Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Shyju Khalid

2026-05-02T05:54:27Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created Bio!

{{short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shyju Khalid
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shyju Khalid
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2011–present
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[Cinematographer]]
* [[Film Director|director]]
* producer
}}
| organisation = Happy Hours Entertainments<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/may/04/i-couldnt-have-asked-for-a-better-team-thamaasha-director-ashraf-hamza-1972331.html|title = I couldn't have asked for a better team: Thamaasha director Ashraf Hamza| date=4 May 2019 }}</ref>
| children =
| parents = [[V. P. Khalid]]
| relatives = [[Khalid Rahman]] (brother) [[Jimshi Khalid]] (brother)
}}

{{Indian name|Shyju|Khalid}}'''Shyju Khalid''' {{small|[[Indian Society of Cinematographers|ISC]]}} is an Indian [[cinematography|cinematographer]], film director, and producer who works in [[Malayalam film]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-at-direction/article4876905.ece|title='Shot at direction|work=The Hindu|date=3 July 2013|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fullpicture.in/interview-detail/60/a-matter-of-percepti.html|title=A matter of perception: Interview with Shyju Khalid|website=fullpicture.in|language=en|access-date=2018-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/23/when-the-hero-sank-in-sudani-from-nigeria-1818194.html|title=When the hero sank in 'Sudani from Nigeria'|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-06-22}}</ref> Shyju Khalid made his debut as cinematographer with ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' (2011). His notable works are ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012), ''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]'' (2013), ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (2016), ''Traffic'' (2011), ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' (2013), ''[[Sudani from Nigeria|Sudani From Nigeria]]'' (2018), ''[[Ee.Ma.Yau]]'' (2018) and '' [[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' (2019). He is a member of the [[Indian cinematographers|Indian Society of Cinematographers (ISC)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theisc.in/members|title = ISC members}}</ref> Film director [[Khalid Rahman]] and cinematographer [[Jimshi Khalid]] are his brothers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140716/siblings-behind-the-scenes.html|title = Siblings behind the scenes|date = 14 July 2016}}</ref>

==Career==

In 2011, director [[Aashiq Abu]] suggested him as a cinematographer for [[Rajesh Pillai]]'s ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]''. His work received recognition through the film. His second film, ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' (2011) was directed by Aashiq Abu. In 2012 he again worked with Abu in ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]''. Shyju directed a segment in the 2013 [[anthology film]] ''[[5 Sundarikal]]''. He has also co-produced the films ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'', ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'', ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' and ''[[Thamaasha]]'' under the banners Handmade Films and Happy Hours Entertainments.

== Filmography ==

===As cinematographer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' || Debut film
|-
| ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Da Thadiya]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' || Segment - Isha
|-
| ''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]'' ||
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mayanadhi]]'' || 2nd Unit Camera
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 ||''[[Ee.Ma.Yau]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sudani From Nigeria]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || Additional Cinematographer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/11/doing-virus-felt-like-doing-a-medical-crash-course-aashiq-abu-12216.html|title = Doing Virus felt like doing a medical crash course: Aashiq Abu| website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=11 June 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2021 || ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Aanum Pennum]]'' || Segment-Rani
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'' ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjummel Boys gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/11/manjummel-boys-gets-a-release-date-51955.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Pravinkoodu Shappu]]'' ||
|}

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film
!Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[5 Sundarikal]]''
|Segment - Sethulakshmi
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]''
| rowspan="2" |Co-produced with [[Sameer Thahir]] and [[Ashiq Usman]]
|-
|2016
|''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Sudani From Nigeria]]''
|Co-produced with [[Sameer Thahir]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Thamaasha]]''
|Co-produced with [[Sameer Thahir]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] and [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
|-
|2022
|''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]''
||Co-produced with [[Sameer Thahir]] and [[Ashiq Usman]]
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]'' || Co-produced with [[Sameer Thahir]] and [[A. V. Anoop]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-04 |title=It's a wrap for Basil Joseph and Nazriya Nazim's Sookshmadarshini |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/04/its-a-wrap-for-basil-joseph-and-nazriya-nazims-sookshmadarshini |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Notes
|-
|rowspan=3|2016
|rowspan=3|[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Vanitha Film Awards 2017: Mohanlal, Manju Warrier win top honours; netizens question if they deserve to be in winners' list|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vanitha-film-awards-2017-mohanlal-manju-warrier-win-top-honours-netizens-question-if-they-715259|accessdate=11 October 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 February 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171011180712/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vanitha-film-awards-2017-mohanlal-manju-warrier-win-top-honours-netizens-question-if-they-715259|archivedate=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|Best Cinematographer
|
|-
|[[CPC Cine Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/cinema-paradiso-club-vinayakan-maheshinte-prathikaaram.html|title=CPC cine awards 2016: Vinayakan, Sai Pallavi & Rajisha win top honors|work=OnManorama|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|North American Film Awards<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=North American Film Awards (NAFA) 2017: Nivin Pauly, Manju Warrier, Tovino Thomas and others in winners list|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/north-american-film-awards-nafa-2017-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-others-winners-714073|accessdate=11 October 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=30 January 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171011181353/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/north-american-film-awards-nafa-2017-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-others-winners-714073|archivedate=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|
|-
|rowspan=10|2018
|rowspan=10|[[Sudani From Nigeria]]
|[[66th National Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/not-a-lot-to-cheer-for-malayalam-cinema/article28967436.ece|title=Not a lot to cheer for Malayalam cinema|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 August 2019|last1=Kumarkozhikode|first1=P. k Ajith}}</ref>
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|Award shared with [[Sameer Thahir]] and [[Zakariya Mohammed]]
|-
|[[49th Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/02/27/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-winners.html|title=Kerala State Film Awards {{!}} Here's the complete winners list|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
|Award shared with [[Sameer Thahir]] and [[Zakariya Mohammed]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-awards-2019-full-winners-list-vijay-deverakonda-keerthy-suresh-yash-win-big/470065|title=SIIMA Awards 2019 full winners list|website=Times Now|date=17 August 2019|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|Best Film
|Award shared with [[Sameer Thahir]] and [[Zakariya Mohammed]]
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|
|-
|rowspan=2|Movie Street Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uukmanews.com/മൂവി-സ്ട്രീറ്റ്-അവാര്‍ഡു/|title=മൂവി സ്ട്രീറ്റ് അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു: ജോജു മികച്ച നടന്‍, നിമിഷ സജയനും സംയുക്ത മേനോനും നടിമാര്‍, 'സുഡാനി' മികച്ച ചിത്രം|date=1 February 2019}}</ref>
|Best Cinematographer
|
|-
|Best Film
|Award shared with [[Sameer Thahir]] and [[Zakariya Mohammed]]
|-
|[[21st Asianet Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2019/asianet-film-awards-2019-winners-list-mohanlal-manju-warrier-prithviraj-others-284129.html|title = Asianet Film Awards 2019 Winners List: Mohanlal, Manju Warrier, Prithviraj & Others Bag Top Honours!|date = 22 March 2019}}</ref>
|Best Film
|Award shared with [[Sameer Thahir]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[CPC Cine Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/cpc-awards-2018-joju-and-aiswarya-lakshmi-best-actors-pm1t63|title=ജോസഫിലൂടെ ജോജു, വരത്തനിലൂടെ ഐശ്വര്യ; സിപിസി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref>
|Best Movie
|Award shared with [[Sameer Thahir]]
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|
|-
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/02/vanitha-film-awards-winners-list-live-show-kochi.html|title=Vanitha film awards 2019|website=Malayala Manorama|date=3 March 2019|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|Best Cinematographer
|
|-
|2019
|[[Kumbalangi Nights]]
|Movie Street Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2020/01/30/movie-street-awards-2019.html|title = മൂവി സ്ട്രീറ്റ് സിനിമാ പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; അവാർഡ് ദാനച്ചടങ്ങ് ഫെബ്രുവരി രണ്ടിന്|date = 30 January 2020}}</ref>
|Best Cinematographer
|
|-
|2024
|[[Manjummel Boys]]
|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|<ref>https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/11/03/kerala-state-film-awards-2024-winners-list.html</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|shyjukhalid}}
* {{IMDb name|4345252}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalid, Shyju}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kerala Tourism Infrastructure Limited

2026-04-30T06:38:53Z

MUKESH SINGH: Stub

{{Short description|Government undertaking in Indian state}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kerala Tourism Infrastructure Limited
| type = [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government Undertaking]]
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| foundation = 16 August 1989
| key_people = *[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]] - Minister for Tourism
*Sajeesh S K – Chairman
{{Collapsible list|title=Board of Directors|Dr. Manoj Kumar K – Managing Director|Biju K IAS – Secretary (Tourism)|Keshvendra Kumar IAS – Secretary (Finance Expenditure)|Sikha Surendran IAS – Tourism Director|}}
| area_served = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| industry = [[Tourism]], [[Ecotourism]]
| owner = [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Tourism Department]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| homepage = [https://ktil.in/ Official website]
}}

'''Kerala Tourism Infrastructure Ltd''' or ('''KTIL'''), formerly Tourist Resorts (Kerala) Limited,<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRKL renamed as Kerala Tourism Infrastructure and Investment Ltd. Company, Newsbytes, Newsletter, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/newsletter/news/2010/trkl-renamed/1421 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|Government of Kerala undertaking]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us – Kerala Tourism Infrastructure Ltd. – KTIL |url=https://ktil.in/aboutus/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=ktil.in}}</ref> under [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Kerala Tourism Department]], established in August 1989 to promote tourism investment and to develop Tourism infrastructure in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]]. KTIL was conceived to identify [[tourism]] [[infrastructure]] needs of the state and bridge any identified gaps. Kerala is today growing at an amazing pace in tourism, adhering to the principles of indigenousness, [[environmental sustainability]] and community participation. Kerala's beaches, [[hill station]]s, [[Backwater (river)|backwaters]], [[wildlife sanctuaries]], historical monuments, etc. attract foreign as well as domestic tourists.

The growth in Tourism Industry has also created an infrastructure gap in various tourism amenities, resulting in a disparity in supply and demand. KTIL is working towards creating various investment, development and partnership models to address this issue and to catalyse growth.

== Administration ==

KTIL was separated from [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation|KTDC]] in 1989, as an independent company. A 1005 government owned enterprise, the company is managed by Managing Director, who reports to Chairman. The Government Secretary to Tourism Department, is the ex-officio Chairman of KTIL. The current Chairman is Sri. Sajeesh S K and Managing Director is Dr Manoj Kumar K.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board Of Directors – Kerala Tourism Infrastructure Ltd. – KTIL |url=https://ktil.in/board-of-directors/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=ktil.in}}</ref> There are 3 nominated directors in the Board of Directors. The Government Secretary of Finance, Director of Kerala Tourism and Managing Director of KTDC are other members in the board.

==KTIL Activities==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Activities – Kerala Tourism Infrastructure Ltd. – KTIL |url=https://ktil.in/major-activities/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=ktil.in}}</ref>

The range of activities conducted by KTIL can be broadly divided into three.

=== Joint Venture Partnerships ===
The primary function of the company is to develop [[public-private partnership]] (PPP model) projects for tourism infrastructure development. Taj Kerala Hotels and Resorts is a joint venture between KTIL and [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]] under the PPP model. KTIL announced its latest PPP model project, an urban entertainment centre at Veli, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Services/Travel/Kerala-initiates-Veli-project-on-PPP-mode/articleshow/5327365.cms
|title=Kerala initiates Veli project on PPP model
|work=[[The Economic Times]]
|date=11 December 2009
|access-date=14 January 2010
}}</ref> This particular project will contribute significantly to the tourism development of the [[capital city]] and Kerala as a whole.

=== PPP Venture ===

KTIL envisages developing tourism based projects on [[Public-Private Partnership|PPP]] Model, utilizing idle land owned by the Government in locations having tourism potential. One of the first project, identified is development of Veli Urban Entertainment Center with an amusement park, recreational hub and cultural museum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-13 |title=Convention centre opened at Veli Tourist Village |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/convention-centre-opened-at-veli-tourist-village/article67947393.ece |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In addition, KTIL have already partnered with [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Kerala Tourism]] for constructing mega International Convention Center at Akkulam in [[Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-10 |title=After 10-yr delay, ICCC plan gains momentum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/international-convention-centre-complex-in-akkulam-finally-moves-forward-after-10-year-delay/articleshow/115123758.cms |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> along with Mumbai-based Raheja Group.

Apart from it, KTIL is planning to start similar International Convention Center facility in [[Kochi]] in [[Public-Private Partnership|PPP]] Model.

=== RE - NRK partnership ===
KTIL developed an initiative wherein a platform for interaction between resident entrepreneurs(RE) and non-resident Keralites (NRK's) were developed to promote investment in the sector.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/non-residents-to-help-kerala-tourism/343179/
|title=RE - NRK Partnership
|work=[[The Business Standard]]
|date=15 December 2008
|access-date=14 January 2010
}}</ref>

=== Government projects ===

KTIL worked as implementing agency for government projects like [[Sarovaram Bio Park]], [[Thalassery]] Heritage Tourism Circuit Development, and the Thali Project.

* [[Sarovaram Bio Park]]<ref>{{cite news
|url =http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/05/stories/2007020504260300.htm
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070212123242/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/05/stories/2007020504260300.htm
|url-status =dead
|archive-date =12 February 2007
|title=Sarovaram Project inaugurated
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=5 February 2007 |access-date=15 January 2010
}}</ref> is an [[eco-tourism]] initiative by Government of Kerala. The bio park which was earlier known as dream city is located a [[Kozhikode]] district of Kerala. The project is executed after taking into consideration the environmental aspects. The park is located in an [[ecosystem]] consisting of [[Canoly Canal]], wet lands, [[mangrove]], bird habitat etc.

* '''Thalaserry Circuit''', consisting of an Overburrys folly with View tower, walkway etc., a sea-view park, a pathway connecting Overburrys folly and sea-view children's park and a municipal park with recreation and cafes, located near [[Thalassery Fort]], a prominent tourist location.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Circuit {{!}} Cultural Heritage of Malabar {{!}} Thalassery Heritage Project {{!}} Kannur, Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/thalassery/tourist-circuits/culture |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Thalassery Heritage Project |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Thali Temple Conservation Project''', [[Kozhikode]] is one of the ancient Siva Temples in Kerala dating back to the days of the [[Zamorin]]'s rule. The temple with its well balanced combination of wood and laterate in construction is considered one of the icons of the cultural heritage of Kerala, especially the Malabar region.

This project envisages conservation of this historic structure and its surroundings. It includes renovation of the temple pond, Altharas and surroundings.

=== SAPARYA ===

'''Synergizing Actions through Participatory Approach''', abbreviated as ''SAPARYA'' is the latest offering of KTIL in developing community based tourist projects, in which larger community invest together with KTIL in developing ecological sustainable community initiatives. The pilot project will be implemented in four districts: [[Kasaragod]] (Bekal, Valiyaparamba region), [[Kannur]] (Meenkunnu Beach, Thalassery region), [[Kottayam]] (Kumarakom, Aimanam region) and [[Pathanamthitta]] (Aranmula, Konni region). Gradually the project would be extended to other parts of the State. The project would address issues such as unregulated development, inadequate local benefits, social perception among common people towards tourism, degeneration of culture and heritage and increasing environmental impact. It would create tourism linkages and augment potential for various sectors like agriculture, fisheries, traditional industry, people and lifestyle and heritage. Touted as the first of its kind, this project aims in developing local economy and exposing to outside people without disturbing local environment and local customs and heritages.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Saparya' scheme launched in Kannur, TRKL, Tourist Resorts Kerala Ltd., Newsbytes, Newsletter, Kerala Tourism, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/newsletter/news/2011/saparya-tourism-kannur-trkl/1490 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tourism in Kerala]]
* [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Tourism Department]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
*[https://ktil.in/ Official Website - https://ktil.in/]
*[http://www.keralatourism.org Official Website of Kerala Tourism Department]

{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in Kerala}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]
[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1989]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Kerala]]

Pune Municipal Corporation

2026-04-26T03:45:58Z

MUKESH SINGH: expanded content

{{short description|Local governing body of Pune}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Pune Municipal Corporation
| native_name = ''Puṇe Mahānagarpālikā''
| native_name_lang = ma
| motto = ''Varam janahitam dhyeyama'' ([[IAST]]) "For welfare of the public"
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1950|02|15}}
| coa_pic = Pune Municpal Corporation logo.png
| coa_res = 200px
| coa_alt = Official logo of the Pune Municipal Corporation
| coa_caption = [[Emblem]] of Pune Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| preceded_by = Pune Municipal Council (1857–1950)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/68-years-of-pune-municipal-corporation-civic-history-with-a-legacy-of-game-changing-schemes/story-1tWyTmhcinOAcvOhtne7DK.html|title=68 years of Pune Municipal Corporation: Civic history with a legacy of game-changing schemes|date=2018-02-15|work=HindustanTimes|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en}}</ref>
| leader1_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] & Administrator
| leader1 = Naval Kishore Ram, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-13|title=विक्रम कुमार पुण्याचे नवे महापालिका आयुक्त, शेखर गायकवाड यांची साखर आयुक्तपदी बदली
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune/vikram-kumar-has-been-transferred-as-the-new-municipal-commissioner-of-pune-shekhar-gaikwad-as-the-sugar-commissioner-msr-87-svk-88-2213327/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206054219/https://www.loksatta.com/pune/vikram-kumar-has-been-transferred-as-the-new-municipal-commissioner-of-pune-shekhar-gaikwad-as-the-sugar-commissioner-msr-87-svk-88-2213327/ |archive-date=2022-02-06|access-date=2022-02-06|website= [[Loksatta]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punesamachar.com/administrator-in-pune-municipal-corporation-pmc-from-15th-march-the-administration-of-pune-municipal-corporation-is-in-the-hands-of-administrator-news-in-hindi/|title=Administrator in Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) 15 मार्च से पुणे मनपा की जिम्मेदारी 'प्रशासक' के हाथ|publisher=Pune Samachar|access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>
| leader2_type = Mayor
| leader2 = Manjusha Nagpure, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader3_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader3 = Parshuram Wadekar, [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
| members = 165
| structure1 = PMC 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_alt =
| political_groups1 = '''Government (119)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (119)
''' Opposition (46)'''
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |26}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|15}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|3}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|1}}
:*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)
| committees1 = {{flatlist|
* Standing Committee
* Ward Committees (15)
* Law Committee
* City Development Committee
* Women and Child Welfare Committee
* Sports Committee
}}
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting]]
| first_election1 = 1952<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/history-teaches-pmc-town-planning-lessons-while-expanding-geography/articleshow/62923210.cms|title=History teaches PMC town planning lessons while expanding geography|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>
| last_election1 = [[2026 Pune Municipal Corporation election|15 January 2026]]
| next_election1 = 2031
| session_room = Pune Municipal Corporation building in October 2023.jpg
| session_res = 250px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = PMC Building, [[Shivajinagar, Pune]]
| website = {{url|pmc.gov.in/en}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pune Municipal Corporation''' ('''PMC''') is the [[Municipal governance in India#Municipal Corporation|civic body]] that governs the city of [[Pune]], situated in the state of [[Maharashtra, India]].

Established on 15 February 1950,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/68-years-of-pune-municipal-corporation-civic-history-with-a-legacy-of-game-changing-schemes/story-1tWyTmhcinOAcvOhtne7DK.html|title=68 years of Pune Municipal Corporation: Civic history with a legacy of game-changing schemes|date=2018-02-15|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en}}</ref> the executive power of the PMC is vested in the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]], an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. The position is held by Naval Kishor Ram, IAS. Manjusha Nagpure from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] was elected as the
mayor and Parshuram Wadekar from [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]] as the deputy mayor in February 2026.

==Jurisdiction==
The city comes under the [[Pune district]], Maharashtra. The [[District Collector (India)|Collector]] is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the [[Government of India|Central government]]. Appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|State government]], the Collector also functions as the election officer and conducts [[Elections in India|general]] as well as [[State Assembly elections in India|state]] elections in the city.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues|last=Arora|first=Ramesh K.|publisher=New Age|year=2011|isbn=978-8122434460}}</ref> The [[Pune Police|Pune City Police]] is the law enforcement agency in the city and answers to the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of Maharashtra. It is headed by a Police Commissioner, an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer.

In July 2017, eleven villages surrounding the city were merged in PMC bringing an additional area of 80.7 sq. km. and a population of 278,000 under the civic body's jurisdiction. PMC now governs a total area of 331.26 sq. km.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/11-newly-merged-villages-in-pmc-rife-with-illegal-constructions/articleshow/60976274.cms|title=11 newly merged villages in PMC rife with illegal constructions – Pune Mirror -|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/state-approves-merger-of-11-villages-pune-adds-81sqkm/articleshow/60962856.cms|title=State approves merger of 11 villages, Pune adds 81sqkm [sic] |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref> The merged villages include: Uruli Devachi, [[Fursungi|Phursungi]], [[Bavdhan]] Budruk, Lohegaon (remaining), [[Hadapsar]] (Sadesatra Nali), Mundhwa (Keshavnagar area), [[Shivane, Maval|Shivane]] (remaining), [[Dhayari]] (remaining), Undri, Ambegaon Khurda and Ambegaon Budruk. This merger was preceded by the merger of 23 villages in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/expanding-pune-how-ready-is-pmc-to-uplift-merged-villages/story-K54wzfDD5yV5mr5WBJ0FMN.html|title=Expanding Pune: How ready is PMC to uplift merged villages?|date=2018-01-20|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/11-villages-under-pmcs-wings-after-hc-order/articleshow/59671500.cms|title=11 villages under PMC's wings after HC order – Pune Mirror -|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref>

On 23 December 2020, the state government issued a draft notification for the merger of 23 adjoining villages within PMC limits, namely [[Mahalunge|Mhalunge]], Sus, Bavdhan Budruk, Kirkatwadi, Pisoli, Kondhwe-Dhawade, Kopre, [[Nanded]], Khadakwasla, Manjari Budruk, Narhe, Holkarwadi, Autade-Handewadi, [[Wadachiwadi]], Shewalewadi, Nandoshi, Sanasnagar, Mangdewadi, [[Bhilarwadi|Bhilarewadi]], Gujar Nimbalkarwadi, Jambhulwadi, Kolewadi and [[Wagholi, Satara|Wagholi]]. The total area of the PMC would be around 485 sq km, making it the municipal corporation with the largest area in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/merger-of-villages-in-pmc-limits-pmc-meeting-villages-7266792/|title=Merger of 23 villages in PMC limits: Meeting to hear suggestions, objections on April 19 and 20|date=2021-04-09|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2021-04-09|language=en}}</ref>

In Sept 2024, Uruli Devachi-Phursungi went through a demerger process after many residents raised the demand<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uruli Devachi, Phursungi village demerged from PMC limits, Cong and NCP oppose move|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/uruli-devachi-phursungi-demerge-pmc-congress-decries-8532151/|website=The Indian Express|date=2023-04-02|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref>.

To serve citizens better, PMC has taken initiative for [[E-governance|e-Governance]]. Presently a few big corporations like [[Persistent Systems]] are lending help for developing the E-governance system, as a part of their social service initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-22|title=Taking a cue from Sarathi, PMC set to start helpline
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/taking-a-cue-from-sarathi-pmc-set-to-start-helpline/articleshow/48446670.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206074311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/taking-a-cue-from-sarathi-pmc-set-to-start-helpline/articleshow/48446670.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2022-02-06|access-date=2022-02-06|website= [[The Times of India]] }}</ref> A public-private partnership is perceived to bring tremendous changes in the future{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=February 2017}}.

== Administration ==
The [[Municipal governance in India#Responsibilities of urban local bodies|major responsibility]] of PMC is to look after the civic and infrastructural needs of the citizens. The administration consists of two major branches: the executive branch headed by the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] and the deliberative branch headed by the [[Mayor of Pune|Mayor]] ({{langx|mr|text=महापौर}}).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/pmc_administrative_structure.pdf|title=PMC Administrative Structure|website=Official Website of Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref name=":9">Mukhopadhyay, A., 1999. Politics and Bureaucracy in Urban Governance: The Indian Experience. Mathur, India, pp.110 [http://www.nipfp.org.in/media/pdf/books/BK_47/Chapters/4.%20%20Politics%20&%20Bureaucracy%20In%20Urban%20Governance.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713130717/http://www.nipfp.org.in/media/pdf/books/BK_47/Chapters/4.%20%20Politics%20%26%20Bureaucracy%20In%20Urban%20Governance.pdf|date=13 July 2018}}</ref>

=== Executive Branch ===
The executive branch is headed by the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|State government]] from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] for a term not exceeding three years according to Section 36 of the Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/%2802%29%20The%20Mah.%20Municipal%20Corporation%20Act%20%28H-4062%29.pdf|title=Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949|website=Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref> Additional Municipal Commissioner(s) assist the Municipal Commissioner in the administration of the departments deputed to them. As of April 2018, there are three Additional Commissioners supervising the general, special and estate administration of the city. Each of these categories consist of several departments.<ref name=":4" /> The Municipal Commissioner also serves on the boards of directors of the two public transport companies, [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] and [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited|MahaMetro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmpml.org/en/about-us/board-of-directors/|title=PMPML Board of Directors|website=PMPML}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mahametro.org/about.html|title=Maha Metro|website=mahametro.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/five-state-representatives-to-join-maha-metro-soon/articleshow/56631528.cms|title=Five state representatives to join Maha-Metro soon – Pune Mirror -|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref>

==== Administrative Zones ====
For the convenience of administration, the city is divided into five zones each headed by a Deputy Municipal Commissioner. Each zone consists of three ward offices ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: क्षेत्रिय कार्यालय, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Kṣhetriya Kāryālay) overseen by an Assistant Municipal Commissioner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/en/contact-us#qt-contact_us-ui-tabs2|title=Administrative Zones and ward offices|website=Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/civic-administration-revises-ward-limits/articleshow/58485976.cms|title=Civic administration revises ward limits |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref> A ward office typically has jurisdiction over more than one election ward. Ward offices not only coordinate major civic projects in their respective areas but also deal with minor works such as maintenance and repair. Residents can avail municipal services at their local ward office eliminating the need to visit the PMC headquarters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-municipal-corporation-seeks-to-redraw-boundaries-of-all-ward-offices-pmc-4632507/|title=Pune Municipal Corporation seeks to redraw boundaries of all ward offices|date=2017-04-29|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Deliberative Branch ===
The deliberative branch is the elected branch of the PMC headed by the [[Mayor of Pune|Mayor]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> The city is divided into 41 multi-member wards ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: प्रभाग, [[IAST]]: Prabhāg), 40 of which are represented by four [[councillors|corporators]] each while 1(Ward No.: 38) is represented by five [[Councillor|corporators]] each.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://adc-ecos.enlightcloud.com/1133pmcwebsitev2/s3fs-public/2025-08/GazetteSearch-English-Draft-Ward-Formation-Election-2025-1-71.pdf?VersionId=d94031a5-031d-40f2-907e-297d46ca093e|title=Draft Ward Formation – Gazette (English)|date=22 August 2025|website=Official Website of Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref> Thus, the general body of the PMC consists of 165 corporators.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://adc-ecos.enlightcloud.com/1133pmcwebsitev2/s3fs-public/2025-08/GazetteSearch-English-Draft-Ward-Formation-Election-2025-1-71.pdf?VersionId=d94031a5-031d-40f2-907e-297d46ca093e|title=Draft Ward Formation – Gazette (English)|date=22 August 2025|website=Official Website of Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref> They are elected for a five year term by [[Universal suffrage|adult franchise]] in municipal elections. All major [[Politics of Maharashtra#Political parties & alliances|political parties]] active in the [[Maharashtra|state]] contest the elections.

The corporators elect the [[Mayor of Pune|Mayor]], a ceremonial position with limited duties who acts as an ambassador and representative of the city, as well as a Deputy Mayor. The corporators approve the city budget and act as watchdogs on implementation of policy by the staff under the Municipal Commissioner.<ref name=":9" />

==== Committees ====
The corporators form several committees which deliberate on various issues. At present, PMC has the following subject committees: Law, City Development, Women and Child Welfare, and Sports.<ref name=":4" /> The Standing Committee is the perhaps the most important committee of the PMC formed according to Section 20 of Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949.<ref name=":5" /> It consists of 16 members headed by a President appointed at the first meeting of the newly elected Corporation, half of whom retire every succeeding year. A new President is also appointed every year. The Standing Committee along with 15 ward committees are together responsible for financial approvals.<ref name=":4" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+City Officials
!Title
!Incumbent
!Since
!Appointed/Elected
!References
|-
|[[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
|Naval Kishore Ram, IAS
|31st May 2025<ref>https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/who-is-naval-kishore-ram-the-new-commissioner-of-pune-municipal-corporation-who-will-take-charge-on-may-31</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|GoM]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Dr. Rajendra Bhosale takes over as Pune civic body chief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/rajendra-bhosale-pune-municipal-corporation-chief-9216768/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Police commissioner|Commissioner of Police]]
|Amitesh Kumar, IPS
|January 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-18|title=
'Controversial' IPS officer Amitabh Gupta is Pune's new police commissioner
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/controversial-ips-officer-amitabh-gupta-is-punes-new-police-commissioner-6600392/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206070517/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/controversial-ips-officer-amitabh-gupta-is-punes-new-police-commissioner-6600392/ |archive-date=2022-02-06|access-date=2022-02-06|website= [[The Indian Express]] }}</ref>
|-
|[[Mayor of Pune|Mayor]]
|Manjusha Nagpure ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| February 2026
| rowspan="4" |Elected
|
|-
|Deputy Mayor
| Parshuram Wadekar ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| February 2026
|
|-
|Leader of the House
|Ganesh Bidkar ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
|Dec 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title=BJP nominates Bidkar as leader of house in Pune civic body
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/bjp-nominates-bidkar-as-a-leader-of-house-in-pmc/story-BsTgQIYrdwSv0KbK07yaGI.html |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425003008/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/bjp-nominates-bidkar-as-a-leader-of-house-in-pmc/story-BsTgQIYrdwSv0KbK07yaGI.html |archive-date=Apr 25, 2021|access-date=2022-02-06|website= [[Hindustan Times]] }}</ref>
|-
|President of the Standing Committee
|Hemant Rasane ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
|March 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-07|title=Pune: Rasane re-elected PMC standing committee head
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-rasane-re-elected-pmc-standing-committee-head-6303062/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315074314/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-rasane-re-elected-pmc-standing-committee-head-6303062/ |archive-date=Mar 15, 2020 |access-date=2022-02-06|website= [[The Indian Express]] }}</ref>
|}

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Pu11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pu12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pu13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* [[Property tax]]
* [[Professional Tax|Profession tax]]
* [[Entertainment tax]]
* [[Grant (money)|Grants]] from Central and State Government like [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]]
* Advertisement tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges
* Fees from Documentation services
* Rent received from municipal property
* Funds from [[municipal bond]]s

== Municipal elections ==
=== 2012 ===
Municipal elections were held on 16 February 2012 to elect a total of 152 councillors in 76 wards (2 per ward).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Public-holiday-today/articleshow/11905893.cms|title=Public holiday today |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Over-1000-candidates-in-battle-for-152-seats/articleshow/11760046.cms|title=Over 1,000 candidates in battle for 152 seats |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-18}}</ref> [[Vaishali Bankar]] ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]) and [[Deepak Mankar]] ([[Indian National Congress|Congress]]) were elected as the [[Mayor of Pune|Mayor]] and Deputy Mayor respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-vaishali-bankar-is-pune-s-52nd-mayor-mankar-deputy-mayor-1663054|title=Vaishali Bankar is Pune's 52nd mayor, Mankar deputy mayor {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2012-03-16|work=dna|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
{{Main|2017 Pune Municipal Corporation election}}

Municipal Elections were held on 21 February 2017 to elect a total of 162 councillors in 41 wards.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/bjp-makes-history-wins-absolute-majority-in-pune/story-v1Umvnng7QabwweQcqSaQJ.html|title=BJP makes history, wins absolute majority in Pune|date=24 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> The BJP won an absolute majority in the 2017 elections, marking the first time the city got a [[Mayor of Pune|mayor]] from the party. [[Mukta Tilak]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) was elected as the [[Mayor of Pune|mayor]] and Navanth Kamble ([[Republican Party of India (A)|RPI (A)]]) as the deputy mayor by the newly elected general body in March 2017. Tilak is the first member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] to hold the position. Following Kamble's death while in office,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2017-05-17|title=Pune Deputy Mayor Navnath Kamble dies after massive heart attack|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pune-deputy-mayor-navnath-kamble-dies-after-massive-heart-attack/article18470732.ece|access-date=2018-04-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Siddharth Dhende of the [[Republican Party of India (A)|RPI (A)]] was elected as the [[deputy mayor]] in June 2017.

==== Bypolls ====
The demise of the Deputy Mayor Navnath Kamble ([[Republican Party of India (A)|RPI (A)]]) in May 2017 necessitated by-elections in the Koregaon Park-Ghorpadi ward. The [[Republican Party of India (A)|RPI (A)]] retained the seat with Himali Kamble elected as the new councillor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/bjp-coasts-to-victory-in-pune-kolhapur/article19847792.ece|title=BJP coasts to victory in Pune, Kolhapur|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2017-10-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/kolhapur-pune-koregaon-park-by-election-results-news-updates-bjp-takes-early-lead-shiv-sena-lags-behind-2528539/|title=Kolhapur, Pune By-election Results: BJP Wins Tarabai Park By-poll|last=Desk|first=India.com News|date=2017-10-12|work=India.com|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en}}</ref> Another round of bypolls was held on 4 April 2018 following the death of [[Mayor of Pune|ex-mayor]] Chanchala Kodre [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]], who was elected in 2017 from the Mundhwa-[[Magarpatta]] ward. [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] retained the seat and Puja Kodre was elected as the new councillor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ncp-retains-seat-in-mundhwa-civic-bypoll/articleshow/63661647.cms|title=NCP retains seat in Mundhwa civic bypoll |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>

=== 2026 ===
{{Main|2026 Pune Municipal Corporation election}}

Municipal elections were on 15 January 2026 to elect a total of 165 councillors in 41 wards. The BJP won a landslide victory securring 119 seats. Manjusha Nagpure of BJP was elected as the [[Mayor of Pune|mayor]]. Parshuram Wadekar of RPI(A) was elected as deputy mayor.

== Mayors List ==
{{Main|List of mayors of Pune}}

== See also ==
* [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Pune Cantonment Board]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.punecorporation.org}}


{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}
{{Pune topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of Pune]]
[[Category:Pune Municipal Corporation| ]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1950]]

Sudhangshu Das

2026-04-25T04:23:40Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Minister of Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Animal Resource Development, Fisherie [[Government of Tripura]]
| status =
| term_start = 10 March 2023
| subterm =
| 2blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Tripura|Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata1 = [[Manik Saha]]
| suboffice =
| alongside =
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| co-leader =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| succeeding =
| constituency =
| majority =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| prior_term =
| order2 =
| office2 = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2018
| subterm2 =
| suboffice2 =
| alongside2 =
| monarch2 =
| president2 =
| governor_general2 =
| chancellor2 =
| taoiseach2 =
| governor2 =
| co-leader2 =
| deputy2 =
| lieutenant2 =
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 = Tunubala Malakar
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Fatikroy Assembly constituency|Fatikroy]]
| majority2 =
| prior_term2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|12|df=yes}}
| parents = Indubhushan Das
| education = B.A (Hons)
| alma_mater = [[Ramkrishna Mahavidyalaya]]
| profession = Politician, Social Work
| birth_place = [[Kailashahar]], [[Unakoti district]]
}}
'''Sudhangshu Das''' (born 12 May 1988) is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Tripura wants to boost fish production by utilising funds, involving unemployed youths: Minister Sudhangshu Das |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tripura-fish-production-boost-utilising-funds-unemployed-youths-minister-sudhangshu-das-9392830/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is the Minister of Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Animal Resource Development, Fisheries in the second [[Second Saha ministry|Manik Saha Ministry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Council of Ministers {{!}} Official website of Tripura State Portal, India |url=https://tripura.gov.in/council-ministers |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Council of Ministers |url=https://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in/Council%20of%20Ministers.pdf |publisher=[[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> He was elected from the Fatikroy constituency in [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2351.htm?ac=51 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Sudhangshu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tripura]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

2025 IFA Shield

2026-04-23T16:49:31Z

MUKESH SINGH: started new data.

{{Infobox football tournament season
|title=IFA Shield
|other_titles=২০২৫ আইএফএ শিল্ড
|year=[[2025–26 in Indian football|2025]]
|size=
|image=
|caption=
|country=[[India]]
|dates=8–18 October
|winners=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|count=21
|second=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|num_teams=6
|scoring_leader=[[Jamie Maclaren]] [[Hamid Ahadad]] (2 goals)
|matches=7
|goals=20
|attendance=65,880
|prev_season=[[2021 IFA Shield|2021]]
|next_season=2026
}}

The '''2025 IFA Shield''' was the 125th edition of the [[IFA Shield]] hosted by the [[Indian Football Association]]. The tournament was planned to held in March 2025 but was pushed to October due to clash of fixtures from [[I-League]] and [[Indian Super League]].

The tournament will feature domestic teams from the [[Indian Super League]] and [[I-League]]. At first, international invitees like [[Paro FC]] ([[Bhutan]]) were invited but later the plan was withdrawn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Paro FC]] |title=𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝 We are proud to announce our official confirmation to participate in the prestigious 𝑰𝑭𝑨 𝑺𝒉𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅, taking place from 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 12 𝒕𝒐 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 25, 2025. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19vu6VmCYX/ |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|first= |title=Kanchenjunga Stadium uncertain for the IFA Shield; Bhutan's Paro FC confirms participation |url=https://parallelsports.in/news/kanchenjunga-stadium-uncertain-for-the-ifa-shield-bhutans-paro-fc-confirms-participation |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Parallel Sports Solutions Pvt. Ltd. |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=আইএফএ শিল্ডে অংশ নিচ্ছে ভুটান লিগ চ্যাম্পিয়ন, অনিশ্চিত বাংলাদেশী ক্লাব |url=https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/ifa-shield-participation-paro-fc-uncertain-dhaka-mohammedan/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |language=Bengali}}</ref>

Defending champions [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] were also invited to take part, but they denied. On 3 October, 6 participants were confirmed by [[Indian Football Association|IFA]].

== Teams ==
Here is the list of confirmed teams:<ref name=SP/><ref name=ABP>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/ifa-announces-fixture-of-ifa-shield-when-will-east-bengal-and-mohun-bagan-play-their-first-match-dgtl/cid/1637662|title=ঘোষিত হল আইএফএ শিল্ডের সূচি, কবে কবে খেলা রয়েছে ইস্টবেঙ্গল ও মোহনবাগানের, ফাইনাল কবে?|lang=bn|access-date=2025-10-04|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
{{Location map+
|India3
|float=right
|width=300
|alt=Locations of 2025 IFA Shield clubs
|caption=Locations of 2025 IFA Shield clubs
|places=

{{Location map~ |India |lat=22.56933 |long=88.40908 |label_size=90
|label=Kolkata
|mark=Blue pog.svg
|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India
|mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png
|marksize=1
|lat=20.00
|long=84.00
|label_size=90
|label='''[[Football in Kolkata|Kolkata]] teams:''' 
[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] 
[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] 
[[United SC]]
}}


{{Location map~ |India |lat=11.258753 |long=75.78041 |label_size=90
|label=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India |lat=30.612 |long=75.86 |label_size=90
|label=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India |lat=17.385044 |long=78.486671 |label_size=90
|label=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|position=left}}

}}

{|class=wikitable
|-
!Club
!Location
|-
!colspan=2|[[Indian Super League]] teams
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|rowspan=2|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[I-League]] teams
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|[[Sri Bhaini Sahib]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[I-League 2]] team
|-
|[[United SC]]
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
|}

== Venues ==
*[[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake City]]
*[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]], [[Santoshpur, Kolkata|Santoshpur]]
*[[Kalyani Stadium]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]

==Format==
6 teams will be divided into two groups of 3 teams. After a group stage consisting of single round-robin matches, top teams from each group will qualify for final.<ref name=ABP/>
=== Rules ===
* Each team can register 6 foreign players.<ref name=SP>{{cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/how-many-foreigners-will-play-in-ifa-shield/|title=আইএফএ শিল্ডে খেলবে কেরলের দলও, কটা বিদেশি খেলাতে পারবে টিমগুলো?|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|lang=bn|access-date=2025-09-22}}</ref>
* 4 foreign players can play on the field at a time, and 2 can be used as substitutes.

=== Tiebreakers ===
Teams are ranked according to [[Three points for a win|points]] ([[Three points for a win|3 points]] for a win, [[Tie (draw)|1 point]] for a draw, 0 points for a loss), and if tied on points, the following tie-breaking criteria are applied, in the order given, to determine the rankings.
#Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#[[Goal difference]] in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
#If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams;
#Goal difference in all group matches;
#Goals scored in all group matches;
#Disciplinary points (yellow card = 1 point, red card as a result of two yellow cards = 3 points, direct red card = 3 points, yellow card followed by direct red card = 4 points);
#Drawing of lots.

== Group stage ==
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table
|main|style=WDL
|solid_cell=grey
|matches_style=FBR
|show_matches=y
|section=Group A
|update=complete
|source=IFA


|team_order= EAB, NAM, SDC
|win_EAB=2 |draw_EAB=0 |loss_EAB=0 |gf_EAB=6 |ga_EAB=0|status_EAB=
|win_NAM=1 |draw_NAM=0 |loss_NAM=1 |gf_NAM=3 |ga_NAM=2|status_NAM=
|win_SDC=0 |draw_SDC=0 |loss_SDC=2 |gf_SDC=0 |ga_SDC=7 |status_SDC=


|match_EAB_NAM=2–0
|match_EAB_SDC=4–0

|match_NAM_EAB=null
|match_NAM_SDC=3–0

|match_SDC_EAB=null
|match_SDC_NAM=null

|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|name_NAM=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|name_SDC=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]




|res_col_header=Q|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|result1=FIN |
|col_FIN=green1 |text_FIN={{nowrap|Advance to the}} [[#Knockout stage|Final]]
}}</onlyinclude>

{{#invoke:football box|main
| date = 8 October 2025
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 4–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/56905 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=56905 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/56905_Match_Summary_V1_1759923092.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jay Gupta|Gupta]] {{goal|21}}
*[[Saúl Crespo|Crespo]] {{goal|38}}
*[[Hamid Ahadad|Ahadad]] {{goal|48}}
*[[Jeakson Singh Thounaojam|Thounaojam]] {{goal|51}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance = 8,000
| referee = Dipu Roy Man of the Match: [[Saúl Crespo]] (East Bengal)
}}
----
{{#invoke:football box|main
| date = 11 October 2025
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/56919 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=56919 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/56919_Match_Summary_V1_1760180632.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Lamine Moro|Moro]] {{goal|9}}
*[[Guilherme Gomes Da Conceicao|Gomes]] {{goal|11}}
*[[Bhupinder Singh (footballer)|B. Singh]] {{goal|39}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]{{efn|At first the venue was announced as [[Kalyani Stadium]], but IFA later changed it to [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DPotaQukipc/|website=Instagram (SSEN)|access-date=2025-10-10|title=Venue change notice}}</ref>}}
| attendance = 150
| referee = Tanumoy Sarkar Man of the Match: [[Moro Lamine]] (Namdhari)
}}
{{Notelist}}
----
{{#invoke:football box|main
| date = 14 October 2025
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/56964 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=56964 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/56964_Match_Summary_V1_1760440821.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*[[Mohammed Rashid|Rashid]] {{goal|19}}
*[[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|PV Vishnu]] {{goal|41}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 2,659
| referee = Rohan Das Gupta Man of the Match: [[Mohammed Rashid]] (East Bengal)
}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table
|main|style=WDL
|solid_cell=grey
|matches_style=FBR
|show_matches=y
|section=Group B
|update=complete
|source=IFA


|team_order= MBG, USC, GOK
|win_MBG=2 |draw_MBG= |loss_MBG= |gf_MBG=7 |ga_MBG=1
|win_GOK= |draw_GOK= |loss_GOK=2 |gf_GOK=1 |ga_GOK=6
|win_USC=1 |draw_USC= |loss_USC=1
|gf_USC=1 |ga_USC=2


|match_MBG_GOK=5–1
|match_MBG_USC=2–0

|match_GOK_MBG=null
|match_GOK_USC=null

|match_USC_MBG=null
|match_USC_GOK=1–0

|name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_USC=[[United SC]]




|res_col_header=Q|class_rules=[[#Tiebreakers|Group stage tiebreakers]]
|result1=FIN |
|col_FIN=green1 |text_FIN={{nowrap|Advance to the}} [[#Knockout stage|Final]]
}}</onlyinclude>

{{#invoke:football box|main
| date = 9 October 2025
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 1–5
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/56916 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=56916 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/56916_Match_Summary_V1_1760010081.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 =
*[[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{goal|48|og}}
|goals2 =
*[[Rishad P. P.|Rishad]] {{goal|11|og}}
*[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|27||75}}
*[[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Rodríguez]] {{goal|51}}
*[[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson]] {{goal|54}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 1,400
| referee = Surojit Das Man of the Match: [[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}
----
{{#invoke:football box|main
| date = 12 October 2025
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[United SC]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/56918 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=56918 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/56918_Match_Summary_V1_1760267861.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 =
*Amit Basak {{goal|54}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance = 768
| referee = Pratik Mondal Man of the Match: Amit Basak (United SC)
}}
----
{{#invoke:football box|main
| date = 15 October 2025
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/56965 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=56965 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/56965_Match_Summary_V1_1760527009.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[United SC]]
| goals1 =
*[[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|45}}
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|49}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 2,667
| referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu Man of the Match: [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson]] (Mohun Bagan)
}}

== Final ==
The group toppers will qualify for the final directly. The match is going to be held on 18 October 2025 at [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]].
===Match===
<section begin=Final/>
{{#invoke:football box|main
| date = 18 October 2025
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 1–1
| aet = yes
| penaltyscore = 5–4
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/57337 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57337 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57337_Match_Summary_V1_1760811705.pdf PDF Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{penmiss}} {{small|34'}}
*[[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{goal|45+3}}
| penalties1 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Liston Colaco|Liston]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab]]
| goals2 =
*[[Hamid Ahadad|Hamid]] {{goal|36}}
| penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Miguel Figueira|Miguel]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Kevin Sibille|Sibille]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Mahesh]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Jay Gupta|Jay]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Hiroshi Ibusuki|Ibusuki]]
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 50,236
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachadran Man of the Match: [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Naorem Mahesh]] (East Bengal)
}}<section end=Final/>

{|width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_b = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_ra = _mbsg2024h
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts = 7A1024
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _ebfc2425h
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _goldtop
| leftarm = FFC90E
| body = FC2B48
| rightarm = FFC90E
| shorts = 000000
| socks = FC2B48
| title = East Bengal
}}
|}
{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''1'''|| {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Vishal Kaith]]
|-
|DF ||'''15'''|| {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Subhasish Bose]]
|-
|DF ||'''5'''|| {{#invoke:flag|icon|SCO}} [[Tom Aldred]]
|-
|DF ||'''55'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
|-
|MF ||'''17'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]] || ||
|-
|DF ||'''21'''||{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]]}}
|-
|MF ||'''45'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]]
|-
|MF ||'''11'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|-
|MF ||'''6'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]] || ||
|-
|FW ||'''35'''||{{nobr|{{#invoke:flag|icon|AUS}} [[Jason Cummings]]}} || ||
|-
|FW ||'''29'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|AUS}} [[Jamie Maclaren]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|DF ||'''27'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Abhishek Singh Tekcham|Abhishek Singh]]
|-
|DF ||'''32'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Dippendu Biswas]] || ||
|-
|DF ||'''44'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Asish Rai]] || || ||
|-
|MF ||'''10'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]] || ||
|-
|MF ||'''22'''|| {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Deepak Tangri]] || ||
|-
|MF ||'''9'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|AUS}} [[Dimitri Petratos]] ||
|-
|MF ||'''11'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|-
|GK ||'''24'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Syed Zahid Hussain|Zahid Hussain]] ||||
|-
|MF ||'''16'''|| {{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Abhishek Suryavanshi]]}} ||||
|-
|FW ||'''72'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Suhail Bhat]] ||||
|-
|colspan=3|'''Head coach:'''
|-
|colspan=3| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Jose Francisco Molina]]
|}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''13'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill|Prabhsukhan Gill]]
|-
|DF ||'''5'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalchungnunga]]
|-
|DF ||'''4'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
|-
|DF ||'''12'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mohammad Rakip]]
|-
|DF ||'''6'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|ARG}} [[Kevin Sibille]]
|-
|MF ||'''74'''||{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|PLE}} [[Mohammed Rashid]]}}
|-
|MF ||'''21'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Saúl Crespo]] ||||
|-
|FW ||'''15'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Naorem Mahesh]] || ||
|-
|FW ||'''17'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} [[Hamid Ahadad]] ||
|-
|FW ||'''29'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin Singh]]|| ||
|-
|FW ||'''10'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK ||'''24'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
|-
|MF ||'''23'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Souvik Chakrabarti]]
|-
|MF ||'''25'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Jeakson Singh Thounaojam|Jeakson Singh]]|| ||
|-
|DF ||'''16'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Martand Raina]]
|-
|MF ||'''8'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Miguel Figueira]]
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|JPN}} [[Hiroshi Ibusuki]]
|-
|FW ||'''82'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|PV Vishnu]]|| ||
|-
|FW ||'''14'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[David Lalhlansanga|Lalhlansanga]]|| ||
|-
|DF ||'''27'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Jay Gupta]]
|-
|FW ||'''84'''||{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Sayan Banerjee]] ||||
|-
|colspan=3|'''Head coach:'''
|-
|colspan=3| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Oscar Bruzon]]
|}
|}

{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"
|-
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Player of the Match'''
* [[Mahesh Singh Naorem|Naorem Mahesh]] (East Bengal)
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of extra time if necessary.
*Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
*Ten named substitutes.
*Maximum of five substitutions.
|}

==Statistics==
===Goalscorers===
{{Updated|18 October 2025}}
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|MAR}} [[Hamid Ahadad]]
| rowspan="1" |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
!rowspan=2|2
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|AUS}} [[Jamie Maclaren]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
!rowspan=14|2
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Jay Gupta]]
| rowspan="5" |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
!rowspan=14|1
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Jeakson Singh Thounaojam|Jeakson Singh]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|PSE}} [[Mohammed Rashid]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|PV Vishnu]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Saúl Crespo]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|AUS}} [[Dimi Petratos]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|AUS}} [[Jason Cummings]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Bhupinder Singh
| rowspan="3" |[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Guilherme Gomes
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} [[Lamine Moro]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Amit Basak
|[[United SC]]
|-
!colspan=3|Own Goal(s)
!2
|-
!colspan=3|Total
!18
|-
|}

===Clean sheets===
{{Updated|18 October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean Sheets
|-
!rowspan=5|1
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
!rowspan=5|1
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Niraj Kumar Singh
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|-
|{{nowrap|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]]}}
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Suraj Ali
|[[United SC]]
|-
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Syed Zahid Hussain
|{{nowrap|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}}
|}

==Prize money==
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Place
!Prize money ([[Indian rupee|₹]])
|-
!Champions
|₹5 lakh
|-
!Runners-up
|₹3 lakh
|}

==Broadcasting==
All matches were broadcast on a virtual platform of Shrachi Sports Entertainment Network (SSEN) app.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DPbS_61ElGp/|title=THE LEGACY RETURNS|website=Instagram (SSEN)|access-date=2025-10-05}}</ref> No television broadcasting was done.

==See also==
*[[2025 CFL Premier Division]]
*[[2025 Bengal Super League]]
*[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
<references />

{{IFA seasons}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}

[[Category:IFA Shield seasons]]
[[Category:2025 in domestic association football cups]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football]]

Hindi blogosphere

2026-04-22T07:13:59Z

MUKESH SINGH: Stub.

{{Short description|Online community of Hindi-language weblogs}}
{{update|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

==History==
The first recorded Hindi blog, {{lang|hi|नौ दौ ग्यारह}} (Nine Two Eleven), was established by Alok Kumar,<ref>Hindi Bloging Ka Itihas, Author- Ravindra Prabhat, Publisher-Hindi Sahitya Niketan, Bijnor, India, Year- 2011, p. 180, {{ISBN|978-93-80916-14-9}}</ref> who coined the term Chittha ({{Langx|hi|चिट्ठा}}) to describe the medium. The term was subsequently adopted by the community and became the standard Hindi designation for a blog. Initially, blog use was limited due to the difficulties involved in typing [[Hindi script]]. However, as the availability of Hindi typing tools became more widely available, the number of Hindi bloggers began to increase.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soni |first1=Sudhir |title=New Dimensions Of Hindi Use For Computers Various Technical References |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Engineering, Technology and Management |date=June 2018 |volume=5 |issue=6 |url=https://www.ijmrsetm.com/article/New--Dimensions--Of--Hindi--Use--For--Computers----Various--Technical--References-1737 |access-date=23 February 2026 |issn=((2395-7639)) |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since 2007, the number of Hindi blogs has rapidly increased. This was due to the advent of [[Indic Unicode]] support in various blogging services, the introduction of new Hindi typing tools such as the [[Google Indic Transliteration]] tool in [[Blogger (service)|Blogger]], and the promotion of Hindi blogging by mainstream media.<ref>Hindi Bloging: Abhivyakti ki Nayi Kranti, Editor- Awinash Bachaspati/[[Ravindra Prabhat]], Publisher-Hindi Sahitya Niketan, Bijnor, India, Year- 2011, Pages: 376,{{ISBN|978-93-80916-05-7}}</ref>

==Women in Hindi blogging==
By April 2013, the Hindi blogosphere comprised over 50,000 blogs, with approximately 25% (12,500) authored by women bloggers.<ref name="Timesofindia">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Blogging-in-Hindi-for-10-years-city-folk-win-laurels/articleshow/19670028.cms |title=Blogging in Hindi for 10 years, city folk win laurels |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2014-06-11}}</ref>

==Types of blogs==
In the early stages, most Hindi blogs were personal in nature, with only a limited number focused on specific topics and interests. By 2007, blogs began covering other topics such as [[Film|cinema]], [[technology]], [[science]], [[hobbies]], and [[photoblog|photography]]. In 2010, [[The Wall Street Journal]] started a Hindi blog called India Real Time, which later ended in 2017. It covered news, [[sport]]s, [[Bollywood]], [[politics]], and [[business]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pahwa |first=Nikhil |date=2010-09-17 |title=The Wall Street Journal Launches Hindi Blog - India Real Time Hindi |url=https://www.medianama.com/2010/09/223-the-wall-street-journal-launches-hindi-blog-india-real-time-hindi/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wall Street Journal shuts 'India Real Time' blog {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/the-wall-street-journal-shuts-india-real-time-blog-2-2294405/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Blog literary award==
[[File:Parikalpna samman.jpg|250px|thumb|The Parikalpana Award memento]]
[https://en.gyaanipedia.com/wiki/Parikalpna_Award The Parikalpana Award] is a literary award for blogs in India. It is presented by the magazine ''[https://www.parikalpnasamay.com/ Parikalpana Samay]'' and the company Parikalpana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiatoday.org/2013/10/the-worlds-versatile-blogger-awards.html |title=The World's Versatile Blogger Awards |access-date=7 October 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016153042/http://www.southasiatoday.org/2013/10/the-worlds-versatile-blogger-awards.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Events==
[[File:Ibc kathmandu n.jpg|left|thumb|[[Ravindra Prabhat]] addressing the Third International Bloggers Conference in [[Kathmandu]], 13 September 2013. With senior Nepali Congress leader [[Arjun Narasingha K.C.]], Kumud Adhikari, Vikram Mani Tripathi, KK Yadav and Rajiv Shankar Mishra.<ref>[[n:International Bloggers Conference|International Bloggers Conference]]</ref>]]
*The First '''International Hindi Blogger Conference''' was inaugurated by the [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]], [[Ramesh Pokhariyal Nishank]] in [[New Delhi]] on 30 April 2011. The celebration session was chaired by [[Ashok Chakradhar]], Dr. [[Ramdarash Mishra]], Prabhakar Shrotriy, [[Ravindra Prabhat]] and [[Vishwa Bandhu Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindimedia.in/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15540&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=139|title=News in Hindi|author=|publisher=Hindi Media|date=1 May 2011|access-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112040235/http://www.hindimedia.in/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15540&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=139|archive-date=12 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*The second [[Hindi]] Bloggers Conference was inaugurated by the Senior Indian Journalist [[Mudrarakshas]] in Lucknow on 27 August 2012. The celebration session was chaired by Shailendra Sagar, [[Birendra Yadav]], Udbhrant, Rakesh Veda, Sudhakar Adeeb, [[Ravindra Prabhat]] and Dr. Subhaash Ray.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.scientificworld.in/2012/08/International-Hindi-Bloggers-Conference-2012.html|title=News in Hindi language}}</ref>
*The third International Bloggers Conference was inaugurated by the Senior leader of [[Nepali Congress Party]] and ex-cabinet minister of Nepal, Mr. [[Arjun Narasingha K.C.]] in [[Kathmandu]], Nepal. It started on 13 September 2013 and concluded on 15 September 2013. Parallel online contributions were made by other participants. This three-day celebration session was chaired by [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] writers and [[folklore]] scholars. The list of chairs included Mr. Kumud Adhikari, [[Suman Pokhrel]], Uma Suvedi, Sanat Regmi, Vikram Mani Tripathi, [[Ravindra Prabhat]], Dr. Rama Dwivedi, Dr. Sampatdevi Muraraka, K.K. Yadav, Akanksha Yadav, Girish Pankaj, Lalit Sharma, B.S. Pawala, Dr. Ram Bahadur Mishra, Shailesh Bharatvasi, Mukesh Kumar Sinha, Mukesh Tiwari, Manoj Bhavuk, Saroj Suman, Vinay Prajapati, Sunita Prem Yadav, and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.southasiatoday.org/2013/09/the-indian-bloggers-community.html|title=The South Asian Bloggers community celebrated the Third Bloggers Conference on 13-14-15 September 2013 at Kathmandu in Nepal.}}</ref>
*The fourth International Bloggers Conference was inaugurated by the Secretary General of the Bhutan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Fub Shring, in [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]]. It started on 16 January 2015 and concluded on 18 January 2015. This three-day celebration session was chaired by the Deputy Secretary General of the Bhutan Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Chandra Kshetri, Chairperson of the Women's Wing of the SAARC Committee and the International School of Bhutan; Thinley Lham, Chairman of the Linguistics Department at [[Assam University]] in Silchar; Professor Nityanand Pandey, Director of Indian Postal Services, Allahabad region; Krishna Kumar Yadav; and Senior Hindi Satirist Girish Pankaj.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.southasiatoday.org/2015/01/fourth-international-bloggers.html|title=Fourth International Bloggers Conference concluded in Bhutan}}</ref>
*The fifth International Bloggers Conference was inaugurated by [[Sri Lankan people|Sri Lankan]] dramatist Somrathne Withana and Ex-Cabinet Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]] Nakul Dubey. It took place in [[Colombo]] and [[Kandy]]. It lasted from the 23rd to the 27th of May 2015. It was chaired by Krishna Kumar Yadav, the Director of Postal Service in [[Jodhpur]]; Sunil Kulkarni, Head of the Hindi Department at [[North Maharashtra University]], Jalgaon; and [[Ravindra Prabhat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://parikalpnakosh.org/index.php?title=Fifth_Parikalpana_Award_Ceremony|title=Fifth Parikalpana Award Ceremony}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trendtoday.org/2015/06/fifth-international-bloggers-conference.html|title=Fifth International Bloggers Conference Concluded in Sri Lanka}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Blogosphere]]
*[[Indic computing]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{wiktionary|blogosphere}}{{Empty section|date=February 2026}}{{Blog topics}}

[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Indic computing]]
[[Category:Blogospheres]]
[[Category:Internet terminology]]

Vikaspuri Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:11Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created New Post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vikaspuri
| mla = [[Pankaj Kumar Singh (politician)|Pankaj Kumar Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[West Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 31
}}
'''Vikaspuri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern India.

==Overview==
Present geographical structure of Vikaspuri constituency came into existence in 2008 (Constituency didn't exist before 2008<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007065727/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/12/stories/2008061261940300.htm 19 old constituencies make way for new ones]</ref>) as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Vikaspuri is part of [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Uttam Nagar]], [[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]], [[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]], [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]], [[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]], [[Matiala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matiala]], [[Dwarka (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Dwarka]], [[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur]] and [[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election!!Name!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Nandkishor Shehrawat
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Mahinder Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Pankaj Kumar Singh (politician)|Pankaj Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Vikaspuri<ref name="Vikaspuri Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Vikaspuri Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/vikaspuri |accessdate=20 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220094812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/vikaspuri |archivedate=20 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly election 2025: Vikaspuri">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly election 2025: Vikaspuri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0531.htm |accessdate=20 February 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220094804/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0531.htm |archivedate=20 February 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pankaj Kumar Singh (politician) | Pankaj Kumar Singh]]|votes=135,564|percentage=49.54|change={{Increase}}11.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Mahinder Yadav]]|votes=122,688|percentage=44.83|change={{decrease}}11.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jitender Solanki|votes=8,465|percentage=3.1|change={{decrease}}0.38|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,460|percentage=0.3|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=12,876|percentage=4.7|change={{decrease}}12.87|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,72,188|percentage=58.9|change={{decrease}}0.59}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Aam Aadmi Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Vikaspuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Mahinder Yadav]]
| votes = 1,33,898
| percentage = 55.95
| change = -6.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sanjay Singh
| votes = 91,840
| percentage = 38.38
| change = +12.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mukesh Sharma
| votes = 8,319
| percentage = 3.48
| change = -5.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 1,034
| percentage = 0.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 42,058
| percentage = 17.57
| change = -19.10
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,39,494
| percentage = 59.49
| change = -5.66
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -6.58
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Vikaspuri]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Mahinder Yadav]]
| votes = 1,32,437
| percentage = 62.53
| change = +28.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sanjay Singh
| votes = 54,772
| percentage = 25.86
| change = -8.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Nand Kishore
| votes = 19,540
| percentage = 9.23
| change = -16.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Radhey Sham Tyagi
| votes = 4,169
| percentage = 1.01
| change = -1.30
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 77,665
| percentage = 36.67
| change = +36.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 2,11,906
| percentage = 65.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +28.20
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Vikaspuri]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Mahinder Yadav]]
| votes = 62,030
| percentage = 34.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Krishan Gahlot
| votes = 61,627
| percentage = 34.10
| change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Nand Kishore
| votes = 47,331
| percentage = 26.19
| change = -8.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sanjay Kumar
| votes = 4,169
| percentage = 2.31
| change = -9.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jitender Dahiya
| votes = 1,267
| percentage = 0.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Naresh Kumar
| votes = 1,191
| percentage = 0.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Sangeeta Chauhan
| votes = 634
| percentage = 0.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Suresh Kumar
| votes = 523
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Radhey Shyam Singh
| votes = 295
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Naeem
| votes = 218
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 1,426
| percentage = 0.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 405
| percentage = 0.22
| change = -0.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 180,844
| percentage = 63.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Vikaspuri<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Nand Kishore
| votes = 47,819
| percentage = 34.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Krishan Gahlot
| votes = 46,876
| percentage = 34.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ashok Kumar Lakra
| votes = 16,765
| percentage = 12.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sanjay Singh
| votes = 9,634
| percentage = 7.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ravinder Singh
| votes = 7,158
| percentage = 5.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Brij Bhushan
| votes = 2,687
| percentage = 1.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shiv Prasad
| votes = 1,045
| percentage = 0.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Itwari
| votes = 1,035
| percentage = 0.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sunil Kumar
| votes = 780
| percentage = 0.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prem Verma
| votes = 537
| percentage = 0.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sushil Kumar Sharma
| votes = 385
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Virender Kumar
| votes = 383
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satish Kumar
| votes = 291
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vinod Kumar
| votes = 271
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bishan Singh
| votes = 238
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jan Shakti
| candidate = Mahender Kumar
| votes = 205
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dilbag Singh
| votes = 186
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Inderjeet Verma
| votes = 184
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
| candidate = Bhopal Singh
| votes = 148
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Samanta Dal
| candidate = Jitender Singh
| votes = 147
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 943
| percentage = 0.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 136,774
| percentage = 55.6
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}} <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.641|77.073|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:West Delhi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sirsaganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:18Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created New Article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sirsaganj
| constituency_no = 99
| map_image = 99-Sirsaganj.svg
| mla = [[Sarvesh Singh Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 288,186 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Sirsaganj Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 99.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 28 November 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=28 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=28 November 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sirsaganj.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=28 November 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref> The constituency has major population of Ahirs and Kshatriya communities with significant population of other communities also.

The most populated Ahir community has approx 1 lakh voters in this assembly and having about 70 villages in this constituency while Kshatriyas come second with about 60 thousand voters in which majorly are Jadons while some belongs to Sengar, Chandels, Tomars etc.

Jadon Rajputs have almost 36 villages in this constituency while some village belongs to other rajput clans in this constituency

Next come Lodhis, Gadariyas,Jatavs,Kachis which also have significant presence in this region with having some dominated villages

Caste/Religion wise voters population in this constituency as follows:-

Ahirs - 1,10,000

Kshatriyas - 60,000

Lodhis - 30,000

Jatavs - 28,000

Gadariyas - 23,000

Kachis - 15,000

Kumhars - 7,000

Brahmins - 4,500

Vaishyas - 3,600

Other Hindus - 8,900

Muslims - 29,250

Jains - 1600

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Sirsaganj Assembly constituency is KCs Sirsaganj, Madanpur, Ukhrend, PCs Bramhadabad Lachhpur, Rudhau, Urawar Hastarf, Dohiya, Shrichandra Nagar, Late. Shri Surendra Singh Nagar, Dadiyamai New Nagla Gulal of Shikohabad KC & Sirsaganj MB of Shikohabad Tehsil.

