kerala Film Producers Association (KFPA) was opposed to the shoot with regards to the disruptions caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Despite this, filming was successfully completed on 21 August. Upon its [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] release in [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon prime Video]] the film received positive reviews from the critics. It is India's first [[computer screen film]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=India's 'lockdown film' is an edgy thriller|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54042633}}</ref> [[C U Soon]] was screened under the category of screen-life at the [[Moscow International Film Festival|42nd Moscow International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff42/eng/films/?id=42203| title=Московский Международный кинофестиваль }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mahesh Narayanan was born in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] to Dr. Geetha and Narayanan. He has a younger brother named Dr.Ganesh Narayanan. He is married to Ramya and has one daughter.

== Awards ==
*2023: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] -''[[Ariyippu]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/07/21/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-winners-list.html|title=മമ്മൂട്ടി നടൻ, വിൻസി നടി, മഹേഷ് നാരായണൻ സംവിധായകൻ: അവാർഡുകൾ വാരിക്കൂട്ടി 'ന്നാ താൻ കേസ് കൊട്' - Kerala Film Awards | date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=Manorma Online News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-best-film-mammootty-vincy-aloshious-mahesh-narayanan-8851060|title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam named Best Film; Mammootty, Vincy Aloshious, Mahesh Narayanan bag top honours |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
* Special Jury, Silver Peacock Award at [[IFFI]] 2017<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/take-offs-win-at-iffi-is-a-recognition-for-tales-rooted-in-reality-mahesh-narayanan/articleshow |title=Take Off's win at IFFI is a recognition for tales rooted in reality: Mahesh Narayanan |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/iffi-french-film-on-aids-wins-golden-peacock-malayalam-film-take-off-bags-two-silver-peacocks |title=IFFI: French film on AIDS wins Golden Peacock, Malayalam film Take Off bags two Silver Peacocks |date=29 November 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 June 2018}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/120-bpm-wins-golden-peacock/article21040464.ece |title='120 BPM' wins Golden Peacock at IFFI 2017 |last=Kamat |first=Prakash |date=28 November 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=22 June 2018 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-silver-peacock-iffi-2017-award-take-off-see-photos-video-4960443/ |title=IFFI 2017: Parvathy, first Malayalam actor to win the silver peacock, gets emotional on stage |date=29 November 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194102/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-silver-peacock-iffi-2017-award-take-off-see-photos-video-4960443/ |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/120-beats-per-minute-wins-the-golden-peacock-at-iffi-2017-117112801126_1.html |title=120 Beats Per Minute wins the Golden Peacock at IFFI 2017 |last=Delhi |date=28 November 2017 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194055/https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/120-beats-per-minute-wins-the-golden-peacock-at-iffi-2017-117112801126_1.html |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/take-offs-win-at-iffi-is-a-recognition-for-tales-rooted-in-reality-mahesh-narayanan/articleshow/61848060.cms |title=Take Off's win at IFFI is a recognition for tales rooted in reality: Mahesh Narayanan |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002061101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/take-offs-win-at-iffi-is-a-recognition-for-tales-rooted-in-reality-mahesh-narayanan/articleshow/61848060.cms |archive-date=2 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/frances-120-beats-per-minute-wins-golden-peacock-at-iffi/articleshow/61837907.cms |title=France's '120 Beats Per Minute' wins Golden Peacock at IFFI |date=28 November 2017 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701193944/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/frances-120-beats-per-minute-wins-golden-peacock-at-iffi/articleshow/61837907.cms |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[65th National Film Awards]], Special Mention for [[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/65th-national-film-awards-2018-live-updates-5135641/ |title=65th National Film Awards announcement: Highlights |date=13 April 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616154144/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/65th-national-film-awards-2018-live-updates-5135641/ |archive-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/04/13/national-film-awards-netwon-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-take-off-parvathy-awards.html |title=National Film Awards: Newton, Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum, Take Off receive awards |work=The Week |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194319/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2018/04/13/national-film-awards-netwon-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-take-off-parvathy-awards.html |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/bhayanakam-thondimuthulem-driksashiyum-take-off-win-big-at-national-awards/story-Xmsbl7VeZ62gaF6bR7JlbJ.html |title=Bhayanakam, Thondimuthulem Driksashiyum, Take Off win big at National Awards |date=13 April 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194210/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/bhayanakam-thondimuthulem-driksashiyum-take-off-win-big-at-national-awards/story-Xmsbl7VeZ62gaF6bR7JlbJ.html |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/national-film-awards-jury-praises-standard-malayalam-films-and-quality-acting-79519 |title=National film awards: Jury praises standard of Malayalam films and quality of acting |date=13 April 2018 |work=The News Minute |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419085055/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/national-film-awards-jury-praises-standard-malayalam-films-and-quality-acting-79519 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/137702/national-film-awards-2018-winners/ |title=National Film Awards 2018: Newton Wins Big, Sridevi and Vinod Khanna Honoured |date=13 April 2018 |work=The Better India |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701193950/https://www.thebetterindia.com/137702/national-film-awards-2018-winners/ |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kerala-state-film-awards-2018-parvathy-indrans-bag-top-honours-take-off-emerges-as-the-big-winner-4381705.html |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2018: Parvathy, Indrans bag top honours; Take Off emerges as the big winner |work=Firstpost |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622194409/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kerala-state-film-awards-2018-parvathy-indrans-bag-top-honours-take-off-emerges-as-the-big-winner-4381705.html |archive-date=22 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/48th-kerala-state-film-awards-winners |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2017: Indrans, Parvathy and Lijo Jose Pellissery bag top honours |date=8 March 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
* Best Screenplay Award at SCO Film Festival, Qingdao, China<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/18/c_137261094.htm |title=Golden Seagull Awards presented at first SCO film festival – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|agency=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617222240/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/18/c_137261094.htm|archive-date=17 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2018-06/18/content_52513941.htm |title=Golden Seagull Awards presented at first SCO film festival – China.org.cn |website=china.org.cn |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193251/http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2018-06/18/content_52513941.htm |archive-date=22 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Audience Choice Award at [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]], Los Angeles, 2018<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/take-off-wins-audience-choice-award-at-iffla-los-angeles/articleshow/63796048.cms |title=Take Off wins Audience Choice Award at IFFLA, Los Angeles |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720125132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/take-off-wins-audience-choice-award-at-iffla-los-angeles/articleshow/63796048.cms |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/festivals/winners-2018-indian-film-festival-of-los-angeles-1202755195/ |title='Village Rockstars,' 'Lovesick' Among Winners at 2018 Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles |last=Brockington |first=Ariana |date=17 April 2018 |work=Variety |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194216/https://variety.com/2018/film/festivals/winners-2018-indian-film-festival-of-los-angeles-1202755195/ |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://diyatvusa.com/2018/04/18/assamese-language-film-village-rockstars-takes-the-best-feature-prize-at-16th-annual-iffla/ |title=Assamese language film Village Rockstars takes the Best Feature prize at 16th annual IFFLA |website=diyatvusa.com |access-date=1 July 2018 |date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701195846/https://diyatvusa.com/2018/04/18/assamese-language-film-village-rockstars-takes-the-best-feature-prize-at-16th-annual-iffla/ |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Vanitha Film Awards]] 2018 – Best Movie – ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/malayalam/news/vanitha-film-awards-2018-winners/ |title=Vanitha Film Awards 2018: Here are the winners |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision]] Award 2017 for the Best Director – ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2017-deepika-padukone-dulquer-salmaan-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-grace-751076 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2017: Deepika Padukone, Dulquer Salmaan, Manju Warrier, Tovino Thomas grace event [PHOTOS] |last=James |first=Anu |work=International Business Times, India Edition |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622193036/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2017-deepika-padukone-dulquer-salmaan-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-grace-751076 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award 2018]] for Best Director – ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-mollywoods-whos-who-attend-20th-asianet-film-awards-81681 |title=Watch: Mollywood's who's who attend 20th Asianet Film Awards |date=21 May 2018 |work=The News Minute |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020144043/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-mollywoods-whos-who-attend-20th-asianet-film-awards-81681 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Asianet Film Awards]] 2015 for Best Editor – ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''
* [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]] for Best Director – ''[[C U Soon]]''
* [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]] for Best Director – ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]''

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

* ''All films are in Malayalam-language, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Editor
! Director
! Screenwriter
! Notes

|-
| 2007 || ''[[Rathri Mazha]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Phir Kabhi]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|Hindi film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009 || ''[[Kavya's Diary]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|Telugu film
|-
| ''16 mm: Memories, Movement and a Machine'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|English film
|-
| ''[[Gulumaal: The Escape]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Plus Two (film)|Plus Two]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2011 || ''[[Makaramanju]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[A Pestering Journey]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|English film
|-
| ''[[The Metro (film)|The Metro]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Three Kings (2011 film)|Three Kings]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Karayilekku Oru Kadal Dooram]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
|''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012 || ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Casanovva]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2013 || ''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Kammath & Kammath]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
|''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|Tamil film
|-
|''[[Olipporu]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
|''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|Best Editor at [[Jagran Film Festival]] 2013; Hindi-Tamil bilingual film
|-
|''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014||''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015 || ''[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|Also Writer
|-
|''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|Tamil film
|-
|''[[Nirnayakam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Love 24x7]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Traffic (2016 film)|Traffic]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|Hindi film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018 || ''[[B.Tech (film)|B.Tech]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|Hindi-Tamil bilingual film
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Uyare]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| 2020 || ''[[C U Soon]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|[[Amazon Prime|Amazon Prime Film]]; Also as cinematographer
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Aarkkariyam]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
|''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|
|-
|''[[Mālik (2020 film)|Mālik]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|[[Amazon Prime|Amazon Prime Film]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022||''[[Malayankunju]]''|| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|Also as cinematographer
|-
|''[[Ariyippu]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Also as co-Producing with Udaya Pictures and shebin backer
|-
|2024 ||''[[Manorathangal]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Segment: ''Sherleck''
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Thalavara]]'' || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} ||As producer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-26 |title=Arjun Ashokan's Thalavara gets first look, release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/26/arjun-ashokans-thalavara-gets-first-look-release-date |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026 || {{pending film|[[Patriot (film)|Patriot]]}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-31 |title='Patriot' director Mahesh Narayanan says, 'I felt this is a story I can tell Mammukka' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/patriot-director-mahesh-narayanan-says-i-felt-this-is-a-story-i-can-tell-mammukka/articleshow/127813497.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
| {{pending film|Phantom Hospital}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Directorial debut in Hindi film; Co-writer with Akash Mohimen
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm3525879}}

{{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Film editors from Kerala]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

Martial law in Russia

2026-03-12T16:16:18Z

Maansi26: updated details

{{Short description|Legal status}}
[[File:Russia-martial-law-decree.jpg|thumb|right|Decree of the President of the Russian Federation regarding "[[Martial_law_in_Russia#General_restrictions|general martial law]]", March 2023]]
'''Martial law in Russia''' ({{langx|ru|Военное положение в России}}) is defined in [[Russian law]] as a special legal [[regime]] that is introduced in conditions of external [[aggression]] or a threat of such. In this way, it differs from the state of emergency, which is introduced in the event of an internal threat such as an attempted coup, unrest or disaster. [[Martial law]] should also be distinguished from the State of War- a term that refers to the period between the outbreak of hostilities and their end. The procedure for introducing and abolishing martial law in Russia is defined in the [[Law of the Russian Federation|federal constitutional law]] “''On Martial Law''” (2002). In [[History of Russia (1991–present)|modern Russia]], martial law [[2022 Russian martial law|was introduced on 19 October 2022]] during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in the annexed regions of Ukraine, which by then were unilaterally declared by the whole state apparatus to be new [[federal subjects of Russia]].<ref name=cbs1>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/putin-declares-martial-law-ukraine-regions-illegally-annexed/ |title=Putin declares martial law in Ukraine regions illegally annexed |first=HALEY |last=OTT |date=19 October 2022 |publisher=CBS Interactive Inc}}</ref>

==History==
Russian law distinguished between martial law and the state of protection, enhanced or emergency. In the legal literature of the [[Russian Empire]] (also the USSR in the 1920s) martial law was often defined through the police concept of “protection”, which was considered in the context of public administration as the protection of [[Public-order crime|public order]].

In the Russian Empire, martial law was declared in wartime in the border areas of the state adjacent to the theater of war. In peacetime, provinces or cities that were outraged by the government’s order or in which special strict measures were deemed necessary to maintain order could be declared in the same position. Example: the Kingdom of Poland in 1905,<ref>Газета «Начало» № 6, 19 (2 декабря) ноября 1905 год, Л. Троцкий, «Военное положение в Польше сброшено!»</ref> Sumy County (Kharkov Oblast).<ref>Ответ на запрос Государственной думы о Щербаке 8 июня 1906 года (Столыпин)</ref>

In the [[Soviet Union]], martial law could be declared, in accordance with paragraph “t” of article 49 of the Constitution, only the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR as stated in the article “in the interests of the defense of the USSR or the maintenance of public order and state security”. In accordance with this, when declaring martial law, all the functions of state authorities on defense, ensuring public order and state security passed to the military command and control bodies — military councils and command of the USSR Armed Forces.

Martial law during the years of the [[Great Patriotic War]] in 1941–1945 was successively declared, on the basis of Article 49 of paragraph "p" of the [[Constitution of the USSR]], by [[decree]]s of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet|Presidium]] of the [[Supreme Soviet of the USSR]] and was not canceled until the end of the war with:

*June 22, 1941,<ref>Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 22.06.1941 об объявлении в отдельных местностях СССР военного положения.</ref> in Moscow, Leningrad and most oblasts, territories, republics of the European part of the USSR;<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article005962.html «Военное положение» в БСЭ.]</ref>
*August 1942, in some cities of [[Transcaucasia]], on the Black Sea and Caspian coasts;<ref name=autogenerated2 />
*September 1942, in the Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR and Armenian SSR;<ref name=autogenerated2 />
*April 1943, on all railways of the USSR;<ref name=autogenerated2 />
*May 1943, by sea and river transport.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

In the [[Russian Federation]], martial law was declared on [[2022 Russian martial law|October 19, 2022]] in [[Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar]], [[Belgorod Oblast|Belgorod]], [[Bryansk Oblast|Bryansk]], [[Voronezh Oblast|Voronezh]], [[Kursk Oblast|Kursk]] and [[Rostov Oblast|Rostov]] provinces, because of [[Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|several attacks]] in these provinces during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].

==Introduction and cancellation==
Martial law in Russia or in certain localities is introduced by [[Decree of the President of Russia|presidential decree]], which should be immediately promulgated by radio and television and officially published. In addition, the [[President of Russia|president]] must immediately report martial law to the [[Federation Council]] and the [[State Duma]]. The Federation Council within 48 hours decides whether to approve a presidential decree – and if the decree is not approved, it loses force. The basis for the introduction of martial law is considered aggression against Russia or its immediate threat. The law refers to aggression:<ref>[http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35227/327d015f7dfa0a5f8fc16e7287d74337352aa1a2/ ФКЗ «О военном положении» (2002), статья 3]</ref>

*Invasion of foreign troops or the attack of foreign troops on the Russian, wherever they are;
*Bombardment by foreign troops or other use of weapons against Russia;
*Sending by foreign states of aggressive armed groups to Russia;
*Blockade of Russian ports or coasts by foreign troops;
*Permission of a foreign state to use its territory to attack Russia.
*The law considers the actions of a foreign state in violation of international law, which directly indicate preparation for aggression, to be a direct threat of aggression. As an example, the law cites the declaration of war.

The introduction of martial law also involves the mobilization and organization of territorial defense. After repelling aggression or eliminating its threat, martial law is canceled.

==Permitted limitations==
The law provides for two groups of restrictions that can be introduced in conditions of martial law (and, if necessary, before it). Elections of the President of the Russian Federation cannot be held during the period of martial law.

===Restrictions in the zone of martial law===
Restrictions:<ref>[http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35227/7d26c4e1754d86f891581f27b402a422efd344e0/ ФКЗ «О военном положении» (2002), статья 7]</ref>
*special operation of critical infrastructure and hazardous facilities;
*Evacuation of important objects and people;
*Strengthening the protection of public order, critical infrastructure and other important facilities;
*Restriction of entry, exit and freedom of movement, search, restriction of choice of place of residence;
*Curfew;
*Military censorship in the field of communications;
*Increased secrecy in state and local authorities;
*Restriction of the sale of weapons, dangerous substances, drugs, drugs and alcohol, their temporary withdrawal from citizens;
*Ban on rallies and strikes;
*Prohibition of public, international or foreign organizations that undermine the country's security;
*Forced labor for defense needs, to restore destroyed facilities and fight fires and epidemics;
*Seizure of private property with subsequent compensation;
*Internment of unreliable citizens and citizens of aggressor countries (applies only directly in case of aggression and in order to prevent riots).
===General restrictions===
General restrictions that may be imposed even where martial law does not apply:<ref>[http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35227/37b24f42c64380e9d53199ffdcff2900e9941cbd/ ФКЗ «О военном положении» (2002), статья 8]</ref>
*Restriction of economic activity, including property turnover;
*Restriction of search and distribution of information;
*Change of ownership of organizations;
*Change in working hours. The abolition of the system of voluntary employment and the introduction of conscription labor obligation (mandatory for all citizens over 14 years old);

Regardless of the context of the circumstances, any information transmitted using means of communication and mass communication can be defined as dual-use information (the level of detail of the content is determined by the military censorship authorities). Such an act, usually not prosecuted in peacetime, but committed under the current regime of martial law, can be considered a reason for accusation of unintentional high treason (if this did not provoke serious consequences, then such an act is recognized as an attempt).

The [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] prompted the new [[Russian 2022 war censorship laws]]. These laws establish administrative (Law No.31-FZ, Law No.62-FZ) and criminal (Law No.32-FZ, Law No.63-FZ) punishments for the dissemination of "unreliable information" about the Russian Armed Forces and other Russian state bodies and their operations, prohibit "discrediting" the Russian military and other Russian state bodies, and prohibit calls for sanctions against Russia.

==Order management==
With the introduction of martial law, elections and referendum are not held, and the powers of elected bodies of power, local authorities and officials are automatically extended.

The main powers to ensure martial law are concentrated in the hands of the Russian President. The [[Government of Russia]] carries out mainly technical functions, in addition, during the period of martial law, the president can change its structure. [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Russian Parliament]] passes laws necessary to ensure martial law and moves treaties with aggressor states. The [[Judiciary of Russia|judicial system]] and the [[prosecutor's office]] in the conditions of martial law operate in the same form, the creation of emergency courts in Russia is prohibited.<ref>[http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35227/f92dfa66da3e5e41a0a97ce690c58100a5c2def5/ ФКЗ «О военном положении» (2002), глава III]</ref> If martial law is established on a part of the territory of Russia, there may be introduced a military department responsible for applying the restrictions.<ref>[http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35227/8546f28f4e794674881f2eb0aa5b4e48e4c5779f/ ФКЗ «О военном положении» (2002), статья 10]</ref>

==See also==
*[[State of emergency in Russia]]
*[[Russian System of Disaster Management]]
*[[Emergency medical services in Russia]]
*[[Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation]]
*[[Federal Agency for State Reserves (Russia)]]
*[[Freedom of assembly in Russia]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Russia topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Martial law in}}
[[Category:Law of Russia]]
[[Category:Martial law|Russia]]
[[Category:Politics of Russia]]
[[Category:Military history of Russia]]

Buddh International Circuit

2026-03-09T00:40:58Z

Maansi26: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian motor racing circuit}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Infobox motorsport venue
| name = Buddh International Circuit
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|21|2|N|77|32|6|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=it}}
| location = [[Jaypee Sports City]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| logo = [[File:Buddh International Circuit.svg|class=skin-invert|220px]]
| image = [[File:Buddh Circuit 1.svg|class=skin-invert|250px]]
| image_caption = Grand Prix Circuit (2011–present)
| track_map = [[File:Buddh Circuit 2.svg|class=skin-invert|250px]]
| track_map_caption = Motorcycle Circuit (2011–present)
| fia_grade = 1<ref name="2021_dec_list">{{cite web |title=LIST OF FIA LICENSED CIRCUITS UPDATED ON : 2021-12-14 |url=https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/circuits_fia20211214.pdf | publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref>{{efn|name=Buddh|Buddh International Circuit's Grade 1 license expired 18 November 2022.}}
| capacity = 110,000
| owner = [[Jaypee Group]]
| operator = [[Jaypee Group|Jaypee Sports International Limited]]
| broke_ground =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2011|10|18|df=yes}}
| closed =
| construction_cost = {{INRConvert|2000|c}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Kannan |first=Shilpa |title=Why India's Formula 1 Grand Prix is under threat |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24659690 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027223718/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24659690 |work=BBC News |date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=27 October 2013 |access-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| architect = [[Hermann Tilke]]
| former_names =
| events = '''Former:''' [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]] ''[[Indian motorcycle Grand Prix]]'' (2023) [[Formula One]] ''[[Indian Grand Prix]]'' (2011–2013) [[Asia Road Racing Championship]] (2016)
| layout = Grand Prix Circuit (2011–present)
| surface = [[Asphalt concrete]] with [[Graywacke]] aggregate
| length_km = 5.125
| length_mi = 3.185
| turns = 16
| record_time = 1:27.249
| record_driver = {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]]
| record_car = [[Red Bull RB7]]
| record_year = [[2011 Indian Grand Prix|2011]]
| record_class = [[Formula One|F1]]
| layout2 = Motorcycle Circuit (2011–present)
| surface2 = [[Asphalt concrete]] with [[Graywacke]] aggregate
| length2_km = 5.010
| length2_mi = 3.113
| turns2 = 13
| record_time2 = 1:45.028
| record_driver2 = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Marco Bezzecchi]]
| record_car2 = [[Ducati Desmosedici|Ducati Desmosedici GP22]]
| record_year2 = [[2023 Indian motorcycle Grand Prix|2023]]
| record_class2 = [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing#MotoGP class|MotoGP]]
| layout3 = Short Circuit (2011–present)
| surface3 = [[Asphalt concrete]] with [[Graywacke]] aggregate
| length3_km = 3.100
| length3_mi = 1.927
| turns3 = 6
| record_time3 = 1:47.204
| record_driver3 = {{flagicon|CZE}} {{ill|David Vršecký|cs}}
| record_car3 = [[Tata Prima|Tata Prima Racing]]
| record_year3 = [[T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship|2017]]
| record_class3 = [[Truck racing]]
| website = [https://www.buddhinternationalcircuit.in/ buddhinternationalcircuit.in]
}}

The '''Buddh International Circuit''' is an Indian [[motor racing]] circuit situated in [[Jaypee Sports City]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Taneja |first=Mansi |title=As F1 cars zoom in Buddh circuit, realty prices soar along expressway |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/as-f1-cars-zoom-in-buddh-circuit-realty-prices-soar-along-expressway-113102600658_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722021430/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/as-f1-cars-zoom-in-buddh-circuit-realty-prices-soar-along-expressway-113102600658_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=26 October 2013 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=23 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The track shares its name with [[Gautama Buddha]], as does the [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|district]] of its location. The track was officially inaugurated on 18 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian F1 venue Buddh International Circuit to open today |url=http://www.oncars.in/Car-News-Detail/Indian-F1-venue-Buddh-International-Circuit-to-open-today/1195 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080125/http://www.oncars.in/Car-News-Detail/Indian-F1-venue-Buddh-International-Circuit-to-open-today/1195 |publisher=OnCars |date=18 October 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The {{Convert|5.125|km|abbr=on}} long circuit was designed by German racetrack designer [[Hermann Tilke]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holt |first=Sarah |title=Drivers praise Indian Grand Prix circuit |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/15496415 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105103238/https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/15496415 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Formula One2">{{cite web |title=Philosophy behind the Buddh International Circuit |url=http://www.jaypeesports.com/bic_and_jpsi_fact_sheet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027084916/http://www.jaypeesports.com/bic_and_jpsi_fact_sheet.pdf |publisher=Jaypee Sports |df=dmy-all |archive-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> The circuit is best known as the venue for the annual [[Formula One]] [[Indian Grand Prix]], which was first hosted in October 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=India company says on track for 2011 F1 race |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-39048520090415?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930185547/https://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-39048520090415?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true |work=Reuters |date=15 April 2009 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=21 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the Grand Prix was suspended for 2014 and subsequently cancelled due to a tax dispute with the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] during the [[Akhilesh Yadav ministry|Akhilesh Yadav administration]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ecclestone rules out 2015 Indian GP |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ecclestone-rules-out-2015-indian-grand-prix/article6339364.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120035159/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ecclestone-rules-out-2015-indian-grand-prix/article6339364.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=22 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
=== 2000s ===
In 2007, a tentative agreement to host the Indian Grand Prix was reached between the [[Indian Olympic Association]] and [[Bernie Ecclestone]], then chief-executive of the [[Formula One Group]]. A site in Greater Noida in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh was chosen as the location of the track that would host the race.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spurgeon |first=Brad |title=How India Made Its Grand Prix Dream Come True |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/27/sports/autoracing/27iht-srf1prix27.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105111028/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/27/sports/autoracing/27iht-srf1prix27.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 October 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Delays in the procurement of the land and construction were reported in early 2009 owing in part to the ongoing financial crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cary |first=Tom |title=Bernie Ecclestone 'fully' to Indian Grand Prix - Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/4317743/Bernie-Ecclestone-fully-commited-to-Indian-Grand-Prix.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411071512/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/4317743/Bernie-Ecclestone-fully-commited-to-Indian-Grand-Prix.html |date=15 February 2009 |archive-date=11 April 2009 |access-date=9 August 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The design of the track was ultimately revealed in November 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collantine |first=Keith |title=Indian F1 track design revealed |url=https://www.racefans.net/2009/11/15/2011-indian-f1-track-design/ |date=15 November 2009 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref>

The venue was slated to debut during the [[2010 Formula One World Championship|2010 Formula One season]], with construction scheduled to be completed in time. However, this date was pushed back and the inaugural race eventually took place [[2011 Formula One World Championship|the following year]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Grand Prix debut pushed back to 2011: Formula One |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/3108572/Indian-Grand-Prix-debut-pushed-back-to-2011-Formula-One.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105105918/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/3108572/Indian-Grand-Prix-debut-pushed-back-to-2011-Formula-One.html |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|Telegraph]] |date=30 September 2008 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2010s ===
The [[2011 Indian Grand Prix|first Indian Grand Prix]] was held at the Buddh International Circuit on 30 October 2011. It was initially scheduled to take place in December 2011. However, following scheduling conflicts with the [[2011 Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain Grand Prix]] and its subsequent cancellation, the race was rescheduled to October.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India officially reinstated on October 30 |url=http://en.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/story/51774.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105131509/http://en.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/story/51774.html |website=ESPN.co.uk |date=15 June 2011 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The inaugural race was won by [[Red Bull Racing]]'s [[Sebastian Vettel]], who started from pole position. He also set the fastest lap and therefore race lap record that year, which stood for the following two Grands Prix.

