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Sonal Kaushal

2026-05-07T06:10:54Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM:

{{short description|Indian voice actress}}
{{Infobox social media personality
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sonal Kaushal
| honorific_suffix =
| logo = 
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Sonali Kaushal voice artist.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|6|21}} 
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| origin = 
| other_names = The Motor Mouth<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwqvhiW2ayyVmiSqTdh0O2Q|work=YouTube|title= YouTube Channel|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>
| education =
| occupation = Voice actress Known for Hindi voice of ''[[Doraemon (character)|Doraemon]]'' 
| spouse = {{Marriage|Utkarsh Bali|2020}}
| partner = 
| children = 1
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| organization =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| youtube_handle = @The_MotorMouth
| youtube_display_name = The Motor Mouth

| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 6.36million
| youtube_views = 2.3 billion
| stats_update = 08 February 2026
}}
'''Sonal Kaushal''' is an Indian [[Voice acting|voice artist]], well known for her work in ''[[Doraemon]]'' and ''[[Chhota Bheem]]'' in India, voicing the lead role, [[Doraemon (character)|Doraemon]] and [[Chhota Bheem]].

She is more commonly known as 'The Motor Mouth', because she voices a number of characters in cartoons. She also voiced Budhdev in ''[[Bandbudh Aur Budbak]]'', Babli in ''[[Little Singham]]'' and many more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/meet-sonal-kaushal-doraemons-hindi-voice-98294.html|title=Meet Sonal Kaushal, Doraemon's Hindi voice|website=femina.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/management-mantra/motivational-story-of-sonal-kaushal-in-hindi-4428051/ |title=महज 6 वर्ष की उम्र में शुरू की वॉइस रिकॉर्डिंग, पलक झपकते बनी पूरे इंडिया की पसंद |last=Sharma |first=Sunil |date=14 April 2019 |website=Patrika News |language=hi |trans-title=Voice recording started at the age of just 6, became the choice of whole India in the blink of an eye}}</ref>

She was also the Hindi dubbing voice of Christina Materson as Emma Goodall (the Megaforce/Super Megaforce Pink Ranger) in [[Power Rangers Megaforce]] and ''[[Power Rangers Megaforce|Power Rangers Super Megaforce]]''. She also voiced Gina in Malibu Rescue, Malibu Rescue: The Next Wave, and the [[Malibu Rescue|Malibu Rescue TV series]]. She was also the Hindi dubbing voice of Johnny Test in its [[Johnny Test|show's]] second Hindi dub and in its [[Johnny Test (2021 TV series)|revival show]].

==Career==
Kaushal's dubbing career started at the age of 8. It is unknown what she voiced at that time. Her first known role was of ''Doraemon'' in 2005. She became a fan-favourite as everyone loved her voice. She started YouTube channel named 'TheMotorMouth', where she voiced different other characters and also interviewed other voice-actors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://banglahunt.com/sonal-kaushal-is-the-hindi-voice-of-doraemon/|title=ভবিষ‍্যতের ক‍্যাট রোবট, দীর্ঘ ১২ বছর ধরে ভারতে জাপানি কার্টুন ডোরেমনের হিন্দি ডাবিং করছেন সোনল|website=banglahunt.com|date=14 July 2020}}</ref> In 2023 she voiced the main character Rani from the short animated film, 'Bandits of Golak' in Star Wars Visions season 2 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26595531/?ref_=ttep_ep7|title="Star Wars: Visions" The Bandits of Golak|website=imdb.com|date=3 May 2023}}</ref> by studio 88 Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starwars.com/news/star-wars-visions-volume-2-interview|title=With Star Wars: Visions Volume 2, Creators from Around the World|website=starwars.com|date=4 May 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Animated series===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| 2005–2020
| ''[[Doraemon]]''
| [[Doraemon (character)|Doraemon]]
|
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Bandbudh Aur Budbak]]''
| Budhdev
|
|-
| 2019–Present
| ''[[Little Singham]]''
| Babli
|
|-
|2020–Present
||[[Pinaki & Happy - The Bhoot Bandhus|''Pinaki and Happy'']]
|Pinaki, Titoo
|
|-
|2020–Present
||[[Titoo(TV serial)|''Titoo'']]
|Titoo
|
|-
|2010–Present
||''[[Chhota Bheem]]''
|Bheem
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Star Wars: Visions]]''
|Rani
|Episode: "The Bandits of Golak"
|}

==Dubbing Roles==
===Live-action series===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Program title
!Actress
!Character
!Dub Language
!Original language
!Number of episodes
!Original airdate
!Dubbed airdate
|-
|''[[Power Rangers Dino Charge]]'' and ''[[Power Rangers Dino Charge|Power Rangers Dino Super Charge]]''
|[[Camille Hyde]]
|Shelby Watkins / Pink Ranger
|Hindi
|English
|44
|February 7, 2015 – December 10, 2016
|
|-
|''[[Vincenzo]]''
|[[Jeon Yeo-been]]
|Hong Cha-young
|Hindi
|Korean
|20
|February 20, 2021
|
|-
|''[[All of Us Are Dead]]''
|[[Park Ji-hu]]
|Nam On-jo
|Hindi
|Korean
|12
|January 28, 2022
|January 28, 2022
|
|-
|''[[Business Proposal]]''
|[[Seol In-ah]]
|Jin Young-seo
|Hindi
|Korean
|12
|February 28, 2022
|
|}

===Animated series===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Number of episodes !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate
!Notes
|-
| [[Doraemon (2005 TV series)|''Doraemon'']] || [[Wasabi Mizuta]] || [[Doraemon (character)|Doraemon]] || Hindi || Japanese || || April 15, 2005 –2017
| 2005
|
|-
| ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]''|| [[Arleen Sorkin]] || [[Harley Quinn]] || Hindi || English || 65 || September 5, 1992 - September 17, 1993 || || Streaming on [[Netflix]].
|-
| ''[[Jake and the Never Land Pirates]]''|| [[Madison Pettis]] || Izzy || Hindi || English || 116 || February 14, 2011 – November 6, 2016 ||
|
|-
| [[Pokémon (TV series)|''Pokémon'']] || [[Ikue Ohtani]] || [[Pikachu]] || Hindi || Japanese || || ||
|
|-
| [[The Powerpuff Girls (2016 TV series)|''The Powerpuff Girls'']] || Kristen Li || Bubbles Utonium || Hindi || English || 3 || April 4, 2016 – June 16, 2019 ||
|
|-
| ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]]''|| [[Grey DeLisle]] || Mandy (Preeti in Hindi version) || Hindi || English || 77 || August 24, 2001 – November 9, 2007 ||
|
|-
| ''[[Dragon Ball Super]]''|| [[Miki Itō]] || [[Android 18]]|| Hindi || Japanese || 76 || July 5, 2015 – March 25, 2018 || 2022
|
|-
| ''[[Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu]]'' || Jillian Michaels (seasons 1-7) [[Sam Vincent|Samuel Vincent]] (seasons 8-present) || Lloyd (Green Ninja)|| Hindi || English || 210 || 1/14/2011- 4/12/2012|| ||This show aired on Nickelodeon Sonic and on Cartoon Network India and only 28 episodes of the show aired on those channels in 2011 and 2012 (including the two pilot episodes, "Way of the Ninja" and "King of Shadows" and all of the episodes of Season 1 of Ninjago, "Rise of the Snakes"), but starting from May 25, 2021 – January 30, 2022, they started airing all episodes of Ninjago from seasons 2-15 on that same channel and on Cartoon Network India with a unknown Hindi dubbing cast for all the new villains in seasons 2-15 of the show. Kaushal also reprised her role to voice Lloyd in the Urdu dub of this show.
|}

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original Year Release !! Dub Year Release
|-
|''[[Stand by Me Doraemon]]'' || [[Wasabi Mizuta]] || [[Doraemon (character)|Doraemon]] || Hindi || Japanese || 2014 || 2014
|-
|''[[Incredibles 2]]'' || [[Sarah Vowell]] || [[Violet Parr]] || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018
|-
|''[[Toy Story 4]]'' || [[Christina Hendricks]] || [[Gabby Gabby]] || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019
|-
|''[[The Super Mario Bros. Movie]]'' || Juliet Jelenic || [[Lumalee]] || Hindi || English || 2023 || 2023
|-
| ''[[Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama]]'' || Rael Padamsee || [[Sita]] || Hindi || English || 10 January 1993 (International Film Festival of India) 3 November 1997 (Japan) || 24 January, 2025
|}

===Live action films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original Year Release !! Dub Year Release !! Notes
|-
|''[[Home Alone]]'' || [[Macaulay Culkin]] || Kevin McCalister || Hindi || English || November 16, 1990 || October 18, 1991||
|-
|''[[Home Alone 2: Lost in New York]]'' || [[Macaulay Culkin]] || Kevin McCalister || Hindi || English || 1992 || 1992 ||
|-
|''[[Home Sweet Home Alone]]''|| [[Archie Yates]] || Max Mercer || Hindi || English || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[Home Alone 3]]''|| [[Rya Kihlstedt]] || Alice Ribbons || Hindi || English || 1997 || 1997 ||
|-
|''[[Home Alone: The Holiday Heist]]''|| [[Christian Martyn]] || Finn Baxter
|| Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]''|| India Hemsworth|| Love
|Hindi
|English
|2022
|2022
|
|-
|''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness]]''
|[[Xochitl Gomez]]
|[[America Chavez (Marvel Cinematic Universe)]]
|Hindi
|English
|2022
|2022
|
|-
|[[The Host (2013 film)|''The Host'']]
|[[Saoirse Ronan]]
|Melanie Stryder / Wanderer a.k.a. Wanda
|Hindi
|English
|2013
|2013
|
|-
|[[Her (2013 film)|''Her'']]
|[[Scarlett Johansson]] (voice)
|Samantha
|Hindi
|English
|2013
|2013
|
|-
|''In the Dog House''
|Logan Dondanville
|Justin
|Hindi
|English
|2014
|2014
|
|-
|[[Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)|''Alice Through the Looking Glass'']]
|[[Mia Wasikowska]]
|[[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice Kingsleigh]]
|Hindi
|English
|2016
|2016
|
|-
|[[The Unholy (2021 film)|''The Unholy'']]
|[[Cricket Brown]]
|Alice Pagett
|Hindi
|English
|2021
|2021
|
|-
|''[[Freaky Ali]]''
|[[Amy Jackson]]
|Megha
| colspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" |2016
|
|-
|[[The Body (2019 film)|''The Body'']]
|[[Vedhika]]
|Ritu/Isha
| colspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" |2019
|
|-
|''[[Hebbuli]]''
|Prachi R. Naik
|Ritu Sathyamoorthy
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2017
|2018
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaushal, Sonal}}
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

Ashvathaman Allimuthu

2026-04-30T02:27:09Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Ashvathaman
| image = Ashvathaman.jpg
| image_upright = yes
| caption =
| office = State Secretary of Bharatiya Janata Party, Tamil Nadu
| term_start = July 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1987}} | birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = A Durkha
| occupation = [[Lawyer|Advocate]], Politician
| education = B.A., B.L.
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai]]
| website =
}}

'''A. Ashvathaman''' is an Indian politician and legal activist from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He currently serves as the State Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in Tamil Nadu. An advocate by profession, he is known for his legal activism and for contesting the [[2024 Indian general election]] from the [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha Constituency]].

== Early life and education ==
Ashvathaman was born in Tamil Nadu to P. Allimuthu and A. Arulmozhi. He pursued a legal education, obtaining his B.A. and B.L. degrees. He is a registered advocate and has practiced law in the [[Madras High Court]] and other judicial forums before entering active politics.

== Political career ==
Ashvathaman rose through the ranks of the Tamil Nadu BJP, often representing the party in media debates and legal disputes. He is considered a close associate of the former state president [[Kuppusamy Annamalai|K. Annamalai]]. Now he continues as State Secretary of the BJP Tamil Nadu for the 2nd term, appointed by [[Nainar Nagendran]].

=== 2024 Lok Sabha election ===
In the [[2024 Indian general election]], the BJP fielded Ashvathaman as its candidate for the [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency]]. His campaign focused on central government schemes and local infrastructure development. Although he did not win the seat, he significantly increased the party's vote share in the region.

== Technology initiatives ==

A. Ashvathaman is the founder of Tamil AI, a project recognized as India’s first indigenous [[Large language model|Large Language Model (LLM)]] specifically dedicated to a regional language. Launched with the goal of evolving into a holistic AI ecosystem, the project focuses on the digitization and integration of ancient Tamil literature—including foundational works such as [[Sangam literature]] and the [[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyam]], into a native AI framework. This initiative aims to bridge the gap between cultural preservation and modern technological inclusion.

The project was officially inaugurated on June 10, 2025, by [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], the Union Minister for Railways, Electronics and Information Technology, and Information and Broadcasting. During the launch, the Minister described the project as a "path-breaking" initiative for the democratization of technology, noting its potential to transform how [[artificial intelligence]] serves the global Tamil-speaking population.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jun/11/union-min-vaishnaw-lauds-tns-electronics-sector-growth#:~:text=He%20lauded%20Tamil%2DAI%20as,world's%20oldest%20and%20richest%20languages.</ref><ref>https://www.tamil-ai.com/about</ref>

== Speech at the UN Human Rights Council ==

On March 12, 2026, [[Ashvathaman Allimuthu|Ashvathaman]] addressed the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], arguing that [[global warming]] possesses a critical cultural dimension often overlooked by technical and industrial perspectives. He posited that [[cultural diversity]] promotes ecological balance, suggesting that varied lifestyles and rituals—particularly those found in polytheistic civilizations—prevent the standardized, high-consumption patterns he associated with monotheistic religions. Using the [[Kedilam River]] in [[Panruti]] as an example of [[nature worship]], he claimed that the preservation of ancient civilizations is essential for environmental protection.

Ashvathaman warned that the loss of [[Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egyptian]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] civilizations due to religious conversion should serve as a cautionary tale, echoing Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s focus on civilizational self-respect. He concluded by urging the international community to curtail rapid [[religious conversion]] in regions with ancient heritage, framing it as a necessary step for "world protection" against climate change.<ref>{{cite web |title=Item 95: General Debate - 28th Meeting, 61th Regular Session of Human Rights Council |url=https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k15/k1574mflm5 |website=UN Web TV |access-date=March 16, 2026}}</ref><ref>https://x.com/asuvathaman/status/2033392895353553145?s=20</ref>

== Legal activism and controversies ==
As a lawyer-politician, Ashvathaman has filed several high-profile complaints and petitions:

* In 2023, he sought the Governor's permission to initiate criminal proceedings against [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] regarding the latter's remarks on Sanatana Dharma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bjp-seeks-guv-nod-to-initiate-criminal-suit-against-udhaya/articleshow/103409753.cms|title=BJP seeks governor nod to initiate criminal suit against Tamil Nadu minister Udhayanidhi Stalin|date=September 6, 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
* In 2025, he filed a formal complaint against State Minister [[K. Ponmudy]] for alleged derogatory remarks against women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tamil-nadu-bjp-leader-ashvathaman-allimuthu-files-complaint-against-state-minister-k-ponmudy-over-derogatory-speech-and-remarks-on-women20250415135735/|title=Tamil Nadu BJP leader Ashvathaman Allimuthu files complaint against State Minister K. Ponmudy over derogatory speech and remarks on women|website=ANI News}}</ref>

* He has been a vocal critic of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] government, frequently citing issues related to the [[Jal Jeevan Mission]] and federalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/o/tn-bjp-accuses-dmk-government-corruption-pmay-jal-jeevan-971|title=BJP Exposes DMK's Corruption in Modi's Welfare Schemes|date=May 4, 2025|website=NewKerala.com}}</ref>

* In 2017, Ashvathaman emerged as a resolute defender of national integrity by filing a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] against the film [[Mersal]], boldly challenging what he termed as "wrong propaganda" regarding the nation's [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]] and [[Digital India]] policies. Though the [[Madras High Court]] ultimately upheld the film's certificate on the grounds of free speech, Ashvathaman's legal crusade stood as a courageous stand against the dissemination of misinformation, sparking a vital national conversation on the accountability of cinema toward the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/madras-hc-dismisses-pil-against-mersal-says-free-speech-is-for-all-488138/|title=Madras HC dismisses PIL against Mersal; says free speech is for all|website=The Tribune}}</ref>

* In 2015, while still a young practicing advocate, A.Ashvathaman launched a formidable legal challenge against the [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|Hindu Marriage (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act]], 1967, by filing a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation (PIL)]] in the [[Madras High Court]]. This bold move saw him contest the [[constitutional]] validity of the very first piece of legislation signed by the iconic [[C. N. Annadurai|C.N. Annadurai]] upon assuming office as [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]. Ashvathaman argued that the Act’s legalization of 'Self-Respect' (Suyamariyathai) marriages undermined traditional [[Vedas|Vedic customs]], asserting that the absence of rituals like saptapadi (the seven steps) deviated from the essential tenets of [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|Hindu marriage law]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hc-dismisses-pil-challenging-self-respect-marriage/article7863484.ece|title=HC dismisses PIL challenging self respect marriage|date=November 9, 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/hc-self-respect-marriages-cant-be-made-illegal/articleshow/49732822.cms|title=HC: Self respect marriages can't be made illegal|date=November 10, 2015|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

* In a steadfast defense of constitutional authority, Ashvathaman took a decisive stand following the 2023 Assembly clash between the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] government and Governor [[R. N. Ravi|R.N. Ravi]]. Demonstrating his commitment to the rule of law, he filed a formal police complaint against DMK [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]s under [[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code|Section 124]] of the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita|Indian Penal Code]], courageously challenging any attempt to restrain or assault the [[Governor (India)|Governor]]’s lawful exercise of power. His swift legal intervention served as a powerful counter-response to the "GetoutRavi" campaign, positioning him as a prominent guardian against political overreach and a vocal champion for the sanctity of the gubernatorial office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/getoutravi-posters-crop-up-in-tamil-nadu-bharatiya-janata-party-hits-back-with-banners-hailing-him/cid/1909011|title='GetoutRavi' posters crop up in Tamil Nadu, BJP hits back with banners hailing him|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

* In 2020, he filed an online complaint with the [[Greater Chennai Police|Chennai City Police]] against [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]] leader [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]] over remarks made on [[Manusmriti]], alleging promotion of enmity between religious groups and dissemination of false information. Based on his complaint, the police registered a [[First information report|FIR]] under relevant sections of the law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/manusmriti-row-vck-leader-thirumavalavan-booked-comment-136039|title=Manusmriti row: VCK leader Thirumavalavan booked for comment|first=T. N. M.|last=Staff|date=October 24, 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/khushbu-sundar-named-bjp-tamil-nadu-vice-president/article69873880.ece Khushbu Sundar named BJP Tamil Nadu vice-president - The Hindu]

* [https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/ Candidate Affidavit - Election Commission of India]

*[https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1138 A. Asuvathaman Profile - MyNeta]

== External links ==
* [https://twitter.com/asuvathaman A. Ashvathaman] on X (formerly Twitter)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allimuthu, Ashvathaman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Suicide of Samarveer Singh

2026-04-29T23:43:14Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding a bio.