==Member of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=SirsaganjElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sirsaganj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hariom Yadav]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|Sarvesh Singh Yadav
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsaganj<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sarvesh Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:96224}}
|percentage = 46.22
|change = +1.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hariom Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:87419}}
|percentage = 41.99
|change = +2.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pankaj Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:18757}}
|percentage = 9.01
|change = -1.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:989}}
|percentage = 0.48
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8805}}
|percentage = 4.23
|change = -1.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:208192}}
|percentage = 64.8
|change = -1.58
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sirsaganj<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Hariom Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:90281}}
|percentage = 44.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jaiveer Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:79605}}
|percentage = 39.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raghvendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:20920}}
|percentage = 10.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Manch
|candidate = Pankaj Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:6176}}
|percentage = 3.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2184}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1552}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10676}}
|percentage = 5.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203075}}
|percentage = 66.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 Elections
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Sirsaganj}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Hariom Yadav]]
|votes = 85,517
|percentage = 46.01
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = E. Atul Pratap Singh
|votes = 45,502
|percentage = 24.48
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| Independent
|candidate = Pankaj Mishra
|votes = 31,869
|percentage = 17.15
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 20 candidates
|votes = 22,975
|percentage = 12.38
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 40,015
|percentage = 21.53
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 185,863
|percentage = 64.49
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=28 November 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Firozabad district]]
*[[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Firozabad district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Krishna of Devagiri

2026-04-13T22:17:37Z

MUKESH SINGH: New

{{Short description|Yadava king from 1246 to 1261}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Krishna
| succession = Yadava king
| reign = c. November/December 1246 – August 1261
| dynasty = [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna (Yadava)]]
| predecessor = [[Simhana]]
| successor = [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]]
| father = Jaitugi II (son of [[Simhana]])
| issue = [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]]
}}
'''Krishna''' ({{IAST3|Kṛṣṇa}}; r. c. 1246–1261 CE), also known as '''Kanha''' or '''Kannara''', was a ruler of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]] of [[Deccan]] region in India. He successfully invaded the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]], and fought inconclusive wars against the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]] and the [[Hoysala]]s. The Yadava inscriptions also credit him or his generals with several other victories, but veracity of these claims is doubtful.

== Early life ==

Krishna was a grandson of the Yadava king [[Simhana]], and succeeded Simhana presumably because his father Jaitugi II died before Simhana. An inscription dated 2 November 1248 was issued during the second year of Krishna's reign, and an inscription dated 25 December 1248 was issued during the third year of his reign. This suggests that Krishna ascended the throne in November or December 1246.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=543}}

== Wars ==

Krishna maintained the territory that he had inherited from his grandfather.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}} The Yadava inscriptions credit him with several conquests. For example, the Munoli inscription describes him thus:{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}}

{{cquote|...endowed with all power, the great lord of [[Dvārakā|Dvaravatipura]], a Trinetra to the Madana-like [[Paramara dynasty|Malava]], the terrifier of [[Vaghela dynasty|Gurjara-raja]], one who caused the [[Shilahara dynasty|Konkana-raja]] to tumble, the thruster out of the [[Hoysala dynasty|Hoysala-raja]], the restorer of the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Telunga-raya]]...}}

=== Paramaras ===

The [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] dynasty ruled the [[Malwa]] kingdom located to the north of the Yadava kingdom. By the time of Krishna's ascension, the Paramara power and prestige had declined because of invasions from the [[Iltutmish]]-led [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=543}} Krishna took advantage of this situation, and invaded Malwa sometime during the reign of the Paramara king [[Jaitugideva]]. The invasion must have happened in or before 1250, when the Yadava records first mention it.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}}

The Munoli inscription compares Krishna to [[Shiva]] (''trinetra'') and the Paramara king to the [[Kamadeva|Madana]] (in [[Hindu mythology]], Shiva incinerates Madana).{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}} The Mamadapur inscription also alludes to Krishna's victory over the Paramara king.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}} The invasion does not seem to have resulted in any territorial annexation.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}}

=== Vaghelas ===

Krishna also attempted an invasion of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]]-ruled [[Gujarat]] ([[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]]) region.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}} The Vaghela king Visala-deva had married a [[Hoysala]] princess: both these kingdoms were traditional rivals of the Yadavas, and the marriage may have provided additional provocation for Krishna's invasion.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}}

The conflict was probably limited to a few frontier skirmishes, which variously resulted in advantage for the Yadavas and the Vagehlas, and did not result in any significant territorial changes. Both Yadava and Vaghela records claim victory in this inconclusive conflict. The Yadavas' [[Paithan]] inscription and a eulogy by their court-poet [[Hemadri]] claim that Krishna destroyed the forces of Visala-deva. On the other hand, the Vaghelas' Dabhoi inscription claims that Visala-deva defeated Krishna.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}}

=== Hoysalas ===

Krishna's general Chamunda claims to have "humbled the pride" of the [[Hoysala]] king [[Someshvara (Hoysala dynasty)|Someshvara]] sometime before 1250. According to historian A. S. Altekar, this may be a reference to the Yadava success in a frontier skirmish.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}} Historian T. V. Mahalingam theorizes that the Yadava forces were able to capture a part of the Hoysala territory, as attested by the discovery of Krishna's inscriptions in the present-day [[Chitradurga district]]. The Hoysala records claim victory for Someshvara.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}}

=== Pandyans ===

Krishna's general Bichana, who was the viceroy of the southern part of Yadava kingdom, claims to have defeated the [[Pandyan]]s sometime before 1253.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}} Historian T. V. Mahalingam believes this to be conventional claim without any historical basis.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}} According to historian A. S. Altekar, there may be some truth to this claim: the Pandyan king [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I|Jatavarman Sundara]] had invaded the [[Kakatiya]] kingdom, advancing as far as [[Nellore]]. It is possible that the Kakatiya king Ganapati, who ruled as a Yadava feudatory for several years, requested Krishna's help against the Pandya invasion, and Krishna dispatched Bichana to help him.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}}

=== Cholas ===

The Munoli inscription of Krishna's general Chamunda states that Krishna defeated the Cholas, but this appears to be an exaggeration.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}}

=== Kalachuris ===

The Munoli inscription states that Krishna captured the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] capital [[Tripuri, Madhya Pradesh|Tripuri]]. The Kalachuri kingdom had ceased to exist by the mid-13th century, and their former territory had practically turned into a [[no-man's land]]. it is possible that Krishna or one of his generals occupied Tripuri for a while.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=544}}

== Last days ==

Krishna's last inscription is dated May 1261.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=149}} His son [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] was probably not born or was not old enough to hold the title of ''yuvaraja'' (heir apparent) at the time of his ascension, or to ascend the throne at the time of his death. Krishna's brother [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahadeva]], who was designated the heir apparent since at least 1250 and assisted the king in the administration, succeeded him in 1261.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=545}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=149}} Mahadeva was succeeded by his son [[Ammana]], but Ramachandra forcefully dethroned him and became the new king in 1271.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=548}}

== Administration ==

Simhana's generals and officers, such as Bichana and his elder brother Mallisetti, continued to serve Krishna. Mallisetti, who was a district officer under Simhana, rose to the rank of ''sarva-deshadhikari'' (viceroy) early in Krishna's reign. His son Chamunda-raya held the titles ''maha-pradhana'' and ''maha-matya'' since around 1250.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=545}}

Lakshmideva, a [[Gujarat]]i [[Brahmin]], was another important minister of Krishna, and claims to have helped consolidate the king's rule. His son Jalhana was a counsellor as well as a leader of the [[war elephant|elephant force]], and claims to have won several battles for Krishna. Jalhana also compiled or commissioned the compilation of the Sanskrit anthology ''[[Suktimuktavali|Sukti-muktavali]]''. His sons Ramachandra and Keshava held fiefs in present-day Satara district, and continued to serve the Yadavas after their father's death.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=545}}

== Religion ==

Krishna followed [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic Hinduism]],{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|pp=544–545}} and one of his inscriptions describes him as ''Vedoddhara'' ("upholder of the [[Vedas]]").{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}} 13th century Yadava court scholar [[Hemadri]] credits him with performing several ritual sacrifices and rejuvenating the weakened ''[[dharma]]''.{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}} The [[Mahanubhava]] text ''Lila-charita'' states that Krishna had high regard for the Mahanubhava saints, he visited the sect's founder [[Chakradhara]] at [[Lonar]].{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}}

== Cultural activities ==

The literary works composed during Krishna's reign include:

* ''[[Suktimuktavali|Sukti-muktavali]]'', a Sanskrit anthology containing selections of writings from celebrated poets: it was compiled or commissioned by Krishna's minister Jalhana{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=545}}
* ''Vedanta-kalpataru'', Amalananda's commentary on Vachaspati-mishra's ''[[Bhamati]]''{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=545}}{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1957|p=148}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts |volume=VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14DvAQAACAAJ5 |oclc=59001459 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |author-link=T. V. Mahalingam |chapter=The Seunas of Devagiri |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
{{refend}}

{{Seuna (Yadava) dynasty}}

[[Category:Seuna (Yadava) kings]]

Surti Narayan Mani Tripathi

2026-04-12T13:57:59Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created A Post!

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and politician (1900–1988)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Surti Narayan Mani Tripathi
| honorific_prefix =
| birth_date = 1900
| birth_place = Barpar, [[Gorakhpur]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1988
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| occupation = Civil servant, Politician
| known_for = First ICS of Uttar Pradesh, Founder President of [[Gorakhpur University]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 1968
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 1974
| term_end2 = 1977
| office3 = [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya]]
| education = St. Andrew's College [[Muir Central College]] [[University of Allahabad]]
}}

'''Surti Narayan Mani Tripathi''', also known as '''S.N.M. Tripathi''' and '''Pandit Tripathi''' (1900–1988), was an [[Indian civil servant]] and later a politician from [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=Hindustan/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shashank Chaturvedi |author2=David N. Gellner |author3=Sanjay Kumar Pandey |title=Politics in Gorakhpur since the 1920s: the making of a safe 'Hindu' constituency |journal=Contemporary South Asia |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |date=11 January 2019|volume=27 |pages=40–57 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2018.1521785 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He was the first ICS of Uttar Pradesh and the founder president of [[Gorakhpur University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eminent Personalities |url=https://gorakhpur.nic.in/personalities/ |website=www.gorakhpur.nic.in}}</ref> He served as a [[Member of the Legislative Council]] from Uttar Pradesh twice, first from 1967 to 1968 and in the second term from 1974 to 1977.<ref name=Hindustan>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Umesh |title=हमारे पितृ पुरूष: पैदल चलकर और नाला पार कर की पढ़ाई, बन गए कलेक्टर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-surti-narayan-tripathi-struggle-for-education-become-dm-2193884.html |publisher=[[Live Hindustan]] |date=27 September 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He served as the [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya]] and played an important role in establishment of [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University|Gorakhpur University]].<ref name=Hindustan/> His Son [[Prakash Mani Tripathi]] (Lt. Gen. Retired )and grandson [[Shashank Mani|Shashank Mani Tripathi]]

== Early life ==
He was born in 1900 in the village of Barpar, [[Gorakhpur district]] into a [[Saryuparin Brahmin]] family. He began at the Lower Primary School in Barpar, followed by schools in Sirjam and [[Majhauli Raj]]. He completed high school at Government Jubilee School in 1918 and went on to St. Andrew's College for his intermediate studies. In 1921, he enrolled at [[Muir Central College]] in [[Allahabad]] for his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree, which he completed in 1923. He obtained his [[Master of Arts]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]] degrees from [[University of Allahabad]].<ref name=Hindustan/>

== Career ==
In 1925, he returned to [[Gorakhpur]] and practised law in the civil court. He was selected for the [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)|PCS (Provincial Civil Service)]] in the same year and was posted to the [[Basti district]] for his first assignment. After India's independence in 1947, he was granted the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) cadre. He served as [[District magistrate]] of [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]], [[Allahabad district|Allahabad]], and [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]].<ref name=Hindustan/>

In 1956, Surti Narayan was appointed as a member of the [[Public Service Commission]], serving until 1961.<ref>Civic Affairs. (1956). India: P.C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press. Page 27.</ref> He then served as Senior Deputy Managing Director and Vice Chairman of the [[British India Corporation]] in Kanpur. In 1962, he was appointed Vice Chancellor of [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]] in [[Varanasi]].<ref name=Hindustan/>

=== Politics ===
In June 1966, SNM Tripathi retired from the [[Indian Civil Service]] and returned to Gorakhpur. He then entered into politics, contesting and winning the Gorakhpur-Faizabad graduate constituency in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] (MLC) for the first time (1967–1968). Re-elected in 1974, he served another term as an MLC but chose not to contest further elections. Tripathi died in 1988.<ref name=Hindustan/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Surti Narayan Mani}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

Super Deluxe (film)

2026-04-11T22:18:33Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created New Pg!

{{short description|2019 film by Thiagarajan Kumararaja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Super Deluxe
| image = Super Deluxe film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]
| writer = {{ubl|Thiagarajan Kumararaja|[[Mysskin]]|[[Nalan Kumarasamy]]|[[Neelan K. Sekar]]}}
| producer = {{ubl|Thiagarajan Kumararaja|S. D. Ezhilmathy}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
*[[Fahadh Faasil]]
*[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
*[[Ramya Krishnan]]
*[[Mysskin]]
*[[Gayathrie]]
*[[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]]
*[[Bagavathi Perumal]]
}}
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|[[P. S. Vinod]]|[[Nirav Shah]]}}
| editing = [[Sathyaraj Natarajan]]
| studio = {{ubl|Tyler Durden and Kino Fist|Alchemy Vision Works|East West Dream Work Entertainment}}
| distributor = [[YNOT Studios|YNOTX]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|03|29}}
| runtime = 176 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Deluxe |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/super-deluxe-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdm2mte |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803081119/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/super-deluxe-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdm2mte |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Super Deluxe''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film co-written, co-produced, and directed by [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]], and additional screenplay written by [[Nalan Kumarasamy]], [[Neelan K. Sekar]] and [[Mysskin]].<ref name="thenewsminute">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2016 |title=Five directors to pen dialogues for Vijay Sethupathi's next |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/five-directors-pen-dialogues-vijay-sethupathis-next-52417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328203350/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/five-directors-pen-dialogues-vijay-sethupathis-next-52417 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Produced by Tyler Durden and Kino Fist, Alchemy Vision Works, and East West Dream Work Entertainment, the film stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], and [[Ramya Krishnan]]. As a [[Hyperlink cinema|hyperlink film]], it revolves around four groups of individuals who find themselves in the most unexpected predicaments, each poised to experience their destiny, all on one fateful day.

''Super Deluxe'' marked the filmmaker's second directorial stint after ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' (2011). Later, Kumararaja officially announced this project in November 2016 under ''Aneedhi Kadhaigal''. The filming process went on for more than a year, despite experiencing difficulties due to [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]], schedule commitments of the actors and technicians, and [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] strike. The film production finally wrapped up in June 2018, followed by a lengthy [[post-production]] phase. The film's score is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The cinematography was handled by [[P. S. Vinod]] and [[Nirav Shah]], after [[P. C. Sreeram]] who initially worked on the film's first schedule, walked out of the project midway. [[Sathyaraj Natarajan]] has edited the film. The film used the themes of nostalgia, science-fiction, political incidents, and emotions, using color as an important storytelling device.

After a North American premiere on 28 March 2019, ''Super Deluxe'' was theatrically released on 29 March, distributed by [[YNOT X]]. The film received critical acclaim, praising Kumararaja's direction, storytelling, cinematography, and cast performances (particularly Vijay Sethupathi, Fahadh Faasil and Ashwanth Ashok Kumar). Many critics listed the film as one of the "Best Tamil Films of 2019", and ''[[Film Companion]]'' ranked Sethupathi and child actor Ashwanth Ashok Kumar's performances in the list of "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade"''.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[Fantasia International Film Festival]] in [[North America]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Super Deluxe |url=https://fantasiafestival.com/en/film/super-deluxe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705155113/https://fantasiafestival.com/en/film/super-deluxe |archive-date=5 July 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Fantasia Festival}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=30 May 2019 |title=Super Deluxe selected for Fantasia International Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/super-deluxe-selected-for-fantasia-international-film-festival/articleshow/69583669.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605013225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/super-deluxe-selected-for-fantasia-international-film-festival/articleshow/69583669.cms |archive-date=5 June 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]] in [[South Korea]],<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2019 |title=Super Deluxe to be screened at film festival in Korea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/super-deluxe-to-be-screened-at-film-festival-in-korea/articleshow/69773690.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618100754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/super-deluxe-to-be-screened-at-film-festival-in-korea/articleshow/69773690.cms |archive-date=18 June 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]], where it was conferred the "Equality in Cinema Award".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Samantha-starrer Super Deluxe to be screened in Indian Film Festival of Melbourne |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-sethupathi-samantha-starrer-super-deluxe-be-screened-indian-film-festival-melbourne-802399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727133859/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-sethupathi-samantha-starrer-super-deluxe-be-screened-indian-film-festival-melbourne-802399 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=International Business Times}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=Tabu, Shah Rukh Khan and Vijay Sethupathi win big at IFFM 2019 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-2019-tabu-shah-rukh-khan-and-vijay-sethupathi-win-big-5890786/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821075339/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-2019-tabu-shah-rukh-khan-and-vijay-sethupathi-win-big-5890786/ |archive-date=21 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film won four [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], four [[Zee Cine Awards Tamil|Zee Cine Awards]], four Critics Choice Film Awards, two [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]], and a nomination at the [[9th AACTA Awards]] for Best Asian Film. At the [[67th National Film Awards]], the film won [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] award for Vijay Sethupathi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=23 March 2021 |title=Vijay Sethupathi thanks Thiagarajan Kumararaja for his National Award. Samantha reacts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-thanks-thiagarajan-kumararaja-for-his-national-award-samantha-reacts-1782489-2021-03-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324063320/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sethupathi-thanks-thiagarajan-kumararaja-for-his-national-award-samantha-reacts-1782489-2021-03-23 |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Hatnote|There are four [[hyperlink cinema|interwoven stories]] shown in parallel.}}

=== Shilpa's story ===
Jyothi and her son Rasukutty are awaiting the return of Rasukutty's father, Manickam, who abandoned the family seven years ago. To their shock, Manickam arrives from Mumbai as a [[transgender woman]], Shilpa. Rasukutty wants to introduce Shilpa to his friends at school. On the way, a bigoted cop detains Shilpa, and she is forced into [[fellatio|fellating]] a corrupt police officer named Berlin. Shilpa faces further harassment and humiliation from people at her son's school.

Distraught, Shilpa buys a ticket to return to Mumbai, where she lives as a [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]. On the way home from school, Shilpa loses Rasukutty, desperate to find her son, she goes to the police and meets Berlin, pleading with him to help her. After refusing to entertain Berlin for any sexual favours, she grapples with Berlin and places a death curse on him before escaping. Shilpa is saddened and finally decides to go home and finds Rasukutty there. Rasukutty reveals he discovered Shilpa's intention of abandoning them again upon seeing the train ticket to Mumbai in her purse, leading to an emotional confrontation where Shilpa realises that Rasukutty and Jyothi are ready to accept her as she is, and they go on to live together.

=== The TV story ===
Five teens (Gaaji, Soori, Mohan, Vasanth, and Thuyavan) skip school and gather to watch a [[Pornographic film|porn movie]] at Thuyavan's home, only to find out that the [[Pornographic film actor|porn star]] is Soori's mother, Leela, who became a porn star to earn money. Soori breaks the TV in a fit of rage and runs away, crying. Thuyavan, afraid of his father finding out about the broken TV, enlists Gaaji and Vasanth into getting enough money for a new TV by the evening.

They accept a job from a local gangster but fail to complete their assigned task. They then try to rob a North Indian pawnbroker's house, but fail to. Attempting to steal from him again, they are confronted by a girl with magical powers who reveals herself to be an alien. She duplicates Gaaji, keeping the clone with herself for companionship. The friends get money from her to buy a new TV. They toss out the damaged TV through the broken roof of a unused building and set off to a cinema hall to watch a porn film.

=== Leela's story ===
Reaching home, an enraged Soori runs towards Leela with a screwdriver, intending to kill her after finding out she acted in a porn film. He trips and falls on the staircase and inadvertently stabs himself in the [[abdomen]]. A distraught Leela takes him to the hospital, and his father Arputham (formerly known as Dhanasekaran) is informed about the accident. Arputham is a survivor of the [[2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]] who believes that God saved him in the form of a Jesus statue which he held on to when the tsunami struck. He converted to [[Christianity]] after this experience but is currently having a crisis of faith.

Arputham forcibly takes Soori from Leela and subjects Soori to [[faith healing]] at his chapel while locking her out. Leela then gets her son admitted to a hospital with the help of a local counselor after she unsuccessfully pleads with her husband, but she now struggles to arrange for medical expenses. It is then revealed that Arputham's crisis of faith was triggered by a conversation with Shilpa earlier, when Shilpa, having lost Rasukutty, confesses her guilt to him over unknowingly escorting and delivering two children to a criminal gang, where the children were mutilated to make them more effective beggars, fearing that her [[karma]] has caught up with her and that her son might end up with a similar fate.

Arputham states there can be no forgiveness for a person like her and tells her that she would be better off dead. Before leaving him, Shilpa tells Arputham that she tried to drown herself during the 2004 tsunami but survived by holding onto a rock, but didn't attribute any divinity to it, unlike Arputham. Arputham breaks the Jesus statue out of rage and desperation and finds long-forgotten diamonds inside it, which he uses to pay for Soori's medical expenses. Leela asks him whether he would still have faith if he had been saved by clinging on to a [[teddy bear]] instead of Jesus. He reflects on that question while Soori reconciles with Leela.

=== Vaembu and Mugil's story ===
Vaembu, who was forced into an unhappy arranged marriage, has sex with her ex-boyfriend while her husband Mugil is away, but her ex-boyfriend suddenly dies during the act. Mugil returns home to find the corpse. While devastated to discover that his wife had been cheating on him, he decides to dispose of the body as he doesn't want this incident to be exposed, fearful of the societal stigma attached to having an unfaithful wife.

Eventually, Vaembu and Mugil manage to smuggle the corpse out of town and attempt to plant the corpse in a car on the railway track to stage the death as an accident. But they are caught by the corrupt police officer Berlin, who blackmails the couple in return for sexual favours from Vaembu. As he advances towards the unwilling and distraught Vaembu, intending to have sex with her, the broken TV thrown by the boys (from the rooftop) falls on his head and kills him (bringing to fruition Shilpa's curse). The couple gets rid of both the corpses and reconciles.

=== Epilogue ===
{{Hatnote|The epilogue's [[voice-over]] is interwoven with the endings of each of the four stories.}}
The friends from the TV story are finally watching a porn film at the theatre, in which a doctor begins by speaking philosophically about the mysteries of life and patterns through the universe, with everything being interconnected in ways as yet unknown to us. He then says he will reveal some of those secrets and winks. The nurse nearby blinks and starts to take her clothes off, as the porn film title shows its name ''Vaazhvin Ragasiyam'' ("The Secret of Life").

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Shilpa a.k.a. Manickam, a transgender woman, Jyothi's spouse, and Rasukutty's father who returns home after transitioning.
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Mugil, an aspiring actor and Vaembu's husband who is devastated after discovering her affair, and helps her hide a dead body.
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as Vaembu, Mugil's wife who cheats on him with her ex-boyfriend, who suddenly dies while having sex.
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Leela, a former actress, Soori's mother, and Arputham's wife, whose porn film "Mallu Uncut" is accidentally seen by her son.
* [[Gayathrie]] as Jyothi, Shilpa (Manickam)'s wife and Rasukutty's mother, who is devastated to find out that her husband is transgender.
* [[Mysskin]] as Arputham a.k.a. Dhanasekaran, Leela's husband and Soori's father who is a preacher and who relies on [[faith healing]] to save his injured son.
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as [[Sub-inspector]] Berlin, a corrupt police officer, and the [[film]]'s main antagonist who abruptly molests Shilpa and who attempts to rape Vaembu.
* [[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]] as Rasukutty, Shilpa and Jyothi's son.<ref name="Characters">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |last2=S |first2=Srivatsan |date=3 April 2019 |title=Loved 'Super Deluxe'? Meet the film's unsung heroes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-raasukutty-gaaji-balaji-and-mutta-puffs-from-super-deluxe/article26721501.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218033659/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-raasukutty-gaaji-balaji-and-mutta-puffs-from-super-deluxe/article26721501.ece |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* Daffe Naveen as Soori, Leela and Arputham's son who accidentally saw his mother's porn film.
* Vijay Ram as Balaji a.k.a. "Gaaji," one of Soori's friends with a carefree attitude, who later develops a crush on The Alien Girl.<ref name="Characters" />
* [[Mirnalini Ravi]] as The Alien Girl, who falls in love with Gaaji.
* Jayanth as Mohan, Soori's best friend.
* Abdul Jabbar as Thuyavan, Soori's friend whose TV was broken by Soori.
* Noble K. James as Vasanth a.k.a. "Mutta Puffs," one of Soori's friends, an innocent boy on whose sister Gaaji has a crush.<ref name="Characters" />
* Ramana as Ramasamy, Arputham's partner in his religious preaching.
* Rengarajan Rajagopalan as Kanna, Vaembu's ex-boyfriend who dies while intimate with her.
* Kavin Jay Babu as Idi Amin, a local gangster.
* Maheshwari as Mrinalini a.k.a. "Meenal," Leela's neighbour and friend.
* [[Manushyaputhiran]] as The [[Sexologist]] in "Vaazhvin Ragasiyam" porn film.
* Dhwani Shree as The Nurse in "Vaazhvin Ragasiyam".
* Porali Ramki as Kavuchi.
* Balaji Tharaneetharan as Mani, Vaembu, and Mugil's landlord.
* Harish as Sebastian Arumugam.
* Heat Bakodia as Aakash, a five-year-old boy who is Mani's relative.
* Avinash as Sunil.
* Ravi Karthick as Kishore, a jewellery store owner.
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Following the release of ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' (2011), which opened to critical acclaim, the film's director [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] officially announced his next film after a gap of five years, in October 2016. The untitled film had [[Vijay Sethupathi]]<ref name="behindwoods3">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2016 |title=Vijay Sethupathi likely to play the lead in Thiagarajan Kumararaja's next |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathi-likely-to-play-the-lead-in-thiagarajan-kumararajas-next.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107012011/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathi-likely-to-play-the-lead-in-thiagarajan-kumararajas-next.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay Sethupathi to work with National Award winning director |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-work-with-national-award-winning-director/articleshow/55033290.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-work-with-national-award-winning-director/articleshow/55033290.cms |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Fahadh Faasil]] (in his second Tamil project after Velaikkaran) featuring in the lead roles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiagarajan Kumararaja might begin his next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/24/thiagarajan-kumararaja-might-begin-his-next-1531394.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224142940/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/24/thiagarajan-kumararaja-might-begin-his-next-1531394.html |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2016 |title=After Aaranya Kaandam, Thiagarajan Kumararaja's next to feature Vijay Sethupathi and Fahad Fazil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aaranya-kaandam-thiagarajan-kumararaja-next-vijay-sethupathi-and-fahad-fazil-348872-2016-10-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730123901/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aaranya-kaandam-thiagarajan-kumararaja-next-vijay-sethupathi-and-fahad-fazil-348872-2016-10-27 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> with [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] announced as the lead actress in early November.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samantha, Vijay Sethupathi team up for the first time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/nov/02/samantha-vijay-sethupathi-team-up-for-the-first-time-1534187.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112114941/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/nov/02/samantha-vijay-sethupathi-team-up-for-the-first-time-1534187.html |archive-date=12 November 2016 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Vijay Sethupathi Team Up For the First Time |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/samantha-ruth-prabhu-vijay-sethupathi-team-up-for-the-first-time-1620534 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124032/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/samantha-ruth-prabhu-vijay-sethupathi-team-up-for-the-first-time-1620534 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The same month, [[P. C. Sreeram]] was announced as the [[cinematographer]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PC Sreeram in Thiagarajan Kumararaja's film |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pc-sreeram-in-thiagarajan-kumararajas-film-news-tamil-qlcj5geehjdcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223623/http://www.sify.com/movies/pc-sreeram-in-thiagarajan-kumararajas-film-news-tamil-qlcj5geehjdcf.html |archive-date=5 November 2016 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2016 |title=PC Sreeram to work in Vijay Sethupathi-Samantha film |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/pc-sreeram-to-work-in-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813000702/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/pc-sreeram-to-work-in-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-film.html |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], who worked with Kumararaja in ''Aaranya Kaandam'', was chosen as the [[music director]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2016 |title=More exciting inclusions in Thiagarajan Kumararaja's next |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thiagarajan-kumararaja-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-film-shoot-stars-yuvan-shankar-raja-will-do-the-music-tamil-news-170708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731123952/https://www.indiaglitz.com/thiagarajan-kumararaja-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-film-shoot-stars-yuvan-shankar-raja-will-do-the-music-tamil-news-170708 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> [[Sathyaraj Natarajan]], who worked in the same month as an assistant to [[Praveen K. L.]] was chosen as the [[film editor]], and Vijay Adhinathan was the [[production designer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2016 |title=Exclusive: Thiagarajan Kumararaja speaks about his next film |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aaranya-kaandam-director-thiagarajan-kumaraja-exclusive-interview-about-his-next-film-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-fahad-faasil-tamil-news-171966 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418143015/https://www.indiaglitz.com/aaranya-kaandam-director-thiagarajan-kumaraja-exclusive-interview-about-his-next-film-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-fahad-faasil-tamil-news-171966 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Kumararaja co-produced the film along with East West Dream Work Entertainment and Alchemy Vision Works. Initially, the film was titled ''Aneedhi Kadhaigal'' (Amoral tales), but following a series of schedule changes during the filming process, the new title ''Super Deluxe'' was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2017 |title=Thiagarajan Kumararaja-Vijay Sethupathi movie becomes Super Deluxe! See the actor's look here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thiagarajan-kumararaja-vijay-sethupathi-movie-becomes-super-deluxe-see-the-actors-look-here-4840305/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506082444/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thiagarajan-kumararaja-vijay-sethupathi-movie-becomes-super-deluxe-see-the-actors-look-here-4840305/ |archive-date=6 May 2018 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
{{Quote box
| quote="The story begins on a high note from the very first scene. Nobody can guess where the story is headed to. Instead of the word 'puzzle', it's more like connecting the dots".
| source = [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]], about the scripting of ''Super Deluxe''.<ref name="genre" />
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}
In an interview with ''The Hindu'', Kumararaja said the film does not belong to any single genre, because "One may burst into laughter while the other might be in a state of shock for the same scene."<ref name="genre">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=13 October 2018 |title='Super Deluxe' defies genre, says director Thiagarajan Kumararaja |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thiagarajan-kumararajas-super-deluxe/article25214564.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124033/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thiagarajan-kumararajas-super-deluxe/article25214564.ece |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Kumararaja worked with four directors: [[Mysskin]], [[Nalan Kumarasamy]] and Neelan K. Sekar to work on the screenplay and also unsuccessfully approached [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Dhanush]] and [[S. J. Suryah]] as he wanted the storyline to be "interesting".<ref name="genre" /> Each writer had planned different segments and different characters in the storyline, which overlap each other in the end.<ref name="genre" /> He said the film was not an anthology, but considered it a "fresh attempt in narrative storytelling".<ref name="genre" /> He preferred to write the script using the Kino Fist technique {{En dash}} the manipulation of narrative by jumbling up the sequence of frames through shooting and editing {{En dash}} by Soviet filmmaker [[Sergei Eisenstein]]. Kumararaja wrote, "One story, then another, and then I cut from one scene to the next", to bring in a non-linear narrative.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=8 January 2019 |title='The film behaves like its title': The weird and wacky world of 'Super Deluxe' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/908268/the-film-behaves-like-its-title-the-weird-and-wacky-world-of-super-deluxe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003524/https://scroll.in/reel/908268/the-film-behaves-like-its-title-the-weird-and-wacky-world-of-super-deluxe |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

=== Characters ===
[[Vijay Sethupathi]]'s character in the film was initially suspected to be transgender,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's lady get-up from 'Super Deluxe' released |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vijay-sethupathi-s-lady-get-up-from-super-deluxe-released-117091300464_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425013420/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vijay-sethupathi-s-lady-get-up-from-super-deluxe-released-117091300464_1.html |archive-date=25 April 2018 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> which was later revealed to be true,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi in 'Super Deluxe': The problem with male actors playing trans women |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-super-deluxe-problem-male-actors-playing-trans-women-68405 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323211556/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-super-deluxe-problem-male-actors-playing-trans-women-68405 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> with the character named as Shilpa. [[Ramya Krishnan]] was earlier announced as a second female lead after [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] and had also shot her portions for the film, but due to creative issues she walked out of the project, and [[Nadhiya]] was later brought on board. But Nadhiya also exited the project, as she was not satisfied with the script and the director re-approached Ramya Krishnan for the role, which she immediately agreed to.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandhakumar |first=Sindhuri |date=9 March 2019 |title=Ramya Krishnan's porn star role in 'Super Deluxe' the most challenging in her career |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramya-krishnans-porn-star-role-in-super-deluxe-the-most-challenging-in-her-career/article26481714.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331234145/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramya-krishnans-porn-star-role-in-super-deluxe-the-most-challenging-in-her-career/article26481714.ece |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Krishnan played the role of Leela, a porn star in the film (within a film), Mallu Uncut, and she described her role as "most challenging ever in her career".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2019 |title=Director Thiagarajan Kumararajan and Ramya Krishnan on 'Super Deluxe', Vijay Sethupathi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/vijay-sethupathi-adds-credibility-to-super-deluxe-thiagarajan-kumararaja/article26485805.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331234132/https://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/vijay-sethupathi-adds-credibility-to-super-deluxe-thiagarajan-kumararaja/article26485805.ece |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2019 |title=Ramya Krishnan plays a porn star in Thiagarajan Kumararaja film Super Deluxe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ramya-krishnan-plays-a-porn-star-in-thiagarajan-kumararaja-film-super-deluxe-1433995-2019-01-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207124958/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ramya-krishnan-plays-a-porn-star-in-thiagarajan-kumararaja-film-super-deluxe-1433995-2019-01-18 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

[[Mirnalini Ravi]], who rose to fame with [[dubsmash]], was roped in to play a pivotal character after she was selected by an audition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=31 January 2018 |title=Mirnalini Ravi, a part of Super Deluxe |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jan/31/mirnalini-ravi-a-part-of-super-deluxe-4286.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124011/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jan/31/mirnalini-ravi-a-part-of-super-deluxe-4286.html |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Though she did not reveal anything about her role, and her portions being set in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=1 February 2018 |title=Kumararaja sir is a perfectionist: Mrinalini Ravi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kumararaja-sir-is-a-perfectionist-mrinalini-ravi/articleshow/62725081.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kumararaja-sir-is-a-perfectionist-mrinalini-ravi/articleshow/62725081.cms |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> her role was later revealed to be an [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] girl, which was the film's "surprise factor".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi reveals about the alien twist in Super Deluxe |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathi-reveals-about-the-alien-twist-in-super-deluxe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124111/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathi-reveals-about-the-alien-twist-in-super-deluxe.html |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Gayathrie]] was paired opposite Vijay Sethupathi, which marked their fourth collaboration after ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' (2012), ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'' (2017) and ''[[Seethakaathi]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Aneethi Kathaigal' gets second heroine |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-s-aneethi-kathaigal-gets-second-heroine-67716 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007214816/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-s-aneethi-kathaigal-gets-second-heroine-67716 |archive-date=7 October 2017 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> For her role as a married woman, she was instructed to gain weight, but she eventually fell ill during the shoot because of her uncontrolled diet. Thiagarajan later advised Gayathrie to maintain a balanced diet and the team also prepared home-cooked food for her during her shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=18 March 2019 |title=Location Diaries: In sickness and in health |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/mar/18/location-diaries-in-sickness-and-in-health-10598.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022025307/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/mar/18/location-diaries-in-sickness-and-in-health-10598.html |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Mysskin, apart from co-writing the screenplay, also played a pivotal role in the segment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2017 |title=Mysskin plays a priest in Thiagarajan Kumararaja's 'Super Deluxe' |url=http://m.sify.com/movies/mysskin-to-play-a-priest-in-super-deluxe-news-tamil-rjsrazebbehfi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920031536/http://m.sify.com/movies/mysskin-to-play-a-priest-in-super-deluxe-news-tamil-rjsrazebbehfi.html |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> His role was initially auditioned to [[Anurag Kashyap]], but he refused the project and later expressed regrets at not being a part in the film after watching the screening of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2019 |title=Anurag Kashyap: My regret to not be part of Thiagarajan Kumararaja's 'Super Deluxe' has grown multi-folds |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anurag-kashyap-my-regret-to-not-be-part-of-thiagarajan-kumararaja-s-super-deluxe-has-grown-multi-folds-2729721 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802034802/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anurag-kashyap-my-regret-to-not-be-part-of-thiagarajan-kumararaja-s-super-deluxe-has-grown-multi-folds-2729721 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2019 |title=Anurag Kashyap bowled over by Vijay Sethupathi's Super Deluxe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anurag-kashyap-bowled-over-by-vijay-sethupathi-s-super-deluxe-1478778-2019-03-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301050638/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anurag-kashyap-bowled-over-by-vijay-sethupathi-s-super-deluxe-1478778-2019-03-15 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Filming and post-production ===
Filming of the first schedule began in October 2016, but it was immediately halted after 15 days of shoot due to [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetization]] implemented by [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and the actors' commitments in other projects.<ref name=":0" /> In July 2017, it was announced that P. C. Sreeram had opted out of the project,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |title=PC opts out of Thiagarajan Kumararaja's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pc-opts-out-of-thiagarajan-kumararajas-film/articleshow/59643748.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pc-opts-out-of-thiagarajan-kumararajas-film/articleshow/59643748.cms |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as his schedule was being conflicted with ''[[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2017 |title=PC Sreeram opts out of Aneedhi Kadhaigal |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130817/pc-sreeram-opts-out-of-aneedhi-kadhaigal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904225441/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130817/pc-sreeram-opts-out-of-aneedhi-kadhaigal.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> As a result, [[P. S. Vinod]], who had worked with Kumararaja in ''Aaranya Kaandam'', was roped in to replace Sreeram<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aneethi Kathaigal gets a new twist |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/jul/18/aneethi-kathaigal-gets-a-new-twist-1180.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204052355/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/jul/18/aneethi-kathaigal-gets-a-new-twist-1180.html |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and [[Nirav Shah]] handled additional cinematography. Vijay Sethupathi, who had completed the first schedule of ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]'', started shooting for his portions in the same month and completed it by October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Super Deluxe shooting update |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathis-super-deluxe-shooting-update.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305092852/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathis-super-deluxe-shooting-update.html |archive-date=5 March 2018 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Mysskin's segment began filming in January 2018, and was completed before March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Samantha's Super Deluxe shooting update |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathi-and-samanthas-super-deluxe-shooting-update.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412080909/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathi-and-samanthas-super-deluxe-shooting-update.html |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Following the Tamil Film Producers Council strike, which ended in April, the makers resumed shooting for the last segment of the film featuring Fahadh Faasil, and the shooting was completed in its entirety after the segment's completion in June 2018, and post-production subsequently began.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi-Fahadh Faasil starrer 'Super Deluxe' wrapped up |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-fahadh-faasil-starrer-super-deluxe-wrapped-83046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215082733/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-fahadh-faasil-starrer-super-deluxe-wrapped-83046 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiagarajan Kumararaja's Super Deluxe wrapped up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jun/14/fahadh-faasils-super-deluxe-wraps-up-6502.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101010614/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jun/14/fahadh-faasils-super-deluxe-wraps-up-6502.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Thiagarajan and Mysskin revealed in an interview that there are several sequences in the film that involved 100{{En dash}}150 takes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2019 |title=Samantha reveals Vijay Sethupathi and Mysskin took more than 80 takes in Super Deluxe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/samantha-reveals-vijay-sethupathi-and-mysskin-took-more-than-80-takes-in-super-deluxe-1482297-2019-03-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124032/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/samantha-reveals-vijay-sethupathi-and-mysskin-took-more-than-80-takes-in-super-deluxe-1482297-2019-03-20 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> For a scene featuring Ramya Krishnan, the team took 37 takes, which spanned two days.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2019 |title=Baahubali Actress Ramya Krishnan Plays a Porn Star in Tamil Film Super Deluxe |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-actress-ramya-krishnan-plays-a-porn-star-in-tamil-film-super-deluxe-2063461.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124001/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-actress-ramya-krishnan-plays-a-porn-star-in-tamil-film-super-deluxe-2063461.html |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The team planned to shoot the film in [[film camera]], but the lack of [[Negative (photography)|negative films]] prompted the team to use [[digital camera]]. As per Kumararaja's request, the locations had "shapes and textures and a sense of age and limitations in terms of lighting" to give a depth to the images.<ref name=":1" /> The shots were entirely filmed indoors, and for a few sequences, exterior shots were used. Kumararaja also had used saturated color gradings instead of vibrant colors to reflect the film's theme. He gave an example about Mysskin's segment, which had a marine feel to resemble the track being connected with the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]].<ref name=":2" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Super Deluxe (soundtrack)}}
[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composed the [[soundtrack]] for ''Super Deluxe'' in his second collaboration with Kumararaja after ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' (2010). Unlike the previous film, which had no songs, Kumararaja planned a [[soundtrack album]] having a mix of [[retro style]], [[jazz]], and [[contemporary classical music]].<ref name="genre3">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=13 October 2018 |title='Super Deluxe' defies genre, says director Thiagarajan Kumararaja |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thiagarajan-kumararajas-super-deluxe/article25214564.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124033/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thiagarajan-kumararajas-super-deluxe/article25214564.ece |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> But they decided against doing so, and it eventually became Raja's third film without a soundtrack after ''[[Adhu]]'' and ''Aaranya Kaandam''. Instead, the team used yesteryear compositions of [[Ilaiyaraaja]], being [[license]]d for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2019 |title=Addicted to old songs that appeared in 'Super Deluxe'? Here's your playlist |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/addicted-old-songs-appeared-super-deluxe-heres-your-playlist-99573 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605044723/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/addicted-old-songs-appeared-super-deluxe-heres-your-playlist-99573 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> A promotional song titled "Ding Dong" was composed, which was included in a promo teaser.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Super Deluxe new promo out: Yuvan Shankar Raja and editor Sathyaraj gift a unique teaser |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/super-deluxe-new-promo-out-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-editor-sathyaraj-gift-a-unique-teaser-1486585-2019-03-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009071435/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/super-deluxe-new-promo-out-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-editor-sathyaraj-gift-a-unique-teaser-1486585-2019-03-26 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Yuvan scored the music for the film's background, which was critically acclaimed. After being praised for his work in the film, fans insisted to release the [[film score]] as a separate album.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sneak peek of Yuvan scoring music for 'Super Deluxe' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneak-peek-of-yuvan-scoring-music-for-super-deluxe/articleshow/65991675.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414002236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sneak-peek-of-yuvan-scoring-music-for-super-deluxe/articleshow/65991675.cms |archive-date=14 April 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later, the original soundtrack was released on 27 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2020 |title=Original Soundtrack from Super Deluxe releases |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/original-soundtrack-from-super-deluxe-releases.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802034740/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/original-soundtrack-from-super-deluxe-releases.html |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
Thiagarajan Kumararaja had initially planned to premiere the film at the [[71st Cannes Film Festival]] during May 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Is Vijay Sethupathi and Fahadh Faasil's Super Deluxe going to Cannes this year? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/is-vijay-sethupathi-and-fahadh-faasil-s-super-deluxe-going-to-cannes-this-year-1163812-2018-02-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523195953/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/is-vijay-sethupathi-and-fahadh-faasil-s-super-deluxe-going-to-cannes-this-year-1163812-2018-02-08 |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> which could not happen due to production delays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Deluxe goes to Cannes? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/12/super-deluxe-goes-to-cannes-1772356.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215054812/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/12/super-deluxe-goes-to-cannes-1772356.html |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi-Fahadh Faasil starrer 'Super Deluxe' to premiere at Cannes? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-fahadh-faasil-starrer-super-deluxe-premiere-cannes-76183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215130359/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-fahadh-faasil-starrer-super-deluxe-premiere-cannes-76183 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In February 2019, it was revealed that [[YNOT X]], the distribution arm of YNOT Studios, had acquired the film rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2019 |title=YNOTX secures distribution rights to Vijay Sethupathi-Samantha's 'Super Deluxe' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ynotx-secures-distribution-rights-to-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-s-super-deluxe-2722120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602102716/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ynotx-secures-distribution-rights-to-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-s-super-deluxe-2722120 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sashikanth to distribute 'Super Deluxe' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sashikanth-to-distribute-super-deluxe/articleshow/68079200.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225123522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sashikanth-to-distribute-super-deluxe/articleshow/68079200.cms |archive-date=25 February 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The official theatrical trailer was released on [[YouTube]] on 22 February 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatraman |first=Janane |date=22 February 2019 |title=Trailer watch: Vijay Sethupathi stuns in trailer for 'Super Deluxe' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trailer-watch-vijay-sethupathi-stuns-in-trailer-for-super-deluxe/article26342363.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222164036/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trailer-watch-vijay-sethupathi-stuns-in-trailer-for-super-deluxe/article26342363.ece |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> which had Vijay Sethupathi narrating the entire segments of the storyline through the trailer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2019 |title=Super Deluxe trailer: Vijay Sethupathi plays a transwoman in Thiagarajan Kumararaja's Aaranya Kaandam follow-up |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-deluxe-trailer-vijay-sethupathi-plays-a-transwoman-in-thiagarajan-kumararajas-aaranya-kaandam-follow-up-6139571.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325155206/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-deluxe-trailer-vijay-sethupathi-plays-a-transwoman-in-thiagarajan-kumararajas-aaranya-kaandam-follow-up-6139571.html |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2019 |title=Super Deluxe trailer: This Vijay Sethupathi, Samantha starrer is highly intriguing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/super-deluxe-trailer-this-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-starrer-is-highly-intriguing/story-SvgB9FFFQYxuuFNb1RvTcP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725165823/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/super-deluxe-trailer-this-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-starrer-is-highly-intriguing/story-SvgB9FFFQYxuuFNb1RvTcP.html |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reviewed the trailer as "highly intriguing".<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2019 |title=The trailer of Vijay Sethupathi-Samantha Akkineni's Super Deluxe will leave you intrigued |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/super-deluxe-trailer-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-akkineni-5597198/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227040405/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/super-deluxe-trailer-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-akkineni-5597198/ |archive-date=27 February 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film's publicity designer, [[Gopi Prasannaa]], created a [[graffiti]] tribute for the film, which was considered to be his first professional artwork.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gopi Prasanna creates graffiti for 'Super Deluxe' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gopi-prasanna-creates-graffiti-for-super-deluxe/articleshow/68598576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413111536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gopi-prasanna-creates-graffiti-for-super-deluxe/articleshow/68598576.cms |archive-date=13 April 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=28 March 2019 |title=Graffiti art for Super Deluxe |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280319/graffiti-art-for-super-deluxe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621015414/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280319/graffiti-art-for-super-deluxe.html |archive-date=21 June 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

''Super Deluxe'' received an [[A certificate|A (adults only) certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] without any cuts,<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title='A' certificate for Super Deluxe starring Vijay Sethupathi, Samantha, Ramya Krishnan |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/03/26/a-certificate-for-super-deluxe-starring-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-ramya-krishnan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327135023/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/03/26/a-certificate-for-super-deluxe-starring-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-ramya-krishnan/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[News Today]]}}</ref> unlike ''Aaranya Kaandam'', which had 52 cuts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title='Aaranya Kaandam': A flashback of 'Super Deluxe' Thiagarajan Kumararaja's first film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aaranya-kaandam-flashback-super-deluxe-thiagarajan-kumararajas-first-film-97389 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226155740/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aaranya-kaandam-flashback-super-deluxe-thiagarajan-kumararajas-first-film-97389 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> It also had a speculated runtime of 176 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2019 |title=Censor and running time details of Super Deluxe |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/censor-and-running-time-details-of-super-deluxe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407143808/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/censor-and-running-time-details-of-super-deluxe.html |archive-date=7 April 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was screened in more than 800 theaters across [[Tamil Nadu]] on 29 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Friday release Super Deluxe: All you need to know about the new Vijay Sethupathi film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/friday-release-super-deluxe-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-vijay-sethupathi-film-1487843-2019-03-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328105924/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/friday-release-super-deluxe-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-vijay-sethupathi-film-1487843-2019-03-27 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> A special premiere was held at the [[United States]] on 28 March in 85 locations distributed by Prime Media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Super Deluxe USA Theatres list |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathis-super-deluxe-usa-theatres-list.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407064747/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathis-super-deluxe-usa-theatres-list.html |archive-date=7 April 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Deluxe USA theater list |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/22797/super-deluxe-usa-theater-list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330195508/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/22797/super-deluxe-usa-theater-list |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> Despite being an adult-rated film, the film was watched by family audiences owing to the fanbase of Vijay Sethupathi across rural and urban audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=6 April 2019 |title=Dear parents, why do you bring your child to an A-rated film? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dear-parents-why-do-you-bring-your-child-to-an-a-rated-film/article26755153.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233941/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dear-parents-why-do-you-bring-your-child-to-an-a-rated-film/article26755153.ece |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>''Super Deluxe'' was screened and was conferred the "Equality in Cinema Award" at the 2019 [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> It was also screened at the [[Fantasia International Film Festival]], the largest genre film festival in [[North America]]<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> and the [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]].<ref name=":8" /> After its theatrical premiere, the film was made available for streaming on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Deluxe |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81128584?source=35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731124107/https://www.netflix.com/title/81128584?source=35 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=[[Netflix]]}}</ref> It was dubbed in Telugu under the same title and released directly through the streaming service [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 30 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=28 July 2021 |title=Super Deluxe gets release date |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/super-deluxe-gets-release-date-698505 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728085710/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/super-deluxe-gets-release-date-698505 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2021 |title=தெலுங்கில் வெளியாகும் சூப்பர் டீலக்ஸ் |trans-title=Super Deluxe to be released in Telugu |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/98078/cinema/Kollywood/Super-deluxe-to-be-release-in-Telugu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729081923/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/98078/cinema/Kollywood/Super-deluxe-to-be-release-in-Telugu.htm |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===

==== India ====
''Super Deluxe'' received critical acclaim. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=83|count=6|average=8.3|ref=yes}}

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] in his review for ''[[Film Companion South]]'', praised the director on how he had concentrated on both the larger structure of the story and also on the minute details. He stated, "This is an utterly unique film," and went on to say, "All of this would be little more than postmodern pranks if not for the film's magnificent ''design''. This is not the first film to tell the story of three couples, but where earlier directors treated these stories like intimate domestic drama, ''Super Deluxe'' makes them something almost infinite, spanning the breadth of human (and other) existence".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2019 |title=Super Deluxe a lip-smacking combination of "high" and "low" art |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/super-deluxe-movie-review-a-unique-ambitious-insanely-detailed-blessedly-amoral-drama-thats-as-epic-as-it-is-intimate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111180208/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/super-deluxe-movie-review-a-unique-ambitious-insanely-detailed-blessedly-amoral-drama-thats-as-epic-as-it-is-intimate/ |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Srivatsan S. called the film as a spiritual successor to ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' and said, "No other filmmaker has probably romanticized the Tamil cinema universe with pop culture references as much as Kumararaja [...] If ''Super Deluxe'' is what you get from a filmmaker who was in exile, then you don't mind waiting a few years from now till he comes up with his next eccentric film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=29 March 2019 |title='Super Deluxe' review: an unusual film with an assortment of quirky characters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/super-deluxe-review-believe-the-hype/article26671414.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190329050738/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/super-deluxe-review-believe-the-hype/article26671414.ece |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> M Suganth, in his review for ''[[The Times of India]]'', gave 4 (out of 5) stars and wrote, "There is black comedy, double entendres, swear words, WTF moments, political and social commentary, romance, sentiment and even a musing on what it means to be life on Earth. There is ambition, genius, and also a beating heart".<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=29 March 2019 |title='Super Deluxe' review: an unusual film with an assortment of quirky characters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/super-deluxe-review-believe-the-hype/article26671414.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190329050738/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/super-deluxe-review-believe-the-hype/article26671414.ece |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=29 March 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Kirubakaran Purushothaman of ''[[India Today]]'' gave {{Fraction|4|1|2}} stars (out of 5) and said, "Thiagarajan Kumararaja crafts a path-breaking film that deserves more than one watch to understand the depth in each characterisations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Super Deluxe Movie Review: Thiagarajan Kumararaja and Vijay Sethupathi gift Tamil cinema a delicious game-changer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/super-deluxe-movie-review-thiagarajan-kumararaja-and-vijay-sethupathi-gift-tamil-cinema-a-delicious-game-changer-1489099-2019-03-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228171227/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/super-deluxe-movie-review-thiagarajan-kumararaja-and-vijay-sethupathi-gift-tamil-cinema-a-delicious-game-changer-1489099-2019-03-29 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''-based critic Karthik Kumar gave a 5/5 rating and said, "''Super Deluxe'' is built on the premise of morality. It questions what is right and what's wrong and in the process, makes us understand that what's right for someone need not necessarily be wrong for others". He called the performances as "top notch" and considered the film as "Tamil cinema's most eccentric and boldest attempts in recent years".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Super Deluxe movie review: This Vijay Sethupathi starrer is dark, funny and eccentric |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/super-deluxe-movie-review-this-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-is-dark-funny-and-eccentric/story-FoScPAO8mITEBKSahXoPvJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729224832/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/super-deluxe-movie-review-this-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-is-dark-funny-and-eccentric/story-FoScPAO8mITEBKSahXoPvJ.html |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' too gave the same rating and said, "''Super Deluxe'', like ''Aaranya Kaandam'', will open new doors of possibility for Tamil cinema. It may well be that the industry, which is already seeing quite a bit of successful experimentation, is stepping into the Deluxe age".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title='Super Deluxe' review: A wildly fun absurd drama that raises larger questions |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/super-deluxe-review-wildly-fun-absurd-drama-raises-larger-questions-99144 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630165607/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/super-deluxe-review-wildly-fun-absurd-drama-raises-larger-questions-99144 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Calling it as "one of the best Tamil film in recent times", Sreedhar Pillai, in his review for ''[[Firstpost]]'', assigned a score 4 (out of 5), saying, "Thiagarajan Kumararaja delivers a film of substance which also entertains".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Super Deluxe movie review: Vijay Sethupathi shines in film powered by honest writing, technical finesse |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-deluxe-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-shines-in-film-powered-by-honest-writing-technical-finesse-6350931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729174730/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-deluxe-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-shines-in-film-powered-by-honest-writing-technical-finesse-6350931.html |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', S. Subakeerthana rated the film 4 stars (out of 5) and called it an "intellectually stimulating experience". He went on to say, "It's hard to categorize this film, which has got everything — wholesome entertainment, humor, noir, and a bit of sci-fi. ''Super Deluxe'', undoubtedly, is one step higher than ''Aaranya Kaandam'' — in terms of treatment, writing, and presentation".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2019 |title=Super Deluxe movie review: Gutsy, strikingly different and devoid of cliches |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/super-deluxe-movie-review-rating-5648634/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811224615/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/super-deluxe-movie-review-rating-5648634/ |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Suparna Sharma of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "Super Deluxe presents, then lovingly creates and frames the most masculine of archetypes on one side, and on the other are women, seeming rendered powerless by morality, gender, sexuality, and virtue. And then, slowly, it shows what they all are really made of". She gave the film 4 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |date=7 April 2019 |title=Super Deluxe movie review: Masculinity stripped, then stung |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070419/super-deluxe-movie-review-masculinity-stripped-then-stung.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127034714/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070419/super-deluxe-movie-review-masculinity-stripped-then-stung.html |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Udhay Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' said, "''Super Deluxe'' is too pleasurable and fluent from minute to minute, scene to scene to get hung up on the stuff that doesn't work".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=29 March 2019 |title=Film Review: 'Super Deluxe' is dark and often dazzling |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/film-review-super-deluxe-is-dark-and-often-dazzling-1553849694347.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228194824/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/film-review-super-deluxe-is-dark-and-often-dazzling-1553849694347.html |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=mint}}</ref> A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' gave the film 3.75 (out of 5) and said, "Super Deluxe is an unforgettable, not to be missed top-notch cinematic experience that deserves to be celebrated".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Deluxe review. Super Deluxe Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/super-deluxe-review-tamil-movie-21170 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921170114/https://www.indiaglitz.com/super-deluxe-review-tamil-movie-21170 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave a review: "Super Deluxe benefits enormously from winning performances by its lead actors".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Deluxe review |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/super-deluxe-review-benefits-enormously-from-winning-performances-by-its-lead-actors-review-tamil-td3kpHahajbjb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619233423/https://www.sify.com/movies/super-deluxe-review-benefits-enormously-from-winning-performances-by-its-lead-actors-review-tamil-td3kpHahajbjb.html |archive-date=19 June 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave {{Fraction|3|1|2}} (out of 5) and said, "Thiagarajan Kumararaja proves that he knows the medium of cinema quite well. He beautifully narrates four stories, each dealing with concepts like sexual abuse, porn film industry, bullying, marriage, abuse of power, religion, nationalism, and finally what life is. All these are conveyed with loads of humour, and the film also reinforces the fact that you don't need to constantly feed the audience with one-liners to evoke laughter".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Super Deluxe (aka) Superdeluxe review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/super-deluxe/super-deluxe-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912170137/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/super-deluxe/super-deluxe-review.html |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In contrast Gauthaman Bhaskaran of ''[[News18]]'', gave a mixed review, saying, "''Super Deluxe'' could have been far more exciting had it been pruned by at least 45 minutes". He further praised Vijay Sethupathi's performance, giving the film {{fraction|2|1|2}} stars (out of 5).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Super Deluxe Movie Review: Vijay Sethupathi Steals the Show |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/super-deluxe-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-steals-the-show-2082247.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126025412/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/super-deluxe-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-steals-the-show-2082247.html |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

==== Overseas ====
Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said, "Kumararaja's work is stylish and wry, with an indie-cinephile sensibility. Part of that sensibility is a frankness about sex that's still unusual in Indian movies, especially commercial ones. Though nothing explicit is shown, all the story lines in ''Super Deluxe'' have a little sexual motor, and there's plenty of frank, off-color language, too".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saltz |first=Rachel |date=29 March 2019 |title='Super Deluxe' Review: A Tamil Film, With a Cosmic Indie Vibe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/28/movies/super-deluxe-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905120820/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/28/movies/super-deluxe-review.html |archive-date=5 September 2020 |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Huffington Post]]'' said, "''Super Deluxe'' is a delicately intelligent commentary on modern life with such powerful writing and artful filmmaking". However, she added, "The biggest strength of ''Super Deluxe,'' is the characters. Despite the many interesting characters (and excellent actors) that share screen space, we understand and empathise with them[...] Kumararaja packs so much into so little time that we walk away feeling like we know these people, even if we don't really like all of them".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title='Super Deluxe' Review: This Delightfully Layered Movie Is A Treat For All Your Senses |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/super-deluxe-review-this-delightfully-layered-movie-is-a-treat-for-all-your-senses_in_5c9e232de4b0bc0daca734b4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124035504/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/super-deluxe-review-this-delightfully-layered-movie-is-a-treat-for-all-your-senses_in_5c9e232de4b0bc0daca734b4 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> Joe Leydon of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety Magazine]]'' said, "Thiagarajan Kumararaja's unstable mix of dark comedy, brutal thriller and [[Douglas Sirk]]-ian melodrama is shamelessly excessive but undeniably entertaining". He further wrote, "There can be no denying that ''Super Deluxe'' has more than its share of draggy sections where the passage of time and the escalation of humiliation make themselves uncomfortably felt. Ultimately, however, the sheer chutzpah of the film, and the dedicatedly in-sync performance by the cast, are enough to keep audiences appreciatively absorbed".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leydon |first=Joe |date=29 March 2019 |title=Film Review: 'Super Deluxe' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/super-deluxe-review-1203175807/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521085759/https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/super-deluxe-review-1203175807/ |archive-date=21 May 2020 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Variety}}</ref> Sarath Ramesh Kuniyl of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' said, "''Super Deluxe'' makes you question what man often takes for granted. Be it sexuality, God or relationships. And it doesn't provide you the answers on a platter. It is for you to find out". He further called the film as a "comeback of epic proportions for the gifted filmmaker".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Deluxe review: Hats off to Thiagarajan Kumararaja, Vijay Sethupathi! |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/03/29/Super-Deluxe-review-Hats-off-to-Thiagarajan-Kumaraja-Vijay-Sethupathi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727150424/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/03/29/Super-Deluxe-review-Hats-off-to-Thiagarajan-Kumaraja-Vijay-Sethupathi.html |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=The Week}}</ref> Critics Thomas McNulty and Merrick Sinclair of ''[[Hollywood Insider]]'' said, "''Super Deluxe'' is a masterfully put together web of storylines. Each plot is unique and interesting in its own way, so the audience is never bored. With expert acting, beautiful cinematography, and a non-stop story, ''Super Deluxe'' transcends language barriers and is enjoyable by all audiences".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 April 2020 |title=Must Watch – 'Super Deluxe': An Oscar-Worthy Foreign Film with a Powerful Message – Hollywood Insider |url=https://www.hollywoodinsider.com/super-deluxe-commentary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422114630/https://www.hollywoodinsider.com/super-deluxe-commentary/ |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{{Main|List of accolades received by Super Deluxe (film)}}''Super Deluxe'' won four awards at the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] – Best Screenplay, Best Supporting Actress ([[Ramya Krishnan]]), Best Cinematography ([[P. S. Vinod]] and [[Nirav Shah]]) and Best Music Director ([[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Vikatan Awards 2019: Taapsee Pannu wins 'Best Actor' for Game Over, shares surreal moment with Dhanush and Vetrimaaran |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053304/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikatan-awards-2019-taapsee-pannu-wins-best-actor-game-shares-surreal-moment-dhanush-vetrimaaran-1502844173.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=12 January 2020 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=The prestigious awards of the South-- Vikatan Awards 2019 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/taapsee-pannu-shares-heartfelt-post-after-winning-best-actor-for-game-over-at-vikatan-awards-2019-578851 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209053304/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/taapsee-pannu-shares-heartfelt-post-after-winning-best-actor-for-game-over-at-vikatan-awards-2019-578851 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=India TV}}</ref> The film received four nominations at the inaugural ceremony of [[Zee Cine Awards Tamil]]: Best Supporting Actor – Female (Krishnan), Best Child Artist ([[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]]), Best Editor ([[Sathyaraj Natarajan]]) and Best Art Director (Vijay Adhinathan), and won all of them, including a Jury Special award for Best Actor – Female ([[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020: Dhanush, Aishwarya Rajesh, Nayanthara win big |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-dhanush-aishwarya-rajesh-nayanthara-win-big/story-jfb9njHIz7MpDT4AniQb4J.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728194806/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-dhanush-aishwarya-rajesh-nayanthara-win-big/story-jfb9njHIz7MpDT4AniQb4J.html |archive-date=28 July 2021 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020: Dhanush bags Best Actor award, 'Pernabu' wins Best Film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-dhanush-bags-best-actor-award-pernabu-wins-best-film-115399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730123844/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-dhanush-bags-best-actor-award-peranbu-wins-best-film-115399 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film won five Critics Choice Film Awards: Best Movie of the Year, Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Writing,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2020 |title=Review – Super Deluxe |url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/super-deluxe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420141336/https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/super-deluxe/ |archive-date=20 April 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=Film Critics Circle}}</ref> and two Edison Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2020 nominations |url=http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php?page1=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231131528/http://edisonawards.in/teaawards/more_1.php?page1=1 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Edison Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=Edison Awards 2020: Vijay, Thala Ajith, Rajinikanth, Chiyaan Vikram Nominated For 'Mass Hero of the Year'; Here's The Complete List of Nominations |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/edison-awards-2020-vijay-thala-ajith-rajinikanth-chiyaan-vikram-nominated-for-mass-hero-of-the-year-heres-the-complete-list-of-nominations-1364558.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114040633/https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/edison-awards-2020-vijay-thala-ajith-rajinikanth-chiyaan-vikram-nominated-for-mass-hero-of-the-year-heres-the-complete-list-of-nominations-1364558.html |archive-date=14 January 2020 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Latestly.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Edison Awards 2020 Winners |url=http://flickstatus.com/tamil/celebraties-at-edison-awards-2020.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731054257/http://flickstatus.com/tamil/celebraties-at-edison-awards-2020.html |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=Flickstatus}}</ref> At the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] held on 8 August 2019, the film was nominated at four categories and won two – Best Actor (Vijay Sethupathi) and an Equality in Cinema (Honorary Award).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2019 |title=Andhadhun, Gully Boy lead nominations at Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2019 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/andhadhun-gully-boy-lead-nominations-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2019-7011791.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729174749/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/andhadhun-gully-boy-lead-nominations-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2019-7011791.html |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=IFFM Awards 2019 winners: Shah Rukh Khan, Zoya Akhtar, Tabu, Karan Johar and other celebrities win the award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/iffm-awards-2019-winners-shah-rukh-khan-zoya-akhtar-tabu-karan-johar-and-other-celebrities-win-the-award/articleshow/70601818.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502024321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/iffm-awards-2019-winners-shah-rukh-khan-zoya-akhtar-tabu-karan-johar-and-other-celebrities-win-the-award/articleshow/70601818.cms |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It received a nomination at the [[9th AACTA Awards]] for Best Asian Film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Super Deluxe nominated at Australian Academy Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/super-deluxe-nominated-at-australian-academy-awards/articleshow/71616966.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802034743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/super-deluxe-nominated-at-australian-academy-awards/articleshow/71616966.cms |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=1 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's film Super Deluxe bags a nomination at the AACTA Awards |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/vijay-sethupathis-film-super-deluxe-bags-nomination-aacta-awards-480197 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519103042/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/vijay-sethupathis-film-super-deluxe-bags-nomination-aacta-awards-480197 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> At the [[67th National Film Awards]], held for [[2019 in film|Indian films released in 2019]], the film received an award for [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for [[Vijay Sethupathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Divyanshi |date=22 March 2021 |title=67th National Film Awards Full Winners List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/67th-national-film-awards-full-winners-list-1782206-2021-03-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322103547/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/67th-national-film-awards-full-winners-list-1782206-2021-03-22 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=Kangana, Manoj Bajpayee, Dhanush Win at 67th National Film Awards |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/67th-national-film-awards-2021-winners-list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729171854/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/67th-national-film-awards-2021-winners-list |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>

=== Film charts ===
''Super Deluxe'' was listed at many critics' top ten lists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best of 2019: Film Critic Top Ten Lists |url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/film-critic-top-10-lists-best-movies-of-2019 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Metacritic}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In addition, ''[[Film Companion]]'' ranked [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and child actor [[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]]'s performances in the list of "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade"''.''<ref name=":1" />

* 2nd {{En dash}} S. Subakeerthana, ''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2019 |title=Best Tamil movies of 2019: Super Deluxe, Asuran, Peranbu and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/best-tamil-films-of-2019-super-deluxe-asuran-6192738/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729174655/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/best-tamil-films-of-2019-super-deluxe-asuran-6192738/ |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> 
* 2nd {{En dash}} Haricharan Pudipeddi, ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2019 |title=Petta to Peranbu: Here are 10 best Tamil films of 2019 where innovative storytelling was the big winner |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/petta-to-peranbu-here-are-10-best-tamil-films-of-2019-where-innovative-storytelling-was-the-big-winner/story-m8qWmJQ3dmhPRUKMBpkI5K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727193420/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/petta-to-peranbu-here-are-10-best-tamil-films-of-2019-where-innovative-storytelling-was-the-big-winner/story-m8qWmJQ3dmhPRUKMBpkI5K.html |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* 3rd {{En dash}} Siddharth K., ''[[Sify]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Best Tamil movies in 2019 3 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-tamil-movies-in-2019-imagegallery-kollywood-tmytondidjdhd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729202632/https://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-tamil-movies-in-2019-imagegallery-kollywood-tmytondidjdhd.html |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
* 4th {{En dash}} Janani K., ''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=31 December 2019 |title=Nerkonda Paarvai to Super Deluxe: 15 Tamil films that 2019 will be remembered for |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/peranbu-to-sillu-karupatti-15-tamil-films-that-stood-out-in-2019-1632839-2019-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502115905/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/peranbu-to-sillu-karupatti-15-tamil-films-that-stood-out-in-2019-1632839-2019-12-31 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
* 5th {{En dash}} Surendhar M. K., ''[[Firstpost]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2019 |title=Super Deluxe, Game Over, Sarvam Thaala Mayam, Peranbu: Best Tamil films of 2019 so far |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-deluxe-game-over-sarvam-thaala-mayam-peranbu-best-tamil-films-of-2019-so-far-6986981.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831204517/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-deluxe-game-over-sarvam-thaala-mayam-peranbu-best-tamil-films-of-2019-so-far-6986981.html |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
* 6th {{En dash}} Rohan Naahar, ''Hindustan Times''<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2019 |title=From Avengers Endgame and Joker to Gully Boy and Super Deluxe, the top 10 films of 2019 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/from-avengers-endgame-and-joker-to-gully-boy-and-super-deluxe-the-top-10-films-of-2019/story-uqDEs12vanpNiXk91OO9qO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726180743/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/from-avengers-endgame-and-joker-to-gully-boy-and-super-deluxe-the-top-10-films-of-2019/story-uqDEs12vanpNiXk91OO9qO.html |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* 6th {{En dash}} [[Baradwaj Rangan]], ''[[Film Companion South]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=24 December 2019 |title=Top 15 Tamil Films Of 2019 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/top-15-tamil-films-of-2019-asuran-super-deluxe-vetri-maaran-ram-peranbu-dhanush-monster-sj-suryah-lakshmy-ramakrishnan-house-owner-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729195338/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/top-15-tamil-films-of-2019-asuran-super-deluxe-vetri-maaran-ram-peranbu-dhanush-monster-sj-suryah-lakshmy-ramakrishnan-house-owner-baradwaj-rangan/ |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> 
* 7th {{En dash}} [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]], ''Firstpost''<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title=Best Indian Films 2019: Poetry and courage across languages, from Assamese to Hindi, Khasi, Malayalam and more |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/best-indian-films-2019-poetry-and-courage-across-languages-from-assamese-to-hindi-khasi-malayalam-and-more-7855491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121084141/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/best-indian-films-2019-poetry-and-courage-across-languages-from-assamese-to-hindi-khasi-malayalam-and-more-7855491.html |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
* 7th {{En dash}} Sayantan Mondal, ''[[The Quint]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Sayantan |date=17 December 2019 |title=Beyond Bollywood: The Best Indian Films of 2019 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/best-indian-films-2019-beyond-bollywood-unda-virus-kaithi-dhunki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218140132/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/best-indian-films-2019-beyond-bollywood-unda-virus-kaithi-dhunki |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film's poster, designed by [[Gopi Prasannaa]], was listed in ''Posterphilia: Top 10 Indian Movie Posters of the Decade'' by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakshi |first=Jahan Singh |date=18 December 2019 |title=Posterphilia: Top 10 Indian Movie Posters of the Decade |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/posterphilia/posterphilia-top-10-indian-movie-posters-of-the-decade/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629012610/https://www.filmcompanion.in/posterphilia/posterphilia-top-10-indian-movie-posters-of-the-decade/ |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> ''Moviecrow'' too listed the poster in ''Best Tamil Movie Posters (2019)'' and reviewed: "The synchronicity of Super Deluxe's events is captured in this poster and interestingly it turned out to be an exact representation of all things that appear in the film. There's a sense of striking appeal to the embossed nature of the poster."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2019 |title=Best Tamil Movie Posters – 2019 |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/25432/best-tamil-movie-posters---2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217213511/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/25432/best-tamil-movie-posters---2019 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Metacritic film}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{LGBT in India}}
{{Portal bar|Film|India|LGBTQ}}

[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about pornography]]
[[Category:Films about transgender women]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Nalan Kumarasamy]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dhirendra Pal Singh

2026-04-07T10:40:48Z

MUKESH SINGH: put up first biography needs work

{{Short description|Indian academic administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhirendra Pal Singh
| image = D. P. Singh (naturalist).jpg
| caption = Singh in 2018
| office = Chancellor of [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]
| term_start = 28 April 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = ''Position Established''
| successor =
| office1 = Chairman of [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = Ved Prakash
| successor1 = [[M. Jagadesh Kumar]]
| office2 = Director of [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 2017
| predecessor2 = [[A. N. Rai]]
| successor2 = Dr. S. C. Sharma
| office3 = [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]]
| term_start3 = 2012
| term_end3 = 2015
| predecessor3 = Prof.Ak Singh
| successor3 = Dr. Narendra Kumar Dhakad
| office4 = Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University
| order4 = 24th
| term_start4 = 8 May 2008
| term_end4 = 21 August 2011
| predecessor4 = [[Panjab Singh]]
| successor4 = [[Lalji Singh]]
| appointer4 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| office5 = [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]] (Central University)
| term_start5 = 7 October 2004
| term_end5 = 7 May 2008
| predecessor5 = Santosh Kumar
| successor5 = Namdeo Gajbhiye
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|12|07}}
}}

'''Dhirendra Pal Singh''', known as '''D. P. Singh''', is an [[Indian people|Indian]] academic administrator. On 22 August 2022, [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] named him as the Education Adviser to [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=Former UGC chairman Dhirendra Pal appointed education adviser to CM Yogi Adityanath |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/former-ugc-chairman-dhirendra-pal-appointed-education-adviser-to-cm-yogi-8103915/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and on 28 April 2024 he was appointed as Chancellor of the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS) by the [[Government of India|Union]] [[Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]] for a term of five years till 30 April 2029.