During the [[2012 Formula One World Championship|2012 Formula One season]] and the second Formula One race to take place at the circuit, Sebastian Vettel took pole once again, led every lap and went on to win the race. The fastest lap of the race was set by [[McLaren]]'s [[Jenson Button]].

The [[2013 Formula One World Championship|following year]], the Indian Grand Prix was the sixteenth race in a nineteen-race season. Sebastian Vettel started on pole and subsequently won the race. Vettel also secured his fourth consecutive [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Formula One World Drivers' Championship]] at this race, beating his closest challenger, [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'s [[Fernando Alonso]], who finished 11th. Red Bull also secured its fourth consecutive [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Championship]]. The fastest lap of the race was set by [[Lotus F1|Lotus]]' [[Kimi Räikkönen]]. This was the last Formula One race held at the circuit.

The track was not slated to be part of the [[2014 Formula One World Championship|2014 season]]. One reason given was the rescheduling of the Indian Grand Prix to March for 2014, which made little sense after a race in October 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian GP dropped from F1 calendar for 2014 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/10213007/Indian-GP-dropped-from-F1-calendar-for-2014.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105143206/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/10213007/Indian-GP-dropped-from-F1-calendar-for-2014.html |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|Telegraph]] |date=31 July 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its appearance in the [[2015 Formula One World Championship|2015 season]] was subsequently ruled out in mid-2014, citing contractual and taxation issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ecclestone rules out 2015 Indian GP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ecclestone-rules-out-2015-indian-grand-prix/article6339364.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105144032/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ecclestone-rules-out-2015-indian-grand-prix/article6339364.ece |publisher=The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The owners were unable to significantly recover their investments through all three seasons the races were held, and were forced to write off losses worth at least $25.1 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thukral |first=Rachit |title=Analysis: Why India doesn't find a place on F1 calendar |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/analysis-why-india-doesnt-find-a-place-on-f1-calendar/647204/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202540/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/analysis-why-india-doesnt-find-a-place-on-f1-calendar/647204/ |publisher=[[Motorsport.com]] |website=motorsport.com |date=3 October 2015 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the owners reiterated their desire to not sell the circuit to other buyers, despite its high maintenance costs, their own financial distress, and the lack of future scheduled international sporting events.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Debt-ridden Jaypee Group has no plans to sell Buddh International Circuit F1 track |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/motor-sport/debt-ridden-jaypee-group-has-no-plans-to-sell-buddh-international-circuit-f1-track-3727511/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106210704/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/motor-sport/debt-ridden-jaypee-group-has-no-plans-to-sell-buddh-international-circuit-f1-track-3727511/ |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US |date=28 October 2016 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The circuit has continued to host smaller local racing series and championships, including the [[JK Tyre National Racing Championship]] which includes [[open-wheel racing]] as well as motorcycle racing,<ref>{{Cite web |title=JK Tyre India Series Racing Championship |url=https://www.jktyremotorsport.com/jk-tyre-racing-championship |website=www.jktyremotorsport.com |access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JK Tyre FMSCI Indian National Racing Championship – 2018 – FMSCI |url=http://www.fmsci.co.in/jk-tyre-fmsci-indian-national-racing-championship-2018/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105155405/http://www.fmsci.co.in/jk-tyre-fmsci-indian-national-racing-championship-2018/ |archive-date=5 November 2018 |date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and open [[track day|track days]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhabhar |first=Cyrus |title=Buddh International Circuit To Hold Track Day On September 2, 2018 |url=https://www.carandbike.com/news/buddh-international-circuit-to-hold-track-day-on-september-2-2018-1903362 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105195406/https://auto.ndtv.com/news/buddh-international-circuit-to-hold-track-day-on-september-2-2018-1903362 |publisher=NDTV CarAndBike |date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Tax dispute ====
The Buddh International Circuit is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, subject to its local taxes as well as national customs duties. The first signs of a dispute arose in 2009: in a letter to the promoters JPSK Sports, the Indian [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] denied JPSK Sports permission to remit $36.5 million in licensing fees to Formula One administration headquarters in London. The reason given, by the then [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] - [[Akhilesh Yadav]], was the nature of Formula One, considered not to be a sport but rather entertainment, and its perceived lack of impact on the development of sports in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alok |first=Sinha |title=Formula One is not a sport, says sports ministry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Formula-One-is-not-a-sport-says-sports-ministry/articleshow/4930539.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Formula-One-is-not-a-sport-says-sports-ministry/articleshow/4930539.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 August 2009 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Customs fees for imported components including engines and tyres were not waived, and tax exemptions given to other sports were not offered to the organisers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidharan |first=Murali |title=Why F1 is a sport for everyone other than the government |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/why-f1-is-a-sport-for-everyone-other-than-the-government-89665.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106173335/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/why-f1-is-a-sport-for-everyone-other-than-the-government-89665.html |publisher=Firstpost |website=www.firstpost.com |date=23 September 2011 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Fees worth $51.3 million, meant to be paid by Jaypee Sports to [[Formula One Group|Formula One World Championship Limited]] (FOWC), were still pending as of [[Liberty Media]]'s acquisition of the Formula One Group in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sylt |first=Christian |title=Formula One still seeking £41m in fees for Indian Grand Prix |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/12/04/formula-one-still-seeking-fees-indian-grand-prix/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105203631/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/12/04/formula-one-still-seeking-fees-indian-grand-prix/ |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|Telegraph]] |date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The government's expectation of tax revenue meant that Jaypee was prevented from paying its dues to FOWC.<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |last=Sylt |first=Christian |title=Formula One Burns Up $14.8 Million Tax Bill On Indian Grand Prix |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/csylt/2017/07/12/formula-one-burns-up-14-8-million-tax-bill-on-indian-grand-prix/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105211140/https://www.forbes.com/sites/csylt/2017/07/12/formula-one-burns-up-14-8-million-tax-bill-on-indian-grand-prix/ |publisher=[[Forbes]] |website=forbes.com |date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In a judgement issued in April 2017, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the circuit constituted a 'permanent establishment', and as such FOWC was liable to pay taxes on any income accrued by it in India, estimated at 40% of business income.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contractor |first=Sameer |title=Supreme Court Orders Taxes On Formula 1 For Indian Grand Prix |url=https://www.carandbike.com/news/supreme-court-orders-taxes-on-formula-1-for-india-races-1686190 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105205815/https://auto.ndtv.com/news/supreme-court-orders-taxes-on-formula-1-for-india-races-1686190 |publisher=NDTV CarAndBike |date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It considered royalty payments made by Jaypee to FOWC to be business income as well, subject to tax, which contradicted the original agreement between Jaypee and FOWC that stipulated that any fees would be paid free of taxes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sylt |first=Christian |title=Formula One still seeking £41m in fees for Indian Grand Prix |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/12/04/formula-one-still-seeking-fees-indian-grand-prix/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105203631/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/12/04/formula-one-still-seeking-fees-indian-grand-prix/ |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Liberty Media was prepared to settle the due amount in July 2017, setting aside $14.8 million.<ref name="forbes.com"/>

=== 2020s ===
For 2022, it was planned that Buddh International Circuit would host events for the [[Formula Regional Indian Championship]] and the [[F4 Indian Championship]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formula Regional Indian Championship to feature Hyderabad street race |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/formula-regional-indian-championship-to-feature-hyderabad-street-race-421795 |website=Autocar India |date=19 August 2021 |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> however both championships were cancelled in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Indian feeder series FRIC & Indian F4 cancelled |url=https://f1feederseries.com/2022/10/28/exclusive-indian-feeder-series-fric-indian-f4-cancelled/ |website=f1feederseries.com |publisher=F1 Feeder Series |language=en |date=28 October 2022 |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref> The circuit also hosted the [[Indian motorcycle Grand Prix]] in [[2023 MotoGP World Championship|2023]] as part of the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing#MotoGP era|MotoGP World Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2022/09/30/motogp-to-race-in-india-from-2023/438681 |title=MotoGP™ to race in India from 2023 |date=30 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

As of 2026, the [[Adani Group]] was preparing a roadmap to return Formula One racing at the circuit. This was announced by the Managing Director of [[Adani Cement]] in February. This was after the conglomerate secured a majority vote from the lenders in a bid to acquire the debt-laden [[Jaiprakash Associates]] for {{INRConvert|14535|c|lk=on|year=2025}}. The implementation of any such roadmap is subject to the completion of this acquisition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-21 |title=Adani eyes Formula 1 revival in Greater Noida as part of Jaiprakash takeover strategy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/adani-eyes-formula-1-revival-at-buddh-circuit-as-part-of-jaiprakash-takeover-strategy/articleshow/128646910.cms |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The State Transformation Commission of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] with AVW Global, a automotive and motorsports [[consultancy firm]] established by former [[MotoGP]] rider [[Karel Abraham]], to establish world-class motorcycle racing ecosystem in the [[Indian State]] and bring MotoGP and [[Asia Road Racing Championship]] back to the Buddh International Circuit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-24 |title=Uttar Pradesh signs MoU with AVW Global to establish world-class motorcycle racing ecosystem |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-signs-mou-with-avw-global-to-establish-world-class-motorcycle-racing-ecosystem-101771957693899.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-24 |title=UP government signs MoU for MotoGP India return - Introduction {{!}} Autocar India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/up-government-signs-mou-for-motogp-india-return-439088 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Autocar |language=en}}</ref>

==Design==
Formula One racing's governing body, the FIA, had announced the inclusion of the Indian Grand Prix for 30 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=India officially reinstated on October 30 |url=http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/51774.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913181323/http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/51774.html |work=ESPN |date=15 June 2011 |archive-date=13 September 2011 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Estimated to cost about {{INR}}20 billion<ref name="business.outlookindia.com">{{cite web |title=A whole new ballgame |url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265300 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320002919/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265300 |df=dmy-all |date=15 May 2010 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=7 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ($400 million) to build, the circuit has a length of {{cvt|5.125|km|mi|abbr=on}} and is spread over an area of {{cvt|874|acre|ha|abbr=on}}<ref name="jaypeesc"/> and is another creation of [[Hermann Tilke]]. The circuit was officially inaugurated on 18 October 2011,<ref>{{cite news |title=Buddh International Circuit inaugurated for India's F1 date |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Buddh-International-Circuit-inaugurated-for-Indias-F1-date/articleshow/4386781.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230162431/http://www.timesnow.tv/Buddh-International-Circuit-inaugurated-for-Indias-F1-date/articleshow/4386781.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |df=dmy-all |date=18 October 2011 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> just about two weeks before the first race. The seating capacity was initially expected to be 110,000<ref name="business.outlookindia.com"/> with provisions to increase it to 200,000<ref name="FinEx">{{cite news |last=Jainani |first=Deepa |title=India on course for 2011 F1 Grand Prix |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/india-on-course-for-2011-f1-grand-prix/411160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200752/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/india-on-course-for-2011-f1-grand-prix/411160 |newspaper=The Financial Express |date=16 January 2009 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> later on.

==Circuit==
[[File:Buddh international circuit.jpg|thumb|Circuit along with the paddock and main gallery]]
The circuit is part of the {{convert|2500|acre|ha|abbr=on}} [[Jaypee Greens Sports City]],<ref name="jaypeesc">{{cite news |title=Lake District: Inspired by Venice and Amsterdam |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News-/Lake-District-Inspired-by-Venice-and-Amsterdam/articleshow/5298601.cms |work=The Times Of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926055121/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News-/Lake-District-Inspired-by-Venice-and-Amsterdam/articleshow/5298601.cms |date=4 December 2009 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |access-date=22 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> which has increasingly delayed plans to include a 100,000 seating capacity international cricket stadium, 18-hole [[golf course]], 25,000 seat [[field hockey]] stadium and a sports academy. The circuit design incorporated feedback from the teams on how the circuit could be altered to improve overtaking. This resulted in some minor changes before 2010: the planned hairpin at turn seven was removed, and the track at turn three was widened to allow drivers to take different lines throughout the corner. More information was released in August 2010, revealing that there were plans to make the circuit one of the most challenging for drivers, with the circuit rising fourteen metres within the first three corners alone and a banked double-apex bend on the far side of the circuit,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Cari |title=Team input "invaluable" to Indian circuit |url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/08/24/team-input-%e2%80%9cinvaluable%e2%80%9d-to-new-indian-circuit/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830082221/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/08/24/team-input-%e2%80%9cinvaluable%e2%80%9d-to-new-indian-circuit/ |date=24 August 2010 |archive-date=30 August 2010 |access-date=7 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> nicknamed the Currybolica, as a reference to the infamous banked Parabolica corner on the [[Monza Circuit]] in Italy. The track has since been praised by drivers, including [[Lewis Hamilton]] who compared it to the classic [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |title=Hamilton: BIC circuit is something of a revelation |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/hamilton-bic-circuit-is-something-of-a-revelation/article4022820.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113110109/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/hamilton-bic-circuit-is-something-of-a-revelation/article4022820.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |date=22 October 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |access-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Buddh International Circuit aerial.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial image of the circuit in 2021]]

The banked multi-apex turn 10–11–12 sequence is one of the most notable sections of the circuit. It has been likened to the long, fast Turn 8 at Turkey's [[Istanbul Park]] circuit as it is a challenging sequence that generates high tyre loadings. Unlike Turkey's Turn 8, it tightens on exit and is a clockwise right-hander. Although it is not one of the main overtaking points, it is the corner that shows F1 cars to their full cornering potential. The circuit's main straight, at {{convert|1.06|km|mi|abbr=on}}, is among the longest in F1, with a key overtaking point at its end. The pitlane is also one of the longest in F1, at more than 600 metres: as in most races with pit stops, time spent in the pitlane is an important factor in determining race strategies.<ref>{{cite news |title=World Motor Sport Council: 27/10/2011 |url=http://www.fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2011/Pages/f1-preview-ind.aspx |work=fia.com |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104020236/http://www.fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2011/Pages/f1-preview-ind.aspx |df=dmy |date=27 October 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2011 |access-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Force india Buddh.jpg|thumb|A [[Force India]] [[formula 1]] racing car at the circuit]]

Before the opening weekend, the expected lap time for a Formula One car around the track was 1 minute, 27.02 seconds, at an average speed of {{cvt|210.03|km/h|mph}}. At the end of the long straight between corners 3 and 4, Formula One cars were expected to reach a top speed of about {{cvt|318|km/h|mph}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=India names F1 track after Buddha – Buddh International Circuit |url=http://www.inautonews.com/india-names-f1-track-buddh-international-circuit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320145555/http://www.inautonews.com/india-names-f1-track-buddh-international-circuit |publisher=Inautonews.com |df=dmy-all |date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the inaugural qualifying session, [[Sebastian Vettel]] turned in a lap time of 1:24.178, beating the predicted lap times from tyre manufacturer [[Pirelli]]. [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]] driver [[Jaime Alguersuari]] posted the top speed through the speed trap, reaching {{cvt|324.2|km/h|mph}}.

The relatively compact circuit was due to host a [[FIA GT1 World Championship|GT1 World Championship]] round as the season finale in December 2012,<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Buddh International Circuit to host finale of 2012 GT1 Championship |url=http://www.autocarindia.com/News/290239,india-to-host-2012-fia-gt1-finale.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512044820/http://www.autocarindia.com/News/290239,india-to-host-2012-fia-gt1-finale.aspx |publisher=Autocar India |work=[[FIA GT1 World Championship|GT1 World Championship]] |df=dmy-all |date=13 February 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but the event was cancelled.

The circuit was due to host a [[Superbike World Championship]] round for four seasons, starting in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Buddh International Circuit to join 2013 World Superbike calendar |url=http://www.worldsbk.com/en/news/5-sbk-news/13544-indias-buddh-international-circuit-to-join-2013-world-superbike-calendar.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613180432/http://www.worldsbk.com/en/news/5-sbk-news/13544-indias-buddh-international-circuit-to-join-2013-world-superbike-calendar.html |work=[[Superbike World Championship]] |publisher=Infront Motor Sports |date=9 June 2012 |archive-date=13 June 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the 2013 race was cancelled due to operational charges of Buddh International Circuit.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Superbike World Championship cancels its 2013 season-ending round in India |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/motor-sports/superbikes/the-superbike-world-championship-cancels-its-2013-season-ending-round-in-india/story-fn5k3gtw-1226697527917 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014153009/http://www.foxsports.com.au/motor-sports/superbikes/the-superbike-world-championship-cancels-its-2013-season-ending-round-in-india/story-fn5k3gtw-1226697527917 |work=foxsports.com |date=15 August 2013 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

From 2014 to 2025, there were no international championships have raced at the circuit except the [[Asia Road Racing Championship]] race in 2016. From 2023, the circuit hosts the [[Indian motorcycle Grand Prix]] as part of the [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP World Championship]].

==Reception==
[[File:Alonso Buddh 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Fernando Alonso]] during the [[2011 Indian Grand Prix]]]]

The reception among drivers was positive,<ref>{{cite news |title=India: Friday practice – selected team and driver quotes |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12704.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704005156/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12704.html |work=Formula1.com |publisher=[[Formula One Group|Formula One Administration]] |date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with praise for the high-speed layout and challenging corner combinations that [[Jenson Button]] described as difficult to drive in a consistently quick fashion.

The circuit has been often compared by F1 drivers to the classic [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]], a track known for high speeds and the type of corner-to-corner flow that comes from natural terrain. Inaugural winner [[Sebastian Vettel]] praised the track saying that "there is a lot of elevation change around the lap which adds to the fun, from as much as 8% downhill and up to 10% uphill; it's like a roller coaster. It really has emerged as one of the most challenging circuits on the calendar for the drivers."<ref>{{cite web |last=Collantine |first=Keith |title=Drivers praise India's 'Spa-like' Buddh circuit |url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2012/10/22/f1-drivers-praise-buddh-international-circuit-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025021348/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2012/10/22/f1-drivers-praise-buddh-international-circuit-india/ |date=22 October 2012 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=22 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Name and the logo==
Originally known as the [[Jaypee Group]] Circuit or the Jaypee International Circuit after the circuit's owners, the circuit was officially named the ''Buddh International Circuit'' in April 2011. According to Mr Sameer Gaur, the MD and CEO of Jaypee Sports International Limited, the name 'Buddh International Circuit' has been chosen with reference to the area where the racetrack is situated – [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district]]. Because of its location, naming the circuit 'Buddh International Circuit' was a logical choice for the company.<ref name="Buddh2">{{cite web |title=Indian track titled Buddh International |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/90944 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429050009/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/90944 |work=[[Autosport]] |date=25 April 2011 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |access-date=26 April 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The logo consists of a stylized 'B' in the shape of a heart, which stands for 'Buddh' and 'Bharat' (the native name of India). The saffron, green and white colours used in the logo are representative of the Indian flag, while the curves in the stylized 'B' in the logo represent the lines of a racetrack.<ref name="name">{{cite web |title=Philosophy behind the name and the logo |url=http://www.jaypeesports.com/bic_and_jpsi_fact_sheet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027084916/http://www.jaypeesports.com/bic_and_jpsi_fact_sheet.pdf |publisher=Jaypee Sports |df=dmy-all |archive-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Buddh International Circuit, which hosted India's first Formula One Grand Prix on 30 October 2011, has been awarded the '2011 Motorsport Facility of the Year' award at the Professional Motorsport World Expo 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buddh International Circuit wins '2011 Motorsport Facility of the Year' award |url=http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/motorsports/buddh-international-circuit-wins-2011-motorsports-facility-year-award-51797/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606074239/http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/motorsports/buddh-international-circuit-wins-2011-motorsports-facility-year-award-51797/ |publisher=Indian Cars Bikes |date=18 November 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2013 |access-date=13 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> BIC has also been honored with the 'Best Promoter Trophy' for the successful conduct of Formula One races in 2011 & 2012 at the FIA prize-giving gala.<ref>{{cite web |title=BIC bagged Motorsport Facility of the Year award |url=http://www.f1india.org/india-gp-in-news/924-bic-bagged-motorsport-facility-of-the-year-award |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303153238/http://www.f1india.org/india-gp-in-news/924-bic-bagged-motorsport-facility-of-the-year-award |publisher=F1 India |df=dmy-all |date=25 November 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |access-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Events==
[[File:Prima T1 truck.jpg|thumb|[[T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship|Prima Truck Racing]]]]

; Former

* [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]]
** ''[[Indian motorcycle Grand Prix]]'' (2023)
* [[Asia Road Racing Championship]] (2016)
* [[Formula One]]
** ''[[Indian Grand Prix]]'' (2011–2013)
* [[JK Racing Asia Series]] (2011–2012)
* [[MRF Challenge|MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship]] (2012–2013, 2017)
* [[T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship]] (2014–2017)
* [[Indian Racing League|X1 Racing League]] (2019)

==Lap records==

As of September 2023, the fastest official race lap records at the Buddh International Circuit are listed as:

{| class="wikitable"
!Category!!Time!!Driver!!Vehicle!!Event
|-
! colspan=5 | Grand Prix Circuit: 5.125 km (2011–present)
|-
| [[Formula One|F1]] || '''1:27.249''' || [[Sebastian Vettel]] || [[Red Bull RB7]] || [[2011 Indian Grand Prix]]
|-
| [[Formula BMW]] || '''1:59.395'''<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 JKRAS Round 16, Buddh International Circuit |url=http://www.afos.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2984:round-16-buddh-international-circuit-&catid=201:jkras-result-&Itemid=175 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618051925/http://www.afos.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2984:round-16-buddh-international-circuit-&catid=201:jkras-result-&Itemid=175 |date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=23 September 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[Nabil Jeffri]] || [[Mygale FB02]] || [[2012 JK Racing Asia Series|2012 2nd Buddh JK Racing Asia Series round]]
|-
! colspan=5 | Motorcycle Circuit: 5.010 km (2011–present)
|-
| [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing#MotoGP class|MotoGP]] || '''1:45.028''' || [[Marco Bezzecchi]] || [[Ducati Desmosedici|Ducati Desmosedici GP22]] || [[2023 Indian motorcycle Grand Prix]]
|-
| [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing#Moto2 class|Moto2]] || '''1:52.104''' || [[Pedro Acosta]] || [[Kalex|Kalex Moto2]] || [[2023 Indian motorcycle Grand Prix]]
|-
| [[Sports motorcycle#Classes|Supersport]] || '''1:55.855'''<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Asia Road Racing Championship Buddh International Circuit Supersports 600cc - Race 2 |url=https://asiaroadracing.com/arrcdata/result/2016/r5/rd05_ss600_r2.pdf |date=2 October 2016 |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref> || [[Anthony West (motorcyclist)|Anthony West]] || [[Yamaha YZF-R6]] || [[Asia Road Racing Championship|2016 Buddh ARRC round]]
|-
| [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing#Moto3 class|Moto3]] || '''1:59.472''' || [[Ayumu Sasaki]] || [[KTM RC250GP#Husqvarna FR250GP|Husqvarna FR250GP]] || [[2023 Indian motorcycle Grand Prix]]
|-
| [[Asia Road Racing Championship|Asia Productions 250]] || '''2:16.051'''<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Asia Road Racing Championship Buddh International Circuit Asia Production 250cc - Race 1 |url=https://asiaroadracing.com/arrcdata/result/2016/r5/rd05_ap250_r1.pdf |date=1 October 2016 |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref> || [[Peerapong Loiboonpen]] || [[Yamaha YZF-R25]] || [[Asia Road Racing Championship|2016 Buddh ARRC round]]
|-
| [[Asia Road Racing Championship|Asia Dream Cup]] || '''2:24.183'''<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Asia Road Racing Championship Buddh International Circuit Asia Dream Cup - Race 2 |url=https://asiaroadracing.com/arrcdata/result/2016/r5/rd05_adc_r2.pdf |date=2 October 2016 |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref> || [[Zhou Shung Jun Jie]] || [[Honda CBR250R, CBR300R, and CB300F#CBR250R|Honda CBR250R]] || [[Asia Road Racing Championship|2016 Buddh ARRC round]]
|-
| [[Asia Road Racing Championship|Asia Underbone 130]] || '''2:27.020'''<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Asia Road Racing Championship Buddh International Circuit Asia Underbone 130cc - Race 1 |url=https://asiaroadracing.com/arrcdata/result/2016/r5/rd05_ub130_r1.pdf |date=1 October 2016 |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref> || [[Florianus Roy Brilya]] || [[Yamaha T-150]] || [[Asia Road Racing Championship|2016 Buddh ARRC round]]
|-
! colspan=5 | Short Circuit: 3.100 km (2011–present)
|-
| [[Truck racing]] || '''1:47.204'''<ref>{{cite web |title=David Vrsecky of Dealer Daredevils wins Pro Class Category race of T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship – Season 4 |url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/david-vrsecky-of-dealer-daredevils-wins-pro-class-category-race-of-t1-prima-truck-racing-championship-season-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002134607/https://www.tatamotors.com/press/david-vrsecky-of-dealer-daredevils-wins-pro-class-category-race-of-t1-prima-truck-racing-championship-season-4/ |date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=22 September 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{ill|David Vršecký|cs}} || [[Tata Prima|Tata Prima Racing]] || [[T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship|2017 T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit]]
* [[Kari Motor Speedway]]
* [[Madras Motor Race Track]]
* [[Hyderabad Street Circuit]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Buddh International Circuit}}
* {{official website|http://www.buddhinternationalcircuit.in}}
* [https://www.dkoding.in/topics/buddh-international-circuit/ BIC News]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302131842/https://www.dkoding.in/topics/buddh-international-circuit/ |date=2 March 2020 }}.