{{Short description|Suicide of an Indian academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samarveer Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 7 October 1990
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2023|04|26|1990|01|1}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]]
| death_cause = [[Suicide]]
| alma_mater = [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] ([[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]])
| occupation = [[Professor]] of [[Philosophy]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| awards =
}}
'''Samarveer Singh''' was an Indian [[Academician|academic]] who worked as an [[assistant professor]] on [[Ad hoc|ad-hoc]] basis at the [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] in the [[Delhi University]]. After working for seven years at the college, he was asked to vacate his position in February 2023 after an arbitrary and highly opaque '2-minute [[interview]]', replacing the permanent position with reportedly less-qualified applicants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Beat |first=D. U. |date=2023-05-02 |title=DU Professor's Suicide Brings Ad-Hoc Crisis to Forefront |url=https://dubeat.com/2023/05/02/du-professors-suicide-brings-ad-hoc-crisis-to-forefront/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=DU Beat - Delhi University's Independent Student Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> Described as being 'deeply distressed' about his family's [[Finance|financial]] situation after being removed from his job, Samarveer died by suicide on 26 April 2023. His suicide has since sparked the debate on the arbitrary selection process of the university and highlighted the [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of ad-hoc [[Teacher|workers]] in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Hindu College Teacher's Suicide Highlights the Permanent Problem of DU's Ad-Hoc Arrangement |url=https://thewire.in/rights/du-college-ad-hoc-teachers-problems |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=Former Hindu College Professor loses his life to suicide |url=https://dutoday.in/former-hindu-college-professor-loses-his-life-to-suicide/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=DU.today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title='Institutional Murder' - As DU's Ad Hoc Faculty Loses Mass Job, Ex-Professor's Death Sparks Protest - Bharat Times |url=https://news.bharattimes.co.in/institutional-murder-as-dus-ad-hoc-faculty-loses-mass-job-ex-professors-death-sparks-protest/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=The death of a teacher: Reflections on the politics in appointments of teachers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/death-teacher-reflections-politics-appointments-teachers-8580718/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Protest ==
The teacher's death has sparked outrage among [[student]]s, [[Activism|activists]], and [[teacher]]s who have accused the university of "institutional murder", alleging that he was driven to it as he was expecting to get permanent and instead lost his job.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Maktoob |date=2023-04-27 |title=Displaced Hindu College teacher's death prompts calls for protest against "institutional murder" |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/latest-news/displaced-hindu-college-teachers-death-prompts-calls-for-protest-against-institutional-murder/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Johny |first=Alenjith K. |title=33-year-old found dead, kin, former colleagues call it 'institutional murder' by DU |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/04/28/33-year-old-found-dead-kin-former-colleagues-call-it-institutional-murder-by-du |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Newslaundry|date=28 April 2023 }}</ref> They claimed that the university's decision to remove Samarveer from his job was callous and insensitive, and that it has put a strain on the [[mental health]] of many teachers.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Protests in Delhi University as former ad-hoc teacher found hanging months after he was removed |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1048146/protests-in-delhi-university-as-former-ad-hoc-teacher-found-hanging-months-after-he-was-removed |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Scroll.in |date=27 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=Delhi University ad hoc teacher suicide: Chronicle of a tragedy foretold |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/delhi-university-ad-hoc-teacher-suicide-chronicle-of-a-tragedy-foretold-8591129/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Students held a [[protest]] organized by the [[All India Students Association|All India Students' Association]] (AISA) demanding justice for Samarveer Singh, outside the Hindu College campus.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Tewari |first=Samridhi |date=2023-04-27 |title=Former DU ad hoc teacher found dead months after he was removed from job |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/former-du-ad-hoc-teacher-found-dead-months-after-he-was-removed-from-job/article66786626.ece |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=Outrage Over 'Suicide' of Ad-Hoc Teacher Displaced From DU's Prestigious Hindu College |url=https://www.newsclick.in/outrage-over-suicide-ad-hoc-teacher-displaced-dus-prestigious-hindu-college |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title='Orchestrated Tragedy': DU students, teacher groups on displacement of ad hoc teachers; demand absorption |url=https://news.careers360.com/delhi-university-ad-hoc-teachers-displacement-orchestrated-tragedy-du-students-teacher-groups-demand-absorption |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=news.careers360.com |date=2 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewari |first=Samridhi |date=2023-04-27 |title='Institutional murder': tragic incident shows plight of ad hoc teachers across DU colleges |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/institutional-murder-tragic-incident-shows-plight-of-ad-hoc-teachers-across-du-colleges/article66786674.ece |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Faculties and students expressed anger on [[social media]] after the incident. Student groups called for a protest on Thursday to mourn Samarveer's death and protest the university's actions. DU teachers wrote to the Delhi University Vice Chancellor demanding justice for the deceased lecturer.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=Teachers' bodies to DU V-C: interviews unfair, absorb ad hoc faculty - Finnoexpert |url=https://finnoexpert.com/2023/05/03/teachers-bodies-to-du-v-c-interviews-unfair-absorb-ad-hoc-faculty/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party, Delhi|Aam Aadmi Party]]'s teachers' wing Academic for Action and Development Delhi Teachers' Association (AADTA) has called a protest in North Campus.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Removed Recently From Hindu College Job, Ad-Hoc Teacher Found Dead |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/removed-recently-from-hindu-college-job-ad-hoc-teacher-found-dead-3984006 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Students and teachers of Delhi University also held a [[press conference]] over "massive ongoing displacement" in the backdrop of the "institutional murder" of Samarveer Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=India News {{!}} DU Teachers Write to VC, Demand Justice for Former Ad Hoc Lecturer Who Died Last Week |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/india-news-du-teachers-write-to-vc-demand-justice-for-former-ad-hoc-lecturer-who-died-last-week-5098849.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Workers Unity |date=2023-05-03 |title=Massive ongoing displacements in DU: An orchestrated tragedy, Teachers said in press conference |url=https://www.workersunity.com/india/massive-ongoing-displacements-in-du-an-orchestrated-tragedy-teachers-said-in-press-conference/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Workers Unity |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=DU Students, Teachers Protest After Former Hindu College ad hoc Lecturer Dies by Suicide |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/du-students-teachers-protest-after-former-hindu-college-ad-hoc-lecturer-dies-by-suicide-article-99834981 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Varsha |date=2023-05-05 |title=दिल्ली यूनिवर्सिटी की एडहॉक व्यवस्था पर सवाल करती है समरवीर सिंह की 'सांस्थानिक हत्या' |url=https://hindi.feminisminindia.com/2023/05/05/samarveer-singh-du-ad-hoc-death-by-suicide-hindi/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=फेमिनिज़म इन इंडिया |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The university has defended its decision, saying that it was forced to remove the ad hoc teachers due to financial constraints. However, critics say that the university has enough money to pay its teachers, but that it is simply unwilling to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=NewsDrum |title=DU teachers write to VC, demand justice for former ad hoc lecturer who died last week |url=https://www.newsdrum.in/national/du-teachers-write-to-vc-demand-justice-for-former-ad-hoc-lecturer-who-died-last-week |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.newsdrum.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Kapil Sibal]], in a tweet, said, "Suicide by: Former ad hoc teacher. New Education Policy? Is this the vision?" and called for putting an end to the [[phenomenon]] of having ad-hoc teachers and said the education profession should not be devalued.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Suicide' of DU teacher: Kapil Sibal calls for ending ad-hoc teacher phenomenon |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/suicide-of-du-teacher-kapil-sibal-calls-for-ending-ad-hoc-teacher-phenomenon |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-04-28 |title=Don't devalue teaching profession: Kapil Sibal calls for ending ad hoc teacher phenomenon |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/dont-devalue-teaching-profession-kapil-sibal-calls-for-ending-ad-hoc-teacher-phenomenon/article66788379.ece |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Monami Basu, a member of the [[Delhi University]] Academic Council, blamed the college principals for the tragic death in an [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]]-organized protest. She alleged that mass displacement was facilitated by the [[Principal (academia)|principals]] who adhered to the ruling party's diktats and failed to support [[Collegiality|colleagues]].<ref name=":8" />{{blockquote|"I am calling it an institutional [[murder]] because it was caused by failures of this inefficient system. People should know the circumstances in which teachers like Samarveer did so much hard work during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]] and afterwards. They have been performing more hours than permanent teachers. He shared his lunch with faculty members for seven years, made huge emotional investment and was ousted from his job after a five-minute interview. Just imagine the [[Stress (biology)|stress]] that people with children working in ad hoc positions go through after such [[humiliation]]."<ref name=":8" />}}They demanded that the university should take action to prevent such tragedies from happening in the future. The university has said that it is conducting an [[inquiry]] into the teacher's death. However, students and teachers are not satisfied with the university's response. They say that the university needs to do more to address the issue of job insecurity among ad-hoc teachers.<ref>{{Cite news |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512191057/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20230428/281616719685072 |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20230428/281616719685072 |title=Weeks after losing job, DU ad hoc teacher found dead |date=28 Apr 2023 |author=Supriya Singh |publisher=[[The Asian Age]] |language=en |access-date=22 July 2023 |via=[[PressReader]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=सिंह |first=प्रदीप |date=2023-05-02 |title=हिंदू कॉलेज: सांस्थानिक हत्या के शिकार हुए एडहॉक टीचर 'समरवीर', शिक्षक संगठनों ने की जांच की मांग |url=https://janchowk.com/pahlapanna/hindu-college-adhoc-teacher-samarveer-a-victim-of-institutional-murder/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Talking to a news group, Samarveer's cousin said that he was [[Depression (mood)|depressed]] after his removal from the college job.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Butani |first=Ashna |date=2023-04-27 |title=DU Ad-Hoc Teacher Suicide: Profs, Kin Claim He Was 'Distressed' Over Job Loss |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/education/delhi-university-hindu-college-ad-hoc-professor-suicide-tenure-not-extended |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>{{blockquote|"He was perturbed by the fact that he had served in the college for seven years and someone else had taken his position because of his [[Political party|political affiliation]] to the [[ruling party]]. He would often repeat his predicament."}}

=== Ad-hoc policy and corruption ===
Samarveer's death highlighted the plight of ad-hoc teachers in India. There are an estimated 1.5 million ad hoc teachers in the country, who are employed on temporary contracts and are paid a pittance and do not have the same benefits as regular teachers.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Rohit |date=2023-05-04 |title=Samarveer Singh and the 'Double Tragedy' of India's Ad-Hoc Education System |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/samarveer-singh-and-the-double-tragedy-of-indias-ad-hoc-education-system |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Ad-hoc teachers are often hired on short-term contracts and are not guaranteed [[job security]] which can lead to stress, [[anxiety]], and depression. Moreover, multiple ad-hoc teachers have reportedly been dismissed after serving for several years due to brief interviews lasting only two minutes, as per allegations.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ad-hoc assistant professor at Delhi University: What does it entail? Here's an explainer |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2023/apr/29/ad-hoc-assistant-professor-at-delhi-university-what-doesit-entail-heres-an-explainer-34963.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Edex Live |date=29 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=A teacher's letter: Ad hocism and despair in the staff room |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-teachers-letter-ad-hocism-and-despair-in-the-staff-room-8598749/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

During March 2023, the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Indian Education Ministry]] informed the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] that more than 6,000 teaching positions in [[Central university (India)|Central Universities]] across the nation are unfilled.<ref name=":0" /> Ironically, in the previous year, over 4,000 temporary teachers were recruited by these same Central Universities. Ad-hoc teachers cost less for Universities and governments as they are not entitled to benefits such as [[gratuity]], [[pension]], medical allowance, etc. States such as [[Uttar Pradesh]] have over 50% teacher vacancies, while [[Bihar]] has a low teacher-student ratio of 1:61 in higher education, the lowest in the country.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":3" />

Particularly, [[Delhi University]] colleges have long been concerned about 'connections' playing a bigger role than [[Meritocracy|merit]] or qualifications in job appointments, with the strength of a candidate's connections often deciding their fate.<ref name=":1" />

Shortage of funds is a common excuse given for the ad-hocism in place of proper-employment leading to poor education. However, in 2021–22, out of Rs. 93,224 crore budgeted for [[Education in India|education]] in the [[Union budget of India|Union Budget]], Rs. 36,657 crore went unutilized.<ref name=":10" />

Activists reported that experienced teachers were removed after brief [[interview]]s despite their [[Competence (human resources)|competence]] in teaching. The interview weightage increased from 20% to 100% after the UGC notification in 2018, resulting in a flawed system. Teaching experience and research are disregarded, thus creating an opportunity for corruption.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Maya |date=2023-05-05 |title=Rampant Crisis in Delhi University: The Perils of Ad-hocism |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/delhi-university-ad-hoc-prof-removal-samarveer |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

The Chairperson of the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) executive committee resigned in March 2023 alleging widespread irregularities and [[Corruption|manipulation]] of NAAC's verification and [[Grading in education|grading]] process by vested interests. The [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] found discrepancies in NAAC's inspections and reports leading to inaccurate grades.<ref name=":10" />

== Personal life ==
Samarveer Singh hailed from Molki village in [[Baran district]] of [[Rajasthan]], and he shared a [[Apartment|flat]] in [[Delhi]] with his cousin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi: Former ad-hoc teacher at DU's Hindu College dies by suicide |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2023/apr/27/delhi-former-ad-hoc-teacher-at-dus-hindu-college-dies-by-suicide-34923.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Edex Live |date=27 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He had done his [[Master's degree|masters]] at Hindu College itself, completing an [[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil.]] degree, and was further pursuing a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the Delhi University.<ref name=":0" /> He had been working as an ad-hoc assistant professor for seven years, teaching [[philosophy]] at [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />

In February 2023, he was removed from his position after an arbitrary 2-minute interview following which a less-qualified candidate was appointed in his place, also disregarding his years of experience in teaching.<ref name=":9"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-28 |title=Ad hoc lecturer in Delhi University's Hindu College, removed after 6 years, dies by suicide |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ad-hoc-lecturer-in-delhi-universitys-hindu-college-removed-after-6-years-dies-by-suicide/articleshow/99827815.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later, Samarveer was offered the role of a [[Visiting scholar|guest lecturer]] by the college after his removal from the ad-hoc position at the DU. Though he was yet to accept the position, he was called back to [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] to continue at his ad-hoc position, hence he rejected the offer of guest-lectureship, also considering there being a significant difference in the salary of an ad hoc professor and the remuneration for guest lectureship.<ref name=":7" /> However, days after resuming his job, he was again disallowed, indicating gross mismanagement by the authorities.<ref name=":0" /> Aside from the financial difficulties for his family including aging parents, his mother had recently lost vision in an eye. This helpless situation he was pushed back into took a serious toll on his [[mental health]]. Another friend reported Samarveer had [[Depression (mood)|depression]]; and had stopped responding to calls and texts.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" />

=== Death ===
On the day of the incident, his cousin-flatmate was out and when he returned from work, he found that the front door was bolted shut from the inside. Despite repeated attempts to gain a response by ringing the [[doorbell]], no one answered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=Former Hindu College ad hoc lecturer dies by suicide in Delhi, students protest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/former-hindu-college-ad-hoc-lecturer-suicide-students-protest-8578899/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Consequently, the police were alerted, and a mobile crime team was dispatched to force open the door. Unfortunately, Samarveer was discovered deceased inside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Adhoc Lecturer Hindu College Samarveer commits suicide |url=https://ummid.com/news/2023/april/27.04.2023/ex-adhoc-lecturer-hindu-college-samarveer-commits-suicide.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=ummid |language=en}}</ref> His body was found hanging by the [[ceiling fan]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />

Despite no [[suicide note]] being discovered, DCP (Outer) Harendra K. Singh reported that Samarveer's cousin informed police that Samarveer had been struggling after losing his job. No evidence of foul play was found, and after the [[Autopsy|post-mortem]] at [[Jagjivan Ram|Babu Jagjivan Ram Memorial Hospital]], his family claimed his body for the last rites to be done back home in Rajasthan.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=T. D. G. |date=2023-04-27 |title=Removed from job recently, Delhi University's ad-hoc teacher found dead at home |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/removed-from-job-recently-delhi-universitys-ad-hoc-teacher-found-dead-at-home/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Daily Guardian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-27 |title=Hindu college ad-hoc lecturer found dead after losing job |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/hindu-college-ad-hoc-lecturer-found-dead-after-losing-job/article66784245.ece |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.academia.edu/40051529/Ahimsa_and_Himsa_Fabrications_of_Mind_Seeking_Power_The_World_is_Consciously_Violent A Journey Within by Samarveer Singh (page 37) in DU Students' Philosophy Journal, 2011]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Samarveer}}
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:2023 suicides]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Philosophy academics]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]

Gandhinagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:15Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: added first details first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Gandhinagar
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]
|established = 1996
|abolished = 2018
|electors = 
|reservation =
}}
'''Gandhinagar''' was a legislative constituency in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is one of the most posh areas of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The area is well known for its facilities in the Union Territory.
[[Gandhinagar, Jammu|Gandhinagar]] was also part of [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/gandhinagar.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Gandhinagar Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/|newspaper=eci.gov.in|accessdate=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=2021-06-20}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Choudhary Piara Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Raman Bhalla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Raman Bhalla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Kavinder Gupta]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir Vidhan Sabha 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gandhinagar<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kavinder Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=56,679 |percentage=51.17% |change={{increase}}17.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raman Bhalla]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,902 |percentage=36.02% |change={{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrik Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=9,815 |percentage=8.86% |change={{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh Bunty |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,099 |percentage=0.99% |change={{decrease}}19.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh Pappu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,080 |percentage=0.98% |change={{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=523 |percentage=0.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,777 |percentage=15.15% |change= {{increase}}12.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,10,762 |percentage=65.28% |change= {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,69,672 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gandhinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raman Bhalla]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,486 |percentage=36.34% |change={{decrease}}13.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,223 |percentage=33.89% |change={{increase}}28.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Trilochan Singh Wazir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=18,935 |percentage=20.55% |change={{decrease}}15.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,319 |percentage=4.69% |change={{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Basotra |party=Independent politician |votes=646 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surjeet Kour |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=585 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,263 |percentage=2.46% |change= {{decrease}}11.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,138 |percentage=64.15% |change= {{increase}}15.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,629 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gandhinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raman Bhalla]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,010 |percentage=49.81% |change={{increase}}35.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=26,517 |percentage=35.69% |change={{increase}}3.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charanjit Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,700 |percentage=4.98% |change={{decrease}}32.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onkar Seth |party=Independent politician |votes=2,436 |percentage=3.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pritam Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,070 |percentage=2.79% |change={{decrease}}5.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hussain Ali |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=595 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,493 |percentage=14.12% |change= {{increase}}9.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,299 |percentage=48.46% |change= {{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,334 |ref = |change= {{increase}}45.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Gandhinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Choudhary Piara Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,779 |percentage=37.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,142 |percentage=32.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangil Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,560 |percentage=14.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Parkash Sharma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,506 |percentage=8.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Singh Raina |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,200 |percentage=4.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Singh Raina |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=632 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,637 |percentage=5.01% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,599 |percentage=50.55% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,598 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|32.704|74.861|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1996]]

Umbergaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:37Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding a post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Umbergaon
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Valsad district|Valsad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 182
| mla = Patkar Ramanlal Nanubhai
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:286027}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Umbergaon''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=delim>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Valsad district|Valsad]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is a part of the [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref name=delim/>

# [[Umargam]] Taluka
# [[Pardi]] Taluka (Part). Villages – Chanod (CT), Dungra (CT)

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election !! AC No. !! Member !! colspan=2| Party
|-
| 1962 || 152 || Satu Deva Thakaria || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 1967 || 168 || Satu Deva Thakaria
|-
| 1972 || 168 || Kiklabhai J Varli
|-
| 1975 || 182 || Chhotubhai Vestabhai Patel
|-
| 1980 || 182 || Chhotubhai Vestabhai Patel
|-
| 1985 || 182 || Chhotubhai Vestabhai Patel
|-
| 1990 || 182 || Chhotubhai Vestabhai Patel
|-
| 1995 || 182 || [[Ramanlal Patkar|Ramanlal Nanubhai Patkar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1998 || 182 || [[Ramanlal Patkar|Ramanlal Nanubhai Patkar]]
|-
| 2002 || 182 || Shankarbhai Manglabhai Varli || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2007 || 182 || rowspan="4" | [[Ramanlal Patkar|Ramanlal Nanubhai Patkar]]<ref name=election2017/> || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 2012 || 182
|-
| 2017|| 182
|-
| 2022 || 182
|-
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/umbergaon.html|title=Umbergaon Election and Results 2017, Candidate list, Winner and Runner-up|website=Elections in India}}</ref>

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Umbergaon Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramanlal Patkar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=110088|percentage=63.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nareshbhai Vajirbhai Vadvi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=45302|percentage=26.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashokbhai Mohanbhai Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=10676|percentage=6.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2772|percentage=1.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=37.4|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:278835}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Umbergaon<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=gjceo/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/polling-booths/umbergaon.html|title=Polling Booths in Umbergaon Assembly constituency, Gujarat|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ramanlal Patkar|Ramanlal Nanubhai Patkar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 96,004
|percentage = 60.87
|change = +12.25
}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashokbhai Mohnabhai Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=54,314|percentage=34.44|change=+5.63}}{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = NOTA
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 2,750
|percentage = 1.74
|change = ''New''
}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hasmukhbhai Bochal|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=1,348|percentage=0.85|change=+0.23}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shaileshbhai Ukadbhai Dabhadia|party=Independent politician|votes=1,334|percentage=0.85|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nareshbhai Ukkadbhai Ozhariya|party=Independent politician|votes=989|percentage=0.63|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vadiya Laxmanbhai Chhaganbhai|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|votes=528|percentage=0.33|change=}}{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Govindbhai Vestabhai Patel
|party = [[All India Hindustan Congress Party|AIHCP]]
|votes = 461
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=41,690|percentage=26.43|change=+6.62}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=157,728|percentage=64.52|change=+5.82}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Umbergaon]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2017/gujarat/umbergaon-st-election-result/|title=Umbergaon St Election Result 2017 Live: Umbergaon St Assembly Elections Result Live Update, Vidhan Sabha Election Result & Live News|website=News18}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramanlal Patkar|Ramanlal Nanubhai Patkar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=69,450|percentage=48.62%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Govindbhai Vestabhai Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=41,151|percentage=28.81%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dipakbhai Shivajibhai Chopadiya|party=Independent politician|votes=24,208|percentage=16.95%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jayeshbhai Ishwarbhai Patel|party=Independent politician|votes=2,995|percentage=2.10%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashokbhai Mansukhbhai Kola|party=Gujarat Parivartan Party|votes=1,345|percentage=0.94%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dhodi Hasmukhbhai Mohanbhai|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,306|percentage=0.91%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bochal Hasmukhbhai Ramanbhai|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=880|percentage=0.62%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohanbhai Dashmabhai Dumada|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|votes=811|percentage=0.57%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hiteshbhai Uttambhai Patel|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=700|percentage=0.49%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,299|percentage=19.81%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,42,846|percentage=58.70%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Umbergaon]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramanlal Patkar|Ramanlal Nanubhai Patkar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|20.17|72.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Valsad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Lancelot Ribeiro

2026-04-14T09:33:49Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding new data - done

{{Short description|British painter (1933–2010)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Lancelot Ribeiro
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Lancelot Ribeiro.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Lanceloté José Belarmino Ribeiro
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1933|11|28}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|12|25|1933|11|28}}
| death_place = [[London]], UK
| resting_place = Ernest George Columbarium, [[Golders Green Crematorium]], London NW11 7NL
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| education = St Xavier's High School for Boys, Bombay (1939–1942)
St Mary's Senior Cambridge School, Mount Abu, Rajputana (1944–1950)
| alma_mater =
| known_for = Paintings, drawings, sculptures, ceramics, poetry, critical writings, Founder member of the Indian Painters Collective, UK (1963) and IAUK (1978/79)
| notable_works = The Warlord (1966), King Lear (1964), Stricken Monk (1968)
| style = Expressionist painting, Acrylics
| movement = Abstract Expressionism, Surrealism
| spouse = {{marriage|Ana Rita Pinto Correia|1960}}
| children = 2
| awards = Awarded a grant from the Congrés pour la Liberté de la Culture [Congress for Cultural Freedom], Paris in 1962. Nominated for All India Gold Medal (c.1961).
| elected =
| patrons = Dr Homi Bhabha, TATA Group, Prof. [[Patrick Boylan]] (New Walk Museum & Art Galleries), Amb. Salman Haidar Former Foreign Secretary
| memorials =
| website =
| module =
| relatives = [[F. N. Souza]] (half-brother)
}}

'''Lanceloté José Belarmino Ribeiro''' (28 November 1933 – 25 December 2010) was an [[Expressionist]] painter, best known for his experiments with polyvinyl acetate and oil paints, the forerunner of modern acrylic paints. According to ''[[The Independent]]'', he is considered to have been at "the vanguard of the influx of Indian artists to Britain."<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011">{{Citation |last=Buckman |first=David |title=Lancelot Ribeiro: Artist in the vanguard of the influx of Indian artists to Britain |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=3 April 2011 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lancelot-ribeiro-artist-in-the-vanguard-of-the-influx-of-indian-artists-to-britain-2261209.html |access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Lanceloté José Belarmino Ribeiro was born in [[Bombay]], [[British India]] (now Mumbai, India) on 28 November 1933 to [[Goan Catholic]] parents, accountant João José Fernando Flores Ribeiro and his dressmaker wife Lilia Maria Cecilia de Souza (née Antunes). He was the half-brother of artist [[F. N. Souza]] through Lilia, who married João after F. N. Souza's father died. Ribeiro moved to London in 1950, living with his brother while studying accountancy. He abandoned his career as an accountant when he attended classes at [[St. Martin's School of Art]] between 1951 and 1953. He served in the [[Royal Air Force]] at [[RAF Dumfries|Dumfries]] in Scotland, then returned to Bombay. After working with [[Life Insurance Corporation]], he began working professionally as a painter in 1958.<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/>

=== Childhood and school years (1933–1949) ===
Ribeiro’s father João José Fernando Flores Ribeiro (1902–1988) was a chartered accountant and his mother Lília Maria Cecília Ribeiro (née Antunes) (1901–1987) a milliner and tailor. She had lost her first husband at twenty-three, and then what would have been Ribeiro’s half-sister, Zemira, aged two and a half to [[diphtheria]]. His older half-brother, the artist [[F. N. Souza]] (1924–2004), contracted the deadly [[smallpox]] virus at 3 months of age but survived. It was in January 1933 that Lily remarried and Lancelot Ribeiro (christened Lanceloté José Belarmino Ribeiro) was born on 28 November 1933 in Bombay (now Mumbai), followed by a sister, Marina Ribeiro (1935–2015), two years later.