He has served as [[vice-chancellor]] of three different universities, namely [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]], [[Banaras Hindu University]] and [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]]. He is the former director of [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC). He has also served as the chairman of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).

==Career==
Singh served as [[vice-chancellor]] (VC) of three different universities. From 2004 to 2008 he served as VC of [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]], a [[Central University, India|Central University]] located in [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=profile>{{cite web|title=Prof. D. P. Singh Profile|url=http://www.naac.gov.in/docs/Profile%20-%20Prof.%20D.%20P.%20Singh.pdf|publisher=NAAC|accessdate=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127035813/http://www.naac.gov.in/docs/Profile%20-%20Prof.%20D.%20P.%20Singh.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 2008 to 2011 he served as VC of [[Banaras Hindu University]] in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name=profile/> and finally from 2012 to 2015 he served as VC of [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]] in [[Indore]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=NAACapp>{{cite news|title=DP Singh to be new NAAC Director {{!}} Free Press Journal|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/dp-singh-to-be-new-naac-director/634126|accessdate=25 December 2017|work=www.freepressjournal.in|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> In August 2015 he was appointed director of the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) for a term of five years.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gohain|first1=Manash Pratim|title=NAAC to get new director for 5 years - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NAAC-to-get-new-director-for-5-years/articleshow/48408826.cms|accessdate=25 December 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 August 2015}}</ref> However, in December 2017 he was elevated to the position of chairman of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] for a period of five years.<ref>{{cite news|title=UGC appoints NAAC Director DP Singh as its new chairman|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/ugc-appoints-naac-director-dp-singh-as-its-chairman/|accessdate=25 December 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 December 2017}}</ref> On 28 April 2024, he was appointed as [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS) by the [[Government of India|Union]] [[Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]] for a term of five years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-28 |title=Govt appoints former UGC chairman as TISS chancellor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/govt-appoints-former-ugc-chairman-as-tiss-chancellor/articleshow/109655986.cms |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, D. P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Indore]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]

Hoo Male

2026-03-29T19:19:08Z

MUKESH SINGH: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian Kannada television drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| runtime = 9:00 PM
| company = Jai Matha Combines
| first_aired = {{start date|2020|2|4|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2021|11|21|df=y}}
| cinematography =
| related =
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Colors Kannada]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]]
| image =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Nikitha Gowri
| director = Dharani G. Ramesh
| creative_director = Krishna
| presenter =
| voices =
| editor =
| narrated =
| opentheme =
| composer = Vishak Ramprasad
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_episodes = 254
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Prakash]]
| released =
}}

'''''Hoo Male''''' ({{Translation|Flower Rain}}) is an Indian [[Kannada]] television drama that premiered on [[Colors Kannada]] on 16 November 2020. The show is official remake of [[Hindi]] TV Serial ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindi TV show Choti Sardaarni to be remade in Kannada - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/hindi-tv-show-choti-sardaani-to-be-remade-in-kannada/articleshow/78927034.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandana Ananthakrishna bags the lead role in upcoming TV show 'Hoo Male' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chandana-ananthakrishna-bags-the-lead-role-in-upcoming-tv-show-hoo-male/articleshow/78697671.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 3, 2020|title=Colors Kannada ramps up primetime viewing with launch of two shows|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/11/colors-kannada-ramps-up-primetime-viewing-with-launch-of-two-shows/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1 ವರ್ಷದ ನಂತರ ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕರಿಗೆ 'ಹೂಮಳೆ' ಸುರಿಸಲಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಬಿಗ್ ಬಾಸ್ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿ ಚಂದನಾ ಅನಂತಕೃಷ್ಣ!|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-kannada-season-7-chandana-ananthakrishna-play-lahri-role-in-hoomale-serial/articleshow/78697427.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hoo Male: Kaveri stabs Mukund to death - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/hoo-male-kaveri-stabs-mukund-to-death/articleshow/80131370.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Hoo Male to feature in Majaa Talkies - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/team-hoo-male-to-feature-in-majaa-talkies/articleshow/79752391.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-01|title=Vasuki Vaibhav Revisits Bigg Boss Kannada House|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/vasuki-vaibhav-revisits-bigg-boss-kannada-house-664823|access-date=2021-01-17|website=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hoo Male update: Kaveri notices Mangalasutra around Lahari's neck - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/hoo-male-update-kaveri-notices-mangalasutra-around-laharis-neck/articleshow/79778881.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show ended on 16 October 2021 after airing 254 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daily Male Hoo Male to air the last episode today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-male-hoo-male-to-air-the-last-episode-today/articleshow/87058672.cms|access-date=2021-10-18|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daily soap Hoo Male completes 250 episodes before going off-air - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-hoo-male-completes-250-episodes-before-going-off-air/articleshow/86986667.cms|access-date=2021-10-18|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ಮುಗಿದೇ ಹೋಯ್ತು ಹೂಮಳೆ ಸೀರಿಯಲ್: ಲಹರಿ ಯದುವೀರ್ ಕೊನೆಗೂ ಒಂದಾದ್ರಾ?|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/what-happened-in-the-ending-of-kannada-tv-serial-hoomale-r145vi|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Asianet News|language=kn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Carefree and bubbly, Lahari falls in love with Mukund, who runs a local restaurant. Lahari becomes pregnant with his child. Lahari's mother, Corporator Kaveri, learns of Lahari's pregnancy and relationship with Mukund. She refuses to accept Mukund as he is financially unstable. Kaveri invites him to her house and stabs him, and tries to kill her unborn child. She wants Lahari to marry a widower, Yaduveer, who is the president of the ruling party in Bangalore. Yaduveer has a 5-year-old son, Ishan". Kaveri forces Lahari to marry Yaduveer because she wants to become an MLA. At first, Lahari refuses the marriage proposal but later agrees to save her unborn child from Kaveri's ill intentions.

On their wedding night, she reveals her pregnancy to Yaduveer and pleads him to let her go as she wants to settle far away and bring up her child. Yaduveer gets angry but later promises to have her settled in [[Tamil Nadu]]. However, Yaduveer, Lahari and Ishan visit Tamil Nadu with a new identity. But, Yaduveer is accused of killing Lahari and is arrested and taken to Karnataka. Lahari is kidnapped by goons and discovers what happened to Yaduveer. She escapes from there and rescues Yaduveer from the false accusation with the help of her eldest brother, Uday. Yaduveer accepts her child as his own. Yaduveer and Lahari tell Ishan about her pregnancy. Excited, Ishan reveals this to everyone. A grand party is organized to celebrate Lahari's pregnancy news. Soon, Yaduveer's sister, Ambika finds out that the baby is not Yaduveer's and blames Lahari. Her behaviour towards Lahari changes after that.

== Cast ==
* Chandana Ananthakrishna as Lahari – Kaveri's daughter; Mukund's ex-fiancée; Yaduveer's wife; Ishaan's step-mother<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandana Ananthakrishna to play Lahari in the new serial, Hoo Male - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chandana-ananthakrishna-to-play-lahari-in-the-new-serial-hoo-male/articleshow/78742298.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Yeaswanth as Yaduveer – Ambika's brother; Lahari's husband; Ishaan's father
* [[Vikas Gowda]] as Mukund – Lahari's ex-fiancé
* Sujatha Akshaya<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hoo Male: Kaveri learns about Lahari's secret marriage - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/hoo-male-kaveri-learns-about-laharis-secret-marriage/articleshow/80043976.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We are sad that our TV show Hoo Male is ending, says Sujatha Akshay - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/we-are-sad-that-our-tv-show-hoo-male-is-ending-says-sujatha-akshay/articleshow/86473863.cms|access-date=2021-10-18|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='ಹೂ ಮಳೆ': ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಅಂತ್ಯ: ಸುಜಾತ ಅಕ್ಷಯ್ ಪ್ರತಿಕ್ರಿಯೆ|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/sujatha-akshaya-reaction-to-ending-colors-kannada-hoo-male-daily-soap-vcs-qzzjgz|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Asianet News|language=kn}}</ref> as Corporator Kaveri – Lahari's mother
* Dheeru as Ishaan – Yaduveer's son; Lahari's step-son
* Arohi Naina as Ambika – Yaduveer's sister

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]'' छोटी सरदारनी
| 1 July 2019
| [[Colors TV]]
| 10 June 2022
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Uyire (TV series)|Uyire]]'' உயிரே
| 2 January 2020
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 27 March 2021
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Hoo Male'' ಹೂಮಳೆ
| 16 November 2020
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 16 October 2021
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]

Aceh

2026-03-29T05:49:44Z

MUKESH SINGH: update page to improve readability

{{short description|Autonomous province in Sumatra, Indonesia}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aceh
| official_name = Province of Aceh {{nobold|{{lang|id|Provinsi Aceh}}}}
| other_name = {{lang|ace|Nanggroë Acèh Darussalam}}
| translit_lang1 = Local
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Jawi alphabet|Jawoë]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = نڠݢرو اچيه دارالسلام
| type = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province with special status]]
| image_flag =
| shield_size =
| flag_size =
| flag_link = Flags of Aceh
| coordinates = {{coord|05|33|25|N|95|19|34|E|region:ID_type:adm1st|name=provincial administration|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| motto = ''Pancacita'' ([[Sanskrit]]) "Five Ideals"{{force singular}}
| anthem = {{lang|ace|[[Aceh Mulia|Acèh Mulia]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kesbangpol.bandaacehkota.go.id/2017/12/16/aceh-mulia-jadi-himne-aceh/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-10-14 |archive-date=2019-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014144309/http://kesbangpol.bandaacehkota.go.id/2017/12/16/aceh-mulia-jadi-himne-aceh/ |url-status=live}}</ref> "Noble Aceh"
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Indonesia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sumatra]]
| seat_type = Capital {{nobold|and largest city}}
| seat = [[Banda Aceh]]
| governing_body = Aceh Provincial Government
| leader_title = [[List of governors of Aceh|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Muzakir Manaf]] ([[Aceh Party|PA]])
| leader_title2 = Vice Governor
| leader_name2 = [[:id:Fadhlullah|Fadhlullah]]
| leader_title3 = [[Regional House of Representatives#Names|Legislature]]
| leader_name3 = [[Aceh House of Representatives]] (DPRA)
| area_footnotes = <ref>The sum of the districts' land areas is 56,839.09 km2, although the official area is given as 56,834.75 km2.</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 56839.09
| area_rank = 11th
| area_note =
| elevation_m = 125
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_max_m = 3466
| elevation_max_point = [[Leuser Range|Mount Leuser]]
| population_total = 5554815
| population_footnotes = <ref name="BPS Provinsi Aceh 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Provinsi Aceh Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.11)</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 14th
| population_density_rank = 20th
| population_as_of = mid 2024
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="BPS Provinsi Aceh 2025" />
| demographics1_title1 = {{nowrap|[[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Ethnic groups]]}} {{nobold|(2010)}}<ref>{{cite book
|first1 = Oleh
|last1 = Aris Ananta,¿
|first2 = Evi
|last2 = Nurvidya Arifin
|first3 = M.
|last3 = Sairi Hasbullah
|first4 = Nur
|last4 = Budi Handayani
|first5 = Agus
|last5 = Pramono
|publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies dan BPS – Statistics Indonesia
|title = Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity
|year = 2015
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=crKfCgAAQBAJ
|page = 98
|isbn = 978-981-4519-87-8
|archive-date = 2023-01-24
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124085516/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=crKfCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=id#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Western Time]]
| utc_offset1 = +7
| demographics1_info1 = {{plainlist|
*71.72% [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]]
*9.08% [[Javanese people|Javanese]]
*7.33% [[Gayo people|Gayo]]
*3.34% [[Batak]]
* 2.16% [[Malays (ethnic group)|Tamiang Malays]]
*1.43% [[Aneuk Jamèë]]
*1.13% [[Singkil people|Singkil]]
*1.04% [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]]
*0.75% [[Simeulue people|Devayan]]
* 2.02% [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Others]]}}
| demographics1_title2 = [[Religion in Indonesia|Religion]] {{nobold|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ | title=Visualisasi Data Kependudukan | access-date=23 July 2021 | archive-date=5 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_info2 = {{plainlist|
*98.60% [[Islam in Indonesia|Islam]]
{{Tree list}}
*1.28% [[Christianity in Indonesia|Christianity]]
**1.17% [[Protestantism in Indonesia|Protestantism]]
**0.11% [[Catholicism in Indonesia|Catholicism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
*0.12% [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Buddhism]]}}
| demographics1_title3 = [[Languages of Indonesia|Languages and dialects]]
| demographics1_info3 = {{plainlist|
*[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (official)
*[[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] (co-official)
*[[Alas-Kluet language|Alas-Kluet]]
*[[Gayo language|Gayo]]
*[[Tamiang Malay]]
*[[Jamee language|Jamèë]]
*[[Simeulue language|Leukon]]
*[[Sigulai language|Sigulai]]
*[[Simeulue language|Simeulue]]
*[[Singkil language|Singkil]]
*[[Haloban language|Haloban]]
}}
| website = {{URL|acehprov.go.id}}
| government_type = [[Subdivisions of Indonesia#First level|Special autonomous province]]
| established_title = Province status
| established_date = 7 December 1956<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 1956 |wslanguage=id}}</ref>
| population_demonym = {{hlist|[[Acehnese people|Acehnese]]|[[wikt:Achinese|Achinese]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mediaaceh.co/2017/12/23/arti-orang-aceh-dalam-uupa-menurut-kip-subulussalam |title=Arti "Orang Aceh" Dalam UUPA Menurut KIP Subulussalam |date=23 December 2017 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022035701/https://mediaaceh.co/2017/12/23/arti-orang-aceh-dalam-uupa-menurut-kip-subulussalam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| nickname = {{lang|id|Serambi Mekah}} "Porch of [[Mecca]]"{{force singular}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 5
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Aceh.svg
| iso_code = ID - AC
| blank_name = GDP (nominal)
| blank_info = 2022
| registration_plate_type = BL
| blank1_name =  - Total<ref>{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/WkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank1_info = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 211.8 trillion ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GDP|20th]]) [[USD|US$]] 14.3 billion [[Int$]] 44.5 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank2_name =  - Per capita<ref>{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/YWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank2_info = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 39.2 million ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita|30th]]) [[USD|US$]] 2,637 [[Int$]] 8,229 ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank3_name =  - Growth<ref>{{Cite web |author=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |author-link=Ministry of National Development Planning (Indonesia) |year=2023 |title=Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan |url=https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe |publisher=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank3_info = {{Increase}} 0.009
| blank4_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2024)
| blank4_info = {{increase}} 0.7623<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|date=2024|language=id|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|11th]]) – high
}}
'''Aceh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|tʃ|eɪ}} {{respell|AH|chay}}, {{IPA|id|ˈatʃɛh|lang|Aceh spoken.ogg}}; {{langx|ace|Acèh}}, {{IPA|ace|atʃɛh}}; [[Jawi script|Jawoë]]: {{lang|ace-Arab|اچيه}}; [[Van Ophuijsen Spelling System|Old Spelling]]: ''Atjeh'') is the westernmost [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] of [[Indonesia]]. It is located on the northern end of [[Sumatra]] island, with [[Banda Aceh]] being its capital and largest city. It is bordered by the [[Indian Ocean]] to the west, [[Strait of Malacca]] to the northeast, as well bordering the province of [[North Sumatra]] to the east, its sole land border, and shares maritime borders with [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]] to the east, and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of [[India]] to the north. Granted a special [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomous]] status, Aceh is a religiously [[Religious conservatism|conservative]] territory, with the majority of the population being [[Muslims|Muslim]] and the only Indonesian province practicing Islamic [[Sharia]] law officially. There are ten indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the [[Acehnese people]], accounting for approximately 70% of the region's population of about 5.55 million people in mid-2024. Its land area spans 56,839.09 km2.

Aceh is a provincial region that constitutes a unified legal community with a special status and is granted special authorities to regulate and manage its own governmental affairs and local interests in accordance with laws and regulations within the system and principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and is led by a [[List of governors of Aceh|Governor]].

Aceh is where the [[spread of Islam in Indonesia]] began, and was a key factor of the [[Islam in Southeast Asia|spread of Islam in Southeast Asia]]. Islam reached Aceh (Kingdoms of [[Barus|Fansur]] and [[Lamuri]]) around 1250 AD. In the early 17th century the [[Aceh Sultanate|Sultanate of Aceh]] was the most wealthy, powerful and cultivated state in the [[Strait of Malacca|Malacca Straits]] region. Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders, including the former [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonists]] and later the Indonesian government.

Aceh has substantial [[natural resource]]s of [[petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1590162,00.html "How An Escape Artist Became Aceh's Governor"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803235400/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1590162,00.html |date=3 August 2008 }}, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 15 February 2007</ref> Aceh was the closest point of land to the [[epicenter]] of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], which devastated much of the western coast of the province. Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster.<ref>United Nations. ''Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2005''. 2005, page 172</ref> The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the [[separatism|separatist]] group of [[Free Aceh Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/story/exxonmobil-plays-terrorist-card-aceh-case|title=ExxonMobil plays "terrorist" card in Aceh case|date=August 2002|website=downtoearth-indonesia.org}}</ref>

== Name ==
Aceh was first known as '''Aceh Darussalam''' (1511–1945). Upon its formation in 1956 it bore the name '''Aceh''' before being renamed to the '''Daerah Istimewa Aceh''' (Aceh Special Region; 1959–2001), '''Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam''' (2001–2009), and back to '''Aceh''' (2009–present). In the past it was also spelled as ''Acheh'', ''Atjeh'', and ''Achin''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=664 |title=Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan {{!}} Perubahan Sebutan Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam menjadi Aceh|website=djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|language=id |access-date=2018-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831211947/http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=664 |archive-date=31 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Prehistory ===
[[File:Bukit Kerang in Aceh Tamiang, Aceh.jpg|thumb|Mollusca piles in [[Aceh Tamiang Regency]]]]

According to several archaeological findings, the first evidence of human habitation in Aceh is from a site near the [[Tamiang River]] where [[Midden|shell middens]] are present. [[Stone tool]]s and [[Faunal assemblage|faunal remains]] were also found on the site. Archeologists believe the site was first occupied around 10,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs%5CAceh-project%5Cfull-papers%5Caceh_fp_danielperret.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080119135034/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/Aceh-project/full-papers/aceh_fp_danielperret.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2008 |title=Aceh as a Field for Ancient History Studies |author=Daniel Perret |date=24 February 2007 |publisher=Asia Research Institute-[[National University of Singapore]] |access-date=29 January 2010}}</ref>

=== Pre-Islamic Aceh ===
[[File:Avalokiteshvara head Aceh Srivijaya 1.JPG|thumb|upright|right|Head of [[Avalokiteshvara]] from Aceh.]]
[[File:Neusu Inscription.jpg|thumb |[[Neusu]] inscription stored in the Aceh Museum]]

The history of Aceh stretches back to the [[Lambri]] Kingdom. Several documented references indicate that Hindu-Buddhist culture existed in the area before its [[Islamization]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lamuri, Kerajaan Pertama di Aceh yang Beragama Hindu
|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3926025/lamuri-kerajaan-pertama-di-aceh-yang-beragama-hindu|website=detik news|access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mc.Kinnons|first1=E.Edwards|title=Beyond Serandib: A Note on Lambri at the Northern Tip of Aceh|journal=Indonesia |date=10 November 1988 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3351047|volume=1|issue=46 |pages=102–121|doi=10.2307/3351047 |jstor=3351047 |hdl=1813/53892 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The people of [[Lambri]] were described by [[Marco Polo]] as "idolaters", who had a [[Maharaja]] as their ruler, a king in the Hindu political structure, likely meaning they were [[Hindus]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], or a combination thereof.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TexF3FC87YC&pg=PA299 |title=The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition |author=Marco Polo |translator=Henry Yule |editor=Henri Cordier |date=1993 |page=299 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0486275871}}</ref>

The inscription at [[Tamil inscriptions in the Malay world|Tanjore]] of [[Rajendra I]] documents the conquest of a land called "llämuridesam", located at the northern tip of Sumatra. The Nagarakritagama documents the possessions of the Imperial [[Majapahit]], and states that they control Barat, identified as the western coast of Aceh. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] records indicate that Aceh was under the control of the [[Sriwijaya]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>

Though many temples were left abandoned or converted into mosques, such as the [[Indrapuri Old Mosque]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/IHA16/IHA16008FU1.pdf |title=Changing a Hindu temple into the Indrapuri Mosque in Aceh: the beginning of Islamisation in Indonesia – a vernacular architectural context |quote=Kompas argues that Indrapuri Mosque in Aceh was built in the 10th century AD by the Lamuri kingdom. At the time, it functioned as the Temple of Hinduism [4]. In addition, Zein says that the function of the temple was changed into a Mosque when the King and the people of Lamuri Hindu kingdom converted to Islam in 1205 AD}}</ref> some evidence remains, such as the head of a stone sculpture of [[Avalokiteshvara]] [[Boddhisattva]] was discovered in Aceh. Images of [[Amitabha]] Buddhas adorn his crown in front and on each side. [[Srivijaya]]n art estimated 9th-century CE collection of [[National Museum of Indonesia]], Jakarta. One of the few structural remains is the Indra Patra fort, which has several Hindu shrines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indonesia-tourism.com/aceh/indra_patra.html|title=Indra Patra Fortress|publisher=Indonesia Tourism}}</ref> Historic names such as Indrapurba, Indrapurwa, Indrapatra, and Indrapuri, which refer to the God [[Indra]], also indicate that Hinduism had a lasting and significant presence in this land.

=== Beginnings of Islam in Southeast Asia ===
{{See also|Spread of Islam in Indonesia}}
[[File:Pasai.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Pasai]], the first Islamic kingdom in [[Southeast Asia]]]]

Evidence concerning the initial coming and subsequent establishment of Islam in [[Southeast Asia]] is thin and inconclusive. The historian [[Anthony Reid (academic)|Anthony Reid]] has argued that the region of the [[Chams|Cham people]] on the south-central coast of Vietnam was one of the earliest Islamic centers in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, as the Cham people fled the Vietnamese, one of the earliest locations that they established a relationship was with Aceh.<ref>Reid (1988 and 1993)</ref> Furthermore, it is thought that one of the earliest centers of [[Islam]] was in the Aceh region. When [[Venice|Venetian]] traveller [[Marco Polo]] passed by Sumatra on his way home from China in 1292 he found that [[Perlak, Aceh|Peureulak]] was a Muslim town while nearby 'Basma(n)' and 'Samara' were not. 'Basma(n)' and 'Samara' are often said to be [[Pasai]] and Samudra but evidence is inconclusive. The gravestone of Sultan Malik as-Salih, the first Muslim ruler of Samudra, has been found and is dated [[Hijri year|AH]] 696 (AD 1297). This is the earliest clear evidence of a Muslim dynasty in the Indonesia-Malay area and more gravestones from the 13th century show that this region continued under Muslim rule. [[Ibn Batutah]], a [[Morocco|Moroccan]] traveller, passing through on his way to China in 1345 and 1346, found that the ruler of Samudra was a follower of the [[Shafi'i]] school of Islam.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), page 4</ref>

After the initial appearance of Islam in Aceh, it further spread into the coastal regions by the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abuza |first=Zachary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rwp5DQAAQBAJ |title=Forging Peace in Southeast Asia: Insurgencies, Peace Processes, and Reconciliation |date=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5757-3 |pages=23}}</ref> Aceh soon became a cultural and scholastic Islamic center throughout Southeast Asia. It also became wealthy because it was a center of extensive trade.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=1-57958-468-3 |editor-last=Skutsch |editor-first=Carl |volume=1 |location=New York |pages=5}}</ref>

The Portuguese apothecary [[Tome Pires]] reported in his early 16th-century book ''Suma Oriental'' that most of the kings of Sumatra from Aceh through [[Palembang]] were Muslim. At Pasai, in what is now the [[North Aceh Regency]], there was a thriving international port. Pires attributed the establishment of Islam in Pasai to the 'cunning' of the Muslim merchants. The ruler of Pasai, however, had not been able to convert the people of the interior.<ref>Ricklefs (1991),
page 7</ref>

=== Sultanate of Aceh ===
{{Main|Aceh Sultanate}}

The Sultanate of Aceh was established by Sultan [[Ali Mughayat Syah]] in 1511.

In 1584–88 the Bishop of [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]], D. João Ribeiro Gaio, based on information provided by a former captive called Diogo Gil, wrote the "Roteiro das Cousas do Achem" (Lisboa 1997) – a description of the sultanate.

Later, during its [[golden era]], in the 17th century, its [[wikt:Special:Search/territory|territory]] and political influence expanded as far as [[Satun]] in southern [[Thailand]], [[Johor]] in [[Malay Peninsula]], and Siak in what is today the province of [[Riau]]. As was the case with most non-Javan pre-colonial states, [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] power expanded outward by sea rather than inland. As it expanded down the Sumatran coast, its main competitors were [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]] and [[Portuguese Malacca]] on the other side of the [[Straits of Malacca]]. It was this seaborne trade focus that saw Aceh rely on rice imports from north [[Java]] rather than develop [[self sufficiency]] in rice production.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), page 17</ref>
[[File:Sultanate of Aceh.png|thumb|Map of Aceh Sultanate and its vassals at its greatest extent during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda]]
After the Portuguese occupation of [[Malacca]] in 1511, many Islamic traders passing the [[Malacca Straits]] shifted their trade to [[Banda Aceh]] and increased the [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] rulers' wealth. During the reign of [[Sultan Iskandar Muda]] in the 17th century, Aceh's influence extended to most of [[Sumatra]] and the [[Malay Peninsula]]. Aceh allied itself with the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Dutch East India Company]] in their struggle against the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and the [[Johor Sultanate]]. Acehnese military power waned gradually thereafter, and Aceh ceded its territory of [[Pariaman]] in [[Sumatra]] to the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] in the 18th century.<ref>*D. G. E. Hall, ''A History of South-east Asia''. London: Macmillan, 1955.</ref>[[File:Aceh Sultanate en.svg|thumb|Map of Iskandar Muda's expeditions|left]]

By the early 19th century, however, Aceh had become an increasingly influential power due to its strategic location for controlling regional trade. In the 1820s it was the producer of over half the world's supply of [[black pepper]]. The pepper trade produced new wealth for the sultanate and for the rulers of many smaller nearby ports that had been under Aceh's control, but were now able to assert more independence. These changes initially threatened Aceh's integrity, but a new Sultan [[Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah|Tuanku Ibrahim]], who controlled the kingdom from 1838 to 1870, reasserted power over nearby ports.<ref name="ricklefs2001p185">Ricklefs, M.C. (2001) ''A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p 185–188.</ref>

Under the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]] the [[United Kingdom|British]] ceded their colonial possessions on Sumatra to the Dutch. In the treaty, the British described Aceh as one of their possessions, although they had no actual control over the sultanate. Initially, under the agreement the Dutch agreed to respect Aceh's independence. In 1871, however, the British dropped previous opposition to a Dutch invasion of Aceh, possibly to prevent [[France]] or the United States from gaining a foothold in the region. Although neither the Dutch nor the British knew the specifics, there had been rumors since the 1850s that Aceh had been in communication with the rulers of France and of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="ricklefs2001p185" />

=== Aceh War ===
{{Main|Aceh War}}

[[File:Generaal Kohler sneuvelt in de Mesigit.jpg|thumb|[[Johan Köhler|General Köhler]], commandant of Dutch troops, died from a shot by an Acehnese sniper during the first attack on Aceh.]]
Pirates operating from Aceh threatened commerce in the [[Strait of Malacca]]; the sultan was unable to control them. Britain was a protector of Aceh and gave the Netherlands permission to eradicate the pirates. The campaign quickly drove out the sultan but the local leaders mobilized and fought the Dutch in four decades of guerrilla war, with high levels of atrocities.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Nicholas Tarling |editor-link=Nicholas Tarling |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 2, the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBfsaw64rjMC&pg=PA104 |year=1992 |publisher=Cambridge U.P. |page=104 |isbn=978-0-521-35506-3 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> The Dutch colonial government declared war on Aceh on 26 March 1873. Aceh sought American help but Washington rejected the request.<ref name="ricklefs2001p185" />

The Dutch tried one strategy after another over the course of four decades. An expedition under Major General [[Johan Harmen Rudolf Köhler]] in 1873 occupied most of the coastal areas. Köhler's strategy was to attack and take the sultan's palace. It failed. The Dutch then tried a naval blockade, reconciliation, concentration within a line of forts, and lastly passive containment. They had scant success. Reaching 15 to 20 million guilders a year, the heavy spending for failed strategies nearly bankrupted the colonial government.<ref>E.H. Kossmann, ''The Low Countries 1780–1940'' (1978) pp 400–401</ref> During the course of the war, the Dutch set up the [[Gouvernment of Atjeh and Dependencies]] under a governor, although it did not establish wider control of its territory until after 1908.

The Aceh army was rapidly modernized, and Aceh soldiers killed Köhler. Köhler made some grave tactical errors and the reputation of the Dutch was severely harmed. In recent years, in line with expanding international attention to human rights issues and atrocities in war zones, there has been increasing discussion about some of the recorded acts of cruelty and slaughter committed by Dutch troops during the period of warfare in Aceh.<ref>Linawati Sidarto, "Images of a grisly past", ''[[The Jakarta Post]]: Weekender'', July 2011 {{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/23/grisly-images.html |title=Grisly Images | the Jakarta Post |access-date=26 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627150918/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/23/grisly-images.html |archive-date=27 June 2011}}</ref>

Hasan Mustafa (1852–1930) was a chief ''penghulu'', or judge, for the colonial government and was stationed in Aceh. He had to balance traditional Muslim justice with Dutch law. To stop the Aceh rebellion, Hasan Mustafa issued a fatwa, telling the Muslim population there in 1894, "It is Incumbent upon the Indonesian Muslim to be loyal to the Dutch East Indies Government".<ref>Mufti Ali, "A Study of Hasan Mustafa's 'Fatwa: 'It Is Incumbent upon the Indonesian Muslims to be Loyal to the Dutch East Indies Government,'" ''Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society,'' April 2004, Vol. 52 Issue 2, pp 91–122</ref>

=== Japanese occupation ===
During World War II, Japanese troops occupied Aceh. The Acehnese ''[[ulama]]'' (Islamic clerics) fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the All-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association (PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered up to 100 or over 120 Acehnese.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Martinkus |title=Indonesia's Secret War in Aceh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcdwAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Random House Australia |isbn=978-1-74051-209-1 |page=47 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Merle Calvin Ricklefs |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC&pg=PA252 |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5 |page=252 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> The revolt happened in Bayu and was centered around Tjot Plieng village's religious school.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tempo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NETAQAAMAAJ |series=43–52 |volume=3 |year=2003 |publisher=Arsa Raya Perdana |page=27 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atjehcyber.net/2011/08/sejarah-jejak-perlawanan-aceh.html |title=Sejarah Jejak Perlawanan Aceh |author=atjehcyberID |work=Atjeh Cyber Warrior |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427002230/http://www.atjehcyber.net/2011/08/sejarah-jejak-perlawanan-aceh.html |archive-date=27 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012/3 |title=Waspada, Sabtu 17 Maret 2012 |work=Issuu |date=16 March 2012 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314210034/https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012/3 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012 |title=Waspada, Sabtu 17 Maret 2012 |work=Issuu |date=16 March 2012 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315025913/https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under Teungku Abduldjalil (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in Buloh Gampong Teungah and Tjot Plieng on 10 and 13 November.<ref>{{cite book |title=Berita Kadjian Sumatera: Sumatra Research Bulletin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiTjAAAAMAAJ |volume=1–4 |year=1971 |publisher=Dewan Penjelidikan Sumatera |page=35 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Abdul Haris Nasution |title=Tentara Nasional Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3kDBvr5UeYC |year=1963 |publisher=Ganaco |page=89 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sedjarah Iahirnja Tentara Nasional Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKbQAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Sedjarah Militer Dam II/BB |page=12 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Indonesia. Panitia Penjusun Naskah Buku "20 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka." |author2=Indonesia |title=20 [i. e Dua puluh] tahun Indonesia merdeka |year=1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AE5AQAAIAAJ |volume=7 |publisher=Departement Penerangan |page=547 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Indonesia. Angkatan Darat. Pusat Sedjarah Militer |title=Sedjarah TNI-Angkatan Darat, 1945–1965. [Tjet. 1.] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOyzISuyJlwC |year=1965 |publisher=PUSSEMAD |page=8 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Indonesia. Departemen Penerangan |title=20 tahun Indonesia merdeka |year=1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtsRAAAAMAAJ |volume=7 |publisher=Departemen Penerangan R.I. |page=545 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Atjeh Post, Minggu Ke III September 1990. halaman I & Atjeh Post, Minggu Ke IV September 1990 halaman I</ref> In May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again.<ref>{{cite book |author=Louis Jong |title=The collapse of a colonial society: the Dutch in Indonesia during the Second World War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpZuAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=978-90-6718-203-4 |page=189 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> The religious ulama party gained ascendancy to replace district warlords ({{Lang|ace|[[ulèëbalang]]}}) party that formerly collaborated with the Dutch. Concrete bunkers still line the northernmost beaches.

=== Indonesian independence ===
{{Main|Cumbok affair}}

[[File:Teuku Daud Beureueh.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Daud Beureu'eh|Teungku Daud Beureu'eh]], 3rd governor of Aceh and the regional leader of Darul Islam in Aceh]]

After World War II, civil war erupted in 1945 between the district warlords party, that supported the return of a Dutch government, and the [[Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh]] (PUSA) party that supported the newly proclaimed state of Indonesia. The ulama won, and the area remained free during the [[Indonesian National Revolution|Indonesian War of Independence]]. The Dutch military itself never attempted to invade Aceh. The civil war raised the religious ''ulama'' party leader, [[Daud Bereueh|Daud Bereu'eh]], to the position of military governor of Aceh.<ref name="ibrahimy">M Nur El-Ibrahimy, ''Peranan Teungku M. Daud Bereueh dalam Pergolakan di Aceh'' [The Role of Mr. M. David in the Upheaval in Aceh], 2001.</ref><ref name="nasution">{{cite book |first1= A.H. |last1= Nasution |title= Seputar Perang Kemerdekaan Indonesia, Jilid II |trans-title= About the Indonesian War of Independence |date= 1977 |language= id }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Teungku Muhammad Daud Beureueh |url=https://esi.kemdikbud.go.id/wiki/Teungku_Muhammad_Daud_Beureueh |date=2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology]] |language= id}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |first1=Muhammad |last1=Ilham |title=Peran Tuhan Muhammad . Daud Pemberontakan 1953-1962 |trans-title=The Role Of The Lord Muhammad David: The Rebellion 1953–1962 |date=2016 |publisher= [[Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta]] |url=https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/32193/1/MUHAMMAD%20ILLHAM.pdf |lang=ace}}</ref>

=== Acehnese rebellion ===
The Acehnese revolted soon after its inclusion into an independent Indonesia, a situation created by a complex mix of what the Acehnese regarded as transgressions against and betrayals of their rights.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moraref.kemenag.go.id/documents/article/25196304627931199 |title=Moraref |website=moraref.kemenag.go.id|access-date=2020-01-09 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611122755/https://moraref.kemenag.go.id/documents/article/25196304627931199 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Sukarno]], the first president of Indonesia, had reneged on his promise made on 16 June 1948 that Aceh would be allowed to rule itself in accordance with [[Sharia|Islamic Law]]. Aceh was politically dismantled and incorporated into the province of [[North Sumatra]] in 1950. This resulted in the Acehnese Rebellion of 1953–59 which was led by [[Daud Beureu'eh]] who on 20 September 1953 declared a free independent Aceh under the leadership of [[Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo]]. In 1959, the Indonesian government attempted to placate the Acehnese by offering wide-ranging freedom in matters relating to religion, education and culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2016 |title=Daud Beureu'eh and The Darul Islam Rebellion in Aceh |url=https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/publications/daud-beureueh-and-the-darul-islam-rebellion-in-aceh |journal=Buletin Al-Turas|volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.15408/bat.v22i1.7221 |issn=2579-5848 |doi-access=free |last1=Apipudin |first1=Apipudin |pages=145–167 |access-date=9 January 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611061933/https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/publications/daud-beureueh-and-the-darul-islam-rebellion-in-aceh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nUJFtoHq7YC&q=di+tii+aceh+rebellion&pg=PA70 |title=Aceh, Indonesia: Securing the Insecure State |last=Drexler |first=Elizabeth F. |date=2009-04-06 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-2071-1|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref>

=== Free Aceh Movement ===
{{Main|Free Aceh Movement|Insurgency in Aceh}}

[[File:Free Aceh Movement women soldiers.jpg|thumb|Women soldiers of the [[Free Aceh Movement]] with GAM commander Abdullah Syafei'i, 1999]]

During the 1970s, under an agreement with the Indonesian central government, American oil and gas companies began exploitation of Aceh natural resources. Alleged unequal distribution of profits between central government and the native people of Aceh induced Dr. [[Hasan Muhammad di Tiro]], former ambassador of Darul Islam,<ref name="ibrahimy" /> to call for an independent Aceh. He proclaimed independence in 1976.

The movement had a small number of followers initially, and di Tiro himself had to live in exile in Sweden. Meanwhile, the province followed [[Suharto]]'s policy of economic development and industrialization. During the late 1980s several security incidents prompted the Indonesian central government to take repressive measures and to send troops to Aceh. Human rights abuse was rampant for the next decade, resulting in many grievances on the part of the Acehnese toward the Indonesian central government. In 1990, the Indonesian government initiated [[1990–98 Indonesian military operations in Aceh|military operations against GAM]] by deploying more than 12,000 Indonesian troops in the region.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

During the late 1990s, chaos in Java and an ineffective central government gave an advantage to the Free Aceh Movement and resulted in the second phase of the rebellion, this time with large support from the Acehnese people. This support was demonstrated during the 1999 plebiscite in Banda Aceh which was attended by nearly half a million people (of four million population of the province). The Indonesian central government responded in 2001 by broadening Aceh's autonomy, giving its government the right to apply Sharia law more broadly and the right to receive direct foreign investment. This was again accompanied by repressive measures, however, and in 2003 [[2003-2004 Indonesian offensive in Aceh|an offensive began]] and a [[state of emergency]] was proclaimed in the province. The war was still ongoing when the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|tsunami disaster of 2004]] struck the province.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

In 2001, villagers from the [[North Aceh Regency]] [[ExxonMobil violations in Indonesia|sued ExxonMobil for human rights abuses]] at the hands of Indonesian military units hired by the company for security for its natural gas operations. [[ExxonMobil]] denied fault for the allegations. After a series of attacks against its operations, the company shut down its Arun natural gas operations in the province.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/21/business/lawsuit-says-exxon-aided-rights-abuses-898244.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |title=Lawsuit Says Exxon Aided Rights Abuses |first=Neela |last=Banerjee |date=21 June 2001 |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602044105/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/21/business/lawsuit-says-exxon-aided-rights-abuses-898244.html?pagewanted=all%2F |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tsunami disaster ===
{{Main|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami}}

[[File:US Navy 050102-N-9593M-040 A village near the coast of Sumatra lays in ruin after the Tsunami that struck South East Asia.jpg|thumb|Aftermath of the tsunami in Aceh]]
[[File:Museum_Tsunami_2.JPG|thumb|[[Aceh Tsunami Museum]] was created and designed to raise awareness of the disaster]]
The western coastal areas of Aceh, including the cities of [[Banda Aceh]], [[Calang]], and [[Meulaboh]], were among the areas hardest-hit by the [[tsunami]] resulting from the magnitude 9.2 [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Indian Ocean earthquake]] on 26 December 2004.<ref>For details of the impact of the tsunami in Aceh, see Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley in collaboration with Bhanupong Nidhiprabha, Budy P. Resosudarmo and Dushni Weerakoon, [http://www.adbi.org/book/2010/12/17/4252.asian.tsunami.aid.reconstruction/ ''The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316081820/http://www.adbi.org/book/2010/12/17/4252.asian.tsunami.aid.reconstruction/ |date=16 March 2012 }}, Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA US: Edward Elgar and Asian Development Bank Institute, 2010.</ref> While estimates vary, over 170,000 people were killed by the tsunami in Aceh and about 500,000 were left homeless. The tragedy of the tsunami was further compounded several months later, when the [[2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake|2005 M8.6 Nias–Simeulue earthquake]] struck the sea bed between the islands of [[Simeulue Island]] in Aceh and [[Nias]] in North Sumatra. This second quake killed a further 1346 people on Nias and Simeulue, displaced tens of thousands more, and caused the tsunami response to be expanded to include Nias. The [[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]] estimates a 100% increase in prevalence of mild and moderate [[mental disorder]]s in Aceh's general population after the tsunami.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wise |first=Cat |year=2011 |title=Tsunami-Devastated Aceh, an Epicenter of Mental Health Woes |publisher=PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/tsunami-devastated-aceh-at-epicenter-of-mental-health-activity |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410080134/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/tsunami-devastated-aceh-at-epicenter-of-mental-health-activity/ |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, misjudging the intensity of the Sumatra earthquake, sent out a bulletin that no tsunami was expected following a magnitude 8.0 quake based on historical data. Only when more accurate measurements of the quakes >9.0 magnitude became available did scientists at the warning center realize they were dealing with a basin-wide tsunami across the Indian Ocean. When the tsunami hit, it was enormous, and the death toll in Aceh exceeded 100,000. There was no [[tsunami warning system]] in 2004. Tsunami warning systems have improved since the immense death toll drew international notice but in rural areas where many don't have internet access or cell phones it remains a challenge to communicate warnings in a timely manner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/tsunami-changed-science|title=The day that changed tsunami science|date=24 December 2014|website=PBS NewsHour}}</ref> A warning system was put in place at the request of Aceh residents but it was disabled in 2007 after technical issues and a false alarm that caused a panic.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/07/indonesia.ianmackinnon|title=Aceh residents disable tsunami warning system after false alarm|first1=Ian|last1=MacKinnon|date=7 June 2007|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

The population of Aceh before the December 2004 tsunami was 4,271,000 (2004). The population as of 15 September 2005 was 4,031,589, and in January 2014 was 4,731,705.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/Penduduk%20Kab%20Kota%20Umur%20Tunggal%202014.pdf |title=Estimasi Penduduk Menurut Umur Tunggal Dan Jenis Kelamin 2014 Kementerian Kesehatan |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208021950/http://depkes.go.id/downloads/Penduduk%20Kab%20Kota%20Umur%20Tunggal%202014.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> The 2020 census produced a total population of 5,274,871, comprising 2,647,563 males and 2,627,308 females.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref>

As of February 2006, more than a year after the tsunami, a large number of people were still living in barrack-style temporary living centers (TLC) or [[tent]]s. Reconstruction was visible everywhere, but due to the sheer scale of the disaster, and logistic difficulties, progress was slow. A study in 2007 estimated that 83.6% of the population had a psychiatric illness, while 69.8% suffers from severe emotional distress.<ref>Souza, R., Bernatsky, S., Ryes, R., Jong, K. (2007). "Mental Health Status of Vulnerable Tsunami-Affected Communities: A Survey in Aceh Province, Indonesia". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 20(3), 263–269</ref>

The ramifications of the tsunami went beyond the immediate impact to the lives and infrastructure of the Acehnese living on the coast. Since the disaster, the Acehnese rebel movement GAM, which had been fighting for independence against the Indonesian authorities for 29 years, has signed a peace deal (15 August 2005). The perception that the tsunami was punishment for insufficient piety in this proudly Muslim province is partly behind the increased emphasis on the importance of religion post-tsunami. This has been most obvious in the increased implementation of [[Sharia]] law, including the introduction of the controversial [[Wilayatul Hisbah]] or Syariah police. As homes are being built and people's basic needs are met, the people are also looking to improve the quality of [[education]], increase tourism, and develop responsible, sustainable industry. Well-qualified educators are in high demand in Aceh.
[[File:US Navy 050101-O-XXXXB-054 Boats washed ashore near local businesses in down town Aceh, Sumatra following a massive Tsunami that struck the area on the 26th of December 2004.jpg|thumb|left|Boats washed ashore near local businesses in down town Aceh, Sumatra following a massive tsunami that struck the area on 26 December 2004]]

While parts of the capital [[Banda Aceh]] were unscathed, the areas closest to the water, especially the areas of Kampung Jawa and Meuraxa, were completely destroyed. Most of the rest of the western coast of Aceh was severely damaged. Many towns completely disappeared. Other towns on Aceh's west coast hit by the disaster included [[Lhoknga]], [[Leupung]], Lamno, [[Patek, Aceh|Patek]], [[Calang]], [[Teunom]], and the island of [[Simeulue]]. Affected or destroyed towns on the region's north and east coasts were [[Pidie Regency]], [[Samalanga]], and [[Lhokseumawe]].

The area was slowly rebuilt after the disaster. The government initially proposed the creation of a two-kilometer [[buffer zone]] along low-lying coastal areas within which permanent construction was not permitted. This proposal was unpopular among some local inhabitants and proved impractical in most situations, especially [[fishing]] families that are dependent on living near to the sea.

The Indonesian government set up a special agency for Aceh reconstruction, the [[Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi]] (BRR) headed by [[Kuntoro Mangkusubroto]], a former Indonesian government minister. This agency had ministry level of authority and incorporated officials, professionals and community leaders from all backgrounds. Most of the reconstruction work was performed by local people using a mix of traditional methods and partial prefabricated structures, with funding coming from many international organizations and individuals, governments, and the people themselves.

The [[Government of Indonesia]] estimated in their Preliminary Damage and Losses Assessment<ref>{{cite web |author=Stefan G. Koeberle |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21149942%7EpagePK:141137%7EpiPK:141127%7EtheSitePK:226309,00.html |title=Preliminary Damage and Losses Assessment on |publisher=Web.worldbank.org |access-date=13 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904003022/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21149942%7EpagePK:141137%7EpiPK:141127%7EtheSitePK:226309,00.html |archive-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> that damages amounted to US$4.5 billion (before inflation, and US$6.2 billion including inflation). Three years after the tsunami, reconstruction was still ongoing. The [[World Bank]] monitored funding for reconstruction in Aceh and reported that US$7.7 billion had been earmarked for the reconstruction whilst at June 2007 US$5.8 billion had been allocated to specific reconstruction projects, of which US$3.4 billion had actually been spent (58%).

In 2009, the government opened a US$5.6 million [[Aceh Tsunami Museum|museum]] to commemorate the tsunami with photographs, stories, and a simulation of the earthquake that triggered the tsunami.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Indonesia Opens Tsunami Museum |magazine=[[The Irrawaddy]] |date=March–April 2009 |page=3}}</ref>

=== Peace agreement and contemporary history ===

[[File:Martti Ahtisaari.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Martti Ahtisaari]], facilitator in Aceh-Indonesia peace agreement]]
The 2004 tsunami helped trigger a peace agreement between the [[Free Aceh Movement|GAM]] and the Indonesian government. The mood in post-[[Suharto]] Indonesia in the liberal-democratic reform period, as well as changes in the Indonesian military, helped create an environment more favorable to peace talks. The roles of newly elected president [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] and vice president [[Jusuf Kalla]] were highly significant.<ref>A very useful and detailed account of the negotiation process from the Indonesian side is in the book by the Indonesian key negotiator, [[Hamid Awaludin]], ''Peace in Aceh: Notes on the peace process between the Republic of Indonesia and the Aceh Freedom Movement (GAM) in Helsinki'', translated by Tim Scott, 2009, [[Centre for Strategic and International Studies (Indonesia)|Centre for Strategic and International Studies]], Jakarta. {{ISBN|978-979-1295-11-6}}.</ref> At the same time, the GAM leadership was undergoing changes, and the [[Military of Indonesia|Indonesian military]] had inflicted so much damage on the rebel movement that it had little choice but to negotiate with the central government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HH15Ae01.html |work=Asia Times |title=A happy, peaceful anniversary in Aceh |date=15 August 2006 |access-date=13 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203041743/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HH15Ae01.html |archive-date=3 February 2017 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> The peace talks were first initiated by [[Juha Christensen (peace activist)|Juha Christensen]], a Finnish peace activist, and then formally facilitated by a [[Finland]]-based NGO, the [[Crisis Management Initiative]] led by former Finnish president [[Martti Ahtisaari]]. The resulting peace agreement, generally known as the [[Helsinki Agreement (Aceh)|Helsinki Agreement]], was signed on 15 August 2005. Under the agreement Aceh would receive special autonomy and government troops would be withdrawn from the province in exchange for GAM's disarmament. As part of the agreement, the [[European Union]] dispatched [[Aceh Monitoring Mission]]. Their mission expired on 15 December 2006, following local elections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/helsinki-agreement-more-promising-basis-peace-aceh |title=The Helsinki Agreement: A More Promising Basis for Peace in Aceh? |date=2005-12-15 |website=East-West Center|access-date=2020-01-09 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108100445/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/helsinki-agreement-more-promising-basis-peace-aceh |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aceh has been granted greater autonomy through an Aceh government law that includes special rights agreed in 2006 as well as the right of Acehnese people to establish local political parties to represent their interests.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hillman |first=Ben |title='Power Sharing and Political Party Engineering in Conflict-Prone Societies: The Indonesian Experiment in Aceh |journal=Conflict Security and Development |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=149–169 |doi=10.1080/14678802.2012.688291 |s2cid=154463777}}</ref> Human rights advocates protest that previous human rights violations in the province have not been seriously addressed.<ref>{{cite web |author=Veena Siddharth, Asia advocacy director |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/09/19/indone11764.htm |title=Next steps for Aceh after the peace pact | Human Rights Watch |publisher=Hrw.org |date=27 August 2005 |access-date=13 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815114905/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/09/19/indone11764.htm |archive-date=15 August 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/mou_aceh/mou_acehen.pdf |title=''Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement'' |access-date=9 January 2020 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905042216/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/mou_aceh/mou_acehen.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Biodiversity ==
[[File:Hutan Gunung Leuser Aceh.jpg|[[Mount Leuser]] Forest|thumb|200px]]
Aceh has the largest range of biodiversity in the Asian Pacific region.<ref name="RTRW">{{Cite news |author1=Simanjuntak, Hotli |author2=Sangaji, Ruslan |date=20 May 2013 |title=Scientists urged to stand up for Aceh's biodiversity |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/20/sciencists-urged-stand-aceh-s-biodiversity.html |access-date=6 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505232730/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/20/sciencists-urged-stand-aceh-s-biodiversity.html |archive-date=5 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> including the [[Gunung Leuser National Park]], 7,927 km2 national park that stretches across the border between Aceh and North Sumatra provinces<ref>World Database on Protected Areas: [http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=1251&level=nat Entry of Gunung Leuser National Park] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929222746/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=1251&level=nat |date=2007-09-29}}</ref> The national park, located in the Barisan mountains, is close to [[Mount Leuser]] (3,119 m) and protects a variety of ecosystems, among the rarer large mammals are the [[Sumatran rhinoceros]], [[Sumatran tiger]], [[Orangutan]] and [[Sumatran elephant]].<ref name="RTRW" /> In 2014, there were 460 Sumatran elephants in Aceh including at least eight baby elephants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2014/08/19/gajah-sumatera-hanya-tersisa-460-ekor-di-aceh/ |title=Gajah Sumatera Hanya Tersisa 460 Ekor di Aceh |date=19 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821054841/http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2014/08/19/gajah-sumatera-hanya-tersisa-460-ekor-di-aceh/ |archive-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The area has been suffering from [[deforestation]] since the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=McGregor, Andrew |year=2010 |title=Green and REDD? Towards a Political Ecology of Deforestation in Aceh, Indonesia |journal=Human Geography |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=21–34 |doi=10.1177/194277861000300202 |s2cid=132046525|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Global Forest Change tree-cover loss year in Aceh, 2001-2024.png|thumb|right|upright=1.1|alt=Map of Aceh showing tree-cover loss years, with forest remaining since 2000 in green and loss years shaded yellow through purple.|Tree-cover loss year in Aceh, 2001-2024, from the [[Global Forest Change dataset]].]]

The first [[Wood-pulp|wood pulp]] mill in Aceh was built in 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2000 |title=Aceh: ecological war zone |journal=Down to Earth |issue=47 |url=http://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/story/aceh-ecological-war-zone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303191739/http://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/story/aceh-ecological-war-zone |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The government of Aceh intends a law by which 1.2 million hectares would be opened for commercial use.<ref name="thejakartapost">{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/19/global-calls-save-aceh-forest.html |title=Global calls to save Aceh forest |author=The Jakarta Post |work=The Jakarta Post |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185237/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/19/global-calls-save-aceh-forest.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> This proposal has caused many protests.<ref name="thejakartapost" />

Coastal waters off Aceh fall within Fisheries Management Area 572 (WPP 572), where the Blue Halo S pilot—involving [[Konservasi Indonesia]]—has focused on improving marine management and resilience outcomes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Widowati |first=Hari |date=15 December 2023 |title=Konservasi Indonesia dan OceanX Kolaborasi di Program Blue Halo S |url=https://katadata.co.id/ekonomi-hijau/investasi-hijau/657c087173806/konservasi-indonesia-dan-oceanx-kolaborasi-di-program-blue-halo-s |work=Katadata |access-date=25 December 2025 |language=id}}</ref>

== Government ==
Within the country, Aceh is governed not as a regular province but as a special autonomous province (''daerah istimewa''), an administrative designation intended to give the area increased [[Wiktionary:autonomy|autonomy]] from the central government in [[Jakarta]]. This has resulted in canings for crimes deemed to have violated sharia law such as gambling, drinking, skipping Friday prayers, and most notably homosexuality.

Regional elections have been held in Aceh in recent years for senior positions at the provincial, regency (''kabupaten'') and district (''kecamatan'') levels. In the [[2006 Acehnese gubernatorial election|2006 elections]], [[Irwandi Yusuf]] was elected as the provincial governor for 2007–2012 and in [[2012 Acehnese gubernatorial election|elections in April 2012]], [[Zaini Abdullah]] was elected as governor for 2012–2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/priorities-gam-led-government-aceh |title=Priorities for a GAM-Led Government in Aceh |date=2006-12-29 |website=Crisis Group|access-date=2020-01-09 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611200401/https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/priorities-gam-led-government-aceh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iis* |first1=Em Yusuf |last2=Yunus |first2=Mukhlis |last3=Adam |first3=Muhammad |last4=Sofyan |first4=Hizir |date=2018 |title=Antecedent Model of Empowerment and Performance of Aceh Government With Motivation as the Intervening Variable |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/arp/tjssrr/2018p743-747.html |journal=The Journal of Social Sciences Research|pages=743–747:2 |access-date=9 January 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611152619/https://ideas.repec.org/a/arp/tjssrr/2018p743-747.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{See also|Governor of Aceh}}

=== Law ===
{{Main|Islamic criminal law in Aceh}}

[[File:Use of sharia in Southeast Asia.png|thumb|Use of [[sharia]] in Southeast Asia:
{{legend|#03FFFF|Choice between sharia and secular courts, only on personal status issues}}
{{legend|#F6DD4F|Sharia applies in personal status issues only}}
{{legend|#706EA4|Sharia applies in full, including criminal law}}
]]
Beginning with the promulgation of Law 44/1999, Aceh's governor began to issue limited [[Sharia]]-based regulations, for example requiring female government employees to wear Islamic dress. These regulations were not enforced by the provincial government, but as early as April 1999, reports emerged that groups of men in Aceh were engaging in [[vigilante]] violence in an effort to impose Sharia, for example, by conducting "[[jilbab]] raids," subjecting women who were not wearing Islamic headscarves to verbal abuse, cutting their hair or clothes, and committing other acts of violence against them.<ref name="shariapolicing">{{cite web |title=Policing Morality Abuses in the Application of Sharia in Aceh, Indonesia |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2252,4565c25f4d,4cf62b9f1d1,0,,,.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416143726/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,4565c2252,4565c25f4d,4cf62b9f1d1,0,,,.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2 April 2013 |year=2010 |pages=13–17}}</ref> The frequency of these and other attacks on individuals considered to be violating Sharia principles appeared to increase following the enactment of Law 44/1999 and the governor's Sharia regulations.<ref name="shariapolicing" /> In 2014, a group of scholars who call themselves [[Tadzkiiratul Ummah]], started to paint the [[Trousers|pants]] of men and women as a call for heavier Islamic law enforcement in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://makassar.tribunnews.com/2014/12/04/ini-hukuman-bagi-wanita-berpakaian-ketat-celananya-disemprot-cat |title=Ini Hukuman Bagi Wanita Berpakaian Ketat, Celananya Disemprot Cat |author=Edi Sumardi |date=4 December 2014 |access-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208060328/http://makassar.tribunnews.com/2014/12/04/ini-hukuman-bagi-wanita-berpakaian-ketat-celananya-disemprot-cat |archive-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon the enactment of the Special Autonomy Law in 2001, Aceh's provincial legislature enacted a series of ''[[Qanun Aceh|qanuns]]'' (local laws) governing the implementation of Sharia. Five qanuns enacted between 2002 and 2004 contained criminal penalties for violations of Sharia: Qanun 11/2002 on "belief, ritual, and promoting Islam," which contains the Islamic attire requirement; Qanun 12/2003 prohibiting the consumption and sale of alcohol; Qanun 13/2003 prohibiting gambling; Qanun 14/2003 prohibiting "seclusion"; and Qanun 7/2004 on the payment of Islamic alms. With the exception of gambling, none of the offenses are prohibited outside of Aceh.<ref name="shariapolicing" />

Responsibility for enforcement of the qanuns rests both with the National Police and with a special Sharia police force unique to Aceh, known as the [[Wilayatul Hisbah]] (Sharia Authority). All of the qanuns provide for penalties including fines, imprisonment, and [[caning]], the latter a punishment unknown in most parts of Indonesia. Between mid-2005 and early 2007, at least 135 people were caned in Aceh for transgressing the qanuns.<ref name="shariapolicing" /> In April 2016, a 60-year-old non-Muslim woman was sentenced to 30 lashes for selling alcohol drinks. The controversy is that qanun is not allowed for non-Muslim person, and national law should be used instead as in other parts of Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.detik.com/berita/3187693/hukuman-cambuk-pertama-terhadap-non-muslim-di-aceh-jadi-sorotan |title=Hukuman Cambuk Pertama Terhadap Non Muslim di Aceh Jadi Sorotan |author=Rachmadin Ismail |date=14 April 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415175706/http://news.detik.com/berita/3187693/hukuman-cambuk-pertama-terhadap-non-muslim-di-aceh-jadi-sorotan |archive-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2009, the [[Aceh Party]] won control of the local parliament in Aceh's first post-war legislative elections. In September 2009, one month before the new legislators were to take office, the outgoing parliament unanimously endorsed two new qanuns to expand the existing criminal Sharia framework in Aceh.