{{Jaypee Group}}
{{Formula One circuits}}
{{MotoGP circuits}}
{{Asia Road Racing Championship circuits}}
{{Indian motorsports}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Noida]]
[[Category:Formula One circuits]]
[[Category:Grand Prix motorcycle circuits]]
[[Category:Motorsport venues in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Grand Prix]]
[[Category:Jaypee Group]]
[[Category:Racing circuits designed by Hermann Tilke]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2011]]
[[Category:Greater Noida]]

Hide and Seek (2024 film)

2026-03-04T14:28:45Z

Maansi26: stub!

{{Short description|2024 Indian crime thriller film}}
{{About|the Kannada-language film|the 2024 Telugu-language film|Hide N Seek (2024 film)}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hide and Seek
| image = Hide and Seek (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Punith Nagaraj
| producer = {{Ubl| Vasanth M. Rao Kulkarni
| Punith Nagaraj}}
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Anup Revanna]]
* [[Dhanya Ramkumar]]}}
| music = Sandy Addanki
| cinematography = Rijo P. Jhon
| editing = Madhu Tumbakere
| studio = Suneri Art Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|3|15|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Hide and Seek''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by Punith Nagaraj.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hide and Seek is an edge-of-the-seat thriller, says director Punith |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hide-and-seek-is-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller-says-director-punith/articleshow/108496836.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 March 2024 |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318042028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hide-and-seek-is-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller-says-director-punith/amp_articleshow/108496836.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was bankrolled by Vasanth M. Rao Kulkarni and Punith Nagaraj under the banner of Suneri Art Creations. The film features [[Anup Revanna]] and [[Dhanya Ramkumar]] in lead roles, alongside Mythri Jaggi, Suraj, [[Bala Rajwadi]], Krishna Hebbale, [[Rajesh Nataranga]], and Aravind Rao in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=My role in Hide & Seek is atypical: Anoop Revanna |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/Mar/14/my-role-in-hide-seek-is-atypical-anoop-revanna |work=Cinema Express |date=10 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Puneeth Nagaraj's 'Hide & Seek' locks release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Feb/29/puneeth-nagarajs-hide-seek-locks-release-date |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 February 2024 |language=en |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322215756/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2024/Feb/29/puneeth-nagarajs-hide-seek-locks-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Anup Revanna]]
* [[Dhanya Ramkumar]] as Haasini
* Mythri Jaggi
* Suraj
* [[Bala Rajwadi]]
* Krishna Hebbale
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]]
* Aravind Rao

== Production ==
The director, Punith Nagaraj, took four years to develop the project.<ref>{{cite news |title=My role in Hide & Seek is atypical: Anoop Revanna |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/14/my-role-in-hide-seek-is-atypical-anoop-revanna |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=GN |first1=Ramyashree |title=ಹೈಡ್ & ಸೀಕ್ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿನ ನನ್ನ ಪಾತ್ರ ವಿಭಿನ್ನ: ನಟ ಅನೂಪ್ ರೇವಣ್ಣ |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2024/Mar/14/my-role-in-hide-seek-is-atypical-says-actor-anoop-revanna |work=[[Kannada Prabha]] |date=1 March 2024 |language=kn}}</ref> [[Dhanya Ramkumar]] signed the project because she wanted to be featured in a thriller film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: I have always wanted to do something in the thriller & mystery genre: Dhanya Ramkumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-i-have-always-wanted-to-do-something-in-the-thriller-mystery-genre-dhanya-ramkumar/articleshow/92882280.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 July 2022}}</ref> She plays Haasini,<ref name=":TNIE1" /> a businessman's daughter who gets kidnapped<ref>{{cite news |title=Suspense thriller - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/suspense-thriller/articleshow/98484008.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=8 March 2023 |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309155459/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/suspense-thriller/amp_articleshow/98484008.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and subsequently falls in love with her captor,<ref name=":TNIE1">{{cite news |title='Hide & Seek' actor Dhanya Ramkumar: The concept of one hero or heroine does not exist in mystery thrillers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/11/hide-seek-actor-dhanya-ramkumar-the-concept-of-one-hero-or-heroine-does-not-exist-in-mystery-thrillers |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 March 2024 |language=en |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415194358/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/11/hide-seek-actor-dhanya-ramkumar-the-concept-of-one-hero-or-heroine-does-not-exist-in-mystery-thrillers |url-status=live }}</ref> played by [[Anup Revanna]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Complex characters make narratives interesting: Anoop |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/complex-characters-make-narratives-interesting-anoop/articleshow/108349531.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 March 2024}}</ref> The film was shot over thirty days in and around [[Bangalore]], [[Magadi]], and [[Chikmagalur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ಅನೂಪ್ ರೇವಣ್ಣ ಜತೆ 'ಹೈಡ್ & ಸೀಕ್' ಆಡಲಿದ್ದಾರೆ ನಟಿ ಧನ್ಯಾ ರಾಮ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/anoop-revanna-dhanya-ramkumar-starrer-hide-and-seek-movie-first-look-poster-released-by-ashwini-puneeth-rajkumar/articleshow/98500305.cms |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |date=8 March 2023 |language=kn |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217012859/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/anoop-revanna-dhanya-ramkumar-starrer-hide-and-seek-movie-first-look-poster-released-by-ashwini-puneeth-rajkumar/amp_articleshow/98500305.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ಮಾಜಿ ಸಚಿವ ಎಚ್ ಎಂ ರೇವಣ್ಣ ಪುತ್ರನ ಸಿನಿಮಾಕ್ಕೆ ಧನ್ಯಾ ರಾಮ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ ನಾಯಕಿ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/anup-revanna-dhanya-ramkumar-starrer-hide-and-seek-movie-trailer-released/articleshow/108082813.cms |work=Vijaya Karnataka |date=28 February 2024 |language=kn |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317020206/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/anup-revanna-dhanya-ramkumar-starrer-hide-and-seek-movie-trailer-released/amp_articleshow/108082813.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The cinematography was by Rijo P. Jhon, while the editing was handled by Madhu Tumbakere.<ref>{{cite news |last1=GN |first1=Ramyashree |title=ಅನೂಪ್ ರೇವಣ್ಣ, ಧನ್ಯಾ ರಾಮ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ ಅಭಿನಯದ 'ಹೈಡ್ & ಸೀಕ್' ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ದಿನಾಂಕ ಘೋಷಣೆ |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2024/Feb/29/anoop-revanna-dhanya-ramkumars-hide-seek-locks-release-date |work=Kannada Prabha |date=10 February 2024 |language=kn}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hide and Seek
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Sandy Addanki
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 3:18
| language = Kannada
| label = A2 Music
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external music video| header = External audio
|{{YouTube|qOSft9JNgdY|Kaduve Nee Yeke (From "Hide & Seek")}}}}
}}
The soundtrack was composed by Sandy Addanki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaduve Nee Yeke (From "Hide & Seek") Song by Sandy Addanki |url=https://gaana.com/album/kaduve-nee-yeke-from-hide-seek |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=14 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaduve Nee Yeke
| length1 = 3:18
| lyrics1 = Pramod Maravanthe
| extra1 = Sangeetha Ravindranath
| total_length = 3:18
}}

== Release ==
''Hide and Seek'' was released theatrically on 15 March 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Hide & Seek locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Feb/29/hide-seek-locks-release-date-52489.html |work=Cinema Express |date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Vinay Lokesh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "The narrative could have had more meat in the first half - this would have made it more interesting. The latter half of the story has enough twists and turns to keep the audience hooked."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hide And Seek Movie Review : Hide and Seek review: An engrossing crime thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/hide-and-seek/movie-review/108521614.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 March 2024 |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918022917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/hide-and-seek/movie-review/108521614.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it two out of five stars and wrote that "''Hide and Seek'' comes across as an ordinary film that does not have much to offer in terms of thrills."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hide and Seek Review: Nothing To Seek In This Ordinary Crime Thriller |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/hide-and-seek-review-nothing-to-seek-in-this-ordinary-crime-thriller-review-108527054/amp |work=Times Now |date=15 March 2024 |language=en |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315192731/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/hide-and-seek-review-nothing-to-seek-in-this-ordinary-crime-thriller-review-108527054/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27138517}}

[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]

Hira Aur Patthar

2026-03-04T06:07:51Z

Maansi26: quick update

{{Unreferenced|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hira Aur Patthar
| image = Hira Aur Patthar.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Vijay Bhatt]]
| writer = [[Satyadev Dubey]] '''(dialogues)''' Moosa Kaleem
| screenplay = Ram Kelkar
| story = [[Arun Bhatt]]
| producer = Arun Bhatt Kishore Vyas
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Shabana Azmi]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Pravin Bhatt]]
| editing = B. Prasad
| music = [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| distributor = Vijay Films International
| released = {{Film date|1977}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hira Aur Patthar''''' is a 1977 Hindi-language film directed by [[Vijay Bhatt]] and starring [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Shabana Azmi]].

==Cast==
*[[Shashi Kapoor]]...Shankar
*[[Shabana Azmi]]...Gauri
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]]...Chanda's Father
*[[Ashok Kumar]]...Dr. Anand
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]...Roopa Bai
*[[G. Asrani]]...Tota
*[[Bharat Bhushan]] ...Tulsiram
*[[Ramesh Deo]] ... Gangaram

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Tak Tak Tunak Tin"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 2
| "Naam Tera Bhale"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 3
| "Pyaar Kaagaj Pe Likhi Kahaani Nahi" (Male)
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| 4
| "Hum Tum Pehali Baar Mile Hai"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 5
| Pyaar Kaagaj Pe Likhi Kahaani Nahi" (Female)
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 6
| "Na Jaao Saiyaan Riske"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0156608|title=Hira Aur Patthar}}

{{Vijay Bhatt}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Bhatt]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Canning I

2026-03-02T16:28:38Z

Maansi26: cleanup

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{other uses|Canning (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Canning I
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Canning-I in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Canning I community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3139917|N|88.6650753|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Canning subdivision|Canning]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Bansra, Daria, Dighirpar, Gopalpur, Hatpukuria, Itkhola, Matla-I, Matla-II, Nikarighata, Taldi
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Canning Paschim Assembly constituency|Canning Paschim]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 187.86
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 304,724
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 123,216
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 70.76 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 964 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Canning I''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Canning subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Canning I CD block is located at {{coord|22.3139917|N|88.6650753|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|6|m}}.

Canning I CD block is bounded by [[Canning II]] CD block in the north, [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]] CD block in the east and south, [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]], [[Jaynagar I]] and [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]] and small part of [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]] CD blocks in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

[[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[brackish water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Canning I CD block has an area of 187.86 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 196 gram sansads (village councils), 61 [[mouza]]s and 53 inhabited villages, as per the ''District Statistical Handbook'' for South Twenty-four Parganas. [[Canning, South 24 Parganas#Police station|Canning]] and [[Jibantala#Police station|Jibantala]] police stations serve this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Canning I CD block has 64.61 km of embankments. Breaches in these embankments varied from 1.5 km in 2004-05 to 4.5 km in 2005-06. Embankments raised along rivers are of critical importance for the safety of lives and protection of crops, against daily tides and tidal surges. Technologically the embankment structures are weak and there is need of proper drainage of accumulated rain water through sluice gates. Crude cuts in embankments for drainage of accumulated rain water and channels built for providing water to large fisheries ({{transliteration|bn|bheris}}) also add to the hazards. Cyclones and tropical depressions are regular threats.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Intro: pp 218-221, Chapter 7.4: Vulnerability to Natural Disasters | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Canning I CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Bansra, Daria, Dighirpar, Gopalpur, Hatpukuria, Itkhola, Matla-I, Matla-II, Nikarighata and Taldi.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Canning I CD block had a total population of 304,724, of which 181,508 were rural and 123,216 were urban. There were 155,126 (51%) males and 149,598 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 44,344. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 144,906 (47.55%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,710 (1.22%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>

As per [[2001 Census of India]], Canning I CD block had a total population of 244,354, out of which 125,216 were males and 119,138 were females. Canning I CD block registered a population growth of 24.48 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 126,485 formed about one-half the population. [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 6,731.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date =21 January 2019 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Canning I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Kalaria]] (10,075), [[Gaur Daha]] (5,260), [[Banshra, Canning|Banshra]] (29,521), [[Rajapur, Canning|Rajapur]] (9,754), [[Taldi]] (12,459), [[Bayarsingh]] (8,346), [[Matla, Canning|Matla]] (31,920) and [[Dighirpar]] (15,881).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Canning I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Khas Kumarkhali (7,227), Sibnagar (5,667), Daria (4,900), Bhaleya (5,858), Hatpukhuria (4,629), Devis Abad (8,128), Dharmatala (5,003), Duttababur Abad (6,095), Gopalpur (4,958), Hero Bhanga (7,339), Uttar Redokhali (5,006), Maukhali (4,164), Uttar Angad Baria (5,141), Kumarsa Chak (7,334), Banibadabede Khali (4,930), Budh Khali (8,908), Gola Bari (4,896) and Modhu Khali (5,546).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Canning I CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Nikarighata (3,419), [[Tangrakhali]] (1,221).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Canning I CD block was 184,241 (70.76% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 103,611 (78.31% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 80,630 (62.95% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 15.36%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

As per [[2001 Census of India]], Canning I CD block had a total literacy of 60.49 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 72.56 per cent female literacy was 47.79 per cent. [[South 24 Parganas]] district had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Canning I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.46 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.51 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.46% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.51% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Canning I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|61.97}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|37.49}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.54}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 188,849 and formed 61.97% of the population in Canning I CD block. Muslims numbered 114,252 and formed 37.49% of the population. Others numbered 1,623 and formed 0.54% of the population. Amongst the others, Christians numbered 978.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus and Muslims made up 65.32% and 34.34% of the population respectively.

The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in Canning I CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 31.05%. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category. The Sundarban region remains the most backward region in terms of quality of life. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Canning I CD block'''
|value1 = 12.25
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 22.57
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 10.77
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 54.40
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Canning I CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 13,339 and formed 12.25%, agricultural labourers numbered 24,571 and formed 22.57%, household industry workers numbered 11,721 and formed 10.77% and other workers numbered 59,217 and formed 54.40%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 108,848 and formed 35.72% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 195,876 and formed 64.28% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69, Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 53 inhabited villages in Canning I CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 53 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 15 villages (28.30%) have post offices. 46 villages (86.79%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 12 villages (22.64%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 15 villages (28.30%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 1 village (1.89%) has an agricultural credit society and 4 villages (7.55%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In Canning I CD block 3,452.16 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 2,831.61 acres or 82,02% of the vested land was distributed among the peasants. The total number of patta (document) holders was 9,254.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30, Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 70 fertiliser depots, 11 seed stores and 54 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Canning I CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Canning I CD block produced 3,325 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 2,224 hectares, 654 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 253 hectares, 11,900 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 3,514 hectares and 759 tonnes of potatoes from 23 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Pisciculture===
In Canning I CD block, in 2013-14, net area under effective pisciculture was 6,425 hectares, engaging 44,445 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 151,940 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76, Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Canning I CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Canning I CD block has 1 ferry service and 3 originating/ terminating bus routes<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Piali railway station|Piali]], [[Gourdaha Halt railway station|Gourdaha]], [[Ghutiari Sharif railway station|Ghutiari Sharif]], [[Taldi railway station|Taldi]], [[Matla Halt railway station|Matla]] and [[Canning railway station (India)|Canning]] are stations on the [[Sealdah South section]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-canning-local-34520/17315/325/7925#st | title = 34520 Sealdah-Canning Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | access-date = 22 April 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Canning I CD block had 119 primary schools with 20,202 students, 16 middle schools with 2,046 students, 3 high schools with 1,984 students and 13 higher secondary schools with 18,525 students. Canning CD block had 1 general degree college with 2,495 students and 535 institutions for special and non-formal education with 29,795 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

As per the 2011 census, in Canning I CD block, amongst the 53 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 37 villages had two or more primary schools, 23 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Bankim Sardar College]] was established at [[Tangrakhali]] in 1955.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://collegedunia.com/college/502-bankim-sardar-college-south-24-parganas |title = Bankim Sardar College |publisher= College Dunia | access-date = 30 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Certain areas of [[South 24 Parganas district]] have been identified where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|Arsenic Contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study) | access-date = 2011-09-28 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002957/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> High levels of arsenic in ground water were found in twelve CD blocks of the district. Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 micrograms per litre as specified by the [[World Health Organization]]). The affected CD blocks are [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], [[Bhangar I]], [[Bhangar II]], [[Bishnupur I]], [[Bishnupur II]], [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Budge Budge II]], Canning I, [[Canning II]], [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]], [[Magrahat II]] and [[Jaynagar I]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1
|title=High arsenic levels in South
|access-date=2011-09-28
|publisher= The Statesman, 24 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091658/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1
|archive-date=2007-09-29
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

In 2014, Canning I CD block had 1 hospital, 1 block primary health centre and 6 private nursing homes with total 145 beds and 23 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 56 family welfare subcentres. 15,961 patients were treated indoor and 381,408 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Canning I CD block, 2 villages had community health centres, 34 villages had primary health subcentres, 3 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 10 villages had medicine shops and out of the 53 inhabited villages 7 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – CD block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Ghutiari Sharif Block Primary Health Centre at [[Banshra, Canning|Ghutiari Sharif]], with 10 beds, is the major government medical facility in Canning I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Sundarbans CD Blocks}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]

Modern Masters: S. S. Rajamouli

2026-02-21T03:45:21Z

Maansi26: put up first article w/ sources!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Modern Masters, S. S. Rajamouli (film) poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Raghav Khanna Tanvi Ajinkya
| producer = [[Sameer Nair]] Deepak Segal [[Anupama Chopra]]
| writer =
| starring =
| music = Rohit Kulkarni
| cinematography = Nikunj Singh
| editor = Sanyukta Kaza
| company = [[Applause Entertainment]] Film Companion Studios
| network = [[Netflix]]
| runtime = 74 minutes<ref>{{cite web | title=Modern Masters: SS Rajamouli | website=BBFC | date=2 August 2024 | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/modern-masters-ss-rajamouli-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdizmjm5 | access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref>
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2024|08|02}}
| country = India
| language = English
| budget =
}}
'''''Modern Masters: S. S. Rajamouli''''' is a 2024 Indian [[English language|English]]-language documentary film directed by Raghav Khanna and Tanvi Ajinkya.<ref>{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title='Modern Masters: SS Rajamouli': Netflix announces documentary on 'RRR', 'Baahubali' filmmaker | website=The Hindu | date=6 July 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-masters-ss-rajamouli-netflix-announces-documentary-on-rrr-baahubali-filmmaker/article68374144.ece | access-date=3 August 2024 | archive-date=3 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803065444/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-masters-ss-rajamouli-netflix-announces-documentary-on-rrr-baahubali-filmmaker/article68374144.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> The film revolves around filmmaker [[S. S. Rajamouli]] and events related to his film career and also how he created the genre of [[Pan-Indian film|pan-india film]].<ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2024 |title=I am a slave to my story: Rajamouli |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/i-am-a-slave-to-my-story-rajamouli-1811738 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Produced by [[Applause Entertainment]] and [[Film Companion|Film Companion Studios]], it was premiered on [[Netflix]] on 2 August 2024.<ref name="Cast">{{cite web | last=Merican | first=Sara | title=Netflix Sets August Launch For Doc On 'RRR' & 'Baahubali' Filmmaker S.S. Rajamouli | website=Deadline | date=5 July 2024 | url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/netflix-ss-rajamouli-modern-masters-doc-august-1236000590/ | access-date=3 August 2024 | archive-date=3 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803063157/https://deadline.com/2024/07/netflix-ss-rajamouli-modern-masters-doc-august-1236000590/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
* [[Anupama Chopra]]

'''Special appearances'''

* [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]
* [[Prabhas]]
* [[Ram Charan]]
* [[Karan Johar]]
* [[James Cameron]]
* [[M. M. Keeravani]]
* S. S. Kanchi
* [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
* [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
* [[Rama Rajamouli]]
* [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|Shobu Yarlagadda]]
* S. S. Karthikeya
* M. M. Srivalli (voice-over only)
* [[Rana Daggubati]]
* [[Russo brothers|Joe Russo]]

== Production ==
The documentary was announced on Netflix in January 2023.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ramachandran | first=Naman | title='RRR' Director S.S. Rajamouli to Kick Off Applause Entertainment, Film Companion Show 'Modern Masters' (EXCLUSIVE) | website=Variety | date=17 January 2023 | url=https://variety.com/2023/global/global/rrr-ss-rajamouli-modern-masters-1235490978/ | access-date=3 August 2024 | archive-date=3 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803060928/https://variety.com/2023/global/global/rrr-ss-rajamouli-modern-masters-1235490978/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] took place in [[Hyderabad]], [[Tokyo]] and [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Witness the inspiring story of S.S. Rajamouli in a new docu-series 'Modern Masters'* | website=TheDailyGuardian | date=3 August 2024 | url=https://thedailyguardian.com/innovator-creator-visionary-witness-the-inspiring-story-of-s-s-rajamouli-in-a-new-docu-series-modern-masters/ | access-date=3 August 2024 | archive-date=3 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803063758/https://thedailyguardian.com/innovator-creator-visionary-witness-the-inspiring-story-of-s-s-rajamouli-in-a-new-docu-series-modern-masters/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The teaser was released on 17 January 2023,<ref>{{cite web | title=Applause Entertainment | website=Film Companion | date=17 January 2023 | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/videos/modern-masters-ss-rajamouli-teaser-applause-entertainment-film-companion | access-date=3 August 2024 | archive-date=3 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803061214/https://www.filmcompanion.in/videos/modern-masters-ss-rajamouli-teaser-applause-entertainment-film-companion | url-status=live }}</ref> followed by the trailer on 21 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Web | first=Statesman | title=SS Rajamouli: Netflix documentary trailer gives insights into filmmaker | website=The Statesman | date=22 July 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/ss-rajamouli-netflix-documentary-trailer-gives-insights-into-filmmaker-1503323409.html | access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Cast" />

== Release and reception ==
''Modern Masters: S. S. Rajamouli'' was released on 2 August 2024 on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-06 |title=SS Rajamouli documentary 'Modern Masters' to make OTT premiere on this date: Check where and when to watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ss-rajamouli-documentary-modern-masters-to-make-ott-premiere-on-this-date-check-where-and-when-to-watch/articleshow/111534756.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803080101/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ss-rajamouli-documentary-modern-masters-to-make-ott-premiere-on-this-date-check-where-and-when-to-watch/articleshow/111534756.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Gupta | first=Shubhra | title=Modern Masters review: A laudatory documentary on SS Rajamouli that precludes the pinpricks | website=The Indian Express | date=2 August 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/modern-masters-review-a-laudatory-documentary-on-ss-rajamouli-that-precludes-the-pinpricks-9490979/ | access-date=3 August 2024 | archive-date=3 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803012313/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/modern-masters-review-a-laudatory-documentary-on-ss-rajamouli-that-precludes-the-pinpricks-9490979/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 4/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Menon | first=Arjun | title=Modern Masters: S S Rajamouli Review: Intimate Portrait of A Visionary | website=Rediff | date=2 August 2024 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/modern-masters-s-s-rajamouli-review/20240802.htm | access-date=3 August 2024 | archive-date=3 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803011505/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/modern-masters-s-s-rajamouli-review/20240802.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> The film was reviewed by Devansh Sharma for ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Devansh | title=Modern Masters SS Rajamouli review: Netflix India documentary on RRR director is slave to subject more than to story | website=Hindustan Times | date=2 August 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/modern-masters-ss-rajamouli-review-netflix-india-documentary-on-rrr-director-slave-to-subject-more-than-to-story-101722427927268.html | access-date=3 August 2024 | archive-date=3 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803220612/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/modern-masters-ss-rajamouli-review-netflix-india-documentary-on-rrr-director-slave-to-subject-more-than-to-story-101722427927268.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and Sangeetha Devi Dundoo for ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dundoo | first=Sangeetha Devi | title='Modern Masters: SS Rajamouli' movie review: An enjoyable, informative journey of a game changer | website=The Hindu | date=2 August 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-masters-ss-rajamouli-movie-review-an-enjoyable-informative-journey-of-a-game-changer/article68467613.ece | access-date=3 August 2024 | archive-date=3 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803011514/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-masters-ss-rajamouli-movie-review-an-enjoyable-informative-journey-of-a-game-changer/article68467613.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|26259966}}
* {{Netflix title}}

{{S. S. Rajamouli}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:2024 television films]]
[[Category:2024 documentary films]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about India]]
[[Category:Netflix original documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:English-language documentary films]]
[[Category:M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of S. S. Rajamouli]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Documentary films about films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian television films]]
[[Category:Documentary television films about films]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television films]]
[[Category:Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Documentary films about the film industry]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]

{{India-film-stub}}
{{2020s-documentary-film-stub}}
[[Category:2024 English-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple (Nandalur)

2026-02-19T05:15:42Z

Maansi26: Started some location with sources

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple (Nandalur).webp
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple, Nandalur

| religious_affiliation =
| deity = [[Vishnu]]
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board =
| festival =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = [[Nandalur]]
| locale =
| district = [[YSR Kadapa district | YSR Kadapa]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| map_type =
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| coordinates={{coord|14.2500|N|79.1167|E|display=inline,title}}
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}}

Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple is a revered Hindu temple dedicated to Lord [[Vishnu]], located in [[Nandalur mandal]] of the [[Kadapa district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sri Soumyanatha Swamy temple in Nandalur |date=28 August 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttds-temple-in-nandalur-gets-ready-for-annual-fete/article68360082.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The temple is known for its 7-feet-high idol of Lord Sri Soumyanatha,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Soumyanatha Swamy temple in Nandaluru |date=14 January 2020 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/sankranthi-festival-performed-in-a-traditional-manner-597185 |work=The Hans India |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> a serene and imposing figure of Lord [[Vishnu]]. The temple is a sprawling and beautiful structure, adorned with exquisite sculptures and intricate carvings that reflect the rich cultural heritage of the region.