The Bombay of Ribeiro’s childhood was lively and cosmopolitan, and still under the British Empire. It was a thriving centre for the arts, culture and sciences, which inevitably shaped his wide-ranging interests. The family home in Hira Building overlooked Bombay’s famous Crawford Market. The Ribeiros ancestral roots were from Azossim, a village in the district of Ilhas (now Tiswadi) in Old Goa. Although Goa was part of the Indian subcontinent, its customs and traditions had been shaped by the Portuguese 400-year colonial presence, which had brought the Roman Catholic faith there. The visual beauty of this landscape influenced Ribeiro’s early work.

==Life in India==
His debut exhibition in Bombay’s Artist Aid Centre in 1961 was an instant sell-out and launched his career as a painter. It won him a commission from Tata Industries to paint a 12-foot mural for the chairman and chief executive of [[Tata Iron and Steel]], [[J. R. D. Tata|J.R.D. Tata]] and interest from other corporate collectors. This included the trio of Jewish émigrés who had helped develop India’s nascent modern art scene – Rudi von Leyden, Walter Langhammer and Emanuel Schlesinger, who had escaped Europe’s [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-06-13 |title=Lancelot Riberio: An artist that gave rise to expressionism in Indian |url=https://abirpothi.com/lancelot-riberio-an-artist-that-gave-rise-to-expressionism-in-indian/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Abirpothi |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ribeiro’s output over six decades of work was wide-ranging and experimental in medium, style, and form. His experimentation with [[polyvinyl acetate]] (PVA) positioned him as “a godfather to generations of artists using acrylics as an alternative to oils” (The Times, 2011).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-26 |title=Lance Ribeiro |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/england/london-travel/lance-ribeiro-xrl5d7ggpp3 |access-date=2023-06-27 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

With fellow painters, he co-founded the Indian Painters Collective, UK (IPC) in 1963, the first informal body of its kind outside of [[India]]. Over its 25-year history, the IPC advocated for better representation of artists from the subcontinent, eventually evolving into Indian Artists UK (IAUK) in 1978/79.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art UK – The Roots of the Indian Artists' Collectives |url=https://www.grosvenorgallery.com/news/58-art-uk-the-roots-of-the-indian/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Grosvenor Gallery |language=en}}</ref>

==Influence and critical reception==
''[[The Independent]]'' placed Ribeiro at "the vanguard of the influx of Indian artists to Britain."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-03 |title=Lancelot Ribeiro: Artist in the vanguard of the influx of Indian |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lancelot-ribeiro-artist-in-the-vanguard-of-the-influx-of-indian-artists-to-britain-2261209.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> He rebelled against fashions, fiercely critical of those he saw as following the mainstream. In 1972, describing his own artistic practice for the Commonwealth Institute, he reflected on the impulses which drove his work, a sentiment that could equally be used to convey a lifelong philosophy: “I could go on endlessly to produce painting after painting – interesting perhaps – but somewhat meaningless and self-plagiarizing.”<ref>Ribeiro, 1972 Commonwealth Institute lecture https://www.lancelotribeiro.com/the-artist/experimentation</ref>

==Career==
Ribeiro's creative life spanned half a century, during which time he became known for a "huge body"<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/> of figurative and abstract work.<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/> From 1951 until 1953, he joined art classes at Saint Martin's School of Art, [[London]].<ref name="VonWeigand">{{cite web|last1=Von Weigand|first1=Ellen|title=Lancelot Ribeiro: Vanguard Indian Painter of Post War Britain|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/lancelot-ribeiro-vanguard-indian-painter-of-post-war-britain/|website=TheCultureTrip.com|publisher=The Culture Trip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807075824/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/lancelot-ribeiro-vanguard-indian-painter-of-post-war-britain/|archive-date=7 August 2013}}</ref> In 1958, he began painting professionally.<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/> 1960 saw him organize his first solo exhibition, Bombay Art Society Salon.<ref name="VonWeigand" /> It was soon sold out. Five other exhibitions followed this in [[Bombay]] ([[Mumbai]]), [[New Delhi]] and [[Calcutta]] ([[Kolkata]]).<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/> 1961 saw his first solo art exhibition at the Bombay Artist Aid Centre. It was included among the Ten Indian Painters exhibition., and was given an extensive tour of India, Europe, US and Canada. He also received a commission for a 12-foot mural for the [[Tata Iron and Steel Company]].<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/>

He returned to London with his wife in 1962. There he received a grant from the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] in [[Paris]]. He held mixed shows at the [[Piccadilly Gallery|Piccadilly]], Rawinski, [[John Whibley Gallery|John Whibley]] and Crane Kalman galleries in London and also at the [[Yvon Lambert Gallery]] in [[Paris]]. He received an All India Gold Medal nomination.<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/> 1963 saw him co-found the Indian Painters’ Collective.<ref name="VonWeigand" /> In the 1960s and 1970s he held both solo and group shows. Ribeiro lectured on Indian art and culture at the [[Commonwealth Institute]].<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/>

A retrospective covering his 1960s work was held in 1986 at [[Leicestershire Museum and Art Gallery]].<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/>
In 1987 his work was displayed at [[Camden Arts Centre]].<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/> In 1998, his work was displayed at [[LTG Gallery]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/> He displayed one painting at [[British Art Fair]], 2010 after a long absence.<ref name="LanceRib">{{cite web|title=Ribeiro: The Artist|url=http://lanceribeiro.co.uk/background.htm|website=lanceribeiro.co.uk|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref> Ribeiro died in 2010 in London.<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/>

In 2013 there was a retrospective exhibition at Asia House, [[London]] in May–June.<ref name="VonWeigand" /> An exhibition was scheduled for [[New Delhi]] in November.<ref name="VonWeigand" /> In November 2016, as part of the 2017 UK-India Year of Culture, the exhibition ''Ribeiro: A Celebration of Life, Love and Passion'' was held in association with the [[British Museum]] and other institutions.<ref name="British_Museum_2016">{{Citation |title=Remembering Lancelot Ribeiro and other Indian artists in 1960s Britain |publisher=[[British Museum]] |date=2016 |url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/events_calendar/event_detail.aspx?eventId=3350&title=Remembering%20Lancelot%20Ribeiro%20and%20other%20Indian%20artists%20in%201960s%20Britain&eventType=Special%20event |access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Ribeiro died in [[London]] on 25 December 2010, aged 77. He left an artistic legacy of artwork as well as extensive critical and poetic writings. His creative life spanned half a century, and he left what has been described as a "huge body" of figurative and abstract work.<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/> Among his artistic productions were portrait heads, [[still life]]s, landscapes, and pigment experiments dating back to the early 1960s which "lead to works of peculiar brilliance and transparency".<ref name="Independent_Flux_2011"/>

It has been suggested that Ribeiro had a hand in completing some of his brother Souza's art works. Ellen Von Weigand wrote that "Souza's success and resulting social life meant that he frequently left works unfinished. Ribeiro would complete them, using the painter's harsh, aggressive strokes to form his church spires, iconographic heads and anti-naturalistic still-lives. His brother would then return to add his hasty signature to the finished piece."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/lancelot-ribeiro-vanguard-indian-painter-of-post-war-britain/|title=Lancelot Ribeiro: Vanguard Indian Painter of Post War Britain|first=Ellen Von|last=Weigand|publisher=}}</ref>

On 28 November 2024, Google celebrated his 91st birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=Celebrating Lancelot Ribeiro Doodle |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-lancelot-ribeiro/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Google |language=en}}</ref>

===Role of acrylics===
In a longish obituary, ''The Times'' of [[London]] acknowledges Ribeiro's role as an "acclaimed Indian artist who pioneered the use of acrylics in the 1960s, producing a brilliancy of color in his expressionistic works".<ref name="TimesObit">{{cite news|title=Lance Ribeiro|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/england/london-travel/lance-ribeiro-xrl5d7ggpp3|newspaper=The Times|access-date=11 March 2017|date=2011-01-24}}</ref> The paper talks of Ribeiro's "increasing impatience" by the 1960s over the time it took for oils to dry, as also its "lack of brilliance in its color potential." He took to the new synthetic plastic bases that commercial paints were beginning to use, and soon got help from manufacturers like [[Imperial Chemical Industries|ICI]], [[Courtaulds]] and [[Geigy]]. The companies supplied him samples of their latest paints in quantities that he was using three decades later, according to the paper. Initially, the firms thought the PVA compounds would not be needed in commercially viable quantities. But they quickly recognized the potential demand and "so Ribeiro became the godfather of generations of artists using acrylics as an alternative to oils."<ref name="TimesObit" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/england/london-travel/lance-ribeiro-xrl5d7ggpp3 Lance Ribeiro, in ''The Times'' of London]
* [http://grosvenorgallery.com/artists/31-lancelot-ribeiro/overview/ Grosvenor Gallery: Lancelot Ribeiro]
* [https://artuk.org/discover/stories/lancelot-ribeiro-artist-in-india-and-europe Lancelot Ribeiro: artist in India and Europe | Art UK]

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.lancelotribeiro.com/ Personal site]
* [http://www.artnet.com/artists/lance-ribeiro/past-auction-results Lance Ribeiro, on Artnet.com]
* [https://www.grosvenorgallery.com/artists/31-lancelot-ribeiro/overview/ Lancelot Ribeiro – Overview | Grosvenor Gallery]
* [https://benuri.org/artists/501-lancelot-ribeiro/overview/ Lancelot Ribeiro – Overview | Ben Uri Gallery and Museum]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ribeiro, Lancelot}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:British male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century British painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force airmen]]
[[Category:Goan Catholics]]
[[Category:British people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:20th-century British male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Vishal Kumar (politician)

2026-04-13T22:45:11Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vishal Kumar
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Bihar Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Narkatiya Assembly constituency|Narkatiya]]
| term_start1 = 2025
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Shamim Ahmad]]
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater = M.S. College, Motihari, BRABU Muzaffarpur
| relations = Vishwambhar Nath Prasad (Father)
| children =
| profession = Farmer, Business
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''Vishal Kumar''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] (MLA). He hails from Narkatiya in the [[East Champaran district]] of [[Bihar]]. Vishal Kumar holds a degree in Science from M.S. College, [[Muzaffarpur]]. A member of the [[Janata Dal (United)]] party, he contested and won the [[Narkatiya Assembly constituency]] in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] to become an MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=2784 |title=Bihar 2025 |access-date=2025-11-21}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2025===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Narkatiya Assembly constituency|Narkatiya]]<ref>https://www.news18.com/elections/narkatia-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-assembly-seat-winner-leading-mla-margin-9706025.html</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Vishal Kumar|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=104,450|percentage=46.70|change=+15.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shamim Ahmad]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=103,007|percentage=46.06|change=-0.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lal Babu Prasad|party=Jan Suraaj Party|votes=7,002|percentage=3.13|change=+3.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=5,425|percentage=2.43|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,443|percentage=0.64|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=223,643|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = +0.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

(Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS0412.htm)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Vishal}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Simarpaha

2026-03-26T15:57:55Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding new article.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simarpaha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Lalganj block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Simarpaha (#839) in Lalganj CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.147193|N|80.950298|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |access-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.869
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8391
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Simarpaha''' is a village in [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=288–306 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> It is located 3 km<ref name="Census 1981" /> southwest of Lalganj on the road to [[Ralpur]] on the [[Ganges]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=72, 75, 225 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> In addition to the main site, the village also includes several dispersed hamlets.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Simarpaha was historically the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate held by a branch of the [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]] Rajputs.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> As of 2011, it has a population of 8,391 people, in 1,501 households.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It has two primary schools and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011" />

== History ==
Simarpaha was historically the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate held by a branch of the [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]] Rajputs.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The Simarpaha branch was founded by Rudra Sah, the younger brother of Rana Doman Deo, who was the ancestor of the [[Khajurgaon]] branch.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Rudra Sah founded Shahpur and dispossessed his cousins of the villages that had been assigned to them for support; he was a powerful ruler noted for his conquests.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> His inheritance was divided several generations later, between his great-grandsons Pirthi Raj and Hindupat.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Pirthi Raj received Simarpaha, while Hindupat received [[Chandania]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

In the early 1800s, Pirthi Raj's fifth-generation descendant Lalji acquired a large territory and founded the market called [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], which became the main commercial hub in [[Baiswara]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> His son and successor Fateh Bahadur died childless, as did his adopted successor Basant Singh who died during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Basant Singh's widow was Thakurain Dariao Kunwar, an [[Amethia]] from the [[Birsinghpur]] dynasty, and she obtained the ''[[Sanad (deed)|sanad]]'' for the Simarpaha estate.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> When she died in 1893, the ''sanad'' passed to Thakur Sher Bahadur Singh of Chandania.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Dariao Kunwar had previously adopted him as her successor, but she had later renounced this; she had also named him in her will but repudiated this in 1866 and again in 1873.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> As a result, her closest Amethia relative, Raja Rameshwar Bakhsh Singh of Birsinghpur, successfully sued Sher Bahadur for control of the Simarpaha estate.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Sher Bahadur appealed but died in 1903, leaving the estate in Rameshwar Bakhsh Singh's possession for the time being.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

At the turn of the 20th century, Simarpaha was described as a large and scattered village in the [[pargana]] of [[Dalmau]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> It had a primary school at that point, but no other civic buildings.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The population as of 1901 was 2,451 people, including a Muslim minority of 195; the largest Hindu group was the [[Chamar]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The Simarpaha estate was at that point held by Rameshwar Baksh Singh of Birsinghpur ("to the great resentment of the Bais"), but the taluqa did not include all the village lands — the rest was held in joint [[zamindar]]i tenure by Bais tenants.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Simarpaha (as "Semar Paha") as comprising 14 hamlets, with a total population of 3,618 people (1,774 male and 1,844 female), in 690 households and 590 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 – Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxxvi-lxxvii of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 1,947 [[acre]]s and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961" />

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Simarpaha (as "Semarpaha") as having a population of 5,193 people, in 934 households, and having an area of 787.92 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=154–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Shah Rukh Khan filmography

2026-03-22T18:51:36Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox filmography list
| name = Shah Rukh Khan
| image = Shah Rukh Khan in 2023 (1).jpg
| caption = Khan at an event for ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' in 2023
| film = 98
|television=44}}

[[Shah Rukh Khan]] is an famous Indian actor, producer and television personality who works in [[Bollywood|Hindi films]].<ref name="Bollywood King">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/04/india.world |title=King of Bollywood |last=Saner |first=Emine |date=4 August 2005 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=30 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203121720/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/04/india.world |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> He began his acting career by playing a soldier in the [[Doordarshan]] series ''[[Fauji (TV series)|Fauji]]'' (1988), a role that garnered him recognition and led to starring roles in more television shows.{{Sfn|Chopra|2013|p=79–88}} He soon started receiving film offers and had his first release with the romantic drama ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'' (1992).{{Sfn|Chopra|2007|p=95}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12884.html |title=Then and now: How old were these heroines when Shah Rukh Khan made his debut? |date=19 March 2013 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521152157/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12884.html |archive-date=21 May 2014 |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> Khan subsequently played villainous roles in the 1993 thrillers ''[[Baazigar]]'' and ''[[Darr]]'', box office successes that established his career in [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-playing-villain-one-of-the-greatest-highs-shah-rukh-khan-1627292 |title=Playing villain, one of the greatest highs: Shah Rukh Khan |date=18 December 2011 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=14 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515140127/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-playing-villain-one-of-the-greatest-highs-shah-rukh-khan-1627292 |archive-date=15 May 2014}}</ref> In 1995, Khan starred opposite [[Kajol]] in [[Aditya Chopra]]'s romance ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'', that became the longest running Indian film of all time.{{Sfn|Costanzo|2013|p=174}} He continued to establish a reputation in romantic roles by playing opposite [[Madhuri Dixit]] in ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), and Kajol in the [[Karan Johar]]-directed ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998) and ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001).{{Sfn|Bhattacharya Mehta|Pandharipande|2010|p=16–18}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/shah-rukh-khan-lover-or-superhero/20111021.htm |title=Shah Rukh Khan: The Lover Or The Superhero? |last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |date=21 October 2011 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129150021/http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/shah-rukh-khan-lover-or-superhero/20111021.htm |archive-date=29 January 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012}}</ref>

In 1999, Khan collaborated with [[Aziz Mirza]] and [[Juhi Chawla]] to start a production company, Dreamz Unlimited, whose first release was the comedy-drama ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' (2000) starring Khan and Chawla.{{Sfn|Chopra|2007|p=182}} The film was a commercial failure as was their next production, ''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]'' (2001), leading to a setback.{{Sfn|Chopra|2007|p=181–195}} His career prospects improved in 2002 when he starred alongside Dixit and [[Aishwarya Rai]] in ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'', a period romance that garnered him critical acclaim.{{Sfn|Chopra|2007|p=208–210}} In 2004, he collaborated with his wife [[Gauri Khan]] to launch another company, [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], whose first feature was the box office hit ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' (2004).{{Sfn|Chopra|2007|p=195}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/18573089.cms |title=Shahrukh Khan's 'Red Chillies' appoints Venky Mysore as CEO |last=Raghavendra |first=Nandini |date=19 February 2013 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=21 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201183505/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/18573089.cms |archive-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref> Khan's popularity continued to increase in the 2000s as he played the romantic lead opposite [[Preity Zinta]],{{Sfn|Chopra|2007|p=194–195}} in ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003) and ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw== |title=Box Office 2003 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131904/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA== |title=Box Office 2004 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132208/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg== |title=Box Office 2006 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132118/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=8 January 2008}}</ref> He also played against [[typecasting (acting)|type]] as a [[NASA]] scientist in the drama ''[[Swades]]'' (2004), a hockey coach in the sports film ''[[Chak De! India]]'' (2007), and an [[autism|autistic]] man in the drama ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/indian-cinema-100-20-actors-who-made-a-difference-15052/slide/19 |title=Indian cinema@100: 20 actors who made a difference |work=NDTVMovies.com |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613051805/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/indian-cinema-100-20-actors-who-made-a-difference-15052/slide/19 |archive-date=13 June 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref>

From 2007 onwards, Khan began to star opposite a third generation of heroines,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/asiannetwork/shah-rukh-khan |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Heroes |publisher=[[BBC]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925073558/http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/asiannetwork/shah-rukh-khan |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> most notably [[Deepika Padukone]] in ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007) and [[Anushka Sharma]] in ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131027/jsp/t2/story_17499544.jsp#.U3yo-yjm5Zg |title=All's well that ends well 2 |date=27 October 2013 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=14 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521181230/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131027/jsp/t2/story_17499544.jsp |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> He went on to co-star with Padukone in the action-comedies ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013) and ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014), and reunited with Kajol in ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015), all of which were among the biggest Hindi film grossers of the decade.<ref name="box office">{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107113404/http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> He then starred alongside Sharma in ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'' (2017) and ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018), both of which were commercially unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/can-the-bollywood-khans-stage-a-comeback/cid/1681755 |title=Can the Bollywood Khans stage a comeback? |last=Dua, Aarti |date=14 January 2019 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116201052/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/can-the-bollywood-khans-stage-a-comeback/cid/1681755 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following a hiatus, Khan made a career comeback with the 2023 action films ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' and ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', each earning over {{INRConvert|10|b}} to emerge as his highest-grossing releases.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Pathaan' On Record-Breaking Box Office Spree In Comeback For Mega-Star |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-box-office-records-bollywood-1235243378/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=28 January 2023 |date=28 January 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128170358/https://deadline.com/2023/01/shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-box-office-records-bollywood-1235243378/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=25 September 2023 |title='The Nun II' Tops $200M Global, 'Jawan' Now Biggest Bollywood Movie Ever In India – International Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/the-nun-2-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-milestones-expendables-4-global-international-box-office-1235554810/ |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925093514/https://deadline.com/2023/09/the-nun-2-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-milestones-expendables-4-global-international-box-office-1235554810/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: All Time |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

With eight [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], he shares the record for the most wins in the category with [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-veteran-actor-dilip-kumar-hospitalised-1889302 |title=Veteran actor Dilip Kumar hospitalised |date=15 September 2013 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=21 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521161322/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-veteran-actor-dilip-kumar-hospitalised-1889302 |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> Khan has also starred in several non-fiction films that have documented his popularity, including the documentary ''[[The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan]]'' (2005).<ref name="world">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17srk.htm |title=Shah Rukh's inner world |last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |date=17 October 2005 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318143945/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17srk.htm |archive-date=18 March 2014 |access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> From 2003 onwards, he hosted several award ceremonies, including ten Filmfare Awards and six [[Screen Awards]]. In addition, he has featured as the host of television game shows ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' (2007) and the talk show ''[[TED Talks India]]'' (2017–2019).