*One bill, the ''Qanun on Criminal Procedure'' ({{Lang|id|Qanun Hukum Jinayat}}), to create an entirely new procedural code for the enforcement of Sharia by police, prosecutors, and courts in Aceh.<ref name="shariapolicing" />
*The other bill, the ''Qanun on Criminal Law'' ({{Lang|id|Qanun Jinayat}}), reiterated the existing criminal Sharia prohibitions, at times enhancing their penalties, and a host of new criminal offenses, including [[ikhtilat]] (intimacy or mixing), [[zina]] (adultery, defined as willing intercourse by unmarried people), sexual harassment, rape, and homosexual conduct.<ref>Hotli Simanjuntak and Ina Parlina, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/07/aceh-fully-enforces-sharia.html Aceh fully enforces Sharia'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307183758/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/07/aceh-fully-enforces-sharia.html |date=7 March 2018 }}, ''The Jakarta Post'', 7 February 2014.</ref> The law authorized punishments including up to 60 lashes for "intimacy," up to 100 lashes for engaging in homosexual conduct, up to 100 lashes for adultery by unmarried persons, and death by [[stoning]] for adultery by a married person.<ref name="shariapolicing" />

However, the then proposed bylaws was met with widespread condemnations from all of Indonesia and then governor [[Irwandi Yusuf]] refused to sign the bylaw, thereby keeping it a law without legal force and, in some views, therefore still a law ''draft'', rather than actual law.<ref>
[http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/aceh-stoning-law-hits-a-new-wall/ Aceh Stoning Law Hits a New Wall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125051612/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/aceh-stoning-law-hits-a-new-wall/ |date=2016-01-25 }} ''The Jakarta Globe'', 12 October 2009</ref> In March 2013, the Aceh government removed the stoning provision from its own draft of a new criminal code.<ref>[http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/aceh-government-removes-stoning-sentence-from-draft-bylaw/ Aceh Government Removes Stoning Sentence From Draft Bylaw] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125051612/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/aceh-government-removes-stoning-sentence-from-draft-bylaw/ |date=2016-01-25 }}, ''Jakarta Globe'' 12 March 2013</ref>

'''Caning'''

In practice since the introduction of the new laws, there has been a considerable increase in the use of the penalties provided set out in the laws. As an example, in August 2015 six men in [[Bireuën Regency]] were arrested and caned for betting on the names of passing buses.<ref>'[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/27/six-men-caned-betting-passing-buses-aceh.html Six men caned for betting on passing buses in Aceh'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925142315/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/27/six-men-caned-betting-passing-buses-aceh.html |date=25 September 2015 }}, ''The Jakarta Post'', 27 August 2015.</ref> And it was reported that on just one day, 18 September 2015, a total of 34 people were caned in Banda Aceh and in the nearby regency of Aceh Besar.<ref>Hotli Simanjuntak, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/19/dozens-sharia-violators-caned-aceh.html Dozens of sharia vilators caned in Aceh'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928222649/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/19/dozens-sharia-violators-caned-aceh.html |date=28 September 2015 }}, ''The Jakarta Post'', 19 September 2015.</ref>

Two gay men are to be publicly lashed 85 times each under sharia law after being filmed by vigilantes in Indonesia. An Islamic court in the province of Aceh passed down its first sentence for homosexuality on the [[International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia]], 17 May 2017 in spite of international appeals to spare the couple.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/islamic-court-indonesia-gay-men-85-lashes-sex-caught-homosexuality-laws-first-time-khairil-jamal-a7740626.html |title=Sharia court in Indonesia sentences two gay men to 85 lashes each after being caught having sex |author=Lizzie Dearden |website=[[The Independent]]|location=London |date=17 May 2017 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901071227/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/islamic-court-indonesia-gay-men-85-lashes-sex-caught-homosexuality-laws-first-time-khairil-jamal-a7740626.html |archive-date=1 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Whipping is the common [[hudud]] punishment for [[Maisir|gambling]], [[Zina|adultery]], [[Khamr|drinking alcohol]], and having gay or pre-marital sex. Typically the whipping has been done by men. In 2020, with increased enforcement and more crimes being committed by women, Aceh authorities say they are trying to follow [[Islamic law]], which calls for women to whip female perpetrators.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/indonesias-aceh-unveils-new-female-flogging-squad-1.1580195711185 |title=Indonesia's Aceh unveils new female flogging squad |date=28 January 2020 |work=[[The Gulf News]] |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132253/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/indonesias-aceh-unveils-new-female-flogging-squad-1.1580195711185 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/31/asia-pacific/crime-legal-asia-pacific/indonesias-aceh-unveils-female-flogging-squad-women-run-afoul-islamic-law/ |title=Indonesia's Aceh unveils female flogging squad as more women run afoul of Islamic law |date=31 January 2020 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325135421/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/31/asia-pacific/crime-legal-asia-pacific/indonesias-aceh-unveils-female-flogging-squad-women-run-afoul-islamic-law/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
[[File:Aceh Regencies.png|thumb|Municipalities of Aceh]]
Administratively, the province now is subdivided into eighteen [[Regency (Indonesia)|regencies]] ({{Langx|id|kabupaten}}; {{Langx|ace|kabupatèn}}) and five autonomous [[City status in Indonesia|cities]] ({{Langx|id|kota}}; {{Langx|ace|banda}}). The capital and the largest city is [[Banda Aceh]], located on the coast near the northern tip of Sumatra. When originally devised in 1956, the province comprised the city of Banda Aceh and six regencies – [[Aceh Besar Regency|Great Aceh]], [[Pidie Regency|Pidie]], [[North Aceh Regency|North Aceh]], [[East Aceh Regency|East Aceh]], [[Central Aceh Regency|Central Aceh]], and [[West Aceh Regency|West Aceh]]; however on 14 November 1956 a seventh regency ([[South Aceh Regency|South Aceh]]) was created from the southeastern districts of West Aceh Regency. A second city ([[Sabang, Aceh|Sabang City]]) was separated from Aceh Besar on 10 June 1965 and [[Southeast Aceh Regency]] from part of Central Aceh on 4 June 1974; three additional regencies were formed in 1999 – [[Aceh Singkil Regency|Aceh Singkil]] from part of South Aceh Regency on 20 April, and [[Bireuën Regency|Bireuën]] (from part of North Aceh Regency) and [[Simeulue Regency|Simeulue]] (from part of West Aceh Regency) on 4 October.

The towns of [[Lhokseumawe]] and [[Langsa]] were given separate city status (from parts of North Aceh Regency and of East Aceh Regency respectively) on 21 June 2001, and five additional regencies were created on 10 April 2002 – [[Aceh Jaya Regency|Aceh Jaya]] and [[Nagan Raya Regency|Nagan Raya]] (both from parts of West Aceh Regency), [[Aceh Tamiang Regency|Aceh Tamiang]] (from part of East Aceh Regency), [[Gayo Lues Regency|Gayo Lues]] (from part of Southeast Aceh Regency) and [[Southwest Aceh Regency|Southwest Aceh]] (from part of South Aceh Regency). [[Bener Meriah Regency]] was created on 19 December 2003 (from part of Central Aceh Regency), and [[Pidie Jaya Regency]] (from part of Pidie Regency) and [[Subulussalam|Subulussalam City]] (from part of Aceh Singkil Regency) on 2 January 2007. Some other local areas are pushing to create new autonomous areas, usually with the stated goal of enhancing local control over politics and development.

The cities and regencies (subdivided into the 289 [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] or ''kecamatan'' of Aceh), are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and the 2020 census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021" /> together with the officially estimated population as of mid 2024.<ref name="BPS Provinsi Aceh 2025"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom:0;"
|-
! Kode Wilayah|| Name of City or Regency !! Regency Capital !! Est. || Established by statute || Area in km2 !! Pop'n 2010 census !! Pop'n 2020 census !! Pop'n mid 2024 estimate !! [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html |title=Indeks-Pembangunan-Manusia-2021 |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127193437/https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 2021 estimates
|-
| 11.72 || [[Sabang, Indonesia|Sabang City]]|| || 1967 || UU 10/1965 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 122.04}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 30653}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 41197}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 43500}} || 0.761 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 11.06 || [[Aceh Besar Regency]] || [[Jantho]] || 1956 || UU 24/1956 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2882.83}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 351418}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 405535}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 428300}} || 0.735 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 11.71 || [[Banda Aceh]] City|| || 1956 || UU 24/1956 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 55.85}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 223446}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 252899}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 265000}} || 0.857 ({{fontcolor|green|Very High}})
|-
| 11.14 || [[Aceh Jaya Regency]] || [[Calang]] || 2002 || UU 4/2002 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3893.05}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 76782}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 93,159}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 99200}} || 0.698 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.07 || [[Pidie Regency]] || [[Sigli]] || 1956 || UU 24/1956 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3133.93}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 379108}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 435275}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 452500}} || 0.707 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 11.18 || [[Pidie Jaya Regency]] || [[Meureudu]] || 2007 || UU 7/2007 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 953.12}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 132956}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 158397}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 166500}} || 0.736 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 11.11 || [[Bireuen Regency]] || [[Bireuen]] || 1999 || UU 48/1999 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1793.27}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 389288}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 436418}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 459100}} || 0.723 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 11.08 || [[North Aceh Regency]] (Aceh Utara) || [[Lhoksukon]] || 1956 || UU 24/1956 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2711.15}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 529751}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 602793}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 632000}} || 0.694 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.73 || [[Lhokseumawe]] City|| || 2001 || UU 2/2001 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 136.49}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 171163}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 188713}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 200400}} || 0.775 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 11.03 || [[East Aceh Regency]] (Aceh Timur) || [[Idi Rayeuk]] || 1956 || UU 24/1956 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 5432.63}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 360475}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 422401}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 444600}} || 0.678 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.74 || [[Langsa]] City|| || 2001 || UU 3/2001 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 217.17}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 148945}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 185971}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 198000}} || 0.774 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 11.16 || [[Aceh Tamiang Regency]] || [[Karang Baru]] || 2002 || UU 4/2002 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2184.40}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 251914}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 294356}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 309000}} || 0.694 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.13 || [[Gayo Lues Regency]] || [[Blangkejeren]] || 2002 || UU 4/2002 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 5541.28}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 79560}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 99532}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 106800}} || 0.675 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.17 || [[Bener Meriah Regency]] || [[Simpang Tiga Redelong|Simpang Tiga Redelong]] || 2003 || UU 41/2003 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1930.75}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 122277}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 161342}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 172000}} || 0.732 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 11.04 || [[Central Aceh Regency]] (Aceh Tengah) || [[Takengon]] || 1956 || UU 24/1956 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 4521.70}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 175527}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 215860}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 226700}} || 0.733 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 11.05 || [[West Aceh Regency]] (Aceh Barat) || [[Meulaboh]] || 1956 || UU 24/1956 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 2818.17}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 173558}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 198736}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 206800}} || 0.716 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 11.15 || [[Nagan Raya Regency]] || [[Suka Makmue]] || 2002 || UU 4/2002 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 3416.32}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 139663}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 168392}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 176400}} || 0.693 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.12 || [[Southwest Aceh Regency]] (Aceh Barat Daya) || [[Blangpidie]] || 2002 || UU 4/2002 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1882.28}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 126036}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 150780}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 154997}} || 0.669 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.01 || [[South Aceh Regency]] (Aceh Selatan) || [[Tapaktuan]] || 1956 || UU 24/1956 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 4175.37}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 202251}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 232410}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 241994}} || 0.674 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.02 || [[Southeast Aceh Regency]] (Aceh Tenggara) || [[Kutacane]] || 1974 || UU 7/1974 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 4179.12}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 179010}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 220860}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 235589}} || 0.694 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.75 || [[Subulussalam]] City|| || 2007 || UU 8/2007 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1183.60}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 67446}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 90751}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 105553}} || 0.652 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.10 || [[Aceh Singkil Regency]] (including the [[Banyak Islands]])|| [[Singkil, Indonesia|Singkil]] || 1999 || UU 14/1999 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1852.82}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 102509}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 126514}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 138792}} || 0.692 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 11.09 || [[Simeulue Regency]] || [[Sinabang]] || 1999 || UU 48/1999 ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1821.75}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 80674}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 92865}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 98633}} || 0.664 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|}
{{refbegin}}'''Note:''' UU is an abbreviation from Undang-Undang ([[Law of Indonesia|the Indonesia statute of law]]).{{refend}}

Aceh is unique in Indonesia in grouping its [[Villages of Indonesia|villages]] into [[Mukim (Aceh)|mukims]]. These are sometimes related to traditional indigenous communities. Beginning in September 2023, the Indonesian government provided legal recognition to the claims of some mukims over customary forests.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2023/10/for-1st-time-indonesia-government-recognizes-ancestral-forests-in-aceh-but-only-some/ |title=For 1st time, Indonesia government recognizes ancestral forests in Aceh — but only some |author=Hans Nicholas Jong |work=Mongabay |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the [[Indonesian Parliament|People's Representative Council]].
* The '''Aceh I Electoral District''' consists of 12 of the regencies in the province (Simeulue, Aceh Singkil, South Aceh, Southeast Aceh, West Aceh, Aceh Besar, Pidie, Southwest Aceh, Aceh Jaya, Gayo Lues, Nagan Raya and Pidie Jaya), together with the cities of Bandar Aceh, Sabang and Subulussalam, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council.
* The '''Aceh II Electoral District''' consists of the remaining 6 regencies (East Aceh, Central Aceh, Bireuen, North Aceh, Aceh Tamiang and Bener Meriah), together with the cities of Langsa and Lhokseumawe, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council.<ref>Law No. 7/2017 (''UU No. 7 Tahun 2017'') as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.</ref>

== Economy ==
In 2006, the economy of Aceh grew by 7.7% after having minimal growth since the devastating tsunami.<ref>World Bank, Jakarta, [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1176706430507/3681211-1194602678235/aeu_nov2007_en.pdf Aceh Economic Update November 2007.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228013211/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1176706430507/3681211-1194602678235/aeu_nov2007_en.pdf |date=28 February 2008 }}</ref> This growth was primarily driven by the reconstruction effort with massive growth in the building/construction sector.

The ending of the conflict, and the reconstruction program resulted in the structure of the economy changing significantly since 2003. Service sectors played a more dominant role whilst the share of the oil and gas sectors continued to decline.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sector (% share of Aceh GDP)
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
|-
| Agriculture and fisheries
| 17
| 20
| 21
| 21
|-
| Oil, gas and mining
| 36
| 30
| 26
| 25
|-
| Manufacturing (incl. oil and gas manufacturing)
| 20
| 18
| 16
| 14
|-
| Electricity and water supply
| ...
|
|
|
|-
| Building / construction
| 3
| 4
| 4
| 5
|-
| Trade, hotels and restaurants
| 11
| 12
| 14
| 15
|-
| Transport & communication
| 3
| 4
| 5
| 5
|-
| Banking & other financial
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
|-
| Services
| 8
| 10
| 13
| 13
|-
|Total
|100
|100
|100
|100
|}
{{refbegin}}'''Note:''' ... = less than 0.5%{{refend}}

After peaking at around 40% in December 2005, largely as a result of the [[Dutch disease]] impact of sudden aid flows into the province, [[inflation]] declined steadily and was 8.5% in June 2007, close to the national level in [[Indonesia]] of 5.7%. Persistent inflation means that Aceh's [[consumer price index]] (CPI) remains the highest in Indonesia. As a result, Aceh's cost competitiveness has declined as reflected in both inflation and wage data. Although inflation has slowed down, CPI has registered steady increases since the tsunami. Using 2002 as a base, Aceh's CPI increased to 185.6 (June 2007) while the national
CPI increased to 148.2. There have been relatively large nominal wage increases in particular sectors, such as construction where, on average, workers' nominal wages have risen to almost Rp.60,000 per day, from Rp.29,000 pre-tsunami. This is also reflected in Aceh's minimum regional wage (UMR, or Upah Minimum Regional), which increased by 55% from Rp.550,000 pre-tsunami to Rp.850,000 in 2007, compared with an increase of 42% in neighboring [[North Sumatra]], from Rp.537,000 to Rp.761,000.

[[Poverty]] levels increased slightly in Aceh in 2005 after the tsunami, but by less than expected.<ref>World Bank, Jakarta, [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1200376036925/acehpoverty2008_en.pdf Aceh Poverty Assessment 2008] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228013215/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1200376036925/acehpoverty2008_en.pdf |date=28 February 2008 }}.</ref> The poverty level then fell in 2006 to below the pre-tsunami level, suggesting that the rise in tsunami-related poverty was short lived and reconstruction activities and the end of the conflict most probably facilitated this decline. However, poverty in Aceh remains significantly higher than in the rest of Indonesia.<ref>A useful survey of the state of development up to 2010 is in the UNDP [http://www.undp.or.id/pubs/docs/Aceh%20HDR%20-%20English.pdf Provincial Human Development Report Aceh 2010] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328234630/http://www.undp.or.id/pubs/docs/Aceh%20HDR%20-%20English.pdf |date=28 March 2013}}.</ref> A large number of the Acehnese remain vulnerable to poverty, reinforcing the need for further sustained efforts at development in the post-tsunami construction period.<ref>Edward Aspinall, Ben Hillman, and Peter McCawley, [http://www.undp.or.id/pubs/docs/ANUE_Study_Book_Printed%20Version.pdf Governance and capacity-building in post-crisis Aceh'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329000836/http://www.undp.or.id/pubs/docs/ANUE_Study_Book_Printed%20Version.pdf |date=29 March 2013}}, a report by Australian National University Enterprise, Canberra, for UNDP, Jakarta, 2012.</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|footnote= Source: [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] 2024 and previous.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024" />
|percentages = pagr
|1971 |2008595
|1980 |2611271
|1990 |3416156
|1995 |3847583
|2000 |3930905
|2010 |4494410
|2015 |4993385
|2020 |5274871
|2023 |5512219
}}

The population of Aceh was not adequately documented during the [[Indonesia 2000 census]] because the insurgency complicated the process of collecting accurate information. An estimated 170,000 people died in Aceh in the 2004 tsunami which further complicates the task of careful demographic analysis. According to the most recent censuses, the total population of Aceh in 2010 was 4,486,570,<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011" /> in 2015 was 4,993,385, and in 2020 was 5,274,871.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021" /> The official estimate for mid 2023 was 5,482,527 (comprising 2,753,176 males and 2,729,351 females);<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Subussalam Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1175)</ref> however, the sum of the official population estimates for the individual regencies and cities totalled 5,512,219 people.

=== Ethnic and cultural groups ===
Aceh is a diverse region occupied by several ethnic and language groups. The major ethnic groups are the [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] (who are distributed throughout Aceh), [[Gayo people|Gayo]] (in central and eastern part), [[Alas people|Alas]] (in [[Southeast Aceh Regency|Southeast Aceh]]), [[Malay people|Tamiang Malays]] (in [[Aceh Tamiang Regency|Aceh Tamiang]]), [[Aneuk Jamee people|Aneuk Jamèë]] (descendant from [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]]; concentrated in southern and southwestern), [[Kluet people|Kluet]] (in [[South Aceh Regency|South Aceh]]), [[Singkil people|Singkil]] (in [[Aceh Singkil Regency|Aceh Singkil]] and [[Subulussalam]]), [[Simeulue people|Simeulue]] and Sigulai (in [[Simeulue Regency|Simeulue]]), and [[Haloban people|Haloban]] (in [[Banyak Islands]]). There are also significant populations of [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]] and [[Javanese people|Javanese]]. Among the present-day population of Aceh, especially in coastal areas, one can find a number of individuals of [[Arabs]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], and [[Indian people|Indians]] descent.

=== Languages ===

[[File:WIKITONGUES- T.A., Iqbal, and Kalam speaking Acehnese.webm|thumb|left|Speakers of Acehnese.]]

The [[Acehnese language]] is widely spoken within the Acehnese population. This is a member of the [[Aceh-Chamic languages|Aceh-Chamic]] group of languages, whose other representatives are mostly found in Vietnam and Cambodia, and is also closely related to the [[Malay language|Malay]] group of languages. Acehnese also has many words borrowed from Malay and [[Arabic]] and traditionally was written using [[Jawi script|Arabic script]]. Acehnese is also used as local language in Langkat and Asahan ([[North Sumatra]]), and Kedah (Malaysia), and once dominated Penang. Aside from the [[Indonesian language]], Acehnese is also designated as the co-official regional language of Aceh under Qanun Number 10 of 2022.<ref>{{cite act|type=Qanun|index=10|date=2022|legislature=[[People's Representative Council of Aceh]]|title=Qanun Aceh Tentang Bahasa Aceh|url=https://jdih.acehprov.go.id/dih/view/bb2427df-39e1-4986-be26-932f25cda170}}</ref>

Alas and Kluet are closely related languages within the [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]] group. The Jamee language originated from [[Minangkabau language]] in [[West Sumatra]], with just a few variations and differences.

=== Religion ===
{{further|Islam in Aceh}}
[[File:Meuseujid Raya Baiturrahman .jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Baiturrahman Grand Mosque]] in [[Banda Aceh]]. 98% of Aceh's population is Muslim]]

According to 2022 data of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, Aceh is overwhelmingly Muslim-majority where they dominate Aceh with more than 98%. While the rest 1.15% of population are Protestants, 0.13% Buddhists and 0.1% Catholics.<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama|title=Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]]|date=31 August 2022|access-date=29 October 2023|language=id}}</ref>
Religious issues are often sensitive in Aceh. There is very strong support for Islam across the province, and sometimes other religious groups – such as Christians or Buddhists – feel that they are subject to social or community pressure to limit their activities. The official explanation for this action, supported by both the governor of Aceh [[Zaini Abdullah]] and the Indonesian home affairs minister [[Gamawan Fauzi]] from Jakarta, was that the churches did not have the appropriate permits. Earlier in April 2012, a number of churches in the [[Aceh Singkil Regency|Singkil regency]] in southern Aceh had also been ordered to close.<ref>Bagus BT Saragih, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/10/25/closed-aceh-churches-lack-permits-gamawan.html Closed churches lack permits: Gamawan'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026134641/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/10/25/closed-aceh-churches-lack-permits-gamawan.html |date=26 October 2012 }}, ''The Jakarta Pose'', 25 October 2012.</ref> In response, some Christians voiced concern about these actions. In 2015 a church was burned down and another attacked in which a Muslim rioter was shot, causing President [[Joko Widodo]] to call for calm.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Channel NewsAsia]] |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/jokowi-calls-for-calm/2191802.html |title=Jokowi calls for calm amid clashes in Aceh |date=14 October 2015 |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015155654/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/jokowi-calls-for-calm/2191802.html |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
Caning has increasingly been used as a form of judicial punishment in Aceh.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/01/indonesia-man-flogged-adultery-law-helped-draw-aceh Indonesian man flogged after breaking adultery law he helped draw up] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101114014/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/01/indonesia-man-flogged-adultery-law-helped-draw-aceh |date=1 November 2019 }} The Guardian, 2019</ref> This is backed by the governor of Aceh. At least 72 people were caned for various offences, including drinking alcohol, being alone with someone of the opposite sex who was not a marriage partner or relative (khalwat), gambling and for being caught having gay sex.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-39996224 |title=Indonesian men caned for gay sex in Aceh |publisher=BBC News |date=23 May 2017| access-date=21 July 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030191016/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-39996224| archive-date=30 October 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> The Acehnese authorities passed a series of by-laws governing the implementation of [[Sharia]] after the enactment of the province's Special Autonomy Law in 2001. In 2016 alone, 100 public caning cases were documented by human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two Indonesians sentenced to 85 lashes of cane for gay sex |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-indonesia-lgbt-caning-idUKKCN18D0QG |access-date=10 August 2021 |work=Reuters|date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810063345/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-indonesia-lgbt-caning-idUKKCN18D0QG |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2018, the Aceh police, with support from the Aceh autonomous government, raided hair salons known to have LGBT clients and staff as part of an ''operasi penyakit masyarakat'' ("community sickness operation"). The police abused all LGBT citizens within the premises of the parlors and arrested twelve transgender women. The arrested trans women were stripped topless, had their heads shaved, and were forced to chant insults at themselves as part of a [[Conversion therapy|process "until they really become men"]]. The intent of the incident was to reverse what officials deemed a "social disease" and that parents were coming to them upset at the increasing number of LGBT individuals in Aceh.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42859473 |title=Indonesia police cut trans women's hair |last=Indonesian |date=2018 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406061511/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42859473 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/29/indonesian-police-arrest-12-transgender-women-and-shave-their-heads-to-make-them-men/ |title=Police arrest 12 trans women and shave their heads 'to make them men' |work=PinkNews |access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816191611/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/01/29/indonesian-police-arrest-12-transgender-women-and-shave-their-heads-to-make-them-men/ |archive-date=16 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The event was decried by human rights organizations local and worldwide, such as [[Amnesty International]]. Usman Hamid stated for the Indonesia branch of the organization that "cutting the hair of those arrested to 'make them masculine' and forcing them to dress like men are forms of [[public humiliation|public shaming]] and amount to cruel, [[inhuman or degrading treatment|inhuman and degrading treatment]], in contravention of Indonesia's international obligations".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-lgbt/rights-groups-decry-shaming-of-transgender-people-in-indonesias-aceh-province-idUSKBN1FJ1B2 |title=Rights groups decry 'shaming' of transgender people in Indonesia's... |date=30 January 2018 |work=Reuters|access-date=2018-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124210808/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-lgbt/rights-groups-decry-shaming-of-transgender-people-in-indonesias-aceh-province-idUSKBN1FJ1B2 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Danau Laut Tawar.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Laut Tawar]] in Central Aceh Regency]]
Aceh has many tourist destinations, especially natural, historical and cultural tourism. With a fairly long coastline, several archipelagos, and a large forest area, Aceh offers many tourism options, one of the famous natural attractions in Aceh is other famous natural attractions are mountainous areas such as in Tangse and the Gayo Highlands, Ulu Masen Nature Reserve, [[Gunung Leuser National Park]] and Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve, [[Lake Laut Tawar]], [[Weh Island|Sabang]] and [[Rondo Island]]. while for historical and cultural tourism, Aceh also has several favorite destinations for tourists, including the [[Aceh Tsunami Museum]], [[Aceh Museum]], {{ill|Museum Samudra Pasai |id|Museum Islam Samudra Pasai}}, [[Gunongan Historical Park]] and [[Baiturrahman Grand Mosque|Baiturahman Mosque]].

==Culture ==
[[File:Museum Aceh.JPG|thumb|[[Aceh Museum]] is the oldest museum in Aceh, built during the Dutch colonial era]]
Aceh has a variety of distinctive arts and culture.

=== Traditional weapon ===
*[[Rencong]] is a type of dagger, a traditional weapon of the Acehnese people. The shape resembles the letter L, and when viewed more closely the form is bismillah calligraphy.

In addition to rencong, the Acehnese people also possessed several other special weapons, such as sikin panyang, peurise awe, peurise teumaga, siwah, geuliwang and peudeueng.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cultural Norms and Values Configuration in Acehnese Traditional Fishing Ritual {{!}} KnE Social Sciences|url=https://knepublishing.com/index.php/Kne-Social/article/view/4846/9725|access-date=2020-10-16|journal=Kne Social Sciences|date=August 2019|pages=189–198–189–198|doi=10.18502/kss.v3i19.4846|last1=Pratiwy|first1=Devi|volume=3 |issue=19 |s2cid=201382724|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019123030/https://knepublishing.com/index.php/Kne-Social/article/view/4846/9725|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Traditional house ===
[[File:Rumoh Acèh di Piyeung Datu.jpg|thumb|[[Rumoh Aceh]], traditional house of Aceh]]
Aceh's traditional house is called ''[[Rumoh Aceh]]''. This house is a type of house on stilts with three main parts and one additional section. The three main parts of the Aceh house are the ''seuramoë keuë'' (front porch), ''seuramoë teungoh'' (middle porch) and ''seuramoë likôt'' (back porch). Another additional part is the ''rumoh dapu'' (kitchen house).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Graf |first1=Arndt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bot-AT4wZPAC |title=Aceh: History, Politics and Culture |last2=Schroter |first2=Susanne |last3=Wieringa |first3=Edwin |date=2010 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-4279-12-3|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref>

=== Dance ===
[[File:Ratoh Jaroe Dance.jpg|thumb|Ratoh Jaroe dance performance]]
Traditional Acehnese dances illustrate traditional heritage, religion, and local folklore. Acehnese dances are generally performed in groups, in which a group of dancers are of the same sex, and there are standing or sitting positions. When viewed from the accompanying music, the dances can be grouped into two types; namely accompanied by the vocal and percussion of the dancer's own body, and accompanied by an ensemble of musical instruments. Some dances that are famous at the national and even world level are dances originating from Aceh, such as the Rateb Meuseukat Dance and the [[Saman dance]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fadillah |first1=Dani |last2=Nuryana |first2=Zalik |last3=Sahuddin |first3=Muhammad |last4=Hao |first4=Dong |date=2019-12-19 |title=International-Cultural Communication of the Saman Dance Performance by Indonesian Students in Nanjing |url=https://pubs2.ascee.org/index.php/viperarts/article/view/70 |journal=International Journal of Visual and Performing Arts|volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=98–105 |doi=10.31763/viperarts.v1i2.70 |issn=2684-9259 |doi-access=free |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017205232/https://pubs2.ascee.org/index.php/viperarts/article/view/70 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
[[File:Mie Aceh with beef.jpg|thumb|[[Mie aceh]]]]
Acehnese cuisine uses combinations of spices found in Indian and Arabic cuisine, include ginger, pepper, coriander, cumin, cloves, cinnamon, cardamom, and fennel. A variety of Acehnese foods are cooked with curry or curry spices and coconut milk, which are generally combined with meat, such as buffalo meat, beef, lamb, fish and chicken. Certain recipes have traditionally used cannabis as a seasoning; which is also found in some other Southeast Asian dishes such as in Laos, but now the material is no longer used. Dishes native to Aceh include [[nasi gurih]], [[mie aceh]], [[mie caluk]] and [[timphan]].

=== Literature ===
Aceh has a tradition of [[oral literature]], such as the folktales ''[[The king of the parakeets]]'' and ''[[Banta Berensyah]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rouf |first1=Irwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPJqcwuSOUkC |title=Rangkuman 100 Cerita Rakyat Indonesia: Dari Sabang Sampai Merauke |last2=Ananda |first2=Shenia |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=AnakKita |isbn=978-602-9003-82-6 |language=id}}</ref>

The oldest Acehnese manuscripts that can be found are from 1069 H (1658/1659 AD), namely Hikayat Seuma'un.

Before Dutch colonialism (1873–1942), almost all Acehnese literature was in the form of poetry known as Hikayat. Very little is in the form of prose and one of them is the Book of Bakeu Meunan which is a translation of the book Qawaa'id al-Islaam.

It was only after the arrival of the Dutch that Acehnese writings appeared in the form of prose, in the 1930s, such as Lhee Saboh Nang written by Aboe Bakar and De Vries. It was only afterward that various forms of prose appeared, but still remained dominated by the form of Hikayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aceh: History, Politics and Culture |url=https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/408 |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=bookshop.iseas.edu.sg|archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024095448/https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/408 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Transportation ==
The 74-km [[Sigli–Banda Aceh Toll Road]] is currently under construction, as a part of the [[Trans-Sumatra Toll Road]].

Railways in Aceh has started since the Dutch colonial era. In 1876 the [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]] (KNIL) started to build a 750-mm gauge railways known as [[Atjeh Tram]], which began operating from 1882 to 1942 and later changed its name to Atjeh Staatsspoorwegen (ASS) in 1916. Its railways assets, now mostly inactive, is under the ownership of the Regional Division I North Sumatra and Aceh of [[Kereta Api Indonesia]]. [[Cut Meutia (train)]] is a train that serves [[Krueng Geukueh railway station|Krueng Geukueh]] to [[Krueng Mane railway station|Krueng Mane]] in North Aceh Regency.

Airports in Aceh include [[Sultan Iskandar Muda International Airport]] in Aceh Besar Regency (serving Banda Aceh and surrounding areas) and [[Maimun Saleh Airport]] in Sabang.

== See also ==
*[[List of people from Aceh]]
*[[Acehnese local government system]]
*Other world's major polities that have applied Sharia law:
**[[Azerbaijan]]
**[[Brunei]]
**[[Chechnya]]
**[[Malaysia]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*{{cite book |title=Sedjarah TNI-Angkatan Darat, 1945–1965. [Tjet. 1.] |author=Indonesia. Angkatan Darat. Pusat Sedjarah Militer |year=1965 |publisher=PUSSEMAD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOyzISuyJlwC |access-date=10 March 2014}}
*{{cite book |title=20 [i. e Dua puluh] tahun Indonesia merdeka, Volume 7 |author=Indonesia. Panitia Penjusun Naskah Buku "20 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka.", Indonesia |year=1966 |publisher=Departement Penerangan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AE5AQAAIAAJ |access-date=10 March 2014}}
*{{cite book |title=20 tahun Indonesia merdeka, Volume 7 |author=Indonesia. Departemen Penerangan |year=1965 |publisher=Departemen Penerangan R.I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtsRAAAAMAAJ |access-date=10 March 2014}}
*{{cite book |title=The collapse of a colonial society: the Dutch in Indonesia during the Second World War |first=Louis |last=Jong |volume=206 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Nederlands Geologisch Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap, Volume 206 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |edition=illustrated |year=2002 |publisher=KITLV Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpZuAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-90-6718-203-4 |access-date=10 March 2014}}
*{{cite book |title=Indonesia's Secret War in Aceh |first=John |last=Martinkus |edition=illustrated |year=2004 |publisher=Random House Australia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcdwAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-1-74051-209-1 |access-date=10 March 2014}}
*{{cite book |title=Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Volume 1 |author=Abdul Haris Nasution |year=1963 |publisher=Ganaco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3kDBvr5UeYC |access-date=10 March 2014}}
*{{cite book |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 |first=Merle Calvin |last=Ricklefs |edition=illustrated |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC |isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5 |access-date=10 March 2014}}
*{{cite book |title=Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine, Volume 3, Issues 43–52 |year=2003 |publisher=Arsa Raya Perdana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NETAQAAMAAJ |access-date=10 March 2014}}

== Further reading ==
*Bowen, J. R. (1991). Sumatran politics and poetics : Gayo history, 1900–1989. New Haven, Yale University Press.
*Bowen, J. R. (2003). Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia Cambridge University Press
*Iwabuchi, A. (1994). The people of the Alas Valley : a study of an ethnic group of Northern Sumatra. Oxford, England; New York, Clarendon Press.
*McCarthy, J. F. (2006). The Fourth Circle. A Political Ecology of Sumatra's Rainforest Frontier, Stanford University Press.
*Miller, Michelle Ann. (2009). [https://archive.today/20130105002742/http://www.remote-sensing.routledge.com/books/details/9780415590365/ ''Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia. Jakarta's Security and Autonomy Policies in Aceh'']. London and New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-45467-4}}
*Miller, Michelle Ann, ed. (2012). ''Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia'' (Singapore: ISEAS).
*Siegel, James T. 2000. ''The rope of God''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08682-0}}; A classic [[ethnography|ethnographic]] and historical study of Aceh, and Islam in the region. Originally published in 1969

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Aceh}}
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|id}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221005101146/https://acehstory.com/ Local App Portal]}} {{in lang|id}}

{{Aceh}}
{{Provinces of Indonesia}}
{{UNPO}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aceh| ]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Andaman Sea]]
[[Category:Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]
[[Category:Maritime Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Provinces of Indonesia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1956]]
[[Category:Special Regions of Indonesia]]

Transfer of Property Act, 1882

2026-03-25T21:03:16Z

MUKESH SINGH:

{{Short description|Transfer of property right in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{technical|date=July 2013}}

{{Infobox legislation
| legislature = Imperial Legislative Council
| short_title = Transfer of Property Act, 1882
| long_title = An Act to amend the law relating to the Transfer of Property by act of parties.
| citation = Act No. 4 of 1882
| date_enacted = 17 February 1882
| date_commenced = 1 July 1882
| 1st_reading = [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39900/6/06_chapter%202.pdf 1877]
| 2nd_reading = 1882
| introduced_by = [[Whitley Stokes (Celtic scholar)|Whitley Stokes]]
| territorial_extent = Union of [[India]]
| status = in force
}}

The '''Transfer of Property Act, 1882''' is an Indian legislation which regulates the [[Property law#Transfer of property|transfer of property]] in India. It contains specific provisions regarding what constitutes a transfer and the conditions attached to it. It came into force on 1 July 1882.

According to the Act, 'transfer of property' means an act by which a person conveys the property to one or more persons, or himself and one or more other persons. The act of transfer may be done in the present or for the future. The person may include an individual, company or association or body of individuals, and any kind of property may be transferred, including the transfer of immovable property.

==Interpretation of "property"==
Property is broadly classified into the following categories:
# Immovable Property (excluding standing timber, growing crops, and grass)
# Movable Property (such as watches, timbers)
The Interpretation of the Act, says "[[Immovable property]] does not include standing timber, growing crops or grass". Section 3(26) of the General Clauses Act, 1897 states that " immovable property" shall include land, benefits to arise out of the land, and things attached to the earth, or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth. A similar definition is provided by the Registration Act, 1908 under section 2(6):

"immovable property" includes land, buildings, hereditary allowances, rights to ways, lights, ferries, fisheries or any other benefit to arise out of the land, and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth, but not standing timber, growing crops nor grass.

A transfer of property passes forthwith to the transferee all the interest which the transferor is then capable of passing in the property unless a different intention is expressed or implied.

According to Section 43 of the Transfer of Property Act 1882, in case a person either fraudulently or erroneously represents that he is authorized to transfer certain immovable property and does some acts to transfer such property for [[consideration]], then such a transfer will continue to operate in future. It will operate on any interest which the transferor may acquire in such property.

This will be at the option of the transferee and can be done during the time during which the contract of transfer exists. As per this rule, the rights of the bona fide transferee, who has no notice of the earlier transfer or of the option, are protected. This rule embodies a rule of [[estoppel]] i.e. a person who makes a representation cannot later on go against it.

Every person, who is [[Competence (law)|competent to contract]], is competent to transfer property, which can be transferred in whole or in part. He should be entitled to the transferable property, or authorized to dispose of transferable property which is not his own. The right may be either absolute or conditional, and the property may be movable or immovable, present or future. Such a transfer can be made orally unless a transfer in writing is specifically required under any law.

Even when a person is mentally competent, but physically unable to sign any contract, the [https://www.myadvo.in/property-law-lawyers/india/ property lawyer] hired by him, can do that with the help of a power of attorney.

According to Section 6 of the Transfer of Property Act, the property of any kind may be transferred. The person insisting non-transferability must prove the existence of some law or custom which restricts the right of transfer. Unless there is some legal restriction preventing the transfer, the owner of the property may transfer it. However, in some cases, there may be a transfer of property by an unauthorized person who subsequently acquires an interest in such property.

In case the property is transferred subject to the condition which absolutely restrains the transferee from parting with or disposing of his interest in the property, the condition is void. The only exception is in the case of a lease where the condition is for the benefit of the lessor or those claiming under him. Generally, only the person having interest in the property is authorized to transfer his interest in the property and can pass on the proper title to any other person.

The rights of the transferees will not be adversely affected, provided: they acted in good faith; the property was acquired for a consideration, and the transferees had acted without notice of the defect in the title of the transferor.

These conditions must be satisfied :

There must be a representation by the transferor that he has authority to transfer the immovable property. The representation shouldn't be either fraudulent or erroneous. The transferee must act on the representation in good faith. The transfer should be done for a consideration. The transferor should subsequently acquire some interest in the property he had agreed to transfer. The transferee may have the option to acquire the interest which the transferor subsequently acquires.

==Related legislation==

There are 18 other statutes that are primarily concerned with Property Law, or significantly matter to Property Law, as listed below:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sumeet Malik|title=Property Law Manual|publisher=Eastern Book Company|isbn=9789351451150|pages=1–968|edition=2014|language=English|type=Hard Bound}}</ref>

# Trusts Act, 1882
# Specific Relief Act, 1908
# Easements Act, 1882
# Registration Act, 1908
# Stamp Act, 1899
# U.P. Stamp Act, 2008
# Limitation Act, 1963
# General Clauses Act, 1897
# Evidence Act, 1872
# Succession Act, 1925
# Partition Act, 1893
# Presidency-Towns Insolvency Act, 1909
# Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920
# Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993
# Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest act, 2002
# Contract Act, 1872
# Sale of Goods Act, 1930
# Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
# Enemy Property Act.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dolr.nic.in/Acts&Rules%5CTransferOfPropertyAct(1882).htm Text of the Transfer of Property Act 1882]
*[https://lexsaathi.com/transfer-of-property-notes/ Transfer of Property Act, 1882: Complete Guide & Module Overview]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transfer of Property Act 1882, The}}
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Property law in India]]
[[Category:1882 in law]]
[[Category:1882 in India]]
[[Category:1882 in British law]]

Shanti Devi Paswan

2026-03-25T07:37:40Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created New Bio!

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanti Devi Paswan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|03|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = Laheriyaganj, Bihar, India
| occupation = Indian Mithila Folk Artist
| known_for = Godna style of Mithila painting
| spouse = Shivan Paswan
| mother = kaushalya Devi
| father = Ramchandra Paswan
| awards = Padma Shri
| website =
}}

'''Shanti Devi Paswan''' is an Indian artist from [[Bihar]], known for her work in the Godna style of [[Madhubani art|Mithila painting]]. She belongs to the Dusadh caste, a community traditionally associated with this region. Shanti has adapted Godna painting, which has its origins in tattooing practices, into a notable form of Mithila art.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kripa |first=Krishna |date=26 January 2024 |title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar Congratulates Padma Awardees from the State |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/padma-awards-2023-nitish-kumar-congratulates-bihar-recipients-gen-3735611.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816161957/https://www.oneindia.com/india/padma-awards-2023-nitish-kumar-congratulates-bihar-recipients-gen-3735611.html |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref> Her work has been showcased internationally, including in the United States, Japan, Denmark, Malaysia, Germany and Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title='An Artist has no Caste': Chinki Sinha in conversation with Madhubani artist Shanti Devi |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/an-artist-has-no-caste-chinki-sinha-in-conversation-with-madhubani-artistshantidevi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825183747/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/an-artist-has-no-caste-chinki-sinha-in-conversation-with-madhubani-artistshantidevi |archive-date=25 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2024, Shanti was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honor, for her contributions in Godna painting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Padma Awards 2024: These unsung heroes will receive Padma honours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-announces-padma-awards-heres-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/107153438.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214235621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-announces-padma-awards-heres-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/107153438.cms |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Shanti Devi, born in Laheriaganj in the [[Madhubani district]], started her journey in [[Madhubani art|Mithila painting]], facing challenges due to her [[Dalit|Dalit background]]. She played a role in developing the Godna style.

Together with her husband, Shivan Paswan, Shanti Devi has trained over 20,000 artists in the Godna style, contributing to the preservation of this traditional art form.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 January 2024 |title=Three Bihar artists awarded Padma Shri |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/three-bihar-artists-awarded-padma-shri-854054 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208055657/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/three-bihar-artists-awarded-padma-shri-854054 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, her paintings were featured at the [[G20]] meeting in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Shemin |date=25 January 2024 |title=105-yr-old Krishna Leela singer, India's first woman mahout among 34 'unsung & unique heroes' chosen for Padma Shri |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/105-yr-old-krishna-leela-singer-indias-first-woman-mahout-among-34-unsung-unique-heroes-chosen-for-padma-shri-2865204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816162038/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/105-yr-old-krishna-leela-singer-indias-first-woman-mahout-among-34-unsung-unique-heroes-chosen-for-padma-shri-2865204 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
In 1979–80, she received the State Award from the [[Government of Bihar]] for her contributions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smt. Shanti Devi |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202496.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917233202/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202496.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[Padma Shri]] |publisher=[[Orders, decorations, and medals of India#Padma awards|Padma Awards]]}}</ref>

In 2024, Shanti Devi received the [[Padma Shri]] from the [[Government of India]] for her contributions to the Godna style of Mithila painting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Padma awards announced; India's first female elephant mahout gets Padma Shri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/padma-awards-announced-indias-first-female-elephant-mahout-gets-padma-shri-101706198675326.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128040341/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/padma-awards-announced-indias-first-female-elephant-mahout-gets-padma-shri-101706198675326.html |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202496.pdf Shanti Devi] on Padma Awards
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Artists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Thayamma Kudumbathaar

2026-03-24T09:36:27Z

MUKESH SINGH:

{{Short description|Tamil language soap opera}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Thayamma Kudumbathaar.jpeg
| genre = Family [[Drama]]
| creator = Radaan Mediaworks
| writer = Radaan Mediaworks
| screenplay = S Kumaresan
| creative_director = Radaan Mediaworks
| director = E. Vikkiramathithan
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar]]
*[[Venu Arvind]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| producer = Radaan Mediaworks
| company = Radaan Mediaworks
| theme_music_composer = [[C. Sathya]]
| opentheme = Thayamma by Saindhavi
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| channel = [[DD Podhigai|DD Tamizh]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|01|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|03|07|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Thayamma Kudumbathaar''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil-language]] family drama serial directed by E.Vikkiramathithan and produced by Radaan Mediaworks. The show stars [[Radhika Sarathkumar]], [[Venu Arvind]] and [[Mahalakshmi]] in lead roles. It premiered on [[DD Podhigai|DD Tamizh]] TV on 19 January 2024, along with two other serials Budget Kudumbam and Shakthi IPS.<ref>{{cite web |title=New TV serial 'Thayamma' to launch soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-thayamma-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/102641748.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 August 2023 |access-date=11 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
=== Main ===
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] as Thayamma
**Preetha Suresh as Young Thayamma
* [[Venu Arvind]] as Velmurugan
**Ajay as Young Velmurugan
* Mahalashmi Shankar as Shyamala Nandan
* Arjun as Ram
* Praharshitha as Gowri
* Vittal as Bharath

=== Recurring ===
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Sattanathan (Antagonist)
* [[Senthilnathan]] as Ezhumalai
* Rani as Prabhavathy Elangovanan (Main Antagonist)
** VJ Keerthi as Young Prabhavathy Elangovanan
* Vinoth Kumar as Saravanan
* Rekha Angelina as Baakiyam (Antagonist)
** Dhanalakshmi Shiva as Young Baakiyam
* Harshini as Sandhiya
* Malar
* Dhachayani
* Bhargavi
* Manas Chavali as Elangovanan (Died in serial)
* VJ Lavanya as Keerthi
* Sudharsanam / Arun Kumar Rajan as Nandan
* Meenakshi Muruha as Sundariammal

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Originally produced and under the working title ''Thayamma'', ''Thayamma Kudumbathaar'' was produced by actress [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika Sarathkumar's]] Radhika Mediaworks and directed by Vikram Adhityan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thayamma - new serial soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-thayamma-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/104814085.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New TV serial 'Thayamma' to launch soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tamil-tv-serial-thayamma-launching-soon-exciting-details-inside/articleshow/106922145.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 August 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=கிடப்பில் இருந்த ராதிகாவின் தொடரின் உரிமத்தை கைப்பற்றிய பொதிகை தொலைக்காட்சி.|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/oct/30/tamil-serial-news-actress-radhika-new-serial-thaayamma-4097873.html|website=www.dinamani.com|date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ராதிகாவின் 'தாயம்மா' தொடர் ஒளிபரப்புக்கு தயாராகிறது...|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=117350|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118194644/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=117350|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2024|website=www.dinamani.com|access-date=3 November 2023|language=ta}}</ref>

===Casting===
Production began with the casting of Radhika Sarathkumar and [[Venu Arvind]]. Arvind's previous role has been in 2018-2019 serial ''[[Chandrakumari]]'', and Sarathkumar had been on hiatus for eighteen years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Veteran actress Raadhika Sarathkumar to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Thaayamma'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/veteran-actress-raadhika-sarathkumar-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-thaayamma/articleshow/99396491.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=18 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பின் சீரியலில் என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் பிரகர்ஷிதா : இவரை ஞாபகம் இருக்கா?...|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=115349|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814172844/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=115349|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2023|website=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=8 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Podhigai TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Radaan Mediaworks]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Araṇya-Kāṇḍa

2026-03-22T12:45:48Z

MUKESH SINGH: started stub.

{{short description|Third book of the Ramayana}}
{{redirect|Aranyakanda|the 1986 film|Aranyakanda (film)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{All plot|date=September 2021}}
{{Fiction|date=September 2021}}
{{Tone|date=September 2021}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2021}}
}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox religious text|image=Ravi Varma-Ravana Sita Jathayu.jpg|caption=[[Ravana]] fights [[Jatayu]] as he carries off the kidnapped Sita, Painting by Raja Ravi Varma.|author=[[Valmiki]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=[[Sanskrit]]|verses=}}

'''''Araṇya-Kāṇḍa''''', or ''The Forest Episode,'' is the third book of the [[epic poem]] of [[Ramayana]]. It is also found in the [[Ramcharitmanas|Rāmcharitmānas]]. It follows the legend of [[Rama]] through his [[Exile of Lord Rama|fourteen-year exile in the forest]], joined by his wife and his brother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-02 |title=3.3: The Ramayana |url=https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Literature_and_Literacy/Book%3A_World_Literature_I_-_Beginnings_to_1650_(Getty_and_Kwon)/03%3A_India/3.03%3A_The_Ramayana |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Humanities LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref> Rama overcomes challenges and demons by upholding standards of behavior.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinduism - The Ramayana {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/The-Ramayana |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Nearing the end of his exile, Rama's wife [[Sita]] is kidnapped by the king [[Ravana]], and Rama learns what happened. The story continues in the next book, ''[[Kishkindha Kanda|Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍa]]''.

==Background==
[[File:Admonishing of Laxman.jpg|thumb|left|Admonishing of Lakshmana]]
''Rāmcaritmānas'' (an [[epic poem]]) was written by [[Tulsidas]] in 1574. In verse 1.33.2 of Bālkānd, the first chapter of Rāmcaritmānas, [[Tulsidas]] mentions 1631 as the date according to [[Vikram Samvat|Vikram Samvat's]] calendar, which is 1574 in the [[Gregorian calendar]] or [[Common Era]](CE). A composition of [[Avadhi]] dialect, the Rāmcaritmānas belonged to the [[saguna brahman|saguna]] form of the [[Bhakti movement]](also called [[Bhakti]] kāl or devotional period). [[Tulsidas]], [[Kabir]], [[Mirabai]] and [[Surdas]] are the greatest devotional poets of [[Bhakti]] kāl in [[Hindi literature]].

Inspired by the [[Valmiki]] [[Rāmāyana]], the Rāmcaritmānas of [[Tulsidas]] is a poem in [[vernacular]] Avadhi language, spoken throughout large parts of [[North India]]. The masterpiece of [[vernacular]] [[renaissance]] challenged the dominance of high-class [[Brahmanical]] [[Sanskrit]], echoing the revolt of [[Buddha]] against Brahmanical [[elitism]].

==The Ninefold Devotion==

[[Rama]] tells [[Shabari]] the Ninefold devotion, which he asks her to listen with caution and keep in mind. The first devotion is the company of righteous. The second is love for my legends. Serving [[Guru]]'s lotus feet without ego is the third devotion. The fourth devotion is guileless singing of my qualities. Recitation of [[mantras]] and firm faith in me is the fifth devotion that is enlightened by the [[Vedas]]. The sixth devotion is being well-mannered, detachment from various [[Karma]] and conscientious persistence in goodness. The seventh devotion is seeing me pervading the whole world without prejudice and regarding righteous even above Me. The eighth devotion is contentment in what one gets and even in dreams not to see fault in others. The ninth devotion is simplicity, guileless behaviour towards all and trust in me without joy or sorrow in heart. Out of nine even one who has that woman or man is extremely dear to me.

[[Rama]] tells [[Shabari]] that all types of devotion are firm in you. Rare even to groups of [[Yogis]] that state today is available to you. The fruits of my visit are transcendental, a creature attains its natural state. Sita's whereabouts, O dear! If you know, say to me, O beautiful! Go to river [[Pamba River|Pampa]], [[Rama]], there will happen Sugriva's friendship. He will say everything. [[Rama]], you know but still ask, O omniscient! Again and Again she bowed before [[Rama]]. With love she narrated the entire story. After telling the entire story, seeing [[Rama]]’s face, she kept the lotus feet of [[Rama]] in her heart. Burning her body by the fire of [[Yoga]], she became rapt in [[Rama]]'s feet, a place of no return. O human! Various [[Karma]], misdeeds and beliefs, are sorrowful, reject all. Having faith, says [[Tulsidas]], adore [[Rama]]'s feet. Belonging to lower [[caste]], a birthplace of sins, [[Rama]] gave [[Moksha]] to even such woman. O stupid mind! You want happiness after leaving such lord?

==Journey to Pampa River==

[[File:GBHfish5.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Herons]] are likened to camels of the [[Cupid]]'s army.|alt=A Great Blue Heron with tall legs immersed partially in the water, standing with its prey in beak.]]

Leaving even that forest, proceeded [[Rama]]. Incomparable in strength, both are lions in human form. Like a lover parted from his love, [[Rama]] regret, relating tales and many anecdotes. O [[Laxmana]]! Behold the beauty of the forest. After seeing whose mind will not be charmed? With their females are all birds and animals. As if to taunt me. Seeing us all-male deers fly. Female deers say you have nothing to fear. Being common you be glad. In search of golden deers, they have come. Male [[elephants]] bring females closer to them. As if to advice. Scripture, though well-studied, should be reviewed again and again. King, though well-served, should not be considered under control. You may have a woman in your heart. But young lady, scripture, and king are under no control. See brother, the charming spring season. Without beloved, it breeds fear in me. Knowing me in love agony, powerless, and all alone, as if, the Cupid attacked with forest, honey bees, and birds. When his agent saw that I am with my brother, he then camped with his army.

[[File:alauda arvensis 2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Skylarks]] are various bands singing praises.|alt=A Skylark sitting on a branch with a speck of grass in its beak.]]

Tall trees are tangled with creepers. Like various types of tents are tied. Banana and [[Palm (plant)|palm]] trees are like beautiful flags and banners. The sight doesn't enchant only a calm mind. In various ways are trees in blossom. Like archers are dressed in various uniforms. A lot of beautiful trees are spread. Like soldiers are spread apart. Calling [[cuckoos]] are like crying elephants. [[Herons]] and [[rook (bird)|rook]]s are [[camels]] and [[mule]]s. [[Peacock]]s, [[Chakora (mythology)|Chakora]]s and [[parrots]] are fine horses. [[Pigeons]] and [[swan]]s are all [[Arabian horse]]s. [[Partridges]] and [[quails]] are infantry. Beyond words is Cupid's army. Hills are chariots. [[Chariots]] are hills and drums are falls. [[Skylarks]] are various bands singing praises. Hum of honeybees is [[trumpet]] and [[shehnai]]. Cool, the faint and fragrant breeze is an agent. Leading his mighty army, the Cupid wanders challenging all. [[Laxmana]] seeing this Cupid's army who remain calm them the world honors. He has one greatest force – woman. Who recovers from that warrior is greatest.

O, Brother! Three are the most powerful devils – lust, anger, and greed. They instantly delude the minds of even sages who are the seats of wisdom. Greed has the weapon of desire and arrogance. Lust has only woman. Anger has the weapon of harsh statements. Such is the opinion of great sages. Beyond nature, the lord of all, [[Rama]], O [[Parvati|Uma]], is omniscient. To the lustful, he showed humiliation. To the minds of the calm he made firm

==Notes & References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|group=n}}

'''References'''
{{reflist|20em}}

'''Online Sources'''
*{{cite web|last=Tulsidas|author-link=Tulsidas|first=Goswami|title=Aranyakand|url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/religion/religion/hindu/ramcharitmanas/AranyaKand/index.htm|publisher=Webdunia.com|access-date=9 October 2013|location=Indore, India|language=awa, hi}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|colwidth=40em}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Ascher
|first1=William
|last2=Heffron
|first2=John M.
|title=Cultural Change and Persistence: New Perspectives on Development
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ianIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27
|date=15 November 2010
|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan
|isbn=978-0-230-11733-4}}
*{{cite book
|last=Agarwal
|first=Mirgandra
|title=Philosophy of Inspiration
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KL3Kl-E_PH8C&pg=PA114
|date=1 January 2005
|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
|isbn=978-1-84557-280-8}}
*{{cite book
|last=Bakker
|first=Freek L.
|title=The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA122
|year=2009
|publisher=BRILL
|isbn=978-90-04-16861-9}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Bulcke
|first1=Camille
|last2=Prasāda
|first2=Dineśvara
|title=Rāmakathā and Other Essays
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvE4wF-cfX0C&pg=PR11
|year=2010
|publisher=Vani Prakashan
|isbn=978-93-5000-107-3}}
*{{cite book
|last=Callewaert
|first=Winand M.
|title=Banaras: Vision of a Living Ancient Tradition
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyTeRVRLiOYC&pg=PA58
|date=1 January 2000
|publisher=Hemkunt Press
|isbn=978-81-7010-302-8}}
*{{cite book
|last=Coogan
|first=Michael D.
|title=The Illustrated Guide to World Religions
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BshpqnbLOvQC&pg=PA141
|year=2003
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-521997-5}}
*{{cite book
|last=Duiker
|first=William J.
|title=Cengage Advantage Books: World History, Complete
|edition=7th
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbYJAAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT518
|publisher=Cengage Learning
|isbn=978-1-133-71009-7|date=2012-03-02
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Ghosh
|first=Amitav
|title=The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC&pg=PA104
|year=2002
|publisher=Orient Blackswan
|isbn=978-81-7530-047-7}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Gupta
|first1=Kulwant Rai
|last2=Gupta
|first2=Amita
|title=Concise Encyclopaedia Of India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o84vxeFIeYUC&pg=PA280
|date=1 January 2006
|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist
|isbn=978-81-269-0637-6}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Jones
|first1=Constance
|last2=Ryan
|first2=James D.
|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA456
|year=2006
|publisher=Infobase Publishing
|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5}}
*{{cite book
|last=Kumar
|first=A.
|title=Social Transformation In Modern India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pNL9naOuFAC&pg=PA161
|date=1 January 2001
|publisher=Sarup & Sons
|isbn=978-81-7625-227-0}}
*{{cite book
|last=Lamb
|first=Ramdas
|title=Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STw9LQtx89oC&pg=PA29
|date=29 August 2002
|publisher=SUNY Press
|isbn=978-0-7914-5385-8}}
*{{cite book
|last=Lele
|first=Jayant
|title=Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLs3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA75
|year=1981
|publisher=Brill Archive
|isbn=978-90-04-06370-9}}
*{{cite book
|last=Lochtefeld
|first=James G.
|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z
|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch
|url-access=registration
|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n426 713]
|year=2002
|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group
|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4}}
*{{cite book
|last=Lorenzen
|first=David N.
|title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC&pg=PA160
|year=1995
|publisher=SUNY Press
|isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6}}
*{{cite book
|last=Lutgendorf
|first=Philip
|title=Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdtnCZsVZbEC&pg=PA261
|date=13 December 2006
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-988582-4}}
*{{cite book
|last=MacFie
|first=J. M.
|title=The Ramayan Of Tulsidas Or The Bible Of Northern India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbG4yfdE1b4C&pg=PA115
|date=1 May 2004
|publisher=Kessinger Publishing
|isbn=978-1-4179-1498-2}}
*{{cite book
|last=Mathew
|first=Kirpal Singh, Annie
|title=Frank Middle School Social Sciences Class VII
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KxN-L2PtccC&pg=SL8-PA39
|publisher=Frank Brothers
|isbn=978-81-8409-102-1}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Mathur
|first1=Suresh Narain
|last2=Chaturvedi
|first2=B. K.
|title=The Diamond Book of Hindu Gods and Goddesses
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVZm8AFXqD0C&pg=PA67
|year=2005
|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.
|isbn=978-81-288-0802-9}}
*{{cite book
|last=McLean
|first=Malcolm
|title=Devoted to the Goddess: The Life and Work of Ramprasad
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXY4uQ9TwI8C&pg=PA121
|year=1998
|publisher=SUNY Press
|isbn=978-0-7914-3689-9}}
*{{cite book
|last=Mehta
|first=Jarava Lal
|title=J.L. Mehta on Heidegger, Hermeneutics, and Indian Tradition
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=967eWDvaKRIC&pg=PA243
|date=January 1992
|publisher=BRILL
|isbn=978-90-04-09488-8}}
*{{cite book
|last=Melton
|first=J. Gordon
|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA875
|date=13 September 2011
|publisher=ABC-CLIO
|isbn=978-1-59884-205-0}}
*{{cite book
|last=Miller
|first=Kevin Christopher
|title=A Community of Sentiment: Indo-Fijian Music and Identity Discourse in Fiji and Its Diaspora
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWlqK0ZGPJYC&pg=PA161
|year=2008
|isbn=978-0-549-72404-9}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Pillai
|first1=Poornima
|last2=Bharti
|first2=Jyotsna
|title=Gateway to Indian Classical Literature
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Myv3mbHNVGoC&pg=PA120
|year=2005
|publisher=Asiapac Books Pte Ltd.
|isbn=978-981-229-427-2}}
*{{cite book
|last=Pinch
|first=William R.
|title=Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrkEGOOxvecC&pg=PA217
|date=17 March 2006
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-85168-8}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Puri
|first1=B.N.
|last2=Das
|first2=M.N.
|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC&pg=PA230
|date=1 December 2003
|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
|isbn=978-81-207-2508-9}}
*{{cite book
|last=Quinn
|first=Edward
|title=Critical Companion to George Orwell
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC&pg=PA456
|date=1 January 2009
|publisher=Infobase Publishing
|isbn=978-1-4381-0873-5}}
*{{cite book
|last=Rajagopal
|first=Arvind
|title=Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbgW2jTESKEC&pg=PA99
|date=25 January 2001
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-64839-4}}
*{{cite book
|last=Richman
|first=Paula
|title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&pg=PA9
|date=1 January 2001
|publisher=University of California Press
|isbn=978-0-520-22074-4}}
*{{cite book
|last=Sadarangani
|first=Neeti M.
|title=Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVQrKJbJ2JIC&pg=PA78
|year=2004
|publisher=Sarup & Sons
|isbn=978-81-7625-436-6}}
*{{cite book
|last=Saraswati
|first=Prakashanand
|title=The True History and the Religion of India: A Concise Encyclopedia of Authentic Hinduism
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhLN2I9yTTkC&pg=PA485
|date=1 January 2001
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass
|isbn=978-81-208-1789-0}}
*{{cite book
|last=Singh
|first=Khushwant
|title=India An Introduction
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Higri2830C&pg=PT74
|date=1 January 1990
|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers
|isbn=978-93-5029-243-3}}
*{{cite book
|author1=Tulasīdāsa
|last2=Subramanian
|first2=V. K.
|title=Hymns of Tulsidas
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOD5JQbXEYoC&pg=PA19
|year=2008
|publisher=Abhinav Publications
|isbn=978-81-7017-496-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Tulsidas|author-link=Tulsidas|first=Goswami|title=Shri [[Ramcharitmanas]]|orig-year=1574|year=2001|publisher=[[Gita Press]]|location=Gorakhpur, India|isbn=81-293-0123-7|pages=619–679|chapter-url=https://www.google.co.in/search?client=opera&channel=suggest&biw=1063&bih=378&noj=1&sclient=psy-ab&q=%22Code+%3A+81%22+%2B+%22Book+Name+%3A+Shri+Ramacharitamanasa%22+site%3Awww.gitapress.org&btnG=Submit|edition=H.Poddar|series=81|language=awa, hi|chapter=Aranyakand}}
*{{cite book|last=Tulsidas|author-link=Tulsidas|first=Goswami|title=Shri [[Ramcharitmanas]]|year=2008|orig-year=1574|chapter-url=http://www.gitapress.org/Download_Eng_pdf.htm|publisher=Gita Press|location=Gorakhpur, India|pages=647–710|language=awa, en|chapter-format=pdf|chapter=Aranyakand|series=1318|access-date=2013-10-09|archive-date=2010-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220005315/http://www.gitapress.org/Download_Eng_pdf.htm|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

{{Ramayana}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aranya-Kanda (The forest episode)}}
[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Epic poems]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Works based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:16th-century poems]]

Dogri language

2026-03-10T09:30:54Z

MUKESH SINGH: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in Jammu}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Dogrib language]] of Canada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Dogri
| nativename = {{langx|dgo|डोगरी|label=none}}{{·}}{{langx|dgo|{{Script|Dogr|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮}}|label=none}}{{·}}{{langx|dgo|{{nq|ڈوگری}}|label=none}}
| pronunciation = [ɖoːɡ.ɾiː]
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo2a = Shukla Dogri-D.svg
| photo1a = Shukla Dogri-HI.svg
| photo2b = DogriArabicScript.svg
| spacing = 2
| color = 0
| border = 0
| foot_montage = }}
| imagecaption = The word Dogri in the Devanagari, Dogra, and Nastaʿlīq scripts.
| states = {{flatlist|
*[[Languages of India|India]]
*[[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]]}}
| region = {{flatlist|
*[[Duggar (Region)]] of [[Jammu division]]
*Western [[Himachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/doi |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Punjab]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/doi |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref>
}}
| speakers = {{sigfig|2.597|2}} million in India
| date = 2011
| ref = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title = C-16: Population by mother tongue, India – 2011| author = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191| access-date = 16 November 2022}}</ref>
| speakers2 =
| ethnicity = [[Dogras]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]
| nation = [[India]]
*[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{cite web | title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=prsindia | date=23 September 2020 | url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| script = {{flatlist|
*[[Dogra script]]
*[[Devanagari]]
*[[Nastaliq]]
*[[Mahajani]] (historically)}}
| iso2 = doi
| iso3 = doi
| lc1 = dgo
| ld1 = Dogri proper
| lc2 = xnr
| ld2 = [[Kangri language|Kangri]]
| glotto = indo1311
| glottorefname =
| map = Indo-Aryan languages grouped.png
| mapcaption = Major '''Indo-Aryan languages''' (The Dogra language in the northern of punjabi - marked in purple-blue area)
| notice = Indic
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Dogri''' ({{langx|dgo|डोगरी|label=none}}, {{langx|dgo|{{Script|Dogr|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮}}|label=none}}, {{langx|dgo|{{nq|ڈوگری}}|label=none}}, ''Ḍōgrī'', {{IPA|doi|ɖoːɡ.ɾiː|}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Western Pahari]] group,<ref name="book004">{{cite book
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|first=Colin P.
|last=Masica
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|year=1993
|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2
|pages=427
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC
}}</ref> primarily spoken by the [[Dogra people]] native to the [[Duggar Region]] of [[Jammu Division]] of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]; with smaller groups of speakers in the adjoining regions of the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/doi |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> as well as Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] and the Pakistani province of [[Pakistan Punjab|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjaTSuLMKx8C&q=Shakargarh |title=Cultural Forum |date=1970 |publisher=India (Republic) Ministry of Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs. |page=24}}</ref>

It is currently spoken in the districts of [[Kathua district|Kathua]], [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Samba district|Samba]], [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]] and parts of [[Reasi District]] (mostly in Reasi, Katra and Pouni Tehsil) of [[Jammu division]].<ref name="census2011" /> Unusually for an [[Indo-European language]], Dogri is [[tonal language|tonal]],<ref name="book005">
{{cite book
|title=Studies in Phonetics and Phonology: With Special Reference to Dogri
|first=Ved Kumari
|last=Ghai
|publisher=Ariana Publishing House
|year=1991
|isbn=978-81-85347-20-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAMiAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref> a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. It has several varieties, all with greater than 80% lexical similarity.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brightbill|first1=Jeremy D.|last2=Turner|first2=Scott B.|title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogri Language, Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/27/43/132743635529526156448342546486105211675/silesr2007_017.pdf|publisher=SIL International|access-date=11 March 2016|date=2007}}</ref>

Dogri is spoken by 2.6 million people in India (as of the 2011 census).<ref name="census2011"/> It has been among the country's 22 [[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages]] since 2003. It is also one of the five official languages of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.{{wiktionary category 2|Dogri language}}

==Script==
[[File:Dogra.png|thumb|Dogra Script Specimen|alt=]]
Dogri was originally written in the old Dogra Akkhar script – a modified version of [[Takri script|Takri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf |title=L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script in Unicode |first1=Anshuman |last1=Pandey |date=2015-11-04}}</ref> A modified version of this script was created by the order of [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Ranbir Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir, which was then called [[Name Dogra Akkhar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NammeDograAkkhar|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09111-takri.pdf}}</ref> Official documents were written in this new script; however it never caught on among the general Dogri-speaking populace. Currently, [[Devanagari]] is the officially recognised script for Dogri in India and virtually all Dogri literature is published in it.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɳ}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|({{IPA link|f}})
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|({{IPA link|x}})
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|({{IPA link|z}})
|
|
|({{IPA link|ɣ}})
|{{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|ʋ}}
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

* Gemination occurs in all consonants except the consonants /{{IPA|ɾ ɳ ɽ ʃ}}/.
*Retroflex consonants /{{IPA|ɽ ɳ}}/ rarely occur in word initial position.
*/{{IPA|f z x ɣ}}/ only occur from Perso-Arabic loan words. /{{IPA|f}}/ is also heard as an allophone of /{{IPA|pʰ}}/.
*/{{IPA|ɾ}}/ can also marginally be heard as trilled [{{IPA|r}}] in some speech.
* In some words, /{{IPA|s}}/ can become more weakly pronounced, or even eliminated and replaced by a glottal fricative sound [{{IPA|h}}].
*A palatal nasal sound [{{IPA|ɲ}}] typically occurs when a dental nasal precedes a post-alveolar affricate consonant, rarely occurring in words word-initially or medially.
* A velar nasal sound [{{IPA|ŋ}}] typically occurs when a dental nasal precedes a velar plosive consonant, and rarely occurs word-initially or medially.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bahri|first=Ujjal Singh|title=Dogri: Phonology and Grammatical Sketch|publisher=New Delhi: Bahri Publications|year=2001|location=Series in Indian Languages and Linguistics, 24}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|[[Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
|
|[[Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|[[Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]
|
|[[Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]]
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mid central vowel|ə]]
|[[Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]
|[[Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| colspan="2" |[[Open central unrounded vowel|aː]]
|}

* There are nasalized variations of the following vowels /{{IPA|ã ĩ ũ ẽ ɛ̃ õ ɔ̃}}/.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dogri|url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Dogri/Dogri.html|access-date=2021-12-09|website=lisindia.ciil.org}}</ref>
*Vowel sounds are often nasalized when occurring before a word-medial or word-final /{{IPA|n}}/, except when /{{IPA|n}}/ occurs before a word-final vowel.
*/{{IPA|ʊ}}/ can have a marginal upgliding allophone [{{IPA|ʊᵛ}}] when occurring before a /a/ vowel sound.
*A word-final /{{IPA|aː}}/ is realized as a back sound [{{IPA|ɑː}}] and may also drift toward a centralized [{{IPA|äː}}] sound.<ref name=":0" />

== Some common words ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Name Dogra Akkhar]]
! [[Devanagari]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! English translation
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠪𑠬𑠷}}
| हां

|{{nastaliq|ہاں}}
|[ã̀ː]
|Yes
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠝𑠳𑠃𑠷}}
| नेईं
|{{nastaliq|نیئِیں}}
|[neː.ĩː]
|No
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠪𑠭𑠤𑠋}}
| हिरख
|{{nastaliq|ہِرکھ}}
|[ɪ̀ɾkʰ]
|Love
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠴}}
| कन्नै
|{{nastaliq|کنَّے}}
|[kən.nɛː]
|With
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠊𑠳𑠪𑠹 }}
| केह्
|{{nastaliq|کیہ}}
|[kéː]
|What
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠊𑠮}}
| की
|{{nastaliq|کی}}
|[kiː]
|Why
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠌𑠬𑠩}}
| गास
|{{nastaliq|گاس}}
|[gaːs]
|Sky
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠠'𑠤𑠬}}
|ब'रा
|{{nastaliq|ب'را}}
|[bə́.ɾaː]
|Year
|}

== Tone rules ==
These are rules of writing tones in Dogri using [[Devanagari|Devanagari Script]]. They are as follows:-

* Just like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Dogri also uses the letters घ (gʱə), झ (d͡ʒʱə), ढ (ɖʱə), ध (d̪ʱə), भ (bʱə) and ढ़ (ɽʱə) for tonal uses. When at the beginning of the word, it has a high-falling tone; i.e.:- घ (kə̂), झ (t͡ʃə̂), ढ (ʈə̂), ध (t̪ə̂), भ (pə̂) and ढ़ (ɽə̂). When in the middle and final position of the word, the preceding vowel has a low-rising tone; i.e.:- अघ (ə̌ɡ), अझ (ə̌d͡ʒ), अढ (ə̌ɖ), अध (ə̌d̪), अभ (ə̌b) and अढ़ (ə̌ɽ). Examples:- घड़ी (kə̂ɽiː)- clock, and बध (bə̌d̪).
* Unlike [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], there is no ह (ɦə) sound and it has a high-falling tone in all positions; i.e.:- हत्थ (ə̂t̪ːʰə)- hand.
* To indicate a low-rising tone in the middle of words, Dogri uses ह् (ह with a [[Virama|halant]]) to indicate it when the preceding vowel is long; i.e.:- आ (aː), ई (iː), ऊ (uː), ए (eː), ऐ (ɛː), ओ (oː) and औ (ɔː). Example:- साह्ब (sǎːb)- [[Sahib|sahab]]. When the preceding vowel is short, i.e., - अ (ə), इ (ɪ) and उ (ʊ); a [[modifier letter apostrophe|combining apostrophe]] ({{hamza}}) is used. Example:- ल{{hamza}}त्त (lə̌tː)- leg.
*The characters mentioned in the first point can also be used to indicate high-falling tone in the middle of the words when between a short vowel and a long vowel.