== History ==
The Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple has a history<ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Sri Saumya Natha Swamy Temple |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/spirituality/history-of-sri-saumya-natha-swamy-temple-nandalur-kadapa-district-51304 |website=HMTV Live |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> that is intertwined with local legends and the spiritual traditions of the region. The temple is believed to have been constructed during the reign of the [[Chola dynasty]], known for its patronage of temple architecture. Over the centuries, the temple has been a significant site for devotees of Lord [[Vishnu]], with several renovations and expansions undertaken to preserve its historical and religious significance.

== Architecture ==
The temple is an excellent example of [[Dravidian architecture]], characterized by its towering gopurams (temple towers), spacious courtyards, and intricate sculptures. The main sanctum (garbhagriha) houses the 7-feet-high idol of Lord sri Soumyanatha, depicted in a calm and benevolent posture. The temple complex is expansive and includes several subsidiary shrines dedicated to other deities, making it a comprehensive pilgrimage site for devotees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Idol of the lord in the sanctum sanctorum is seven feet high |url=https://www.sakshi.com/photos/do-you-know/devotional-sri-sowmyanatha-swamy-temple-nandalur-photos-2496547#2 |website=Sakshi |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Religious Significance ==
Sri Soumyanatha Swamy, the presiding deity of the temple, is a revered form of Lord [[Vishnu]]. Devotees believe that worshipping Lord sri Soumyanatha brings peace, prosperity, and spiritual fulfillment. The temple is particularly significant during major festivals like Dwajarohanam,<ref>{{Cite news |title=The annual Brahmotsavams in the ancient temple of Sri Soumyanatha Swami at Nalandur in Annamayya district |date=29 June 2023 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Jun/29/nine-day-fete-commences-at-soumyanatha-swami-temple-2589623.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> when thousands of devotees gather to seek the blessings of Lord [[Vishnu]].

== Festivals and Rituals ==
The temple is a focal point for religious activities throughout the year, with major festivals including Vaikunta Ekadasi, Brahmotsavam, Garuda Seva, Arjitha Kalyanam, Rathotsavam, Chakrasnanam and Pushpa Yagam.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Festivals including Vaikunta Ekadasi, Brahmotsavam, and Krishna Janmashtami |date=28 August 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttds-temple-in-nandalur-gets-ready-for-annual-fete/article68360082.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> These festivals are marked by elaborate rituals, special prayers, and grand processions, attracting a large number of devotees. The temple also conducts regular poojas and other rituals to honor Lord sri Soumyanatha and seek his blessings.

Pavitra Pratishtha was performed as part of the ongoing Pavitrotsavams at the Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple in Nandalur, Annamayya district. The ceremony took place on Tuesday and was conducted with traditional rituals and devotion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavitra Pratishtha performed at Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple |url=https://news.tirumala.org/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A5-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0/ |website=TTD News |language=te |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>

Koil Alwar Tirumanjanam, the customary temple cleansing ritual, was performed at the Sri Padmavathi Ammavari Temple in Tiruchanoor ahead of the annual Pavitrotsavams scheduled from September 5 to 7.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koil Alwar Tirumanjanam held at Tiruchanoor |url=https://news.tirumala.org/koil-alwar-tirumanjanam-held-_-%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80-%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE-6/ |website=TTD News |language=te |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>

== Location and Accessibility ==
Sri Soumyanatha Swamy Temple is located just off the [[Kadapa]]-[[Renigunta]] highway, a few kilometers before [[Rajampet]] when coming from the [[Kadapa]] side. The temple is easily accessible by road, and its proximity to major highways makes it a convenient destination for pilgrims and tourists alike.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kadapa district]]

Shaji Choudhary

2026-02-18T22:39:41Z

Maansi26: Started the data basic info...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shaji Choudhary
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Tonk [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2004-present
| known_for =
| children = 2
}}
'''Shaji Choudhary'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2008 |title=Hrithik Roshan gets a 'fan' from Shaji! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-Roshan-gets-a-fan-from-Shaji/articleshow/2893231.cms |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=timesofindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=Shaji Choudhary aka Maqbool Talks About His Healthy Living |url=https://www.sportzbusiness.com/shaji-choudhary-aka-maqbool-talks-about-his-healthy-living/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=sportzbusiness}}</ref> (born 7 July 1982) is an Indian actor<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhopatkar |first=Tejashree |date=8 August 2013 |title=Anjali Rana, Saptrishi, Shaaji in Savdhaan India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Life-OKs-Savdhaan-India-to-feature-Shaaji-Chaudhary-Anjali-Rana-and-Saptrishi-Ghosh-/articleshow/21708628.cms |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=timesofindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=14 February 2019 |title=Shaji Chaudhary and Reena Aggarwal in &TV's Laal Ishq |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/shaji-chaudhary-reena-aggarwal-tvs-laal-ishq/2019/02/14 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=IWMBUZZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2022 |title=देखिए शख़्सियत.. Bollywood Actor Shaji Choudhary के साथ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5cY-ihGoSw |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=Youtube}}</ref> who plays supporting roles in Indian films and TV serials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2020 |title=Pathan: Mirzapur's Shaji Chaudhary & Gautam Rode Join Shah Rukh Khan In The Film? |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/pathan-mirzapur-shaji-chaudhary-gautam-rode-join-shah-rukh-khan-in-the-film/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=koimoi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sampat |first=Shruti |date=13 May 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE! Anshumaan Pushkar and Shaji Choudhary in Manoj Kotian's film Hari Om Hari |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-anshumaan-pushkar-and-shaji-choudhary-manoj-kotians-film-hari-om-hari-220513 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=tellychakkar}}</ref> Shaji is known for his roles in Pathaan, ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'', ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'', ''[[Shaurya Aur Suhani]]'', ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' and ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kahlon |first=Sukhpreet |date=2 April 2020 |title=People usually think of me for negative roles, says actor Shaji Chaudhary on his career in Hindi films |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/apr/2/24232 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407072324/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/apr/2/24232 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2020 |title=Shaji Choudhary Timeline |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/shaji-chaudhary/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

== Early life and family background ==
Shaji was born in the village Dodwari in Tonk, [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2020 |title=राजस्थान के इस छोटे से गांव से हैं मिर्जापुर के मकबूल, शक्तिमान में बने थे किलविश |url=https://hindi.news24online.com/news/entertainment/makbools-mirzapur-small-village-rajasthan-were-built-shaktimaan-866fce27/ |access-date=13 May 2022 |website=News 24 Hindi |language=hi |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117154007/https://hindi.news24online.com/news/entertainment/makbools-mirzapur-small-village-rajasthan-were-built-shaktimaan-866fce27/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> His father Roopnarayan Choudhary and his mother Rampyari Choudhary were both farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2019 |title=Trailer Launch Of Hindi Film ''SAVDHAN'' EK ADBHUT KAHANI With Ramesh Goel & Shaji Choudhary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DECGNHw--oQ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=Youtube}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shaji moved to [[Mumbai]], where he started his acting career with an appearance in the second season of the TV serial [[Shaktimaan]] on DD1 as the villain Kilvish (The role of Kilvish was portrayed by [[Surendra Pal]] in Season One). He made his first film appearance in ''[[Main Hoon Na]]''. In 2008, he worked alongside [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Aishwarya Rai|Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] when director [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] signed him to play the character of Akbar's general [[Adham Khan]] in the historical drama film ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''. Later, Shaji featured as Aghor in ''[[Shaurya Aur Suhani]]'', a romantic soap opera in which he essayed a minor role. In 2014, he played Tapasvi Maharaj's bodyguard in the film [[PK (film)|''PK'']]. Shaji played the role of Maqbool Khan in the TV Series [[Mirzapur (TV series)|''Mirzapur'']] where he played the role of Kaleen Bhaiya's ([[Pankaj Tripathi]]) trusted henchman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Punwani |first=Umesh |date=19 November 2018 |title=Mirzapur Review (Amazon Prime): Discomforting, Thrilling, Gory Yet Entertaining! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/mirzapur-review-amazon-prime-discomforting-thrilling-gory-yet-entertaining/ |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=koimoi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Deep |date=12 December 2020 |title='It's a blessing to be known by your character's name' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-a-blessing-to-be-known-by-your-character-s-name/story-HX1d3a1pgS8LkISuNcy6nL.html |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=hindustantimes}}</ref> He was also seen in ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|C.I.D]]'' episodes portraying several characters.

In 2023, he was seen in the action-thriller ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]].''

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2004
|''[[Main Hoon Na]]''
|Johan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaji Choudhary's First Film |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-first-film-main-hoon-naa-one-scene-says-shaji-chaudhary-aka-maqbool-plays-right-hand-man-kaleen-bhaiya/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=bollywood hungama|date=4 November 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|2008
|''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|[[Adham Khan]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adham Khan in Jodhaa Akbar |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0449994/fullcredits }}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Shaurya Aur Suhani]]''
|Aghor
|Television series
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaurya Aur Suhani Cast & crew |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/shaurya-aur-suhani/all-cast-and-crew |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=nettv4u}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|[[Lahore (film)|''Lahore'']]
|Iqbal Khan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2010 |title=Film premiere |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/photo/photos-55439-2010-03-18-1 |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=aajtak}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Shudra: The Rising]]''
|Thakur
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shudra The Rising Cast & crew |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shudra-the-rising-11565/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205085427/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shudra-the-rising-11565/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|''Chundri Odhasi Mahro Bir''
|Thakur
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''
|Aurangzeb
|
|
|-
|''[[Singh Saab the Great]]''
|Trilok
|
|
|-
|2014
|[[PK (film)|''PK'']]
|Tapasvi Maharaj Bodyguard
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PK cast & crew |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pk-12391/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929143639/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pk-12391/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Tevar]]''
|Sultan
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|[[Wagah (film)|''Wagah'']]
|Razzak Ali Khan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wagah Cast |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/wagah/cast/2000119308/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=tvguide}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|''Mohenjo Daro'']]
|Kulka
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohenjo Daro Cast |url=https://mubi.com/films/mohenjo-daro/cast |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=mubi}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Kaabil]]''
|Anna
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]''
|Bhure Lal
|
|
|-
|[[Mirzapur (TV series)|''Mirzapur'']]
|Maqbool
|Web Series
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Blank (2019 film)|Blank]]''
|Terrorist
|
|
|-
|''[[Pranaam]]''
|Thakur Bhanu Pratap
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Vishal |date=8 August 2019 |title=Friday Man Says It's a Valley of Emotions This Week » Glamsham |url=https://www.glamsham.com/bollywood/news/friday-man-says-it-s-a-valley-of-emotions-this-week |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=glamsham}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']]
|Raza
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2024 film)|Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan]]''
|Churan Singh
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|''Jewel Thief'']]
|Salim Misti
|
|
|-
|''[[Romeo S3]]''
|Yusuf
|
|
|-
|''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]''
|Premnath Kakinath Tokas aka Tokas Pehelwan
|Web Series
|
|}

== Awards ==

* Best Supporting Actor - [http://jnff.in/ Jharkhand National Film Festival]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=3473336}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Shaji}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

Ram Basu

2026-02-17T23:23:37Z

Maansi26: creating basic data from scratch

{{more footnotes|date=November 2023}}
{{Short description|Bengali folk poet (1786–1828)}}

'''Ram Basu''' (1786 – 1828) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Folk poetry|folk poet]] (''Locally'' '''Kabiyal''').<ref>{{Cite web |title=রামবসু |url=http://onushilon.org/corita/rambsu.htm |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=onushilon.org}}</ref> He was called '''''Biraha-Sangiter Raja''''' for his best contribution in [[Folk poetry]] (''Kabigaan'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jatin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJxWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2&pg=PT12 |title=Bangladesher Kobigan |publisher=Atmajaa Publishers |language=bn}}</ref>

== Born ==
He was born in 1786 at Shalikha Village in [[Howrah]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].

== Education ==
He received [[Primary education|Primary Education]] from [[Jorasanko|Jorashako]], Also learned [[English language]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority Control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Ram}}
[[Category:19th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:1786 births]]
[[Category:1828 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from the Bengal Presidency]]

Frederick Pollen

2026-02-13T13:27:36Z

Maansi26: Made Info

{{Short description|British civil servant of the Indian Civil Service (ICS)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Frederick Pollen
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1847
| birth_place =
| death_date = 11 February 1876
| death_place = [[Bulandshahr]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = District Collector at [[Bulandshahr District|Bulandshahr]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Frederick Pollen''' (1847 - 11 February 1876) was a British District Collector at [[Bulandshahr District|Bulandshahr]], [[British India|India]]. He had been a student at [[Dublin University]], and passed the examination for the [[Indian Civil Service]] and Home Civil Service in first class in 1867,<ref name=Calendar1836>{{cite book |last1=|first1= |title=Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Calendar|date=1836–1951 |publisher=Hodges, Figgis & Co|location=Dublin |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/calendar3190607trinuoft/page/22/mode/2up?q=Frederick+Pollen|volume=III|chapter=List of successful candidates at the examination for the Indian Civil Service and Home Civil Service (First Class)|page=23}}</ref> taking 13th place.<ref>{{cite news |title=ICS |work=[[Dublin Evening Mail]] |date=1 June 1867 |location=Dublin, Republic of Ireland |page=1}}</ref> In 1869 he was assistant magistrate and collector at [[Meerut]].<ref name=Hart>{{cite book |title=Hart's Annual Army List, Militia List, and Imperial Yeomanry List |date=1871 |publisher=J. Murray. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA8HbmCbCSsC&pg=RA1-PT30 |language=en|page=30}}</ref> He married Emily Charlotte (née Patrick).<ref name=Burke1912>{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Bernard |last2=Fox-Davies |first2=Arthur Charles |title=A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Ireland |date=1912 |publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diHHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |language=en}}</ref> The old [[District Gazetteer]] of Bulandshahr is largely based on his work, along with [[Kuar Lachman Singh]], and on the settlement report by R. G. Currie.<ref name=nevill1903>{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H. R. |title=Bulandshahr: A Gazetteer |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1369/page/n127/mode/2up?q=Currie|pages=preface, 128}}</ref> Pollen died in [[Bulandshahr]] on 11 February 1876, at the age of 29.<ref name=Allen1876>{{cite book |title=Allen's Indian mail and register of intelligence for British and foreign India: 1876,1/6 |date=1876 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmgXZUnBGi8C&pg=PA254|language=en|page=254}}</ref><ref name=Pollock1958>{{cite book |last1=Pollock |first1=John Charles |title=Shadows Fall Apart: The Story of the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission |date=1958 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFCGSkJXV4C|language=en|pages=103–108}}</ref>

[[File:Frederick Pollen, All Saints Church, Bulandshahr.jpg|thumb|right|Frederick Pollen, All Saints Church, Bulandshahr]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pollen, Frederick}}
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1876 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Italian Armed Forces

2026-01-29T04:44:48Z

Maansi26: improve references to improve readability to improve readability

{{short description|Combined military forces of Italy}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Italian Armed Forces
| native_name = {{lang|it|Forze Armate Italiane (FF.AA.)}}
| image = Stemma araldico e distintivo dello Stato Maggiore Difesa.svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Coat of arms of the Italian Defence Staff
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| motto =
| founded = 4 May 1861 ({{Age in years and months|1861|5|4}})
| current_form =
| disbanded =
| branches = {{tree list}}
* [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Esercito_Italiano.svg|30px]] [[Italian Army]]
* [[File:Coat of arms of Marina Militare.svg|30px]] [[Italian Navy]]
* [[File:Coat of arms of the Italian Air Force.svg|30px]] [[Italian Air Force]]
* [[File:Coat of arms of the Carabinieri.svg|30px]] [[Carabinieri]]
{{tree list/end}}
| headquarters = [[Rome]]<ref name="Budget2014">{{cite web|title=Documento Programmatico Pluriennale per la Difesa per il triennio 2014-16 |url=http://www.difesa.it/Content/Documents/nota_aggiuntiva/01_DPP_2014_2016.pdf |publisher=Italian Ministry of Defence | date=13 June 2014 |access-date=8 January 2015 | language = it}}</ref>
| flying_hours =
| website = 

| commander-in-chief = {{flagicon image|Flag of the President of Italy.svg|size=25px}} [[Sergio Mattarella]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[President of Italy]]
| chief minister = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Prime Minister of Italy.svg|size=25px}} [[Giorgia Meloni]]
| chief minister_title = [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]]
| minister = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Italian Defence minister.svg|size=25px}} [[Guido Crosetto]]
| minister_title = [[Italian Minister of Defence|Minister of Defence]]
| commander = {{flagicon image|Flag of the chief of staff of defence of Italy.svg|size=25px}} General [[Luciano Portolano]]
| commander_title = [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Italy)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]

| age =
| conscription =
| manpower_data =
| manpower_age =
| available =
| available_f =
| fit =
| fit_f =
| reaching =
| reaching_f =
| active = 165,500{{sfn|IISS|2021|p=116}}
| ranked =
| reserve = 18,300{{sfn|IISS|2021|p=116}}
| deployed =

| amount = {{€|31.3 billion|link=yes}} (2025) ~[[$]]33,8 billion([[List of countries by military expenditures|ranked 12th]])<ref name="Budget2025">{{cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=Esplosione per le spese militari italiane: nel 2025 a 32 miliardi (di cui 13 per nuove armi)|url=https://www.milex.org/2024/10/30/esplosione-per-le-spese-militari-italiane-nel-2025-a-32-miliardi-di-cui-13-per-nuove-armi/ |access-date=2025-03-06|publisher=milex.org|language=it}}</ref>
| percent_GDP = 1.5% (2024)<ref name="BIP2024">{{cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=La spesa italiana per la difesa: quanto lontani siamo dal requisito del 2% del Pil |url=https://osservatoriocpi.unicatt.it/ocpi-pubblicazioni-la-spesa-italiana-per-la-difesa-quanto-lontani-siamo-dal-requisito-del-2-del-pil |access-date=2025-03-06 |publisher=osservatoriocpi.unicatt.it|language=it}}</ref>

| domestic_suppliers = [[Avio]] [[Beretta]] [[Fincantieri]] [[Fiocchi Munizioni]] [[Intermarine]] [[Iveco]] [[Leonardo S.p.A.|Leonardo]] [[Piaggio Aerospace]]
| foreign_suppliers = {{flag|United States}} {{flag|Germany}} {{flag|Israel}} {{flag|France}} {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Canada}} {{flag|NATO}} {{flag|European Union}}
| imports = {{Currency|326 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2014–2022)<ref name="SIPRI_India"/>
| exports = {{Currency|886 million|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} (2014–2022)<ref name="SIPRI_India">{{cite web|url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php|title=TIV of arms imports/exports data for India, 2014-2022|date=30 January 2024|work=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>

| history = [[Military history of Italy]] [[:Category:Wars involving Italy|Warfare directory of Italy]] [[List of wars involving Italy|Wars involving Italy]] [[:Category:Battles involving Italy|Battles involving Italy]]
| ranks = [[Italian Army ranks|Army ranks]] [[Italian Navy ranks|Navy ranks]] [[Italian Air Force ranks|Air Force ranks]] [[Rank insignia of the Carabinieri|Carabinieri Ranks]]
}}

The '''Italian Armed Forces''' ({{langx|it|Forze armate italiane}}, {{IPA|it|ˈfɔrtse arˈmaːte itaˈljaːne|pron}}) encompass the [[Italian Army]], the [[Italian Navy]] and the [[Italian Air Force]]. A fourth [[Military branch|branch]] of the armed forces, known as the [[Carabinieri]], take on the role as the nation's [[Gendarmerie|military police]] and are also involved in missions and operations abroad as a combat force. Despite not being a branch of the armed forces, the [[Guardia di Finanza]] is organized along military lines.<ref>The ''Guardia di Finanza'' also operates a fleet of ships, aircraft and helicopters, enabling it to patrol Italy's waters</ref>

These five forces comprise a total of 340,885 men and women with the official status of active military personnel, of which 167,057 are in the Army, Navy and Air Force.<ref name="Budget2014"/><ref name=IT>{{cite web | url=https://www.difesa.it/Content/Documents/20210804%20DPP%202021-2023%20-ult.pdf |title=Documento programmatico pluriennale per la Difesa per il triennio 2021-2023 - Doc. CCXXXIV, n. 4. |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Italy)]] |date=2021 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koG-2k__pIcC&q=Guardia+di+finanza%2C+military&pg=PA70|title=Armed Forces in Law Enforcement Operations? - The German and European Perspective|first=Kim Eduard|last=Lioe|date=25 November 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783642154348|access-date=28 March 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&q=Guardi+di+finanz+status+of+troops&pg=PA560|title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010|first1=M. N.|last1=Schmitt|first2=Louise|last2=Arimatsu|first3=Tim|last3=McCormack|date=5 August 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789067048118|access-date=28 March 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> The [[President of Italy]] heads the armed forces as the President of the [[High Council of Defence (Italy)|High Council of Defence]] established by article 87 of the [[Constitution of Italy]]. According to article 78, the [[Italian Parliament|Parliament]] has the authority to declare a state of war and vest the powers to lead the war in the [[Italian government|Government]].

==History==
{{Main|Military history of Italy}}
{{See also|List of wars involving Italy}}
[[File:Partenza da Quarto.jpg|thumb|left|[[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] leading the [[Expedition of the Thousand]] (1860–1861)]]
[[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|left|Italian cavalry in [[Trento]] on 3 November 1918, after the victorious [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]]. The Italian victory in this battle<ref name="victory">{{cite book |last=Burgwyn |first=H. James |title=Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1997 |page=4 |isbn=0-275-94877-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schindler |first=John R. |title=Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |page=303 |isbn=0-275-97204-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mack Smith |first=Denis |title=Mussolini |publisher=Knopf |year=1982 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mussolini0000mack/page/31 31] |isbn=0-394-50694-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/mussolini0000mack/page/31 }}</ref> marked the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti|end of the war on the Italian Front]], secured the dissolution of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and contributed to the [[Armistice with Germany|end of World War I]] just one week later.<ref name=Luden>{{cite book |quote=... [[Erich Ludendorff|Ludendorff]] wrote: ''In Vittorio Veneto, Austria did not lose a battle, but lose the war and itself, dragging Germany in its fall. Without the destructive battle of Vittorio Veneto, we would have been able, in a military union with the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, to continue the desperate resistance through the whole winter, in order to obtain a less harsh peace, because the Allies were very fatigued.'' |last=Paoletti |first=Ciro |title=A Military History of Italy |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2008 |page=150 |isbn=978-0-275-98505-9}}</ref>]]

The [[military history of Italy]] chronicles a vast time period, lasting from the military conflicts fought by the [[ancient peoples of Italy]], most notably the conquest of the Mediterranean world by the [[ancient Romans]], through the expansion of the Italian [[Italian city-states|city-states]] and [[maritime republics]] during the [[medieval period]] and the involvement of the [[List of historical states of Italy|historical Italian states]] in the [[Italian Wars]] and the [[wars of succession]], to the [[Napoleonic period]], the [[Italian unification]], the campaigns of the [[Italian Empire|colonial empire]], the two [[world wars]], and into the modern day, with world [[peacekeeping]] operations under the aegis of [[NATO]], the [[EU]] or the [[UN]]. The [[Italian Peninsula]] has been a centre of military conflict throughout [[History of Europe|European history]] due to its geostrategic position: because of this, [[Italy]] has a long military tradition.

The [[Risorgimento]] movement emerged to unite Italy in the 19th century. The [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]] took the lead in a series of wars to liberate Italy from foreign control. Following three [[Wars of Italian Independence]] against the Habsburg Austrians in the north, the [[Expedition of the Thousand]] against the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies in the south, and the [[Capture of Rome]], the unification of the country was completed in 1871 when Rome was declared capital of Italy.