== Film ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh|multi=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1992
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''
|{{Sort|Sahay|Raja Sahai}} || || style="text-align:center;" |{{Sfn|O'Brien|2014|p=217}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539134 |title=Deewana (1990) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172120/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539134 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Chamatkar (1992 film)|Chamatkar]]''
|{{Sort|Srivastava|Sundar Shrivastav}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534321 |title=Chamatkar (1992) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172304/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534321 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]''
|{{Sort|Mathur|Raj Mathur}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508289 |title=Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman (1992) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172352/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508289 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]''
|{{Sort|Singh|Karan Singh}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534430 |title=Dil Aashna Hai (1992) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903090744/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534430 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1993
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Maya Memsaab]]''
|{{Sort|Kumar|Lalit Kumar}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505375 |title=Maya Memsaab (1993) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172242/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505375 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Pehla Nasha]]''
| Himself || Cameo || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508327 |title=Pehla Nasha (1993) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905151837/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508327 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[King Uncle]]''
|{{Sort|Bansal|Anil Bansal}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534551 |title=King Uncle (1993) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172350/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534551 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Baazigar]]''
|{{Sort|Malhotra|Ajay Sharma}} / Vicky Malhotra{{efn|name=twonames|Khan played a single character in the film who has two different names.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://businessofcinema.com/news/srk-baazigar-things-you-may-not-know/119292 |title=SRK's Baazigar: Things You May Not Know! |last=Chopra |first=Simran |date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Business of Cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118210541/http://businessofcinema.com/news/srk-baazigar-things-you-may-not-know/119292 |archive-date=18 November 2013 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>{{Sfn|Patel|2012|p=385}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/aug/14/1 |title=Asoka: Never mind the bullocks |last=Tunzelmann |first=Alex Von |date=14 August 2008 |work=The Guardian |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203121638/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/aug/14/1 |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review-rab-ne-bana-di-jodi-is-unmissable-review-bollywood-14817533.html# |title=Review: Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi is unmissable |last=Chopra |first=Sonia |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513012212/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-rab-ne-bana-di-jodi-is-unmissable-review-bollywood-14817533.html |archive-date=13 May 2014 |access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538506 |title=Baazigar (1993) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172307/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538506 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/368614.cms |title=The Winners {{mdash}} 1993 |publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140521150701/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/368614.cms |archive-date=21 May 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Darr]]''
|{{Sort|Mehra|Rahul Mehra}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201696 |title=Darr (1993) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172237/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201696 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms |title=The Nominations {{mdash}} 1993 |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617120325/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms |archive-date=17 June 2011 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]''
| Sunil || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201896 |title=Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa (1994) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172339/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201896 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref name="ff94">{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368623.cms |title=The Winners {{mdash}} 1994 |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306141410/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368623.cms |archive-date=6 March 2011 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms |title=The Nominations {{mdash}} 1994 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323041819/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms |archive-date=23 March 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Anjaam]]''
|{{Sort|Agnihotri|Vijay Agnihotri}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ff94" /> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538810 |title=Anjaam (1994) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331124844/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538810 |archive-date=31 March 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1995
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Karan Arjun]]''
|{{Sort|Singh|Arjun Singh}} / Vijay Singh Sharma{{efn|name=dual|Khan performed dual roles in the film.{{Sfn|Basu|2010|pp=1–4}}{{Sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|pp=407}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-don-such-a-con/24412-8.html |title=Masand's verdict: Don, such a con |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |date=22 October 2006 |publisher=CNN-IBN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205921/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-don-such-a-con/24412-8.html |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/11/05/om_shanti_om_2007_review.shtml |title=Om Shanti Om (2007) |last=Rathore |first=Tajpal |date=28 October 2007 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226195754/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/11/05/om_shanti_om_2007_review.shtml |archive-date=26 February 2014 |access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Ra-One/movie-review/10484952.cms |title=Ra.One |last=Kazmi, Nikhat |date=26 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125201855/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Ra-One/movie-review/10484952.cms |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="fan" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/seven-films-other-than-jawan-where-shah-rukh-khan-starred-in-dual-roles/articleshow/103610994.cms?from=mdr|title=Seven films other than 'Jawan' where Shah Rukh Khan starred in dual roles|date=12 September 2023|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 September 2023|archive-date=16 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916143654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/seven-films-other-than-jawan-where-shah-rukh-khan-starred-in-dual-roles/articleshow/103610994.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201865 |title=Karan Arjun (1995) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901101350/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201865 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Zamaana Deewana]]''
|{{Sort|Malhotra|Rahul Malhotra}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534822 |title=Zamaana Deewana (1995) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905190705/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534822 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Guddu (film)|Guddu]]''
|{{Sort|Bahadur|Guddu Bahadur}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534324 |title=Guddu (1995) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003323/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534324/ |archive-date=17 July 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India!]]''
| Hero || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505636 |title=Oh Darling Yeh Hai India (1995) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901012117/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505636 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''
|{{Sort|Malhotra|Raj Malhotra}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539181 |title=Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172359/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539181 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368633.cms |title=The Winners {{mdash}} 1995 |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709034457/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368633.cms |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Ram Jaane]]''
|{{Sort|Jaane|Ram Jaane}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201918 |title=Ram Jaane (1995) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172313/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201918 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Trimurti (1995 film)|Trimurti]]''
|{{Sort|Singh|Romi Singh}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508489 |title=Trimurti (1995) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172345/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508489 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1996
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[English Babu Desi Mem]]''
|{{Sort|Mayur|Gopal Mayur}} / Hari Mayur / Vikram Mayur{{efn|name=englishbabu|Khan performed triple roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Triple-role-for-Hrithik-in-Krrish-3/articleshow/19359517.cms |title=Triple role for Hrithik in Krrish 3 |date=4 April 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225193900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Triple-role-for-Hrithik-in-Krrish-3/articleshow/19359517.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534284 |title=English Babu Desi Mem (1996) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172356/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534284 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Chaahat (1996 film)|Chaahat]]''
|{{Sort|Rathore|Roop Rathore}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538476 |title=Chahat (1996) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172249/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538476 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Army (1996 film)|Army]]''
| Major Arjun Singh || Special appearance|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army (1996) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172335/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535131 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Dushman Duniya Ka]]''
| Badru || Cameo || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534302 |title=Dushman Duniya Ka (1996) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172337/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534302 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1997
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Gudgudee]]''
| Himself
|Cameo|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534326 |title=Gudgudee (1997) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172406/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534326 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Koyla]]''
| Shankar Thakur || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201936 |title=Koyla (1997) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409115447/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201936 |archive-date=9 April 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Yes Boss (film)|Yes Boss]]''
|Rahul Joshi|| || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201822 |title=Yes Boss (1997) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172343/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201822 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |title=The Nominations {{mdash}} 1997 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040326212523/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms|archive-date=26 March 2004}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''
|{{Sort|Sagar|Arjun Sagar}}|| || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/shah-rukh-khan-best-films-368556-2012-10-30 |title=20 best films of Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520215744/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/shah-rukh-khan-best-films/9/8077.html |archive-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''
| Rahul || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57068 |title=Dil To Pagal Hai (1997) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172118/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57068 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368661.cms |title=The Winners {{mdash}} 1997 |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708052729/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368661.cms |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1998
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]''
|{{Sort|Chaudhry|Bablu Chaudhry}} / Manu Dada{{efn|name=dual|}}|| || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201729 |title=Duplicate (1998) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172254/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201729 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368676.cms |title=The Nominations {{mdash}} 1998 |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708134330/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368676.cms |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Achanak (1998 film)|Achanak]]''
| Himself ||Cameo || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538722 |title=Achanak (1998) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717151509/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538722/ |archive-date=17 July 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Dil Se..]]''
|{{Sort|Verma|Amarkant Verma}}||25th Film || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201717 |title=Dil Se (1998) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116021109/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201717 |archive-date=16 January 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''
|{{Sort|Khanna|Rahul Khanna}}|| || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201863 |title=Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901150757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201863 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368679.cms |title=The Winners {{mdash}} 1998 |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709230849/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368679.cms |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|| 1999
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''
| Raj (Baadshah){{efn|name=twonames|}}|| || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538868 |title=Baadshah (1999) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172116/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538868 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368694.cms |title=The Nominations {{mdash}} 1999 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520043650/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368694.cms|archive-date=20 May 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2000
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]''
|{{Sort|Bakshi|Ajay Bakshi}}|| Also producer || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201601 |title=Phir Bhi Dil Ha Hindustani (2000) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172256/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201601 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Hey Ram]]''
|{{Sort|Khan|Amjad Khan}}||Bilingual film|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201833 |title=Hey! Ram (2000) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605011412/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201833 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]''
|{{Sort|Dias|Max "Maxy" Dias}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538516 |title=Josh (2000) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901023557/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538516 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega]]''
| Rahul ||Special appearance || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201760 |title=Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega (2000) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227172239/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201760 |archive-date=27 December 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Mohabbatein]]''
|{{Sort|Malhotra|Raj Aryan Malhotra}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57069 |title=Mohabbatein (2000) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172354/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57069 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368708.cms |title=The Winners {{mdash}} 2000 |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708165249/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368708.cms |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Gaja Gamini]]''
| Himself ||Special appearance || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534450 |title=Gaja Gamini (2000) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330152954/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534450 |archive-date=30 March 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2001
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[One 2 Ka 4]]''
|{{Sort|Verma|Arun Verma}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201588 |title=One 2 Ka 4 (2001) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172122/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201588 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]''
|{{Sort|Maurya|[[Ashoka|Ashoka Maurya]]}} (Pawan){{efn|name=twonames|}} || Also producer || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200455 |title=Asoka (2001) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831201010/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200455 |archive-date=31 August 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref name="ff01">{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368737.cms |title=The Nominations {{mdash}} 2001 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=4 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701052154/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368737.cms|archive-date=1 July 2007}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
|{{Sort|Raichand|Rahul Y. Raichand}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ff01" /> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201895 |title=Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (2001) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901143559/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201895 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2002
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam]]''
| Gopal || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55962 |title=Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (2002) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922061216/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55962 |archive-date=22 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''
|{{Sort|Mukherjee|Devdas Mukherjee}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539146 |title=Devdas (2002) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172233/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539146 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368745.cms |title=The Winners {{mdash}} 2002 |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=4 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040309072147/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368745.cms|archive-date=9 March 2004}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Shakti: The Power]]''
|{{Sort|Singh|Jai Singh}} || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510587 |title=Shakti – The Power (2002) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172311/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510587 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
|{{Sort|Rao|Yeshwant Rao}}
|Special appearance|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57072 |title=Saathiya (2002) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303200531/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57072 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]''
|{{Sort|Mathur|Raj Mathur}} || Also producer || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539040 |title=Chalte Chalte (2003) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172130/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539040 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
|{{Sort|Mathur|Aman Mathur}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201866 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225130721/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201866 |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/477404.cms?&fright=1&right=1 |title=Nominees for the 49th Manikchand Filmfare Awards 2003 |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712081107/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/477404.cms?&fright=1&right=1 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke]]''
| Dushant || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510941 |title=Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke (2004) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905155706/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/510941 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Main Hoon Na]]''
|{{Sort|Sharma|Ram Prasad Sharma}} || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55985 |title=Main Hoon Na (2004) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901194403/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55985 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref name="ff04">{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1021384.cms |title=Nominees of 50th Filmfare Awards |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710013930/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1021384.cms |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Veer-Zaara]]''
|{{Sort|Singh|Veer Pratap Singh}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ff04" /> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508688 |title=Veer Zaara (2004) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228134357/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508688 |archive-date=28 February 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Swades]]''
|{{Sort|Bhargav|Mohan Bhargav}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54591 |title=Swades (2004) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902151726/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54591 |archive-date=2 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1028660,curpg-12.cms |title=Filmfare Awards 2005: Big Night |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131220800/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1028660,curpg-12.cms |archive-date=31 January 2009 |access-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2005
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Kuchh Meetha Ho Jaye]]''
| Himself ||Cameo || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533340 |title=Kuch Meetha Ho Jaye (2005) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901092245/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533340 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]''
| Himself || Special appearance in song "Kaal Dhamal"; Also producer
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201898 |title=Kaal (2005) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116020737/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201898 |archive-date=16 January 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Silsiilay]]''
| Sutradhar ||Special appearance || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201922 |title=Silsiilay (2005) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172252/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201922 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]''
| Kishanlal / The Ghost{{efn|name=dual|}} || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540117 |title=Paheli (2005) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303200143/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540117 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2006
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Alag]]''
| Himself ||Special appearance in song "Sabse Alag" || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508924 |title=Alag (2006) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828093959/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508924 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''
|{{Sort|Saran|Dev Saran}} || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509037 |title=Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213020958/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509037 |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref name="awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/11185/index.html |title=Shahrukh Khan: Awards & nominations |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501102732/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/11185/index.html |archive-date=1 May 2009 |access-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don: The Chase Begins Again]]''
|[[Don (character)|Mark "Don" Donald]] / [[Don (franchise)#Vijay|Vijay Pal]]{{efn|name=dual|}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards" /> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534291 |title=Don – The Chase Begins Again (2006) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708065130/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534291 |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]''
| Himself ||Special appearance in song "Subah Subah" || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201853 |title=I See You (2006) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172245/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201853 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2007
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Chak De! India]]''
|{{Sort|Khan|Kabir Khan}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards" /> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65078 |title=Chak De India (2007) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172128/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/65078 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Heyy Babyy]]''
|{{Sort|Malhotra|Raj Malhotra}} ||Special appearance in song "Mast Kalandar" || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54366 |title=Heyy Babyy (2007) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172401/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54366 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
|{{Sort|Kapoor|Om Kapoor (O. K.)}} / Om Prakash "Omi" Makhija{{efn|name=dual|}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards" /> <ref name="oso">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54373 |title=Om Shanti Om (2007) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025045139/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54373 |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2008
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Krazzy 4]]''
| Himself ||Special appearance in song "Break Free" || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54396 |title=Krazzy 4 (2008) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901194133/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54396 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Bhoothnath]]''
|{{Sort|Sharma|Aditya Sharma}} || Special appearance || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538475 |title=Bhoothnath (2008) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902130116/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538475 |archive-date=2 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Shaurya]]''
| Voiceover || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508618 |title=Shaurya (2008) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901034151/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508618 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Kismat Konnection]]''
| Narrator || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Shah-Rukh-is-part-of-my-film/articleshow/3228159.cms |title=Shah Rukh is part of my film |date=14 July 2008 |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724134144/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Shah-Rukh-is-part-of-my-film/articleshow/3228159.cms |archive-date=24 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]''
| Surinder Sahni / Raj Kapoor{{efn|name=twonames|}}||50th Film|| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards" /> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/56215 |title=Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906012215/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/56215 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Luck by Chance]]''
| Himself || Cameo || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201796 |title=Luck by Chance (2009) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901203137/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201796 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Billu]]''
|{{Sort|Khan|Sahir Khan}} || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="billu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/62945 |title=Billu (2009) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724031236/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/62945 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2010
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]''
|{{Sort|Gandhi|Pawan Raj Gandhi}} (PRG) || Special appearance || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533079 |title=Dulha Mil Gaya (2010) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306215204/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533079 |archive-date=6 March 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[My Name Is Khan]]''
|{{Sort|Khan|Rizwan Khan}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="mnik">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502816 |title=My Name Is Khan (2010) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224082913/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502816 |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1765/ |title=Nominations for 56th Idea Filmfare Awards 2010 |date=14 January 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114012817/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1765/ |archive-date=14 November 2013 |access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-name-is-khan-dabangg-shine-at-filmfare-awards-1500857 |title='My Name is Khan', 'Dabangg' shine at Filmfare Awards |date=30 January 2011 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714063752/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-name-is-khan-dabangg-shine-at-filmfare-awards-1500857 |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Shahrukh Bola "Khoobsurat Hai Tu"]]''
| rowspan="3" |Himself ||Special appearance || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507168 |title=Shahrukh Bola Khubsurat Hai Tu (2010) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302045625/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507168 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2011
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Always Kabhi Kabhi]]''
|Special appearance in the song "Antenna" || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="akk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542352 |title=Always Kabhi Kabhi (2011) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301122458/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542352 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]''
|Cameo || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542220 |title=Love Breakups Zindagi (2011) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301021627/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542220 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Ra.One]]''
|G.One / Shekhar Subramanium{{efn|name=dual|}}|| || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ra">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/541043 |title=Ra.One (2011) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415031809/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/541043 |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Don 2]]''
|[[Don (character)|Mark "Don" Donald]]|| Also producer|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525404 |title=Don 2 (2011) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515003617/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/525404 |archive-date=15 May 2016 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2974/Nominations+for+57th+Idea+Filmfare+Awards+2011 |title=Nominations for 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011 |date=11 January 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715230452/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2974/Nominations%2Bfor%2B57th%2BIdea%2BFilmfare%2BAwards%2B2011 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|| 2012
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
|{{Sort|Anand|Samar Anand}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548942 |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716171437/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548942/ |archive-date=16 July 2015 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4404 |title=Nominations for 58th Idea Filmfare Awards 2012 |date=13 January 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116062555/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4404 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''
|Himself ||Special appearance in song "[[Apna Bombay Talkies]]" || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/588998 |title=Bombay Talkies (2013) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707001430/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/588998 |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Chennai Express]]''
|{{Sort|Mithaiwala|Rahul Y. Y. Mithaiwala}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ce">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/570145 |title=Chennai Express (2013) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901142356/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/570145 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6025 |title=Nominations for 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 |date=14 January 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301131802/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6025 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Bhoothnath Returns]]''
|{{Sort|Sharma|Aditya Sharma}} ||Cameo || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/598179 |title=Bhoothnath Returns (2014) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502151913/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/598179 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| Chandramohan "Charlie" Manohar Sharma || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506826 |title=Happy New Year (2014) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116155828/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506826 |archive-date=16 November 2014 |access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|| 2015
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]''
|{{sort|Bakshi|Raj "Kaali" Bakshi / Ramlal}}{{efn|name=twonames|}}
||| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-talks-about-working-with-kajol-in-dilwale-2076630 |title=Shah Rukh Khan talks about working with Kajol in 'Dilwale' |date=11 April 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=12 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413094141/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-talks-about-working-with-kajol-in-dilwale-2076630 |archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |title=Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |date=11 January 2016 |work=Filmfare |access-date=11 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413161505/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
! scope="row" align="left" |''Bhaag Jeetu Bhaag''
|Himself
|Short film; Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14579888/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_2_cdt_t_23]
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]''
|{{sort|Khanna|Aryan Khanna}} / Gaurav Chandna{{efn|name=dual|}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="fan">{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2016/03/shah-rukh-khan-fan-official-trailer-english-subtitles-bollywood-1201711998/ |title='Fan' Trailer: Shah Rukh Khan In Dual Roles As Star And (Much Younger) Stalker |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=1 March 2016 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302103650/https://deadline.com/2016/03/shah-rukh-khan-fan-official-trailer-english-subtitles-bollywood-1201711998/ |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |title=62nd Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 Nominations |date=9 January 2017 |work=Filmfare |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122217/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards-17987.html |archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
| Tahir Taliyar Khan || Cameo || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dna-exclusive-khan-ka-cameo-shah-rukh-khan-s-special-appearance-in-karan-johar-s-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-2244259 |title='Fan' is not the only release for Shah Rukh Khan this year? |last=Rakshit |first=Nayandeep |date=23 August 2016 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=23 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815105831/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dna-exclusive-khan-ka-cameo-shah-rukh-khan-s-special-appearance-in-karan-johar-s-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-2244259 |archive-date=15 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Dear Zindagi]]''
| Dr. Jehangir "Jug" Khan || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="dz">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-just-revealed-a-big-dear-zindagi-spoiler-his-role-is-a-cameo/story-IKg0pKEs1eCIF8bKD4HtBI.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan just revealed a big Dear Zindagi spoiler: His role is a cameo |date=23 November 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123055603/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-just-revealed-a-big-dear-zindagi-spoiler-his-role-is-a-cameo/story-IKg0pKEs1eCIF8bKD4HtBI.html |archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2017
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]''
|{{sort|Aalam|Raees Aalam}}|| || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="raees">{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2016/05/shah-rukh-khan-raees-moved-to-2017-eid-clash-salman-khan-sultan-1201748922/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Raees' Moves To 2017; Clash Avoided With Salman Khan's 'Sultan' |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=4 May 2016 |website=Deadline Hollywood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505141428/http://deadline.com/2016/05/shah-rukh-khan-raees-moved-to-2017-eid-clash-salman-khan-sultan-1201748922/ |archive-date=5 May 2016 |access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/raees-trailer-set-release-next-week/ |title=Raees trailer all set to release next week |date=25 November 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126072943/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/raees-trailer-set-release-next-week/ |archive-date=26 November 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)|Tubelight]]''
| Gogo Pasha ||Cameo|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-salmna-khan-reunion-kabir-khan-tubelight-cameo-954404-2017-01-11 |title=Confirmed: SRK-Salman to reunite on screen after 10 years in Tubelight |date=11 January 2017 |work=India Today |access-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111194142/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-salmna-khan-reunion-kabir-khan-tubelight-cameo/1/854696.html |archive-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"| ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''
|{{sort|Nehra|Harinder "Harry" Singh Nehra}} || || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="jhms">{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iCpVi59HQvws17vMmEyzQO/Film-Review-Jab-Harry-Met-Sejal.html |title=Film Review: Jab Harry Met Sejal |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=4 August 2017 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=4 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804145710/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iCpVi59HQvws17vMmEyzQO/Film-Review-Jab-Harry-Met-Sejal.html |archive-date=4 August 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|| 2018
! scope="row" align="left" | ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''
|{{sort|Singh|Bauaa Singh}}|| || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-zero-5008329/ |title=Everything we know about Shah Rukh Khan's Zero so far |date=3 January 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102080503/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-zero-5008329/ |archive-date=2 January 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[The Zoya Factor (film)|The Zoya Factor]]''
| Narrator || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-plays-sutradhar-zoya-factor-anil-kapoor-hilarious-cameo/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan plays sutradhar in The Zoya Factor; Anil Kapoor has a hilarious cameo! |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 September 2019 |access-date=23 September 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923115301/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-plays-sutradhar-zoya-factor-anil-kapoor-hilarious-cameo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2022
! scope="row" align="left" | ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
| rowspan="2" | Himself ||Special appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rocketry-trailer-madhavan-promises-a-riveting-biopic-with-cameos-by-suriya-shah-rukh-khan-7254586/ |title=Rocketry trailer: Madhavan promises a riveting biopic with cameos by Shah Rukh Khan, Suriya |date=April 2021 |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005021337/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rocketry-trailer-madhavan-promises-a-riveting-biopic-with-cameos-by-suriya-shah-rukh-khan-7254586/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" | ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]''
|Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-directs-shah-rukh-khans-cameo-in-laal-singh-chaddha-44788.html|title=Aamir Khan directs Shah Rukh Khan's cameo in Laal Singh Chaddha|work=Filmfare.com|access-date=20 April 2022|archive-date=20 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420045926/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-directs-shah-rukh-khans-cameo-in-laal-singh-chaddha-44788.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" | ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|Mohan Bhargav||Special appearance
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-eternally-grateful-to-him-karan-johar-confirms-shah-rukh-khan-s-cameo-in-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-s-brahmastra-2811212|title=Eternally grateful to him: Karan Johar confirms Shah Rukh Khan's cameo in Ranbir Kapoor-Alia Bhatt's 'Brahmastra'|work=DNA India|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=29 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429052235/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-eternally-grateful-to-him-karan-johar-confirms-shah-rukh-khan-s-cameo-in-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-s-brahmastra-2811212|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=SRK's Scene Stealing Cameo Unveils Brahmastra's Interesting Connection With Iconic 'Swades' |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/116689-shah-rukh-khan-brahmastra-cameo-scene-stealing-swades-connection-mohan-bhargav.html |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=mensxp.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911084637/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/116689-shah-rukh-khan-brahmastra-cameo-scene-stealing-swades-connection-mohan-bhargav.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
| Pathaan
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=Shah Rukh Khan starts shooting for 'Pathan' today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-shah-rukh-khan-starts-shooting-for-pathan-today/articleshow/79276617.cms |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119065720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-shah-rukh-khan-starts-shooting-for-pathan-today/articleshow/79276617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |''[[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']]''
| Vikram Rathore / Azad Rathore{{efn|name=dual|}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=Tamil director Atlee's next film with Shah Rukh Khan; Nayanthara all set to roll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tamil-director-atlees-next-film-with-shah-rukh-khan-nayanthara-all-set-to-roll/articleshow/85886185.cms |access-date=3 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206090704/https://timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tamil-director-atlees-next-film-with-shah-rukh-khan-nayanthara-all-set-to-roll/articleshow/85886185.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|''[[Tiger 3]]''
| Pathaan
|Cameo
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-29 |title=Salman Khan teases film with Shah Rukh Khan, says Tiger 3 eyeing December 2022 release |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-teases-film-with-shah-rukh-says-tiger-3-eyeing-december-2022-release-7693653/ |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320101404/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-teases-film-with-shah-rukh-says-tiger-3-eyeing-december-2022-release-7693653/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]''
| Hardayal "Hardy" Singh Dhillon
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2022|title=Shah Rukh Khan begins shooting for Rajkumar Hirani's next in Mumbai|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-begins-shooting-rajkumar-hiranis-next-mumbai/|access-date=16 April 2022|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416133935/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-begins-shooting-rajkumar-hiranis-next-mumbai/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shah Rukh Khan and Taapsee Pannu's film with director Rajkumar Hirani titled Dunki; to release on December 22, 2023|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannus-film-director-rajkumar-hirani-titled-dunki-release-december-22-2023/|date=19 April 2022|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419105426/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannus-film-director-rajkumar-hirani-titled-dunki-release-december-22-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|[[King (2026 film)|King]]}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2025 |title=Suhana Khan and Abhay Verma begin 'King' movie shoot without Shah Rukh Khan; superstar to join production later |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/suhana-khan-and-abhay-verma-start-filming-king-without-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/121305974.cms |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 12em;" | Role
! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988
! scope="row"| ''[[Fauji (TV series)|Fauji]]''
| {{Sort|Rai|Abhimanyu Rai}}
| 13 episodes
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="tandon">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/02lekh.htm |title=I can't take credit for Shah Rukh's success |last=Khubchandani, Lata |date=1 June 2004 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628063812/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/02lekh.htm |archive-date=28 June 2012 |access-date=22 October 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Yesterday-once-more/articleshow/3886978.cms |title=Yesterday once more |date=25 December 2008 |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 May 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Yesterday-once-more/articleshow/3886978.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Dil Dariya''
| Nandu
| 12 episodes
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="tandon" />
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1989
! scope="row"| ''Umeed''
| Anand Gupta
|14 episodes
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="tv">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/25/stories/2007082551100300.htm |title=The King and the Khan |last=Kohli |first=Suresh |date=25 August 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518205140/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/25/stories/2007082551100300.htm |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Mahan Karz''
| Kanwar Singh
|[[Television film]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cftia.com/ |title=The King and the Khan |date=25 August 2007 |work=cftia |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517055345/http://cftia.com/ |archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Police Station"
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="tv" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]''
| Senior
| Television film
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/shah-rukh-khan-live-life-king-khan-size-287397 |title=Shah Rukh Khan : Live life King Khan size |last=Roy |first=Gitanjali |date=14 November 2012 |publisher=NDTV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519122421/http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/shah-rukh-khan-live-life-king-khan-size-287397 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/Business_of_Bollywood/Indias_lost_cult_films/rssarticleshow/3067501.cms |title=India's lost cult films |last=Doctor |first=Vikram |date=24 May 2008 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006222552/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/Business_of_Bollywood/Indias_lost_cult_films/rssarticleshow/3067501.cms |archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Doosra Keval]]''
| Keval
| 13 episodes
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/my-wife-doesnt-think-i-am-a-good-actor-shah-rukh-khan-1588.html |title="My wife doesn't think I am a good actor." – Shah Rukh Khan |last=Joshi |first=Meera |date=31 October 2012 |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530102406/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/my-wife-doesnt-think-i-am-a-good-actor-shah-rukh-khan-1588.html |archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 1989–1990
! scope="row"| ''[[Circus (Indian TV series)|Circus]]''
| Shekharan
|19 episodes
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article967475.ece |title=I went into depression, but am back: Shah Rukh Khan |date=21 December 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518173441/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article967475.ece |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
! scope="row"| ''[[Idiot (1992 film)|Idiot]]''
|{{Sort|Raghurajan|Pawan Raghurajan}}
|4-part [[miniseries]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/columns/mani-kaul-does-what-he-must/article1-408865.aspx |title=Mani Kaul does what he must |last=Ghosh |first=Paramnita |date=8 May 2009 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518190043/http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/columns/mani-kaul-does-what-he-must/article1-408865.aspx |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jul/14/mani-kaul-obituary |title=Mani Kaul obituary |last=Malcolm |first=Derek |date=14 July 2011 |work=The Guardian |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224083942/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jul/14/mani-kaul-obituary |archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
! scope="row"| ''[[Rajani (TV series)|Rajani]]''
| rowspan="7" | Himself
| 2 episodes
|style="text-align:center;"|
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=RIP Legend: Byomkesh Bakshi to Rajani, TV shows directed by Basu Chatterjee |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-basu-chatterjee-death-byomkesh-bakshi-rajani-doordarshan-tv-shows-director-623350 |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=India TV News |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517224800/https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-basu-chatterjee-death-byomkesh-bakshi-rajani-doordarshan-tv-shows-director-623350 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2013
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|1 episode
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2013-07-24 |title=Shah Rukh Khan promotes Chennai Express on Tarak Mehta Ka Ulta Chashma sets (view pics) |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-promote-chennai-express-tarak-mehta-ka-ulta-8836.html |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2020-09-17 |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah: When Shah Rukh Khan Ignored Jethalal! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-when-shah-rukh-khan-ignored-jethalal/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|1 episode
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-21 |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah's Kush Shah aka Goli calls shooting with Shah Rukh Khan as his favorite memory; recalls 'We Watched a KKR match in his Vanity, he ordered Idli at 4 AM' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmahs-kush-shah-aka-goli-calls-shooting-with-shah-rukh-khan-as-his-favorite-memory-recalls-we-watched-a-kkr-match-in-his-vanity-he-ordered-idli-at-4-am/articleshow/121304484.cms |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Living with [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]''
|Four part [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel]] documentary series
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-gets-emotional-after-watching-documentary-made-on-kolkata-knight-riders-486075 |title=Shah Rukh Khan gets emotional after watching documentary made on Kolkata Knight Riders |date=20 February 2014 |publisher=NDTV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613051756/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-gets-emotional-after-watching-documentary-made-on-kolkata-knight-riders-486075 |archive-date=13 June 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
! scope="row" |[[CID (Indian TV series)|''C.I.D'']]
|Episode 1316: "Shah Rukh Khan in Dilwale"
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 11, 2015 |title=Here's how Shah Rukh Khan saves ACP Pradyuman from trouble, on CID |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what's-hot/story/shah-rukh-khan-to-save-in-trouble-acp-pradyuman-on-cid-dring-dilwale-promotions-kajol-varun-dhawan-kriti-sanon-276731-2015-12-11 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240411160113/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what's-hot/story/shah-rukh-khan-to-save-in-trouble-acp-pradyuman-on-cid-dring-dilwale-promotions-kajol-varun-dhawan-kriti-sanon-276731-2015-12-11 |archive-date=April 11, 2024 |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"scope="row" |''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|1 episode
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shah Rukh & Kajol promotes Dilwale on 'Taarak Mehta...' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shah-rukh-kajol-promotes-dilwale-on-taarak-mehta-/photostory/50173629.cms |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|1 episode
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-24 |title=Throwback to Shah Rukh Khan taking care of Disha Vakani on the sets of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah when he learnt about her pregnancy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/throwback-to-shah-rukh-khan-taking-care-of-disha-vakani-on-the-sets-of-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-when-he-learnt-about-her-pregnancy/articleshow/119387292.cms |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=DYK TMKOC's Disha Vakani was floored by Shah Rukh Khan's gesture |url=https://www.masala.com/tv-news/tmkoc-disha-vakani-was-floored-by-shah-rukh-khan-gesture |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Masala! |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
! scope="row"| ''[[The Forgotten Army – Azaadi Ke Liye]]''
| Narrator
| Miniseries
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-shah-rukh-khan-turns-narrator-for-kabir-khan-s-the-forgotten-army-2808006 |title=Shah Rukh Khan turns narrator for Kabir Khan's The Forgotten Army? |date=4 January 2020 |website=DNA India |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203000321/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-shah-rukh-khan-turns-narrator-for-kabir-khan-s-the-forgotten-army-2808006 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives]]''
| rowspan="7" | Himself
| Reality show; episode 8
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vasudevan |first1=Aishwarya |title='Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives' trailer: Shah Rukh-Gauri steal the show in Seema, Maheep, Bhavana, Neelam's series |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-trailer-shah-rukh-khan-gauri-khan-steal-the-show-in-seema-khan-maheep-kapoor-bhavana-panday-neelam-kothari-soni-s-series-2856284 |access-date=16 November 2020 |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113075150/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-fabulous-lives-of-bollywood-wives-trailer-shah-rukh-khan-gauri-khan-steal-the-show-in-seema-khan-maheep-kapoor-bhavana-panday-neelam-kothari-soni-s-series-2856284 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row"|''[[The Romantics (TV series)|The Romantics]]''
| Documentary series about [[Yash Chopra]] ; episode: "The Boy from Jalandhar"
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Wagmeister|first1=Elizabeth|date=23 June 2020|title=Netflix Orders Unscripted Indian Matchmaking Series and Autism Dating Show (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/netflix-dating-shows-indian-matchmaking-love-on-the-spectrum-1234646974/|access-date=21 July 2020|website=Variety|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718081153/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/netflix-dating-shows-indian-matchmaking-love-on-the-spectrum-1234646974/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Angry Young Men (mini series)|Angry Young Men]]''
| Documentary series about [[Salim–Javed]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Angry-Young-Men/0PCKSMVTFQD30VBOCO3CMTDIXJ|title=Angry Young Men|work=[[Prime Video]]|accessdate=2025-01-21}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Yo Yo Honey Singh: Famous''
| Documentary series about [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-i-was-going-to-die-honey-singh-clarifies-on-shah-rukh-khan-slapping-him-during-us-tour-3123535|title='I was going to die...': Honey Singh clarifies on Shah Rukh Khan slapping him during US tour|last=Agarwal|first=Varsha|work=[[DNA India]]|date=2024-12-21|accessdate=2025-01-21}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Nayanthara: Beyond the Fairytale]]''
|Documentary series about [[Nayanthara]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/nayanthara-beyond-the-fairy-tale-review-a-bland-career-chronicle-meets-touching-love-story-in-netflix-documentary|title='Nayanthara: Beyond The Fairy Tale' Review: A Bland Career Chronicle Meets Touching Love Story In Netflix Documentary|last=Mehrotra|first=Suchin|work=The Hollywood Reporter India|date=2024-12-13|accessdate=2025-07-21}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
! scope="row" | ''[[The Roshans]]''
| Documentary series about [[Roshan Lal Nagrath]], [[Rajesh Roshan]], [[Hrithik Roshan]]
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-roshans-trailer-netflix-docu-series-explores-hrithik-roshan-and-familys-legacy-priyanka-chopra-srk-feature-too-101736418693020.html|title=The Roshans trailer: Netflix docu-series explores Hrithik Roshan and family's legacy; Priyanka Chopra, SRK feature too|last=Nyayapati|first=Neeshita|work=Hindustan Times|date=2025-01-09|accessdate=2025-01-11}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
|Cameo
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/179536-bads-of-bollywood-aryan-khan-achieves-what-farah-khan-couldnt-om-shanti-om.html|title=With The Ba***ds of Bollywood, Aryan Khan Achieved What Farah Khan Couldn't 18 Years Ago|last=Chauhan|first=Gaurang|work=MensXP|date=2025-09-09|accessdate=2025-09-09}}</ref>
|}