Some examples are shown below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Name Dogra Akkhar]]
! [[Devanagari]]
![[Urdu alphabet|Perso-Arabic]]
!IPA
! Tone
! English translation
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠌𑠥𑠹𑠥}}
|गल्ल
|{{nastaliq|گلّ}}
|[gəl.lə]
|Equal
|Thing
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠌{{hamza}}𑠥𑠹𑠥}}
|ग{{hamza}}ल्ल
|{{nastaliq|گ{{hamza}}لّ}}
|[gə́l.lə]
|Rising
|Cheek
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠊𑠤}}
|कर
|{{nastaliq|کر}}
|[kəɾ]
|Equal
|Do
|-
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠍𑠤}}
|घर
|{{nastaliq|گھر}}
|[kə̀ɾ]
|Falling
|Home
|}

==Historical references==
In the year 1317, [[Amir Khusro]], the famous [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] poet, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: ''"Sindhi-o-Lahori-o-Kashmiri-o-Duger."''<ref name="book0a2">{{cite book |title=Dogri Prose Writing before Independence (Translated) |first=Ram Nath |last=Shastri |publisher=Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University |year=1981}}</ref><ref name="book0a3">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |first=Amaresh |last=Datta |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9780836422832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R89jAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

== Official status ==
Dogri is one of the 22 [[Scheduled languages of India]], officially recognized in December 2003 through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment, which added it to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. In September 2020, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, declaring Dogri as one of the five official languages of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, along with Hindi, Urdu, English, and Kashmiri.<ref>{{Citation |title=Languages with legal status in India |date=2025-03-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_legal_status_in_India |access-date=2025-04-08 |language=en}}</ref>

==Theories on name origin==
Intellectuals in the court of Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] described ''[[Duggar (region)|Duggar]]'' as a distorted form of the word ''Dwigarta'', which means 'two troughs', a possible reference to the [[Mansar Lake|Mansar]] and [[Surinsar Lake|Surinsar]] lakes.<ref name="book0b1">
{{cite book
|title=Cultural Heritage of the Dogras
|first=Jyoteeshwar
|last=Pathik
|publisher=Light & Life Publishers
|year=1980
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_-1AAAAIAAJ
}}</ref>

The linguist [[George Abraham Grierson|George Grierson]] connected the term ''Duggar'' with the [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] word ''Doonger'' which means 'hill', and ''Dogra'' with ''Donger''.<ref name="book0b1" /> This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how ''Doonger'' became ''Duggar'' while ''Donger'' became ''Dogra''), and has been contradicted by some scholars.<ref name="book0b2">
{{cite book
|title=Dogri: Phonology and Grammatical Sketch
|first=Ujjal Singh
|last=Bahri
|publisher=Bahri Publications
|year=2001
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sljAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref>

Yet another proposal stems from the word ''Durgara'', the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in the Bhuri Singh Museum in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} The word ''Durgara'' means 'invincible' in several Northern Indo-Aryan languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the terrain of Duggar and the historically militarised and autonomous Dogra societies.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the All India Oriental Conference held in Dharwad, [[Karnataka]], could not reach consensus on the ''Dwigarta'' and ''Durgara'' hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a ''Doonger''-''Duggar'' connection. In a subsequent All India Oriental Conference held at [[Jaipur]] in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of [[Rajasthan]] and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words ''Duggar'' and ''Dogra'' are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with many forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has many forts, which may support the above opinion.

An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine ''Shiraza Dogri'' suggested that "the opinion that the word ''Duggar'' is a form of the word ''Duggarh'' sounds appropriate."<ref name="book0b3">
{{Cite journal
| last = Prashant
| first = Dharam Chand
| title = Duggar Shabad di Vayakha
| journal = Shiraza Dogri
| date = April–May 1991
}}</ref>

==Recent history==
[[File:Interview_of_Neelam_Khania_Dhramshala_citizen.webm|thumb|Dogri folk song sung during the interview of a Dhramshala citizen]]
In modern times, a notable Dogri translation (in the New Dogra script) of the [[Sanskrit]] classic mathematical opus ''[[Lilavati]]'', by the noted mathematician [[Bhaskara II|Bhaskaracharya]] (b. 1114 AD), was published by the Vidya Vilas Press, Jammu in 1873.<ref name="book0c0">
{{cite book
|title=Līlāvatī (Dogri translation)
|author=Bhāskarācārya
|publisher=Vidya Vilas
|location=Jammu
|year=1873
|url=http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/ow/53106996
}}</ref> As Sanskrit literacy remained confined to a few, the late Maharaja Ranbir Singh had the ''Lilavati'' translated into Dogri by Jyotshi Bisheshwar, then principal of Jammu Pathshala.<ref name="book0c01">
{{cite book
|title=Century-Old Printed Dogri Literature
|first=B. P
|last=Sharma
|publisher=Jammu & Kashmir State Research Biannual
}}</ref>

Dogri has an established tradition of poetry, fiction and dramatic works. Recent poets range from the 18th-century Dogri poet Kavi Dattu (1725–1780) in Raja Ranjit Dev's court to Professor [[Ram Nath Shastri]] and Mrs. [[Padma Sachdev]]. Kavi Dattu is highly regarded for his ''Barah Massa'' (Twelve Months), ''Kamal Netra'' (Lotus Eyes), ''Bhup Bijog'' and ''Bir Bilas''.<ref name="book0c02">
{{cite book
|title=Dogra Legends of Art & Culture
|first=Ashok
|last=Jerath
|publisher=Indus Publishing
|year=1988
|isbn=978-81-7387-082-8
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C
|page=236
}}</ref> ''[[Shiraza Dogri]]'' is a Dogri literary periodical issued by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, which is a notable publisher of modern Dogri literary work, another being the Dogri Sanstha. Popular recent songs include ''Pala Shapaiya Dogariya'', ''Manne di Mauj'' and ''Shhori Deya''. The noted Pakistani singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] had roots in Duggar,<ref name="book0c03">
{{Cite book
|title=Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures
|first1=Suad
|last1=Joseph
|first2=Afsaneh
|last2=Najmabadi
|publisher=Brill
|location= Leiden
|year=2003
|isbn=978-90-04-12821-7
|pages=75
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VluzAAAAIAAJ
}}</ref> and her renditions of several Dogri songs continue to be popular in the region. Some devotional songs ([[bhajan]]s) composed by [[Karan Singh]] have gained increasing popularity over time, including ''Kaun Kareyaan Teri Aarti''.

Dogri programming features regularly on [[Radio Kashmir]] (a division of [[All India Radio]]), and [[Doordarshan]] (Indian state television) broadcasts in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. However, Dogri does not have a dedicated state television channel yet, unlike Kashmiri (which has the Doordarshan Koshur channel, available on cable and satellite television throughout India).{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Official recognition of the language has been gradual, but progressive. On 2 August 1969, the General Council of the [[Sahitya Academy]], Delhi recognized Dogri as an "independent modern literary language" of India, based on the unanimous recommendation of a panel of linguists.<ref name="book0c1">
{{cite book
|title=Five Decades; the National Academy of Letters, India: a Short History of Sahitya Akademi
|first=S.
|last=Rao
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi
|year=2004
|isbn=9788126020607
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12pjAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref> Dogri is one of the official languages of the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. On 22 December 2003, in a major milestone for the official status of the language, Dogri was recognized as a national language of India in the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]].<ref name="book0c20">
{{Cite news
|title=Lok Sabha passes bill recognising Dogri, 3 other languages
|newspaper=Daily Excelsior
|location=Jammu and Kashmir
|date=2003-12-23
|access-date=2008-10-31
|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm
|quote=Dogri among other three languages has been included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution when Lok Sabha unanimously approved an amendment in the Constitution
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202165131/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm
|archive-date=2008-12-02
}}</ref><ref name="book0c2">
{{cite book
|title=Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts
|first=Amy
|last=Tsui
|publisher=Routledge
|year=2007
|isbn=978-0-8058-5694-1
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuci1lT08fsC
}}</ref>

In 2005, a collection of over 100 works of prose and poetry in Dogri published over the last 50 years was made accessible online at the [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] (CIIL), Mysore. This included works of eminent writer Dhinu Bhai Panth, Professor Madan Mohan Sharma, B.P. Sathai and Ram Nath Shastri.<ref>{{cite news |title=Finally, a boost: Dogri literature now a click away|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=47004 |publisher= Indian Express|date=19 May 2005 |access-date=26 Feb 2013}}</ref>

== Sample text ==
The following text is from Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].
{| class="wikitable"
!Dogri ([[Name Dogra Akkhar]] script)
|{{Script|Dogr|𑠩𑠬𑠤𑠳 𑠢𑠝𑠯𑠊𑠹𑠋 𑠢𑠴𑠪𑠹𑠢𑠬 𑠙𑠳 𑠀𑠜𑠭𑠊𑠬𑠤𑠳𑠷 𑠛𑠳 𑠠𑠭𑠧𑠳 𑠏 𑠑𑠝𑠢𑠴 𑠚𑠢𑠬𑠷 𑠩𑠯𑠙𑠴𑠷𑠙𑠤 𑠙𑠳 𑠠𑠤𑠵𑠠𑠤 𑠝। 𑠄'𑠝𑠳𑠷𑠌𑠮 𑠠𑠯𑠛𑠹𑠜𑠮 𑠙𑠳 𑠑𑠢𑠮𑠤𑠴 𑠛𑠮 𑠛𑠳𑠝 𑠚𑠹𑠪𑠵𑠃 𑠇 𑠙𑠳 𑠄'𑠝𑠳𑠷𑠌𑠮 𑠁𑠞𑠰𑠷-𑠠𑠭𑠏𑠹𑠏𑠳𑠷 𑠡𑠬𑠃𑠏𑠬𑠤𑠳 𑠛𑠳 𑠡𑠬𑠦𑠴 𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠴 𑠠𑠹𑠣𑠪𑠬𑠤 𑠊𑠤𑠝𑠬 𑠥𑠵𑠫𑠛𑠬 𑠇।}}
|-
!Dogri (Devanagari script)
|सारे मनुक्ख मैह्मा ते अधिकारें दे बिशे च जनमै थमां सुतैंतर ते बरोबर न। उ'नेंगी बुद्धी ते जमीरै दी देन थ्होई ऐ ते उ'नेंगी आपूं-बिच्चें भाईचारे दे भावै कन्नै ब्यहार करना लोड़दा ऐ।
|-
!Dogri (Perso-Arabic script)
|{{nastaliq|سارے منکّھ میہما تے ادھکاریں دے بشے چ جنمے تھماں ستیںتر تے بروبر ن۔ ا'نیںگی بُدھِّی تے جمیرے دی دین تھہوئی اے تے ا'نیںگی آپوں-بچّیں بھائیچارے دے بھاوے کنّے بیہار کرنا لوڑدا اے۔}}
|-
!Dogri transliteration ([[ISO 15919]])
|{{transl|doi|ISO|Sārē manukkha maihmā tē adhikārēṁ dē biśē ca janmai thamāṁ sutaintar tē barōbar na. U'nēṁgī buddhī tē jamīrai dī dēn thhōī ai tē u'nēṁgī āpūṁ-biccēṁ bhāīcārē dē bhāvai kannai byahār karnā lōṛdā ai.|italic=no}}
|-
!Dogri [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|{{IPA|[saː.ɾeː mə.nʊk.kʰə mɛ́ː.maː t̪eː ə.d̪ɪ̀.kaː.ɾẽː d̪eː bɪ.ʃeː t͡ʃə d͡ʒən.mɛː t̪ʰə.mãː sʊ.t̪ɛːn.t̪əɾ t̪eː bə.ɾoː.bəɾ nə ‖ ʊ́.nẽː.giː bʊd̪.d̪ìː t̪eː d͡ʒə.miː.ɾɛː d̪iː d̪eːn t̪ʰòː.iː ɛː t̪eː ʊ́.nẽː.giː aː.pũː.bɪt̪.t͡ʃẽː pàː.iː.t͡ʃaː.ɾeː d̪eː pàː.ʋɛː kən.nɛː bjə.àːɾ kəɾ.naː loːɽ.d̪aː ɛː ‖]}}
|-
!English translation
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri]]
* [[Dogri cinema]]
* [[Dogri literature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Gopal Haldar (2000). ''Languages of India''. New Delhi: National Book Trust

==External links==
{{Incubator|code= dgo}}
{{Wikivoyage|Dogri phrasebook|Dogri|a phrasebook}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070513223558/http://www.duggartimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=128 The Dogri Language], article by [[Ved Kumari Ghai]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202165131/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm Dailyexcelsior.com], "One Hundredth Amendment," news report on the recognition of Dogri as a national language.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042428/http://www.w3cindia.in/2006/08/Talks/W3C%20Presentation%2003-08-06%28MDK%29.ppt Modifications to Devanagri to represent Dogri tones]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121102039/http://www.pahari.org/ Pahari.org], Alami Pahari Adabi Sangat (Global Pahari Cultural Association)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151104161836/http://ildc.in/Dogri/Dindex.aspx Dogri computing resources at TDIL (Devanagari Script)]

{{Dogri-Kangri languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dogri Language}}
[[Category:Dogri language| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Jammu Division]]
[[Category: Pitch-accent language]]
[[Category:Tonal languages in non-tonal families]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Vallam Sundar

2026-03-07T15:53:03Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created New Article!

{{Short description|Indian coastal engineer (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vallam Sundar
| image = Vallam Sundar.jpg
| image_size = 180
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|3|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| ethnicity =
| fields = Coastal Engineering
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students = S.A. Sannasiraj, Sriram Venkatachalam
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vallam Sundar''' (born 30 March 1953) is an Indian [[professor]] of Coastal Engineering at the Department of Ocean Engineering of [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] (IIT Madras), [[Chennai]], India.

==Biography==

===Education and career===
Vallam Sundar studied [[Civil engineering]] at the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], where he graduated in 1975. He completed his post-graduation in Hydraulics from [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]] in 1977 and received his [[doctorate]] in 1982 from the same institute.

Sundar started working at [[Anna University]] as Associate Lecturer. In 1981 he became a Scientific Officer at the Ocean Engineering Centre at IIT Madras and worked till 1987. In 1987 he became Assistant Professor of Coastal, Port and Harbour Engineering in the Ocean Engineering Centre at IIT Madras. During 2003–06, he served as the Head of Department of Ocean Engineering (IITM).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hydro.uni-wuppertal.de/fileadmin/bauing/hydro/aktuelles/CV_SUNDAR.pdf | title=CURRICULUM VITAE}}</ref>

===Current academic positions ===
Since 1996, Sundar is a [[professor]] of Coastal Engineering at Dept. of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oec.iitm.ac.in/prof_Sundar_OnePageCV.html |title=Department of Ocean Engineering |access-date=8 January 2013 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805151607/http://www.oec.iitm.ac.in/prof_Sundar_OnePageCV.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Memberships===
* Member, "The Institution of Engineers", Madras
* Member, "International Association of Hydraulic Research", The Netherlands
* Member, "Maritime Hydraulic Section of I.A.H.R.", The Netherlands
* Member, "The American Society of Marine Engineering", New York, USA
* Member, "American Society Of Mechanical Engineers", New York, USA
* Member, "American Society Of Civil Engineers", USA
* Member, European Union for Coastal Conservation
* Member, "Executive committee of Asia Pacific Division of International Association of Hydraulic Research", The Netherlands for 2003-2004
* Member, The Royal Institute of Naval Architects, London, U.K.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundar, Vallam}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Indian civil engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Madras]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ranga Panchami

2026-03-06T16:23:56Z

MUKESH SINGH: New The Entry V1

{{Infobox holiday
| type = Hinduism
| holiday_name = Rang Panchami
| image = File:Rang Panchami - Baburao Painter.jpg
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s
| significance = Arrival of spring, the love of Radha and Krishna, the salvation of Prahlada
| celebrations = Spraying of colours, prayer, [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s
| date = 12 March (2023)
| month = [[Phalguna]]
| relatedto = [[Holi]]
| caption = 20th century painting depicting the festival
}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}{{Short description|Hindu festival}}
'''Ranga Panchami''' ({{Langx|sa|रङ्गपञ्चमी|translit=Raṅgapañcamī}}) is a [[Hindu festival|Hindu]] festival celebrated on the [[Chaitra] [[Krishna Paksha]] [[Panchami]], which is the fifth day<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7eo6vsvkEkC&pg=PA255 |title=Faith & Philosophy of Hinduism |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-718-8 |pages=255 |language=en}}</ref> of the second fortnight of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu month]] of [[Phalguna]]. It is marked on the fifth day following the festival of [[Holi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galván |first=Javier A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBXHEAAAQBAJ&dq=Rangapanchami&pg=PA139 |title=They Do What?: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World |date=2014-06-19 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-61069-342-4 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref>

During Ranga Panchami, people sprinkle or smear colored powder on each other, similar to Holi. However, unlike Holi, on Ranga Panchami, people also splash colored water on each other. The festival is believed to have originated in [[Maharashtra]] and is also known as [[Shimga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7Qrc4Z-ZdAC&dq=Rang+Panchami&pg=PA232 |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories : (in 36 volumes) |date=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-356-2 |pages=232 |language=en}}</ref> In some places, people make small processions carrying an image of a deity, and the procession ends with the immersion of the deity in a nearby river or pond.

Ranga Panchami is a popular festival in [[Madhya Pradesh]], Maharashtra, and [[Karnataka]].

== Etymology ==
The word "ranga" means colour, and "panchami" refers to the fifth day in the Hindu month.

==Description==
Ranga Panchami is celebrated as a festival of love and colour, associated with the divine couple [[Radha Krishna]]. According to another legend it shares with Holi, it is regarded to mark the event of the salvation of [[Prahlada]] from a bonfire lit by his aunt [[Holika]], the sister of the [[asura]] king [[Hiranyakashipu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Greenberg |first=Yudit Kornberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6jOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Rangapanchami&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions [2 volumes]: [2 volumes] |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-85109-981-8 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|}}

* [[Holi]]
* [[Shigmo]]
* [[List of Hindu festivals in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Holi]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

{{Hindu-festival-stub}}
{{India-culture-stub}}{{Hindu festivals}}

R. L. V. Ramakrishnan

2026-03-06T14:12:44Z

MUKESH SINGH: New New Article V1!

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. R. L. V. Ramakrishnan
| image = Dr. R. L. V. Ramakrishnan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ramakrishnan during a Mohiniyattam performance
| birth_name = Ramakrishnan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| year_sactive =
| relatives = [[Kalabhavan Mani]] (brother)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-15 |title=R L V Ramakrishnan: 'Drishyam Model' murder in Mumbai reminds me of Mani Chettan's mysterious death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/r-l-v-ramakrishnan-drishyam-model-murder-in-mumbai-reminds-me-of-mani-chettans-mysterious-death/articleshow/70689236.cms |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| honours = Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in [[Mohiniyattam]]
| website =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Indian classical dance|Classical dancer]]|Professor|Film Actor}}
| awards = [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
}}
'''Dr. R.L.V. Ramakrishnan''' is an Indian [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]] and film actor from [[Kerala]].<ref name="The Times of India - 18 February 2020 - RLV Ramakrishnan: I eat, sleep and breathe Mohiniyattam">{{cite news |title=RLV Ramakrishnan: I eat, sleep and breathe Mohiniyattam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/rlv-ramakrishnan-i-eat-sleep-and-breathe-mohiniyattam/articleshow/74171922.cms |access-date=2 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network]] |date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2020-10-12 |title='Caste Discrimination' by Kerala's top Arts Academy,'Suicide was my only choice', Dr R L V Ramakrishnan opens his mind |url=https://english.madhyamam.com/opinion/interview/caste-discrimination-by-keralas-top-arts-academysuicide-was-my-only-choice-dr-r-l-v-ramakrishnan-opens-his-mind-583827 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=english.madhyamam.com |language=en}}</ref> He completed his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in 2019 and currently serves as an Assistant Professor in the Department of [[Bharatanatyam]] at [[Kerala Kalamandalam]]. In 2022, he was honored with the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] for his contributions to [[Mohiniyattam]].

==Early life==
Dr. R.L.V Ramakrishnan was born in [[Chalakudy]]. His brother is [[Kalabhavan Mani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |script-title=ml:മണി അന്ന് പറഞ്ഞു; 'നമ്മള് ഈ ഡാൻസൊന്നും പഠിച്ചിട്ടില്ല, പക്ഷേ അനിയനെ കാര്യമായിട്ട് പഠിപ്പിക്കണം' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kalabhavan-mani-about-rlv-ramakrishnan-his-passion-for-dance-1.9429682 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref> He was a ''Kalaprathibha'' from the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MG University]] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2020-03-03 |title=RLV Ramakrishnan's love for Mohiniyattam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/not-many-men-learn-mohiniyattam-rlv-ramakrishnan-is-one-of-the-few-who-do/article30969816.ece |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Dr. Ramakrishnan is a male [[Mohiniyattam]] dancer from Kerala, known for his contributions to the art form traditionally performed by women. Hailing from a dedicated artistic family, Dr. Ramakrishnan began his classical dance journey at the age of 10 under the tutelage of Guru RLV Anand Master. He has an academic background in [[Mohiniyattam]], having completed both a Diploma and Post-Diploma with First Class honors from [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts|RLV College, Tripunithura]]. He later earned a Masters degree in [[Mohiniyattam]], securing the First Rank from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], and pursued an M.Phil. from [[Kerala Kalamandalam|Kerala Kalamandalam, Deemed University]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

== Career ==
Dr. Ramakrishnan obtained a Ph.D. in [[Mohiniyattam]] from [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] under the guidance of Dr. N. K. Geetha. His doctoral research, titled "Masculine Heritage in Dance: An Enquiry Based on Mohiniyattam," explores the potential of male dancers in this traditionally female-dominated dance form. He is a qualified UGC-NET<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |script-title=ml:അസി. പ്രൊഫസറായി ആർ.എൽ.വി. രാമകൃഷ്ണൻ; കലാമണ്ഡലത്തിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ മലയാളി ഭരതനാട്യം അധ്യാപകൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/rlv-ramakrishnan-first-male-dance-teacher-in-kerala-kalamandalam-1.10257909 |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref> scholar in Performing Arts and holds the "A Top" grade from [[Prasar Bharati|Doordarshan Kendra, New Delhi]].

Dr. Ramakrishnan has performed at many national and international festivals in Kerala and abroad including the [[Nishagandhi Dance Festival]], Soorya Festival, [[Kerala Tourism|Kerala Cultural Tourism Festival]], [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] Dharpana dance festivel Gujarat, Devadasi festival Odisha, AIDA Festival Chhattisgarh and Naadam Festival, among others. In addition to his performances, he has presented papers at UGC-approved national and international seminars on [[Mohiniyattam]].

Dr. Ramakrishnan has served as a Guest Lecturer in [[Mohiniyattam]] at [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts|RLV College]] and [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit|Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit (SSUS), Kalady.]] His contributions to [[Mohiniyattam]] have earned him several accolades, including the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award|Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Puraskaram]],<ref name=":2" /> the Kerala Kshetra Kala Puraskaram, Devadasi Puraskar from Odisha and the CCRT Senior Fellowship (National) in [[Mohiniyattam]].

Dr. Ramakrishnan also earned an M.A. in [[Bharatanatyam]] with a Second Rank from [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]].

In January 2024, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of [[Bharatanatyam]] at the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].<ref name=":0" /> Dr. Ramakrishnan is the first male [[Bharatanatyam]] teacher in the history of the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=RLV Ramakrishnan becomes first male dance teacher at Kerala Kalamandalam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/01/16/rlv-ramakrishnan-male-dancer-kerala-kalamandalam.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography and discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Movie
!Notes
!References
|-
|2002
|[[Bamboo Boys]]
|Debut movie
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Bamboo Boys |type=Comedy |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0357462/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=IMDb}}</ref>{{rs|date=August 2025}}
|-
|2004
|Masanagudi Mannadiyar Speaking
|
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Elizabeth |date=2018-03-11 |title=In memory of his brother |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/110318/in-memory-of-his-brother-1.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|Quotation
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2005
|Maniyarakallan
|
|
|-
|2010
|[[Canvas (2010 film)|Canvas]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Canvas |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1810551/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=IMDb}}</ref>{{rs|date=August 2025}}
|-
|2018
|Theeta Rappai
|Lead Actor
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Theetta Rappai |date=2018-07-06 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8671138/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=IMDb}}</ref>{{rs|date=August 2025}}
|-
|2020
|Zebra Varakal
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[1921: Puzha Muthal Puzha Vare]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=1921: Puzha Muthal Puzha Vare |date=2023-03-03 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt18233116/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=IMDb}}</ref>{{rs|date=August 2025}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Movie / Album
!Reference
|-
|2014
|Kozhiyaruthu
|Kavile Manippattu
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=I-nh4jnk6bHaQqzi&v=H2xw7rbHGEw&feature=youtu.be |title=Kozhiyaruthu {{!}} Kavile Manippattu {{!}} Devotional Song |date=2014-08-06 |publisher=Chalakkudikkaran Changathi |access-date=2025-04-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Ponmani Koodaram
|Ponmani Koodaram
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=lY1Kg6vftti7IbO4&v=4gK5RZ2Sa8o&feature=youtu.be |title=Ponmanikoodaram In Memory of Kalabhavan Mani RLV Ramakrishnan |date=2017-03-08 |publisher=Malayali Media Entertainments |access-date=2025-04-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Chalakudi Chandaku Pokumbo
|[[Chalakkudikkaran Changathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=7Mu5gOD5cxizXc6Z&v=1YiiccCv93E&feature=youtu.be |title=Chalakkudikkaran Changathi {{!}} Chalakudi Chandaku Pokumbol {{!}} Vinayan {{!}} RLV Ramakrishnan |date=2018-08-29 |publisher=Millennium Audios |access-date=2025-04-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Kummatti Koottavum
|Theetta Rappayi
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=2UPtbaO5vHKZnM1O&v=Crsa68BVzZU&feature=youtu.be |title=Theettarappayi {{!}} Kummatti koottavum {{!}} Official Video Song {{!}} R L V Ramakrishnan {{!}} Sonia Agarval |date=2018-07-05 |publisher=Millennium Audios |access-date=2025-04-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Kokkarakko Kozhi Koovunne
|[[Chalakkudikkaran Changathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=48uWXPfMnBA6fYCz&v=yfjmrcthc8U&feature=youtu.be |title=കൊക്കരക്കോ കോഴികൂവണ {{!}} Kalabhavan Mani Super Hit Video Song {{!}} കിടിലൻ നാടൻപാട്ട് |date=2019-11-19 |publisher=Chalakkudikkaran Changathi |access-date=2025-04-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Parayappattu
|Parayappattu
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=uQcyymeQeIQ4RJKv&v=P44LUnY6AVM&feature=youtu.be |title=Parayappattu.## dr rlvramakrishnan#nadanppattu |date=2021-06-20 |publisher=Dr. RLV Rama krishnan |access-date=2025-04-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Ayyante Ponnambalam
|Ayyante Ponnambalam
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=vJjwm4LP2nceVGdV&v=u_hpSbT__cE&feature=youtu.be |title=Ayyante Ponnambalam {{!}} Jyothish Kassi {{!}} Binoy Ettumana {{!}} Dr. RLV Ramakrishnan |date=2024-12-04 |publisher=Maruthi Videos |access-date=2025-04-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Kuppi Vala Kayyale
|Chaar Chor
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=MPt-bmUZYAiCLzlT&v=XkhSY5iWrxA&feature=youtu.be |title=Kuppi Vala Kayyale {{!}} Chaar Chor {{!}} RLV Ramakrishnan {{!}} Midhun Murali {{!}} Nithin Narayanan |date=2024-04-03 |publisher=Reach Music |access-date=2025-04-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Album
!Reference
|-
|2017
|Ponmani Koodaram
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2019
|Vel Vel
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=J17YQk4MpOiru1eh&v=Y_IUk2R93e8&feature=youtu.be |title=വേൽ വേൽ വേൽമുരുക {{!}} Vel Vel Album Song {{!}} Sree Muruga Devotional Songs {{!}} Hindu Devotional Malayalam |date=2019-01-29 |publisher=MC Audios And Videos Malayalam |access-date=2025-04-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Sarayoo
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=dzuRTaAy9jCE0Eam&v=PvcRuEZI_MU&feature=youtu.be |title=എല്ലാമറിഞ്ഞവനേ{{!}}Eallamarinjavane{{!}}Sarayoo Album{{!}}Hindu Devotional{{!}}Sree RamaDevotionalSongs |date=2019-04-27 |publisher=MC Audios And Videos Malayalam |access-date=2025-04-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Ayyante Ponnambalam
|<ref name=":4" />
|}

==Awards and papers==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Type
!Title/Description
!Event
!Ref
|-
|2013
|Award
|Kalabharathi Yuva Nrutha Pratibha Award
| The National Young Dance Fest 2013
|
|-
|2017
|Award
|Naatya Kala Poorna Award in the field of [[Mohiniyattam]]
|Naatya Kousthubh Nrithyotsav 2017
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2017-04-24 |title=Kochi to witness dance fusion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/Apr/24/kochi-to-witness-dance-fusion-1596964.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Award
|Nritya Kala Vidwaan Award in the field of [[Mohiniyattam]]
|International Dancer's Alley Fests 2017
|
|-
|2019
|Award
|Naadam Natyaprabha Award
|Naadam Nrithyothsav International Classical Dance Festival 2019
|
|-
|2019
|Paper
|''Music and Dance in Vedas, Upanishads, Epics, and Sanga Literature'' - An Exploration – Two-day conference organized by [[Annamalai University]].
|International Conference (August 2019)
|
|-
|2019
|Chaired
|''Exploration of Theory and Praxis'' with focus on [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Mohiniyattam]] performances.
|Three-day National Seminar in Sree Sankara College, Kalady. (February 2019)
|
|-
|2019
|Paper
|''Thandava Lasya Sankalpangal Bharatheeya Sashthreeya Nrutharoopangail Natyasastra Grandhangale Adisthaanamakkiyulla Padanam'' — Study based on Natyasastra concepts.
|Three-day National Seminar in Sree Sankara College, Kalady. (February 2019)
|
|-
|2019
|Doctoral Degree
|Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
"MASCULINE WAYS IN DANCE - AN ENQUIRY BASED ON [[Mohiniyattam]]"
|[[Kerala Kalamandalam|Kerala Kalamandalam Deemed University]]
|<ref name="The Times of India - 18 February 2020 - RLV Ramakrishnan: I eat, sleep and breathe Mohiniyattam" />
|-
|2020
|Paper
|''Influence of [[Natya Shastra]] on [[Kathakali]] and [[Mohiniyattam]]''.
|Two-day International Seminar (January 2020)
|
|-
|2020
|Paper
|''Natya Shastra Sankethangal'' in [[Mohiniyattam]]
|Three-day National Seminar on Sanskrit Dramas and Fine Arts 2020
|
|-
|2020
|Paper
|''Natya Sankalpa in'' [[Mohiniyattam]]
|International Seminar in Sree Sankara College, Kalady. (February 2020)
|
|-
|2020
|Paper
|''Femininity and Manhood in [[Indian classical dance|Indian Classical Dance]]''.
|Three-day Seminar (February 2020)
|
|-
|2020
|Chair
|''Problematizing Gender in [[Indian classical dance|Indian Classical Dance]]''.
|Three-day National Seminar (February 2020)
|
|-
|2021
|Award
|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award|Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy Award]] ([[Mohiniyattam]])
|Akademi Award 2021
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2022-03-12 |title=Kerala: RLV Ramakrishnan wins Akademi award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/rlv-ramakrishnan-wins-akademi-award/articleshow/90161068.cms |access-date=2025-04-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Award
|Kerala State Kshethrakala Fellowship from Kshethrakala Academy
|Kshethrakala Academy Awards 2022
|
|-
|2023
|Paper
|''Male Lineage in [[Indian classical dance|Indian Classical Dances]]''.
|Three-day National Seminar (February 2023)
|
|-
|2023
|Award
|Performance in World of Dance - 2023
|6th Edition of Celebrating World of Dance - 2023 by Natarani and JG University.
|
|-
|2023
|Award
|Participation Certificate at 11th Peringottukara Devasthanam Dakshinamoorthi Sangeetha Nritholsavam
|11th Peringottukara Devasthanam Dakshinamoorthi Sangeetha Nritholsavam
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1UJXBPb7_M |title=11th Peringottukara Devasthanam Dakshinamoorthi International Music & Dance Festival |date=2023-10-06 |publisher=PERINGOTTUKARA DEVASTHANAM |access-date=2025-04-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Paper
|''Critical study related to Sukumara Concepts in [[Mohiniyattam]]''.
|International Seminar (March 2023)
|
|}

==Controversies==
In October 2020, Dr. Ramakrishnan was denied a chance to perform Mohiniyattam in the online dance festival program of [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi|Kerala Sangeet Natak Academy]] which led to controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-04 |title=Kalabhavan Mani's brother Ramakrishnan hospitalised after alleged suicide attempt |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kalabhavan-mani-s-brother-ramakrishnan-hospitalised-after-alleged-suicide-attempt-134492 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> He allegedly attempted suicide after experiencing [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dancer RLV Ramakrishnan, who attempted suicide for alleged caste discrimination, recovering |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/10/05/rlvrRamakrishnan-suicide-attempt-caste-discrimination-kalabhavan-mani-brother.html |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishnan, R. L. V}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:People from Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Thennavan (film)

2026-03-03T04:40:18Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created A Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thennavan film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. M. Nandakumar]]
| producer = L. K. Sudhish
| writer = A. M. Nandakumar [[R. N. R. Manohar]]
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Kiran Rathod]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = A. Ramesh Kumar
| editing = B. S. Vasu Saleem
| studio = Captain Cine Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2003|08|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thennavan''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Political cinema|political]] [[action film]] written and directed by newcomer [[A. M. Nandakumar]] and produced by [[Vijayakanth]], who played the title role Thennavan IAS, in-charge as the Chief Election Commissioner and fights against corrupt politicians. The musical score was by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The film was released on 15 August 2003, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]].

== Plot ==
Thennavan ([[Vijayakanth]]) is an honest and upright [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer and he is handpicked by the [[Prime Minister of India]] to be the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]]. His first assignment is conducting the Indian general election in Tamil Nadu and for the election, he suggests passing five laws in order to fix the electoral system. Thennavan quickly gains the support of the public. The current Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Ilanthiraiyan ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]), a corrupt and greedy politician who wants to win the next election, successfully convinces the Prime Minister to not pass the five laws. In the meantime, Divya ([[Kiran Rathod]]) falls in love with Thennavan and tries to convince him to marry her.

To win the election, Ilanthiraiyan orders Mustafa ([[Thalaivasal Vijay]]) to plant a bomb during one of his public meetings. As he expected, the bomb kills many innocent people. Ilanthiraiyan blames his enemies to have planned it and gains sympathy from the voters. During the polls, Thennavan finds out about the sham and stops the vote counting. An angry Ilanthiraiyan takes the matter to court. In court, Thennavan provides uncontested evidence and the culprits including Ilanthiraiyan are sentenced to life imprisonment. Divya eventually marries her lover Thennavan.

With Ilanthiraiyan in jail, his naive wife Pushpalatha ([[Urvashi (actress)|Urvasi]]) replaces him as the new chief minister and bails him out of jail. Thennavan is then arrested but Pushpalatha makes him release due to public pressure. After a small quarrel with her husband, Pushpalatha resigns from her function and her government is dismissed by the governor. With the election campaign going on full swing, Thennavan resigns from his position. He then holds a public meet: he urges the voters to boycott the election to save the country from corrupt politicians and to stop people who will try to vote. The day of the election, not a single vote has been cast and it is well received by the public. The prime minister praises Thennavan for his achievement and accepts to pass the five laws.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijayakanth]] as Thennavan [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* [[Kiran Rathod]] as Divya, Thennavan's love interest
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Ilanthiraiyan
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvasi]] as Pushpalatha
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Azhagarsamy, Thennavan's father
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Dada Mani
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as [[Inspector]] Arumugam
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Auto rickshaw driver
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as S. R. S.
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Politician
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Krishnamoorthy
* Laxmi Rattan as Divya's father
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Viswanathan
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Mustafa
* Jayamani as Pakkiri
* Thenali as Dada Mani's sidekick
* Chinrasu as Dada Mani's sidekick
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Dada Mani's sidekick
* [[LIC Narasimhan]] as Temple trustee
* [[Chelladurai]] as Politician
* [[Nellai Siva]]
* Set Govindaraj as Party member
* Mudhalvan Mahendran as [[Director general of police]]
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Nagappa
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Thennavan's grandmother
* Indhu as Thennavan's mother
* Rajini Nivetha as Servant
* Vijaya Singh as Divya's mother
* Minnal Deepa as Jeni
* [[Theni Kunjarammal]] as Old woman
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as Mani's father
* Vijay Ganesh as Village doctor
* Vijay Easwaran as Henchman
* Bobby as Henchman
* Bayilvan Ranganathan
* Auditor Sridhar as Government employee
* [[Siva Narayana Murthy]] as Police inspector
* S. Mani
* [[Sujibala]] as Nurse
}}

== Production ==
The film was directed by debutant M. Nandakumar who has worked with directors like P. Vasu and Rajasekhar, this became his first film to release after his actual directorial debut ''Kodiesvaran'' remained unreleased.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/thennavan.shtml|title=Thennavan|website=Cinesouth|access-date=25 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040420054037/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/thennavan.shtml|archive-date=20 April 2004}}</ref> [[R. N. R. Manohar]], dialogue writer of this film appeared in a small role as a gangster. Shooting for the film commenced in Chennai, and some fight scenes were picturised on top of highrise buildings like the Y.M.C.A and the Devi Theater, and on a set erected at the Prasad Studios. The hero and the unit at Prasad Studios had a surprise visitor cricketer [[Brian Lara]]. Lara had come for a friendly go-Kart competition and visited the sets to watch the shooting. Some scenes between the lead pair were picturised at the old Mahabalipuram road, while a song was picturised at sets erected at the AVM and Prasad Studios. Choreographed by Kala, the dance number had about a hundred dancers dancing around the lead pair. The song picturised at five sets, and shot with three cameras simultaneously, reportedly cost about Rs. 35 lakhs to picturise it. Yet another song was picturised with the lead pair at locations in and around Pollachi. Choreographed by Brinda, it took ten days to complete the picturisation. The fight scene between the hero and the jailor was filmed at Prasad Studios, where a lavish set of jail was erected at a cost of about Rs. 25 lakhs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=5081|title= Vijaykant, Kiran in Thenavanan|website=Screenindia|access-date=6 August 2025|last=Prasad|first=Ayyappa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811085318/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=5081|archive-date=11 August 2003|date=11 July 2003}}</ref> While most of the shooting took place in Chennai and Pollachi, the unit also shot at locations in Jodhpur, Orissa and Visakhapatnam. For a single scene of a political meeting, about 5000 junior artistes were hired.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=12 August 2003 |title=Thennavan |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/thennavan.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030815092747/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/thennavan.asp |archive-date=15 August 2003 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mossymart.com/product/thennavan-tamil-audio-cd-by-yuvan-shankar-raja/|title=Thennavan – Tamil Audio CD by Yuvan Shankar Raja|website=Mossymart|access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vatta Vatta
| extra1 = [[Unni Menon]], [[Padmalatha]]
| length1 = 4:12
| lyrics1 = Muthu Vijayan
| title2 = Vinodhane
| extra2 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length2 = 4:50
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| title3 = Dhesa Kaatre
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Ganga
| length3 = 4:13
| lyrics3 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| title4 = Englishil Paadinaa
| extra4 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length4 = 4:01
| lyrics4 = Pa. Vijay
| title5 = Vinodhane
| extra5 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
| note5 = version 2
| length5 = 4:49
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| title6 = Adi Saamy
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Sharmila
| length6 = 4:24
| lyrics6 = [[Snehan]]
}}

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Thennavan would have been a tailor-made story for Vijayakanth but for the flawed script, clichéd dialogue and unappealing caricatures. Somewhere down the line, everyone from the director and the hero seems to have lost interest".<ref>{{cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=22 August 2003 |title=Thennavan |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201390200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027061725/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201390200.htm |archive-date=27 October 2003 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "As for the debutant director, he seems to have seen some earlier Vijayakanth films - all the wrong ones - and taken his inspiration. And as for the hero, unless Vijayakanth does some serious rethinking, he's likely to lose the slight edge he has over his contemporaries".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov289.asp|title=Thennavan|website=Chennai Online|access-date=25 October 2024|date=22 August 2003|first=Malini|last=Mannath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211232706/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov289.asp|archive-date=11 December 2003}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2000s action drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Odisha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Isakki (film)

2026-03-03T03:28:11Z

MUKESH SINGH: Stub.

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by M. Ganesan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Isakki
| image = Isakki poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = M. Ganesan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Sharran Kumar]] [[Aashritha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|5|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Isakki''''' is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by M. Ganesan and starring [[Sharran Kumar]] and [[Aashritha]].

== Plot ==
A teacher from a rich family Nandhini rejects the love of a car driver Saran to avoid problems that will arise with her family as a result of falling in love with him. Saran keeps pursuing the teacher, which makes them both closer. When Nandhini's boyfriend Mari is released from jail, Saran decides to reveal his true identity as Isakki. Whether Isakki and Nandhini reunite or not forms the crux of the story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=1 September 2012 |title=Etcetera: 'Tamil cinema is where I want to be' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-tamil-cinema-is-where-i-want-to-be/article3848285.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727092539/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-tamil-cinema-is-where-i-want-to-be/article3848285.ece |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="n">{{Cite web |last=Malini Mannath |date=1 June 2013 |title='Isakki' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jun/01/isakki-tamil-482688.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727092535/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jun/01/Isakki-Tamil-482688.html |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2012 |title=Bridging the same old divide |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/sep/06/bridging-the-same-old-divide-403299.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729000809/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/sep/06/bridging-the-same-old-divide-403299.html |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Sharran Kumar]] as Isakki / Saran
*[[Aashritha]] as Nandhini
*Yogiram as Mari
*[[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Devarajan
*[[Pasanga]] Sivakumar as Balasingham, Nandhini's father
*[[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]] as Devarajan's house's caretaker

== Production ==
The film was shot in Ooty, Madurai, Dindigul and Chennai. Sharran Kumar sports two looks in the film (a city dweller and village simpleton). For the village look, he lost a lot of kilograms and sat in the sun in Karaikudi for five days to get the tanned look.<ref>{{Cite news |last=V. Lakshmi |title=Worn out, but not down and out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/worn-out-but-not-down-and-out/articleshow/15822007.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727093021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/worn-out-but-not-down-and-out/articleshow/15822007.cms |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=V. Lakshmi |title=Sharran's two looks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sharrans-two-looks/articleshow/14901453.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727093014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sharrans-two-looks/articleshow/14901453.cms |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=14 July 2012 |title=Etcetera: The next big project |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-the-next-big-project/article3639481.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727092845/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-the-next-big-project/article3639481.ece |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music is composed by [[Srikanth Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isakki Songs |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/isakki-songs-T0003669 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023053213/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/isakki-songs-T0003669 |archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]] sung a devotional song "Ayya Saami" while [[Shreya Ghoshal]] sang a romantic number.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Issaki curiosity piques |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/issaki-curiosity-piques/articleshow/16555502.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727093013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/issaki-curiosity-piques/articleshow/16555502.cms |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*En Chellakutty - [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
*Ayyasamy - [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]
*Kandukonden - [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
*Ooru Usilampatti - [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Mahalakshmi
*Vela Vadivela - M. L. R. Karthikeyan

== Release and reception ==
The film released alongside ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sharran wants feedback on Isakki |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sharran-wants-feedback-on-isakki/articleshow/20379672.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727093021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sharran-wants-feedback-on-isakki/articleshow/20379672.cms |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "Isakki doesn’t offer much to a viewer by way of novelty, excitement or entertainment".<ref name="n" /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 1 out of 5 and said that "With little to entertain the audience, the movie turns out to be a timid effort".<ref>{{Cite news |title=ISAKKI MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/isakki/movie-review/20404697.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316121355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/isakki/movie-review/20404697.cms |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Adoni Municipality

2026-02-25T23:01:33Z

MUKESH SINGH: cleanup lead for accuracy further and corrected details

{{Short description|Local self-government in Adoni, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Adoni Municipality
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation =
| motto =
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| formation = 1865
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction =
| merger = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| type = [[Governmental organisation]]
| status = [[Local government]]
| purpose = Civic administration
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Adoni]]
| location = [[Adoni]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coords =15.621282, 77.273777
| region =
| services =
| membership =
| membership_year =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Kuruba Sarojamma
| leader_title2 = Municipal Commissioner
| leader_name2 = B.sreekanth
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| staff =
| staff_year =
| slogan =
| website =https://adoni.cdma.ap.gov.in/
| remarks =
| formerly =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Adoni Municipality''' is the [[Self-governance|local self-government]] in [[Adoni]], a city in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is classified as a ''special grade'' ''municipality''.<ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=12 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archivedate=28 January 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The [[municipality]] was formed in the year 1865. It is spread over an area of {{convert|37.12|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and has 41 municipal wards.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://adonimunicipality.in/basic-information-of-municipality-2/|website=Official website of Adoni Municipality|accessdate=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513101558/http://adonimunicipality.in/basic-information-of-municipality-2/|archive-date=2016-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''Elected Wing'' of the municipality consists of a [[municipal council]], which has elected members and is headed by a [[Chairman]].<ref name="composition">{{cite web|title=Composition of the Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Adoni/Composition_of_%20the_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811140231/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Adoni/Composition_of_%20the_Municipality.html|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Whereas, the ''Executive Wing'' is headed by a [[municipal commissioner]].<ref name="composition" /> The present [[municipal commissioner]] of the city is B.Sreekanth<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissioner|url=http://adonimunicipality.in/chairman-contact-2/|website=Official website of Adoni Municipality|accessdate=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513101606/http://adonimunicipality.in/chairman-contact-2/|archive-date=2016-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the chairperson is Kuruba Sarojamma.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chairman|url=http://adonimunicipality.in/chairman-contact-3/|website=Official website of Adoni Municipality|accessdate=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513101602/http://adonimunicipality.in/chairman-contact-3/|archive-date=2016-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The municipality has approximately, 32,856–33,071 households. In 2013–14, the total income generated by the municipality was {{nowrap|₹ 15.808 [[crore]]}} and the expenditure spent was {{nowrap|₹ 13.0373 [[crore]]}}.<ref name="profile" />

== Awards and achievements ==
The city is one among the 31 cities in the state to be a part of water supply and sewerage services mission known as ''[[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] (AMRUT)''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vadlapatla|first1=Sribala|title=Amaravati among 31 AP cities selected for Amruth development|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Amaravati-among-31-AP-cities-selected-for-Amruth-development/articleshow/48431080.cms|accessdate=18 December 2015|work=The Times of India|date=11 August 2015|location=Hyderabad}}</ref> In 2015, as per the ''[[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]'' of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], Adoni Municipality was ranked 148th in the country.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandeep Kumar|first1=S|title=Small towns fare better in Swachh Bharat rankings|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/small-towns-fare-better-in-swachh-bharat-rankings/article7520320.ece|accessdate=30 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=10 August 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:1865 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1865]]
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Kurnool-geo-stub}}

Laxmi Prasad Sihare

2026-02-14T10:50:17Z

MUKESH SINGH: refine structure further and added references

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service Officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Laxmi Prasad Sihare
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|11|7}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|||1929|11|7}}
| death_place = India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Civil service officer, [[curator]], art writer
| yearsactive =
| known_for = art writings, museum administration
| awards = 1987 [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Laxmi Prasad Sihare''' was an Indian civil service officer, [[curator]], art writer and the director-general of the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] (NGMA).<ref name="Priceless works sent to festivals abroad return damaged">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/19890331-priceless-works-sent-to-festivals-abroad-return-damaged-815899-1989-03-31 |title=Priceless works sent to festivals abroad return damaged |date=31 March 1989 |work=India Today |access-date=2018-06-04 |language=en}}</ref> It was during his directorship, an art exhibition on [[Auguste Rodin]] was organized by the museum.<ref name="Makeover for museum">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070423/asp/nation/story_7684142.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630010947/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070423/asp/nation/story_7684142.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2018 |title=Makeover for museum |date=23 April 2007 |work=The Telegraph - Calcutta |access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref>

Sihare joined NGMA as the director-general in 1984.<ref name="The Nizam's jewels">{{Cite news |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1815/18150980.htm |title=The Nizam's jewels |date=3 August 2001 |work=Frontline |access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref> One of his main contributions was his timely intervention in stopping the 1995 public auction of the [[Jewels of the Nizams]],<ref name="Nizam's jewels - timeless treasures of India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/postDetail.php?id=196174216674_10150509830876675 |title=Nizam's jewels - timeless treasures of India |date=9 December 2011 |website=www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org |language=en |access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref> which included the [[Jacob Diamond]], an uncut diamond ranked fifth in the world in size.<ref>{{cite news| title=India finally settles £1million Nizam dispute| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1584818/India-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html| first=Rahul| last=Bedi| date=12 April 2008| newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]| location=London| accessdate=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=The Victoria| url=http://famousdiamonds.tripod.com/victoriadiamond.html| publisher=Famous, Historic and Notable Diamonds}}</ref> He obtained a court order in 1979 and stopped the auction of the jewels to buyers which included bidders from abroad.<ref name="Home loses Nizam jewels">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040826/asp/nation/story_3677152.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911094930/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040826/asp/nation/story_3677152.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2004 |title=Home loses Nizam jewels |date=26 August 2004 |work=The Telegraph - Calcutta |access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref> He published a number of books and monographs,<ref name="Author profile on WorldCat">{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%253ASihare%252C+Laxmi.&qt=hot_author |title=Author profile on WorldCat |date=2018-06-04 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en |access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref> including ''Oriental influences on Wassily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian : 1909-1917'',<ref name="Oriental influences on Wassily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian: 1909-1917">{{Cite book |title=Oriental influences on Wassily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian: 1909-1917 |last=Sihare |first=Laxmi |date=1967 |location=S.l. |oclc = 315608742|language=English}}</ref> ''Paul Klee : sixty oil paintings, water colours, pastels and drawings (1909-1939)'',<ref name="Paul Klee: sixty oil paintings, water colours, pastels and drawings (1909-1939) from the collection of Sunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf : January 23, 1979 to February 25, 1979">{{Cite book |title=Paul Klee: sixty oil paintings, water colours, pastels and drawings (1909-1939) from the collection of Sunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf : January 23, 1979 to February 25, 1979 |last=National Gallery of Modern Art (New Delhi |first=India) |date=1978 |publisher=The Gallery |location=New Delhi |oclc = 18330743|language=English}}</ref> ''Restoration of oil painting : techniques''<ref name="Restoration of oil painting: techniques">{{Cite book |title=Restoration of oil painting: techniques |last=Sihare |first=Laxmi P |last2=National Gallery of Modern Art (New Delhi |first2=India) |last3=National Museum of India |publisher=National Museum in collaboration with National Gallery of Modern Art |location=New Delhi |oclc = 79680595|language=English}}</ref> and ''Computer art''.<ref name="Computer art">{{Cite book |title=Computer art |last=Sihare |first=Laxmi P |last2=Bhavan |first2=Max Mueller |last3=National Gallery of Modern Art (New Delhi |first3=India) |last4=IBM India |date=1972 |publisher=National Gallery of Modern Art |location=New Delhi |oclc = 82014913|language=English}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award, in 1987.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000149/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sihare retired from government service in 1991 and died in 1993.<ref name="The Nizam's jewels" />
[[File:Jaipur House Delhi.jpg|thumb|National Gallery of Modern Art]]

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
* [[Jaipur House]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Art}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |title=Jewels of the Nizams |last=Ramamrutham) |first=Bala Krishnan, Usha R. (Usha |date=2001 |publisher=Dept. of Culture, Govt. of India in association with India Book House, Mumbai |isbn=8185832153 |location=New Delhi|oclc = 50069660}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=https://media.guggenheim.org/content/pdf/exhibitions/gaitonde_exhibition_history.pdf |title=Selected Exhibition History |date=2018-06-04 |website=Guggenheim |access-date=2018-06-04 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216063626/http://media.guggenheim.org/content/pdf/exhibitions/gaitonde_exhibition_history.pdf |url-status=dead }}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sihare, Laxmi Prasad}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian art curators]]
[[Category:Indian art writers]]
[[Category:1929 births]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Tathagat Avatar Tulsi

2026-02-12T03:13:06Z

MUKESH SINGH: adjusted layout for consistency and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|Indian physicist (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Tathagat Avatar Tulsi
| image = Tathagat Avatar Tulsi.gif
| image_size =
| caption = Tulsi in 2006
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|9|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Patna, Bihar]]
| fields = [[Physics]]
| workplaces =
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Science]] [[Patna Science College]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Apoorva D. Patel]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards =
}}
'''Tathagat Avatar Tulsi''' (born 9 September 1987) is an Indian [[physicist]] who is best known as a [[child prodigy]]. He completed [[high school]] at the age of 9 years, earned a [[BSc]] degree at the age of 11 years, and a [[MSc]] degree at the age of 12 years from [[Patna Science College]] ([[Patna University]]). In August 2009, he got [[PhD]] from the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore at the age of 21 years by submitting a thesis of only 33 pages.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Aug 31, 2009 |title=Youngest PhD and shortest thesis {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/youngest-phd-and-shortest-thesis/articleshow/4952198.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In July 2010, he was offered a position as assistant professor on contract at [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dr-tathagat-tulsi-22-becomes-professor-tulsi-at-iit-bombay/645689/|title=Dr Tathagat Tulsi, 22, becomes Professor Tulsi at IIT Bombay|date=13 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Dr-Tathagat-Tulsi--22--becomes-Professor-Tulsi-at-IIT-MUMBAI/645689/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-07-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917185542/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Dr-Tathagat-Tulsi--22--becomes-Professor-Tulsi-at-IIT-MUMBAI/645689/ |archivedate=2010-09-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4149368 |title=Dr Tathagat Tulsi, 22, becomes Professor Tulsi at IIT Bombay - National News – News – MSN India |website=news.in.msn.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714172848/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4149368 |archive-date=2010-07-14}}</ref> He became a permanent employee of IIT Bombay in 2012. His one-year probation at IIT Bombay got confirmed in 2013. He took four year long leave from 2014 to 2017 because of his allergic asthma in the hot and humid climate of Mumbai. His employment was terminated in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-13 |title=IIT-Bombay sacks physics prodigy, an assistant prof, for absence since 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/iit-bombay-sacks-physics-prodigy-an-assistant-prof-for-absence-since-2018/story-n9cz7jxKUgtIAOSLIbNymM.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>BBC Interview aired on Apr 11, 2023, {{Citation |title=Tathagat Avatar Tulsi: 9 साल में 10वीं, 12 साल में MSc, IIT प्रोफेसर रहे तथागत अवतार तुलती कहां हैं? | date=11 April 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlRNMOB6dAY |access-date=2023-04-22 |language=en}}</ref> In August 2021, his appeal against termination was rejected by then-President Ramnath Kovind.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Tathagat Avatar Tulsi Became IIT Professor at Age 22, But is Now Jobless. Know His Story |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/tathagat-avatar-tulsi-became-iit-professor-at-age-22-but-is-now-jobless-know-his-story-8561447.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

On 30 september 2024, he was selected as an assistant professor at [[Patliputra University]] by Bihar State University Service Commission. He is also preparing a Review application to get back his job at IIT Bombay as he has cured his allergic asthma now. He joined Ganga Devi Women's College in Patna as an assistant professor on 28. January 2025.

==Biography==
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2018}}

Tulsi received wide public attention in 2001, when he was shortlisted by the Indian Government's Department of Science and Technology (DST) to participate in a [[Nobel laureates]] conference in [[Germany]].<ref name="gulfnews_broke_kevin">[http://www.gulfnews.com/world/India/10348151.html I broke Kelvin's Grade 10 record at the age of nine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915232957/http://www.gulfnews.com/world/India/10348151.html |date=15 September 2009 }} Gulf News</ref>

He was admitted by the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-01-09 |title=Prodigy Tulsi seals debate with PhD admission in IISc |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/prodigy-tulsi-seals-debate-with-phd-admission-in-iisc/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> where his PhD thesis was on "Generalizations of the Quantum Search Algorithm". He co-authored an unpublished research manuscript ("A New Algorithm for Fixed-point Quantum Search") with [[Lov Grover]], the inventor of a quantum search algorithm that goes by his name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-06 |title=Meet India's Youngest PhD Holder Who Completed His MSc At 10 Years Old |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/india-youngest-phd-tathgat-avtar-tulsi-520556.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Tulsi was once cheered on as one of the most gifted Asian youngsters by ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' magazine, mentioned as "Superteen" by ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', "Physics Prodigy" by ''The TIMES'', "Master Mind" by ''The WEEK'' and listed by ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' as one of the smartest Indian youngsters. Tathagat Avatar Tulsi participated in the [[Stock Exchange of Visions]] project of Fabrica, [[Benetton Group|Benetton]]'s research centre in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet man who completed PhD at 21, became IIT professor at 22, was terminated from IIT, he is from... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-meet-man-who-completed-phd-at-21-iisc-became-iit-professor-at-22-terminated-iit-due-to-tathagat-avatar-tulsi-3057968 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> He was invited by [[Luciano Benetton]] for a dinner in honor of [[Al Gore]] on 14 June 2007 in Milano, Italy. Tathagat's story was showcased by [[National Geographic Channel]] in the program ''[[My Brilliant Brain]]''. The episode named "India's Geniuses" was aired on 13 December 2007 and was hosted by Bollywood actress [[Konkona Sen Sharma]].

==See also==
*[[List of child prodigies]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tulsi, Tathagat Avatar}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Mental calculators]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Patna]]

Serin George

2026-02-11T07:15:17Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created A Info!

{{Short description|Indian model, photographer and digital creator}}
{{Notability|Bio|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = SGP1.jpg
| name = Serin George
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vizag]], India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Digital Creator, model<ref>{{cite news|title=Amala Paul as showstopper at the launch of a boutique|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/others/Amala-Paul-as-showstopper-at-the-launch-of-a-boutique/articleshow/22662537.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 October 2013 |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Fashion photography]], modelling
| notable_works =
| height =
| partner =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Serin George''' is an Indian model, photographer and a digital creator.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fhmindia.com/girl-next-door/serin-george-0 | title=Serin George FHM | work=fhmindia.com | access-date=12 April 2016 | archive-date=27 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527122320/https://fhmindia.com/girl-next-door/serin-george-0 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mamangam turns one|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Mamangam-Turns-One/2015/08/20/article2982969.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116055612/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Mamangam-Turns-One/2015/08/20/article2982969.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2015|website=The New Indian Express|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140325/lifestyle-fashionbeauty/article/beauty-behind-lens | title=Serin George Beauty behind the lens | work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=26 March 2014 | access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/kerala/city-p3ps-party-hard/articleshow/26887005.cms | title=Serin George at a function | work=indiatimes.com | access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
George completed her schooling in Vizag, Kerala and her undergraduate degree at Amal Jyothi College of Engineering in [[Kottayam]]. She holds a BTech Degree in Computer Science.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Lass behind the lens...Serin George|url=http://www.malayalimag.com/articles/11_26/|website=Malayali Mag|publisher=Malayali Magazine|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426205610/http://www.malayalimag.com/articles/11_26/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
George has worked as a model.<ref>{{cite web|title=Serin George – girl next door|url=http://www.fhmindia.com/girl-next-door/serin-george|website=fhmindia.com|publisher=FHM – For Him Magazine|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104075940/http://www.fhmindia.com/girl-next-door/serin-george|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007 she participated<ref>{{cite news|title=10 to vye for Navy Queen Title|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/10-to-vie-for-navy-queen-title/article1960014.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2 December 2007 |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> and won the Navy Queen title,<ref name="model">{{cite news|title=The Model behind the lens|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article393181.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423175914/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article393181.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2016|access-date=12 April 2016|publisher=The Indian Express|date=16 May 2012}}</ref> held at the [[Southern Naval Command]] in Kochi.