[[File:Flag of the President of Italy.svg|thumb|The [[presidential standard of Italy]]. The square shape and the [[savoy blue]] border symbolize the four Italian Armed Forces, which are commanded by the [[President of Italy]].<ref name="quirinale"/> Blue in [[heraldry]] also metaphorically symbolizes command.<ref name="heraldry"/>]]

The [[presidential standard of Italy]] ({{langx|it|Stendardo presidenziale italiano}}) is the distinctive standard of the presence of the [[President of Italy]]. The presidential standard is one of the [[National symbols of Italy]]. The standard recalls the colors of the [[flag of Italy]], with particular reference to the standard of the historic [[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|Italian Republic of 1802–1805]]; the square shape and the [[savoy blue]] border, whose use was maintained even in the Republican era, symbolize the four Italian Armed Forces, which are commanded by the President of Italy.<ref name="quirinale">{{cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/simboli/stendardo/stendardo.html |title=Lo Stendardo presidenziale |language=Italian |access-date=22 September 2010}}</ref> Blue in [[heraldry]] also metaphorically symbolizes command.<ref name="heraldry">{{cite web|url=https://www.aserramanna.it/2012/07/azzurri-origine-del-colore-della-nazionale/|title=Azzurri – origine del colore della nazionale|access-date=13 January 2025|language=it}}</ref>

==Organization==
The office of the Chief of Defence is organised as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.difesa.it/SMD_/Pagine/Organigramma.aspx|title=Organigramma|website=www.difesa.it|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Italian Defence organisation chart.jpg]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position !! Italian title !! Rank !! Incumbent
|-
| Chief of the Defence Staff || Il Capo di Stato Maggiore della Difesa || Generale || [[Luciano Portolano]]
|-
| Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff || Sottocapo di Stato Maggiore della Difesa|| Ammiraglio di Squadra || [[Giacinto Ottaviani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.difesa.it/smd/staff/sottocapo/index/26377.html|website=www.difesa.it|access-date=25 April 2025 |title=Sottocapo di Stato Maggiore della Difesa }}</ref>
|-
| Chief of Joint Operations || Il Comandante del [[Comando Operativo di Vertice Interforze]] || Generale di corpo d'armata con incarichi speciali || [[Francesco Paolo Figliuolo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.difesa.it/SMD_/COI/Pagine/IlComandante.aspx|title=Il Comandante del Comando Operativo di Vertice Interforze|website=www.difesa.it|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

|}

==The four branches of Italian Armed Forces==
===Italian Army===
{{Main article|Italian Army}}
[[File:Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE (22804826445).jpg|thumb|[[Lagunari]] reconnaissance member in a security patrol]]
[[File:Italian Army - 8th Alpini Regiment sniper team during exercise Abbey Road 2019.jpg|thumb|[[8th Alpini Regiment]] snipers in winter ghillie suits]]

The [[Italian Army]] ({{Langx|it|Esercito Italiano}}; abbreviated as '''EI''') is the [[Army|land force]] branch of the Italian Armed Forces. The army's history dates back to the [[Italian unification]] in the 1850s and 1860s. The army fought in colonial engagements in China and [[Italo-Turkish War|Libya]]. It fought in [[Northern Italy]] against the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] during [[World War I]], Abyssinia before World War II and in World War II in Albania, Balkans, North Africa, the Soviet Union, and Italy itself. During the [[Cold War]], the army prepared itself to defend against a [[Warsaw Pact]] invasion from the east.

Since the end of the Cold War, the army has seen extensive peacekeeping service and combat in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq]]. Its best-known [[combat vehicle]]s are the [[Dardo IFV|Dardo]] [[infantry fighting vehicle]], the [[Centauro (Tank destroyer)|Centauro]] [[tank destroyer]] and the [[Ariete]] [[tank]] and among its aircraft the [[Agusta A129 Mangusta|Mangusta]] [[attack helicopter]], recently deployed in UN missions. The headquarters of the Army General Staff are located in [[Rome]] opposite the [[Quirinal Palace]], where the [[president of Italy]] resides. The army is an all-volunteer force of [[active duty|active-duty]] personnel.

The Italian Army originated as the [[Royal Italian Army|Royal Army]] (''[[Regio Esercito]]''), which dates from the [[proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy]] following the seizure of the [[Papal States]] and the unification of Italy (''[[Risorgimento]]''). In 1861, under the leadership of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] of the [[House of Savoy]] was invited to take the throne and of the newly created kingdom.

The Italian Army has participated in operations to aid populations hit by natural disasters. It has, moreover, supplied a remarkable contribution to the forces of police for the control of the territory of the [[South Tyrol|province of Bolzano/Bozen]] (1967), in [[Sardinia]] ("Forza Paris" 1992), in [[Sicily]] ("Vespri Siciliani" 1992) and in [[Calabria]] (1994). Currently, it protects sensitive objectives and places throughout the national territory ("Operazione Domino") since the [[September 11 attacks]] in the United States.

The army is also engaged in Missions abroad under the aegis of the [[UN]], the [[NATO]], and of Multinational forces, such as [[Beirut]] in [[Lebanon]] (1982), [[Namibia]] (1989), [[Albania]] (1991), [[Kurdistan]] (1991), [[Somalia]] (1992), [[Mozambique]] (1993), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] (1995), [[East Timor]] and [[Kosovo]] (both in 1999), the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (2001), [[Darfur]] (2003), [[Afghanistan]] (2002), [[Iraq]] (2003) and Lebanon again (2006).

===Italian Navy===
{{Main article|Italian Navy}}
[[File:Naval Ensign of Italy.svg|thumb|Naval ensign of Italy]]
[[File:Cavour (550).jpg|thumb|Aircraft carrier [[Italian aircraft carrier Cavour (550)|''MM Cavour'']], the [[flagship]] of the [[Italian Navy]]]]
[[File:Nave Bergamini.jpg|thumb|[[Italian frigate Carlo Bergamini (F 590)]]]]
[[File:Virginio Fasan in Hudson River NYC.jpg|thumb|[[Italian frigate Virginio Fasan (F 591)]]]]

The [[Italian Navy]] ({{langx|it|Marina Militare||Military Navy}}; abbreviated as '''MM''') is one of the four branches of Italian Armed Forces and was formed in 1946 from what remained of the ''[[Regia Marina]]'' (Royal Navy) after World War II. {{As of|2014|08}}, the Italian Navy had a strength of 30,923 active personnel, with approximately 184 vessels in service, including minor auxiliary vessels. It is considered a multiregional and a [[blue-water navy]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=he5KL_tWQvMC|title=Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis|first1=Daniel|last1=Todd|first2=Michael|last2=Lindberg|date=May 14, 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275953102|access-date=May 14, 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Till|first1=Geoffrey|title=Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century|date=2 Aug 2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781135756789|pages=113–120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNgIbiDghI4C&q=Seapower%3A%20A%20Guide%20for%20the%20Twenty-First%20Century%202004|access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=Coffey>{{cite book|last1=Coffey|first1=Joseph I.|title=The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East|date=1989|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|location=United States|isbn=9780822911548|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmttAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Atlantic+Alliance+and+the+Middle+East|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref>

The navy of Italy was created in 1861, following the [[proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy]]. The new navy's baptism of fire came during the [[Third Italian War of Independence]] against the [[Austrian Empire]]. During the [[First World War]], it spent its major efforts in the [[Adriatic Sea]], fighting the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy]]. In the [[Second World War]], it engaged the [[Royal Navy]] in a two-and-a-half-year struggle for the control of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. After the war, the new ''Marina Militare'', being a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), has taken part in many coalition peacekeeping operations. It is a [[blue-water navy]]. The ''[[Guardia Costiera]]'' (Coast Guard) is a component of the navy.

Today's Italian Navy is a modern navy with ships of every type. The fleet is in continuous evolution, and as of today oceangoing fleet units include: 2 light [[aircraft carrier]]s, 4 [[amphibious assault ship]]s, 3 [[destroyer]]s, 11 [[frigate]]s and 8 [[attack submarine]]s. Patrol and littoral warfare units include: 10 [[patrol boat|offshore patrol vessels]], 10 [[mine countermeasure vessel]]s, 4 coastal [[patrol boat]]s, and a varied fleet of [[auxiliary ship]]s are also in service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marina.difesa.it/EN/thefleet/Pagine/default.aspx |title=The Fleet – Marina Militare|website=marina.difesa.it|access-date=May 14, 2018}}</ref> The flagship of the fleet is the [[Italian aircraft carrier Cavour|carrier ''Cavour'']].

The [[Ensign (flag)|ensign]] of the Italian Navy is the [[flag of Italy]] bearing the coat of arms of the Italian Navy. The shield's quarters refer to the four Medieval Italian [[Maritime Republics]]:

* 1st quarter: on red, a golden winged lion (the [[lion of St. Mark]]) wielding a sword ([[Republic of Venice]])
* 2nd quarter: on white field, red cross, the [[Saint George's Cross]] ([[Republic of Genoa]])
* 3rd quarter: on blue field, white [[Maltese cross]] ([[Republic of Amalfi]])
* 4th quarter: on red field, white [[Pisan cross]] ([[Republic of Pisa]])

The coat of arms is surmounted by a golden crown, which distinguishes military vessels from those of the merchant navy.

===Italian Air Force===
{{Main article|Italian Air Force}}
[[File:Italian F35 1000w q95.webp|thumb|Three Italian [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]s wait in formation as the rest of their team receives fuel from a MAINEiac KC-135 Stratotanker above the [[Arctic Circle]], May 29, 2023]]
[[File:Aermacchi M-346 (code MT55219) arrives RIAT Fairford 13July2017.jpg|thumb|An [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master]] of the [[Italian Air Force]]]]
[[File:AgustaA129 01.jpg|thumb|Attack helicopter [[Agusta A129 Mangusta]] of the [[Italian Air Force]]]]

The [[Italian Air Force]] ({{langx|it|Aeronautica Militare}}; '''AM''', {{lit|military aeronautics}}) is the [[air force]] of the [[Italy|Italian Republic]]. Since its formation, the service has held a prominent role in modern [[Military history of Italy|Italian military history]]. The acrobatic display team is the {{lang|it|[[Frecce Tricolori]]}}. Italy was among the earliest adopters of military aviation. Its air arm dates back to 1884, when the [[Italian Royal Army]] ({{lang|it|Regio Esercito}}) was authorised to acquire its own air component. The Air Service ({{lang|it|[[Corpo Aeronautico Militare]]}}) operated balloons based near Rome.

In 1911, reconnaissance and bombing sorties during the [[Italo-Turkish War]] by the ''Servizio Aeronautico'' represented the first use of heavier-than-air aircraft in armed conflict. On 28 March 1923, the Italian Air Force was founded as an independent service by [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|King Vittorio Emanuele III]] of the [[Kingdom of Italy]].

During the 1930s, it was involved in its first military operations in Ethiopia in 1935, and later in the [[Spanish Civil War]] between 1936 and 1939. Eventually, Italy entered [[World War II]] alongside Germany. After the armistice of 8 September 1943, Italy was divided into two sides, and the same fate befell the ''Regia Aeronautica''. The Air Force was split into the ''[[Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force]]'' in the south aligned with the Allies, and the pro-Axis ''[[Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana]]'' in the north until the end of the war. When Italy was made a republic by referendum, the air force was given its current name ''Aeronautica Militare''. The [[cockade of Italy]] is one of the symbols of the Italian Air Force, and is widely used on all Italian state [[aircraft]], not only military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latinacorriere.it/2017/04/17/san-felice-escursionista-gaeta-ferito-scende-dal-picco-circe/|title=San Felice, escursionista di Gaeta ferito mentre scende dal Picco di Circe|date=17 April 2017 |access-date=21 August 2018|language=it}}</ref>

Armed conflicts in [[Somalia]], [[Mozambique]] and the nearby [[Balkans]] led to the Italian Air Force becoming a participant in multinational air forces, [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|such as that of NATO]] over the former [[Yugoslavia]], just a few minutes flying time east of the [[Italian Peninsula]]. The commanders of the Italian Air Force soon saw the need to improve the Italian air defences.

===Carabinieri===
{{Main article|Carabinieri}}
[[File:Vicenza_officials_practice_for_emergencies.jpg|thumb|[[Carabinieri]] officers armed with a [[Beretta M12|Beretta PM-12]] [[submachine gun]] in 2010]]
[[File:Carabinieri Nucleo Artificieri Antisabotaggio in Lion Response 2018 exercise (18-25).jpg|thumb|[[Carabinieri]] of the Nucleo Artificieri Antisabotaggio in 2018]]
[[File:Italian Carabinieri shows a female Afghan National Police recruit how to aim an AMD-65 at the Central Training Center in Kabul.jpg|thumb|A carabiniere shows a female [[Afghan National Police]] recruit how to aim an [[AMD-65]] at the [[Kabul]] Central Training Center during the [[Operation Enduring Freedom]], [[Afghanistan]] in 2010]]
[[File:MSU Mitrovica Manbox - Ibar Bridge summer 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Carabinieri]] KFOR-MSU patrols in front of Ibar Bridge, [[Mitrovica, Kosovo]] in 2019]]

The Carabinieri ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|ær|ə|b|ɪ|n|ˈ|j|ɛər|i}}, also {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|k|ɑːr|-}},<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190325133612/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/carabiniere "carabiniere"] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/carabiniere |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182120/https://www.lexico.com/definition/carabiniere |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=carabiniere |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|carabiniere|accessdate=25 March 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|karabiˈnjɛːri|lang}}; formally ''Arma dei Carabinieri'', "Arm of Carabineers"; previously ''Corpo dei Carabinieri Reali'', "Royal Carabineers Corps")<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz8eiwzEMHQC |first1=Ciro |last1=Paoletti |title=A Military History of Italy |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-275-98505-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Peter G|last2=Bajjaly|first2=Joanne Farchakh|title=The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDttNod0xH4C&pg=PA235|year=2008|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-1-84383-384-0|page=235}}</ref><ref>Richard Heber Wrightson, ''A History of Modern Italy, from the First French Revolution to the Year 1850''. Elibron.com, 2005</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oAqAAAAMAAJ |title=A new survey of universal knowledge |volume=4 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=1952}}</ref> are the national [[gendarmerie]] of [[Italy]] who primarily carry out domestic and foreign policing duties. It is one of Italy's main [[law enforcement]] agencies, alongside the [[Polizia di Stato]] and the [[Guardia di Finanza]]. As with the Guardia di Finanza but in contrast to the Polizia di Stato, the Carabinieri are a military force. As the fourth [[Military branch|branch]] of the Italian Armed Forces, they come under the authority of the [[Ministry of Defence (Italy)|Ministry of Defence]]; for activities related to inland public order and security, they functionally depend on the [[Ministry of the Interior (Italy)|Ministry of the Interior]]. In practice, there is a significant overlap between the jurisdiction of the Polizia di Stato and Carabinieri, and both of them are contactable through [[112 (emergency telephone number)|112]], the European Union's Single Emergency number.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Service|url=https://112.gov.it/en/service/|access-date=2021-07-26|website=NUE 112 Numero di emergenza Unico Europeo|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726153029/https://112.gov.it/en/service/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike the Polizia di Stato, the Carabinieri have responsibility for [[Provost (military police)|policing the military]], and a number of members regularly participate in military missions abroad.

The corps was instituted in 1814 by King [[Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy]] with the aim of providing the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]], the forerunner of the [[Kingdom of Italy]], with a police corps. It is therefore older than Italy itself. During the process of [[Italian unification]], the Carabinieri were appointed as the "First Force" of the new national military organization. Although the Carabinieri assisted in the suppression of opposition during the rule of [[Benito Mussolini]], they were also responsible for his downfall and many units were disbanded during [[World War II]] by [[Nazi Germany]], which resulted in large numbers of Carabinieri joining the [[Italian resistance movement]].

In 2000, they were separated from the Army to become a separate branch of the Italian Armed Forces. Carabinieri have policing powers that can be exercised at any time and in any part of the country, and they are always permitted to carry their assigned weapon as personal equipment ([[Beretta 92|Beretta 92FS]] pistols). The Carabinieri are often referred to as "La Benemerita" (The Reputable or The Meritorious) as they are a trusted and prestigious law enforcement institution in Italy. The first official account of the use of this term to refer to the Carabinieri dates back to 24 June 1864.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carabinieri.it/arma/curiosita/non-tutti-sanno-che/b/benemerita|title=Benemerita|website=www.carabinieri.it}}</ref>

The new force was divided into divisions on the scale of one division for each [[province of Italy]]. The divisions were further divided into companies and subdivided into lieutenancies, which commanded and coordinated the local [[police station]]s and were distributed throughout the national territory in direct contact with the public. They carry out peacekeeping mission abroad, such as [[Kosovo]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Iraq]]. At the [[Sea Island, Georgia|Sea Islands Conference]] of the [[G8]] in 2004, the Carabinieri were given the mandate to establish a [[Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units]] ([[CoESPU]]) to spearhead the development of training and doctrinal standards for civilian police units attached to international peacekeeping missions.<ref>[http://coespu.carabinieri.it/NR/rdonlyres/4F54A33F-675A-4F65-9A59-069F73B1F71E/2085/G8_Action_Plan_EN.pdf G-8 Action Plan: Expanding global capability for peace support operations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009150602/http://coespu.carabinieri.it/NR/rdonlyres/4F54A33F-675A-4F65-9A59-069F73B1F71E/2085/G8_Action_Plan_EN.pdf |date=2010-10-09 }}. [[Carabinieri]], June 2004.</ref>

==Tomb of the Unknown Soldier==
{{main|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)}}
[[File:Sergio Mattarella rende omaggio al Milite Ignoto (4 novembre 2016).jpg|thumb|The [[President of Italy]] [[Sergio Mattarella]], between the [[Corazzieri]] and the [[guard of honour]], pays tribute to the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)|Italian Unknown Soldier]] at [[Altare della Patria]] in Rome during the [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]] on 4 November 2016]]
[[File:Frecce Tricolori 2022.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Frecce Tricolori]]'', with the smoke trail representing the [[national colours of Italy]], above the [[Altare della Patria]] in Rome during the celebrations of the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'' on 2 June 2022]]

The [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)|Tomb of the Italian Unknown Soldier]] ({{langx|it|Tomba del Milite Ignoto}}) is a [[war memorial]] located in [[Rome]] under the statue of the [[Roma (mythology)|goddess Roma]] at the [[Victor Emmanuel II Monument#Altar of the Fatherland|Altare della Patria]]. It is a ''[[sacellum]]'' dedicated to the Italian soldiers killed and missing during [[List of wars involving Italy|war]].

It is the scene of official ceremonies that take place annually on the occasion of the [[Liberation Day (Italy)|Italian Liberation Day]] (April 25), the [[Festa della Repubblica|Italian Republic Day]] (June 2) and the [[National Unity and Armed Forces Day]] (November 4), during which the [[President of the Italian Republic]] and the [[Italian order of precedence|highest offices]] of the State pay homage to the shrine of the Unknown Soldier with the deposition of a [[laurel wreath]] in memory of the fallen and missing [[Italians]] in the wars.

The reason for his strong [[symbol]]ism lies in the [[metaphor]]ical transition from the figure of the soldier to that of the [[people]] and finally to that of the [[nation]]: this transition between increasingly broader and generic concepts is due to the indistinct traits of the non-identification of the soldier.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tobia|first=Bruno|title=L'Altare della Patria|year=2011|publisher=Il Mulino|language=it|isbn= 978-88-15-23341-7|page=72}}</ref>

His tomb is a symbolic shrine that represents all the fallen and missing in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/simboli/vittoriano/vittoriano.html|title= L'Altare della Patria|access-date= 1 January 2018|language= Italian|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194248/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/simboli/vittoriano/vittoriano.html|archive-date= 1 January 2018}}</ref> The side of the tomb of the Unknown Soldier that gives outward at the Altare della Patria is always guarded by a guard of honour and two flames that burn perpetually in braziers.<ref name=civitavecchia>{{cite web|url= http://civitavecchia.portmobility.it/it/il-vittoriano-e-piazza-venezia|title= Il Vittoriano e piazza Venezia|date= 20 January 2015|access-date= 6 June 2017|language= Italian|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170606020741/http://civitavecchia.portmobility.it/it/il-vittoriano-e-piazza-venezia|archive-date= 6 June 2017}}</ref>

The allegorical meaning of the perpetually burning flames is linked to their symbolism, which is centuries old, since it has its origins in [[classical antiquity]], especially in the [[Funeral|cult of the dead]]. A fire that burns eternally symbolizes the memory, in this case of the sacrifice of the Unknown Soldier moved by patriotic love, and his everlasting memory of the Italians, even in those who are far from their country: not by chance on the two perennial braziers next to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier a plaque is placed whose text reads "Italians Abroad to the Motherland" in memory of donations made by [[Italian diaspora|Italian emigrants]] between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century for the construction of the Vittoriano.<ref name=fiamma>{{cite web|url= http://www.toscanaoggi.it/Cultura-Societa/Il-mito-della-lampada-perenne|title= Il mito della "lampada perenne"|date= 13 January 2010|access-date= 12 February 2018|language= Italian|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180212201607/http://www.toscanaoggi.it/Cultura-Societa/Il-mito-della-lampada-perenne|archive-date= 12 February 2018}}</ref>

==International stance==
[[File:Sassari Brigade on patrol, Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Italian soldiers of the [[Mechanized Brigade "Sassari"]] in Afghanistan in 2012]]

Italy has joined in many [[United Nations|UN]], [[NATO]] and [[EU]] operations as well as with assistance to [[Russia]] and the other [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] nations, [[Middle East]] peace process, [[peacekeeping]], and combating the [[illegal drug trade]], [[human trafficking]], piracy and terrorism.

Italy did take part in the 1982 [[Multinational Force in Lebanon]] along with US, French and British troops. Italy also participated in the 1990–91 [[Gulf War]], with the deployment of eight Panavia Tornado IDS bomber jets; Italian Army troops were subsequently deployed to assist [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] refugees in northern [[Iraq]] following the conflict.

As part of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]], Italy contributed to the international operation in [[Afghanistan]]. Italian forces have contributed to [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]], the NATO force in [[Afghanistan]], and to the [[Provincial reconstruction team]]. Italy has sent 3,800 troops, including one infantry company from the [[2 Alpini Regiment|2nd Alpini Regiment]] tasked to protect the ISAF HQ, one engineer company, one NBC platoon, one logistic unit, as well as liaison and staff elements integrated into the operation [[command hierarchy|chain of command]]. Italian forces also command a multinational engineer task force and have deployed a platoon of Carabinieri [[military police]].

The Italian Army did not take part in combat operations of the 2003 [[Iraq War]], dispatching troops only when major combat operations were declared over by the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]]. Subsequently, Italian troops arrived in the late summer of 2003, and began patrolling [[Nasiriyah]] and the surrounding area. Italian participation in the military operations in Iraq was concluded by the end of 2006, with full withdrawal of Italian military personnel except for a small group of about 30 soldiers engaged in providing security for the Italian embassy in [[Baghdad]]. Italy played a major role in the 2004–2011 [[NATO Training Mission – Iraq|NATO Training Mission]] to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions.

===Current operations===
[[File:Italian Armed Forces operations.png|thumb|450px|Operations of the Italian Armed Forces highlighted on a map of [[Afro-Eurasia]]]]

Since the second [[post-war]] the Italian armed force has become more and more engaged in international peace support operations, mainly under the auspices of the United Nations and European Union. The Italian armed forces are currently participating in 17 missions.<ref name="Budget2014"/>

*{{UNO}}
**[[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan|UNMOGIP]], since 1951 ([[India]] and [[Pakistan]])
**[[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization|UNTSO]], since 1958 ([[Israel]], [[Egypt]], [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]])
**[[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNIFIL]], since 1978 ([[Lebanon]])
**[[United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara|MINURSO]], since 1991 ([[Western Sahara]])
**[[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|UNFICYP]], since 2005 ([[Cyprus]])
*{{EU}}
**[[EUFOR Althea]], since 2004 ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]])
**[[European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah|EUBAM Rafah]], since 2005 ([[Gaza–Egypt border]])
**[[Operation Atalanta|EUNAVFOR Atalanta]], since 2008 ([[Gulf of Aden]])
**[[EUMM Georgia]], since 2008 ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]])
**[[European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo|EULEX Kosovo]], since 2008 ([[Kosovo]])
**[[EUTM Somalia]], since 2010 ([[Somalia]])
**[[EUCAP Nestor]], since 2012 ([[Indian Ocean]])
**[[EUBAM Libya]], since 2013 ([[Libya]])
*{{flag|NATO}}
**[[Kosovo Force|KFOR]], since 1999 ([[Kosovo]])
**[[Operation Sea Guardian]], since 2016 ([[Mediterranean Sea]])
*Multilateral missions
**[[Operation Cyrene]], since 2011 ([[Libya]])
**[[MIADIT Somalia]], since 2013 (Somalia and [[Djibouti]])

=== Past operations ===
[[File:Pattugliamento strada.jpg|thumb|right|[[Alpini]] Sappers of the [[32nd Alpine Engineer Regiment]] in [[Afghanistan]]]]
The Italian armed forces participated in 10 operations since the second [[post-war]].