=== As host ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 25em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2003
! scope="row"| [[48th Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |Television special
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/33453843.cms |title=Filmfare Awards 2002: Big Night |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040118033950/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/33453843.cms |archive-date=18 January 2004 |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2004
! scope="row"| [[49th Filmfare Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-509934,curpg-5.cms |title=Filmfare Awards 2003: Big Night |publisher=Indiatimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140520113904/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-509934,curpg-5.cms |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2005
! scope="row"| [[6th IIFA Awards|6th International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050613/main6.htm |title=6 IIFA awards go to 'Veer-Zaara' |last=Tharakan |first=Tony |date=12 June 2005 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509222506/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050613/main6.htm |archive-date=9 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2006
! scope="row"| [[Global Indian Film Awards|2nd Global Indian Film Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/223-1.html |title=GIFA awards night |publisher=CNN-IBN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520215745/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/223-1.html |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
! scope="row"| [[52nd Filmfare Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rang-De-Basanti-sweeps-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/1676126.cms |title=Rang De Basanti sweeps Filmfare awards |date=25 February 2007 |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518040750/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rang-De-Basanti-sweeps-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/1676126.cms |archive-date=18 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]''
|Game show; season 3
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-22/news/28431656_1_host-two-amitabh-bachchan-kaun-banega-crorepati |title=Amitabh Bachchan to host two more seasons of Kaun Banega Crorepati |date=22 January 2011 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=19 May 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902163708/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-22/news/28431656_1_host-two-amitabh-bachchan-kaun-banega-crorepati |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
! scope="row"| [[53rd Filmfare Awards]]
|Television special
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/feb/250210-Informer-1.htm |title=SRK and Saif return as hosts of the Filmfare awards |date=25 February 2010 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908045500/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/feb/250210-Informer-1.htm |archive-date=8 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?]]''
|Game show
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="tez">{{Cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-31916320080213 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to be quizmaster on TV – again |date=13 February 2008 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609115242/http://in.reuters.com/article/2008/02/13/idINIndia-31916320080213 |archive-date=9 June 2012 |access-date=31 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
! scope="row"| 16th [[Star Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |Television special
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/gagsters-ball-5/ |title=Gagsters ball |last=Sahani |first=Alaka |date=29 January 2010 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220425/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/gagsters-ball-5/ |archive-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[55th Filmfare Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/3-Idiots-shines-at-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/5624906.cms |title=3 Idiots shines at Filmfare Awards |date=27 February 2010 |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724115451/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/3-Idiots-shines-at-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/5624906.cms |archive-date=24 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[2010 Indian Premier League#IPL Awards 2010|Indian Premiere League Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/Karan-Johar-Shah-Rukh-Khan-to-host-IPL-Awards/Article1-531406.aspx |title=Karan Johar, Shah Rukh Khan to host IPL Awards |date=15 April 2010 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012003535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/Karan-Johar-Shah-Rukh-Khan-to-host-IPL-Awards/Article1-531406.aspx |archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| Sahara India Sports Awards 2010
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/120134/filmi-fundas.html |title=Filmi Fundas: Playing a perfect host |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220301/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/120134/filmi-fundas.html |archive-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
! scope="row"| 17th [[Star Screen Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/top-of-the-pack-2/ |title=Top of the Pack |last=Pereira |first=Priyanka |date=14 January 2011 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520221045/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/top-of-the-pack-2/ |archive-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]''
|Game show
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="zor">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/king-khan-s-zor-ka-jhatka-for-tv-viewers/article1-658668.aspx |title=King Khan's Zor Ka Jhatka for TV viewers |last=Saxena |first=Poonam |date=4 February 2011 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/king-khan-s-zor-ka-jhatka-for-tv-viewers/article1-658668.aspx |archive-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
! scope="row"| 18th [[Colors Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |Television special
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/1401440 |title=SRK, Shahid, Sajid Khan to host Colors Screen Awards 2012 |date=14 January 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709155057/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/1401440 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[57th Filmfare Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-Ranbir-to-host-57th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/11488498.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054029/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/news-interviews/30627832_1_filmfare-awards-ranbir-and-imran-host |url-status=live |archive-date=12 October 2013 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Ranbir to host 57th Idea Filmfare Awards |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |date=15 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Zee Cine Awards]] 2012
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-why-priyanka-chopra-and-shah-rukh-khan-are-a-jodi-1608848 |title=Zee Cine Awards: Why Priyanka Chopra and Shah Rukh Khan are a 'jodi' |last=Kadam |first=Prachi |date=7 November 2011 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032241/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-why-priyanka-chopra-and-shah-rukh-khan-are-a-jodi-1608848 |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
! scope="row"| 19th [[Colors Screen Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rocks/1064260/ |title=Shah Rocks |last=Kulkarni |first=Onkar |date=25 January 2013 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194016/http://archive.indianexpress.com/static/sorry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[58th Filmfare Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-and-Saif-at-their-funniest-best-on-Filmfare-night/articleshow/18148152.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729174110/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/news-interviews/36505046_1_saif-ali-khan-agent-vinod-rukh-khan |url-status=live |archive-date=29 July 2013 |title=SRK and Saif at their funniest best on Filmfare night |last=Sinha |first=Seema |date=23 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[14th IIFA Awards|14th International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/entertainment/iifa-2013/chunk-ht-ui-iifa2013-topstories/shah-rukh-khan-shahid-kapoor-to-co-host-iifa-awards/sp-article10-1081583.aspx |title=Shah Rukh Khan-Shahid Kapoor to co-host IIFA awards |last=Bakshi |first=Dibyojyoti |date=24 June 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426224826/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/entertainment/iifa-2013/chunk-ht-ui-iifa2013-topstories/shah-rukh-khan-shahid-kapoor-to-co-host-iifa-awards/sp-article10-1081583.aspx |archive-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2014
! scope="row"| [[20th Screen Awards|20th Life OK Screen Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-screen-awards-2014/1217340/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan to host Screen Awards 2014 |date=13 January 2014 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530124756/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-screen-awards-2014/1217340/ |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
! scope="row"| [[21st Screen Awards|21st Life OK Screen Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-rehearses-for-21st-life-ok-screen-awards/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan rehearses for 21st Life OK Screen Awards |last=Pacheco |first=Sunitra |date=13 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118001556/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-rehearses-for-21st-life-ok-screen-awards/ |archive-date=18 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun?]]''
|Game show
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-show-to-go-live-with-tv-on-march-2/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan's new show to go live with &TV on March 2 |date=24 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=24 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124131822/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-show-to-go-live-with-tv-on-march-2/ |archive-date=24 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2016
! scope="row"| [[61st Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Television special
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-off-with-your-pants-says-alia-bhatt-to-shah-rukh-khan-2175389 |title=Filmfare Awards 2016: "Off with your pants!" Alia Bhatt tells Shah Rukh Khan! |date=8 February 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313023147/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-off-with-your-pants-says-alia-bhatt-to-shah-rukh-khan-2175389 |archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2017
! scope="row"| [[62nd Filmfare Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/raees-this-is-how-shah-rukh-khan-will-host-this-year-s-filmfare-awards/story-f6PsLAQy5L6akiJMcQmJjL.html |title=Raees: This is how Shah Rukh Khan will host this year's Filmfare Awards |author=Asian News International |location=New Delhi, India |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=10 January 2017 |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203120344/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/raees-this-is-how-shah-rukh-khan-will-host-this-year-s-filmfare-awards/story-f6PsLAQy5L6akiJMcQmJjL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017–2018
! scope="row"| [[TED Talks India Nayi Soch]]
|Talk show
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/life/let-shahrukh-khan-and-ted-talks-india-inspire-you-every-sunday |title=Let Shah Rukh Khan and TED Talks India Inspire You Every Sunday |last=Singh |first=Ajit |date=12 December 2017 |work=The Quint |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193418/https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/life/let-shahrukh-khan-and-ted-talks-india-inspire-you-every-sunday |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2018
! scope="row"| [[63rd Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Television special
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-jio-filmfare-awards/articleshow/62261175.cms |title=Shah Rukh Khan to host Jio Filmfare Awards |author=Times News Network |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 December 2017 |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503165730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-jio-filmfare-awards/articleshow/62261175.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
! scope="row"| [[64th Filmfare Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-all-inside-details-about-the-big-night-33003.html |title=The 64th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards: All inside details about the big night |date=22 March 2019 |website=Filmfare |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331192831/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-all-inside-details-about-the-big-night-33003.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[TED Talks India Nayi Soch|TED Talks India Nayi Baat]]
|Talk show
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shah-rukh-khan-ted-talks-india-nayi-baat-all-you-need-to-know-6099585/ |title=TED Talks India Nayi Baat: All you need to know about Shah Rukh Khan's show |work=The Indian Express |date=2 November 2019 |access-date=14 November 2019 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105123500/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shah-rukh-khan-ted-talks-india-nayi-baat-all-you-need-to-know-6099585/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row"| [[24th IIFA Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | Television special
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/uae-vicky-kaushal-to-co-host-iifa-awards-2024-with-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar |title=UAE: Vicky Kaushal to co-host IIFA Awards 2024 with Shah Rukh Khan, Karan Johar }}</ref>
|-
|2025
! scope="row"| [[70th Filmfare Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rang-De-Basanti-sweeps-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/1676126.cms |title=Rang De Basanti sweeps Filmfare awards |date=25 February 2007 |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518040750/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rang-De-Basanti-sweeps-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/1676126.cms |archive-date=18 May 2012}}</ref>
|}