<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala's most handsome man is...|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/keralas-most-handsome-man-is/article779429.ece|work=The Hindu|date=8 January 2010 |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>
She is also a fitness enthusiast<ref>{{cite web|title=12 Instagrammers you should follow for some fab fitness motivation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/story/instagrammers-indian-fitness-motivation-follow-288717-2015-08-17|website=indiatoday.in|date=17 August 2015 |publisher=India Today|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, Serin}}
[[Category:Indian fashion photographers]]
[[Category:Female models from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Female models from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Photographers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women photographers]]

Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority

2026-02-06T06:06:20Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created Post!

{{Short description|Metropolitan authority in West Bengal, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2024}}
{{Notability|date=December 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority (T R D A)
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =Trda.gif
| logo_width =
| logo_caption = Official Logo of T R D A
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{start date and age|2015}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = Tarapith, West Bengal 731233
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Firhad Hakim]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister-In-Charge [[Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs]]
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| agency_type = City Planning Agency
| parent_agency = Urban Development and Municipal Affairs Department
| chief1_name = Shri. Saurav Pandey, I.A.S
| chief1_position = Chief Executive Officer
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{Officialsite|wbtrda.org}}
| footnotes =
}}
The Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority (TRDA) is the statutory body responsible for planning and development in the Maa Tara temple area at [[Tarapith Temple|Tarapith]] and the [[Rampurhat]] city region in West Bengal, India. It was formed in 2015 and works under the [[Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs]], Government of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/more-area-under-urban-development-body/articleshow/55197747.cms | title=More area under urban development body | work=The Times of India | date=2 November 2016 }}</ref>

The TRDA office is situated in the Birbhum Zilla Parishad Building, near Tarapith Police Station, P.O. Tarapith, District [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], PIN – 731233.

==History==
The Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority (TRDA)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/purulia-birbhum-bankura/competition-for-logo-selection-1.167142 | title=লোগো বাছতে প্রতিযোগিতা }}</ref> was formed in 2015 to oversee the development of the Rampurhat Municipality and 56 mouzas <ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tarapith-rampurhat-development-authority-area-to-get-extended/articleshow/55156846.cms | title=Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority area to get extended | work=The Times of India | date=31 October 2016 }}</ref> as its designated planning area. It was officially notified by the Urban Development and Municipal Affairs Department, Government of West Bengal, through Notification No. 647-T&CP/C-2/2C-03/15, dated 25.03.2015. The planning area covers 56 mouzas under the Rampurhat Police Station and Margram Police Station, including the Rampurhat Municipality. This declaration was made via Notification No. 646-T&CP/C2/2C-03/15, dated 25.03.2015.

To support the overall development of the temple town, the planning area was later expanded to include 20 additional mouzas, such as Birchandrapur, Dabuk, and Budigram. These mouzas fall under the jurisdictions of Tarapith Police Station and Mallarpur Police Station. This expansion was approved during the 20th General Body Meeting (GBM) of TRDA to maintain geographical continuity and promote religious and cultural growth in the region.

==Area Coverage==
The areas covered by the agency include:<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3fc3cf452d3da8402bebb765225ce8c0e/uploads/2021/07/2021072768.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628192133/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3fc3cf452d3da8402bebb765225ce8c0e/uploads/2021/07/2021072768.pdf | archive-date=2023-06-28}}</ref>
*Rampurhat Municipality
*Kharun, Barsal, Dokhalbati, Kusumba,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/purulia-birbhum-bankura/kusumba-joining-trda-for-better-development-1.450337 | title=টিআরডিএ-তে এ বার কুশুম্বা }}</ref> and Ayas Gram Panchayat under [[Rampurhat subdivision|Rampurhat]] Police Station.
*Sahapur and Budigram Gram Panchayat under [[Margram]] Police Station.
*Budhigram Gram Panchayat under [[Tarapith Temple|Tarapith]] Police Station.
*Dabuk Gram Panchayat under [[Mallarpur]] Police Station.
The total population under the jurisdiction of the authority, as per the 2011 Census, is '''166,907'''.

==Key Functions and Initiatives for Tarapith Temple==
'''Sanitation and Cleanliness:''' The agency has appointed a Garbage Cleaning Agency to maintain hygiene in areas surrounding the Maa Tara Temple and along the Dwarka River. The authority supervises garbage collection from hotels, lodges, guest houses, and shops, aiming to ensure cleanliness in this pilgrimage hub.

'''Plastic-Free Zone Campaign:''' The agency has been actively working to raise awareness about plastic pollution among pilgrims and visitors. It aims to create a plastic-free zone within a 2 km radius of the Maa Tara Temple.

'''Infrastructure Development:'''

'''Riverbank Protection:''' Proposals have been made for boulder fitting along the Dwarka River banks to enhance their beauty and prevent flooding.

'''Sewage and Effluent Treatment Plants:''' The authority is working on establishing a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) and an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) near Tarapith Samsan. These projects are currently in progress, with funding support from the Urban Development & Municipal Affairs Department. The ETP is operational, while the STP is nearing completion after resolving technical issues

'''Solar Community Kitchen:''' A solar-powered kitchen was constructed in the Maa Tara Temple premises to make the “Bhog Ghar” pollution-free. It is now operational under the temple committee's management.

'''Waste Management:'''TRDA has identified land for garbage dumping near Tarapith after resolving disputes with local communities. This ensures sustainable waste disposal for years to come.

==Notable projects==
*The agency has completed a project called Tarabitan Tourism Property'near the Rampurhat Circuit House.
*TRDA is working on a project to set up a 100-seat Auditorium in Tarapith.
*The authority aims to build temples based on the models of the 51 Shakti Peeths <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/tarapith-rampurhat-development-authority-wants-to-make-51-temples-more-1.704900 | title=তারাপীঠে ৫১ নতুন মন্দির, প্রশ্ন প্রশাসনে }}</ref> located across the country.

== See also ==
*[[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]]
*[[Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Urban development authorities in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Birbhum district]]

Bhadrakalpika Sūtra

2026-02-01T08:13:47Z

MUKESH SINGH: refine details as per guidelines to improve readability

{{Italic title}}
{{short description|Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism}}
[[File:Buddhist stele with the Thousand Buddha motif, Northern Wei dynasty, early 6th century AD, probably 521 AD, sandstone with traces of paint, view 2 - Arthur M. Sackler Gallery - DSC05202.jpg|thumb|Buddhist stele with the Thousand Buddha motif, [[Northern Wei]] dynasty, 521 CE. The motif of a "thousand buddhas" (or 10,000) is a common one in Mahayana Buddhism.]]

The '''''Bhadrakalpikasūtra''''' (Full [[Sanskrit]]: '''''Āryabhadrakalpikanāmamahāyānasūtra''''', {{bo|w=’phags pa bskal pa bzang po zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo}}, ''The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra “The Good Eon”'') is a [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sutra]] which discusses the names and deeds of over one thousand Buddhas of this "Fortunate Aeon" (''bhadra [[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'').<ref>“One Thousand Buddhas from Gandhara: the Bhadrakalpikasutra and its place in Gandhari literature,” Stefan Baums, 44th Annual South Asian Conference of the Pacific Northwest, March 4–6, 2010.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dharmachakra Translation Committee |date=2022 |title=The Noble Great Vehicle Sūtra "The Good Eon" (Introduction) |url=https://read.84000.co/translation/toh94.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha |language=en}}</ref> Most of the Buddhas in this sutra are future Buddhas, thus the sutra provides a future Buddhological long history of our world system.<ref name=":1" />

The sutra contains 24 chapters and dates to around 200-250 CE.<ref>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, By Robert E. Buswell Jr., Donald S. Lopez Jr., Princeton University Press, 2013 p. 106</ref> The sutra is the first sutra in the [[Kangyur]]'s general sutra section and is one of the longest sutras translated into [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]].<ref name=":0" /> Other parallel versions of the sutra are available in [[Middle Chinese]], [[Middle Mongol]], and the [[Saka language]] in variants that differ slightly as to the number of Buddhas. For example, the Khotanese version has one thousand and five Buddhas.<ref>{{iranica|bhadrakalpikasutra-the-name-of-a-buddhist-mahayanist-text}}</ref>

In 2017, United States Representative [[Colleen Hanabusa]] was sworn in on an English-translated copy of the ''Bhadrakalpikasūtra''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/hawaii-s-colleen-hanabusa-makes-bittersweet-return-congress-n699676|title = Hawaii's Colleen Hanabusa makes a 'bittersweet' return to Congress| website=[[NBC News]] | date=26 December 2016 }}</ref>

==History and background==
[[File:Wanfo Dong (10,000 Buddha Cave) (10148753886).jpg|thumb|A wall of Buddhas at the Thousand Buddha Mountain (千佛山; pinyin: Qiān Fó Shān), southeast of [[Jinan]], the capital of [[Shandong]].]]

[[File:Dunhuang Cave 16.jpg|thumb| Photo showing [[Dunhuang]] Cave 16 and the manuscripts piled up for [[Aurel Stein]] near the entrance to Cave 17, the “library cave” at the [[Mogao Caves]]]]

The original Indic text is now lost, though fragments in [[Gandhari language|Gandhari]] and [[Sanskrit]] do survive.<ref name=":1">Skilling, Peter (2010). Note On the Bhadrakalpika-sūtra. 創価大学国際仏教学高等研究所年報=Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University=ソウカダイガクコクサイブッキョウガクコウトウケンキュウジョネンポウ. pp. 195 - 230</ref> One early Chinese translation of the ''Bhadrakalpikasūtra'' was done by [[Dharmarakṣa]], a native of [[Dunhuang]], between third and fourth centuries. However, according to Peter Skilling, this version is incomplete.<ref name=":1" /> That the thousand Buddha motif was popular in the Dunhuang region is evidenced by the "Thousand-Buddha Cave", which are world-renowned grottoes at [[Dunhuang]]. Various lists of thousand Buddhas have also been found in Khotanese sources, verifying the importance of this narrative theme for the Buddhist Iranian [[Kingdom of Khotan]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta Cave]] no. II also includes epigraphic evidence for the idea of the one thousand Buddhas.<ref name=":1" />

The Indian Vidyākarasiṃha and the Tibetan Dpal-dbyans translated the text into [[Old Tibetan]] in the 8th century, during the early translation era.<ref>Dr. Shailendra K. Verma, "Emergence and Evolution of the Buddha Image (From its inception to 8th century A.D.)" a doctoral thesis. At http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/TK70/</ref>

The theme of the "good eon" (Skt.: ''bhadrakalpa,'' Pali: ''bhaddakappa)'' is found in earlier sources, such as the ''Mahāvadāna sũtra'' (Pali: [[Dīgha Nikāya|DN]] 14, ''Mahāpadāna sutta'') sutra, in which [[the Buddha]] states. "In this very Fortunate Eon, four truly and fully Awakened Ones arise in the world: [[Kakusandha|Krakasunda]], [[Kanakamuni]], [[Kāśyapa]], and myself, Śākyamuni, at present. This is the nature of things."<ref name=":1" />

According to Skilling, the idea that one thousand Buddhas will arise in this good eon "circulated in the north and northwest of the Indian subcontinent by the beginning of the [[Common Era|Christian era]], if not earlier."<ref name=":1" /> The idea of one thousand Buddhas is also mentioned in the ''[[Mahāvastu]]''.<ref name=":1" /> Various schools had different ideas about this. Some held that just five Buddhas will arise in this eon, others that five hundred Buddhas will arise, which seems to have been common in some [[Sarvāstivāda]] circles, and others held that one thousand Buddhas will arise. Numerous Mahayana sutras mention the idea of one thousand Buddhas in this good eon, including the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'', the ''[[Vimalakirti Sutra]]'', and the ''[[Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra]]''.<ref name=":1" />

== Overview ==
The ''Bhadrakalpikasūtra'' depicts the names and circumstances of the one thousand and four (1004) Buddhas of this current eon. The frame narrative states that sutra was taught by [[The Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaiśālī]] on the request of [[Bodhisattva]] Prāmodyarāja.<ref>The Fortunate Aeon: How the Thousand Buddhas Became True Perfect Enlightened (Tibetan Translation Series), 4 volume set (Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1986).</ref> In the frame narrative, the Buddha states that far in the past, a monarch (which was a past life of the [[Akshobhya|Akṣobhya Buddha]]) helped a Dharma teacher who was the [[Amitābha|Amitābha Buddha]]. As a result of the good merit of this, the monarch and his thousand sons spend eighty eons serving over three billion (3,000,000,000) Buddhas.<ref name=":0" />

The sutra then presents a long teaching by Shakyamuni Buddha on the [[Pāramitā|six perfections]].<ref name=":0" /> This long section on the six perfections contains around one hundred past life stories ( [[Jataka tales|jātakas]], pūrvayogas, [[Avadana|avadānas]]) which illustrate the practice of the perfections.<ref>Skilling, Peter; Saerji. [https://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/en/search/search_detail.jsp?seq=627807 Jātakas in the Bhadrakalpika-sūtra: A provisional inventory(1).] 創価大学国際仏教学高等研究所年報 Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University (ソウカダイガクコクサイブッキョウガクコウトウケンキュウジョネンポウ). 2019, pp. 125 - 169</ref>

After this teaching the Buddha proceeds to enumerate the names of all the 1004 Buddhas in this current eon in a set of verses. The list of thousand plus (the numbers varies in the different versions) Buddhas starts with [[Kakusandha Buddha|Krakucchanda]], [[Koṇāgamana Buddha|Kanakamuni]], [[Kassapa Buddha|Kasyapa]], Shakyamuni, and [[Maitreya]] and ends with Rochasimhakhya ("Roca, the One Called Lion").<ref>The Fortunate Aeon: How the Thousand Buddhas Became Enlightened, p. 1733</ref>

Following this enumeration is the most extensive part of the entire sutra, which contains extensive accounts of the details of each Buddha in mixed prose and verse. This includes their birthplaces, families, physical appearance, their sangha, chief disciples, lifespans, length of their teaching career and their relics.<ref name=":0" />

The sutra then contains a third listing of the thousand plus Buddhas. This third enumeration (all in verse) explains the past life circumstances which lead each of the Buddhas to give rise to [[bodhicitta]] (the compassionate resolve aimed at awakening).<ref name=":0" />

The sutra closes with a story about all the thousand Buddhas and how they were all sons of a king (who was a past life of Amitāyus) and with another story about a universal emperor (a previous life of the [[Dipankara|Dīpaṅkara Buddha]]).<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Mahayana sutras]]
* ''[[Heart Sutra]]''
* ''[[Samantabhadra Meditation Sutra]]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisourcelang|zh|賢劫經}}
* [http://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/840923226 Tripiṭaka. Sūtrapiṭaka. Bhadrakalpikasūtra.]
* [http://whav.aussereurop.univie.ac.at/ic/1836/?page=2 Tabo skor lam: inner walls On the inner walls of the ambulatory the sequence of the Buddhas of the Bhadrakalpikasūtra continues] [[Tabo Monastery]]
* [https://read.84000.co/translation/toh94.html An English translation by 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha]

{{Mahayana-stub}}
{{buddhist-text-stub}}{{Buddhas in Buddhist Literature}}
[[Category:Mahayana sutras]]
[[Category:Vaipulya sutras]]

List of vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta

2026-01-24T14:12:20Z

MUKESH SINGH: minor update structure based on references and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{notability|Lists|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Vice-chancellor
| body = [[University of Calcutta]]
| incumbent = Ashutosh Ghosh
| incumbentsince = 30 October 2025
| first = [[James William Colvile]]
| formation = {{start date and age|24 January 1857}}
}}

The [[Chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]] of the [[University of Calcutta]], a university in [[Kolkata]], India, is the executive head of the university.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|title=Vice-Chancellors|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/about/vc.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603125317/https://www.caluniv.ac.in/about/vc.html|archive-date=3 June 2021|access-date=29 June 2020|website=[[University of Calcutta]]}}</ref> Following the establishment in 1857, [[James William Colvile]] served as the first vice-chancellor of the university.

== List of vice-chancellors ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S. No.
!Name<ref name=":5" />
!Term
!Image
!Notes
|-
|1
|[[James William Colvile]]
|1857–1859
|[[File:James William Colvile CU.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|2
|[[William Ritchie (barrister)|William Ritchie]]
|1859–1862
|[[File:William Ritchie 1855.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Claudius James Erskine]]
|1862–1863
|[[File:Claudius James Erskine, vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Henry James Sumner Maine|Henry Sumner Maine]]
|1863–1867
|[[File:HSMaine.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|5
|W. S. Seton-Karr
|1867–1869
|
|
|-
|6
|[[Edward Clive Bayley]]
|1869–1875
|
|
|-
|7
|[[Arthur Hobhouse, 1st Baron Hobhouse|Arthur Hobhouse]]
|1875–1877
|[[File:Arthur Hobhouse, 1st Baron Hobhouse circa 1880.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|8
|[[William Markby]]
|1877–1878
|[[File:SirWilliamMarkby.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Alexander John Arbuthnot|Alexander Arbuthnot]]
|1878–1880
|[[File:Sir Alexr John Arbuthnot.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Arthur Wilson (judge)|Arthur Wilson]]
|1880–1884
|[[File:Arther Wilson CU.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|11
|H. J. Reynolds
|1883–1886
|
|
|-
|12
|[[Courtenay Ilbert|C. P. Ilbert]]
|1886
|[[File:Courtenay Ilbert.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|13
|[[William Wilson Hunter]]
|1886–1887
|[[File:Sir William Wilson Hunter (1840-1900).png|100px]]
|
|-
|14
|[[William Comer Petheram]]
|1887–1889
|[[File:William Comer Petheram CU.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|15
|[[Gooroodas Banerjee]]
|1890–1892
|[[File:Guru Das Bannerjee.jpg|100px]]
|First Indian vice chancellor of the university
|-
|16
|Jones Quain Pigot
|1893
|
|
|-
|17
|[[Alfred Woodley Croft]]
|1893–1896
|[[File:Alfred W. Croft.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|18
|E. J. Trevelyan
|1897–1898
|
|
|-
|19
|[[Francis William Maclean]]
|1898–1900
|[[File:Francis Maclean.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|20
|[[Thomas Raleigh]]
|1900–1904
|
|
|-
|21
|[[Alexander Pedler]]
|1904–1906
|[[File:Alexander Pedler.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|22
|[[Ashutosh Mukherjee|Asutosh Mookerjee]]
|1906–1914
|[[File:Sir Asutosh Mukharji.JPG|100px]]
|
|-
|23
|[[Deva Prasad Sarbadhikari]]
|1914–1918
|[[File:Devaprasad Sarbadhikari.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Lancelot Sanderson]]
|1918–1919
|[[File:Lancelot Sanderson Conservative MP.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|25
|[[Nilratan Sircar]]
|1919–1921
| [[File:Nil_Ratan_Sircar.jpeg|100px]]
|Eminent Indian physician
|-
|(22)
|[[Ashutosh Mukherjee|Asutosh Mookerjee]] (second term)
|1921–1923
|[[File:Sir Asutosh Mukharji.JPG|100px]]
|
|-
|26
|[[Bhupendra Nath Bose]]
|1923–1924
|[[File:Bhupendranath Bose.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|27
|William Ewart Greaves
|1924–1926
|
|
|-
|28
|[[Jadunath Sarkar]]
|1926–1928
|[[File:Jadunath Sarkar 1927.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|29
|[[W. S. Urquhart]]
|1928–1930
|[[File:W S Urquhart CU.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|30
|[[Hassan Suhrawardy]]
|1930–1934
|[[File:Hasan Suhrawardy.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|31
|[[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]]
|1934–1938
|[[File:Shyamaprasad_Mukhopadhyay.jpg|100px]]
|Union Minister (1947–1950) & Member of Parliament (1952–1953)
|-
|32
|[[Sir Azizul Haque|Sir Azizul Huque]]
|1938–1942
|[[File:AzizulHaque.jpg|100px]]
|[[High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]] (1941–1943)
|-
|33
|[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
|1942–1944
|[[File:Bidhan Chandra Roy 1982 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] (1948–1962)
|-
|34
|[[Radhabinod Pal]]
|1944–1946
| [[File:Radhabinod Pal 1947 extracted.jpg|100px]]
|Member of [[United Nations]]' [[International Law Commission]] (1952–1966)
|-
|35
|[[Pramathanath Banerjee]]
|1946–1949
|
|Member of Parliament (1957–1962)
|-
|36
|[[Charu Chandra Biswas]]
|1949–1950
| [[File:Charu_Chandra_Biswas_image.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|37
|[[Sambhunath Banerjee]]
|1950–1954
|
|
|-
|38
|[[Jnan Chandra Ghosh]]
|1954–1955
|[[File:Jnan Chandra Ghosh.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|39
|[[Nirmal Kumar Sidhanta]]
|1955–1960
|
|
|-
|40
|[[Subodh Mitra]]
|1960–1961
|[[File:Subodh Mira CU.jpg|100px]]
|Eminent Indian [[obstretrician]] and [[gynecologist]]
|-
|41
|[[Surajit Chandra Lahiri]]
|1962
| [[File:Surojit_Chandra_Lahiri_CU.jpg|100px]]
|Former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Calcutta High Court]] (1959–1961)
|-
|42
|Bidhubhushan Malik
|1962–1968
|
|
|-
|43
|S. N. Sen
|1968–1976
|[[File:S N Sen CU.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
|44
|Sushil Kumar Mukherjee
|1976–1979
|
|
|-
|45
|[[Ramendra Kumar Podder]]
|1979–1983
|
|Member of Parliament (1985–1993)
|-
|46
|[[Santosh Bhattacharyya]]
|1983–1987
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-03-13|title=The VC who fought Red shackles at CU|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/the-vc-who-fought-red-shackles-at-cu/articleshow/7689506.cms|access-date=2021-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|47
|Bhaskarananda Ray Chaudhuri
|1987–1991
|
|
|-
|48
|Rathindra Narayan Basu
|1991–1999
|
|
|-
|49
|Asis Kumar Banerjee
|1999–2008
|
|
|-
|50
|Suranjan Das
|2008–2015
|[[File:Suranjan Das - Kolkata 2014-01-27 7666.JPG|100px]]
|
|-
|–
|[[Sugata Marjit]] ''(acting)''
|2015–2016
|[[File:Sugata Marjit - Kolkata 2014-02-04 8377.JPG|100px]]
|
|-
|–
|Ashutosh Ghosh ''(acting)''
|2016–2017
|
|
|-
|51
|[[Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee]]
|2017–2022
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basu|first=Somdatta|date=2017-08-26|title=Calcutta University gets full-term VC after more than 2 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/calcutta-university-gets-full-term-vc-after-more-than-2-years/articleshow/60237631.cms|access-date=2021-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|52
|Asis Kumar Chattopadhyay
|2022–2023
|
|
|-
|–
|Dr. Santa Dutta (De) ''(acting)''
|2023–2025
|
|
|-
|53
|Ashutosh Ghosh
|2025–''Incumbent''
|
|
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors by university in India]]

Western Uttar Pradesh

2026-01-16T09:34:20Z

MUKESH SINGH: minor refine references additionally and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Region in northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Western Uttar Pradesh
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Region]]
| image_map = India Harit Pradesh locator map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Western Uttar Pradesh in India
| mapframe = no
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sunset in Indirapuram Uttar Pradesh.jpg
| caption1 = [[Indirapuram]], [[Ghaziabad]]
| image2 = Greater Noida at night.jpg
| caption2 = [[Greater Noida]]
| image3 = Delhi-Meerut-Express-Highway-India.png
| caption3 = [[Delhi–Meerut Expressway]]
| image4 = Kali Paltan Mandir, Meerut.jpg
| caption4 = [[Kali Paltan Mandir|Augarhnath Temple]], [[Meerut]]
| image5 = Efficiency in the shape.jpg
| caption5 = [[GAIL]], [[Noida]]
| image6 = Migratory Birds At Hastinapur.jpg
| caption6 = [[Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary]]
}}
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| map1_alt =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Continent
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = Covering territory
| subdivision_name3 = *[[Meerut division]]
*[[Saharanpur division]]
*[[Moradabad division]]
*[[Bareilly division]]
*[[Aligarh division]]
*[[Agra division]]
| subdivision_type4 = Languages
| subdivision_name4 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Braj language|Braj]], [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{hlist
| [[Ghaziabad]]
| [[Agra]]
| [[Meerut]]
| [[Noida]]
| [[Bareilly]]
| [[Aligarh]]
| [[Moradabad]]
| [[Saharanpur]]
}}
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 71,217,132
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| native_name_lang =
| native_name =
| mapsize =
}}
'''Western Uttar Pradesh''' is a region in [[India]] that comprises the western districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]], including the [[Upper Doab]], [[Rohilkhand]] and [[Braj]] areas, where languages like [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]] and [[Braj language|Braj]] are spoken. The largest city of the region is [[Ghaziabad]], while the second-largest city, [[Agra]], is a major tourist destination.

It is in the region of Western Uttar Pradesh that [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] originated.<ref name="Taher1995"/> The region has some demographic, economic and cultural patterns that are distinct from other parts of Uttar Pradesh, and more closely resemble those of [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]] states.<ref name="leaf1998">{{Cite book |last=Leaf|first=Murray J. |authorlink = Murray Leaf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nShHkKOiPTsC |title=Pragmatism and development: the prospect for pluralist transformation in the Third World |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=978-0897895736 |quote=''... Village organization and district administration in western Uttar Pradesh is generally much more like the neighboring states of Rajasthan and Haryana than like eastern Uttar Pradesh. Eastern Uttar Pradesh is more like Bihar than western Uttar Pradesh ... Of all these regions, western Uttar Pradesh is generally regarded as having the best administration, the most productive agriculture, and the best managed canals ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref48jorop">{{Citation |last=Alfred De Souza |title=Urban growth and urban planning: political context and people's priorities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I17aAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Indian Social Institute, 1983 |quote=''... The difference in the urban settlement pattern between western and eastern Uttar Pradesh is so pronounced that one could almost feel that the two regions were located in two different countries with completely different economic systems ...''}}</ref>

Western Uttar Pradesh has experienced rapid economic growth, in a fashion similar to the states of Haryana and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], due to the success of the [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]].<ref name="ghonemy1986">[[Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy]], "The Dynamics of Rural Poverty", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986. ''... Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh recorded spectacular production increases ...''</ref><ref name="rastyannikov1981">V. G. Rastyannikov, "Agrarian Evolution in a Multiform Structure Society: Experience of Independent India", Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, {{ISBN|0710007558}}.</ref><ref name="bhatia1985">B. M. Bhatia, "Food Security in South Asia", Oxford & IHB Pub. Co., 1985.</ref> A significant part of western Uttar Pradesh is a part of [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] of India.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Western Uttar Pradesh
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|72.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|26.21}}
{{bar percent|Others†|grey|1.41}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s, [[Buddhist]]s, [[Christians]], [[Jain]]s.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref>
}}
{{Bar box|title=Religions in Khariboli sub-region|float=right|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|62.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|36.17}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|1.64}}|titlebar=#Fcd116}}
{{Bar box|title=Religions in Braj sub-region|float=right|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|82.78}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|16.00}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|1.22}}|titlebar=#Fcd116}}
The population of Western Uttar Pradesh is composed of a varied set of communities and tribes, including [[Ahir]] ([[Yadav|Yadavs]]), [[Gurjar]]s, [[Jat]]s, [[Brahmins]], [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meos]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Kayastha]]s, [[Tyagi]]s, [[Bhar]] ([[Rajbhar]]s), [[Kutchi people|Kachhi]], [[Kahar]] ([[Kashyap|Kashyaps]]) , [[Gadaria]], [[Kumhar]], [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Khatik]], [[Lodha]], [[Valmiki caste|Valmikis]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]],
[[Jatav]], [[Kurmi]]s and [[Rohilla|Rohilla Pashtuns]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा को बड़ा झटका: यूपी का सबसे बड़ा वोट बैंक भाजपा के खिलाफ करेगा मतदान |url=https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/brahmin-says-will-not-vote-for-bjp-up-election-2017-news-in-hindi-1490467/ |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=www.patrika.com |date=15 July 2016 |language=hi}}</ref>

The region in 1980s and 1990s was witness to the "sugarcane mafia" led by the above mentioned communities.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-turf-wars-over-sugarcane-factories-started-a-circle-of-crime-in-badlands-of-western-up/story-oRhZASgv15LC1pyQh983yO.html Hindustan Times]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/up-s-wild-west-rises-in-crime-status-359559|title = UP's wild west rises in crime status}}</ref> Yadavs have a small presence in this region.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dasgupta|first=Swapan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gqXDwAAQBAJ&dq=tyagi+brahmin&pg=PT47|title=Awakening Bharat Mata: The Political Beliefs of the Indian Right|date=2019-05-25|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-530-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polling in UP's Jatland: BSP factor, vote transfer woes could hit Akhilesh-Jayant jodi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-polls-2022/story/up-elections-akhilesh-yadav-bsp-jayant-chaudhary-1905769-2022-01-28 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=India Today |date=28 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

As per 2011 Census, the total population of Western Uttar Pradesh is 71,217,132, out of which 72.29% is [[Hindu]] and 26.21% is [[Muslim]].<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" /> The population in Khariboli region is 29,669,035, (Hindu 59.19% and Muslim 39.17%) and the population of Braj region is 29,754,755 (Hindu 82.78% and Muslim 16%). Muslim population share in eight districts of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Meerut and Bareilly has increased from 29.93% in 1951 to 40.43% in 2011. This has been point of contention in politics with demands for population control bill being raised from Hindu groups.

The percentage of [[Muslim]]s in Western Uttar Pradesh (~26%) is higher than the whole state of Uttar Pradesh (where it is 19.3%).<ref name="toi2006tak">{{Citation |title=Minister's demand for Muslim Pradesh condemned |date=2006-07-19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Ministers-demand-for-Muslim-Pradesh-condemned/articleshow/1773733.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024084952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-19/lucknow/27821622_1_harit-pradesh-azam-khan-muslim-intellectuals |quote="... demand is neither feasible nor proper," said Manzoor Ahmad, former vice-chancellor of Dr B R Ambedkar University, Agra ... Muslim population which is not more than 25% in Western UP. ... |access-date=2009-07-24 |archive-date=2012-10-24 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2002kds">{{Citation |title=Ajit Singh struggling to retain Muslim vote |date=2002-02-12 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/02/13/stories/2002021301391000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |place=Chennai, India |quote=... the Muslim presence in western U.P. is said to be about 34 per cent ... |access-date=2009-07-24}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Out of 77 assembly seats in this region, Muslim candidates won 26 seats in the 2012 assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Mayank |date=19 September 2013 |title=Why the Jat-Muslim coalition has fallen apart in UP |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/why-the-jat-muslim-coalition-has-fallen-apart-in-up-113091900028_1.html |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> Several communities are bi-religious.<ref name="ReferenceA">A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of Punjab by H. A Rose</ref>

The region's [[Rohilla]]s are descended from immigrant groups from centuries ago, and a large subregion of Western Uttar Pradesh, [[Rohilkhand]], takes its name from that [[Pashtun tribe]].<ref name="ref20xucoh">{{Citation |last=Ghaus Ansari |title=Muslim caste in Uttar Pradesh: a study of culture contact (Volumes 12-13 of The Eastern anthropologist) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HRAAAAMAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, 1960 |quote=''... confined primarily to the Rohilkhand and Meerut divisions of Uttar Pradesh. Pathans are generally considered to have come either from Afghanistan or from the Pashto-speaking tribes of the North-West ...''}}</ref>

[[Sikh]]s from West Punjab, who came from [[Pakistan]] after [[Partition of India|partition]], also migrated to the area in large numbers.<ref name="ref56reyup">{{Citation |last=Bagaulia |title=Encyclopaedia Of Human Geography (Set Of 3 Vols.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffzuHq53VOsC |year=2005 |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2005 |isbn=9788126124442 |quote=''... Sikhs also settled down in the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, transforming this once malaria-infested wetland into a granary of northern India ...''}}</ref>

== Languages ==
Most people in Western Uttar Pradesh speak [[Hindi]] (or its slightly earlier version [[Khadiboli]]) and [[Braj language|Braj]].

===Khadiboli===
[[Khadiboli]] is a slightly earlier version of Hindi and has very minimal differences. It is spoken in the northern part of Western Uttar Pradesh. Khadiboli-speaking districts include Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur, Shamli, Bagpat, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Hapur, Amroha, Sambhal, Bijnor, Bareilly, Moradabad, Gautam Buddh nagar,and Bulandshahar.

===Braj ===
[[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] is spoken in the southern part of western Uttar Pradesh. Braj-speaking districts include Mathura, Hathras, Agra, Aligarh, Etah, Firozabad, Budaun, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Bulandshahr, Mainpuri, Bareilly and Sambhal.

===Hindi and Urdu===
In the area of Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh, Persian loanwords entered the lexicon of [[Old Hindi]] (the form of Khariboli spoken in the medieval Indian period). This is regarded as the predecessor of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], both of which are spoken throughout Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Taher1995">{{cite book |last1=Taher |first1=Mohamed |title=Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives |date=1994 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-524-9 |page=115 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{See also|Northwest India}}
Western Uttar Pradesh shares borders with the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], as well as a brief international border with [[Nepal]] in [[Pilibhit district]].

Western Uttar Pradesh's soil and relief has marked differences from that of the eastern part of the state.<ref name="ref64heger">{{Citation |last=Aijazuddin Ahmad |title=Geography of the South Asian subcontinent: a critical approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC |year=2009 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company, 2009 |isbn=9788180695681 |quote=''... These differences are caused by the depositional work of rivers, local climates, natural vegetation cover and the soil. Even the difference between the plains of western Uttar Pradesh and eastern Uttar Pradesh is quite well marked ...''}}</ref> The soil tends to be lighter-textured [[loam]], with some occurrences of sandy soil.<ref name="ref35qeciq">{{Citation |last=A.K. Kolay |title=Soil Genesis, Classification Survey And Evaluation, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dWU_2nhMnMC |year=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2007 |isbn=9788126908035 |quote=''... ...''}}</ref> Some [[loess]] soil is continuously deposited by winds blowing eastwards from Rajasthan's [[Thar Desert]].<ref name="ref64zerag">{{Citation |last=M. Hanif |title=Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBuPAmUqfqkC |year=2005 |publisher=Anmol Publications Private Limited, 2005 |isbn=9788126124824 |quote=''... Loess is the finest particle of sand carried by winds from desert (Thar desert) to the neighbouring areas of Haryana, Punjab, western Uttar Pradesh and western Madhya Pradesh. Here a thin layer of loess particles ...''}}</ref>

===Precipitation===
Western Uttar Pradesh receives rain through the Indian [[Monsoon]] and the [[Western Disturbance]]s. The Monsoon carries moisture northwards from the [[Indian Ocean]], occurs in late summer and is important to the [[Kharif crop|Kharif or autumn harvest]].<ref name="katiyar1990">Vidya Sagar Katiyar, "Indian Monsoon and Its Frontiers", Inter-India Publications, 1990, {{ISBN|81-210-0245-1}}.</ref><ref name="jainchatterjee1972">Ajit Prasad Jain and Shiba Prasad Chatterjee, "Report of the Irrigation Commission, 1972", Ministry of Irrigation and Power, Government of India, 1972.</ref> Western Disturbances, on the other hand, are an extratropical weather phenomenon that carry moisture eastwards from the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[Caspian Sea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name="hbl2005">{{Cite web |date=2005-11-17 |title=Western disturbances herald winter in Northern India |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111702801900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214030132/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111702801900.htm |archive-date=14 February 2009 |access-date=2008-10-20 |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="wang2006">Bin Wang, "The Asian Monsoon", Springer, 2006, {{ISBN|3-540-40610-7}}.</ref><ref name="datta1968">R.K. Datta (Meteorological Office, Dum Dum) and M.G. Gupta (Meteorological Office, Delhi), "Synoptic study of the formation and movements of Western Depressions", Indian Journal of Meteorology & Geophysics, India Meteorological Department, 1968.</ref><ref name="dimri2004">A.P. Dimri, "Models to improve winter minimum surface temperature forecasts, Delhi, India", ''[[Meteorological Applications]]'', 11, pp 129-139, [[Royal Meteorological Society]], Cambridge University Press, 2004.</ref> They primarily occur during the winter season and are critically important for the main staple of the region, [[wheat]], which is part of the [[Rabi crop|Rabi or spring harvest]].<ref name="wang2006" />

===Administrative divisions===
Western Uttar Pradesh includes 26 districts in six divisions:
# [[Saharanpur division]] – [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Shamli district|Shamli]]
# [[Meerut division]] – [[Meerut district|Meerut]], [[Baghpat district|Baghpat]], [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]], [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]], [[Hapur district|Hapur]], [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
# [[Moradabad division]] – [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]], [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]], [[Amroha district|Amroha]], [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]], [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
# [[Agra division]] – [[Agra district|Agra]], [[Mathura district|Mathura]], [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]], [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
# [[Aligarh division]] – [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]], [[Etah district|Etah]], [[Hathras district|Hathras]], [[Kasganj district|Kasganj]]
# [[Bareilly division]] – [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]], [[Badaun district|Badaun]], [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]], [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]

==Demands for statehood==
In Uttar Pradesh, "the cultural divide between the east and the west is considerable, with the ''purabiyas'' (easterners) often being clubbed with [[Biharis]]."<ref name="mazumdar1988">{{Cite web |last=Indrani |first=Mazumdar |date=1988 |title=Unorganised Workers of Delhi and the Seven Day Strike of 1988 |url=http://www.indialabourarchives.org/publications/Indrani%20Mazumdar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040401063623/http://www.indialabourarchives.org/publications/Indrani%20Mazumdar.htm |archive-date=1 April 2004 |access-date=23 September 2015 |publisher=Archives of Indian Labour}}</ref> Also, while the green revolution resulted in a rapidly rising standard of living in Western Uttar Pradesh, Eastern Uttar Pradesh (like [[Bihar]]) did not benefit to the same extent.<ref name="lucas1988">Robert E. B. Lucas, Gustav Fritz Papanek, "The Indian Economy: Recent Development and Future Prospects", Westview Press, 1988, {{ISBN|0813375053}}.</ref><ref name="etienne1985">Gilbert Etienne, "Rural Development In Asia: Meetings With Peasants", Sage Publications, 1985, {{ISBN|0803994958}}.</ref> These cultural and economic disparities are believed to have fueled the demand for separate statehood in Western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="kudaisya2006">Gyanesh Kudaisya, "Region, Nation, Heartland: Uttar Pradesh in India's Body Politic", Sage Publications, 2006, {{ISBN|0761935193}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-19 |title=RLD, BSP gear up as Mulayam exit looms |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070219/nation.htm#1 |access-date=2008-10-18 |publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh |archive-date=23 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123124928/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070219/nation.htm#1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A separate entity would likely become a prosperous smaller state similar to Haryana and Punjab, under greater political control of local ethnic groups.<ref name="singh2001gdj">{{Citation |last=Jagpal Singh |title=Politics of Harit Pradesh: The Case of Western UP as a Separate State |date=4 August 2001 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=31 |pages=2961–2967 |jstor=4410945 |quote=''... It is spearheaded by the politicians, especially a section of jats, belonging to western UP. Ajit Singh has been playing a pivotal role in it ...''}}</ref>

Some politicians and parties have demanded that Western Uttar Pradesh be granted statehood under the name [[Harit Pradesh]].<ref name="basu2005">{{Citation |last=Sajal Basu |title=Regionalism, ethnicity, and left politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uApuAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-8170339304 |quote=''... perhaps only to strengthen his own demand of a separate Harit Pradesh comprising 23 districts from western UP ...A consequent demand for the separation of the more prosperous western districts of UP which have been the bastion of the green revolution, and have variously been named as Pashchim Pradesh or more recently as Harit Pradesh by Ajit Singh ...''}}</ref> [[Braj Pradesh]] and Pashchim Pradesh are alternative names that have been proposed, because the region incorporates the historic region of [[Braj]] and is the western (''pashchim'' in Hindi) part of Uttar Pradesh respectively.<ref name="basu2005" /><ref name="singh1992">{{Citation |editor1=Kumar Suresh Singh |editor2=Anthropological Survey of India |others=[[N. N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology]] |title=Ethnicity, caste, and people: proceedings of the Indo-Soviet seminars held in Calcutta and Leningrad, 1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ-BAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=9788173040146 |quote=''... public organizations making demands for administrative autonomy for the Braj speaking people and even the setting up of a separate state "Braj Pradesh' ...''}}</ref>

==Religious riots==
[[File:Moradabad pic 13.JPG|thumb|right|250 px|Jigar gate in [[Moradabad]], named for the famous [[Urdu]] poet [[Jigar Moradabadi]].]]
Western Uttar Pradesh has a history of religious riots happening frequently.<ref name="livemint.com">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Gyan |date=12 September 2013 |title=Communalism gains new ground in rural India |work=[[Live Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Lmv1m7PQ9zb9YQlWidPwzO/Communalism-gains-new-ground-in-rural-India.html?ref=mr |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> Many [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] riots happened in [[Meerut]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Manisha |date=12 September 2013 |title=Will Uttar Pradesh politics change post Muzaffarnagar riots? |work=[[Zee News]] |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/will-uttar-pradesh-politics-change-post-muzaffarnagar-riots_876091.html |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> Beginning on 27 August 2013, clashes between the Hindu and Muslim communities of the [[Muzaffarnagar district]] have claimed 43 lives and injured 93.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Troops deployed to quell deadly communal clashes between Hindus, Muslims in north India |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/troops-deployed-to-quell-deadly-communal-clashes-between-hindus-muslims-in-north-india |access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="fp1">{{Cite web |last=Adrija Bose |date=2013-09-08 |title=Firstpost India IBN7 journalist killed in UP communal riots, Army clamps curfewIBN7 journalist killed in UP communal riots, Army clamps curfew |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ibn7-journalist-killed-in-up-communal-riots-army-clamps-curfew-1092877.html |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="hindu2">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed Ali Fayyaz |date=2013-09-08 |title=9 killed in communal riots in Muzaffarnagar, curfew clamped, army deployed |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/9-killed-in-communal-riots-in-muzaffarnagar-curfew-clamped-army-deployed/1166053/ |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="htt">{{Cite news |date=2013-09-07 |title=Fresh clashes in UPs Muzaffarnagar leave 26 dead, Army deployed in affected areas |work=The Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Fresh-clashes-in-UP-s-Muzaffarnagar-leave-26-dead-Army-deployed-in-affected-areas/Article1-1118891.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909095145/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Fresh-clashes-in-UP-s-Muzaffarnagar-leave-26-dead-Army-deployed-in-affected-areas/Article1-1118891.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2013 |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>

A girl from the Hindu community was stalked by a Muslim youth in Kawal village.<ref name="mint20130912">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Gyan |date=12 September 2013 |title=Communalism gains new ground in rural India |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Lmv1m7PQ9zb9YQlWidPwzO/Communalism-gains-new-ground-in-rural-India.html |access-date=12 September 2013 |quote=The violence erupted after a girl belonging to the dominant Jat community was subjected to street harassment by some young students in Kawal village. The incident led to clashes between Jats and Muslims in the village in which three people died.}}</ref><ref name="dna20130912">{{Cite news |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R |date=12 September 2013 |title=dna in Muzaffarnagar: SP bid to gain foothold in Muzaffarnagar behind deadly riots? |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1887698/report-dna-in-muzaffarnagar-sp-bid-to-gain-foothold-in-muzaffarnagar-behind-deadly-riots |access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> In retaliation, a Muslim youth named Shahnawaz Qureshi<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=The Muzaffarnagar aftermath |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/the-muzaffarnagar-aftermath-370568-2013-09-11 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> was killed by two brothers of the girl, Sachin Singh and Gaurav Singh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2013 |title=The Muzaffarnagar aftermath |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/the-muzaffarnagar-aftermath-370568-2013-09-11 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="itvnews">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-08 |title=Timeline of Muzaffarnagar riots: eve-teasing incident led to murders, then riots |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/timeline-of-muzaffarnagar-riots-eve-teasing-incident-led-to-mur-27571.html |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=India TV News}}</ref> The two brothers were lynched by a Muslim mob when they were trying to escape.<ref name="itvnews" />

Another major riot in Meerut took place on 22 May 1987, during the [[Religious violence in India|Hindu-Muslim riots]] in [[Meerut]] city in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state, India, when 19 personnel of the [[Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC) allegedly rounded up 42 Muslim youth from the Hashimpura ''[[mohalla]]'' (locality) of the city, took them in truck to the outskirts, near [[Murad Nagar]], in [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]], where they were shot, and their bodies were [[Dump job#Police usage|dump]]ed in water canals. A few days later, dead bodies were found floating in the canals. In May 2000, 16 of the 19 accused surrendered, and were later released on bail, while 3 were already dead. The trial of the case was transferred by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2002 from [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] to a [[Sessions Court]] at the [[Tis Hazari]] complex in [[Delhi]],<ref name="ft">{{Cite news |last=Narrain |first=Siddharth |date=7–20 May 2005 |title=Justice out of sight |volume=22 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |issue=10 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810064151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm |archive-date=10 August 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> where it is the oldest pending case.

A riot broke out in the [[Kanth, Moradabad|Kanth]] municipality of [[Moradabad district]], on 27 June 2014, over installation of loudspeakers at a religious place, which was objected to by another community. The tension prevailed for over a week accompanied by frequent clashes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad's Kanth village tense after Communal clashes |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/moradabads-kanth-village-tense-after-communal-clashes/ |access-date=5 July 2014 |website=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com}}</ref> Another riot occurred between the Sikh and Muslim communities in [[Saharanpur]] over a land dispute, killing three and injuring many people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=FP Staff |date=27 Jul 2014 |title=UP on boil: 3 dead in Sikh-Muslim clashes in Saharanpur, Moradabad tense |publisher=[[Firstpost|FirstPost]] |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/up-on-boil-3-dead-in-sikh-muslim-clashes-in-saharanpur-moradabad-tense-1636655.html |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> As much as 13 companies of the Rapid Action Force, the PAC and CRPF were conveyed by the government to take control of the situation after imposing curfew in riot-hit areas of Saharanpur.

==Highway connectivity==
Major highways running through the region include [[National Highway 2 (India)|NH 2]], [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH 3]], [[National Highway 11 (India)|NH 11]], [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]], [[NH 58]], [[NH 73]], [[NH 74]], [[National Highway 87 (India)|NH 87]], [[NH 91]], [[National Highway 509 (India)|NH 509]], [[National Highway 530B (India)|NH 530B]], [[National Highway 119 (India, old numbering)|NH 119]], [[National Highway 235 (India)|NH 235]], [[National Highway 709A (India)|NH 709A]], [[National Highway 709B (India)|NH 709B]], [[National Highway 709AD (India)|NH 709AD]],

*[[Noida Greater Noida Expressway]]
*[[Yamuna Expressway]]
*[[Agra Lucknow Expressway]]
*[[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]]
*[[Delhi-Meerut Expressway]]
*[[Ganga Expressway]]
*[[Delhi–Dehradun Expressway|Delhi-Dehradun Expressway]]

==Notable people==
{{col-begin}}


{{col-break}}
;Politics and law
*[[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
*[[Ch. Charan Singh]]
*[[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
*[[Ram Chandra Vikal]]
*[[Sanjeev Balyan]]
*[[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
*[[Madan Bhaiya]]
*[[Vedram Bhati]]
*[[B. S. Chauhan]]
*[[Choudhary Virender Singh]]
*[[Jayant Chaudhary]]
*[[Santosh Gangwar]]
*[[Nand Kishor Gurjar]]
*[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
*[[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]
*[[Satya Pal Malik]]
*[[Imran Masood]]
*[[Mayawati]]
*[[Iqbal Mehmood]]
*[[Chaudhary Digambar Singh]]
*[[Harendra Singh Malik]]
*[[Rajkumar Sangwan]]
*[[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)]]
*[[Surendra Pal Singh (politician)]]
*[[Tejpal Singh]]
*[[Meghshyam Singh]]
*[[Rajesh Pilot]]
*[[Surendra Singh Nagar]]
*[[Malook Nagar]]
*[[Vedram Bhati]]
*[[Kadir Rana]]
*[[Ramveer Upadhyay]]
*[[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]
*[[Narain Singh (politician)|Narain Singh]]
*[[Prakash Vir Shastri]]
*[[Hukum Singh]]
*[[Kalyan Singh]]
*[[Manish Sisodia]]
*[[Rajkumar Chahar]]
*[[Mahavir Tyagi]]
*[[Nitin Tyagi]]
*[[Rajiv Tyagi]]
*[[K. C. Tyagi]]
*[[Satyavir Tyagi]]
*[[Somendra Tomar]]
*[[Ashok Katariya]]
*[[Robert Vadra]]
*[[Kumar Vishwas]]
{{col-break}}

;Arts and Music
*[[Rati Agnihotri]]
*[[Raj Babbar]]
*[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
*[[Bharat Bhushan]]
*[[Mahima Chaudhry]]
*[[Priyanka Chopra]]
*[[Dalip Tahil]]
*[[Lara Dutta]]
*[[Arun Govil]]
*[[Boney Kapoor]]
*[[Kailash Kher]]
*[[Dushyant Kumar]]
*[[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]
*[[Disha Patani]]
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]]
*[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
*[[Chitrangada Singh]]
*[[Pavitra Punia]]
*[[Sushant Singh]]
*[[Brijendra Kala]]
*[[Parag Tyagi]]
*[[Rajpal Yadav]]
*[[Kumar Vishwas]]
*[[Yuvika Chaudhary]]
{{col-break}}

;Armed Forces
*[[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria]]
*[[Zameer Uddin Shah]]
*[[Jas Ram Singh]]
*[[Kushal Pal Singh]]
*[[Asaram Tyagi]]
*[[Shashindra Pal Tyagi]]
*[[Yogendra Singh Yadav]]
{{col-break}}

;Academics/Research

*[[Shyam Swarup Agarwal]]
*[[Shiv Dayal Singh]]
*[[Jitendra Malik]]
*[[Giri Raj Singh Sirohi]]
*[[Kaka Hathrasi]]
*[[Javed Agrewala]]
*[[Girjesh Govil]]
*[[Anu Garg]]
*[[Abhaya Indrayan]]
*[[S. C. Jain]]
*[[Shahid Jameel]]
*[[Vinod Johri]]
*[[Amitabh Joshi]]
*[[Atma Ram (scientist)|Atma Ram]]
*[[Anil Kumar Tyagi]]
*[[Akhilesh Kumar Tyagi]]
*[[Deep Tyagi]]
*[[Yogesh Kumar Tyagi]]
{{col-break}}

;Sports

*[[Rahul Chaudhari]]
*[[Dharampal Singh Gudha]]
*[[Saurabh Chaudhary]]
*[[Piyush Chawla]]
*[[Kavita Devi (journalist)|Kavita Devi]]
*[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
*[[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]
*[[Nishu Kumar]]
*[[Deepak Chahar]]
*[[Rahul Chahar]]
*[[Dhruv Jurel]]
*[[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]
*[[Manu Attri]]
*[[Kiran Baliyan]]
*[[Vijay Kumar (athlete)]]
*[[Preethi Pal]]
*[[Parul Chaudhary]]
*[[Dinesh Chaudhary]]
*[[Arvind Singh (rower)]]
*[[Satish Kumar (boxer)|Satish Kumar]]
*[[Seema Punia]]
*[[Suresh Raina]]
*[[Chandro Tomar]]
*[[Nitin Tomar]]
*[[Prakashi Tomar]]
*[[Annu Rani]]
*[[Sumit Rathi]]
*[[Varun Singh Bhati]]
*[[Parvinder Awana]]
*[[Shahzar Rizvi]]
*[[Saniya Shaikh]]
*[[Harsh Tyagi]]
*[[Kartik Tyagi]]
*[[Sudeep Tyagi]]

;Revolutionaries
*[[Raja Mahendra Pratap]]
*[[Dhan Singh Gurjar]]
*[[Sah Mal]]

{{col-end}}



==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Regions of Uttar Pradesh]]

Muhammad in Mecca

2026-01-12T23:40:56Z

MUKESH SINGH: update

{{Short description|First 52 years of his life before migrating to Medina}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox historical era
| name = Muhammad in Mecca
| location = [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula]]
| start = ''c.'' 570
| end = 622 AD
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| before = [[Year of the Elephant]]
| including = {{plainlist|
*''[[Mawlid]]''
*Marriage with [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]]
*[[Muhammad's first revelation|First revelation]]
*[[Year of Sorrow]]
*''[[Isra and Mi'raj]]''
*''[[Hijrah|Hijra]]''
}}
| after = [[First Islamic state]]
| key_events = [[Spread of Islam|Emergence of Islam]]
}}
According to writers of [[Prophetic biography|Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya]] [[Muhammad]], the final [[Islam]]ic [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet]], was born and lived in Mecca for the first 53 years of his life (''c.'' 570–622 CE) until the [[Hegira|Hijra]]. This period of his life is characterized by his proclamation of [[prophethood]]. Muhammad's father, [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], died before he was born. His mother would raise him until he was six years old, before her death around 577 CE at [[Abwa|Abwa']]. Subsequently raised by his grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib]], and then his uncle, [[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]], Muhammad's early career involved being a shepherd and merchant. Muhammad married [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] after a successful trading endeavour in [[Syria]]. After the death of Khadija and Abu Talib in the [[Year of Sorrow]], Muhammad married [[Sawda bint Zamʿa|Sawdah bint Zam'a]] and [[Aisha]].

Muslims believe Muhammad [[Muhammad's first revelation|began receiving revelation]] sometime in the year 610 CE. Initially, the ranks of the Muslims only included Muhammad and some of his close friends and relatives. However, as more members of the [[Quraysh]] and other [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab tribes]] respected his words and [[Timing of Sahabah becoming Muslims|accepted his message]], the vast majority of them, including tribal leaders and some of his relatives, such as [[Abū Lahab]], opposed, ridiculed and eventually boycotted his clan, the [[Banu Hashim]], and Muhammad and his followers were harassed, assaulted and forced into exile in Abyssinia. After experiencing the [[Isra and Mi'raj|''Isra'' and ''Mi'raj'']] in 620 and receiving delegations from Medina and pledges of protection from the two Arab tribes that lived in the city at al-'Aqabah, Muhammad instructed his companions to gradually migrate to the city, before [[Hegira|doing so himself]] in 622.

== Historicity / Geography ==
{{Main|Historiography of early Islam|Historicity of Muhammad|Revisionist school of Islamic studies}}
{{See|Bakkah}}
[[File:Map of the Three Arabias Excerpted Partly from the Arab of Nubia Partly from Several Other Authors.png|upright=1.2|thumb|Non-Islamic testimonies about Muhammad's life describe him as the leader of the [[Saracens]],<ref>"Chapter 1. "A Prophet Has Appeared, Coming with the Saracens": Muhammad’s Leadership during the Conquest of Palestine According to Seventh- and Eighth-Century Sources". The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, pp. 18-72. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812205138.18</ref> believed to be descendants of [[Ishmael]], lived in the regions Arabia Petrae and Arabia Deserta in the north. According to some sources, Muhammad is not a name but a title.<ref>Volker Popp, Die frühe Islamgeschichte nach inschriftlichen und numismatischen Zeugnissen, in: Karl-Heinz Ohlig (ed.), Die dunklen Anfänge. Neue Forschungen zur Entstehung und frühen Geschichte des Islam, Berlin 2005, pp. 16–123 (here p. 63 ff.)</ref>]]

[[Prophetic biography]], known as ''sīra'', along with attributed records of the words, actions, and the silent approval of Muhammad, known as ''[[hadith]]'', survive in the historical works of writers from the second and third centuries of the [[Islamic calendar|Muslim era]] ({{circa|700}}−1000 CE),{{sfn|Donner|1998|p=125}}<ref name="Watt-Mecca-xi">[[William Montgomery Watt]], ''[[Muhammad at Mecca (book)|Muhammad at Mecca]]'', 1953, Oxford University Press, p.xi</ref> and give a great deal of information on Muhammad, but the reliability of this information is very much debated in academic circles due to the gap ([[oral tradition]]) between the recorded dates of Muhammad's life and the dates when these events begin to appear in written sources.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026|reason=Any discussion of what goes on "in academic circles" needs t be verified by citations to sources that describes this state of affairs directly, or should be rephrased with explicitly reference to the relevant authors.}}

The general Islamic view is that the Quran has been preserved from the beginning by both writing and memorization, and its testimony is considered beyond doubt. The earliest Muslim source of information for the life of Muhammad, the [[Quran]], gives very little personal information and its [[History of the Qur'an|historicity]] is debated.<ref name="EoI-Muhammad">''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', ''Muhammad''</ref>{{sfn|Nigosian|2004|p=6}} A group of researchers explores the irregularities and repetitions in the Quranic text in a way that refutes the traditional claim that it was preserved by memorization alongside writing. According to them, an [[Oral tradition|oral period]] shaped the Quran as a text and order, and the repetitions and irregularities mentioned were remnants of this period.<ref name=AGBRtT2014:1-4>[[#AGBRtT2014|Bannister, "Retelling the Tale", 2014]]: p.1-4</ref> John Burton summarizes the information provided by the multitude of available sources, from a historian's perspective: states <blockquote>In judging the content, the only resort of the scholar is to the yardstick of probability, and on this basis, it must be repeated, virtually nothing of use to the historian emerges from the sparse record of the early life of the founder of the latest of the great world religions ... so, however far back in the Muslim tradition one now attempts to reach, one simply cannot recover a scrap of information of real use in constructing the human history of Muhammad, beyond the bare fact that he once existed.<ref name=4-burton>John Burton: ''Bulletin of the Society of Oriental and African Studies'', vol. 53 (1990), p. 328, cited in {{cite book |editor1-last=Ibn Warraq |title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw |url-access=registration |date=2000 |publisher=Prometheus |pages=[https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw/page/91 91] |chapter=2. Origins of Islam: A Critical Look at the Sources|isbn=9781573927871 }}</ref></blockquote>

There are a relatively small number of contemporaneous or near-contemporaneous non-Muslim sources which attest to the existence of Muhammad and are valuable both in themselves and for comparison with Muslim sources.{{sfn|Nigosian|2004|p=6}} As in the case of [[Mecca]], these sources cannot be said to support the traditional Islamic narrative; where there is a lack of pre-Islamic sources that mention it as a pilgrimage center in historical sources before 741 here the author places the region in "midway between [[Ur]] and [[Harran]]" rather than the Hejaz- and lacks pre-Islamic archaeological data.<ref>The ancient history of the holy city of Mecca (Makkah) has been wiped out, and Makkah has been attacked as a city without a pre-Islamic history, due to the lack of archaeological evidence. See [https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-makkah-in-the-light-of-archaeological-finds-2021-r.-o/page/900/mode/2up?q=Mecca here].</ref>{{refn|group=Note|The first references to Mecca do not use locative expressions except for the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]'', though here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] ("midway between [[Ur]] and [[Harran]]") rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 0385531362 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&pg=PT471&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22midway%20between%20Ur%20and%20Harran%22&f=false |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref>}}

===Modern scholarship on Mecca===
The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of [[Hejaz]] that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |location=Princeton |pages=135–136 |oclc=978697983}}</ref>

Possible earlier mentions are not unambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about [[Arabia]] in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians".<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Ka'bah]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref>

Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> Bowersock favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis", the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref>

[[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref>

==Background==
{{further|Pre-Islamic Arabia|History of the Quran}}
The central and northern parts of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] were largely arid and volcanic, making agriculture difficult except near oases or springs. Thus the Arabian landscape was dotted with towns and cities near those oases, and in fertile Southern Arabia and in coastal areas such as [[Tihamah]]. Two prominent cities of the era were Mecca and Medina (then known as Yathrib).<ref name="Muhammad-Mecca-12">Watt (1953), pp.1–2</ref> Communal life was essential for survival in desert conditions, as people needed support against the harsh environment and lifestyle. The tribal grouping was thus encouraged by the need to act as a unit. This unity was based on the bond of kinship by blood.<ref>Watt (1953), pp. 16–18</ref> People of Arabia were either nomadic or sedentary, the nomadic element constantly traveling from one place to another seeking water and pasture for their flocks, while the sedentary inhabitants settled and focused on trade and agriculture. The survival of nomads (or [[bedouins]]) was also partially dependent on raiding caravans or oases; thus they saw this as no crime.<ref name="Rue">Loyal Rue, ''Religion Is Not about God: How Spiritual Traditions Nurture Our Biological'',2005, p.224</ref><ref name="Esposito4">John Esposito, ''Islam'', Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, p.4-5</ref> Medina was a large flourishing agricultural settlement, while Mecca was an important financial center for many of the surrounding tribes.<ref name="Muhammad-Mecca-12" />
{{Muhammad timeline in Mecca}}
[[File:Map of Arabia 600 AD.svg|thumb|254x254px|Approximate locations of prominent [[tribes of Arabia]] in 600 AD.|alt=|left]]
In [[pre-Islamic Arabia]] gods or goddesses were viewed as protectors of individual tribes and their spirits were associated with sacred trees, stones, springs and wells. There was an important shrine in Mecca (called the [[Kaaba]]) that housed statues of 360 idols of tribal patron-deities and was the site of an annual pilgrimage. Aside from these tribal gods, Arabs shared a common belief in a [[supreme deity]] Allah (akin to "God" in English, as opposed to "god") who was however remote from their everyday concerns and thus not the object of cult or ritual. Three goddesses were associated with Allah as his daughters: [[Al-lāt|al-Lat]], [[Manāt|Manat]] and [[al-Uzza]]. Some [[Monotheism in pre-Islamic Arabia | monotheistic communities also existed in Arabia]], including [[Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia | Christians]] and [[Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia | Jews]].<ref>See:
*Esposito, ''Islam'', Extended Edition, Oxford University Press, pp.5–7
*Qur'an 3:95</ref><ref>[[Hanif]]s – native pre-Islamic Arab monotheists – are also sometimes listed alongside Jews and Christians in pre-Islamic Arabia, although scholars dispute their historicity - cf. Uri Rubin, "Hanif", ''[[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]''{{qn|date=May 2025}}
</ref>

According to tradition, Muhammad himself was a descendant of [[Ishmael]], son of [[Abraham]].<ref>Louis Jacobs (1995), p.272</ref>

==Tradition; Genealogy, birth and childhood==
{{main|Year of the Elephant}}
{{see also|Family tree of Muhammad}}
[[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]], so it is also known as ''[[Bayt al-Mawlid]]'']]

Muhammad was born in the month of [[Rabi' al-awwal|Rabi' al-Awwal]]. Islamic historians place the year of Muhammad's birth as ''c.'' 570, corresponding with the [[Year of the Elephant]]. However, recent scholarship has suggested earlier dates for this event, including 568 and 569.<ref name="Watt7">Watt (1974), p. 7.</ref> The precise date of Muhammad's birth varies between different [[Islamic schools and branches|Islamic sects]], with most [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] accepting the 12th of Rabi'-ul-Awwal as the date of his birth as posited by [[Ibn Ishaq]]. Other opinions claim dates like the 2nd, 8th, or the 10th of Rabi'-ul-Awwal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darulkautsar.com/pemurniansyariat/rabiulawal.htm|title=By Mufti Taqi Usmani}}</ref> while [[Shia Islam|Shi'a Muslims]] believe it to have been the dawn of 17th day of same month.<ref>[[Allameh Tabatabaei]], ''A glance at the life of the holy prophet of Islam'', p. 20</ref> Muhammad was born into the family of [[Banu Hashim]],<ref name="ka">{{cite book |last= Armstrong|first=Karen |author-link= Karen Armstrong| orig-date=2006|date=2013 |title=[[Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time]] |url= |location= |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |page= |isbn= 9780062316837}} p. 34</ref> one of the prominent clans forming the [[Quraysh]] tribe of [[Mecca]], although the family seems to have not been as prosperous during Muhammad's early lifetime.<ref name="EoI-Muhammad" /><ref name="ReferenceB">See also {{Quran-usc|43|31}} cited in EoI; Muhammad</ref> His parents were [[Abd Allah ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib|'Abdullah ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib]] of the Banu Hashim and [[Aminah bint Wahb]], the sister of the then-chief of the [[Banu Zuhrah]].<ref>Lings (1983), p. 17</ref> Muhammad's paternal great-grandmother, [[Salma bint 'Amr]], was an influential Jewish lady from the [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]] tribe of [[Medina]], thus Muhammad had mixed Arab-Jewish ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interfaith Institute of the Islamic Center of Long Island {{!}} The Prophet Muhammad and The Children of Israel By Dr. John Andrew Morrow|url=https://www.interfaithny.com/ICLIoct3.php|access-date=2020-07-09|website=interfaithny.com}}</ref> According to [[Ibn Ishaq]], an early biographer of Muhammad, '[[Abd al-Muttalib]], Muhammad's grandfather, came up with the child's name, which was quite unknown at the time in the [[Arabian peninsula|Arabian Peninsula]].