*{{UNO}}
**[[United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali|MINUSMA]], 2013 - 2023 ([[Mali]])
*{{EU}}
**[[EUPOL Afghanistan]], 2007 - 2016 ([[Afghanistan]])
**[[EUCAP Sahel Niger]], 2012 - 2024 ([[Niger]])
**[[EUTM Mali]], 2013 - 2024 ([[Mali]])
**[[EUFOR RCA]], 2014 - 2015 ([[Central African Republic]])
*{{flag|NATO}}
**[[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]], 2001 - 2021 ([[Afghanistan]])
**[[Operation Active Endeavour]], 2001 - 2016 ([[Mediterranean Sea]])
**[[Operation Ocean Shield]], 2009 - 2016 ([[Gulf of Aden]])
*Multilateral missions
**[[Temporary International Presence in Hebron|TIPH-2]], 1997 - 2019 ([[West Bank]])
**[[MIADIT Palestine]], 2014 - 2023 ([[West Bank]])

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
Italian Army - 2nd Alpini Regiment soldier with a Beretta ARX-160 A2 assault rifle with an underslung GLX 160 grenade launcher during a training exercise in the Val Maira.jpg|Italian soldier with a [[Beretta ARX160]] assault rifle.
Italian Army - 4th Tank Regiment - Ariete tanks during an exercise at Capo Teulada October 2022.jpg|[[Ariete]] tank during manoeuvres.
Centauro01.JPEG|[[Centauro (Tank destroyer)|Centauro]] tank destroyer
ITS Giuseppe Garibaldi (C 551).jpg|[[Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi|Giuseppe Garibaldi]] aircraft carrier.
Italian Army - Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo" Freccia IFV.jpg|[[Freccia IFV|Freccia]] Infantry fighting vehicle.
Italian Army - 82nd Infantry Regiment "Torino" VBM Freccia Mortar Carrier.jpg|Freccia Heavy Mortar Carrier.
Italian TAV-8B Harrier II.jpg|Italian Navy TAV-8B Harrier II aboard [[Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi|Giuseppe Garibaldi]] aircraft carrier.
Nave Duilio e Nave Bergamini.JPG|[[Italian destroyer Caio Duilio|Destroyer Caio Duilio]] and [[Italian frigate Carlo Bergamini (F 590)|Frigate Carlo Bergamini]]
Allied Spirit IV (24058403923).jpg|[[Iveco LMV]] convoy.
20150506052017!Agusta A129A Mangusta, Italy - Army (cropped).jpg|[[Agusta A129 Mangusta|A129 Mangusta]] attack helicopter.
Alpini Btn Feltre - Ex Falzarego 2011 006.jpg|Soldiers of the [[Alpini]] Battalion "Feltre", [[7th Alpini Regiment]] of the [[Italian Army]].
Salvatore Todaro (S-526).jpg|The [[Type 212 submarine|Salvatore Todaro (S-526)]] submarine.
Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Carabinieri.jpg|Carabinieri [[Alfa Romeo Giulia (2016)|Alfa Romeo Giulia]]
Iveco C-17.JPG|Carabinieri [[Iveco Daily]], used for emergency intervention and transport of organs
Carabinieri.motorcycle.in.rome.arp.jpg|Carabinieri motorcycle
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Italian service weapons]]
* [[List of military equipment of Italy]]
* [[National Institute for the Honour Guard of the Royal Tombs of the Pantheon]]
* [[Uniforms of the Italian Armed Forces]]

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=25 February 2021 |title=The Military Balance 2021 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781032012278 |oclc=1258333407 |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2021}}}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.difesa.it/ Official Site of Italian Ministry of Defense] {{in lang|it|en}}
* [https://www.esercito.difesa.it/ Official Site of Italian Army] {{in lang|it|en}}
* [https://www.marina.difesa.it/ Official Site of Italian Navy] {{in lang|it|en}}
* [https://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/ Official Site of Italian Air Force] {{in lang|it}}
* [https://www.carabinieri.it/ Official Site of Carabinieri] {{in lang|it}}
* [https://www.gdf.gov.it/ Official Site of Guardia di Finanza] {{in lang|it}}

{{Italian Military}}
{{Navboxes
|title=
|list1=
{{Italy topics}}
{{Military of Europe}}
{{Militaries of European Union member states}}
{{North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}
}}

[[Category:Military of Italy| ]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Italy]]
[[Category:Permanent Structured Cooperation|Italy]]

Gayatri Asokan

2026-01-08T06:10:32Z

Maansi26: improve details

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{About|the playback singer|the poster designer|Gayathri Ashokan}}
{{Indian name|Gayatri|Asokan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Gayatri Asokan 2022-1.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Gayatri Asokan performs during the inaugural function of [[IFFK]] - 2022
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Purbayan Chatterjee]]|2016}}
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
|module={{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback]], [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]], [[Carnatic music]], [[Bhajan]]s
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = Vocalist
| years_active = 2000–present}}
| website = {{URL|gayatriasokan.com/}}
}}

'''Gayatri Asokan''' is an Indian playback singer who works mainly in [[Malayalam cinema]]. She started her playback career with the song "Deena Dayalo Rama" for the film ''[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]'' (2000) for music director [[Raveendran]]. "Enthe Nee Kanna" for ''[[Sasneham Sumithra]]'' (2004) won her the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer]] in 2003.

Her other songs include "Chanjadi Adi" from ''[[Makalkku]]'' (2005), "Thumbikkinnaram" from ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' (2005) and "Pularumo" from ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]'' (2009).{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Early and personal life==

Gayatri was born at [[Thrissur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghazal’s Southern Ascent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/jashn-e-rekhta-ghazals-southern-ascent-5498127/ |work=The Indian Express |date=18 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> [[Kerala]], as the daughter of Dr. P. U. Asokan and Dr. K. S. Sunidhy. She was educated at Presentation Convent School in Kozhikode and at [[Vimala College]] in Thrissur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vimala College, Thrissur |url=https://vimalacollege.edu.in/departments/Alumnae/illustrious-alumnae |website=vimalacollege.edu.in}}</ref>

Gayatri was married to Dr. Sayij on 4th January 2005, but the couple later divorced.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jithumpa.com/films/34-divorces-in-malayalam-film-industry/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228114954/http://www.jithumpa.com/films/34-divorces-in-malayalam-film-industry/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 December 2013 |title=80 Shocking Divorces of Kerala Film Celebrities :Mollywood | ASWAJITH ONLINE |date=23 September 2013}}</ref> She was then married to sitar player [[Purbayan Chatterjee]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Composer Purbayan Chatterjee weds Malayalam singer Gayatri Asokan in Thrissur, see pics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/purbayan-chatterjee-malayalam-singer-gayatri-asokan-wedding-thrissur-see-pics-4409783/ |work=The Indian Express |date=4 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

Gayatri was first trained in Carnatic music by Sri Mangat Natesan and Sri Vamanan Namboodiri at Trichur. Later she started training in [[Hindustani music]] under Dr. Alka Deo Marulkar in Pune and later under Pandit Vinayaka Torvi in [[Bangalore]].

She is also a [[Hindustani classical music]] singer, a [[Bhajan]] singer and has given Hindustani concerts and programs based on film songs abroad. She has sung 500 movie songs and has also sung and given music for a new album for the [[Art of Living Foundation|Art of Living]] foundation which was released in September 2006 by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] worldwide. She recently sang for an album by [[Ilayaraja]], ''[[Thiruvasagam]]'', which was released by [[Sony Music]].

Since 2017, Gayatri withdrew from film music industry and started focussing on [[gazals]].<ref name=":0" />

==Other activities==
Gayatri is a jury member for the hit reality shows like ''Super Star Global'' on [[Amrita TV]], ''Sakalalavallabhan'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], ''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer 2]]'' and ''Musical Wife'' on [[Flowers TV]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} She is now anchoring popular gazal show ''Khayal'' on [[MediaOne TV]] and Gandgarvasangeetham 2010 on [[Kairali TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mediaonetv.in/programmes/khayal |title=Khayal, an Exclusive Gazal show Manjari (Episode 307) |access-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509175126/http://www.mediaonetv.in/programmes/khayal/ |archive-date=9 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, she performed in ''Jashn-e-Rekhta'', a three-day annual Urdu festival and in Urdu Heritage Festival, Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=20 February 2020 |title=Singer Gayatri Asokan on her journey in music |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-gayatri-asokan-on-her-journey-in-music/article30859930.ece |access-date=8 September 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Film songs (partial) ==
===2000===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]''
| "Deena Dayalo Rama"
|[[Raveendran]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dreamz]]''
| "Kannil Kaasi Thumbakal"
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| P. Jayachandran
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]''
| "Sivakara Damaruka Layamai"
|rowspan="2" |[[Ilayaraja]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
|K.S.Chithra
|-
| "Ghanashyama Vrindaranyam"
| Solo
|}

===2001===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Goa (2001 film)|Goa]]''
| "Niramizhi konil"
|Premkumar Vadakara
|[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| K.J. Yesudas
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|''[[Soothradharan]]''
| "Darshan"
|rowspan="2"| [[Raveendran]]
|SP Ramesh
| S.P.Balasubrahmaniam
|-
| "Hari Om [Shyama Hare]"
| S.Ramesan Nair
| Viswanath
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Uthaman (2001 film)|Uthaman]]''
| "Palaazhi Theeram Kandu"
|[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
|[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| Solo
|}

===2002===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 film)|Kalyanaraman]]''
| "Kadhayile Rajakumaranum"
|[[Berny-Ignatius]]
|[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| Solo
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Onnaman]]''
| "Maanathe Thudiyunarum"
|[[S. P. Venkitesh]]
|[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| K.J.Yesudas
|-
! scope="row" | ''Adheena''
| "Karayathe Ponnumakale"
|Natesh Sankar
|rowspan="2"|Joffy Tharakan
| rowspan="2" | Solo
|-
! scope="row" | ''Madhuram''
| "Ho Ho Ho"
| shakeer Jacksom
|}

===2003===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sthithi]]''
| "Let's Wipe The Tears"
|[[Sunny Viswanath]]
|Priya Viswanath
| Maya Kartha
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mullavalliyum Thenmavum]]''
| "Thamara Noolinal"
|[[Ouseppachan]]
|[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| G. Venugopal
|}

===2004===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''Swarna Medal''
| "Chinga Naal"
|rowspan="2"| Simon
|rowspan="2"| Unknown
| rowspan="2"| Solo
|-
| "Malare Neeyuarangoo"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Greetings]]''
| "Mizhikalil (f)"
|rowspan="2"| [[Raveendran]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| Solo
|-
| "Mizhiklil (D)"
| Devanand
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sasneham Sumithra]]''
| "Enthe Nee Kanna"
|[[Ouseppachan]]
|[[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
| Solo
|}

===2005===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]''
| "Thumpi Kinnaram"
|rowspan="2"| [[Deepak Dev]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| rowspan="2"| K.J.Yesudas
|-
| "Thumpi Kinnaram (Unplugged)"
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Makalkku]]''
| "Chaanchadiyaadi Urangu Nee "
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Daivanamathil]]''
| "Naseebulla"
|rowspan="2"| PV Manzoor
|rowspan="2"| PV Manzoor
|Solo
|-
| "Maalakhamar"
|Noorjahan
|}

===2006===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Out of Syllabus]]''
| "Poovinithal"
| [[Bennet-Veetraag]]
| [[Prabha Varma]]
| Vidhu Prathap
|-
! scope="row" | ''Photographer''
| "Chandrika Raavu"
| [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| Vijesh Gopal
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss I Love You]]''
(Dubbed version)
| "Mazha Mukilazhke"
| [[Kalyani Malik]]
| [[Rajeev Alunkal]]
| Biju Narayanan
|}

===2007===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kaiyoppu]]''
| "Jalthe He Kiske"
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| Majrooh Sulthanpuri
| rowspan="2"|[[Rafeeq Ahammed]] Solo
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Arabikatha]]''
| "Thirike Njaan (f)"
| [[Bijibal]]
| [[Anil Panachooran]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]''
| "Nin Hrudaya Mounam(f)"
| [[Gopi Sunder]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pranayakalam]]''
| "Parayoo Prabhathame"
| [[Ouseppachan]]
|
|}

===2008===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row"rowspan="2"|''[[Rathri Mazha]]''
| "Rathrimazha(FD)"
|rowspan="2"| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Sugathakumari]]
| K.S.Chithra
|-
| "Rathrimazha(MD)"
| Ramesh Narayan
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]''
| "Kannin Vaathil Chaarathe (f)"
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| | [[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
| Solo
|}

===2009===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row"rowspan="2"|''[[Madhyavenal]]''
| "Swantham Swantham(F)"
|rowspan="2"| [[Kaithapram Viswanathan]]
| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| rowspan="2"| Solo
|-
| "Syama"
| Soordas
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Rithu]]''
| "Pularumo Ravozhiyumo"
| [[Rahulraj]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| Suchith Sureshan
|-
! scope="row"|''Colours''
| "Konchi Kochi"
| [[Suresh Peters]]
| [[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| Sangeetha Sreekanth
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Dr. Patient]]''
| "Puthu Manjupol"
| [[Bennet-Veetraag]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| Balu Thankachan
|}

===2010===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]''
| "Kinavile Janalakal"
| [[Ouseppachan]]
| [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
| Solo
|}

===2011===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row"|''Violin''
| "Himakanam"
| [[Bijibal]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| Ganesh Sundaram
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]''
| "Nin Viral Thumbil"
| [[Ratheesh Vega]]
| [[Anoop Menon]]
| Solo
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Priyappetta Nattukare]]''
| "Nin Viral Thumbil"
| Aji Sharas
| V Vishnu Das
| Solo
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Koratty Pattanam Railway Gate]]''
| "Imakalil Viriyum"
| Gayoz Jihnson
| Shaji Jaleel
| Vidhu Prathap
|}

===2015===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Loham]]''
| "Manchadi Meghame"
|[[Sreevalsan J. Menon]]
|rowspan="1" |[[Rajeev Nair]]
| Amal Antony
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Song
!Film
!Music director
|-
| Deena Dayalo Rama
| ''Arayannangalude veedu''
| [[Raveendran]]

|-
| Thamara Noolinaal
| ''Mullavalliyum thenmaavum''
| [[Ouseppachan]]
|-
| Kannil Kashi Thumba
| ''Dreams''
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
| Chanjadi Aadi
| ''Makalkku-manjari''
|[[Ramesh Narayan]]
|-
| Enthe Nee Kanna
| ''Sasneham Sumitra''
| [[Ouseppachan]]
|-
| Thumbi Kinnaram
| ''Naran''
| [[Deepak Dev]]
|-
| Kadhayile Rajakumaranum
| ''Kalyanaraman''
| [[Berny-Ignatius]]
|-
| Chandrika Ravil
| ''Photographer''
| [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
|-
| Rama hare
| ''Soothradharan''
| [[Raveendran]]
|-
| Maakhamar
| ''Daivanamathil''
| P.V.Mansoor
|-
| Nassebulla
| ''Daivanamathil''
| Mammutti
|-
| Poovin Ethal Cheppil
| ''[[Out of Syllabus]]''
| [[Bennet Veetraag]]
|-
| Enthe nee thannilla
| ''Yes your Honour''
| [[Deepak Dev]]
|-
| Parayu Prabhathame
| ''Pranayakalam''
| [[Ouseppachan]]
|-
| Thirike Njan
| ''Arabhikadha''
| Bijibal
|-
| Nin Hridaya Mounam
| ''Flash''
| Gopi Sunder
|-
| Kannin vaathil
| ''Mulla''
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidhyasagar]]
|-
| Pularumo
| ''Ritu''
|[[Rahul Raj]]
|-
| Puthu Manjupol
| ''[[Dr. Patient]]''
|[[Bennet Veetraag]]
|-
| Kinavile
| ''[[Pranchiyettan and the Saint]]''
| Ouseppachan
|-
| Ninviral Thumbil
| ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]''
| [[Ratheesh Vegha]]
|-
| Imakalil Viriyum
| ''Koratty Pattanam Railway Gate''
| Gayoz Johnson
|-
| Thullimajin
| Ayalum njanum thammil
| [[Ouseppachan]]
|-
| Sugandha Neerala
| [[Friday (2012 film)|Friday]]
| Roby Abraham
|-
|Mazhakondu Mathram
|[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]
|[[Shahabaz Aman]]
|-
| Varaveena Shruthi meetti
| ''Swaasam''
| Kannan Bhai
|-
| Mazhaneer
| ''5 Sundarikal (Gowri)''
| [[Bijibal]]
|-
| Uppongela Godavari-Female Version
|''[[Godavari]]''
|K.M. Radhha Krishnan
|-
|-
| Varikomale(F)
|''[[Jilebi]]''
|[[Bijibal]]
|-
|-
| Shivakara damaruka
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Ilayaraja]]
|-|-
| Ghanashyama vrinda
|-
|-
| Neermizhikonil
|''Goa''
|Premkumar vadakkara
|-
|Ariyathe ennil nee
|Ee Mazhayil (2019)
|Anoop Sathyaraj
|-
|}
{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

== Albums ==

# Anahata- Art of Living
# Neeyum Nilavum- Manorama Music
# Thiruvasagam -Sony Music
# Vishudhi- Art of Living
# Sarveshwari- Art of Living
# Iniyennum _ East Coast
# Pranayathhin Ormakal
# Ghazals by Unnatural
# Palanivel

# Smaran – Art of Living
# Sankirtan – Art of Living
# Chants for workplaces – [[Kedar Pandit]]

== Awards ==

*[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer]] (2003) – ''Enthe Nee Kanna'' – ''[[Sasneham Sumitra]]''
*2007 :Art of Living award for Outstanding Women Achievers
*2011 :Asianet Television Awards for best playback singer -''[[Harichandanam]]''
*2012 :Asianet Television Awards for best playback singer -''Agniputhri''{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gayatriasokan.com www.gayatriasokan.com]
*[http://jointscene.com/artists/Malluwood/Gayatri%20%20Asokan/381#top]
*[http://gayatriasokan.com A Devoted singer: Webpage ]
*[https://narthaki.com/info/fevents3.html Gayatri to perform in Raveendran Night at Swaralaya-2006]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110423081639/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/12/02/stories/2004120201160300.htm The Hindu Article]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011219/http://www.mpod.in/gayatri1.htm Gayatri-M-Pod Interview]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070314045422/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122302210300.htm The Hindu Interview]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asokan, Gayatri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Radheshyam Sharma

2025-12-31T08:01:01Z

Maansi26: creating a bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian writer and poet (1936–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Radheshyam Sharma
| image = Sharma-radheshyam.jpg
| caption =
| native_name_lang = gu
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Radheshyam Sitaram Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1936|1|5}}
| birth_place = Vavol, [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2021|9|9|1936|1|5}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| occupation = Poet, Novelist, Short story writer, Critic
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat College]]
| period =
| genres =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = * ''[[Fero (novel)|Fero]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Swapnatirtha]]'' (1979)
| spouse = Sharda Vyas (1952 - present)
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = {{plainlist| * [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] (2012)
* [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (2004)
* [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] (1995) }}
| signature = Radheshyam Sharma autograph.svg
| years_active =
}}

'''Radheshyam Sharma''' (5 January 1936 – 9 September 2021) was an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] poet, novelist, short story writer, critic and editor from [[Gujarat]], India. He is known in [[Gujarati literature]] for his experimental novels ''[[Fero (novel)|Fero]]'' (1968) and ''[[Swapnatirtha]]'' (1979). His other significant works include ''Aansu Ane Chandaranu'' (1963), and ''Gujarati Navalkatha'' (with [[Raghuvir Chaudhari]]; 1974), a work of literary criticism on Gujarati novels. He was awarded the Gujarati literary honours [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]], in 2004, and [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]], in 1995.

== Life ==
Radheshyam Sharma was born on 5 January 1936 to Sitaram and Chanchal Bahen, also known as Padmavati, in Vavol, a village in [[Gandhinagar district]], Gujarat. His family came from Rupal village in north Gujarat. Sharma inherited his religious leanings from his father Sitaram, a priest.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3983|accessdate=11 January 2017|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=3983}}</ref> He completed a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in Gujarati and [[Psychology]] at [[Gujarat College]] in 1957, and studied towards a Master of Arts at the [[Gujarat University]] School of Languages but did not sit for examination due to [[writer's cramp]]. Like his father, a religious storyteller, he also delivered sermons from 1965 to 1983.<ref name=AGSI>{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=182–189|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref>

Radheshyam Sharma was editor of the religious periodical ''Dharmalok'' from 1965 to 1983. He was editor of ''Akram Vigyan'', a religious monthly founded by [[Dada Bhagwan]]. He is also associated with the publishing house Akar Prakashan.<ref name=AGSI/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sharma Radheshyam Sitaram |encyclopedia=Gujarati Sahityakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati literature) |year=1990 |publisher= [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |location=Ahmedabad |page=566 }}</ref>

Radheshyam Sharma married Sharda Vyas in 1952, and they had three sons.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Radheshyam |title=Saksharno Sakshatkar: 3 (Question-based interview with biographical literary sketches) |year=1999 |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Rannade Prakashan |pages= 175–181}}</ref> He lived in Ahmedabad.<ref name="Awasthy2004"/>

Sharma died on 9 September 2021.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 2021 |editor-last=Desai |editor-first=Kumarpal |editor-link=Kumarpal Desai |language=gu |magazine=[[Buddhiprakash]] |title=Cover page |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]] |issn=2347-2448 |page=cover page }}</ref>

== Works ==
Radheshyam Sharma's works reflect the new sensitivity and characteristics of contemporary writers.<ref name="Awasthy2004">{{cite book|author=Rajendra Awasthy|title=Selected Gujarati Short Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cbGW2UAqwgC&pg=PA142|accessdate=5 January 2017|year=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-89182-01-4|page=142}}</ref>

His first publication was a short story called "Badsoorat".<ref name=AGSI/> Sharma's short stories are characterized by brevity and unfamiliar subjects.<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA122|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|pages=122–}}</ref> ''Bichara'', his first short story collection, was published in 1969, followed by ''Pavanpavdi'' (1977), ''Radheshyam Sharma Ni Shrestha Vartao'' (1984), ''Vartavaran'' (1986), ''Pehla Patthar Kaun Marega'' (1981), and ''Ghatanalok'' (2006).

The two novels ''[[Fero (novel)|Fero]]'' (1968) and ''[[Swapnatirtha]]'' (1979) established Radheshyam Sharma among the fiction writers of his generation.

His first anthology of poetry was ''Aansu Ane Chandarnu'' (1969). It was followed by ''Negatives of Eternity'' (in English) (1974), ''Sanchetna'' (1983), ''Nishkaran'' (1991), ''Sanpreshan'' (2002) and ''Akashni Uddayan Lipi'' (2006).

Sharma's critical works are ''Vaachana'' (1972), ''Gujarati Navalkatha'' (with [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]]) (1974), ''Samprat'' (1978), ''Kavitani Kala'' (1983), ''Aalokna'' (1989), ''Shabda Samaksha'' (1991), ''Karta Kruti Vimarsha'' (1992), ''Vivechan No Vidhi'' (1993), ''Ullekh'' (1993), ''Akshar'' (1995), ''Navalkatha Nirdesh'', ''Vartavichar'' (2000), and ''Sahitya Sanket'' (2006).<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George (writer)|authorlink=K. M. George (writer)|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA141|accessdate=3 January 2017|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=141}}</ref>

The compilations he has published are ''Dalal Ni Pratinidhi Vartao'' (1971), ''Dhumketu Ni Bhavsrushti'' (with Mafat Ojha) (1973), ''Natak Vishe Dalal'' (1974), ''Navi Varta'' (1975), ''Samkaleen Gujarati Vartao'' (1986), ''Indradhanu 101'' (1995), ''Paramparaparak Vartao'' (2006), ''Bhupat Vadodaria ni 27 Vartao'', ''Shaksharo Shakshatkar'' Vol. I-XIII (1999-2008), ''Shrimad Bhagvat Mahima'', ''Vedtirth'' (2005). His translated works include ''Apano Manviy Varaso'' (1978) and ''Ramayan''.<ref name=AGSI/><ref>{{cite book |last=Thaker |first=Dhirubhai |title=Arvachin Gujarati Sahityani Vikasrekha – 5 (An Outline of the Development Modern Gujarati Literature) |year=2006 |location=Ahmedabad |publisher= Gurjar Granth Ratna Karyalaya |isbn= 978-81-8480-613-7}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Radheshyam Sharma was awarded the literary honours [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] (Kumar Gold Medal) in 2012, [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (Ranjitram Gold Medal) in 2004, and [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] (Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Gold Medal) in 1995, for his contributions to Gujarati literature. In 1987, he won the Critics Award for his short story collection ''Vartavaran''. Sharma is also the recipient of the Anantrai Raval Award (1998), the Ashok Harsh Award (1999), and the Chandulal Selarka Award (2000). He has won prizes from the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] (Gujarati Literary Council) and the [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name=AGSI/><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Raval |first=Praful |date=June 2016 | editor1-last=Parekh | editor1-first=Madhusudan |editor2-last=Shah |editor2-first=Ramesh |title=Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak Vijeta 77: Radheshyam Sharma |language=gu |magazine=Buddhiprakash |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]] |issn=2347-2448 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=William |first=Mecwan Mebal |title=સર્જક રાધેશ્યામ શર્મા |journal=University |trans-title=Writer Radheshyam Sharma |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/192469 |type=Ph.D. |language=gu |year=2002 |publisher=Department of Gujarati, [[Gujarat Vidyapith]] |location=Ahmedabad|hdl=10603/192469 }}

==External links==
* {{Gbooks-author|Radheshyam Sharma}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* {{YouTube|_lFh9Le0pXM#|Introduction of Radheshyam Sharma by Gujarat Sahitya Academy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Radheshyam}}
[[Category:Modernist writers]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Gandhinagar district]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

While We Watched

2025-12-29T02:57:41Z

Maansi26: Started first article added tags

{{Short description|2022 Indian documentary film by Vinay Shukla}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = While We Watched
| image = WhileWeWatchedPosterResized.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official Poster
| director = [[Vinay Shukla (documentary filmmaker)|Vinay Shukla]]<ref name="tiffpage">{{cite web |url=https://tiff.net/events/while-we-watched |title=While We Watched (Namaskar! Main Ravish Kumar) |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=[[Toronto International Film Festival]]}}</ref>
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Luke W. Moody
* Khushboo Ranka
* [[Vinay Shukla (documentary filmmaker)|Vinay Shukla]]
}}
| writer = {{Plain list|
* Reshma Ramachandran
* Amaan Shaikh
* [[Vinay Shukla (documentary filmmaker)|Vinay Shukla]]
* Abhinav Tyagi
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Ravish Kumar]]
* Sushil Bahuguna
* Deepak Chaubey
* Sushil Mohapatra
* Swarolipi Sengupta
* [[Saurabh Shukla]]
}}
| music = Joaquin Garcia
| cinematography = {{Plain list|
* Amaan Shaikh
* [[Vinay Shukla (documentary filmmaker)|Vinay Shukla]]
}}
| editing = Abhinav Tyagi
| studio = [[Doc Society|BRITDOC Films]] LONO Studio
| released = {{Film date|2022|09|11|[[2022 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 94 minutes
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = English, [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''While We Watched''''' is a 2022 Indian [[documentary]] film by [[Vinay Shukla (documentary filmmaker)|Vinay Shukla]], profiling the [[NDTV]] news editor [[Ravish Kumar]]'s resolute journalistic independence in the backdrop of general media bias in India.<ref name="france24">{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20220907-amid-threats-and-signal-cuts-india-s-top-independent-tv-anchor-battles-on-%E2%80%93-but-for-how-long |title=Amid threats and signal cuts, India's top independent TV anchor battles on – but for how long? |date=7 September 2022 |first=Leela |last=Jacinto |website=[[France24]] |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="hammertonail">{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Reed |url=https://www.hammertonail.com/reviews/while-we-watched/ |title=While We Watched Review |date=13 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=The Moveable Feast}}</ref> The film premiered worldwide at the [[2022 Toronto International Film Festival]], winning the Amplify Voices award.<ref name="TIFF2022">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/steven-spielbergs-the-fabelmans-wins-toronto-film-festival-peoples-choice-award-1235121625/|title=Steven Spielberg's 'The Fabelmans' Wins Toronto Film Festival People's Choice Award|website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|first=Pete|last=Hammond|date=September 18, 2022|accessdate=September 18, 2022}}</ref> At its [[Asia]]n premiere in the [[27th Busan International Film Festival]], it won the Cinephile award<ref name="busan">{{cite news |date=2022-10-14 |title=Vinay Shukla's documentary While We Watched wins the Cinephile Award at Busan International Film Festival 2022 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vinay-shuklas-documentary-while-we-watched-wins-the-cinephile-award-at-busan-international-film-festival-2022/cid/1892033 |access-date=2022-10-15}}</ref> and the International Competition at DocPoint Helsinki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=The Best Documentary Films Awarded at DocPoint |url=https://docpointfestival.fi/en/vuoden-parhaat-dokumenttielokuvat-on-valittu-ja-palkittu-docpoint-festivaalilla/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=docpointfestival.fi}}</ref>