==Music videos==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 18em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Performer
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Album
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Kya Khoya"
| 2002
| [[Jagjit Singh]]
| ''Samvedna''
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/atal-bihari-vajpayee-dead-shah-rukh-khan-amitabh-bachchan-together-video-1315541-2018-08-16 |title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee got Shah Rukh and Amitabh together once. Watch video |date=16 August 2018 |work=India Today |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012401/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/atal-bihari-vajpayee-dead-shah-rukh-khan-amitabh-bachchan-together-video-1315541-2018-08-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Phir Mile Sur Mera Tumhara]]"
| 2010
| Various
| {{mdash}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/karunya-sings-prince-mahesh-babu-phir-mile-sur |title=Karunya sings for Prince Mahesh Babu in Phir Mile Sur |date=30 January 2010 |work=Radioandmusic.com |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810210426/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/karunya-sings-prince-mahesh-babu-phir-mile-sur |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Jai Hind India"
| 2018
| [[AR Rahman]],[[Nakul Abhyankar]], MC Heam
| {{mdash}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/061218/jai-hind-india-goes-beyond-sports-says-ar-rahman.html |title='Jai Hind India' goes beyond sports, says AR Rahman |work=The Asian Age |date=5 December 2018 |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207185200/http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/061218/jai-hind-india-goes-beyond-sports-says-ar-rahman.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "BIBA"
| 2019
| [[Shirley Setia]], [[Dev Negi]]
| ''BIBA''
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shah-rukh-khan-makes-special-appearance-marshmello-latest-track-biba-5587912/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan makes a special appearance in Marshmello's latest track BIBA |date=17 February 2019 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021511/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shah-rukh-khan-makes-special-appearance-marshmello-latest-track-biba-5587912/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Sab Sahi Ho Jayega"
| 2019
| Shahrukh Khan
| {{mdash}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-04 |title=Shah Rukh Khan sings, 'Time Kitna Bura Chal Raha Hai, SRK Bhi Singer Ban Raha Hai' for #IForIndia concert ft. son Abram Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-sings-time-kitna-bura-chal-raha-hai-srk-bhi-singer-ban-raha-hai-for-iforindia-concert-ft-son-abram-khan/articleshow/75523985.cms |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Sapphire (Ed Sheeran song)|Sapphire]]"
| 2025
| [[Ed Sheeran]], [[Arijit Singh]]
| ''[[Play (Ed Sheeran album)|Play]]''
| <ref>{{cite news
|title=Ed Sheeran sings with Shah Rukh Khan and Arijit Singh in music video for Sapphire
|work=The Indian Express
|date=5 June 2025
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/ed-sheeran-with-shah-rukh-khan-and-arijit-singh-in-music-video-for-sapphire-10051478/
|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|26em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Cite book |title=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema |title-link=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |publisher=Warner Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-446-50898-8}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yQYcxZ8wmsC&pg=PT385 |title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema |last=Patel |first=Bhaichand |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8475-598-5 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb9vAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1894 |title=Bollywood in the Age of New Media: The Geo-televisual Aesthetic |last=Basu |first=Anustup |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7486-8676-6 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT431 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last1=Gulzar |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 }}

* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMOeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 |title=Derek Introduces: 100 Iconic Indians |last=O'Brien |first=Derek |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-291-3413-4 |access-date=13 October 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165247/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMOeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HS9IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT246 |title=World Cinema through Global Genres |last=Costanzo |first=William V. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-118-71310-5 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgZTUn00crMC |title=Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora |last1=Bhattacharya Mehta |first1=Rini |last2=Pandharipande |first2=Rajeshwari |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84331-889-7 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0451321|name=Shah Rukh Khan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120109172804/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/6793 Shah Rukh Khan] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Shah Rukh Khan}}
{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film}}
{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Shah Rukh}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Shah Rukh Khan|Filmography]]

Timeline of Prayagraj

2026-03-20T16:50:40Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding a pg

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
This is a '''timeline of the [[History of Allahabad|history]] of the city of [[Prayagraj]]''', [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.
{{Dynamic list}}

==7th century BCE==
{{center|'''c. 600'''}}
*Excavations have revealed [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] dating to [[Iron Age in India|Indian Iron Age]].<ref name="Dubey2001">{{cite book|author=Shiva Kumar Dubey|title=Kumbh city Prayag|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHzXAAAAMAAJ|access-date=4 November 2014|publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training|pages=31–41|year=2001}}</ref>

==4th century BCE==
{{center|'''312'''}}
*A strong fortification at Prayaga was recorded by [[Seleucus I Nicator]] at the junction of [[Ganga river|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna river]].<ref name="MHBI HSB p95">{{cite book |last=Bhatia |first=H. S. |date=1 January 2008 |title=Military History of British India, 1607-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lrjr7P2HMfkC&q=history+of+allahabad&pg=PA96 |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |page=95 |isbn= 9788184500790|access-date=2 November 2014 }}</ref>

==3rd century BCE==
{{center|'''250'''}}
*A sculptured monument ([[Pillars of Ashoka]]) was erected in Prayaga by [[Ashoka the Great]] for inscribing [[Edicts of Ashoka|his edicts]].<ref name="MHBI HSB p95"/>
==3rd century CE==
{{center|'''240'''}}
*Early [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]] under [[Sri Gupta]] fanned out from Prayag.<ref>{{Citation |last=Sharma |first=R.S. |title=Rise and Growth of the Gupta Empire |date=2007-01-25 |work=India’s Ancient Past |pages=242 |editor-last= |editor-first= |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27690/chapter-abstract/197832883?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=true |access-date= |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-568785-9 |quote=UP therefore seems to have been the place from where the Guptas operated and fanned out in different directions. Probably with their centre of power at Prayag, they spread into the neighbouring regions.}}</ref>
==4th century CE==
{{center|'''350'''}}
*In the [[Allahabad pillar|Prayag Prasasti]], Sri Gupta and [[Ghatotkacha]] are given the title of [[Mahārāja]] while [[Chandragupta I]] and [[Samudragupta]] are referred to as ''Mahārājādhirāja''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sanjeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mN0UEQAAQBAJ |title=Treasures of the Gupta Empire: A Numismatic History of the Golden Age of India |date=18 July 2024 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-80327-796-7 |page=28 |language=en}}</ref>

==5th century CE==
{{center|'''455'''}}
*Prayag remains imperial capital until the reign of [[Kumaragupta I]], later in about 455 CE, emperor [[Skandagupta]] shifted the center of power to [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/goyal-1967/page/210/mode/1up |title=History Of The Imperial Guptas |language=English |quote=The capital of the Guptas was located somewhere in the eastern part of U. P. The evidence of the Puranas from which we learn that Prayāga was the nucleus of the original Gupta state, the incision of the prasasti of Samudragupta on a stone pillar at Prayāga, the discovery of several other early Gupta inscriptions and numerous hoards of coins from this area, and the possibility of the performance of Asvamedha at Prayāga by Samudragupta bring out the fact that at least in the early part of their history, the Guptas had their capital at Prayāga. [...] Later on, however, Ayodhyā was made the formal residence of the emperor, for, Paramartha, a Buddhist scholar of the Gupta age refers to this city as the capital of Vikramaditya i.e. Skandagupta who appointed Vasubandhu as the teacher of his crown-prince Bālāditya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakker |first=Hans |date=1982-01-01 |title=The rise of Ayodhyā as a place of pilgrimage |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/iij/24/2/article-p103_2.xml |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=103–126 |doi=10.1163/000000082790081267 |issn=0019-7246 |quote=During the reign of either the emperor Kumāragupta or, more probably, that of his successor Skandagupta (AD 455–467), the capital of the empire was moved from Pāțaliputra to Ayodhyā...|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==7th century CE==
{{center|'''612'''}}
*[[Harsha]]'s official coronation and a religious conference took place in the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |date=1 May 2009 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=Allahabad&pg=SL1-PA63 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |pages=A-16 |isbn= 9788120740747|access-date=24 March 2014 }}</ref>

{{center|'''644'''}}

The Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]] (Hiuen Tsang) described a ritual organized by Emperor [[Shiladitya]] (identified with [[Harsha]]) at the confluence of two rivers, in the kingdom of Po-lo-ye-kia (identified with Prayaga). He also mentions that many hundreds took a bath at the confluence, to wash away their sins.<ref name="Xuanzang">[http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Xuan-Zang-Book-V.pdf Buddhist Records of the Western World, Book V] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051904/http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Xuan-Zang-Book-V.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} by Xuan Zang</ref> According to some scholars, this is earliest surviving historical account of the [[Allahabad Kumbh Mela|Prayaga Kumbh Mela]], which took place in Prayaga in 644 CE.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Dilip Kumar Roy |author2=Indira Devi |title=Kumbha: India's ageless festival |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtZKAAAAMAAJ |year=1955 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=xxii}}</ref> However, Xuanzang's reference is about an event that happened every 5 years (and not 12 years), and might have been a Buddhist celebration (since Harsha was a Buddhist emperor).<ref name="Kama_ET_2010">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news/37008284_1_kumbh-mela-prayag-haridwar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213141857/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news/37008284_1_kumbh-mela-prayag-haridwar |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2013 |title=Kumbh mela dates back to mid-19th century, shows research |date=2013-02-10 |newspaper=Economic Times |author=Vikram Doctor }}</ref><ref name="KM_2003">{{cite journal |jstor=3591863 |title=Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad |author=Kama MacLean |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=62 |issue=3 |date=August 2003 |doi=10.2307/3591863 |pages=873–905 |s2cid=162404242 }}</ref>

==10th century CE==
{{center|'''916'''}}
*[[Pratihara Empire]] including Prayaga and [[Kannauj]] was captured and plundered by [[Indra III]] under the reign of [[Mahipala I]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |date=1 May 2009 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=Allahabad&pg=SL1-PA63 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |pages=21 |isbn= 9788120740747|access-date=24 March 2014 }}</ref>

==12th century CE==
{{center|'''1194'''}}
*The city was invaded by [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shihab ad-Din]], the [[sultan]] of [[Ghurid Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |author= |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India v. 5 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_237.gif |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |page=299 |access-date=6 November 2014 |edition=New }}</ref>

==14th century CE==
{{center|'''c. 1300 – c. 1400'''}}
*City went under the [[Khalji dynasty]], ruled by [[Alauddin Khalji]].<ref name="MHBI HSB p96"/>

==16th century CE==
{{center|'''c. 1575 – c. 1583'''}}
*''[[Akbarnama]]'' mentions that the [[Mughal emperor]] Akbar founded a great city in Prayag. [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] and [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an Imperial City at Prayag which he called ''Ilahabas''.<ref name=Ujagir>{{cite book|title=Allahabad: a study in urban geography|author=Ujagir Singh|publisher=[[Banaras Hindu University]]|year=1958|pages=31–32}}</ref>

{{center|'''c. 1575 – c. 1583'''}}

The [[Allahabad Fort]] was built by [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] at Prayag. He had been impressed with its strategic position, as it sat on the confluence of Ganga and Yamuna, with the fort allowing for any movement along both.<ref name=Kumbh62>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA62|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954|page=62|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Kama Maclean|year=2008|isbn=9780195338942}}</ref>

{{center|'''c. 1574 – c. 1584'''}}
* Per [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l Fazal]], Akbar laid the foundations of a city called ''Ilahabas'' at the town of Prayag on 13 November 1583.<ref name="Surendra">{{cite book|title=Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580-1707|page=85|publisher=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|author=Surendra Nath Sinha|year=1974}}</ref>
* Per [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]], the date of its founding as 14 June 1574.<ref name=Surendra/>
* [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] mentions two different dates, one as 13 July 1574. He also mentioned Akbar laying the foundation in the section about occurrences in the year 1584.<ref name=Surendra/>

{{center|'''1580'''}}
*Akbar divides his empire into 12 subahs based on names of the country or their capital. The "Subah of Ilahabas" is created.<ref name="Surendra"/>

==17th century CE==

{{center|'''c. 1602 – c. 1604'''}}

* [[Prince Salim]] seizes its treasury and establishes himself as a virtually independent ruler.<ref name=Eraly>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA223|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|page=223|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Books India]]|author=Abraham Eraly|year=2000|author-link=Abraham Eraly|isbn=9780141001432}}</ref> In May 1602, Salim had his name read in [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayers]] and his name minted on coins in Illahabas. Akbar reconciled with Salim and the latter returned to the royal court in 1604.<ref name=Richards>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA55|title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1, Volume 5|page=55|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author=John F. Richards|year=1995|author-link=John F. Richards|isbn=9780521566032}}</ref>

{{center|'''c. 1622'''}}
*[[Prince Khusrau]] died that year.<ref>Mahajan V.D. (1991, reprint 2007) ''History of Medieval India'', Part II, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, pp.126-7</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |date=15 January 2014 |title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&q=khusrau+mirza+died&pg=PA1163 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=1163 |isbn= 9781610690263|access-date=3 November 2014 }}</ref> After his death his father [[Jahangir]] built his mausoleum in the city along with his mother and sister at [[Khusro Bagh]].<ref name="MHBI HSB p96">{{cite book |last=Bhatia |first=H. S. |date=1 January 2008 |title=Military History of British India, 1607-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lrjr7P2HMfkC&q=history+of+allahabad&pg=PA96 |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |page=96 |isbn= 9788184500790|access-date=2 November 2014 }}</ref>

==18th century CE==
{{center|'''1721'''}}
*[[Muhammad Khan Bangash]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] became the [[subahdar]] ([[governor]]) of Illahabas Province.<ref name="beck">{{cite web|url=http://www.san.beck.org/2-10-Marathas1707-1800.html|publisher=san.beck.org|title=Marathas and the English Company 1707-1818 by Sanderson Beck|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="bangaloremirror">{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/views/Giving-women-their-due-in-history/articleshow/49896877.cms|publisher=bangaloremirror.com|title=Giving women their due in history - Bangalore Mirror|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
{{center|'''1735'''}}
*City fell into the hands of [[Maratha Empire]] until 1750.<ref name="MHBI HSB p96"/>
{{center|'''1750'''}}
*[[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh#Pathans of Qaimganj and Farrukhabad|Pathans of Farrukhabad]] sacked the city.<ref name="MHBI HSB p96"/>
{{center|'''1753'''}}
*[[Safdarjung]], the [[Nawab of Awadh]] seized the city and held it until 1765.<ref name="MHBI HSB p96"/>
{{center|'''1765'''}}
*12 August: [[Treaty of Allahabad]] was signed. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of [[Company rule in India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |date=1 May 2009 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=Allahabad&pg=SL1-PA63 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |pages=A-96 |isbn= 9788120740747|access-date=24 March 2014 }}</ref>

==19th century CE==

{{center|'''1801'''}}
*[[Annexation]] of the city by the [[British East India Company]] (beginning the [[Company rule]]).<ref>''Everyman's Dictionary of Dates''; 6th ed. J. M. Dent, 1971; p. 32</ref><ref name="MHBI HSB p97">{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=H. S.|date=1 January 2008|title=Military History of British India, 1607-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lrjr7P2HMfkC&q=history+of+allahabad&pg=PA96|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|page=97|isbn= 9788184500790|access-date=2 November 2014 }}</ref>
{{center|'''1803'''}}
*The 17th century [[Jade Terrapin]] was found at the bottom of a well during engineering excavations. It was bequeathed it to the [[British Museum]] in 1830.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=218365&page=1&partId=1&plaA=41326-3-2&place=41326|title=figure|website=British Museum}}</ref>
{{center|'''1821'''}}
*Population: 20,000.<ref name="censusindia1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=INDIA : urban population|website=www.populstat.info}}</ref><ref name="The Far East and Australasia">{{cite book|title=The Far East and Australasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&q=allahabad+population+census+2001&pg=PA469|publisher=Psychology Press|page=469|isbn=9781857431339|year= 2002}}</ref>
{{center|'''1833'''}}
*The city became the seat of [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]] before the capital was shifted to [[Agra]] in 1835.<ref name="MHBI">{{cite book|author=H.S. Bhatia|title=Military History of British India: 1607 - 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lrjr7P2HMfkC&q=history+of+allahabad&pg=PA96|access-date=16 February 2014|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications'|isbn=978-81-8450-079-0|page=97|year=2008}}</ref>
{{center|'''1839'''}}
*[[List of churches in Prayagraj#Holy Trinity Church|Holy Trinity Church]], the first church in the city, was established.<ref name=toi2013>{{cite news|title=Lecture on churches of Allahabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Lecture-on-churches-of-Allahabad/articleshow/17869365.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 January 2013|access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=toi35dec2012>{{cite news|title=THE HOLY TRINITY CHURCH, ALLAHABAD|url=http://hindustantimes.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/viewer.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times (Lucknow)|date=25 December 2012}}</ref>
{{center|'''1856'''}}
*[[Rail transport]] was introduced to the city; the first railway line between [[Calcutta]] and Prayagraj was completed.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Joshi, A.|date=2008|publisher=New India Pub. Agency|isbn=9788189422820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA122|page=122|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Hindu Society of North-Western Province, 1801-1856|author=Jain, P.C.|date=1986|publisher=Puja Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPttAAAAMAAJ|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=The Province of Agra: Its History and Administration|author=Bhanu, D.|date=1957|publisher=Concept|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sMBAAAAMAAJ|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
{{center|'''1857'''}}
*Prayagraj was a participant in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="Menon2003">{{cite book|author=Visalakshi Menon|title=From Movement To Government: The Congress in the United Provinces, 1937–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO-OxAoL4YIC&pg=PA286|access-date=25 September 2012|date=9 October 2003|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9620-0|page=286}}</ref> The city, with a number of European troops,<ref name="ThompsonGarratt1962">{{cite book|author1=Edward John Thompson|author2=Geoffrey Theodore Garratt|title=Rise and Fulfilment of British rule in India|year=1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6v4gAAAAMAAJ&q=%22European+troops%22|access-date=16 August 2014|publisher=Central Book Depot}}</ref> was the scene of a massacre.<ref name="Pletcher 2010 128">{{cite book|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|date=15 August 2010|title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC&q=Allahabad+massacre&pg=PA12|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|page=128|isbn=9781615301423|access-date=21 March 2014}}</ref>
*[[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]] was built; it was the largest town-planning project carried out in India before the establishment of [[New Delhi]].<ref name=TGEIAAp57>{{cite book|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 3|author=Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blai|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year= 2009|isbn=978-8125013839|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA57}}</ref><ref name=AHVLp14>{{cite book|title=A Hand-book for Visitors to Lucknow: With Preliminary Notes on Allahabad and Cawnpore|author=Henry George Keene|publisher=J. Jetley|year= 1875|isbn=81-206-1527-1|pages=14–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfGFMpm8UbAC&pg=PA15|author-link=Henry George Keene (1826–1915)}}</ref>
{{center|'''1858'''}}
*[[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Earl Canning]], at [[Minto Park, Prayagraj|Minto Park]], read out the declaration of [[Queen Victoria#Empress|Queen Victoria's Proclamation]] which resulted in the complete transfer of control over [[India]] from The [[East India Company]] to the [[government of Britain]] (beginning the [[British Rule]]).<ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Uttar Pradesh|author=Bhatt, S.C.|date=2005|volume=28|publisher=Kalpaz publ.|isbn=9788178353845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCG5hGZ-hJsC&pg=PA453|page=453|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="bharatonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/uttar-pradesh/travel/allahabad/minto-park.html|publisher=bharatonline.co|title=Minto Park - Minto Park Allahabad - Allahabad Minto Park - Madan Mohan Malaviya Park Allahabad India|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
*The city became the seat of [[North-Western Provinces]].<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 01 Jan 2008 237">{{cite book|title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date= 1 January 2008|isbn=978-8189422820 |page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=Allahabad+capital&pg=PA151}}</ref>
*It became the [[List of capitals of India|capital of India]].<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 01 Jan 2008 237"/>
{{center|'''1859'''}}
*3 March: First passenger train in [[North India]] ran between Prayagraj and [[Kanpur]].
{{center|'''1861'''}}
*Population: 105,900.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1863'''}}
*[[Prayagraj Municipal Corporation]] established as the Municipal Board of Prayagraj.<ref name="books.google.com"/>
{{center|'''1864'''}}
*[[Allahabad Public Library]] was established.<ref name="T139">{{cite book|title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date= 1 January 2008|isbn=978-8189422820 |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=bamrauli+airport&pg=PA41 }}</ref>
{{center|'''1865'''}}
*''[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' made its first appearance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |date=1 May 2009 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=Allahabad&pg=SL1-PA63 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |pages=142 |isbn= 9788120740747|access-date=24 March 2014 }}</ref>
*15 August: Construction of the [[Old Naini Bridge]] was completed.<ref name="bl">{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000394u00061000.html|publisher=bl.uk|title=Railway Bridge over Jumna at Allahabad.|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
*[[Allahabad Bank]] was established.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rajesh|title=Banking Theory Law N Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHCQsprFST4C&q=allahabad+bank+established&pg=PA8|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|page=8|isbn= 9780070091238|access-date=4 November 2014|year=2009}}</ref>
{{center|'''1866'''}}
*25 November: The [[Allahabad High Court]] was inaugurated. Though it sat in [[Agra]] till 1868.<ref name="Encyclopaedia SBS page142-143">{{cite book|last=Bhattacherje|first=S. B.|date=1 May 2009|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=Allahabad&pg=SL1-PA63|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|pages=142–143|isbn= 9788120740747|access-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>
{{center|'''1869'''}}
*The [[Allahabad High Court|High Court]] was moved back to Prayagraj from Agra.<ref name="Encyclopaedia SBS page142-143"/>
{{center|'''1870'''}}
*The building of [[Allahabad Public Library]] was built.<ref name="T139"/>
*[[Uttar Pradesh Police|State Police Headquarters]] established in the city.<ref name="T139"/>
*[[Chandrashekhar Azad Park]] was built.<ref name="T139"/>
{{center|'''1871'''}}
*10 April: Foundation stone of [[All Saints Cathedral, Prayagraj|All Saints Cathedral]] was laid.<ref name=toi2001>{{cite news|title=All Saints Cathedral celebrates 130th Anniversary today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/All-Saints-Cathedral-celebrates-130th-Anniversary-today/articleshow/1388861542.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108121428/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-31/lucknow/27252566_1_victoria-tower-130th-anniversary-saints-cathedral|url-status=live|archive-date=8 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2001}}</ref>
*Population: 143,700.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1877'''}}
*[[A. H. Wheeler]] was founded.<ref name="HT-20110819">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/2011/08/19213751/The-original-Wheeler-dealers.html|title=The original Wheeler dealers|last=Motihar|first=Jhilmil|date=2011-08-19|publisher=HT Media|access-date=9 April 2012|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="TOI-20110904">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Train-of-thoughts/articleshow/9855771.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103104003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-04/special-report/30112094_1_indian-railways-railway-staff-refreshment-rooms|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-01-03|title=Train of thoughts|last=Sethi|first=Atul|date=2011-09-04|access-date=9 April 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
{{center|'''1879'''}}
*[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Prayagraj|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] was built.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allahabadinfo.com/church.html|title=Churches in Allahabad|website=allahabadinfo.com|access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>
*[[Mayo Memorial Hall]] was built.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.uvic.ca/spcoll/guides/sc131.html|title=Richard Roskell Bayne collection|access-date=2015-08-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704112639/http://library.uvic.ca/spcoll/guides/sc131.html|archive-date=2013-07-04 }}</ref>
{{center|'''1881'''}}
*Population: 148,500.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1887'''}}
*23 September: [[University of Allahabad]], the fourth oldest University in India, was established.<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Universities, Volume1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC&q=allahabad+university+established|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|page=17|date=1 January 2006|isbn=81-269-0607-3|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>
{{center|'''1888'''}}
*The fourth conference of the [[Indian National Congress]] addressed in the city by [[George Yule (businessman)|George Yule]].<ref name="HallRose2006">{{cite book|author1=Catherine Hall|author2=Sonya O. Rose|title=At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oVCvtC1zAEC&pg=PA281|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46009-5|page=281}}</ref><ref name="G.K. Aggarwal">{{cite book|last=Aggarwal|first=R. C.|title=General Knowledge for all Competitive Exams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUhqV1ubluEC&q=landmarks+of+allahabad&pg=PA94|publisher=Bright Publications|pages=94|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>
{{center|'''1891'''}}
*Population: 175,200.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1892'''}}
*The eighth conference of the [[Indian National Congress]] addressed in the city by [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee]].<ref name="G.K. Aggarwal"/>
{{center|'''1896'''}}
*The city was hit by the [[Indian famine of 1896–1897|Famine of 1896]]. A considerable effect was seen in the decrease of the city population during the Census of 1901.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India v. 5|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_237.gif|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|page=230|access-date=6 November 2014 |edition=New }}</ref><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1899'''}}
*The fifteenth conference of the [[Indian National Congress]] addressed in the city by [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]].<ref name="G.K. Aggarwal"/>