Muhammad's father, [[Abd-Allah ibn Abd-al-Muttalib|Abdullah]], died almost six month before he was born.<ref>Recep Senturk, ''Muhammad, the Prophet'', Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</ref> Muhammad was sent to live with a [[Bedouin]] family in the desert soon after his birth, as the desert life was considered healthier for infants.<ref name="Amina-EoI" /> Because he was fatherless, [[wet nurse]]s refused to take him, fearing that it would not be profitable to take care of an orphan. However, he was accepted by [[Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb|Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb al-Sa'diyyah]], who had found no child to take care of.<ref name="R10">Ramadan (2007), p. 10-12</ref> Muhammad stayed with Halimah and her husband until he was two or three years old.<ref name="Amina-EoI">William Montgomery Watt, "Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb", [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]</ref><ref name="P38">Peterson (2006), p. 38</ref> He lived with his mother in Mecca for the next three years until she took him to [[Yathrib|Medina]] (then known as Yathrib) to visit his maternal relatives, and died on the way back around [[Al-Abwa'|Abwa']]. Having lost both his parents, Muhammad's grandfather, [[Shaiba ibn Hashim|'Abd al-Muttalib]], took over custodianship of the child. Two years later, his grandfather died and Muhammad was raised under the care of his uncle [[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]], the leader of the [[Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf|Banu Hashim]].<ref name="Watt7" /><ref>Peterson (2006), pp. 38 and 39</ref> While living with his uncle, Muhammad began tending flocks of sheep on the outskirts of [[Mecca]] to earn his living. He also accompanied his uncle on several of his commercial journeys. These journeys exposed Muhammad to [[cultural diversity]] and varying [[religious tradition]]s.<ref>Peterson (2006), p. 40</ref> At the age of 9, he went with his uncle [[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] on a business journey to [[Syria]], where Muslims believe he met [[Bahira]] in the town of [[Bosra]], who foretold his prophecy.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein | author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | access-date=2008-03-20 |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105853/Muhammad}}</ref><ref name="Bahira">Abel, A. "Baḥīrā". ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Brill. Brill Online, 2007</ref>

==Adulthood prior to revelation==
Later in his life, influenced by the commercial journeys with his uncle, Muhammad worked as a merchant and was involved in trade between the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]].<ref name="Watt8">William Montgomery Watt(1974), p.8</ref><ref>Ramadan (2007), p. 19</ref><ref name="BerkWorldHistory">''Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History'' (2005), v.3, p.1025</ref> During his career as a merchant, Muhammad became known as "the Trustworthy" ({{Langx|ar|الأمين}}) and was sought out as an impartial arbitrator of disputes.<ref name="EoI-Muhammad" /><ref name="EncWorldHistory">''Encyclopedia of World History'' (1998), p.452</ref><ref>Esposito(1998), p.6</ref>

After parts of the [[Kaaba]] were destroyed in [[flash flood]]s, with the reconstruction almost complete, disagreements arose among the leaders of the different clans of the [[Quraysh]] as to which one should put the [[Black Stone]] into place. These disagreements led to an escalation in tensions, and war seemed imminent before they agreed to take the advice of the next person entering the [[Haram (site)|Haram]]. Muslims believe Muhammad was this person, and that he spread out his cloak, put the stone in the middle and had the members of the four major clans raise it to its destined position, before ensuring its secure placement with his own hands.<ref>F.E.Peters(2003), p. 54</ref><ref>Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila S. Blair (2002), p. 28-29</ref>

===Marriage to Khadija bint Khuwaylid and adoption of Zayd ibn Haritha===
[[File:Khadijah.svg|thumb|Seal depicting the name of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] in [[Naskh (script)|Naskh calligraphy]], with the honorifics "[[Mother of the Believers]]" and "[[Companions of the Prophet|May Allah be pleased with her]]"]]
[[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadija bint Khuwaylid]], a female merchant and widow, asked Muhammad to manage her commercial operations in Syria after hearing of his trustworthiness. Impressed with the extraordinary success of Muhammad's leadership, Khadija sent a [[marriage proposal]] to Muhammad through her friend Nafisa.<ref name="BerkWorldHistory" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapter 4: The Prophet's first Marriage|url=https://www.al-islam.org/glance-life-holy-prophet-islam-dar-rah-haqq/chapter-4-prophet%E2%80%99s-first-marriage|access-date=2018-10-17|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926052100/https://www.al-islam.org/glance-life-holy-prophet-islam-dar-rah-haqq/chapter-4-prophet%E2%80%99s-first-marriage|url-status=dead}}</ref> Muhammad accepted the proposal and married Khadija. Khadija gave Muhammad the slave boy [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], whom Muhammad would adopt later.<ref>Peterson (2006), p. 45</ref> [[Ibn Ishaq]] records that Khadija bore Muhammad six children: a boy named [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Al Qasim]] (who would die at the age of two), then four girls, [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zaynab]], [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]], [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]], [[Fatima Zahra|Fatimah]], and another boy, [[Abdullah ibn Muhammad|Abdullah]] (who also died at two).<ref name="R22">Ramadan (2007), p. 22-4</ref>

Due to the death of Abdullah, Muhammad's desire to relieve his uncle Abu Talib of the burden of providing for a large family, and Abu Talib's financial situation, Muhammad took Abu Talib's son and his cousin, [[Ali]], into his own home. Muhammad also adopted Zayd, giving him the name Zayd ibn Muhammad. Muslims believe that this renaming was rendered invalid by the revelation of some verses in [[Surah]] 33 of the Qur'an, [[Al-Aḥzāb|Al Aḥzāb]], wherein it is stated that an adopted child could not be treated as a natural son by marriage or inheritance. Consequently, the adopted child had to retain the name of his or her biological father. Therefore, Zayd's name was reverted to Zayd ibn Haritha.<ref name="R22" />{{Cite quran|33|40}}

==Early revelations and opposition==
{{Quran|expanded=translations}}
{{main|Muhammad's first revelation}}
{{see also|Wahy}}
At some point, Muhammad adopted the practice of meditating alone for several weeks every year in a cave on [[Cave of Hira|Mount Hira]] near Mecca.<ref>Emory C. Bogle(1998), p.6</ref><ref>John Henry Haaren, Addison B. Poland(1904), p.83</ref> Islamic belief holds that in one of his visits to Mount Hira in the year 610, 13 years before the [[Hegira|Hijra]], the angel [[Gabriel]] began communicating with and commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses of the 96th [[Surah]] of the [[Quran]], [[Al-Alaq|Al 'Alaq]]:<ref>Brown (2003), pp. 72–73</ref>
<blockquote>Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created- Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood: Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- He Who taught (the use of) the pen,- Taught man that which he knew not. (Qur'an {{cite quran|96|1–5|style=nosup|expand=no}})</blockquote>

Most [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] traditions believe that upon receiving his first revelations Muhammad was deeply distressed, but the spirit moved closer and told him that he had been chosen as a messenger of God, and that Muhammad returned home and was consoled and reassured by Khadija and her [[Christianity|Christian]] cousin, [[Waraqah ibn Nawfal]]. [[Shia Islam|Shiite Muslims]] maintain that Muhammad was neither surprised nor frightened at the appearance of Gabriel but rather welcomed him as if he had been expecting him.<ref>*Emory C. Bogle (1998), p.7
*Razwy (1996), ch. 9
*Rodinson (2002), p. 71.</ref> The initial revelation was followed by a pause of three years during which Muhammad gave himself up further to prayers and [[spiritual practice]]s. When the revelations resumed he was reassured and commanded to begin preaching:<ref>Brown (2003), pp. 73–74</ref><ref>Uri Rubin, ''Muhammad'', [[Encyclopedia of the Quran]]</ref> <blockquote>Your lord has not forsaken you nor does he hate [you] (Qur'an {{cite quran|93|3|style=nosup|expand=no}})</blockquote>According to [[Alford T. Welch|Welch]], these revelations were accompanied by mysterious [[Epileptic seizure|seizures]], and the reports are unlikely to have been forged by later Muslims.<ref name="EoI-Muhammad" /> [[W. Montgomery Watt]] further adds that Muhammad was confident that he could distinguish his own thoughts from these messages.<ref>Watt, ''The Cambridge History of Islam'' (1977), p. 31.</ref>

===Mission and early efforts===
Muhammad's early efforts in preaching the new faith focused on the preaching of a single ideal: [[monotheism]]. [[Surah]]s of the Quran believed to have been revealed during this period, known as the [[Meccan surah]]s ({{Langx|ar|السور المكّيّة}}), command Muhammad to proclaim and praise the name of [[Allah]], instruct him not to worship idols or associate other deities with Allah and to worship Him alone,<ref name="EoQ-Muhammad" /> warn the [[Paganism|pagans]] of their eschatological punishment,{{Cite Quran|38|70}}{{Cite quran|6|19}} sometimes referring to the [[Day of Judgement]] indirectly, while providing examples from the history of some extinct communities.{{Cite quran|43|13|end=16}}<ref name="EoQ-Muhammad">Uri Rubin, ''Muhammad'', [[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]</ref> Early converts to Islam included Muhammad's wife, [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], his cousin [[Ali]], his adopted son [[Zayd ibn Harithah|Zayd]], his nursemaid [[Umm Ayman]], and his friend [[Abu Bakr]].

Very few of the [[Quraysh]] gave weight to Muhammad's message; most ignored it and a few mocked him.<ref name="P36">''The Cambridge History of Islam'' (1977), p.36</ref> According to [[Alford T. Welch|Welch]], early Qur'anic verses were not "based on a [[dogma]]tic conception of [[monotheism]] but on a strong general moral and religious appeal," further adding that the key themes of these [[Meccan surah]]s include the [[moral responsibility]] of man towards his creator: the resurrection of the dead, the Day of Judgement supplemented with vivid descriptions of the tortures in hell and pleasures in paradise, the wonders of nature and everyday life, the signs of God, and the proof of the existence of a greater power who will take into account the greed of people and their suppression of the poor.<ref name="ReferenceC">Welch, Muhammad, Encyclopedia of Islam</ref> The foundations of early religious duties were also laid and included [[Tawhid|belief in God]], asking for forgiveness of sins, offering [[Salah|frequent prayers]], assisting others with emphasis on those in need, ejecting cheating and the love of wealth, chastity, and the prevention of [[femicide]] which was prevalent in early [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].<ref name="ReferenceC" />

There were three main groups of early converts to [[Islam]]: younger brothers and sons of great merchants, people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it, and the weak, mostly unprotected, foreigners.<ref name="P36" /> Abu Bakr, who used to purchase slaves to set them free in accordance with Muhammad's principle of equality, attracted a large number of converts. Nevertheless, the number of these early converts remained small, and Muhammad concentrated on quietly building a small, but spiritually strong, community.<ref name="R37">Ramadan (2007), p. 37-9</ref> Around 613, the Quran commanded Muhammad to "admonish your nearest kinsmen,"{{cite quran|26|214}} initiating the phase of public preaching. One day, Muhammad climbed the [[Safa and Marwa|As Safa]] mountain, and called out the tribal chiefs. After receiving assurances that the chiefs, who reportedly never heard Muhammad tell lies, would believe him, he declared the [[Tawhid|Oneness of God]]. Later Muhammad [[Hadith of warning|organized dinners]] in which he conveyed and advocated the substance of his message. At these events, Muhammad met fierce opposition from one of his uncles, [[Abu Lahab]].<ref name="R37" /><ref name="P26">Peterson (2006), p. 26-7</ref>

===Opposition and persecution of early Muslims===
{{main|Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans|Migration to Abyssinia|Second migration to Abyssinia}}
Conservative opposition arose to Muhammad's speeches. According to [[Ibn Sa'd]], the opposition in Mecca began with Muhammad delivering verses that "spoke shamefully of the idols [the Meccans] worshiped other than [<nowiki/>[[Allah]]] and mentioned the perdition of their fathers who died in disbelief."<ref>Francis Edwards Peters,Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, SUNY Press, p.169</ref> According to Watt, as Muhammad's followers gained traction in [[Mecca]], they posed a new, internal threat to the local tribes and the rulers of the city, whose wealth rested upon the annual pilgrimage to the Kaaba, the focal point of Meccan religious life, which Muhammad threatened to overthrow; his denunciation of the Meccan traditional religion was especially offensive to his own tribe, the Quraysh, as they were the guardians of the Ka'aba.<ref name="P36" /> Some of the ranking and influential leaders of the Quraysh tried and failed to come to arrangements with Muhammad in exchange for abandoning his preaching. They offered him admission into the inner circle of merchants and establishing his position in the circle by an advantageous marriage, but Muhammad refused.<ref name="P36" /> During this period, Muhammad urged his followers to be [[Pacifism|pacifist]]; according to [[Daniel C. Peterson|Peterson]], to "deal gently with the infidels".<ref name="P70">Peterson (2006), p. 70-1</ref>

Relations between Muhammad's Islamic faction and the other members of the [[Quraysh]] rapidly deteriorated. Muhammad's open denunciation of the Meccan idols provoked hostile reactions, and he was mainly protected from physical harm for he belonged to the [[Banu Hashim]]; injuring Muhammad threatened to open up a blood feud between the Banu Hashim and the rest of the Quraysh, undermining the legitimacy and morality of the tribal leaders, thus, the Quraysh were reluctant to hurt or kill Muhammad.<ref name="P70" /> Regardless, several attempts were made at Muhammad's life.<ref name="Sirat Ibn Hisham, vol. 1, p. 298">Sirat Ibn Hisham, vol. 1, p. 298</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[[Sahih Bukhari]]: Volume 6, Book 60, Number 339</ref> Traditional Islamic accounts maintain that the Quraysh first taunted Muslims by interrupting their prayers. Western scholars have accepted records of persecution and ill-treatment of Muhammad's followers. Many of Muhammad's followers were harassed, assaulted and forced into exile—and two, [[Yasir ibn Amir|Yasir bin 'Amir]] and [[Sumayyah bint Khabbat|Sumayya bint Khabbat]], were tortured and killed.<ref>*Watt (1964) p. 76;
*Peters (1999) p. 172
*Michael Cook, ''Muhammad''. In ''Founders of Faith,'' Oxford University Press, 1986, page 309.</ref>
[[File:Hijra Abyssinia (Rashid ad-Din).jpg|thumb|339x339px|Depiction of the [[Negus]] of Axum, [[Najashi|Ashamah al-Negashi]] (also spelled Najashi), rejecting the Meccans' demands of surrendering the Muslims in [[Rashid ad-Din Sinan]]'s World History.]]
In 615, at a time of heightened violence against the Muslims, Muhammad arranged for his followers to emigrate to the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] and found a small colony there under the protection of the Christian king, [[Najashi|al-Negashi]].<ref name="EoI-Muhammad" /> While the traditions view the persecutions of Meccans to have played the major role in the emigration, [[William Montgomery Watt]], a professor of Islamic studies, states "there is reason to believe that some sort of division within the embryonic Muslim community played a role and that some of the emigrants may have gone to Abyssinia to engage in trade, possibly in competition with prominent merchant families in Mecca."<ref name="EoI-Muhammad" /> The Meccans sent [[Amr ibn al-As]] and Abdullah ibn Rabi'ah to negotiate the surrender of the Muslims to the Quraysh, however, the [[Negus]] refused their request.<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Donzel|first=Emeri|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|year=2007}}</ref>

===Umar's acceptance of Islam and banishment of the Hashemites===
[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslims believe Muhammad prayed for the strengthening of the cause of Islam through the conversion of either [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] or [[Amr ibn Hishām]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=at-Tirmidhī|first=Abū ʿĪsā Muḥammad|title=Jami' al-Tirmidhi|pages=Hadith 3681|no-pp=y}}</ref> Umar initially reacted to Muhammad's preaching by ardently opposing it. Angered by Muhammad's preaching which had led to divisions within Meccan society, he eventually decided to kill Muhammad, whom he held responsible for the divisions.<ref name="P72">Peterson (2006), p. 72-3</ref> While en route to assassinate Muhammad, Umar was informed of his sister's conversion to Islam. Approaching his sister's house, he heard her reciting the [[Qur'an|Quran]]. Eventually considering the words beautiful and noble, Umar converted to Islam, making his conversion public instantly. Tempered by Umar's conversion, Muslims could now pray openly at the [[Ka'ba|Kaaba]], as the pagans were reluctant to confront Umar, known for his forceful character.<ref name="P72" />

Two important clans of Quraysh declared a public banishment against the clan of Banu Hashim in order to put pressure on the clan to withdraw their protection of Muhammad.<ref>Francis E. Peters, ''The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition'', p.96</ref><ref name="Momen" /> The terms imposed on Banu Hashim, as reported by [[Ibn Ishaq]], were that "no one should marry their women nor give women for them to marry; and that no one should either buy from them or sell to them."<ref>Francis E. Peters, ''Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land'', Princeton University Press, 1994, {{ISBN|0-691-03267-X}}, p.54</ref> The banishment lasted for two or three years but eventually collapsed mainly because it was not achieving its purpose and sympathizers of the Hashemites within the Quraysh finally united to annul the agreement.<ref name="Momen">Moojan Momen, ''An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism'', Yale University Press, p.4</ref><ref>Daniel W. Brown,''A New Introduction to Islam'', Blackwell Publishing, p.76, 2004, {{ISBN|0-631-21604-9}}</ref>

==Events leading up to the Hijra==
[[File:Taifroad.jpg|thumb|right|313x313px|Modern road from Mecca to Ta'if]]

===Deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib and Muhammad's visit to Ta'if===
{{main|Year of Sorrow}}
{{see also|Muhammad's visit to Ta'if}}
9 years into Muhammad's claim to prophethood, two of the most committed defenders of Muhammad's message, his wife [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]] and his uncle [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]], died. With the death of Abu Talib, the leadership of the clan of Banu Hashim was passed to another uncle of Muhammad, [[Abū Lahab|Abu Lahab]], an inveterate enemy of Muhammad and Islam. Abu Lahab soon withdrew the clan's protection from Muhammad, placing Muhammad in mortal danger since the withdrawal of clan protection implied that the blood revenge for his killing would not be exacted. Muhammad then tried to find a protector for himself in another important Arabian city close to Mecca, [[Ta'if]], but his effort failed as he was pelted with stones in the city.<ref name="EoI-Muhammad" /><ref name="Momen" />

===Marriages to Sawda bint Zam'a and Aisha===
{{Main|Sawda bint Zamʿa|Aisha}}
Sometime in 620, the year following the Year of Sorrow, Muhammad sent a proposal of marriage to Sawda bint Zam'a, an early convert to Islam. The proposal was accepted by both her and her father, Zam'a ibn Qays. Muhammad and Sawda were married in Ramadan of that year. Muhammad also married Aisha, a daughter of his friend and companion [[Abu Bakr]], when she was somewhere between 6 and 9 years old, which has caused controversy in modern scholarly discussion. Both Sawda and Aisha would outlive Muhammad, dying around sometime between 642–672 and in 678, respectively. Aisha would narrate more than 2,200 hadiths in the 44 years she lived after Muhammad, covering several diverse topics, including [[inheritance]], [[pilgrimage]], [[Islamic eschatology|eschatology]] and Muhammad's private life.

===''Isra'', ''Mi'raj,'' and pledges at al-'Aqabah===
{{Main|Isra and Mi'raj}}
[[File:Temple Mount (Aerial view, 2007) 05.jpg|thumb|right|320x320px|The [[Temple Mount|Masjid Al Aqsa]], the site from which Muhammad is believed by Muslims to have ascended to heaven in the ''Mi'raj.'']]
Some time in 620, Muhammad told his followers that he had experienced the ''[[Isra and Miraj|Isra and Mi'raj]]'', a supernatural journey to [[Jerusalem]] (''Isra'') and ascension to the [[Seven Heavens]] (''Mi'raj''), said to have been accomplished in one night along with the angel [[Gabriel]]. Muhammad is said to have toured [[heaven]] and [[hell]], and spoken with earlier prophets, including [[Adam and Eve|Adam]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]], [[Moses|Musa]], and [[Jesus|Isa]]. [[Ibn Ishaq]], author of first [[Sirah Rasul Allah|biography]] of Muhammad, presents this event as a spiritual experience while later historians like [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|al-Tabari]] and [[Ibn Kathir]] present it as a physical journey.<ref name="EoIMW">''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (2003), p. 482</ref> Some western scholars of Islam hold that the oldest Muslim tradition identified as a journey traveled through the heavens from the [[sacred enclosure]] at Mecca to the ''Bayt al-Ma'mur'' (a celestial recreation of the Kaaba); others identify it as Muhammad's journey from Mecca to the ''Bayt al-Maqdis'' in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Sells, Michael. ''Ascension'', [[Encyclopaedia of the Quran]].</ref>

Since the Quraysh gave little weight to Muhammad's message, Muhammad took to spreading his message to the merchants and pilgrims that frequented Mecca. After several unsuccessful negotiations, he found hope with some men from Medina.<ref name="EoI-Muhammad"/> mThe Arab population of Yathrib were somewhat familiar with monotheism because a [[Jews|Jewish]] community existed in that city. Muhammad met with a few members of the two tribes of Medina, the [[Banu Aws|Aws]] and [[Khazraj]], twice, at a hill known as al-'Aqabah near [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]], where they pledged their allegiance to Muhammad and agreed to protect Muhammad if he were to migrate to Medina. Following the pledges at al-'Aqabah, Muhammad encouraged his followers to emigrate to Medina. The Quraysh attempted to stop the Muslims from emigrating to the city, however, almost all Muslims managed to leave.<ref name="P87">Peterson (2006), pg. 86-9</ref>

==Hijra==
{{see also|Hegira}}

Muslims believe Muhammad waited until he was commanded by Allah to migrate to Medina. Upon receiving this divine direction, Muhammad planned to leave Mecca the same night. The Quraysh had besieged his house hearing of the large numbers of Muslims who had emigrated prior to him. Muhammad slipped from his home the night of the planned assassination. Due to his possession of several articles that belonged to members of the Quraysh, Muhammad asked Ali to stay behind to settle his outstanding financial obligations. Ali had worn Muhammad's cloak, leading the assassins to think Muhammad had not yet departed. By the time the assassins realised this, Muhammad had already left the city with Abu Bakr. Ali survived the plot, but risked his life again by staying in Mecca to carry out Muhammed's instructions: to restore to their owners all the goods and properties that had been entrusted to Muhammad for safekeeping. Ali then went to Medina with his mother, [[Fatima bint Asad]], and Muhammed's daughters, [[Fatimah bint Muhammad|Fatimah]] and [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] as well as two other women, Muhammad's wife, [[Sawda bint Zamʿa|Sawda]], and wetnurse, [[Umm Ayman]].<ref>Tabatabaei (1979), p.191</ref><ref name="Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ali ibn Abitalib|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica|access-date=2007-10-25|url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v1f8/v1f8a043.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812205939/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v1f8/v1f8a043.html|archive-date=12 August 2007}}</ref> Muhammad and Abu Bakr took refuge in a cave atop the [[Jabal Thawr|Thawr mountain]] outside Mecca before continuing their journey. To further delude the Quraysh, Muhammad travelled south for the first few days of his journey, in the opposite direction to Medina. Later, Muhammad and Abu Bakr turned to the Red Sea, following the coastline up to Medina, arriving at [[Quba Mosque|Quba']] on Monday, 27 September 622.<ref name="P87" />

==Conquest of Mecca and return==
{{see|Conquest of Mecca}}
Muhammad returned to Mecca not long before his death, following the victory of his forces in the [[Muslim–Quraysh War]] ({{langx|ar|فتح مكة}} {{Transliteration|ar|Fatḥ Makkah}}). The date Muhammad set out for Mecca is variously given as 2, 6 or 10 Ramadan 8 AH<ref name="date"/> (December 629 or January 630).<ref name="date">F.R. Shaikh, ''Chronology of Prophetic Events'', Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd., London, 2001 pp 3, 72, 134-6. Shaikh places the departure on Wednesday, 29 November. This is apparently calculated using the [[tabular Islamic calendar]] and then substituting Ramadan for Sha'ban in an (ineffective) attempt to allow for intercalation.</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Gabriel |first1=Richard A. |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |date=22 October 2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HQCBQAAQBAJ&q=11+January&pg=PR4 |pages=167, 176 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=9780806182506}}</ref> (10–20 [[Ramadan]], 8 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]).<ref name="date" /> The date of his entry into Mecca is variously given as 8–12 days later (10, 17/18, 19 or 20 Ramadan 8 AH).<ref name="date"/> While in Mecca, Muhammad prayed in the direction of the Kaaba and addressed the Quraysh, destroyed pagan idols, while his army destroyed pre-Islamic influences and punished Quraysh stragglers.

==Historiography and sources==
{{see also|Historiography of early Islam}}
The [[Quran]] is the only [[primary source]] for the life of Muhammad in Mecca.<ref>Welch, ''Muhammad'', Encyclopedia of Islam</ref> The text of the Quran is generally considered by university scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad as the search for variants in Western academia has not yielded any differences of great significance.<ref>F. E. Peters, ''The Quest for Historical Muhammad'', [[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] (1991) pp. 291–315.</ref> The Quran, however, mainly records the ideological and spiritual considerations of Muhammad, and only fragmentarily references to the details of his life in the city, which makes it difficult to reconstruct the chronological order of the incidents in his or his followers' lives in Mecca.<ref name="Watt-Mecca-xv">William Montgomery Watt, Muhammad in Mecca, p.xv</ref> Modern biographers of Muhammad try to reconstruct the socioeconomic and sociopolitical aspects of Mecca and read the ideological aspects of the Quran in that context.<ref name="Watt-Mecca-xv" />
[[File:Fathul Bari bisyarhi Shahih al-Bukhari Imam Khairul Annas.JPG|thumb|384x384px|''[[Fath al-Bari]]'', a commentary on the ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' by [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]]]]
Other later historical works, particularly those of the 3rd and 4th century of the Islamic calendar, are also of considerable importance in mapping Muhammad's life in the city.<ref name="Watt-Mecca-xi"/> These include the early biographies of Muhammad (''[[Prophetic biography|seerah]]''), particularly those written by [[Ibn Ishaq]] ({{Circa|704}}–767 CE) and [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Circa|784}}–845 CE), and quotes attributed to Muhammad in [[hadith]] literature, compiled by Islamic scholars such as [[Al-Bukhari|Al Bukhari]] ({{Circa|810}}–870 CE) and [[Muslim ibn Hajjaj]] ({{Circa|815}}–875 CE) which provide further information on his life.<ref name="Reeves">Reeves (2003), pp. 6–7</ref> The earliest surviving ''seerah'' is the "''Sīrah Rasūl Allah''" by Ibn Ishaq.<ref>Robinson (2003), p. xv</ref> Although the original is lost, portions of it survive in the recensions of [[Ibn Hisham]] and [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|al-Tabari]].{{sfn|Donner|1998|p=132}} Many historians accept the accuracy of these biographies, though their accuracy is unascertainable.<ref name="Nigosian6">''Islam'', S. A. Nigosian, p. 6, [[Indiana University|Indiana University Press]]</ref> According to [[William Montgomery Watt]], in the legal sphere, it would seem that sheer invention could have very well happened. In the historical sphere, however, aside from exceptional cases, the material may have been subject to "tendential shaping" rather than being completely fabricated.<ref name="Watt-Mecca-xv" />

Hadiths are the record of the traditions or sayings of Muhammad, defined as the biography of Muhammad perpetuated by the long memory of his companions and community for their exemplification and obedience.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cragg|first=Albert Kenneth|author-link=Albert Kenneth Cragg|title=Hadith|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=2008-03-30|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105855/Hadith}}</ref> The development of hadiths is a vital contributive element to the biography of Muhammad in early Islamic history. There had been a common tendency among earlier western scholars against these narrations and reports gathered in later periods, who regarded them as fabrications. [[Leone Caetani]] considered the attribution of historical reports to [[Ibn Abbas|Abdullah ibn 'Abbas]] and [[Aysha|'Aisha]] as mostly fictitious while examining accounts reported without ''[[isnad|sanad]]'' by the early compilers of ''seerah'' such as [[Ibn Ishaq]]. [[Wilferd Madelung]] has rejected the stance of indiscriminately dismissing everything. Madelung and some later historians do not reject the narrations which have been compiled in later periods and try to judge them in the context of history and on the basis of their compatibility with the events and figures.<ref>Madelung (1997), pp.xi, 19 and 20</ref>

[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslims consider the [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]], the collection of hadiths made by Al Bukhari and Muslim ibn Hajjaj, to be the most authoritative hadith collections. Al Bukhari is said to have spent over 16 years gathering over 1,600,000 hadiths and finding the best 7,397 of them. Most of these traditions deal with the life of Muhammad.<ref>Jonathan Bloom, Sheila Blair, ''Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power'', Yale University Press, p.55</ref> For [[Shiites]], the words and deeds of their [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imams]], the progeny of Muhammad, are given that authority. Originally transmitted from generation to generation orally before being compiled, some of these sayings, according to their chain of transmission, are sayings of Muhammad.<ref>Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver, Yale University Press, 1985, {{ISBN|0-300-03531-4}}, p.174</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Islam]]
* [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia]]
* [[Timeline of the history of Islam]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
*Bowersock, Glen Warren; Grabar Oleg (1999). ''Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World''. [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-674-51173-5}}.
*{{cite book | last=Brown | first=Daniel | title=A New Introduction to Islam | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-631-21604-9}}
* {{Cite book| last = Donner| first = Fred McGraw | title = Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing| publisher = Darwin Press, Incorporated| isbn = 0878501274| date = May 1998}}
*{{cite book | last=Esposito | first=John | author-link=John Esposito | year=1998 | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-511233-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo_0 }}
*{{cite book | last=Jacobs | first=Louis| author-link=Louis Jacobs|title=The Jewish Religion: A Companion | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1995 | isbn=0-19-826463-1}}
*{{cite book | last= Lings | first=Martin | title = Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources| publisher = Inner traditions international |year=1983 | author-link = Martin Lings}}
* {{cite book | last = Madelung | first = Wilferd | author-link = Wilferd Madelung | title = The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 0-521-64696-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Nigosian|first=Solomon Alexander|title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices|date=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my7hnALd_NkC&pg=PA6|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Razwi | first = Ali Asgher | title =A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims | publisher = World Federation of K S I Muslim Communities Islamic Centre | year = 1997 | isbn = 0-9509879-1-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Robinson | first = Chase F. | title =Islamic Historiography | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-521-62936-5}}
*{{cite book | author = Nomani, Shibli | title = Sirat al-Nabi| publisher = Pakistan Historical Society |year=1970 | location = Karachi | author-link = Shibli Nomani }}
*{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Daniel C. |title=Muhammad, Prophet of God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC|year=2007|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0}}
* {{cite book | last = Tabatabae | first = Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |translator=[[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] | author-link = Allameh Tabatabaei | title = Shi'ite Islam | publisher = SUNY press| year = 1979 | isbn = 0-87395-272-3}}
*{{cite book | author = Ramadan, Tariq | title = In the Footsteps of the Prophet|url=https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama | url-access = registration | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-19-530880-8| author-link = Tariq Ramadan }}
*[[Maxime Rodinson|Rodinson, Maxime]], ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'', Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2002. {{ISBN|1-86064-827-4}}
*{{cite book | last=Reeves | first=Minou | title=Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making | year=2003 | publisher=NYU Press | isbn=978-0-8147-7564-6}}
*{{cite book | author = Watt, Montgomery | title = Muhammad in Mecca| publisher = Clarendon Press |year=1953 | author-link = Montgomery Watt}}
*{{cite book | author = Watt, Montgomery | title = Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1961 | author-link = Montgomery Watt}}
*{{cite book | author = Ibn Ishaq / A. Guillaume | title = The Life of Muhammad| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year=1967 | orig-year= 1955 | isbn = 0-19-636033-1}}

===Encyclopediae===
*{{cite encyclopedia | publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.|title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=2005 | isbn=978-90-04-12356-4|title=[[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1998 | isbn=0-19-860223-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198602231 |title=Encyclopedia of World History}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | publisher = Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University| isbn = 1-56859-050-4|title=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]| date = 1983}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Meri, Josef W. | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=0-415-96691-4|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia| date=2006 }}
{{Islam topics|state=}}

[[Category:Life of Muhammad|Mecca]]
[[Category:History of Mecca]]

K. P. Kittappa Pillai

2026-01-12T04:18:12Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created.

{{Short description|Indian choreographer and singer (1913–1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = K. P. Kittappa Pillai
| birth_date = {{birth date text|5 May 1913}}
| death_date = {{death-date and age|1999|5 May 1913}}
| father = K. Ponniah Pillai
}}

'''K. P. Kittappa Pillai''' (5 May 1913 – 1999) was the son of [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi|Sangita Kalanidhi]] K. Ponniah Pillai (1888–1945), a scion of the famous [[Tanjore Quartet]], codifiers of the [[Bharatanatyam]] format.<ref>{{cite book |title=When Men Dance:Choreographing Masculinities Across Borders: Choreographing Masculinities Across Borders |url=https://archive.org/details/whenmendancechor00fish_669 |url-access=limited |author-link=Jennifer Fisher (dance academic) |last=Fisher |first=Jennifer |author2=Anthony Shay |author2-link=Anthony Shay |page=[https://archive.org/details/whenmendancechor00fish_669/page/n389 379] |year=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195386707 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kittappa Pillai was born into a [[Isai Vellalar|nattuvanar]] family and was the fifth generation descendant of Sivanandam, one of the [[Thanjavur Quartet]], and the grandson of the legendary Meenakshisundaram Pillai.<ref>https://issuu.com/carnaticmusic/docs/vaak_03/s/12162013</ref> Kittappa Pillai began his career as a vocalist having been trained by his own father, K. Ponniah Pillai and flourished in that sphere for some time. As a direct disciple of his maternal grandfather, the veteran Nattuvanar Pandanallur Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai, Kittappa Pillai established himself as a versatile Nattuvanar during the major part of his career.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Path | url=https://www.narthakinataraj.com/the-path-1.html }}</ref> His father K. Ponniah Pillai, born 1888, should not be confused with his more famous namesake ancestor who was born in 1804.

==Tanjore Quartet heritage==
The Quartet's heritage, preserved and expanded by the next eight generations of this family, remains the richest resource for traditional performers of the form to this day. Guru Kittappa Pillai himself was a brilliant musician, teacher and choreographer and revived many rare pieces of the original Tanjavur repertoire, producing the first annotated versions in the 1950s,<ref>{{cite book |title=Unfinished Gestures: Devadasis, Memory, and Modernity in South India |url=https://archive.org/details/unfinishedgestur00sone |url-access=limited |last=Soneji |first=Davesh |page=[https://archive.org/details/unfinishedgestur00sone/page/n261 247] |year=2012 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=9780226768090 }}</ref> including the Sarabhendra Bhupala Kuravanji and the Navasandhi Kavituvams.<ref>{{cite book |title=Performing pasts: reinventing the arts in modern South India |author-link=Indira Viswanathan Peterson |last=Peterson |first=Indira Viswanathan |author2=Devesh Soneji |page=86 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195690842 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Independent India: the first fifty years |last=Karlekar |first=Hiranmay |page=395 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195647785 }}</ref>

He trained several students in India and from abroad, some of whom became prominent performers of the Thanjavur tradition. He was the great-great-grandson of one of the [[Thanjavur Quartet]]s (Sivanandam).<ref>{{cite web | title=Biography of Bharatanatyam Dancer and Vocalist K.P. Kittappa Pillai – raaggiri | url=https://raaggiri.com/artist-biography/biography-of-bharatanatyam-dancer-and-vocalist-k-p-kittappa-pillai/ }}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Kittappa Pillai was associated as a faculty member in Tamizh Isai College and at [[Annamalai University]].

He was honoured with several awards and titles during his lifetime which include:
* [[Sangeetha Nataka Academy]] Award (1974)
* Sangita Kala Acharya, (Music Academy, 1981)
* Isai Perarignar (Tamizh Isai Sangam, 1985)
* Kala Tilakam (Karnataka State Award, 1986)
* [[Kalidas Samman]] from Govt. of Madhya Pradesh
* Fellowship of the Central [[Sangeetha Nataka Academy]] (1999)<ref>{{cite news |title=Latest General Knowledge |work=Competition Science Vision |date=December 1999 |page=1262 |issn=0974-6412 |publisher=[[Pratiyogita Darpan]] }}</ref>

==Works==
Kittappa Pillai has published works relating to the repertoire of his illustrious ancestors, the Tanjore Quartet. These include Ponniah Mani Malai, Thanjai Natya Isaikaruvoolam, Adi Bharatakala Manjari, Javalis of Chinnayya and Gana Kala Swarabhushani (along with his younger brother veena vidwan Sri K. P. Sivanandam). Among his other noteworthy contributions to the field of [[Bharathanatyam|Bharatanatyam]], are several rare dance compositions of the Quartet set to dance and Marathi compositions of Shahji Maharaja of Thanjavur in [[Bharathanatyam|Bharatanatyam]] format.<ref>{{cite web | title=Biography of Bharatanatyam Dancer and Vocalist K.P. Kittappa Pillai – raaggiri | url=https://raaggiri.com/artist-biography/biography-of-bharatanatyam-dancer-and-vocalist-k-p-kittappa-pillai/ }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://archive.today/20130704043711/http://kittappanatyalaya.org/

{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, K. P. Kitappa}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Kapoor Singh

2026-01-05T13:22:38Z

MUKESH SINGH: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bawani Khera Assembly constituency|Bawani Khera]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Bishamber Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Kapoor Singh''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Bawani Khera Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bawani Khera, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Kapoor Singh with 80077 defeats INC's Pradeep Narwal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bawani-khera-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612836-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bawani Khera Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bawani-khera-election-result-2024-live-update-9077346.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news |date=2 December 2024 |title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/ |archivedate=4 July 2025 |accessdate=4 July 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kapoor}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mohan Lal (politician)

2026-01-05T13:21:59Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Akhnoor Assembly constituency|Akhnoor]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Rajeev Sharma (politician)|Rajeev Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Mohan Lal''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Akhnoor Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Akhnoor, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Mohan Lal with 49927 defeats INC's Ashok Kumar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/akhnoor-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612959-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Akhnoor FINAL Election Result 2024: Mohan Lal of BJP Wins by... |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/akhnoor-final-election-result-2024-2-9079378.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Mohan}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Jammu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ireland women's cricket team in India in 2024–25

2026-01-04T22:06:46Z

MUKESH SINGH:

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Ireland women's cricket team in India in 2024–25
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Cricket Ireland flag.svg
| team2_name = Ireland
| from_date = 10
| to_date = 15 January 2025
| team1_captain = [[Smriti Mandhana]]
| team2_captain = [[Gaby Lewis]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 3
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Pratika Rawal]] (310)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Gaby Lewis]] (105)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Deepti Sharma]] (7)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Orla Prendergast]] (4)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Pratika Rawal]] (Ind)
}}

The [[Ireland women's cricket team]] toured India in January 2025 to play three [[Women's One Day International|One Day International]] (ODI) matches against the [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/43394-ireland-set-to-play-their-first-ever-bilateral-series-in-india-in-dec-jan-2025.html |title=Ireland set to play their first-ever bilateral series in India in Dec-Jan 2025 |work=Female Cricket |access-date=25 September 2024 |date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Women's Future Tours Programme |url=https://images.icc-cricket.com/image/upload/prd/momiku5h9eyqzp5tohdb.pdf |access-date=9 November 2024 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=4 November 2024}}</ref> The series formed part of the [[2022–2025 ICC Women's Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-women-to-host-west-indies-and-ireland-in-december-january-1459493 |title=India women to host West Indies and Ireland in December, January |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/cricket/india-women-vs-ireland-women-irish-cricket-team-set-for-maiden-bilateral-series-tour-in-india/ |title=First time’s the charm: Ireland women set for maiden bilateral series in India |work=InsideSport |access-date=25 September 2024 |date=8 June 2024}}</ref> It was the Ireland women's side's first tour to India and first ever bilateral series between the two sides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/130649/ireland-women-set-to-play-maiden-bilateral-series-in-india |title=Ireland Women set to play maiden bilateral series in India |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=25 September 2024 |date=7 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scoresnow.in/blog/ireland-women-to-play-maiden-bilateral-series-in-india/ |title=Ireland Women To Play Maiden Bilateral Series In India |work=Scores Now |access-date=25 September 2024 |date=8 June 2024}}</ref> In November 2024, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/PTGxtcDB |title=Team India (Senior Women) Fixtures for IDFC FIRST Bank Home Series against West Indies and Ireland announced |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=13 November 2024 |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/fixtures-announced-for-india-women-s-home-series-against-west-indies-and-ireland |title=Fixtures announced for India Women's home series against West Indies and Ireland |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=13 November 2024 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>

India won the first match by six wickets, with [[Pratika Rawal]] and [[Tejal Hasabnis]]' match winning performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133068/rawal-hasabnis-star-in-indias-comfortable-win-against-ireland |title=Rawal, Hasabnis star in India's comfortable win against Ireland |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/59622-pratika-rawals-89-and-tejal-hasabnis-53-help-india-take-early-lead-over-ireland.html |title=Pratika Rawal's 89 and Tejal Hasabnis' 53* help India take early lead over Ireland |work=Female Cricket |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref> The hosts won the second match by 116 runs and secured the series 2–0, with [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]' maiden ODI century (102) India recorded their highest total in women's ODIs (370).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/icc-womens-championship/news/rodrigues-guides-india-to-record-odi-total-and-series-win-over-ireland |title=Rodrigues guides India to record ODI total and series win over Ireland |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-ind-women-odis-stats-india-break-partnership-records-to-post-their-highest-ever-odi-total-1468684 |title=Stats - India break partnership records, post their highest-ever ODI total |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> Later it broke in third ODI when India scored 435.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/435/5-india-create-their-biggest-odi-total-record-vs-ireland/articleshow/117262032.cms |title=435/5! India create their biggest ODI total record vs Ireland |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/icc-womens-championship/news/india-cross-major-odi-milestone-to-join-new-zealand-and-australia-in-elite-club |title=India cross major ODI milestone to join New Zealand and Australia in elite club |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> With the magnificent maiden century of [[Pratika Rawal]] (154) and [[Smriti Mandhana]]'s 10th and fastest century, India won the final ODI match by 304 run, which was India's biggest margin of victory in terms of runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133115/rawal-mandhana-headline-record-smashing-win-as-india-inflict-whitewash |title=Rawal, Mandhana headline record-smashing win as India inflict whitewash |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/ind-w-vs-ire-w-pratika-rawal-shatters-world-record-in-women-s-odis-with-a-maiden-international-century-against-ireland-2025-01-15-971381 |title=Pratika Rawal shatters world record in women's ODIs with a maiden international century against Ireland |work=[[India TV]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/mandhana-smashes-70-ball-ton-as-records-fall-by-wayside-in-india-s-304runvictory-101736943849150.html |title=Mandhana smashes 70-ball ton as records fall by wayside in India's 304-run-victory |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!{{crw|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/42Uq5kQG |title=Team India (Senior Women) squad for IDFC First Bank ODI series against Ireland Women announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
!{{crw|IRE}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketireland.ie/news/womens-india-tour-latest/ |title=Injury sees Joanna Loughran replace Amy Hunter for Ireland Women’s Indian tour |work=[[Cricket Ireland]] |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Deepti Sharma]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Raghvi Bist]]
* [[Uma Chetry]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harleen Deol]]
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tejal Hasabnis]]
* [[Tanuja Kanwar]]
* [[Minnu Mani]]
* [[Priya Mishra]]
* [[Pratika Rawal]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Titas Sadhu]]
* [[Sayali Satghare]]
* [[Saima Thakor]]
|
* [[Gaby Lewis]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Orla Prendergast]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ava Canning]]
* Christina Coulter Reilly ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Alana Dalzell]]
* [[Laura Delany]]
* [[Georgina Dempsey]]
* [[Sarah Forbes (cricketer)|Sarah Forbes]]
* [[Arlene Kelly (cricketer)|Arlene Kelly]]
* Joanna Loughran ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Aimee Maguire]]
* [[Leah Paul]]
* [[Una Raymond-Hoey]]
* [[Freya Sargent]]
* [[Rebecca Stokell]]
|}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 January 2025
| time = 11:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 238/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Gaby Lewis]] 92 (129)
| wickets1 = [[Priya Mishra]] 2/56 (9 overs)
| score2 = 241/4 (34.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pratika Rawal]] 89 (96)
| wickets2 = [[Aimee Maguire]] 3/57 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1459897.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Niranjan Shah Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Kim Cotton]] (NZ) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Pratika Rawal]] (Ind)
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sayali Satghare]] (Ind) made her ODI debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/59627-sayali-satghare-impresses-on-international-debut-against-ireland.html |title=Sayali Satghare impresses on international debut against Ireland |work=Female Cricket |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Gaby Lewis]] (Ire) played in her 50th ODI match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/59592-irelands-gaby-lewis-steps-up-with-a-mature-fifty-in-her-50th-odi-appearance.html |title=Ireland’s Gaby Lewis steps up with a mature fifty in her 50th ODI appearance |work=Female Cricket |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>
* This was the first [[Women's One Day International|women's ODI]] match to be [[List of women's One Day International cricket grounds|played at this venue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/ind-w-vs-ire-w-pitch-report-saurashtra-cricket-association-stadium-wicket-for-india-vs-ireland-women-odis-2025-01-09-970458 |title=IND-W vs IRE-W pitch report: Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium wicket for India vs Ireland women ODIs |work=[[India TV]] |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] became the fastest Indian women cricketer to score 4,000 runs in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/smriti-mandhana-completes-4000-runs-becomes-fastest-indian-woman-to-do-so-in-odis-2662896-2025-01-10 |title=Smriti Mandhana becomes fastest Indian woman to complete 4000 ODI runs |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/59615-smriti-mandhana-completes-4000-odi-runs-becomes-2nd-indian-after-mithali-raj-to-achieve-the-feat.html |title=Smriti Mandhana completes 4000 ODI Runs, becomes 2nd Indian after Mithali Raj to achieve the feat |work=Female Cricket |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>
* Women's Championship points: India 2, Ireland 0.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 January 2025
| time = 11:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|IRE}}
| score1 = 370/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 102 (91)
| wickets1 = [[Orla Prendergast]] 2/75 (8 overs)
| score2 = 254/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = Christina Coulter Reilly 80 (113)
| wickets2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 3/37 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 116 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1459898.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Niranjan Shah Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind) played in her 100th ODI match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ind-w-vs-ire-w-deepti-sharma-enters-the-elite-100-odi-club-in-womens-cricket-stmp-2663598-2025-01-12 |title=IND-W vs IRE-W: Deepti Sharma enters the elite '100 ODI club' in women's cricket |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Ind) scored her 1,000th run and first [[Century (cricket)|century]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jemimah-rodrigues-completes-1000-odi-runs-enroute-her-maiden-hundred-vs-ireland-2663608-2025-01-12 |title=Jemimah Rodrigues hits maiden international hundred, completes 1000 ODI runs |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133091/rodrigues-maiden-ton-leads-series-clinching-rout |title=Rodrigues' maiden ton leads series-clinching rout |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Leah Paul]] (Ire) scored her 1,000th run in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketireland.ie/news/india-goes-2-0-up/ |title=India goes 2-0 up |work=[[Cricket Ireland]] |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>
* Women's Championship points: India 2, Ireland 0.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 January 2025
| time = 11:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|IRE}}
| score1 = 435/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pratika Rawal]] 154 (129)
| wickets1 = [[Orla Prendergast]] 2/71 (8 overs)
| score2 = 131 (31.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sarah Forbes (cricketer)|Sarah Forbes]] 41 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 3/27 (8.4 overs)
| result = India won by 304 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1459899.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Niranjan Shah Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Kim Cotton]] (NZ) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Pratika Rawal]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Smriti Mandhana]] scored fastest century for India in the terms of balls (70) and became the first Indian female cricketer to score 10 centuries in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/smriti-mandhana-hits-fastest-odi-century-by-an-indian-first-indian-woman-to-smash-10-centuries-india-vs-ireland-101736927086773.html |title=Smriti Mandhana hits India's fastest century in women's ODIs, first Indian to smash 10 centuries in the format |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/smriti-mandhana-smashes-fastest-odi-century-for-india-women-breaks-harmanpreet-kaur-s-all-time-record-2025-01-15-971355 |title=Smriti Mandhana smashes fastest ODI century for India Women, breaks Harmanpreet Kaur's all-time record |work=[[India TV]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Pratika Rawal]] (Ind) scored her first century in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/pratika-rawal-scores-maiden-odi-hundred-india-women-vs-ireland-stats-record-news/article69099844.ece |title=IND-W vs IRE-W, 3rd ODI: Pratika Rawal scores maiden international hundred |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>
* India's total was their highest score in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/india-womens-cricket-team-break-their-own-highest-ever-odi-total-record-in-just-three-days/articleshow/117262032.cms |title=India women's cricket team break their own highest-ever ODI total record in just three days |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-highest-total-record-odi-score-400-smriti-mandhana-pratika-rawal-news/article69100022.ece |title=IND-W vs IRE-W, 3rd ODI: India crosses 400 for first time, records highest total in W-ODIs |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>
* India registered their highest ever total in ODIs, across the men's and women's.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/mandhana-shatters-records-as-india-post-highest-odi-total-across-mens-womens-cricket-during-2nd-ireland-odi20250115150011/ |title=Mandhana shatters records as India post highest ODI total across men's, women's cricket during 3rd Ireland ODI |work=[[Asian News International|ANI News]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>
* This was India's biggest margin of victory (in terms of runs) in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-ireland-record-victory-runs-margin-news-biggest-indian-wins/article69100638.ece |title=IND-W vs IRE-W, 3rd ODI: India registers largest margin of win in 304-run victory over Ireland |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>
* Women's Championship points: India 2, Ireland 0.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ireland-women-in-india-2024-25-1459889 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{Ireland women's cricket team}}
{{International cricket in 2024–25}}
{{2022–2025 ICC Women's Championship}}
{{International women's cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ireland women's cricket team in India in 2024-25}}
[[Category:2025 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in Irish cricket]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024–25]]
[[Category:Ireland women's cricket team tours]]
[[Category:2025 in Irish women's sport]]
[[Category:2022–25 ICC Women's Championship]]

Naroda

2026-01-01T19:43:34Z

MUKESH SINGH: update section for consistency and improved wording for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{about|town in Ahmedabad|the massacre|Naroda Patiya massacre}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naroda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Ahmedabad#India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|05|N|72|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 382330
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 079
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Area in city of
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ahmedabad
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Naroda''' is a fast-growing area in [[Ahmedabad]], northeast of central [[Ahmedabad]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].

== History ==

* '''Early Development:''' Originally a small agricultural village, Naroda benefited from its strategic location along trade routes.
* '''Industrial Boom (1980s):''' The establishment of the Naroda Industrial Area in the 1980s transformed it into an industrial hub, attracting workers and boosting the local economy.
* '''Incorporation into Ahmedabad (1996):''' Naroda became part of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, leading to improved infrastructure and services.
* '''21st Century Transformation:''' In the early 2000s, Naroda shifted from an industrial area to a desirable residential neighborhood, with the real estate sector thriving alongside modern amenities.
* '''Cultural Diversity:''' The growth attracted a mix of communities, enriching the local culture with various traditions and festivals.
* '''Future Prospects:''' Ongoing development and urban planning initiatives aim to sustain Naroda's growth while maintaining its unique character.[https://exhibition.cept.ac.in/we22/studio/understanding-the-city-studio-up4002-monsoon-2022/naroda-residential-settlement-to-a-commercial-magnet-monsoon-2022-pup22246]

==Geography==
It is 8 km from Ahmedabad International Airport on the SP Ring Road, Naroda is situated on the emerging Gandhinagar-Ahmedabad-Vadodara (GAV) corridor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoahmedabad.com/2009/02/naroda-nodal-centre-for-development.html|title=Naroda, nodal centre for development ~ Ahmedabad Blog - Ahmedabad News and Information}}</ref>

Naroda is near the intersection of [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway No. 8]] and [[National Highway 59 (India)|National Highway 59]]. It is near [[Bapunagar]]. [[Kalupur]] and Krishnanagar, the geographic center of Ahmedabad, are 5 km away. The Sardar Patel ring road crosses in front of Naroda.

Naroda has two parts: ''Juna Naroda'' (Old Naroda) and ''Nava Naroda'' (New Naroda). At the center of Naroda (called ''Naroda Gam'' or Naroda Bazaar) are an old fountain and a newly developed park.

== Demographics ==
Naroda is predominantly populated by [[Hindus]] and [[Jainism|Jains]]. Most of the residents are [[Gujaratis]]. A substantial amount of [[Sindhis]] also live there.

== Economy ==
Naroda has flourished due to its proximity to SVPI (Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel International Airport) Airport and the Ahmedabad Railway Station.

The Naroda [[Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation|GIDC]] industrial park hosts national and multinational corporations such as [[Reliance Industries Ltd]],Siemens Energy ,[[PepsiCo]], [[Ingersoll-Rand]], [[Dresser Industries]], Lubi Elcectronics, Lubi Pumps, Harshtaiana, Laxmi Engineers [[Arvind Mills]], Umiya Textile and Nirman Textile. Pharmaceutical companies include Dishman,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dishmangroup.com/Naroda.asp?id=6|title=Facilities and Locations - Naroda. Specialists of chemical development and Highly Potent Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API's) - Dishman Group}}</ref> Tuton, Westcoast and Maccure. India's snack food manufacturer [[Havmor Ice Cream|Havmor Ice Cream Ltd]], Samrat Namkin is located there.

Several major township projects are emerging along the [[Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway]] centered on Naroda. In the 2008 Vibrant Gujarat summit, 24 projects worth more than Rs 1,000 crore were slated to be developed in and along the Ahmedabad-Vadodara expressway. Projects include hospitals, clubs, educational institutions, NRI residential colonies, a business park and a 120-room hotel.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |last1=John |first1=Paul |date=10 February 2009 |title=Naroda, nodal centre for development |url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ahmedabad/Naroda_nodal_centre_for_development_/articleshow/4102142.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211050021/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ahmedabad/Naroda_nodal_centre_for_development_/articleshow/4102142.cms |archive-date=11 February 2009 |access-date=17 February 2009 |work=The Times Of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[Naroda railway station]] is the main railway station of the town. Kalupur Railway Station is approx 8.5 km<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://alldistancebetween.com/in/distance-between/naroda-airport-ahmedabad-55c5da589fa16f6723df92d43daf340c/|title=Distance between Naroda and Airport Ahmedabad|website=alldistancebetween.com|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>), Airport (SVP Airport approx 8 km<ref name="auto"/>) and Bus Station (Krishnnagar approx 5 km<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alldistancebetween.com/in/distance-between/krishnanagar-naroda-naroda-gidc-ac787b8328dbdbe5962e52f10860efaa/|title=Distance between Krishnanagar Naroda and Naroda Gidc|website=alldistancebetween.com|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>) are within 10 kilometers of Naroda.

== Education ==
A government commerce college operates there. Among the many schools are an international school and preschools.

==Climate==

Naroda has a hot [[semi arid]] climate (BSh), narrowly missing a [[tropical savanna climate]] (Aw).

{{Weather box|location = Naroda
|single line = yes
|metric first = yes
|Jan high C = 28
|Feb high C = 31
|Mar high C = 36
|Apr high C = 44
|May high C = 42
|Jun high C = 38
|Jul high C = 33
|Aug high C = 32
|Sep high C = 34
|Oct high C = 36
|Nov high C = 33
|Dec high C = 30
|year high C = 35
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 2
|Feb rain mm = 1
|Mar rain mm = 1
|Apr rain mm = 1
|May rain mm = 10
|Jun rain mm = 90
|Jul rain mm = 311
|Aug rain mm = 209
|Sep rain mm = 127
|Oct rain mm = 12
|Nov rain mm = 6
|Dec rain mm = 2
|year rain mm = 772|date=May 2012}}

==Culture==

Naroda features temples such as the Lord Sankar temple (a historical temple of Shri nareshwar mahadev), Ranchodrai, Satyanarayan and Padmavati Mataji's Jain Temple, Hanumanji Mandir, Ayyappa Temple, Gokuliya Hanuman, Ganesh Temple. It also has Mahaprabhuji's Bethak, a famous pilgrim place for [[Vaishnavites]]. It is believed that [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Mahaprabhu]] stayed there. Swaminarayan Mandir Vasana Sanstha) temple is there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smvs.org|title= Swaminarayan Mandir Vasna Sanstha |publisher=smvs.org}}</ref>

The [[Naroda Patiya massacre]] {{efn|Since most of the killings were done in Naroda Patiya, the incident was termed Naroda Patiya massacre instead of Naroda massacre.}} took place on 28 February 2002 at Naroda during the [[2002 Gujarat riots]]. 97 [[Muslims]] were killed by a mob of approximately 5,000 people, organised by the [[Bajrang Dal]], a wing of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]], and allegedly supported by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] which was in power in the [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat State Government]].{{efn|{{harvnb|Human Rights Watch|2002 a}}, {{harvnb|Tehelka|2007 b}}, {{harvnb|Tehelka|2007 c}}, {{harvnb|Indian Express|2007 a}}, {{harvnb|The Hindu|2012 a}}, {{harvnb|Hindustan Times|2012 e}}}} The riot lasted over 10 hours, during which the mob looted, stabbed, sexually assaulted, gang-raped and burnt people individually and in groups.

==Notables==
The late business tycoon [[Dhirubhai Ambani]] started his first [[textile mill]] in Naroda in 1977.

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ahmedabad topics}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ahmedabad district]]

Siddalingaiah (poet)

2025-12-18T07:08:03Z

MUKESH SINGH: small reworked article for consistency and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Indian poet (1954–2021)}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox writer 
| honorific-prefix = [[Doctor of philosophy|Dr.]]
| name = Siddalingaiah
| image = Dr. Siddalingaiah.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Siddalingaiah at Tathvapada singers gathering in Mandya in 2012
| birth_name = Siddalingaiah
| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|02|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manchinabele]], [[Mysore State]] (present{{endash}}day Karnataka), India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|06|11|1954|02|03|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|Dramatist|Professor|Legislator| Activist}}
| education = M. A. and Ph.D in Kannada
| alma_mater = [[Bangalore University]]
| period = 1954–2021
| genre = Dalit-Bandaya Movement
| subjects =
| movement = Dalit-[[Bandaya movement]]
| notableworks = Holemadigara Haadu, Saviraaru Nadigalu and Meravanige
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (Posthumous)
| signature =
}}

'''Siddalingaiah''' (1954 in [[Magadi]], [[Bangalore]] – 11 June 2021) was one of the most prominent [[Kannada]] [[poet]]s, writers and social activists in [[India]]. He is particularly remembered for his work benefitting the poor, the down-trodden and the marginalised [[caste]]s to which he himself belonged. He was also one of the founders of the [[Dalit]] Sangharsha Samiti, which is a major political organisation fighting for the rights of the Dalit people since the 1970s. His writings and poetry reflected his own experiences and also through which he conducted his social activism by employing his wit, humour and irony to highlight the cause of the Dalits and their indomitable spirit.

Siddalingaiah was an Indian poet, playwright, and Dalit activist, writing in the [[Kannada]] language. He is credited with starting the Dalit-[[Bandaya movement]] in Kannada and with starting the genre of [[Dalit literature|Dalit writing]]. He is one of the founders of the Dalita Sangharsh Samiti along with [[B. Krishnappa]].

== Early life and background ==
Early in life, Siddalingaiah experienced societal discrimination and hardship. In his [[autobiography]], ''Ooru Keri'' (1996), he describes how [[upper-caste]] landlords frequently humiliated his father, Dyavanna, a [[Landlessness|landless]] [[Laborer|labourer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Naved |first=S |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000408805 |title=Subalternities in India and Latin America: Dalit Autobiographies and the Testimonio |date=2021-05-24 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-0-429-34379-7 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Sonya Surabhi |edition=1 |pages=92 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780429343797}}</ref> Seeing his father yoked like an ox to work a field is one particularly horrific memory that deeply affected young Siddalingaiah.<ref name=":0" /> Early on, his rebellious nature became apparent; he imitated school inspectors, skipped lessons to go swimming in neighbouring rivers, and sarcastically questioned teachers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramakrishna |first=S. R. |date=2021-06-20 |title=Siddalingaiah (1954-2021): The Dalit poet who broke the rules and challenged the norms |url=https://scroll.in/article/997975/siddalingaiah-1954-2021-the-dalit-poet-who-broke-the-rules-and-challenged-the-norms |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> These stories show a young child who used humour as a defence against embarrassment and refused to fit in. He supported his schooling by working odd jobs, including cleaning, where he smeared soot on his face to avoid being recognised, a moving metaphor for Dalit [[invisibility]].<ref name=":0" /> His time at [[Bangalore University|Bengaluru University]] was a life-changing experience. Siddalingaiah started composing [[poetry]] as a way to express his rage and rebellion after being exposed to radical political ideas and the growing Dalit struggle. These experiences gave rise to early compositions, which combined unadulterated emotion with sharp societal criticism.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2023-02-03 |title=Siddalingaiah, a champion of the Dalit cause who resisted through his poems |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/siddalingaiah-a-champion-of-the-dalit-cause-who-resisted-through-his-poems/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref> Early poems of Siddalingaiah, such as Hole Madigara Haadu (1975), which he wrote before attending college, captured the rage and disobedience of the Dalit community .<ref name=":13"/> His compositions, such as "Kappu Kadina Haadu" and "Saaviraaru Nadigalu", became rallying points for Dalit demonstrations.<ref name=":13"/> He co-founded the Dalita Sangharsha Samiti (DSS), a crucial group in [[Karnataka]]'s Dalit struggle, after being influenced by socialist leader [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar|B.R. Ambedkar]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Nagaraj |first=D.R. |date=1994 |title=From Political Rage to Cultural Affirmation: Notes on the Kannada Dalit Poet-Activist Siddalingaiah |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23003843 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=15–26 |jstor=23003843 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref> Siddalingaiah's early life, characterised by deprivation, defiance, and intellectual curiosity, laid the foundation for his later role as a [[Trail blazing|trailblazing]] Dalit writer and activist by fusing [[journalism]],<ref name=":13"/> critical analyses,<ref name=":0" /> and autobiographical excerpts.
[[File:Bangaloreuniversity.jpg|thumb|Bengaluru University]]

== Education and career ==
Siddalingaiah was born in the Magadi taluk region of present day [[Ramanagara district]] in [[Karnataka]] and faced [[caste]]ism and numerous forms of discrimination in the hands of the [[upper class]]es. His early schooling and education as a result took place in different villages of the district because of the limitations and restrictions he faced due his caste.<ref name=":13"/> However, he had an avid interest in learning and was a voracious reader ever since he was a child. He admitted to spending most of his time in the Bengaluru Central Library located in [[Cubbon Park]]. His fellow dalit writer and [[Rajya Sabha]] member L Hanumanthaiah even remarked that he was found "more in libraries rather than in classes".<ref name=":13"/> He obtained his Master of Arts from Bengaluru University and then started working as a research assistant at the Centre for Kannada Studies at Bengaluru University (1976-1981). He finally became a lecturer in [[Kannada]] (1981-1992) and rose to the post of the director of the Centre for Kannada Studies in the University of Bengaluru.<ref name=":13"/> He subsequently rose to the position of Dean, Faculty of Arts in Bengaluru University between the years 2001-2003 and he even had the distinction of being a member of the [[Academic Council on the United Nations System|Academic Council]] of Bangalore University between 2002 and 2003.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2011-06-04 |title=Siddalingaiah |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/siddalingaiah.pdf |website=Sahitya Akademi |page=6}}</ref> He further headed the Kannada Book Authority (2008) and also chaired the 81st Akhila Bharata Kannada Sahitya Sammelana held at [[Shravanabelagola]] in 2015. His prose and novels unlike his poems were more mischievous, energetic and full of vigour. They however had the same legendary wry sense of humour for which Siddalingaiah was known for. He also wrote many plays such as "Panchama" and "Ekalavya"<ref name=":13"/> and one of his most important writing works included ''Graamadevathegalu'', which was a field study of village deities and rituals in Karnataka for which he was awarded his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in 1989 under the guidance of Dr.[[G. S. Shivarudrappa|G.S. Shivarudrappa]], who is a [[rashtrakavi (disambiguation)|rashtrakavi]] of India (national poet).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddalingaiah |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/siddalingaiah.pdf|page=2}}</ref> Even though he was known for his humorous yet fiery poetry, and as a writer activist, he wrote some film songs as well. Siddalingaiah wrote a romantic film song for the Kannada movie ''[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage]]'' (1983) under the pseudonym of Aaditya, and this song won him a [[Karnataka State Film Awards|state award]].<ref name=":13"/> He was a prolific writer and academedician and had made many contributions within field of music, literature, arts all throughout his life. He made every effort to use his art for the cause of the downtrodden Dalit community to which he belonged.