==Background and production==
Vinay Shukla says he made the film in an attempt to understand the feelings of journalists and anchors like Ravish Kumar as they try to present news and speak truth to power:

{{Blockquote
| text ="I have stopped watching news and when I talk to my friends in India and other parts of the world, they say the same. I did this to protect my mental health. I asked myself - what do people behind media and news enterprises feel? Do they feel the same loneliness I feel consuming the news? Ravish Kumar is very articulate. And his programmes go against the current news culture in India."
| author =Vinay Shukla
| source =[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/interview-vinay-shukla-on-ravish-kumar-documentary-while-we-watched-a-tired-hero-questioning-his-own-relevance/article65930897.ece |title= 'A tired hero questioning his own relevance': Vinay Shukla on Ravish Kumar |date=6 October 2022 |access-date=15 October 2022 |first=Aditya |last=Shrikrishna |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>
}}

Ravish Kumar agreed to being filmed provided it did not interfere with his work. Vinay Shukla with a three-person crew shot the raw footage for the documentary from 2018 to 2020.<ref name="france24" /> Since the documentary was completely unscripted, the narrative was primarily crafted during editing.<ref name="njfp">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/who-is-vinay-shukla-and-why-is-his-new-film-while-we-watched-getting-people-excited-and-talking-11338181.html |title= Who is Vinay Shukla? And why is his new film While We Watched getting people excited and talking? |date=27 September 2022 |access-date=15 October 2022 |first=Joshi |last=Namrata |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> It took another two years for a final version to emerge, with Shukla crediting Abhinav Tyagi and Reshma Ramachandran for the way the film's narrative is scripted and edited.<ref name="theWeek">{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2022/09/20/there-is-no-one-saviour-of-journalism-while-we-watched-director-vinay-shukla.html |title="There is no one saviour of journalism" |date=20 September 2022 |first=Sneha |last=Bhura |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>

The crew shot for eight to nine hours every day starting from noon, accompanying Ravish Kumar from his home to the studio and stopping only when he finally returned at night. Shukla decided early on not to focus on the other prominent journalists in NDTV as his main inspiration was a sense he got that Kumar was at a crossroads in his career, tired of being a hero. Shooting continuously, and without a script over two years, also produced a lot of footage. Shukla had to therefore leave out most of it. He regrets being unable to show the whimsical, humorous side of Kumar as it did not quite fit into the mood the documentary establishes.<ref name="njfp" />

==Synopsis==
''While We Watched'' explores the changes in contemporary Indian mainstream media over the previous decade, through profiling [[Ravish Kumar]], senior executive editor at [[NDTV]], at work in the studio and with his subjects. Indian media ownership,<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/takeover-ndtv-by-indias-richest-man-worries-journalists-2022-08-25/ |title=Takeover of NDTV by India's richest man worries journalists |first1=Alasdair |last1=Pal |first2=Aftab |last2=Ahmed |date=26 August 2022 |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> bias<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2021/05/07/india-cannot-breathe-is-the-media-choking-it-further/ |title=India cannot breathe. Is the media choking it further? |date=7 May 2021 |access-date=15 October 2022 |first1=Ruhi |last1=Khan |first2=Danish |last2=Khan |website=[[London School of Economics]] Media Department}}</ref> and the [[post-truth]], divisive, populist content<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/10/21/bloodlust-tv-calling-out-indias-hate-media |title=Bloodlust TV: Calling out India's hate media |website=[[Newslaundry]] |first=Manisha |last=Pande |date=21 October 2019 |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://qz.com/india/1570899/how-narendra-modi-has-almost-killed-indian-media/ |title=How Narendra Modi has almost killed the Indian media |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=15 October 2022 |first=Nikhil |last=Inamdar |website=[[Quartz India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anguished-over-hate-speeches-on-tv-sc-wants-to-know-if-govt-wants-to-bring-law-to-curb-them-8164943/ |title=Supreme Court flags: TV channels chief medium of hate speech |date=22 September 2022 |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=[[Indian Express]] |first=Ananthakrishnan |last=G}}</ref> have led to many mainstream television news channels being labelled [[Godi media]] (equivalent to the phrase lapdog media, and incidentally coined by Ravish Kumar<ref>{{cite web |first=Ismat |last=Ara |date=9 December 2020 |title=At Farmers' Protest, Field Reporters of 'Godi Media' Channels Face the Heat |url=https://thewire.in/rights/farmers-protest-godi-media-channels-ground-reporters |access-date=27 December 2020 |website=The Wire}}</ref>).

The documentary follows Kumar as he tries to stick to factual news, criticizing the Indian government and its ecosystem whenever instances of incompetent governance and majoritarian policies emerge. It chronicles the discussions between Kumar and the NDTV team on the events that they need to cover, the preparatory work of fact-checking and witness interviews before Kumar can go live on the primetime show he anchors. It contrasts the coverage by Kumar with that of competing television channels whose anchors are shown hyperbolically conflating criticism of the government's policies with treason and going on diatribes against alleged internal and external enemies of India.<ref name="france24" /> It also covers the threats of violence against the NDTV news team, and the financial troubles plaguing media houses that are seen as critics of the [[BJP]], the ruling party in India. Kumar is filmed interacting with his wife and young daughter - particularly having to deal with his daughter's fears for his life<ref name="france24" /> - and appearing at public events, alternately being heckled and lauded by audiences. It ends on the highnote of Ravish Kumar winning<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rmaward.asia/awardee/kumar-ravish |title=Kumar, Ravish |website=[[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] Foundation|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] in 2019.

''While We Watched'' frequently features scenes of NDTV staff cutting cakes to mark the departure of yet another colleague. Raids by tax authorities, dwindling government advertising revenue, banks refusing to provide loans and threats of violence and even arrest have led to many journalists leaving. Shukla observed that these "cake cuttings" were what convinced him to tell the story and in fact became a [[leitmotif]] of the documentary.<ref name="france24" />

==Reception==
On the review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] website, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 7.10/10.<ref name="score:rotten">{{cite Rotten Tomatoes |title=While We Watched (2022) |id=while_we_watched |type=m |access-date=May 13, 2024}}</ref>

Christopher Cross in ''Tilt Magazine'' notes<ref name="tiltmag">{{cite web |first=Christopher |last=Cross |url=https://tilt.goombastomp.com/film/while-we-watched-review/ |title=While We Watched Reveals the Destabilization of Democracy in India |date=11 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Tilt Magazine}}</ref> that as the documentary is "[e]dited to keep everything at a breakneck pace and set over a small period of time, Shukla magnifies the rapid rate with which dissent and opposition can be dismantled when those in power feel threatened." He concludes that it "gets at the heart of the media's role in dividing a country and the ways in which audiences let it happen."

Courtney Small in ''That Shelf'' says "A riveting work that will have you mourning the slow death of journalism, While We Watched is an urgent reminder that we all have much to lose if we can no longer tell fact from fiction."<ref name="thatshelf">{{cite web |first=Courtney |last=Small |url=https://thatshelf.com/tiff-2022-while-we-watched-review/ |title=TIFF 2022: While We Watched Review |date=11 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=That Shelf}}</ref>

Stephen Saito in ''The Moveable Feast'', while pointing out "If While We Watched has a flaw, it isn't one of its own making when the story it tells has become unfortunately all too common around the world", concludes that "Shukla nimbly shows how interconnected these issues (business and political headwinds) all are... when signs of encouragement are few and far between... and the end product suffers as a result, no longer able to hold power to account."<ref name="moveablefeast">{{cite web |first=Stephen |last=Saito |url=https://moveablefest.com/vinay-shukla-while-we-watched/ |title=A Journalist's Pursuit of the Truth Leads to Soul Searching in "While We Watched" |date=12 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=The Moveable Feast}}</ref>

Pat Mullen in ''POV Magazine'' believes that "While We Watched smartly captures the state of contemporary news media with a powerful character study of one reporter's unshakable quest to speak the truth." He observes that the film "oddly reflects the slickness of Kumar's competition. The documentary has the sheen of branded content", but concludes "Amid a seas of vitriolic windbags, the portrait of Kumar's unwavering tenacity is most refreshing."<ref name="povmagazine">{{cite web |first=Pat |last=Mullen |url=https://povmagazine.com/while-we-watched-review-journalism-under-fire/ |title=While We Watched Review: Journalism Under Fire |date=13 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=POV Magazine}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col| Year
! scope=col| Association
! scope=col| Award
! scope=col| Recipients
! scope=col| Result
! class=unsortable scope=col| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center"; rowspan="2" |2022
| [[2022 Toronto International Film Festival]]
| [[Toronto International Film Festival Amplify Voices Award|Amplify Voices Award]]
| rowspan="4" |''While We Watched''
| {{won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="TIFF2022" />
|-
|[[27th Busan International Film Festival]]
| Busan Cinephile Award
| {{won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="busan" />
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| 39th [[IDA Documentary Awards]]
| Best Feature Documentary
| {{nom}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/2023-ida-documentary-awards-nominations-announcement-1235630865/|title='Apolonia, Apolonia,' 'The Mother Of All Lies,' 'Milisuthando' Lead Way As IDA Documentary Awards Announces Nominees – Full List|last=Carey|first=Matthew|date=21 November 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" | 2023
|[[Peabody Awards]]
|Best Documentary Film
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=ALL THAT BREATHES AND WHILE WE WATCHED WIN PEABODY AWARD |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/all-that-breathes-and-while-we-watched-win-peabody-award/articleshow/110027616.cms |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt21818816}}
* {{Rotten tomatoes|while_we_watched}}

{{Media of India}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:While We Watched}}
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2022 documentary films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about media manipulation]]
[[Category:Documentary films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films about mass media in India]]
[[Category:Journalism in India]]
[[Category:Television news in India]]

Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)

2025-11-20T18:39:57Z

Maansi26:

{{Short description|Political party in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)
| logo =
| colorcode = {{party color|Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)}}
| abbreviation = JD(L)
| leader = [[Akshay Pratap Singh]]
| president = [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]]
| founded = {{start date|df=yes|2018|11|30}} <ref name=XYZ/>
| founder = [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]] (Raja Bhaiya)<ref name=XYZ/>
| headquarters = [[Lucknow]]
| youth_wing = Raja Bhaiya Youth Brigade
| ideology = [[Caste system in India#Criticism|Anti-Casteism]]<ref name=XYZ/><ref name="timesofindia" /> [[Secularism]]<ref name="JDL">{{cite web |title=Jansatta Dal Loktantrik - www.jdl.org.in |url=https://www.jdl.org.in/ |website=www.jdl.org.in |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> [[Political equality|Political Equality]]<ref name="JDL"/>
| colors = {{Colorsample|Yellow}} Yellow {{Colorsample|Green}} Green
<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands Throng Lucknow Streets as Raja Bhaiya Launches Party on Anti-Dalit Plank |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/raja-bhaiya-launches-his-party-in-lucknow-1955243.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=30 November 2018}}</ref>
| seats1_title = Seats in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|1|100|hex={{party color|Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)}}}}
| seats2_title = Seats in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|2|403|hex={{party color|Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)}}}}
| symbol = [[File:Saw election symbol.png|150px]]
| flag =
| website = {{URL|http://www.jdl.org.in}}
| country = India
}}

'''Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)''' is a political party in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, launched by [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]], commonly known as Raja Bhaiya, in November 2018 at Ramabai Park, [[Lucknow]], during a rally marking his 25 years in politics and after taking feedback from his electorate who overwhelmingly supported for forming a new party.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Subhash |title=UP: Raghuraj Pratap Singh launches new political party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-raghuraj-pratap-singh-launches-new-political-party/articleshow/66882693.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

The party has raised the issues related to caste-based preferences in election and stands against [[Casteism]] in [[Politics]]. The party has also raised issues regarding disparity in the [[reservation in India|reservation system]] and [[SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act|SC/ST act]] to non-[[Dalits]], in education and employment. Raja Bhaiyya's party won two seats in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh elections of 2022]].<ref name="uniindia">{{cite news |date=16 November 2018 |title=Raja Bhaiyya floats new faction"Jansatta Dal"; says Ram temple issue must be sorted out via court ruling |url=http://www.uniindia.com/raja-bhaiyya-floats-new-faction-quot-jansatta-dal-quot-says-ram-temple-issue-must-be-sorted-out-via-court-ruling/north/news/1406760.html |publisher=[[United News of India]]}}</ref><ref name="XYZ">{{cite news |last=Mishra Subhash |date=1 December 2018 |title=Raja Bhaiya launches party with war cry for caste equality |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/raja-bhaiya-launches-party-with-war-cry-for-caste-equality/articleshow/66890255.cms |access-date=15 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia" /> Even after personal targeting by SP candidate Gulshan Yadav and [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] president Akhilesh Yadav, Raja Bhaiya won his seat comfortably. {{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Aside from [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]], the party had early support from [[Akshay Pratap Singh]], [[Vinod Saroj]] and [[Shailendra Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Faridi |first1=Mohd. Rafatuddin |title=राजा भइया की पार्टी में जाने वाले नेताओं की तैयार, जानिये किन पार्टियों के हैं नेता |url=https://www.patrika.com/allahabad-news/raja-bhaiya-political-party-announced-in-lucknow-on-30-november-3772805/ |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=28 November 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==External links==
* {{Official Website|http://jdl.org.in|Official website}}
{{clr}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttar-pradesh-elections-raja-bhaiya-wins-from-ups-kunda-for-7th-time-5-things-to-know-about-him-2815429/amp/1}}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Political parties established in 2018]]
[[Category:Political parties in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)]]
{{India-party-stub}}

The MINDS Foundation

2025-11-17T16:05:28Z

Maansi26: Started a data from scratch...

{{Short description|Non-profit organisation}}
[[File:MINDS Foundation logo.jpeg|thumb|The MINDS Foundation logo.]]
'''The MINDS Foundation''', a [[nonprofit]] located in [[India]], uses a [[grassroots]] approach to eliminate [[Social stigma|stigma]] and provide educational, medical, and moral support for patients with [[mental illness]] in rural India. (1) The organization conducts ongoing research and develops curriculum to expand education about mental health and increase the number of trained staff who can support patients with mental illness. MINDS works with a broad team of directors, advisors, field workers and assistants and receives support through a variety of foundations, grants and [[NGO]]s. Since its creation in 2010, MINDS has increased the level of education and treatment with regards to mental illness, overcoming many of the challenges of rural health work in [[India]].

== Approach ==
MINDS uses a three-phase approach for education, treatment and reintegration.


'''Phase 1''' focuses on community-wide education held in each village by social workers, MINDS staff and Community Mental Health Workers. After a short 45-minute film explaining the basics of mental illness and the effectiveness of treatment, there are facilitated discussions and Q&A sessions which focus on de-stigmatization of mental illness. Research suggests that lack of health education in rural India contributes to serious misunderstandings, stigma and denial about the existence and causes of mental illness.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Magnier |first1=Mark |date=5 July 2013 |title=India battles misconceptions on mental illness |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-jul-05-la-fg-india-mental-health-20130705-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times }}</ref> According to current studies, psychologists believe education programs about [[mental illness]] are one of the most effective ways to reduce this [[Social stigma|stigma]] and encourage patients to receive the treatment they need.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mann|first1=Caroline|last2=Himelein|first2=Melissa|title=Putting the person back into psychopathology: an intervention to reduce mental illness stigma in the classroom|doi=10.1007/s00127-008-0324-2|pmid=18286216|volume=43|issue=7|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|pages=545–551|year=2008|s2cid=25194036}}</ref>

'''Phase 2''' focuses on effective, free treatment for any mentally ill person who wishes to receive help. MINDS is committed to working in relation with communities and hospitals across [[Gujarat]] and, therefore, provides free daily transport to local hospitals, free consultation with local doctors and free medication. Furthermore, to ease the treatment process, families of patients are welcome to accompany the patients to the hospitals and doctors appointments. According to the [[National Alliance on Mental Illness]], 70-90% of all global mentally ill patients who receive treatment partially or completely recover.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Mental Illness |url=http://www.nami.org/template.cfm?section=about_mental_illness |website=www.nami.org |publisher=[[National Alliance on Mental Illness]] |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104071002/http://www.nami.org/template.cfm?section=about_mental_illness |archive-date=November 4, 2003 |language=en-us}}</ref>

'''Phase 3''' focuses on each patient's [[:wikt:reintegration|reintegration]] into the local community after treatment. With the help of Community Mental Health Workers, patients receive continued medical support and education. Families of patients also benefit from support and education during this transition. The Phase 1 education and de-stigmatization pave the way for this third phase of MINDS work.

== Programs and Research ==
In addition to the three-phase program running in villages across [[Gujarat]], [[India]], MINDS continually develops programs and conducts research to expand programing. Below is a summary of current, developing programing.

'''Community Mental Health Worker (CMHW) Training'''
Community Mental Health Workers (CMHWs) work as [[advisors]] and [[mentors]] in each village where MINDS programming is run. The CMHWs go through extensive training that focuses on identifying [[mental illness]], connecting patients to hospital care, advising and educating families of mentally ill, supporting the phase 3 [[:wikt:reintegration|reintegration]] process and facilitating phase 1 education workshops. The training for CMHWs was developed in partnership with the Nossal Institute for Global Health, adapted from ''An Introduction to Mental Health: Facilitator's Manual for Training Community Health Workers in India by the Nossal Institute for Global Health & BasicNeeds''<ref>{{cite book|last1=The Nossal Institute for Global Health & Basic Needs'|title=An Introduction to Mental Health: Facilitator's Manual for Training Community Health Workers in India}}</ref>

'''Teacher Training'''
Currently MINDS is developing a training program, based on the [[WHO]] advocation of Task-Shifting, which trains teachers at local schools to identify and support mentally ill youth.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=World Health Organization|title=Task Shifting: Global Recommendations and Guidelines|date=2008|url=https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/taskshifting_guidelines/en/}}</ref> The program follows a four-step model focused on understanding why mental illness is a problem, identifying possible signs of mental illness in students, supporting students through active listening and de-stigmatization of classrooms and referring students to CMHWs for further consolation and screening.

'''Gender Workshops'''
Additionally, MINDS is considering how discussions and education about gender-specific concerns surrounding mental illness and well-being could further deepen the Phase 1 programming.<ref name="Amanda Walker">{{cite news|title=gender education research intern}}</ref>

'''Published Research'''
''Knowledge of and Attitudes Toward Clinical Depression Among Health Providers in Gujarat, India.''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai|title=Knowledge of and Attitudes Toward Clinical Depression Among Health Providers in Gujarat, India.|pmid=24976545 | doi=10.1016/j.aogh.2014.04.001|volume=80|issue=2|year=2014|journal=Ann Glob Health|pages=89–95|doi-access=free}}</ref>

''Perceptions of Traditional Healing for Mental Illness in Rural Gujarat.''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai|title= Perceptions of traditional healing for mental illness in rural Gujarat|pmid=24976546|doi=10.1016/j.aogh.2014.04.013|volume=80|issue= 2|year=2014|journal=Ann Glob Health|pages=96–102|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Organization and Administration ==
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Team|url=http://www.mindsfoundation.org/our-team/|website=The MINDS Foundation|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref>

In order to manage field work, project development and research, MINDS has a multi-level organizational system that combines full-time employees with professional volunteers and advisors around the world. The core team, associates and field team manage the non-profit, monitor the three-phase education treatment & reintegration program and organize ongoing research. The Global and Indian [[Board of Directors]], consisting of notable professors and professionals, monitor the progress of MINDS and support the key values of the NGO. Lastly, the Advisors offer professional advice for program development and research.

In addition to the year-round team, board and advisors, MINDS runs a Leadership Development Development Program where interns from across the US partner with members of the core team to receive training and hands-on experience in marketing, publicity, research and program development. The program aims to develop future leaders in the non-profit arena.

For students and professionals looking for [[field research|field experience]], the MINDS Fellowship Program allows volunteers to work in [[Gujarat]] on research and programing projects.

== History ==
The MINDS Foundation was founded as [[nonprofit]] in August 2010 and is registered in [[Massachusetts]] as an [[NGO]]; additionally it partners with an NGO of the same name located in India, and thus is run through global offices.<ref name="voices.halabol.com">{{cite journal|last1=M|first1=Anu|title=The MINDS Foundation: Fighting the Mental Illness|journal=Halabol Voices|date=2013-10-10|url=http://voices.halabol.com/2013/10/09/minds-foundation-fighting-mental-illness}}</ref> Currently MINDS runs programs in 19 villages in [[Gujarat]] and will expand to other villages in the near future.

In India, there is no official mental health policy and resources are extremely limited, with only 0.3 psychiatrists/100,000 people and just 0.06% of the national health budget going towards mental illness education and treatment.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seervai|first1=Shanoor|title=India's Mental Health Challenge|journal=The Wall Street Journal|date=2013-10-21|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/10/21/indias-mental-health-challenge/}}</ref> Furthermore, rural areas in India tend to be some of the most neglected: out of 626 districts in India, only 125 have any sort of mental health program in place.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thompson|first1=Christie|title=Reimagining Psychiatry in Rural India|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/09/reimagining-psychiatry-in-rural-india/262214/|website=The Atlantic|date=2012-09-12}}</ref> [[Health in India|Health resources in India]] are usually funded, provided and accessed through the private sector.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare: Government of India|title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3): India|journal=NFHS-3|date=2005–2006|volume=1|page=436|url=http://hetv.org/india/nfhs/nfhs3/NFHS-3-IN.pdf}}</ref>

== Partners and Sponsors ==
The MINDS Foundation partners with [[Mount Sinai School of Medicine]] for program advice and review.
MINDS also partners with [http://www.sumandeepuniversity.co.in/ Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University], located just outside [[Vadodara]].
Starting in July 2011, MINDs began working with the Departments of Psychiatry and Community Medicine at Diharaj General Hospital, which provides treatment support and local staff.<ref name="voices.halabol.com"/>

The MINDS Foundation has campus chapters at [[Wesleyan University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The MINDS Foundation|url=https://wesep.wesleyan.edu/cgi-perl/students/wsanew/wsa_groups.cgi|website=Wesleyan University|accessdate=25 July 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120805204946/https://wesep.wesleyan.edu/cgi-perl/students/wsanew/wsa_groups.cgi|archivedate=5 August 2012}}</ref> and at GlobeMed at [[University of Washington]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MINDS Foundation|url=https://globemeduw.wordpress.com/tag/minds-foundation/|website=GlobeMed at University of Washington|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref>

The MINDS Foundation also receives sponsorship, funding or donations from: The Mentor Network,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mentor Network|url=http://www.thementornetwork.com|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> The [[International Monetary Fund]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/|website=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=IMF -- International Monetary Fund Home Page}}</ref> [[Newman's Own]] Foundation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newmansownfoundation.org|website=Newman's Own Foundation|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=Newman's Own Foundation | the Power of Philanthropy to Transform Lives}}</ref> Gray Matters Capital,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grayghostventures.com|website=Gray Ghost Ventures|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=GrayGhost Ventures}}</ref> [[Google Grants]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/grants/|website=Google Grants|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=Grants for Nonprofit Organizations | Google Ad Grants – Google}}</ref> Hill Holiday,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hill Holliday |url=http://www.hhcc.com/ |website=www.hhcc.com |publisher=[[Hill Holliday]] |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971007123608/https://www.hhcc.com/ |archive-date=October 7, 1997 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Korn Ferry]] International,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kornferry.com|website=Korn Ferry|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=Korn Ferry | Organizational Consulting}}</ref> [[Podio]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://podio.com|website=Podio|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=Podio: Project Management and Collaboration Software}}</ref> [[Salesforce.com|The Salesforce Foundation]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Salesforce |url=http://www.salesforcefoundation.org/ |website=salesforce.org |publisher=[[Salesforce]] |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509213026/https://www.salesforce.org/ |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson|Fried Frank Legal Support]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.friedfrank.com|website=Fried Frank|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=Fried Frank > Home}}</ref> [[Proskauer Rose]] LLP,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.proskauer.com|website=Proskauer|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=It's our business to understand yours - Proskauer Rose LLP}}</ref> [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]],<ref>{{cite web|title=TrustLaw Connect|url=http://www.trust.org/services/trustlaw-connect/|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> Health Radio,<ref>{{cite web|title=Health Radio|url=http://ukhealthradio.com|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> The Next Mile Project,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nextmileproject.org|website=Next Mile Project|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=Next Mile Project – Restoration, Renovation, and Home Improvement}}</ref> the Partricelli Center for Social Entrepreneurship,<ref>{{cite web|title=Patricelli Center for Social Entrepreneurship|url=http://www.wesleyan.edu/patricelli/|website=Wesleyan University|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> MC Mass Challenge,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://masschallenge.org|website=MC Mass Challenge|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=Home}}</ref> [[RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service|Dell Social Innovation Challenge]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Verb U|url=http://www.dellchallenge.org/#/home|website=Dell|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> StartingBloc,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://startingbloc.org|website=Starting Bloc|accessdate=25 July 2014|title=The StartingBloc Fellowship}}</ref> mHealth Alliance<ref>{{cite web|title=mHealth Alliance|url=http://www.mhealthalliance.org|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref> and the Gulbenkian Mental Health Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gulbenkian Mental Health Platform|url=http://www.gulbenkianmhplatform.com|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
NPR: ''In India, Stigma of Mental Illness Hinders Treatment''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kennedy|first1=Miranda|title=In India, Stigma Of Mental Illness Hinders Treatment|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129091680|newspaper=NPR.org|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref>

The Wall Street Journal: ''India's Mental Health Challenge''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seervai|first1=Shanoor|title=India's Mental Health Challenge|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/10/21/indias-mental-health-challenge/|website=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=25 July 2014|date=2013-10-21}}</ref>

Halabol Voices: ''The MINDS Foundation: Fighting the Mental Illness''<ref>{{cite web|last1=M|first1=Anu|title=The MINDS Foundation: Fighting the Mental Illness|url=http://voices.halabol.com/2013/10/09/minds-foundation-fighting-mental-illness|website=Halabol Voices|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref>

Gulbenkian Global Mental Health Platform: ''The MINDS Foundation''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gulbenkian|title=The MINDS Foundation|url=http://www.gulbenkianmhplatform.com/information/news?id_news=90|website=Gulbenkian Global Mental Health Platform|accessdate=25 July 2014}}</ref>

India West: ''Youthful Approach to Battle Mental Illness Stigmas: Raghu Kiran Appasani''<ref>{{cite web|last1=LaVigne |first1=Diana |title=Youthful Approach to Battle Mental Illness Stigmas: Raghu Kiran Appasani |url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/244-blog-youthful-approach-to-battle-mental-illness-stigmas-raghu-kiran-appasani.html |website=India West |accessdate=25 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028180510/http://www.indiawest.com/news/244-blog-youthful-approach-to-battle-mental-illness-stigmas-raghu-kiran-appasani.html |archivedate=October 28, 2013 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Health care quality]]
[[Category:Mental health organisations in India]]
[[Category:Disability organisations based in India]]

Uttarakhand Kranti Dal

2025-10-31T02:18:34Z

Maansi26: quick fix

{{Short description|Regional political party of Uttarakhand}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2012}}
{{original research|date=March 2012}}
}}

{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
|abbreviation = UKD
| party_logo = [[File:UKD-flag.gif|200px]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
| leader = [[Pooran Singh Kathait]]
| president = [[Pooran Singh Kathait]]
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1979|07|26}}
| founder = Devi Datt Pant Indramani Badoni [[Kashi Singh Airy]] [[Diwakar Bhatt]] Surendra Kukreti
| headquarters = Kranti Bhavan, 10 Court Road, [[Dehradun]]-248001, [[Uttarakhand]]
| ideology = [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] [[Protectionism]] [[Civic nationalism]] [[Democratic socialism]] [[Secularism]]
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} [[Myrtle green]]
| position = [[Center-left politics|Center-left]]
| state_seats_name = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|5|hex={{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|3|hex={{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|70|hex={{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
| symbol = [[File:Chair (Indian Election Symbol).svg|150px]]
| website = {{URL|https://ourukd.in}}
|eci= [[List of political parties in India|Registered Unrecognised Party]]
}}

The '''Uttarakhand Kranti Dal''' ([[translation]]: '''Uttarakhand Revolutionary Party'''; {{small|abbr.}} '''UKD'''), is a registered unrecognised regional [[political party]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. Founded in 1979, the party was built upon the aim of establishing a separate hill-state to combat administrative neglect and ensure [[sustainable development]] with respect to the sensitive ecology of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]]. Through the 80s and late 90s UKD became the principal leader of the [[Uttarakhand movement|Uttarakhand Statehood Movement]] and is credited by for bringing about the separation and creation of Uttarakhand as the 27th state of India on 9 November 2000.