==20th century==
{{center|'''1901'''}}
*Population: 172,000.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1902'''}}
*The city became the capital of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] till 1920.<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 01 Jan 2008 237"/><ref name="Ward2008">{{cite book|author=Kerry Ward|title=Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNBmIu5m6hAC|access-date=3 August 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88586-7|page=340}}</ref>
*Curzon Bridge was built; it linked the city, through [[rail road]], to the northern regions of the [[Uttar Pradesh|state]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoShowDescs.asp?CollID=852|title = India Office Select Materials|access-date = 24 May 2013}}</ref>
*[[Ewing Christian College]] was established.<ref name="ecc">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecc.ac.in/collg_profile.php|publisher=ecc.ac.in|title=404 Page Not Found|access-date=11 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725215436/http://ecc.ac.in/collg_profile.php|archive-date=25 July 2013}}</ref><ref>Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 5, p. 241</ref>
{{center|'''1909'''}}
*24 October: ''[[The Leader (Allahabad newspaper)|The Leader]]'' was first published. It circulated until 1967.<ref name=as>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=48&Order=0&Query=indian&View=0&pp=15&RecView=1|quote= Vol. 1, no. 1. (Oct. 24, 1909)-v. 230, no. 20762 (Sept. 6, 1967)|title=The Leader (Allahabad, India)}}</ref><ref name=du>{{cite web|url=http://library.duke.edu/research/subject/guides/south_asian_studies/newspapers.html|title=Newspapers and Periodicals: N4787 The Leader|publisher=Duke University Library System|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901180906/http://library.duke.edu/research/subject/guides/south_asian_studies/newspapers.html|archive-date=2010-09-01}}</ref>
{{center|'''1910'''}}
*[[Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences]] was established.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions|author=Anderson, G.H.|date=1999|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Pub.|isbn=9780802846808|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&pg=PA292|page=292|access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref>
{{center|'''1911'''}}
*18 February: [[Henri Pequet]] carried the [[Airmail#Introduction of the airplane|world's first official airmail]] from Prayagraj to [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/first-airmail-flight-world|title=The First Airmail Flight in the World|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105213334/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/first-airmail-flight-world|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bhattacherje|first=S. B.|date=1 May 2009|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=Allahabad&pg=SL1-PA63|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|pages=B-17|isbn= 9788120740747|access-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>
{{center|'''1913'''}}
*[[Prayagraj Clock Tower]] was built in [[Chowk, Prayagraj]].<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 121">{{cite book|title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date= 1 January 2008|isbn=978-8189422820|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=bamrauli+airport&pg=PA41}}</ref>
{{center|'''1914'''}}
*D.A.V College was established.
{{center|'''1919'''}}
*[[Prayagraj Airport]] was built, it served as an [[international airport]] till 1946.<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 121"/>
{{center|'''1921'''}}
*Population: 157,200.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1926'''}}
* [[Prayag Sangeet Samiti]] was established.
{{center|'''1930'''}}
*11 April: [[Salt March]] carried out by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Khanal|first=Vinod|date=9 November 2014|title=Nehru defied British, made salt at Allahabad|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Nehru-defied-British-made-salt-at-Allahabad/articleshow/45087555.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Prayagraj|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Khanal|first=Vinod|date=13 November 2014|title=Mahatma Gandhi describes Nehru's arrest in 1930 as 'rest'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Mahatma-Gandhi-describes-Nehrus-arrest-in-1930-as-rest/articleshow/45140212.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Prayagraj|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>
*[[Allahabad Address]] was made by [[Muhammad Iqbal]].<ref name="res">[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html Sir Muhammad Iqbal’s 1930 Presidential Address], from Columbia University site</ref>
{{center|'''1931'''}}
*27 February: [[Chandrashekhar Azad]] died at [[Alfred Park]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhattacherje|first=S. B.|date=1 May 2009|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=Allahabad&pg=SL1-PA63|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|pages=B-19|isbn= 9788120740747|access-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>
*[[Allahabad Museum]] was established.<ref>{{cite news|title=Allahabad Museum to celebrate Foundation Day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/-Allahabad-Museum-to-celebrate-Foundation-Day/articleshow/5644718.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108114206/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-05/allahabad/28134388_1_allahabad-museum-foundation-day-senior-citizens|url-status=live|archive-date=8 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 March 2010}}</ref>
*Population: 183,900.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1941'''}}
*Population: 260,600.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1942'''}}
*[[Prayag Kumbh Mela]] banned by the British Government due to fears of [[Japanese people|Japanese]] bombing the nearby situated [[Akbar Fort]] during the [[World War II]]<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/British-scrapped-Magh-mela-in-1942/articleshow/50575926.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|title='British scrapped Magh mela in 1942'|date=14 January 2016 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
{{center|'''1951'''}}
*Population: 332,300.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1954'''}}
*First incident of [[1954 Kumbh Mela stampede|Kumbh Mela stampede]] occurred.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/28/india.maseehrahman The worst stampede was in Prayagraj in 1954, killing 800.] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 28 August 2003.</ref>
{{center|'''1961'''}}
*Population: 412,000.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1971'''}}
*Population: 513,000.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1980'''}}
*[[Jawahar Planetarium]] was built.<ref>[http://www.jnmf.in/institutions.html Institutions] JNMF.</ref>
{{center|'''1981'''}}
*Population: 642,200.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1985'''}}
*First [[Indira Marathon]] was conducted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Stage-set-for-Indira-Marathon-on-Nov-19/articleshow/6932473.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407182231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/allahabad/28231200_1_prize-money-prime-minister-prestigious-marathon|url-status=live|archive-date=7 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Stage set for Indira Marathon on Nov 19|date=16 November 2010}}</ref>
{{center|'''1991'''}}
*Population: 792,900.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''1999'''}}
*[[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad]] was established.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/education/story/iiit-allahabad-admissions-m.tech-courses-invited/1/351872.html|publisher=m.indiatoday.in|title=IIIT Allahabad admissions: M.Tech courses invited|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==21st century==
{{center|'''2001'''}}
*Population: 990,298.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="The Far East and Australasia"/>
{{center|'''2004'''}}
*[[New Yamuna Bridge]] was completed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maurer-soehne.com/files/bauwerkschutzsysteme/pdf/en/projectinfo/Allahabad_Naini_Bridge_India.pdf|title=Startseite|date=13 November 2019}}</ref>
{{center|'''2011'''}}
*Population: 1,117,094.<ref name="censusindia 2011">{{cite web|title=censusindia 2011: Major Agglomerations|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=25 April 2014}}</ref>
{{center|'''2013'''}}
*10 February: An estimated 30 million people gathered in the city to bathe on Mauni Amavasya during [[Kumbh Mela]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/over-three-crore-people-take-holy-dip-in-kumbh-mela-on-mauni-amavasya-328965|title=Over three crore people take holy dip in Kumbh Mela on 'Mauni Amavasya'|work=NDTV.com|access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/3-crore-pilgrims-expected-at-kumbh-mela-today/article4397793.ece|title=3 crore pilgrims expected at Kumbh Mela today|author=Omar Rashid|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=3 November 2014|date=10 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mahakumbh-Over-3-crore-devotees-expected-to-take-holy-dip-on-Mauni-Amavasya/articleshow/18416257.cms|newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Mahakumbh: Over 3 crore devotees expected to take holy dip on Mauni Amavasya|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2013/02/10/Two_killed_in_Mahakumbh_stampede_as_over_3_crore_take_holy_d/|title=Two killed in Mahakumbh stampede as over 3 crore take holy dip|work=World News|access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
*Second incident of [[2013 Prayag Kumbh Mela stampede|Kumbh Mela stampede]] occurred.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-21406879|title=Kumbh Mela chief Azam Khan resigns over stampede|newspaper=BBC|date=2013-02-11|access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref>
{{center|'''2015'''}}
*25 January: [[MoU]] signed between the [[United States Trade and Development Agency]] and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] for developing the city as a [[smart city]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-sign-three-mous-on-smart-cities/article6821106.ece|newspaper=thehindu.com|title=India, U.S. sign three MoUs on smart cities - The Hindu|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="activeindiatv">{{cite web|url=http://activeindiatv.com/editorials/12807-now-world-bank-wants-to-turn-allahabad-into-a-smart-city-this-may-be-possible-if-plans-are-not-locally-executed|publisher=activeindiatv.com|title=Now World Bank wants to turn Allahabad into a Smart City THIS MAY BE POSSIBLE IF PLANS ARE NOT LOCALLY EXECUTED|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Modi-Obama meet: US to help India develop three smart cities |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-Obama-meet-US-to-help-India-develop-three-smart-cities/articleshow/43981483.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=Washington |date=1 October 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014 }}</ref>
*23 June: [[Civil Lines, Allahabad|Civil Lines]] Bus Depot became the first public spot in the city to be equipped with free [[Wi-Fi]].<ref name="timesofindia2">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Free-wi-fi-facility-at-Civil-Lines-Bus-Depot-soon/articleshow/47018597.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Free wi-fi facility at Civil Lines Bus Depot soon|date=22 April 2015 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia3">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/civil-lines-makeover-to-be-as-lucknows-hazratganj-market/articleshow/48420554.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Civil Lines makeover to be as Lucknow's Hazratganj market|date=10 August 2015 |access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
{{center|'''2016'''}}
*23 April: Completion of renovation and inauguration of [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Azad-Park-spruced-up-to-be-thrown-open-on-Apr-23/articleshow/51833766.cms|title=Azad Park spruced up, to be thrown open on Apr 23 | Allahabad News|website=The Times of India|date=15 April 2016 }}</ref>
{{center|'''2017'''}}
*22 April: On [[Earth Day]], the [[Allahabad Museum]], using [[solar power system]], became the first museum in the country to become self-reliant in power generation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/allahabad-museum-switches-to-solar-power-becomes-first-energy-self-reliant-museum/58322963|title=Allahabad Museum switches to solar power, becomes first energy self-reliant museum - ET EnergyWorld|website=ETEnergyworld.com}}</ref>
{{center|'''2018'''}}
*October: [[Yogi Adityanath]]-led government officially changed the name of the city to Prayagraj.
{{center|'''2020'''}}
*24 March: City, along with the nation, was put under lockdown due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].

==See also==

* [[History of Prayagraj]]
* [[Prayagraj#Projects|Prayagraj Smart City Project]]
*[[Akshayavata]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Prayagraj topics}}
{{Years in India}}

[[Category:History of Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Timelines of cities in India|Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Prayagraj-related lists]]

Neil Island

2026-03-14T21:27:07Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: Started New Entry

{{Short description|Island in the Andaman Islands of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Shaheed Dweep
| local_name = Neil Island
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| image_name = Keshet_neal_island_india.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.83|N|93.04|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| area_km2 = 13.7
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 3.7
| width_km = 6.3
| coastline_km = 19.4
| elevation_m = 101
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="nga">{{cite enroute|173|2017|284}}</ref>
| highest_mount = Nipple Hill
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Ritchie's Archipelago]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Port Blair|Port Blair Tehsil]]
| country_largest_city = Neil Kendra
| country_largest_city_population = 1000
| population = 3040
| population_as_of = in 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 222.00
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Tamils|Tamil]], [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744104<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=22 September 2016 |access-date=22 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archive-date=23 March 2014 }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927<ref name="allcodesindia">{{cite web|url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php|publisher=allcodesindia.in|title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar|access-date=2016-09-23|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017043815/http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman%2Band%2Bnicobar.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
| additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
| label2 = Literacy | data2 = 84.4%
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|30.2|°C|°F}}
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|23.0|°C|°F}}
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 =1.2[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| label7 = Census code| data7 = 35.639.0004
| label8 = Official languages| data8 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
}}
}}
'''Neil Island''', officially known as '''Shaheed Dweep''' ({{Translation|Martyr's Island}}), is an island of the [[Andaman Islands]], located in [[Ritchie's Archipelago]]. It belongs to the [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|access-date=2011-01-16}}</ref> The island is located {{convert|36|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast from [[Port Blair]].

==Etymology==
Neil Island was named after British [[Brigadier general]] [[James George Smith Neill|James Neill]], who had fought on the side of the British East Indian company in the [[Sepoy Mutiny]] of 1857.

In December 2018, it was renamed as Shaheed Dweep as a tribute to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]]. Bose had hoisted the Indian flag at Port Blair on 30 December 1943 and proclaimed the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as territories liberated from British rule. He had subsequently named Andaman Island as Shaheed and Nicobar Island as Swaraj.<ref name="2018RenameHT">{{cite news |author1=Ananya Bhardwaj |title=Andaman’s most-visited islands to be renamed during PM Modi visit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-andaman-islands-to-get-new-names/story-NC3sWdg8oHAP6sLyXDBEeI.html |access-date=31 December 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Shaheed Dweep, then Neil Island, was uninhabited until the arrival of settlers in the late 1960s. Like Swaraj Dweep, then Havelock, the vast majority of settlers at Shaheed Dweep were refugees from erstwhile East-Pakistan, following the exodus of Hindu Bangladeshis prior to that country's war of independence in 1971.

==Geography==
The island belongs to the [[Ritchie's Archipelago]] and is located between [[Swaraj Dweep]] and [[Rose Island (Andaman)|Rose Island]].
It is a comparatively flat island, and much of the landmass was deemed suitable for paddy cultivation. Unfortunately, as a result of this, very little forest cover remains at Shaheed, and almost all of it is concentrated in the reserve forest on Shaheed's north-western side.
Shaheed Dweep tends to remain a degree or two warmer than Havelock as a result of the lack of forest cover.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Administration==
Politically, Shaheed Dweep is part of Neil Kendra [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]], of [[Port Blair]] [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]].<ref name="and">{{cite web |url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |publisher=andssw1.and.nic.in |title=DEMOGRAPHIC – A&N ISLANDS |access-date=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The population of 3040 lives in five villages, listed below, with population at 2011 census in parentheses:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=35&district_code=01|title=Census of India: Sub-District Details}}</ref>
* Sitapur (274)
* Bharatpur (629)
* Neil Kendra (1000)
* Lakshmanpur (382)
* Ram Nagar (755)

==Transport==
There is a jetty at Neil Kendra, which serves as the only access point of the island.
There are regular Government ferry from Port Blair to Shaheed Dweep.
There are private cruise ships such as Makruzz, Green Ocean, Nautika and ITT Majestic.

==Economy==
Agriculture is the primary occupation of the villagers, and the island supplies vegetables to the rest of [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]]. Neil Island is known for its organic cultivation and provides much of the organic produce to remaining part of the islands.

==Image gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Natural Bridge, Neil Island, Andaman, India.JPG|Natural Bridge, Neil Island.
File:Shaheed Island, Andamans, Mangrove beach, Wilderness.jpg|Mangrove trees
File:Shaheed Island, Andaman Islands, Tropical beach.jpg|Tropical beach
File:Neil Island - Bharatpur beach as seen from jetty.jpg|Bharatpur beach as seen from jetty
File:Shaheed Island, Andamans, Interior jungle.jpg|Interior forest
File:Andaman Islands, Full moon night, Forest by the sea at night.jpg|Forest by the sea at night
File:Entry to Niel Island from Bharatpur Jetty, Andaman Island, India.JPG|Entry to Neil Island from Bharatpur Jetty.
File:Bharathpur Jetty.JPG|Bharathpur Jetty
File:Ritchies Archipelago locale.png|Ritchie's Archipelago within the Andaman Islands
File:Ritchie's Archipelago Neil Island.png|Neil Island within Ritchie's Archipelago
File:Andamane 7 1250001-1.jpg|Neil Island on 26 December 2004, after earthquake and tsunami
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Wikivoyage|Neil Island}}
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Neil Island}}
*[https://www.andamantourism.gov.in/Brochures/Neil_Brochure.pdf Neill Island brochure at Andaman Tourism]

{{South Andaman district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Ritchie's Archipelago]]
[[Category:Islands of South Andaman district]]
[[Category:Islands of the Andaman Sea]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Neill Island}}

Varunika Saraf

2026-03-14T08:41:15Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding a pg.