== Political career ==
Siddalingaiah, the Dalit activist writer and poet were influenced by the political doctrines of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] and [[Ram Manohar Lohia|Lohia]], and he wished to bring about positive changes for his downtrodden brethren by joining the field of politics.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The humanism of Siddalingaiah |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/the-humanism-of-siddalingaiah-1004625.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He became Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Legislative Council]], [[Government of Karnataka]] for two consecutive terms i.e. from 1988 to 1994 and 1995-2001.<ref name=":2" /> Even though many people from the Dalit community had accused him of being an opportunist and of having compromised his ideals for personal political gain, Siddalingaiah went on to prove his love and loyalty towards his caste people. He was instrumental in abolishing the very inhuman practice of Ajalu. The Ajalu system was practiced in some parts of [[Dakṣiṇā|Dakshina]] Kannada wherein [[Koraga people|Koragas]] were treated as untouchables. They were at the receiving end of numerous atrocities and tortures and after becoming a Member of the Legislative Council, Siddalingaiah raised the issue to abolish the system in the [[Legislative Assembly of Karnataka]]. Following many sessions of debate over the inhumanity that the system stood for in the garb of tradition, the government finally banned Ajalu from taking place all over Karnataka.<ref name=":13"/> From 2006 to 2008, Siddalingaiah further acted as the chairman of Kannada Development Authority, a position of Cabinet rank through which he made numerous beneficial changes in the lives of the Dalits living in Karnataka.<ref name=":2" /> Siddalingaiah is also the founder of the Dalit Sangharsh Samiti along with B. Krishnappa and DSS has been quite active politically ever since the 1970s in Karnataka fighting for the rights of the Dalits.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Murthy |first=KS Dakshina |date=2021-06-13 |title=Poet Siddalingaiah leaves behind a Dalit movement in disarray |url=https://thefederal.com/opinion/poet-siddalingaiah-leaves-behind-a-dalit-movement-in-disarray |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref> The political and moral vision of the founders of DSS although inspired by Ambedkar and other Dalit leaders, however did not prevent them from associating with the non-violent ideologies of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and other mainstream liberal political leaders.<ref name=":3" /> He was for a long time associated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and as an MLC he had raised many issues pertaining to the Dalit community to bring about their betterment. Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] even visited his house and felicitated him for his contributions to the state of Karnataka and to the community to which he belonged.<ref name=":13"/>

== Role in Dalit movement ==
A trailblazing Kannada Dalit poet, author, and activist, Siddalingaiah (1954–2021) was instrumental in forming the Dalit literary and political movement in Karnataka. His writings became songs of resistance for the underprivileged because they were imbued with extreme defiance and insightful societal analysis. Siddalingaiah sprang from Bangalore's slums, and his activism and poetry were firmly grounded in Dalit realities, opposing caste systems and promoting social [[justice]].<ref name=":13"/> In the 1970s, Siddalingaiah was a co-founder of the radical Dalita Sangharsha Samithi (DSS), which organised Dalits against caste injustice. Hole Madigara Haadu (Song of the Holeya-Madiga), one of his earliest poems, expressed the anger and suffering of Dalits and served as a rallying cry for the movement.<ref name=":42"/> The vile brutality and humiliation experienced by Dalits were revealed in poems such as "Ikrala, Odila" (Thrash, Kick), which struck a deep chord with the disenfranchised.<ref name=":13"/> His writings inspired a generation of activists and served as both literary and political instruments. Siddalingaiah's later years witnessed a turn towards cultural affirmation—a politics that aimed to restore Dalit identity beyond simple opposition to [[Brahminism]]—whereas his early work was characterised by militant resistance.<ref name=":42"/> Using humour and subversion to affirm Dalit cultural sovereignty, he examined Dalit [[folklore]], deities, and [[oral tradition]]s in works such as Avataragalu (Incarnations).<ref name=":42"/> However, other Dalit revolutionaries criticised this shift, seeing his involvement in mainstream politics, especially his time as a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC), as a trade-off.<ref name=":13"/> In his capacity as an MLC, Siddalingaiah supported Dalit causes, particularly the abolition of the Ajalu tradition in Dakshina Kannada, which involved dehumanising ceremonies performed on Koraga Dalits.<ref name=":13"/> His legislative actions brought attention to the relationship between caste and labour, highlighting political participation and education as means of achieving empowerment.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Mukul |date=2019-11-02 |title='My World Is a Different World': Caste and Dalit Eco-Literary Traditions |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2019.1667057 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1013–1030 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2019.1667057 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Despite his achievements, Siddalingaiah was criticised for his alleged closeness to power, which included his contentious comments on [[Manusmriti]] and his admiration for [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] officials.<ref name=":13"/> However, his followers contend that his later writings, which promoted [[Self-esteem|self-respect]] and cultural dignity, attempted to reinterpret Dalit politics beyond conflict.<ref name=":42"/> A prominent pioneer in Dalit literature and activism, Siddalingaiah was posthumously given the [[Padma Shri]]. His legacy endures in the continuous fight for equality.<ref name=":13"/> He made a lasting impact on India's social justice scene with his life and writings, which perfectly capture the Dalit movement's transformation from protest to assertion.

== Major works and themes ==
A trailblazing Dalit poet and activist from Karnataka, Siddalingaiah (1954–2021) is renowned for his sharp literary works that combine ecological awareness, cultural affirmation, and political wrath. His writings, which have their roots in Dalit experiences, examine issues of resistance, nature, labour, and caste injustice.

=== 1. Dalit resistance and political rage ===
Hole Madigara Haadu (Song of the Holeya-Madiga), one of Siddalingaiah's earliest poems, captures the rage of the Dalit movement. His fiery poetry opposed [[Brahminical]] oppression and motivated a new generation of activists.<ref name=":13"/> Dalit protest anthems, such as Ikrala and Odila (Thrash, Kick), revealed the harsh reality of caste violence.<ref name=":13"/> According to author [[N. Shankar|NS Shankar]], his writing captures the "inner emotional state of the Dalit movement".<ref name=":13"/> His poetry is full of imagery and through lines such as "They killed the sun and hid the moon" "My people who carried the huge slabs on their shoulders etc."<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=The Laughing Bard: In Memory of Siddalingaiah – Janata Weekly |url=https://janataweekly.org/the-laughing-bard-in-memory-of-siddalingaiah/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> (Chenni, 2021) he shocks his readers with violence inherent in the lives of the Dalits.

=== 2. Dalit identity and cultural affirmation ===
Siddalingaiah aimed to uphold Dalit cultural identity without resorting to confrontation. In his [[autobiography]] Ooru Keri (A Slum in the Village), he recounts his upbringing in a Dalit [[ghetto]] in a hilarious and moving way, using storytelling to regain his dignity.<ref name=":42"/> He promoted a "politics of cultural affirmation," honouring Dalit labour, [[folklore]], and gods, in contrast to the militant politics of organisations such as the [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]].<ref name=":42" /> In Avataragalu (Incarnations), he asserts Dalit spiritual traditions while satirising caste hierarchies.<ref name=":42" />

=== 3. Caste and nature ===
In Siddalingaiah's writings, caste exploitation and nature are frequently combined. He refers to a drain as "the holy Ganga" for Dalits in Ooru Keri, signifying their marginalised but tenacious way of life.<ref name=":52"/> His literature juxtaposes Dalit realities—where land, rivers, and animals are sites of labour and stigma—with the idealised upper-caste conception of nature.<ref name=":52" /> For example, he utilises [[Cacti (software)|cacti]] and the moon to poetically connect ecological and social justice in his poetry, Maatada Beku (I Must Have a Word).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Malhari |first=Divya |date=2021-06-17 |title=Remembering Dr Siddalingaiah: A writer who showed me my own world |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/remembering-dr-siddalingaiah-writer-who-showed-me-my-own-world-150803 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

=== 4. Oppression and labour ===
A major theme in Siddalingaiah's stories is [[Labor rights|labour]]. As an example of the dehumanising caste-based labour system, Ooru Keri describes his father working as a human plough.<ref name=":52" /> His writings demonstrate how Dalits' labour is exploited but elevated through group resiliency, whether in urban slums, fields, or forests.<ref name=":52" />

=== 5. Subversion and humour ===
Siddalingaiah used humour in both his lectures and writings. To disarm oppressors, he made fun of his own size by joking that he was being carried by the masses in trains.<ref name=":7" /> As with Avataragalu, his light-hearted tone promoted unity while challenging casteist prejudices.<ref name=":42" /> His admirers contend that he used his influence to end abuses like the Ajalu system, which dehumanised Koraga people, while detractors accused him of political compromise by taking [[Legislature|legislative]] posts.<ref name=":13"/> His later writings, such as Kappu Kadina Haadu (Black Bitter Song), question global rights beyond people and show a change from rage to contemplation.<ref name=":42" /> In his autobiographical work "Ooru Keri" he uses humour to portray the struggle of a Dalit person. He refuses to reduce the lives led by the Dalits to one of misery and victimhood and instead through his work depicts their strategies for survival.<ref name=":6" /> Through humour and wit, he wished to convey the rebellion that lies at the heart of the Dalit people who refuse to bow down.

=== Poetry ===
* ''Saaviraaru Nadigalu'' (Thousands of Rivers, 1979)
* ''Kappu Kaadina Haadu'' (The Song of the Black Forest, 1982)
* ''Aayda Kavithegalu'' (Selected Poems, 1997)
* ''Meravanige'' (Procession, 2000)
* ''Nanna Janagalu mattu Itara Kavitegalu'' (My People and Other Poems, 2005)
* Kudiva Neeliya Kadalu (2017)
* Ooru Saagaravagi (2018)

=== Autobiography ===
* Ooru Keri-1 : Atmakathana (1997)
* Ooru Keri-2 : Atmakathana (2006)
* Ooru Keri-3 : Atmakathana (2014)
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ENOnADOlncC&q=Ooru+Keri+-+An+Autobiography Ooru Keri - An Autobiography]'' ([[Sahitya Akademi]], 2003)
* ''A Word With You, World: The Autobiography of a Poet'' ([[Navayana (publishing house)|Navayana]], 2013) Translated by S.R. Ramakrishna {{ISBN|978-81-89059-55-2}} {{OCLC|854755733}} ([http://www.caravanmagazine.in/fiction/magadi-and-manchanabele Excerpt)]
* [[K. Satyanarayana (academic)|Satyanarayana, K]] & [[Susie Tharu|Tharu, Susie]] (2013) ''From those Stubs Steel Nibs are Sprouting: New Dalit Writing from South Asia, Dossier 2: Kannada and Telugu'', New Delhi: HarperCollins India. {{ISBN|978-0-14-341426-1}} {{OCLC|972832070}}

=== Plays ===
* Panchama
* Nelasama
* Ekalavya

=== Criticism and essays ===
* Hakkkinota
* Gramadevathegalu
* Avataragalu
* Jana Samsakruthi
* Aa Mukha Ee Mukha

== Awards and honours earned before his death ==
Siddalingaiah had been festooned with numerous awards, honours and accolades throughout his entire lifespan. He received the best lyricist award in 1984 from the Government of Karnataka for his contribution in creating love songs for the Kannada movie "[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage]]" (1983).<ref name=":13"/> He then went on to receive the [[Rajyotsava Award]] in the year 1986 from the Government of Karnataka. For his contributions to the cause of the Dalit community, he received the Dr. Ambedkar Centenary Special Award, 1992 from the Government of Karnataka, Dr. Ambedkar Award in the year 2002 from [[Dalit literature|Bharatiya Dalit Sahitya Academy]], Sathyakama Foundation Award, 2002 from the Sathyakama Foundation, Babu Jagajivan Ram Award,2005 from the Government of Karnataka.<ref name=":2"/> For his literary and academic contributions, he received the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Honorary Award, 1996 from the Government of Karnataka, the Sandesh Prashasti award 2001, the Janapada Thajna Award, 2001 from the Karnataka Janapada and Yakshagana Academy, Government of Karnataka, the Nadachetana Award, 1999 from Rangachetana Balaga, Bangalore, the Nadoja-2007 award from the [[Kannada University]], Hampi, and the [[Pampa Award|Pampa award]], the highest literary award granted by the government of Karnataka.<ref name=":2" />

== Legacy and posthumous recognition ==
It is commonly accepted that Siddalingaiah's legacy placed Dalit identity at the forefront of [[Kannada literature]] and politics and legitimised popular discourse among marginalised populations.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Laurence |last2=Thorat |first2=Sukhadeo |date=2021-12-18 |title=Margin and Transcendence: In memory of Siddalingaiah |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/375 |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=vi–x |doi=10.26812/caste.v2i2.375 |issn=2639-4928|doi-access=free }}</ref> Given the disparity between his radical origins and his alleged political concessions, his subsequent affiliation with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) has drawn criticism.<ref name=":9" /> His influence is still significant in spite of these arguments. His institutional recognition and cultural prominence were demonstrated by his posthumous receipt of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2021 and the Karnataka Pampa Award.<ref name=":13" /> In addition, Siddalingaiah had significant positions, including chairing the Kannada Development Authority and teaching at Bengaluru University, where he helped up-and-coming Dalit authors like [[Devanur Mahadeva]].<ref name=":13" /> His poetry is still relevant in today's protest areas, particularly Maatada Beku, which has come to represent the significance of local Dalit movements on a worldwide scale.<ref name=":9" />

== Death and commemoration ==
Siddalingaiah's death brought in a public outpouring of love, and this has its symbolic meaning for Dalit communities.<ref name=":9" /> Siddalingaiah faced issues and had his pandemic struggles, including difficulties accessing healthcare, as indicative of larger systemic inequities faced by marginalised groups, even though the current counterfoil only mentioned his [[COVID-19]]-related death on June 11, 2021. The outpouring of mourning from Dalit leaders, who characterised his death as the loss of a guiding voice in the movement, was covered.<ref name=":13" /> Posthumous tributes, including the special issue of ''Caste: A Global Journal'' that celebrated his contributions to Dalit activism and writing. Dalit activists' thoughts highlighted his unmet goals for the Dalit Sangharsh Samiti (DSS), especially his idea of a united Dalit political front.<ref name=":8"/> Siddalingaiah's legacy inspired ongoing resistance and cultural affirmation, framing his death as a time of shared grief and reaffirmation of dedication to the issues he supported.<ref name=":8" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddalingaiah}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Dalit leaders]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Bandaya writers]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Ajita Srivastava

2025-12-17T17:22:24Z

MUKESH SINGH: started new info

{{Short description|Indian singer (?-2024)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Padma Shri|PS]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2022) Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (2017)
| image = Ajita Srivastava in 2022.jpg
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| caption = Srivastava in 2022
| known_for = [[Kajari|Kajari folk songs]]
}}

'''Ajita Srivastava''' was an Indian singer, educationist and social worker. Srivastava popularised and promoted [[Kajari]] folk songs, a form of folk music from [[Mirzapur]] and the surrounding region.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=मीरजापुर की कजरी गायिका अजिता श्रीवास्तव को पद्मश्री, संगीत नाटक अकादमी पुरस्कार से भी हो चुकी हैं सम्मानित |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/padma-award-2022-mirzapur-kajri-singer-ajita-srivastava-awarded-padma-shri/1080823 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> She was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 2022 by the [[Government of India]] for her contributions in the field of arts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awardees 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |website=Padma Awards}}</ref> Srivastava died on 17 August 2024, aged 70.<ref name="x833">{{cite web | last=शुक्ला | first=अभिषेक | title=Ajita Srivastava Death: प्रसिद्ध कजरी गायिका पद्मश्री अजीता श्रीवास्तव का निधन, संगीत जगत में शोक की लहर | website=Navbharat Times | date=17 August 2024 | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/mirzapur/famous-kajri-singer-padmashree-ajita-srivastava-passed-away/articleshow/112594712.cms | language=hi | access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>

== Life and education ==
Srivastava was born in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She completed her ''Sangeet Prabhakar'' from Prayag Sangeet Samiti in Prayagraj, [[Bachelor of Education|B. Ed.]] from [[Gorakhpur University]] and [[Master of Arts|M. A.]] from [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=पद्म पुरस्‍कार 2022 : मीरजापुर की कजरी गायिका अजीता श्रीवास्तव को पद्मश्री, 42 वर्षों की निरंतर साधना व तप के बाद मिली सफलता |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-padma-award-2022-ajita-srivastava-kajri-singer-of-mirzapur-got-padma-shri-after-42-years-of-continuous-meditation-and-penance-hpjagranspecial-22413389.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Srivastava married Rasbihari Lal, a poet, writer and lawyer from Mirzapur, and settled there. They had one child.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=वाराणसी के 6 लोगों को मिला पदम पुरस्कार, मिर्ज़ापुर की अजीता श्रीवास्तव भी शामिल, जानिए इनके जीवन की कहानी |url=https://mirzapurofficial.in/state/6-people-of-varanasi-got-padma-award-ajita-srivastava-of-mi/cid6317896.htm |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=mirzapurofficial.in |language=hi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Srivastava started her professional career with [[All India Radio]] Varanasi in 1980. She was associated with and performed for various organisations including All India Radio, [[Lucknow]] [[Doordarshan]], Sangeet Natak Akademi Uttar Pradesh, [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], NCZCC Prayagraj, [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of Delhi]], [[Indian Army]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] among others.<ref name=":2" />

In 2017, she retired as a lecturer from the Arya Kanya Inter College after 40 years of teaching.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कजरी गायिका अजिता श्रीवास्तव को मिला पद्मश्री अवॉर्ड, 36 वर्षों से गायन के क्षेत्र में कर रही हैं काम |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/mirzapur/ajita-srivastava-kajri-singer-of-mirzapur-got-padma-shri/up20220126091635335 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=26 January 2022 }}</ref> Since then, she worked to preserve, promote and propagate Kajari and other folk music of the region on the national and international level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganga |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-01-26 |title=मिर्जापुर की प्रसिद्ध कजली गायिका अजीता श्रीवास्तव को मिला पद्म श्री अवार्ड, ऐसा रहा करियर |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-news-famous-kajli-singer-ajita-srivastava-from-mirzapur-uttar-pradesh-received-padma-shri-award-ann-2047766 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2022 – Padma Shri<ref name=":0" />
* 2021 – Vishwa Hindi Shodh Samvardhan Award
* 2021 – Kajali Kokila Award
* 2021 – Yogya Sikshaika evam Kajali Gayika Award
* 2021, 2010 – SAARC FOSWAL Award
* 2021, 2020, 2019 – Nari Shakti Puraskaar by [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
* 2020 – Kashi Anand Samman
* 2019 – Harit Uttar Pradesh, Swachch Uttar Pradesh Visisth Samman
* 2019 – Kajali Karyashala Mukhya Prashikshika Award
* 2017 – Namami Jagriti Samman
* 2017 – Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi Award<ref name=":1" />
* 2011 – Vaishya Gaurav Samman
* 2008 – Nari Shakti Samman by [[Amar Ujala]]
* 1996 – Kajali Samragyi Award

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKuTPtYDN7c सावन और कजरी] interview with [[DD Uttar Pradesh]] on YouTube (in Hindi)

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivastava, Ajita}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Inder Singh (footballer)

2025-12-09T13:04:56Z

MUKESH SINGH:

{{Short description|Indian footballer, manager, administrator}}
{{Other people|Inder Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Inder Singh
| image =
| caption =
| height =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|12|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Phagwara]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]
| clubnumber = 9
| years1 = 1962–1974
| years2 = 1974–1985
| clubs1 = Leaders Jalandhar
| clubs2 = [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| nationalyears1 = 1962–1975
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| manageryears1 = 1985–2001
| managerclubs1 = [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[AFC Asian Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[1964 AFC Asian Cup|1964 Israel]]|[[1964 AFC Asian Cup squads#India|Team]]}}
}}

'''Inder Singh''' (born 23 December 1943) is an Indian former [[Association football|football]] player and captain, manager and administrator.<ref>{{cite web|title=28th Punjab State Super Football League — Legend Inder Singh to kick-off|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/punjab_football_league_2014-15/#horizontalTab2|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football|date=23 August 2014|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101022001/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/punjab_football_league_2014-15/#horizontalTab2}}</ref> He played for Leaders Club of Jalandhar, [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]], and the [[India national football team|India national team]], predominantly as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]]. He began his senior professional career with [[Lebanese Basketball League|Leaders Club]] in 1962 and moved to JCT Mills in 1974. Playing for [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]], he finished the [[1974–75 Santosh Trophy|1974–75 tournament]] with 23 goals, a record that still stands.<ref name="tht1">{{cite web|title=Milled into submission|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/milled-into-submission/809053/0|website=archive.indianexpress.com|first=Tashi|last=Lundup|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 June 2011|access-date=18 October 2014|archive-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141018082834/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/milled-into-submission/809053/0}}</ref> He was included in the [[AFC Annual Awards#Asian All Stars|AFC Asian All Stars]] team in 1968.<ref name="newslibrary.naver.com"/> He retired as a player in 1985.

He had a successful managerial career with Mills from 1985 to 2001, following which he was associated with Mills as an administrator from 2001 to 2011. In 1969, he received the [[Arjuna Award]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|title=LIST OF ARJUNA AWARD WINNERS — Football {{!}} Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225221945/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|archive-date=25 December 2007|access-date=25 December 2007|website=yas.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=12 September 2020|df=dmy-all|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf}}</ref> in recognition of his contribution to Indian football.<ref>{{cite web |author= Sengupta, Somnath |title= Legends Of Indian Football : Inder Singh |url= http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-inder-singh-jct-punjab-legends/ |website= thehardtackle.com |date= 3 July 2013 |access-date= 18 October 2014 |archive-date= 27 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141027003614/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-inder-singh-jct-punjab-legends/ }}</ref> Nicknamed "bullet train" by the Japanese for his speed on football field, Singh stuck to his roots and played for the country, declining the offer of representing [[Malaysia national football team|Malaysia]] in 1973.<ref name="TAE"/>

==Early life==
Singh was born on 23 December 1943, in [[Phagwara]], in the erstwhile [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]]. As a student of Government High School, [[Phagwara]], he played for the school at various tournaments, including the All-India School Games in 1960 and 1961. He finished as the top goal scorer and was awarded the 'Best Player' award.<ref name="tht1" />

==Club career==
'''Leaders Club'''

Impressed with his talent, Singh was selected by Leaders Club, [[Jalandhar]], as its guest player.<ref name="TAE"/> He would play exhibition matches for the club and other tournaments as a guest player, until he was signed by the club when he passed out of school. In his first season with the club in 1962 as a senior player, he played in the DCM Trophy in [[Delhi]]. The tournament had established and stronger team like [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]], Mysore XI, [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] and Mafatlal Mills playing. Leaders finished the tournament in third place losing only to Mafatlal Mills in the semifinal. For the third place, they beat Mysore XI 4–1. Singh finished as the top scorer for his club. Leaders managed to reach the finals of the Trophy a further four times; 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1971, but lost in the final each time.<ref name="tht1" />

'''JCT Mills'''

In 1974, Singh left Leaders to join another [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]-based club, [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]. He had a successful spells with Mills, winning two [[Durand Cup]] tournaments, in 1975 and 1983, and reaching the finals five times. Playing last for Mills, he retired from professional football in 1985.<ref name="TAE"/>

==Santosh Trophy==
Singh played for his home state of [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]]. He had a hugely successful [[1974–75 Santosh Trophy]] season captaining Punjab to the title. The team managed by [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-jarnail-singh/|title=Legends Of Indian Football: Jarnail Singh|date=4 April 2011|access-date=7 October 2022|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107101542/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-jarnail-singh/|archive-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> finished the tournament having scored 46 goals, with Singh scoring 23 of them,<ref>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/TnNZN0pmZi9qSGg1WmNUNWlORzRTVWdyQWlXeHBSdGJYVVdvQXczMk90MD0 Inder steers Punjab to their second triumph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119154948/http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/TnNZN0pmZi9qSGg1WmNUNWlORzRTVWdyQWlXeHBSdGJYVVdvQXczMk90MD0 |date=19 January 2023 }}, Sportsweek, 8 December 1974, p.18 (p.759)</ref> a record that still stands. The team beat [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] in the final 6–0, with Singh scoring a hat-trick.<ref name="tht1" />

==International career==
Singh made his debut in the [[India national football team|India national team]] in 1963. He was selected to play in the [[1964 AFC Asian Cup]] in [[Tel Aviv]]. In the first game against [[South Korea national football team|South Korea]], India won 2–0, with Singh scoring for the second goal in the 57th minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments#|title=Indian Football Down the Years: Looking back at the glorious moments|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|language=en|trans-title=|location=New Delhi|agency=|date=15 August 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921011335/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments}}</ref> Scoring his second goal against [[Hong Kong national football team|Hong Kong]] in India's 3–1 victory, he finished as the tournament's joint top scorer with two goals and India finished second.<ref>{{cite web |title= Asian Nations Cup 1964 |url= https://www.rsssf.org/tables/64asch.html |website= [[RSSSF]] |access-date= 18 October 2014 |archive-date= 26 December 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143449/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/64asch.html%20 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totalfootballmag.com/features/columnists/asian-eye-indian-football-still-finding-its-feet/|title=Asian Eye – Indian football still finding its feet :: Total Football Magazine – Premier League, Championship, League One, League Two, Non-League News|publisher=Total Football Magazine|website=totalfootballmag.com|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213074737/http://www.totalfootballmag.com/features/columnists/asian-eye-indian-football-still-finding-its-feet/|first=Tim|last=Alper}}</ref> He was awarded the 'Best Right-out' at the tournament. He was part of the team at the [[1966 Asian Games]] in [[Bangkok]], finishing the tournament with one goal as India failed to defend its gold medal from the [[1962 Asian Games|1962 Games]].

Singh found considerable success at the [[Malaysia]]n tournament, [[Pestabola Merdeka|Merdeka Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senior National Team at 1969 Merdeka Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1969merdekacup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819215109/http://indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1969merdekacup.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Making his first appearance in 1964, he finished with two goals, against [[Cambodia national football team|Cambodia]] and South Korea. India finished as runner-up in the tournament. In 1967, he was included in the Asian All Stars XI team that played [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. After missing out for two editions, he came back in 1968 and finished with three goals. He was made the captain for the first time in its 1969 tournament, where India were knocked out after the group stage games, and Singh finished the tournament with a lone goal that came against [[Singapore national football team|Singapore]]. Following an injury he sustained during its 1970 tournament, he sat out of the team for a year. He returned at its 1973 tournament as India's captain and scored a brace over [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]], with India finishing sixth. Impressed by his performances at the tournament, he was asked to play for the [[Malaysian national football team|Malaysian national team]], by the then Malaysian Prime Minister [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Inder Singh profile |url= http://www.jctfootball.com/aboutUs/famousPlayersProfile.aspx?ProfileCategoryID=6&ProfileID=2&OrderNumber=1 |website= jctfootball.com |access-date= 18 October 2014 |archive-date= 18 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141018095316/http://www.jctfootball.com/aboutUs/famousPlayersProfile.aspx?ProfileCategoryID=6&ProfileID=2&OrderNumber=1 |url-status= live }}</ref> Singh politely refused the offer saying he would play only for Punjab and India. He made his last appearance for India in 1975.

==Career statistics==
===Selected international goals===

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Result !! Competition !! Goals
|-
| 27 May 1964 || [[Kiryat Eliezer Stadium|Municipal Stadium]], [[Haifa]] || {{fb|KOR|1949}} || 2–0 || [[1964 AFC Asian Cup]] || 1
|-
| 2 June 1964 || [[Bloomfield Stadium]], [[Tel Aviv]] || {{fb|Hong Kong|1959}} || 3–1 || [[1964 AFC Asian Cup]] || 1
|-
| 27 August 1964 || [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] || {{fb|CAM}} || 4–0 || [[Merdeka Cup|1964 Merdeka Tournament]] || 1 <ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640828&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title=India Rout Cambodia in Merdeka Soccer|date=28 August 1964|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717124937/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640828&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 4 September 1964 || [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] || {{fb|KOR|1949}} XI|| 2–1 || [[Merdeka Cup|1964 Merdeka Tournament]] || 1 <ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640905&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title=20,000 watch India beat South Korea|date=5 September 1964|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717130016/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640905&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 12 December 1966 || [[Suphachalasai Stadium]], [[Bangkok]] || {{fb|MAS}} || 2–1 || [[Football at the 1966 Asian Games|1966 Asian Games]] || 1 <ref>{{cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Amoy|title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1966 Bangkok|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1966-bangkok|work=Sportskeeda.com|date=19 August 2014 |access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512052903/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1966-bangkok|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 22 August 1967 || [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] || {{fb|TPE}} || 1–1 || [[Merdeka Cup|1967 Merdeka Tournament]] || 1 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19670823-1.1.18|title=Chinese are so lucky to get decision|date=23 August 1967|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707233012/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19670823-1.1.18|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 17 August 1968 || [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] || {{fb|Burma|1948}} || 3–1 || [[Merdeka Cup|1968 Merdeka Tournament]] || 1 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19680818-1.1.21|title=India stun Burma in second half|date=18 August 1968|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707232920/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19680818-1.1.21|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 29 July 1973 || [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] || {{fb|THA}} || 2–0 || [[1973 Merdeka Tournament]] || 2 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19730730-1.1.22|title=Indians are too fast for the Thais|date=30 July 1973|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707232757/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19730730-1.1.22|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Post-playing career==
Following his retirement of professional football as a player in 1985 with [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]], he went on to manage the club for 16 years, until 2001.<ref name="TAE"/> During his tenure, the club went on to win the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] twice in 1995 and 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html|title=India – List of Federation Cup Winners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217082516/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacuphist.html|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=17 February 2014|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6148|title=From the history book, roll of honour|date=10 January 2015|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109234522/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6148|archive-date=9 January 2015|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|url-status=dead}}</ref> The club also clinched [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] title in the inaugural season of [[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|title=India 1996/97 – List of Champions: National Football League|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=13 February 2014|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|first2=Mikael|last2=Jönsson|first3=Josef|last3=Bobrowsky|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018092132/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Sukalp|last=Sharma|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|title=Indias biggest league|date=31 May 2010|access-date=16 July 2021|website=financialexpress.com|publisher=The Financial Express|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718090105/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/clubs/jct-mills.html|title=JCT Mills – JCT Mills Indian Football Club – JCT Mills Club Football India|publisher=iloveindia.com|access-date=2014-11-06|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718235905/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/clubs/jct-mills.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fairplay bonus for JCT |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970320/07950253.html |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 March 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970421012412/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970320/07950253.html |archive-date=21 April 1997}}</ref> JCT also won [[IFA Shield]] in 1996, first club outside Kolkata to do so.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=The Glorious History Of IFA Shield |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ |website=thehardtackle.com |publisher=The Hard Tackle |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181925/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ }}</ref> They later participated in [[Asian Club Championship]] in [[1996–97 Asian Club Championship|1996–97]] and moved to second round before losing 1–2 aggregate to [[New Radiant S.C.|New Radiant]] of Maldives.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mukherjee, Soham; Easwar, Nisanth V|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz|title=How have Indian clubs fared in AFC Champions League and AFC Cup?|date=1 April 2020|access-date=23 March 2021|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415045019/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz}}</ref> Following his spell as a manager of his former club, he was made the Honorary Secretary of the [[Punjab Football Association]], a post that he held from 2001 to 2011.<ref name="tht1" />

==Honours==

'''India'''
*[[AFC Asian Cup]] runners-up: [[1964 AFC Asian Cup|1964]]<ref>{{cite web |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1964asiacup.html |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1964 Tel Aviv Asia Cup |publisher=Indianfootball.de |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002162221/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1964asiacup.html |archive-date=2 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Merdeka Tournament]] runner-up: 1964;<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1964 Merdeka Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1964merdekacup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122051912/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1964merdekacup.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 }}</ref> third place: 1970<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1970 Merdeka Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1970merdekacup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819214747/http://indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1970merdekacup.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 }}</ref>

'''Punjab'''
* [[Santosh Trophy]]: 1970–71, [[1974–75 Santosh Trophy|1974–75]], 1980–81

'''Individual'''
* [[AFC Asian Cup]] top scorer: [[1964 AFC Asian Cup|1964]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2011/01/07/2293901/asian-cup-know-your-history-part-one-1956-1988 |title=Asian Cup: Know Your History — Part One (1956–1988) |publisher=GOAL |website=goal.com |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531055150/https://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2011/01/07/2293901/asian-cup-know-your-history-part-one-1956-1988 }}</ref>
* [[Santosh Trophy]] top scorer: 1974–75 (with 23 goals; Record)<ref>{{Cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=27 May 2012|access-date=7 March 2021|title=Memorable moments in the Santosh Trophy|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140304/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2}}</ref>

'''Awards'''
* [[Arjuna Award]]: 1969<ref>{{cite web|title=National Award winning Footballers|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nationalawards.html|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=IndianFootball|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=2000|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001123849/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nationalawards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[AFC Annual Awards#Asian All Stars|AFC Asian All Stars]]: 1968<ref name="newslibrary.naver.com">{{cite web |url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1968022200329204012&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1968-02-22&officeId=00032&pageNo=4&printNo=6882&publishType=00020 |script-title=ko:서울선 6월26일亞洲올·스타蹴球팀 巡訪경기 |website=Naver.com |publisher=Kyunghyang |date=22 February 1968 |access-date=7 September 2020 |language=ko |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922092313/https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1968022200329204012&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1968-02-22&officeId=00032&pageNo=4&printNo=6882&publishType=00020 }}</ref>
* Delhi Sports Journalists Association Award: 1974<ref name="TAE">{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/2021/09/22/was-inder-singh-indias-greatest-forward/|title=Was Inder Singh India's greatest forward?|website=theawayend.co|publisher=Kalpanthu's Vuvuzela|agency=The Away End|date=22 September 2021|access-date=28 October 2022|first=K. G.|last=Raghunandanan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127151014/https://theawayend.co/2021/09/22/was-inder-singh-indias-greatest-forward/|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
* Pride of Phagwara Award: 2003<ref name="TAE"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Biography|Association football}}
* [[History of Indian football]]
* [[History of the India national football team]]
* [[List of India national football team captains]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharjiim |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}

'''Cited sources'''
*{{Cite web|date=22 November 2016|first=Rony|last=Rakshit|title=Minerva Academy FC: All You Need To Know|url=https://khelnow.com/football/minerva-academy-fc-all-you-need-to-know|access-date=10 May 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510124922/https://khelnow.com/football/minerva-academy-fc-all-you-need-to-know}}
*{{Cite web|last=Selvaraj|first=Jonathan|title=Minerva FC set for the big leap ahead of I-league debut|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/3033245/minerva-fc-set-for-the-big-leap-ahead-of-i-league-debut|website=espn.in|publisher=[[ESPN]]|language=en-US|access-date=26 August 2020|date=6 January 2017|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710172042/https://www.espn.in/football/story/3033245/minerva-fc-set-for-the-big-leap-ahead-of-i-league-debut}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|title=All time Indian XI|date=23 November 2016|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201149/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Amoy|last=Ghoshal}}
*{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/965595/from-facing-death-to-playing-through-pain-the-story-of-jarnail-singh-indian-footballs-gutsy-hero|title=From facing death to playing through pain: The story of Jarnail Singh, Indian football's gutsy hero|website=scroll.in|publisher=Scroll|date=25 June 2020|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230082001/https://scroll.in/field/965595/from-facing-death-to-playing-through-pain-the-story-of-jarnail-singh-indian-footballs-gutsy-hero|archive-date=30 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/jct-football-club-the-pride-of-punjab/|title=JCT Football Club: The Pride Of Punjab|date=29 November 2010|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711085806/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/jct-football-club-the-pride-of-punjab/|url-status=dead}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210517003331/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/halloffame/singh_inder.html Inder Singh – Indian Football Hall of Fame] (archived on 17 May 2021)
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tables/64asch.html Details] at the [[RSSSF]]

{{AFC Asian Cup top scorers}}
{{India squad AFC Asian Cup 1964}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Inder}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:1964 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala district]]
[[Category:Footballers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1966 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]

Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh

2025-12-05T15:35:06Z

MUKESH SINGH: fixed article per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Other uses|Rudrapur (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rudrapur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Rudraksh Vatika
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.4293|N|83.6104|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 34014
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 264204
| registration_plate = UP-52
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Rudrapur''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Deoria district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Demographics==
As per the 2011 [[census]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages, and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> of India, Rudrapur had a population of 34,014. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. The town has an average literacy rate of 67%, which is lower than the national average of 74%. Split amongst gender, male literacy is 73% and female literacy is 61%. In Rudrapur, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Notable people==
* [[Jai Prakash Nishad (Rudrapur)|Jai Prakash Nishad]] (born 1960), member of Legislative Assembly of Deoria.
* [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]] (born 1952), former finance minister.
* [[Suresh Tiwari]] (born 1946), member of 15th and 17th Legislative Assembly of Deoria.
* [[Baleshwar Yadav (politician)|Baleshwar Yadav]] (born 1942), member for [[Padrauna]], [[14th Lok Sabha]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Deoria district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Deoria district]]

{{Deoria-geo-stub}}

Hydrangea arborescens

2025-11-17T18:01:27Z

MUKESH SINGH: refine citations additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Hydrangea arborescens 001.JPG
|status = G5
|status_system = TNC
|status_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.134902/Hydrangea_arborescens|title=''Hydrangea arborescens''|website=NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer|author=NatureServe|publisher=NatureServe|location=Arlington, Virginia|date=31 May 2024|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
|genus = Hydrangea
|species = arborescens
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=USDA>{{cite web|url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HYAR |title=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Services: Plant Profiles. ''Hydrangea arborescens'' L |publisher=Plants.usda.gov |date= |access-date=2014-06-30}}</ref>
}}

'''''Hydrangea arborescens''''', commonly known as '''smooth hydrangea''' or '''sevenbark''', is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] Hydrangeaceae. It is a small- to medium-sized, multi-stemmed, [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] up to {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall <ref name=Cole>{{cite book |last1=Cole| last2=Witsell| last3=Gentry |title=Trees Shrubs and Woody Vines of Arkansas |date=2020 |publisher=The Ozark Society Foundation |isbn=9780912456003 |pages=252–253}}</ref> that is [[native plant|native]] to the eastern United States.<ref name=Weakley>{{cite web |url=http://herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |title=Weakley, Alan S. 2008 (working draft). Flora of Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia, northern Florida, and surrounding areas. University of North Carolina Herbarium |publisher=Herbarium.unc.edu |date=2012-10-02 |accessdate=2014-06-30 |archive-date=2018-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006082209/http://herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Description==
The inflorescence is a [[corymb]] up to {{convert|15|cm|in|}} wide. Showy, sterile flowers are usually absent or if present they are usually less than 1 cm in diameter on the edge of the [[panicles]].<ref name=Weakley/> Flowering occurs May to July. Fruit is a ribbed, brown capsule about 2 mm long. Many are produced in October and persist through the winter.<ref name=Cole/>

The leaves are large (8 to 18 cm long), [[Opposite (leaf)|opposite]], [[Crenate|serrated]], [[leaf shape|ovate]], and [[deciduous]]. The lower leaf surface is glabrous or with inconspicuous fine hairs, appearing green; [[trichome]]s of the lower surface are restricted to the midrib and major veins.

The stem [[Bark (botany)|bark]] has a peculiar tendency to peel off in several successive thin layers with different colors, hence the common name "sevenbark".<ref name=Purdue/>

Smooth hydrangea can spread rapidly by [[stolon]]s to form colonies.<ref name=MO>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/PlantFinder/Plant.asp?code=K520 |title=Missouri Botanical Garden: ''Hydrangea arborescens'' |publisher=Mobot.org |date= |accessdate=2014-06-30 |archive-date=2011-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916102839/http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=K520 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
At one time both ashy hydrangea (''[[Hydrangea cinerea]]'') and silverleaf hydrangea (''[[Hydrangea radiata]]'') were considered subspecies of smooth hydrangea.<ref name=McClintock>McClintock, E. 1957. A monograph of the genus ''Hydrangea''. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 29: 147-256.</ref> However, most taxonomists now consider them to be separate species.<ref name=Weakley/><ref name=Pilatowski>Pilatowski, Ronald E. A taxonomic study of the ''Hydrangea arborescens'' complex. Castanea 47: 84-98.</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
Smooth hydrangea is widely distributed across the eastern United States—from southern New York to the [[Florida panhandle|panhandle of Florida]], west to eastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas. It is mainly found in mesic soils under the canopy of deciduous forests and is frequently found along small water courses and on woodland road waysides.<ref name=Lance>{{cite book|last=Lance|first=Ron|year=2004|title=Woody Plants of the Southeastern United States: A Winter Guide|publisher=The University of Georgia Press|isbn=0-8203-2524-4|page=162}}</ref> It is common in the [[Delaware River]] Valley and in the [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref name=Weakley/><ref name=Purdue>{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/herbhunters/hydrangea.html |title=Purdue University: Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Smooth Hydrangea |publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=1998-04-03 |accessdate=2014-06-30}}</ref>

It is a host plant of the [[hydrangea sphinx]] moth.

==Uses==
This attractive shrub is often cultivated for ornamental use.<ref name=Dirr>{{cite book|last=Dirr|first=Michael A.|title=Hydrangeas for American Gardens|publisher=Timber Press|year=2004|isbn=0881926418}}</ref>{{page number needed|date=June 2024}} In the [[UK]] the [[cultivar]] 'Annabelle' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/63034/i-Hydrangea-arborescens-i-Annabelle/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Hydrangea arborescens'' 'Annabelle' | accessdate=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 51 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 7 March 2018}}</ref> The cultivar 'Grandiflora' has inflorescences which resemble [[snowball]]s, similar to ''[[Viburnum opulus]]'' 'Roseum'.

Smooth hydrangea root was used medicinally by the [[Cherokee]], and later, by early settlers for treatment of kidney and bladder stones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/h/hydran45.html |title=Mrs. M. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. ''Hydrangea arborescens'' |publisher=Botanical.com |date= |accessdate=2014-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hydrangea+arborescens |title=Plants for a Future: ''Hydrangea arborescens ''; |publisher=pfaf.org |date= |accessdate=2015-12-23}}</ref>

It has additionally been marked as a pollinator plant, supporting and attracting bees and butterflies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Planting Guides|url=https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/OzarkBroadleafrx1FINAL_171017_085901.pdf|access-date=2022-01-29|website=Pollinator.org|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Hydrangea arborescens annabelle.JPG|'Annabelle'
File:Hills-of-Snow Hydrangea arborescens 'Grandiflora' Flowers 2606px.jpg|'Grandiflora'
File:2020 year. Herbarium. Hydrangea arborescens. img-035.jpg|Leaf adaxial side
File:2020 year. Herbarium. Hydrangea arborescens. img-036.jpg|Leaf abaxial side
</gallery>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[https://www.carolinanature.com/trees/hyar.html Cook, Will. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of North Carolina. Wild Hydrangea (''Hydrangea arborescens'').]
*[http://www.hydrangeashydrangeas.com/annabelle.html Information on cultivar Annabelle]
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/flower_wild_hydrangea.htm ''Hydrangea arborescens''] Large-format diagnostic photos and information
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927110701/http://lakecounty.typepad.com/life_in_lake_county/2007/07/hydrangea-thoug.html Hydrangea Thoughts I] - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Hydrangea (Culture, History and Etymology).
*[https://www.briartech.com/latespring/hydarb/phydarb.html Briartech.com: Smooth Hydrangea, ''Hydrangea arborescens''.]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q278173}}

[[Category:Hydrangea|arborescens]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the United States]]
[[Category:Flora of Alabama]]
[[Category:Natural history of the Great Smoky Mountains]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Akkireddigudem, Eluru district

2025-11-17T05:10:54Z

MUKESH SINGH: started place

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Akkireddigudem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.7978|N|81.1577|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Eluru district|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Denduluru mandal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588452-akkireddigudem-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Akkireddigudem Village Population - Denduluru - West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh|publisher=}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1330
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Akkireddigudem''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is administered under of [[Eluru revenue division]].

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Ankireddigudem has population of 1300 of which 654 are males while 646 are females. Average Sex Ratio is 988. Population of children with age 0-6 is 119 which makes up 9.15% of total population of village, Child sex ratio is 776. Literacy rate of the village was 74.43%.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

Colin Mackenzie (Indian Army officer)

2025-10-08T13:23:16Z

MUKESH SINGH:

{{Short description|Scottish Indian Army officer}}
{{Other people|Colin Mackenzie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Colin Mackenzie
| honorific_suffix = C.B.
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Captain-Colin-Mackenzie-1806-81-In-His-Afghan-Dress,-C.1842.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = ''Colin Mackenzie in Afghan dress'' by [[James Sant]], c.1842 [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|National Army Museum Sandhurst]] Indian Army Memorial Room
| birth_date = {{birth date|1806|03|26|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1881|10|22|1806|03|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_place = [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]], United Kingdom
| placeofburial = [[The Grange, Edinburgh|Grange Cemetery]], Edinburgh
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|22x25px]] [[East India Company]] ''(1825–1858)'' {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} ''(1858–1873)''
| branch = [[Madras Army]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Lieutenant-General]]
| servicenumber = 
| unit = 48th Madras native infantry
| commands = 4th [[Sikh]] regiment; Ellichpúr division
| battles = {{hidden
|''See battles''
|'''[[Coorg War]]'''
----
'''[[First Anglo-Afghan War]]'''
----
'''[[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]'''
|-
|headerstyle=background:#dbdbdb
|style=text-align:center;
}}
| battles_label =
| awards = Kábul medal
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website = 
}}

[[Lieutenant general]] '''Colin Mackenzie''', [[Companion of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath|CB]] (25 March 1806 – 22 October 1881) was a [[British people|British]] officer in the [[Madras Army]] who was active as a [[political officer (British Empire)|political officer]] in [[History of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].

==Early life==
He was born in London on 25 March 1806, and baptised at [[St James's Church, Piccadilly]], the youngest son but one of [[Kenneth Mackenzie (Governor)|Kenneth Francis Mackenzie]] (died 1831) and his wife, Anne Townsend. His father, who belonged to the Redcastle branch of [[Clan Mackenzie|Mackenzies]], was attorney-general of Grenada, and lost much during the war with France, 1793–1815. Colin Mackenzie was educated successively at a school in [[Cumberland]], at [[Dollar Academy]], and at [[Oswestry]], and in 1825 was appointed a cadet of infantry on the [[Madras]] establishment of the [[East India Company]].<ref name=Arbuthnot/>

Mackenzie served as adjutant of the 48th Madras native infantry in the [[Coorg campaign]] in 1834, during some of which he held the appointment of deputy-assistant quartermaster-general. At the close of the campaign his services were favourably noticed by the brigadier-general commanding the force. In 1836 he accompanied [[Henry Ducie Chads|Captain Chads]] in an expedition to the [[Straits of Malacca]], against pirates; Mackenzie was on board only as a passenger but was commended.<ref name=Arbuthnot/>

==First Afghan War==
[[Lord Auckland]] as governor-general of India selected him in 1840 for the force then serving in Afghanistán. Mackenzie distinguished himself, first as assistant political agent under [[George Russell Clerk|George Clerk]] at [[Peshawar]]. He then went to [[Kabul]], where he joined a corps of sappers which had been raised by [[George Broadfoot]], a shipmate of his on his voyage to India. Mackenzie led the advanced guard of [[Sir Robert Sale]]'s force as far as [[Gundamack]] on its march to [[Jellálabad]]. He then returned to Kabul, where he commanded the [[godown]] fort of Nishán Khán, in which the commissariat of [[Shuja Shah Durrani]]'s troops was kept; and was in command of this fort when the rising of Afghans at Kábul broke out. On 3 November, in a difficult position, he fought his way out by night.<ref name=Arbuthnot/>

The following month Mackenzie was present at the conference between the envoy, [[Sir William Hay Macnaghten]] and [[Wazir Akbar Khan|Akbár Khán]]; he and [[Eldred Pottinger]] had tried to dissuade Macnaghten from attending. Macnaghten was taken and shot by Akbár Khán. At the same time Mackenzie and [[George St Patrick Lawrence|George Lawrence]] were made prisoner. Later he was freed, and was on the retreat from Kábul, in the course of which he was selected as a hostage. In this position he was deputed by Pottinger to convey letters to the political agent at Jellálabad and to General [[Sir George Pollock]], who had reached that place. Mackenzie was subsequently moved by Akbár Khán with the rest of the hostages and prisoners, over the [[Hindu Kúsh]]; but after the arrival of Pollock's force in the vicinity of Kábul, money was paid for their release.<ref name=Arbuthnot/>

Before returning to India Mackenzie took part with [[Henry Havelock]] in the assault on the fort of [[Istaliff]]. Mackenzie was refused the Kábul medal and the six months' pay which accompanied it, and it was not until 1853 that, after the intervention of [[Lord Dalhousie]], it was granted to him.<ref name=Arbuthnot/>

==Later life==
Mackenzie was subsequently employed on the north-west frontier to raise a [[Sikh]] regiment (the 4th), with which he kept the peace of the border during the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]. He met Lord Dalhousie, who formed a high opinion of him; Mackenzie urged Dalhousie that Peshawar was the gate of India and should not be given up. He was still a regimental captain when, in 1850, he was appointed by Dalhousie brigadier-general in command of the Ellichpúr division of the [[Hyderabad]] contingent. Mackenzie had held his new command for some years when a mutiny occurred in one of the cavalry regiments of the contingent, in which he was wounded, in September 1855, on the occasion of the [[Muharram]] procession at [[Bolarum]]. He returned to England for a time.<ref name=Arbuthnot/>

Later Mackenzie held the political appointment of agent to the governor-general with the [[Nawab of Bengal]]; but was transferred to one of the civil departments of the army as superintendent of army clothing. Some years later, on his claiming a divisional command in his own presidency, it was withheld from him by the commander-in-chief on the ground of the censure which had been passed upon him in the Bolarum case. On that occasion, the [[governor of Madras]], [[Francis, Lord Napier]], and one of the members of council, referred the question to the secretary of state, who declined to interfere.<ref name=Arbuthnot/>

Mackenzie, who was made C.B. in 1867, finally left India in 1873, and died at Edinburgh on 22 October 1881.<ref name=Arbuthnot/> He is buried in the [[The Grange, Edinburgh#Grange Cemetery|Grange Cemetery]] in south Edinburgh. [[File:Gravestone of Lt-Gen Colin Mackenzie.jpg|thumb|Gravestone of Lt-Gen Colin Mackenzie in the Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh]]

==Family==
Mackenzie married first, in May 1832, Adeline, eldest daughter of James Pattle of the Bengal civil service, who died four years afterwards. He married secondly, in 1843, Helen, eldest daughter of Admiral [[John Erskine Douglas]], who survived him, and published several works relating to India, besides the life of her husband. A photogravure portrait of Mackenzie, aged 74, was prefixed to Mrs. Mackenzie's ''Storms and Sunshine'' (Edinburgh, 1884, 2 vols.).<ref name=Arbuthnot>{{Cite DNBSupp|wstitle=Mackenzie, Colin (1806-1881)|last=Arbuthnot|first=Alexander John}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{DNBSupp|wstitle=Mackenzie, Colin (1806-1881)|last=Arbuthnot|first=Alexander John}}
*{{cite ODNB| id = 17574 |first1=A. J. |last1=Arbuthnot|title=Mackenzie, Colin (1806–1881)|first2=Roger T. |last2=Stearn}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/stormssunshineof01mackuoft#page/n7/mode/2up|title=Storms and Sunshine of a Soldier's life|author=Mackenzie, Colin|year=1884|publisher=David Douglas|place= Edinburgh}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Author:Helen Catherine Douglas Mackenzie|Helen Mackenzie}}
*[http://thepeerage.com/p23839.htm#i238383 Entry in thePeerage.com]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mackenzie, Colin}}
[[Category:1806 births]]
[[Category:1881 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Dollar Academy]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:British colonial political officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]

Samar Mukherjee

2025-09-20T18:59:37Z

MUKESH SINGH: added section and improved wording

'''Samar Mukherjee''' may refer to:

* [[Samar Mukherjee (Howrah politician)]]
* [[Samar Mukherjee (Malda politician)]]

{{hndis|Mukherjee, Samar}}

List of Odia films of 1988

2025-09-15T05:47:28Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created a info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1988:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1988 in film|1988]]'''
|-
|''[[Bada Bhauja]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Bada Bhauja|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1411826/|access-date=2019-02-06}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>|| [[Rajani Kanta]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Sri Ram Panda]], [[Kalyani Mandal]], [[Baishali]], [[Jayee]], [[Debu brahma]], [[Debu Bose]], [[Asit Pati]], [[Baby Artist-Soni]] || ||
|-
|''[[Bahu Heba Emiti]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Bahu Heba Emiti|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1418119/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Bijaya Bhaskar]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Jahaku Rakhibe Ananta]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Jahaku Rakhibe Ananta|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1418154/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Ashim Kumar]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Kanta Singh]] || ||
|-
|''[[Kanyadaan (1988 film)|Kanyadaan]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Kanyadaan|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1411720/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Arun Mohanty]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Kichi Smruti Kichi Anubhuti]]'' || [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Kurukshetra (1988 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Kurukshetra|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1402510/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Shriram Panda]] ||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Tripura Misra]], [[Ashru Mochon Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|''[[Lal Pana Bibi]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Lal Paan Bibi|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246745/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Nishitha Swapna]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Nishitha Swapna|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0235626/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Papa Punya]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Papa Punya|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1422716/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Sidhartha (director)|Sidhartha]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Pua Moro Kala Thakura]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Pua Moro Kala Thakura|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1427282/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[RAju Misra]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|''[[Suna Chadhei]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Suna Chadhei|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1422763/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Rabi Kinnagi]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Archana Jogelkar]] || ||
|-
|''[[Thili Jhia Heli Bahu]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Thili Jhia Heli Bahu|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1499695/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref> || [[Bijay Bhaskar]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1988 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1988]]
[[Category:1988 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1980s in Orissa]]
[[Category:Lists of 1988 films by language|Ollywood]]

List of Odia films of 1980

2025-09-15T05:47:12Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created a article

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1980:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1980 in film|1980]]'''
|-
|''[[Agni Parikshya]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Agni Parikshya|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1411605/|access-date=2019-02-05}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref> || [[Balal Sen]] ||[[Sriram Panda]], [[Mahashweta Roy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Alibha Daga]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Alibha Daga|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1411607/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[Ramaraman Padhi]] ||[[Suresh Mahapatra]], [[Anita Das]], [[Tandra Roy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Anuraag (1980 Oriya film)|Anuraag]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Anuraag|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0249365/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>|| [[Nitai Palit]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Malvika Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|''[[Anuradha (Oriya film)|Anuradha]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Anuradha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1411629/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>|| Shashidar ||[[Raghu Misra]], [[Jaya Swami]] || ||
|-
|''[[Aparichita (1980 film)|Aparichita]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Aparichita|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1473002/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>|| [[Sadhu Meher]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|''[[Bata Abata]]'' || [[Brundaban Jena]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Bijaya Jena]] || ||
|-
|''[[Danda Baalunga (1980 Oriya film)|Danda Balunga]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Danda Balunga|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1427199/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>|| Mohammed Mohsin ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Aparajita]] || ||
|-
|''[[Jai Maa Mangala]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Jai Maa Mangala|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1411714/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>|| [[Akshya Mohanty]] ||[[Chakrapani (actor)|Chakrapani]], [[Roja Ramani]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Jhieenki Jhinka]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Jhieenki Jhinka|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1411718/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>|| [[Brundaban Jena]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Jaya Swami]] || ||
|-
|''[[Maa O Mamata]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Maa-o-Mamata|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246767/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> || [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Maana Abhiman]]'' ||[[Biswajeet Das]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Jairam Samal]] || ||
|-
|''[[Rama Balaram]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Ram Balram|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0081401/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref> || [[A. Sanjeevi]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Anita Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Ramayana (1980 film)|Ramayana]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Ramayan|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0363927/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>|| [[Gobind Tej]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Subhra pati]] || ||
|-
|''[[Seeta Labkush]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Seeta Labkush|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1411781/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>|| [[Jagdish Chandra]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty,Chakrapani,Roja Ramani || ||
|-
|''[[Tapasya (1980 film)|Tapasya]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Tapasya|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1411793/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>|| [[Nagen Roy]] ||[[Ajit Das]], [[Anita Das]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Trinatha Mela]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Trinath Mela|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407306/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>|| [[Krushna Chandra Rath]] ||[[Rabindra Kumar Rath]], [[Subhra Pati]] || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1980 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1980]]
[[Category:Lists of 1980 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1980 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1980s in Orissa]]

Nanda Kishore Bal

2025-08-21T13:52:19Z

MUKESH SINGH: fixed section additionally and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Poet from Odisha, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2009}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Nanda Kishore Bal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rasananda Jena
| birth_date = {{birth date|1875|12|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kusupur village, [[Odisha]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1928|07|01|1875|12|22|df=y}}
| relatives = Bhajanananda Jena, Hiranmayee Devi (parents)
| occupation = Poet, novelist
| nationality = Indian
| period = Nineteenth century
}}
'''Nanda Kishore Bal''' (22 December 1875 – 1 July 1928), was an Indian poet of the era of initial modernity in [[Odia literature|Odia]] poetry. He was born at [[Kusupur]] village in the [[Cuttack]] district of [[Odisha]]. He was initially named as Rasananda Jena. Later he was adopted by her aunt and then came the name Nanda Kishore Bal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pallikabi Nanda Kishore|url=http://sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=175026&boxid=23235994|accessdate=1 July 2015|issue=SAMBAD Bhubaneswar Edition 01/07/2015 Page 4|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080319/http://sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=175026&boxid=23235994|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is popularly known as "Palli Kabi" (the poet of rural life) for his tender lyrics, celebrating the beauty of rural Odisha in his poems.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&dq=Nanda+Kishore+Bal&pg=PA325 A History of Indian Literature]</ref>

Pallikabi Nanda Kishore Bal was a poet of the rural scene, portraying its simplicity, its superstitions and festivals. His popular lyrics for children ''Nana Baya Gita'' are sung to the accompaniment of music.<ref name="Mohanty2009">{{cite book|author=Jagannath Mohanty|title=Encyclopaedia of Education, Culture and Children's Literature: v. 4. Children's literature and education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfLATnA1IAMC&pg=PA49|year=2009|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-8450-151-3|pages=49–}}</ref> He wrote several poems that reveal his strong spiritual inclination, and sharp awareness of social problems. Among his collections are, ''Nirjharini''(The Stream), ''Palli Chitra'' (The picture of countryside), ''Basanta-Kokila'', ''Tarangini'', ''Charuchitra'', ''Nirmalya'', ''Prabhata Sangeeta'', ''Sandhya Sangita'', ''Krushna Kumari'' and ''Sarmishtha''.

Nanda Kishore Bal wrote about a hundred [[sonnet]]s which are scattered throughout his collections. His sonnets deal with both nature and personal suffering, and reveal high poetic sensibility. These sonnets are known for their restrained thoughts and versification.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4145|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=4145–}}</ref>

''Kanakalata'' by Nanda Kishore is a novel published in 1925. A substantial part of this novel was actually published in serialized form in Utkal Sahitya in 1913. The plot of the novel is an indictment of the evils of dowry system in rural aristocratic society, and the predicament of the child-widows, who were condemned into a life of anguish and suffering.<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&pg=PT107|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77291-7|pages=107–}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Odia literature]]
* [[Odia language]]
* [[List of Indian poets]]
* [[Odia literature]]
* [[Odia language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odia literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bal, Nanda Kishore}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Odia-language poets]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]

Lake Development Authority

2025-07-26T20:54:41Z

MUKESH SINGH: Created.

{{Short description|Former government agency in Bangalore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox government agency
| name = Lake Development Authority
| type = Government agency
| formed = 10 July 2002
| dissolved = {{end date|2015}}
| superseding1 = Karnataka Lake Conservation and Development Authority (KLCDA)
| superseding2 = Karnataka Tank Conservation and Development Authority (KTCDA)
| keydocument1 = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/8128/1/10_of_2015_%28e%29.pdf KLCDA Act 2014 ]
| website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135812/http://www.klcda.com/|Archived site of KLCDA}}
}}

The '''Lake Development Authority''' (LDA) in Bangalore, Karnataka, and its successor the Karnataka Lake Conservation and Development Authority (KCLDA) were formed in 2002 and 2015 respectively. Karnataka Tank Conservation and Development Authority (KTCDA) under the Minor Irrigation Department became the superseding agency.

== Background ==
Lake Development Authority was created by Government order on 10 July 2002 as a registered society for the monitoring, regeneration and conservation of lakes in and around Bangalore city, later extended in 2003 to all lakes within Karnataka municipal corporations. Rendered ineffective and largely inactive due to a lack of statutory authority, staffing, branch offices and funding the LDA claimed it could only feasibly play a role in mediate between citizens and the custodians of the lakes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bengaluru-lacks-buffer-zones-raja-kaluves-data-and-will-to-protect-lakes-cag-7556|title=Bengaluru lacks buffer zones, raja kaluves, data and will to protect lakes: CAG|last=Upadhaya|first=Himanshu|date=4 August 2015|work=Citizen Matters}}</ref>

To address these deficiencies, the Government passed the ''Karnataka Lake Conservation and Development Authority Act 2014'' creating a superseding agency for the purpose of protecting, conserving, reclaiming, restoring, regenerating and integrating the development of lakes, whether natural or man-made in the state of Karnataka. The KCLDA was reported to have successfully prevented encroachments onto urban lakes during its short period of operation.<ref name="Thakur 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280218/without-kclda-city-lakes-left-high-and-dry.html|title=Without KCLDA, city lakes left high and dry!|last=Thakur|first=Aksheev|date=28 Feb 2018|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

In 2016, the KLCDA 2014 Act was repealed, and regulatory jurisdiction over the state's lakes handed over to the Minor Irrigation Department.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/governor-signs-lake-amendment/article23404400.ece|title=Governor signs lake amendment|last=Bharadwaj|first=KV Aditya|date=1 April 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> Activists claim the act was repealed to appease special interests.<ref name="Thakur 2018" />

== Lake privatisation ==
The Karnataka government set up the Lake Development Authority (LDA) in July 2002, with an initial mandate of regeneration and conservation of lakes within BMRDA jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Sanyukta |date=19 November 2011 |title='Commercial interest cannot drive lake conservation in Bengaluru' |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/commercial-interest-cannot-drive-lake-conservation-in-bengaluru----34479 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cases on protection of lakes. Bangalore lakes |url=https://www.cseindia.org/cases-on-protection-of-lakes-2575 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Centre for Science and Environment}}</ref> While LDA's scope was large, it was reduced to giving clearance to lake related projects. It was considered ineffective in dealing with encroachments.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Sushmita |date=15 March 2015 |title=Saving city lakes |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/saving-city-lakes-48813 |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref> In coordination with LDA, several organisations and funding agencies were involved such as an Indo–Norwegian collaboration,<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Kozhisseri |first=Deepa |date=15 May 2008 |title=Bangalore lakes leased out |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/bangalore-lakes-leased-out-4586 |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref> and the National Lake Conservation Programme (NLCP) under the central government.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2006 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |title=National Lake Conservation Plan |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=16404 |access-date=2022-09-18}}</ref> The LDA, under its public-private participation policy, began to lease out lakes for 15 years to private bodies.<ref name="Thippaiah 2009">{{Citation |last=Thippaiah |first=P |title=Vanishing Lakes: A Study of Bangalore City |date=2009 |url=http://www.isec.ac.in/Monographs_17.pdf |series=Social and Economic Change Monograph Series 17 |publisher=Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore |isbn=978-81-7791-116-9 |pages=22–23 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228055525/http://www.isec.ac.in/Monographs_17.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=D'Souza |first=Rohan s |date=2007 |title=Impact of Privatisation of Lakes in Bangalore |url=http://www.doccentre.net/docsweb/Rohan_final_report_lakes_privatisation.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029235017/http://www.doccentre.net/docsweb/Rohan_final_report_lakes_privatisation.php |archive-date=29 October 2008 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=Centre for Education and Documentation}}</ref> In 2005 and 2006, it leased out four lakes, Hebbal, Nagavara, Venkanayakere and Agara.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |last1=Ganesh |first1=Maya |last2=Cao |first2=Yue |date=10 June 2014 |title=Governing the Commons through privatisation in the urban Global South: A Case of Bangalore Lakes Privatisation |url=https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/esd/governing-the-commons-through-privatisation-in-the-urban-global-south-a-case-of-bangalore-lakes-privatisation/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=blogs.ucl.ac.uk UCL Encyclopaedia of Political Ecology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2008 |title=Of the dangers posed by privatisation of lakes |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/23/stories/2008062357010200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628210915/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/23/stories/2008062357010200.htm |archive-date=28 June 2008}}</ref> The LDA contended that the organisation was not adequately staffed and that they did not have the finances for maintaining lakes on an ongoing basis; hence, the alternative was leasing out lakes to private parties.<ref name=":0" /> Under another scheme, private companies located near lakes were offered to adopt the lakes, only five lakes were adopted.<ref name="Thippaiah 2009" />

These private sector activities resulted in protests from citizen groups.<ref name=":29" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yeshwanth |first=Rajeev |date=2008-06-24 |title=Lake policy misguided, says forest department |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/244-lakes-development-244 |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandekar |first=Supriya |date=2008-11-04 |title=High Court stays privatisation of lakes |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/577-lake-protection-577 |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gandhi |first=Divya |date=June 18, 2008 |title=Campaign against lake privatisation |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/18/stories/2008061862550400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921153941/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/18/stories/2008061862550400.htm |archive-date=21 September 2008}}</ref> Issues raised and social damage caused due to this privatization covered a wide range of factors. This included jurisdiction limitations where lakes were not addressed as a continuum with land nor with respect to inter-lake linkages. The scope of non-compliance was increased including due to lack of coordination with other related authorities.<ref name=":0" /> With respect to the private developer contending that the lake would be a unique recreational place, others felt that the entry fee per person would cause socio-economic exclusion of the traditional users such as farmers, fishing communities, cattle herders and washer–men. Environmentalists mentioned adverse affects on the lake's wetland ecology including lakes being reduced to pretty hygienic bowls.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gandhi |first1=Divya |last2=Shivanand |first2=Swathi |date=July 25, 2007 |title=A farewell to Hebbal lake? |work=The Hindu |url=http://hindu.com/2007/07/25/stories/2007072558510100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018154857/http://hindu.com/2007/07/25/stories/2007072558510100.htm |archive-date=18 October 2007}}</ref> In 2008 public interest litigations, including one by Environmental Support Group, seeking redress were filed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Shivangi |date=17 June 2021 |title=Karnataka revives dying lakes: Why a decentralised governance was long overdue |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/waste/karnataka-revives-dying-lakes-why-a-decentralised-governance-was-long-overdue-77515 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Down to Earth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Valérie |first=Fernando |date=2008 |title=Disappearance and privatisation of lakes in Bangalore |url=https://www.partagedeseaux.info/Disappearance-and-privatisation-of-lakes-in-Bangalore |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=partagedeseaux.info Global Watersheds |language=}}</ref> In 2012 the High Court sought an end to privatisation of lakes.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Bhargavi S |date=2021-01-08 |title=Despite order on restoration, lakes continue to be threatened |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/main-article/despite-order-on-restoration-lakes-continue-to-be-threatened-936427.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> However it made a number of observation including "private participation in such projects is in accordance with national water policy".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 April 2012 |title=High court sets guidelines on lake privatization |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/high-court-sets-guidelines-on-lake-privatization/articleshow/12630849.cms |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The final order contained a report titled "Preservation of Lakes in the City of Bangalore" (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sayeed |first=Vikhar Ahmed |date=2021-09-11 |title=Controversy over Siva statue in Begur lake, Bengaluru, communalises an environmental issue |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/communalism/controversy-over-siva-statue-in-begur-lake-bengaluru-communalises-an-environmental-issue/article36275027.ece |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Frontline |publisher=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

This eventually resulted in the Karnataka legislature introducing an act resulting in the formation of the [[Karnataka Lake Conservation and Development Authority]] (KLCDA),<ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Bosky |date=2015-07-31 |title=Karnataka Lake Authority might just save the lakes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/492515/karnataka-lake-authority-might-just.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> LDA was merged into this.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Mohit M. |date=2015-11-02 |title=New lake development authority by December |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/New-lake-development-authority-by-December/article60242450.ece |access-date=2022-10-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> KLCDA was done away with in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Mohit M. |date=2018-02-23 |title=Death knell for KLCDA before it could even take off |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/death-knell-for-klcda-before-it-could-even-take-off/article22838652.ece |access-date=2022-09-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Responsibilities of the KLDCA was transferred to the Karnataka Tank Conservation and Development Authority (KTCDA).<ref name=":34">{{Cite web |last=Swaraj |first=Shilpa M. |date=2022-07-21 |title=Whom do you call to fix your lake? |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/lake-conservation-authorities-groups-bengaluru-85524 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:State agencies of Karnataka]]