In the present [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]], elected in 2022, it did not have any member as compared with one member in the previous 2012, three members in 2007 and four members in 2002 assembly elections of the state.<ref>[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]</ref>

==History==
{{main|Uttarakhand movement}}

The UKD was established after an extended period of non-unified civil activism movements across Uttar the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh on 26 July 1979 by [[Bipin Chandra Tripathi]], Prof. Devi Datt Pant, Indramani Badoni
and [[Kashi Singh Airy]] at [[Nanital]]. The party was formed under the leadership of some of the major political forces within the region and aimed at promoting unified activism to struggle for a separate state composed of the hill districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

The founding convention was chaired by Prof. Devi Datt Pant, former vice-chancellor of [[Kumaon University]]. Under the young leadership of Kashi Singh Airy who took the charge of struggle and public agitations.

In 1988, Badoni did a 105-day foot march under the banner of Uttarakhand Kranti Dal. This procession ran from Tawaghat in [[Pithoragarh]] to [[Dehradun]]. He went from door to door in the village and told the people the benefits of a separate state. In 1992, he declared [[Gairsain]] the capital of [[Uttarakhand]] on the day of Makar Sankranti in Bageshwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lohani |first=Girish |date=2019-08-18 |title=Indramani Badoni Archives |url=https://kafaltree.com/tag/indramani-badoni/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Kafal Tree |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Uttarakhand Movement soon bore fruition after various cases of police administrative and police brutality in the later half of the movement, when the separate ''Uttaranchal'' state was formed on 9 November 2000 by the then BJP lead government. The change in state name to "Uttaranchal" garnered widespread criticism from UKD representatives and civilian activists for being an attempt at diluting the sacrifice of regional groups like the UKD.

However, in the first-ever state assembly elections in 2002, the party won only four out of 70 seats and was outmaneuvered by the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], both despite being latecomers to the Uttarakhand statehood movement, succeeded in capturing its momentum for electoral gain and formed governments in the state.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

==Leadership==
The party's current face is [[Pooran Singh Kathait]], who is party's central President since 2023. Under his leadership, Uttarakhand Kranti Dal is fighting for the causes of natives of Uttarakhand. There are various other leaders like Sh. Kashi Singh Airy, a prominent leader of the Uttarakhand statehood movement and a senior leader of Uttarakhand Kranti Dal, who was elected for [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] three times (1985–1989, 1989–1991, 1993–1996) from [[Didihat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Didihat]] and was elected for first [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. The executive president of the party is Harish Chandra Pathak—senior statehood activist and prominent face of Uttarakhand statehood movement who fought from the forefront in the creation of Uttarakhand state. Jaswant Singh Bisht was the first elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the party from [[Ranikhet (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ranikhet]] constituency. Other personalities include [[Indramani Badoni]], Devi Datt Pant, [[Bipin Chandra Tripathi]] and [[Diwakar Bhatt]] who were among the founding members and long time agitators for the Uttarakhand statehood movement.

== Factionalism and decline ==
{{Main|3rd Uttarakhand Assembly}}
In the [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012 Uttarakhand Assembly election]], Uttarakhand Kranti Dal contested as '''Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (P)''' led by then party president Trivendra Singh Panwar. The original party name and the election symbol (chair) was frozen by the [[Election Commission of India]] following the factionalism and leadership dispute within the party that led to its breakup.
The splinter group '''Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (D)''' led by former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and [[Uttarakhand Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] in the [[First Khanduri ministry|Khanduri government]] and later [[Pokhriyal ministry|Pokhriyal government]], [[Diwakar Bhatt]] broke away from the UKD with his supporters claiming the original party leadership.
[[Pritam Singh Panwar]] was the only winning candidate of the party in the 2012 Assembly election, who ran under the UKD(P) banner.

Uttarakhand Kranti Dal's original name and party symbol were restored in 2017 with the merger of both groups.

The party's performance in various assembly and parliamentary elections has been on a consistent decline. The main reasons cited for UKD's decline in the politics of Uttarakhand are; inner factionalism, loss of voter base to other parties and frequent switching for power share between the BJP and Congress governments, which is often viewed negatively as political opportunism.

== Electoral performance==
=== Uttar Pradesh ===
{{Main|Elections in Uttar Pradesh}}

==== Legislative Assembly elections ====
{{See also|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- style="background-color:#336666; color:white"
! Year !! Legislature !! Party leader !! Seats won !! Change in seats !! Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[8th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|8th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Devi Datt Pant]] || {{Composition bar|0|425|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{new}} || rowspan="2"| –
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[9th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|9th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indramani Badoni]] || {{Composition bar|0|425|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{nochange}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[10th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"| [[Bipin Chandra Tripathi]] || {{Composition bar|1|425|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{increase}} 1 || {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || [[11th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || {{Composition bar|0|425|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{decrease}} 1 || –
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || [[12th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"|[[Kashi Singh Airy]] || {{Composition bar|1|425|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{increase}} 1 || {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[13th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || {{Composition bar|0|425|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{decrease}} 1 || –
|}

==== Lok Sabha elections ====
{{See also|Lok Sabha}}
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- style="background-color:#336666; color:white"
! Year !! Legislature !! Party leader !! Seats won !! Change in seats !! Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]] || [[7th Lok Sabha]] || [[Devi Datt Pant]] || {{Composition bar|0|85|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{new}} || rowspan="7"| –
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]] || [[8th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indramani Badoni]] || {{Composition bar|0|85|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || rowspan="6"| {{nochange}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]] || [[9th Lok Sabha]] || rowspan="2"|[[Bipin Chandra Tripathi]] || {{Composition bar|0|85|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]] || [[10th Lok Sabha]] || {{Composition bar|0|85|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]] || [[11th Lok Sabha]] || rowspan="3"| [[Kashi Singh Airy]] || {{Composition bar|0|85|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] || [[12th Lok Sabha]] || {{Composition bar|0|85|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]] || [[13th Lok Sabha]] || {{Composition bar|0|85|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
|}

=== Uttarakhand ===
{{Main|Elections in Uttarakhand}}

==== Legislative Assembly elections ====
{{See also|Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly}}
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- style="background-color:#336666; color:white"
! Year !! Legislature !! Party leader !! Seats won !! Change in seats !! Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[1st Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Bipin Chandra Tripathi]] || {{Composition bar|4|70|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{new}} 4 || {{no2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Diwakar Bhatt]] || {{Composition bar|3|70|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{decrease}} 1 || {{yes2|Government with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly|3rd Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Trivendra Singh Panwar]] || {{Composition bar|1|70|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{decrease}} 2 || {{yes2|Government with [[Indian National Congress|INC]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[4th Uttarakhand Assembly|4th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Kashi Singh Airy]] || {{Composition bar|0|70|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{decrease}} 1 || rowspan="2"| –
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|| [[5th Uttarakhand Assembly|5th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Diwakar Bhatt]] || {{Composition bar|0|70|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{nochange}}
|}

==== Lok Sabha elections ====
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|- style="background-color:#336666; color:white"
! Year !! Legislature !! Party leader !! Seats won !! Change in seats !! Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2004 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|2004]] || [[14th Lok Sabha]] || [[Bipin Chandra Tripathi]] || {{Composition bar|0|5|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || {{new}} || rowspan="5"| –
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2009 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|2009]] || [[15th Lok Sabha]] || [[Diwakar Bhatt]] || {{Composition bar|0|5|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}} || rowspan="5"| {{nochange}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2014 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|2014]] || [[16th Lok Sabha]] || [[Trivendra Singh Panwar]] || {{Composition bar|0|5|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2019 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|2019]]
|| [[17th Lok Sabha]] || [[Kashi Singh Airy]] || {{Composition bar|0|5|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2024 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|2024]] || [[18th Lok Sabha]] || [[Diwakar Bhatt]] || {{Composition bar|0|5|{{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}}}
|}

== Legacy ==
The party has taken on various campaigns in the past geared towards the social and economic upliftment of the Pahari people. The party has embraced a number of causes of concern to the diversity of people living in Uttarakhand, defining the Uttarakhandi identity in broad and inclusive terms. As such, its ideology of civic as opposed to ethnic nationalism can be compared to other centre-left nationalist parties like the [[Scottish National Party]] or the [[Plaid Cymru]], although its orientation and goals are emphatically [[Secession|non-secessionist]].

The party has been among the most active campaigners of the bhu Kanoon Movement and campaigned heavily to ensure judicial justice in the Ankita Bhandari Murder case.

== See also==
{{Portal|Socialism|Politics|India|}}

*[[Revolutionary Party]]
*[[List of socialist parties]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttarakhand]]
*[[Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://ukdofficial.in Official Website of Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]
*[http://www.ukd.prayaga.org A website established by UKD supporters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908041917/http://www.ukd.prayaga.org/ |date=8 September 2017 }}.
*[http://www.merapahadforum.com/uttarakhand-at-a-glance/ukd-regional-party/ उत्तराखण्ड क्रान्ति दल का इतिहास]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9079295700345172271&q=bipin+tripathi&total=1&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 A video of UKD public meeting]
*[http://uttarakhand.org/library Uttarakhand Solidarity Network Web Portal Library]
*[http://www.allindoon.com/index.php/newsarticle?view=showelectionarticle&id=3216 allindoon.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213011212/http://www.allindoon.com/index.php/newsarticle?view=showelectionarticle&id=3216 |date=13 February 2016 }}
*[http://legalassistanceforum.org/event/event18.html legalassistanceforum.org]
*[http://www.lawcollegedehradun.com/debate_society.htm lawcollegedehradun.com]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.garhwalpost.com/article/Dehradun/11063/1/print/ garhwalpost.com]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:1979 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Democratic socialist parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Former member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]
[[Category:Former member parties of the United Progressive Alliance]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1979]]
[[Category:Political parties in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:Registered unrecognised political parties in India]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in India]]

C. L. John

2025-10-21T10:45:25Z

Maansi26:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

'''C. L. John''' (born 1966)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=C.L John (NDPP): Constituency- Tehok (ST) (Mon) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6834 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is a four-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Tehok Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Mon district|Mon District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is the minister of environment, forests and climate change.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-09-30 |title=Minister CL John reminds of collective responsibility in preserving wildlife ahead of Wildlife Week 2024 |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/minister-cl-john-reminds-of-collective-responsibility-in-preserving-wildlife-ahead-of-wildlife-week-2024/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers {{!}} Nagaland State Portal |url=https://www.nagaland.gov.in/ministers |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=www.nagaland.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
John is from [[Tehok Assembly constituency|Tehok]], Mon District, Nagaland. He is the son of Cheno Konyak. He studied Class 8 at Government High School, Mon, and passed the examinations conducted by [[Nagaland Board of School Education]] in 1985. His wife was in government service and retired from the education department.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
John was elected from the Tehok Assembly constituency representing [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] in the 2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election. He polled 9,232 votes and defeated his nearest rival, C. Kawang Konyak of the [[Naga People's Front]], by a margin of 7,070 votes. He first became an MLA in the [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing [[Naga People's Front]]. In 2008, he polled 7,829 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Shaboh of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 1,403 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Nagaland 2008 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2008/nagaland/195/33 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He retained the seat for NPF, winning the [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] defeating W. Wongyuh Konyak of the Congress Party, by a margin of 7,891 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=C.L John in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/cl-john-tehok-candidate-s17a045c006/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He won for the third consecutive time in the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018 Assembly election]] defeating C. Kawang Konyak of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 4,556 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Election: Tehok Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno45-acno45.html |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Later, he shifted to [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] and won the 2023 Assembly election.<ref name=":1" /> He joined [[Naga People's Front]] when it was merged with NDPP.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, C. L.}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mon district]]

P. Janardhan Reddy

2025-08-19T07:54:24Z

Maansi26:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = P. Janardhan Reddy
| image = Indian National Congress party MLA, P. Janardhan Reddy.jpg
| office = 11th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the opposition Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| governor = {{ubl|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]|[[Krishan Kant]]}}
| predecessor = N. T. Rama Rao
| successor = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| term_start = 24 Mar1995
| term_end = 29 Oct 1999
| constituency = [[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabadu]]
| birth_date = 12 January 1948
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = {{ubl|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]}}
| assembly1 = Andhra Pradesh Legislative
| predecessor1 = [[K. Vijayarama Rao]]
| successor1 = [[P. Vishnuvardhan Reddy]]
| term_start1 = 2004
| term_end1 = 2007
| constituency_AM1 = [[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabadu]]
| predecessor2 = M. Ramchander Rao
| successor2 = K. Vijayarama Rao
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1999
| predecessor3 = Nagam Krishna Rao
| successor3 = M. Ramchander Rao
| term_start3 = 1978
| term_end3 = 1983
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{nobr|{{death date and age|df=yes|2007|12|28|1948|01|12}}}}
| death_place = Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
| profession = [[trade union|Union leader]]
| spouse = Paripati Sulochana
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''P. Janardhan Reddy (PJR)''' (12 January 1948 – 28 December 2007) was an [[Indian National Congress]] party leader and labour leader from Andhra Pradesh. He was elected and served as Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) five times for the [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] constituency of [[Khairtabad]] until his death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/04/01/stories/2004040102070500.htm|title=The Hindu : P. Janardhan Reddy files nomination from Khairatabad|date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231073206/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/04/01/stories/2004040102070500.htm|access-date=25 November 2021|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 December 2007}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
P. Janardhan Reddy was born on 12 January 1948 to P. Papi Reddy and Shivamma in Domalguda, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]. He received a diploma in Electrical Engineering from a [[institute of technology|polytechnic college]].

Reddy worked as a supervisor in the AP Electrical Equipment Corporation in Sanathnagar, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]].

==Political career==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
Reddy started his career as a [[trade union]] leader in 1967. He represented many industrial trade unions before entering mainstream politics. He represented labour unions of Hyderabad Alwin, Kesavram Cements, NTPC and Vizag Steel factory. He was also the President for Associated Glass Industries Workers Union, A.P. Electrical Equipment Corporation Employees Union, A.P. Agro Industries Employees Union and Krishi Engines.

Reddy was first elected to Andhra Pradesh assembly in 1978 and four more times (1985, 1989, 1994 and 2004) from [[Khairatabad]] constituency in Hyderabad, which is one of the most populous constituencies in the state. He lost only once to Telugu Desam rivals in 1999 Assembly elections.

Reddy was Minister of Co-Operation and Youth Services in 1980, Archives Minister in 1982, Labour, Employment and Housing Minister from 1990 to 1992, and Civil Supplies Minister in 1993.

As Congress Legislature Party (CLP) leader between 1994 and 1999, he led Congress members in the assembly. He was an effective leader of the opposition during the regime of N.T. Rama Rao and N. Chandrababu Naidu. He led many popular agitations in Hyderabad city against Telugu Desam governments. He was a supporter of separate state for [[Telangana]]. He actively fought for a fair share of funds for Telangana region.

==Personal life==
Reddy was married to Sulochana. They have a son, [[P. Vishnuvardhan Reddy]], and four daughters. Their first daughter, Gayathri Reddy, the second Anuragini Reddy, the third Vijaya Reddy, and the youngest is Pavani Reddy.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Reddy suffered a heart attack on 28 December 2007, while on his way to a party meeting. He was rushed to hospital but died on the way. Thousands of people milled around his house to pay their respects to their leader. He was cremated with state honours in the presence of thousands of his followers and congress leaders.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Thousands-turn-up-for-PJRs-funeral/articleshow/2661568.cms | title=Thousands turn up for PJR's funeral | date=30 December 2007 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=24 June 2019 }}</ref>

After Reddy's death, his son P. Vishnuvardhan Reddy and daughter Vijaya Reddy entered into politics. P. Vishnuvardhan Reddy was elected as the MLA from [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/PJRrsquos-son-wins-with-record-margin/article15234200.ece|title=PJR's son wins with record margin|date=2 June 2008|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

Reddy's daughter Vijaya Reddy, initially an independent candidate, joined YSR Congress in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/pjrs-daughter-joins-ysrc/article3760696.ece|title=PJR's daughter joins YSRC|date=13 August 2012|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> She left YSR Congress to join TRS with her followers in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140821/nation-politics/article/congress-leader-janardhan-reddy%e2%80%99s-daughter-joins-trs-followers|title=Congress leader Janardhan Reddy's daughter joins TRS with followers|date=21 August 2014|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref>

==Honors==
P. Janardhan Reddy's statue was unveiled at the Khairatabad junction on the first anniversary of his death. His daughter, Vijaya Reddy, started the PJR foundation in 2011 for the welfare of the common people.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.today/20110605182205/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=2a895a48-8dcd-40d8-9da1-83a61ad9a637&&Headline=Last+respects+paid+to+Janardhan+Reddy&strParent=strParentID Thousands pay last respects to Janardhan Reddy], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 29 December 2007

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, P. Janardhan}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]

Karnata kingdom

2025-06-24T17:21:31Z

Maansi26: started!

{{Short description|Ancient kingdoms in India}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2022}}
'''Karnata''' was an ancient kingdom, mentioned in the great epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', It gave the name to the South Indian state of [[Karnataka]].

== References in Mahabharata ==

=== Sahadeva's Military Campaign to the South of India ===

*Mahabharata, Book 2, Chapter 30

[[Sahadeva]] conquered the town of Sanjayanti and the country of the Pashandas and the Karanatakas by means of his messengers alone, and made all of them pay tributes to him. The hero brought under his subjection and exacted tributes from the Paundrayas and the [[Dravida kingdom|Dravidas]], along with the Udrakeralas, the [[Andhra kingdom|Andhras]], the Talavanas, the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]]s and the Ushtrakarnikas, and also the delightful city of Atavi and that of the Yavanas.

=== Nakula's Military Campaign to the West of India ===

*Mahabharata, Book 2, Chapter 32

[[Nakula]] subjugated the whole of the desert country and the region known as Sairishaka full of plenty, as also that other one called Mahetta. And the hero had a fierce encounter with the royal sage Akrosa. And the son of [[Pandu]] left that part of the country having subjugated the Dasarnas, the Sivis, the [[Trigarta kingdom|Trigartas]], the Amvashtas, the Malavas, the five tribes of the Karnata, and those twice born classes that were called the Madhyamakeyas and Vattadhanas.

=== Karanataka, a Southern Kingdom in Bharata Varsha (Ancient India) ===

* Mahabharata, Book 6, Chapter 9

There are other kingdoms in the south. They are the [[Dravida kingdom|Dravidas]], the Keralas, the Prachyas, the [[Mushika kingdom|Mushikas]], and the Vanavashikas; the [[Karanataka]], the [[Mahisha kingdom|Mahishakas]], the Vikalpas, and also the Mushakas; the Jhillikas, the Kuntalas, the Saunridas, and the Nalakananas; the Kankutakas, the [[Chola kingdom|Cholas]], and the Malavayakas; the Samangas, the Kanakas, the Kukkuras, and the Angara-marishas; the Samangas, the Karakas, the Kukuras, the Angaras, the Marishas: the Dhwajinis, the Utsavas, the Sanketas, the Trigartas, and the Salwasena; the Vakas, the Kokarakas, the Pashtris, and the Lamavegavasas; the Vindhyachulakas, the Pulindas, and the Valkalas; the Malavas, the Vallavas, the further-Vallavas, the Kulindas, the Kalavas, the Kuntaukas, and the Karatas; the Mrishakas, the Tanavalas, the Saniyas; the Alidas, the Pasivatas, the Tanayas, and the Sulanyas; the Rishikas, the [[Vidarbha kingdom|Vidarbhas]], the Kakas, the Tanganas, and the further-Tanganas.

== See also ==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

==References==
*[https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm Mahabharata] of [[Krishna Dvaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]]

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]

Karanbahadur Rana

2025-05-02T18:09:20Z

Maansi26: correct information also and fixed typos for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Karanbahadur Rana Magar]]

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Veeravanoor

2025-02-07T02:37:20Z

Maansi26: formatting fix

{{One source|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Veeravanoor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|24|19|N|78|45|33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1072
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 623502
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 4564
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 983 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Veeravanoor''' is a village in [[Ramanathapuram]] District in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Geography ==
Veeravanoor is located at which is near Sathirakudi, 14 kilometres west of Ramanathapuram, and 27 kilometres southeast of [[Paramakudi]] on [[National Highway (India)|NH]] 49.

Veeravanoor covers 4 square miles (8.3 km2), and surrounded on the eastern side by forests, western side by Bogalur, southern side by Seyyalor village and on the northern side is Vairavanenthal village.

== Climate ==
The [[climate]] of Veeravanoor is tropical in nature with little variation in summer and winter temperatures. While April to June is the hottest summer period with the temperature rising up to the 40 °C mark, November to February is the coolest winter period with temperature hovering around 20 °C, making the climate quite pleasant. Surprisingly, Veeravanoor gets all its rains from the north-east monsoons between October and December.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/rdwr.htm |title=Government of India |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121080418/http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/rdwr.htm |archive-date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Rail ===
The nearest railway station is in Ramanathapuram (14 km) and Paramakudi (27 km) which has computerised reservation counters under [[Madurai]] division. Madurai division repeatedly has received the award for being the best-maintained station in the Southern Railway. The railway station code for Paramakudi is PMK and Ramamnathapuram is RMD. It is connected to Indian cities and towns including [[Chennai]], Madurai, Rameshwaram, [[Trichy]] (by Sethu exp, Chennai exp and Passenger).

=== Road ===
The nearest major bus terminals are Ramanathapuram, Paramakudi and Sathirakudi. Apart from government and private buses, three-wheeled, black and yellow auto-rickshaws, referred to as autos or share autos are available for travel within and around the village. There are also van available where commuters can pay fixed fare depends on destination and hire. Nearest major National Highways:

NH-49: Madurai–[[Rameswaram]]

At the moment, the bus terminal of Veeravanoor is full of standing water and the Panchayat plan to clean up the area.

=== Air ===
The nearby airport is Madurai Airport which is approximately {{cvt|100|km}} from Veeravanoor, and it offers flights to major cities in southern and western India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/pdfs/dt27/ac209/ac209176.pdf

{{Ramanathapuram district}}
[[Category:Villages in Ramanathapuram district]]

{{Ramanathapuram-geo-stub}}