{{Short description|Indian contemporary painter}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Varunika Saraf
| birth_date = 1981
| website = [http://www.varunikasaraf.com varunikasaraf.com]
| alma_mater = Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University
| known_for = [[Painting]] [[Embroidery]] [[Miniature Art]]
| style =
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| image = Varunika Saraf.jpg
| notable_works = We, the People: Tracing the country’s history through embroidery
| caption = Varunika Saraf in her studio
}}

'''Varunika Saraf''' (born 19 December 1981, in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]) and now based in [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thatipalli |first=Mallik |date=22 March 2024 |title=Young artists make a mark |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/young-artists-make-a-mark-886004 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> is an Indian contemporary painter who seeks to bare the reality of violence often drawing attention historical and political realities and injustices in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fernando |first=Benita |date=10 December 2021 |title="Political art by artist Varunika Saraf attempts to spell out the current times through images" |work=[[Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/political-art-varunika-saraf-attempts-to-spell-out-the-current-times-through-images-7665248/ }}</ref>

== Art practice ==
Saraf's main material is [[Wasli]], an ancient Indian paper for detailed painting and hand-ground pigments made in her studio.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ayaz |first=Shaikh |date=27 January 2024 |title=Into the artist's studio: For Varunika Saraf, the studio is a place of record |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/relationships/it-s-complicated/india-art-varunika-saraf-studio-111706255790833.html |work=[[Mint Lounge]]}}</ref> The artist employs color as a form of abstraction to attract viewers to the complex details within often massive scale paintings. She also uses miniature art, embroidery,<ref>{{Cite web |title=26 South Asian artists explore shared histories and resilience in landmark London exhibition |url=https://www.architectandinteriorsindia.com/news/26-south-asian-artists-explore-shared-histories-and-resilience-in-landmark-london-exhibition |website=Architect and Interiors India |date=2025-04-03 |access-date=2025-05-13}}</ref>

==Exhibitions==
Saraf is represented by [[Chemould Prescott Road]], [[Mumbai]] where she had a solo exhibition in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varunika Saraf |url=https://www.gallerychemould.com/artists/46-varunika-saraf/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Chemould Prescott Road |language=en}}</ref> Her work has been presented at [[Art Basel]] (Basel and Hong Kong), [[Art Dubai]] and [[India Art Fair]]. She has been a part of several solo<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=8 March 2017 |title="The miniaturist" |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/varunika-saraf-dispels-misplaced-notions-about-miniature-paintings/article17427135.ece }}</ref> and group exhibitions<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Deepali |date=21 April 2021 |title="Indian artists to shine at the Sharjah Biennial 2023" |work=[[Mint Lounge]] |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/art-culture/indian-artists-to-shine-at-the-sharjah-biennial-2023-111650524372742.html }}</ref> in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |date=17 June 2020 |title=Hyderabad artist Varunika Saraf to showcase her work at Heidelberger Kunstverein |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/varunika-saraf-along-with-artists-nadira-husain-and-amina-ahmed-is-part-of-the-confluence-sangam-showcase-at-heidelberger-kunstverein-germany/article31850637.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Public collections ==
Varunika Saraf's works are a part of the collections<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Trisha |date=16 May 2022 |title="India Art Fair: Letting the art in" |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20220516-india-art-fair-letting-the-art-in-1946229-2022-05-06 }}</ref> at [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art|KNMA]], New Delhi; [[Chemould Prescott Road]], Mumbai; Kasturbhai Lalbhai Museum and Sarmaya Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage {{!}} Kasturbhai Lalbhai Museum |url=https://kasturbhailalbhaimuseum.com/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=kasturbhailalbhaimuseum.com}}</ref>

==Awards and Honors ==
Saraf received an Mention from the Sharjah Biennial Prize<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2023 |title="Sharjah Biennial 15 Announces Prize Winners" |work=[[Art Asia Pacific]] |url=https://artasiapacific.com/news/weekly-news-roundup-february-17-2023 }}</ref> jury for her series ‘We, The People’ which was a part of the Sharjah Biennale 15 Thinking Historically in the Present. She was also awarded the [[Asia Society|Asia Society Gamechanger Award (Asia Arts Future Award), 2023]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Chokita |date=17 March 2023 |title=Varunika Saraf: 'For the women before me, and after' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2023/mar/17/varunika-saraffor-the-women-before-me-and-after-47717.html |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Kashi Award for Visual Arts (KAVA2), 2006 and Shri. SL Parasher Gold Medal, University of Hyderabad, 2006.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{CC-notice|bysa3|Varunika Saraf|otrs=1}}

[[Category:Artists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]

Mantharan Cheral Irumporai

2026-03-13T22:33:24Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mantharan Cheral Irumporai
| title = Yanai Katchai
| succession = [[Chera dynasty|Chera ruler]]
| reign = * c. 215 CE<ref name=":03" /> or c.141 CE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ravene |first=G. |date=1897 |title=The Appearance of Halley's Comet in AD 141 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1897Obs....20..203R |journal=The Observatory |volume=20 |pages=203-205}}</ref>{{ref|f}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/observationsofco00willrich/observationsofco00willrich/page/n8/mode/1up |title=Observations of Comets: From BC 611 to AD 1640 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |year=1871}}</ref>
| death_date =
| house = [[Chera dynasty]]
}}
{{Chera Dynasty}}
'''Mantharan Cheral Irumporai''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: மாந்தரன் சேரல் இரும்பொறை, title "'''Yanai Katchai",''' ''fl.'' c. 215 CE<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Subbarayalu |first=Y. |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772 |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |editor-last=Karashima |editor-first=Noburu |location=New Delhi |publication-date= |pages=49-50 |chapter=Early Tamil Polity}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century |date=2008 |publisher=[[Longman|Pearson Longman]] |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=384-85}}</ref>) was a ruler of the [[Chera Kingdom|Chera dynasty]] in [[Sangam period|early historic south India]] (c. 1st - 4th century CE).<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":1" />

He was a member of the Irumporai/Porai line, a collateral branch of the Chera family, which had its headquarters at Karuvur ([[Karur]]) in the interior Tamil country.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Aiyar |first1=K. G. Sesha |author-link1= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277483 |title=Chera Kings of the Sangam Period |publisher=Luzac and Co. |year=1937 |isbn= |location=London |pages=63-66 |chapter=Yanaik-kat-Sey Mantaran-Ceral |orig-year=}}</ref> He is also described as the ruler of [[Tyndis|Thondi]] (on the Malabar Coast), the "land the mountain fence protects", and the king of Kuda Nadu.<ref name=":0" />

Mantharan Cheral was a contemporary of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] ruler [[Nedunjeliyan II|Nedum Chezhian II]] (early 3rd century CE<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapar |first=Romila |title=India: History, Southern Indian Kingdoms |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Shunga-kingdom#ref485313 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kanakasabhai |first=V. |url=https://archive.org/details/TheTamilsEighteenHundredYearsAgo1956 |title=The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1904 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":03" /> His death was famously portended by a falling star, possibly a comet or meteor.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Mantharan Cheral is portrayed as a warring ruler in the [[Sangam literature|early Tamil literature (the Sangam Literature)]]. He was hailed as "Yanai Katchai", meaning 'the One with an Eye-sight Like an Elephant'.{{ref|e}}

In a battle of against the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] ruler Nedum Chezhian, Mantharan Cheral was defeated and taken captive. He was brought to the Pandya capital, [[Madurai]]. After his court trial there, he was imprisoned in a fort "inside a bamboo forest surrounded by the crocodile lake". The Chera later escaped, "unaided by strength and stratagem", returned to his country and "continued to rule his loving people in peace, plenty and harmony for many more uninterrupted years".{{ref|b}}<ref name=":0" />

Mantharan Cheral is said to have won a victory at location known as "Vilankil" (Puram 53).<ref name=":0" /> In another battle against the Pandya ruler {{Proper name|"Rajasuyamvetta" Perunnarkilli}}, Mantharan Cheral was again defeated (Puram 125).<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
The poet Kudalur Kizhar, who was present at the death of Mandaran Cheral, states that the king's death was foreshadowed by a falling star (possibly a comet or meteor) seven days prior to the event.<ref name=":0" />

{{cquote|''"...after a bright falling star - with a leg erupting backward, appeared in the sky, amidst the Adu (Aries) constellation, from the first leg of a Karthikai starday - past midnight, through to the Anusham starday in the first fortnight of the month of Pankuni (Phalguna), neither moving north nor east, staying aput in solitude as an island, with the North star wandering, the Mulam star rising opposite and passing above it, and the Mrikasirisham star staying low over the port of [[Tyndis|Thondi]], on the seventh day Mantharan Cheral Irumporai died suddenly..."{{ref|c}}''
}}

The brightly visible meteor, which appeared during the months of March and April, might have been [[Halley's Comet]] of February–April 141 CE (under Aries across Phalguna).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ravene |first=G. |date=1897 |title=The Appearance of Halley's Comet in AD 141 |url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1897Obs....20..203R |journal=The Observatory |volume=20 |pages=203-205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/observationsofco00willrich/observationsofco00willrich/page/n8/mode/1up |title=Observations of Comets: From BC 611 to AD 1640 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |year=1871}}</ref>{{ref|a}}

== Quotes from Purananuru ==
* {{note|a}}Purananuru: 20-22
* {{note|b}}Purananuru: 229
* {{note|c}}Purananuru: 229
* {{note|d}}Purananuru: 0,22,32,53 & 229
* {{note|e}}Purananuru: 20-22 & 53
* .{{note|f}}Purananuru: 20-22
== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Chera kings]]

[[de:Chola]]
[[ja:チョーラ朝]]
[[ta:சோழர்]]

Oorige Upakari

2026-03-03T22:16:49Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: rework page per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oorige Upakari
| image =
| caption =
| director = Joe Simon
| producer = A. Radhakrishna Raju V. L. Srinivasa Murthy
| story = Ajantha Combines
| writer = [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Joe Simon
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]] [[Vajramuni]] [[Dheerendra Gopal]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = H. G. Raju
| editing = P. Venkateshwara Rao
| studio = Premalaya Films
| distributor = Premalaya Films
| released = {{Film date|1982|08|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 149 min
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Oorige Upakari''''' is a 1982 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[Joe Simon (film director)|Joe Simon]] and produced by A. Radhakrishna Raju and V. L. Srinivasa Murthy. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]], [[Vajramuni]] and [[Dheerendra Gopal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/oorige-upakari.html|title=Oorige Upakari|accessdate=2015-01-23|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/oor/oorige-upakari/mid_36142/|title=Oorige Upakari|accessdate=2015-01-23|publisher=apunkachoice.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Jayakanth and Srikanth
*[[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]] as Latha
*K. Vijaya as Susheela
*[[Vajramuni]]
*[[Dheerendra Gopal]]
*[[Musuri Krishnamurthy]]
*[[Chethan Ramarao]]
*Sadashiva Brahmavar
*[[Rajanand]] Susheela father
*[[Tiger Prabhakar|Prabhakar]] as Bairaa
*[[Rajasulochana]]
*[[Uma Shivakumar]] as Latha's mother
*Ashakiran
*Mangala Bhushan
*Rathnamma
*Shanthamma
*Master Naveen
*[[Dwarakish]] in Guest Appearance
*[[Jyothi Lakshmi]] in Guest Appearance
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Satyam.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Snehadali Sandiside" || [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[R. N. Jayagopal]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Hasiru Hasiru Bhoomiyalella" || S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || R. N. Jayagopal ||
|-
| 3 || "Delliya Kullane Baa" || S. Janaki || [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] ||
|-
| 4 || "Chandamundaranu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Chi. Udaya Shankar ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=j0eav-zMdvI|title=Oorige Upakari}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

181 (film)

2026-03-03T02:36:48Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding a info

{{Short description|2022 Tamil language horror film}}
{{No plot|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 181
| image = 181 (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mohamad Issack]]
| producer = P.B.S. Esa Ghugha
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Gemini Ryker
*Rheena Krishnan
*Kavya Amaira
*Vijay Chandru
}}
| music = Shameel J
| cinematography = Prasad
| editing = S. Devaraj
| studio = Sairaj Film Works
| distributor =
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|12|16}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''181''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language horror film directed by [[Mohamad Issack]] and produced by BBS Isha Guha. The film stars Gemini Ryker, Rheena Krishnan, Kavya Amaira, and Vijay Chandru in the lead roles. The music was composed by Shameel J with cinematography by Prasad and editing by S. Devaraj. The film released on 16 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=181 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/181/movieshow/96173611.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219191943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/181/movieshow/96173611.cms |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Gemini Ryker
*Rheena Krishnan
*Kavya Amaira
*Vijay Chandru
*Suganya
*Gurr Aadharesh
*Yuva Thameem
*Jasmine
*Mahima
*RB Vijay
*Sarv G
*Sebastian
*Felix
*Venkatesh
*Mansoor
}}

==Production==
The film marked [[Mohamad Issack]]'s fourth project after the horror films ''[[Agadam]]'' (2014), ''[[Seesa]]'' (2016) and ''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]'' (2018). Shot throughout 2021, the film was promoted as a record-breaking venture for having a screenplay that was written in 12 hours.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2021 |title=Screenplay of Tamil film 181 was written in just 12 hours! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/screenplay-of-tamil-film-181-was-written-in-just-12-hours/articleshow/87673924.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219191946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/screenplay-of-tamil-film-181-was-written-in-just-12-hours/articleshow/87673924.cms |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=சாதனை படமா 181 | 181 movie - new attempt |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/100580/cinema/Kollywood/181-movie---new-attempt.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219191948/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/100580/cinema/Kollywood/181-movie---new-attempt.htm |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film was released on 16 December 2022 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film 2.25 out of 5 stars, and labelled the film "low on thrills".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2022 |title=181 |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/181-25027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219190629/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/181-25027 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' also gave the film an unfavourable review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2022 |title=181: சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/181-cinema-review-860168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219191947/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/181-cinema-review-860168 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> Film critic Malini Mannath wrote "while the director’s interest in setting up records is understandable, it would do him good if he concentrated more on the quality of his product by crafting a screenplay in a way more interesting and appealing to his audience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2022 |title=Review- 181 |url=https://malinimannath.wordpress.com/2022/12/18/review-181/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219191943/https://malinimannath.wordpress.com/2022/12/18/review-181/ |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sattam En Kaiyil (2024 film)

2026-03-03T02:25:21Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding pg.

{{Short description|2024 Indian Tamil language crime thriller film directed by Chachi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{For|the 1978 film|Sattam En Kaiyil}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sattam En Kaiyil (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Chachi
| writer = JM Raja (dialogues)
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Bharathwaj Muralikrishnan
* Anandhakrishnan Shanmugam
* Sriram Sathyanarayanan
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sathish]]
* [[Vidya Pradeep]]
}}
| cinematography = PG Muthaiya
| editing = Martin Titus A
| music = MS Jones Rupert
| studio = Shanmugam Creations Seeds Entertainment
| distributor = PVR Pictures<ref name="release1" />
| released = {{Film date|2024|9|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 123 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sattam En Kaiyil''''' ({{Translation|The law is in my hands}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by Chachi. The film stars [[Sathish]] in the lead role along with an ensemble cast including [[Ajay Raj]], [[Pavel Navageethan]], [[Mime Gopi]], [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]], [[Vidya Pradeep]] and others appear in supporting roles.

The film is produced by Bharathwaj Muralikrishnan, Anandhakrishnan Shanmugam of Shanmugam Creations, and Sriram Sathyanarayanan of Seeds Entertainment. The film has music composed by MS Jones Rupert, cinematography handled by PG Muthaiya and editing by Martin Titus A.

''Sattam En Kaiyil'' was released theatrically on 27 September 2024 to positive reviews.

== Plot ==
At [[Yercaud]] Police Station, a complainant reports that his pregnant wife had not received proper medical treatment, resulting in a stillbirth. In retaliation, he assaulted the doctor involved. However, a corrupt [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|A.S.I]] Basha intervenes, brutally beat up the complainant and incarcerated him. The severely injured complainant was later rushed to the hospital.

Gautham, a cab driver who stammers under stress, gets involved in a road accident, striking a motorcyclist. Panicked, he hides the fatally injured biker in his car trunk and flees the scene, leaving behind a crucial piece of evidence – the motorcyclist's slipper. To avoid murder charges, Gautham deliberately gets arrested for drunk driving and slaps Basha to prevent his car from being searched. Basha seizes the vehicle and plots revenge against Gautham by falsely charging him with drug smuggling but his colleagues intervene.

Meanwhile, social activist Nivetha, who provides free education to village children, gets murdered. The [[Superintendent of police (India)|S. P.]] orders the investigation officer [[Sub-inspector|S.I]] Nagaraj to resolve the case promptly and organize an awareness program for the villagers regarding the tragic death of a young girl child that happened earlier. At the police station, upon learning that Gautham slapped Basha, Nagaraj makes Gautham sit on a stool, irritating Basha's ego. Rathinam and his wife arrive at the police station, only to learn that their daughter Nivetha was the victim. Gautham, overwhelmed, hid in the restroom. Basha taunts Nagaraj, questioning his ability to solve the case. Nagaraj retaliates by humiliating Basha by ordering him to serve tea to Gautham. During the investigation, the police analysed the CCTV footage from a nearby petrol pump and identify the biker as Nivetha's killer.

The chain snatched from Nivetha is now with Gautham and he uses it to bribe Constable Sundaram to retrieve the killer-biker's phone and replace it with his own. The police track the bike to Balu and Basha coerces Balu's wife into confessing. Constable Vikas produces the slipper Gautham had missed, and Balu's son identifies it as his father's. Now, the police deduced the hit-and-run occurred at the scene and noted the car's broken headlight as an identifying feature. Upon hearing this via walkie-talkie, Gautham smashes his car's mirrors and headlight. Meanwhile, Basha discovers Gautham's wallet, but Nagaraj suspects Basha is framing Gautham. Gautham fakes [[epilepsy]], injuring his leg to match the blood stains on the floor. Nagaraj orders Gautham's release, but Sundaram demands a ₹25,000 bribe. So, Moorthi sends Gautham to the ATM, where he switches on the retrieved phone, gets tracked, and is easily caught by Nagaraj.

In a private inquiry, Nagaraj gains Gautham's trust and fetches the phone, only to deceive Gautham by framing him as the murderer. It is then revealed that Nagaraj masterminded Nivetha's murder with Balu's assistance. However, Balu's phone containing the incriminating audio clip fell into Basha's hands. [[Inspector]] Anand takes charge of producing Gautham in court. At the press meet, Gautham shocks everyone, revealing Nagaraj's involvement in Nivetha's murder and attempting to hand over Nivetha's phone to the press. Nagaraj attempts to seize the phone, but Anand intervenes, arresting both Nagaraj and Gautham. Gautham reveals to Nagaraj that the phone he gave Nagaraj the previous night was his own.

Through flashbacks, it's revealed that Nagaraj was responsible for a hit-and-run accident, killing a young girl who was tutored online by Nivetha. Nagaraj, intoxicated and driving recklessly, had dragged the girl under his jeep, resulting in her death. He threatened her parents, leveraging his police position, but the murder got recorded on Nivetha's phone. Gautham reveals to Nagaraj that he intentionally killed Balu and also sent the incriminating video to Basha.

Gautham's live video to the press accusing Nagaraj goes viral. With no other option, Nagaraj is arrested. Nagaraj claims Gautham killed Balu, but Basha produces the wallet evidence against Nagaraj. Due to lack of evidence, Gautham is released. Finally, it is revealed that Nivetha was Gautham's sister, and he intervened to protect her. The family is overcome with grief, receiving Nivetha's body from the mortuary.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sathish]] as Gautham
* [[Ajay Raj]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Nagaraj
* [[Pavel Navageethan]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Basha
* [[Mime Gopi]] as [[Inspector]] Anand
* [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]] as Nivetha
* [[Vidya Pradeep]] as Balu's wife
* Kishore Rajkumar as Kishore
* KPY Sathish as [[Constable]] Vikas
* [[E. Ramdoss]] as Constable Moorthi
* [[Bava Chelladurai]] as Constable Sundaram
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Rathinam
* Venba as Constable Catherine
* M.S Stalin
* Baby Joyce
* Prem
* Master Shakthi as Balu's son
* Ajay Desai
* Akash Ravichandran
* Salem Ilayaperumal
* Master Ranadheeran
* VJ Adams as Karthi, Cyber-crime staff
}}

==Production==
On 9 April 2022, actor [[Sathish]]'s second film in a lead titled ''Sattam En Kaiyil'' was announced in the second collaboration with his brother-in-law director Chachi after ''[[Sixer (2019 film)|Sixer]]'' (2019).<ref name="announcement1">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=Sathish-Chachi film titled Sattam En Kaiyil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Apr/09/sathish-chachi-film-titled-sattam-en-kaiyil-30796.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409134051/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Apr/09/sathish-chachi-film-titled-sattam-en-kaiyil-30796.html |archive-date=2022-04-09 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref name="announcement2" /> Sathish was last seen in a crime thriller film titled ''[[Vithaikkaaran]]'' which released earlier this year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-25 |title='சட்டம் என் கையில்' படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/sattam-en-kayil-release-date-announcement-735526 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825095112/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/sattam-en-kayil-release-date-announcement-735526 |archive-date=2024-08-25 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film title was borrowed from [[Kamal Haasan]]'s 1978 hit film [[Sattam En Kaiyil|by the same name]] directed by [[T. N. Balu]].<ref name="announcement1" /> The film was said to be of a crime thriller genre with Sathish playing a completely serious role.<ref name="announcement2">{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=2022-04-10 |title=Sathish's second film as a lead, Sattam En Kaiyil, will be a serious crime thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathishs-second-film-as-a-lead-sattam-en-kaiyil-will-be-a-serious-crime-thriller/articleshow/90749343.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410041353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathishs-second-film-as-a-lead-sattam-en-kaiyil-will-be-a-serious-crime-thriller/articleshow/90749343.cms |archive-date=2022-04-10 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-09-16 |title='Sattam En Kaiyil' has subdued the comedian in me: Actor Sathish |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Sep/16/sattam-en-kaiyil-has-subdued-the-comedian-in-me-actor-sathish |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917011308/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Sep/16/sattam-en-kaiyil-has-subdued-the-comedian-in-me-actor-sathish |archive-date=2024-09-17 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film also features an ensemble cast consisting of [[Vidya Pradeep]], [[Mime Gopi]], [[Pavel Navageethan]], [[Ajay Raj]], [[Bava Chelladurai]], Venba and [[E. Ramdoss]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Sathish is subjected to custodial violence in the new glimpse from Sattam En Kaiyil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/29/sathish-is-subjected-to-custodial-violence-in-the-new-glimpse-from-sattam-en-kaiyil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910214736/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/29/sathish-is-subjected-to-custodial-violence-in-the-new-glimpse-from-sattam-en-kaiyil |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref name="release2">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Glimpse of Sathish's 'Sattam En Kaiyil' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/glimpse-of-sathishs-sattam-en-kaiyil/articleshow/112897637.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829115824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/glimpse-of-sathishs-sattam-en-kaiyil/articleshow/112897637.cms |archive-date=2024-08-29 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Music composer MS Jones Rupert, editor Martin Titus A, cinematographer PG Muthaiya, art director Pasar NK Rahul, and stunt choreographers Ram Kumar and Suresh were chosen for the technical crew<ref name="release1">{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2024-08-26 |title=Chachhi: Sattam En Kaiyil will prove that Sathish can pull off any role |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Aug/26/chachhi-sattam-en-kaiyil-will-prove-that-sathish-can-pull-off-any-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826083621/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Aug/26/chachhi-sattam-en-kaiyil-will-prove-that-sathish-can-pull-off-any-role |archive-date=2024-08-26 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref name="technical">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-25 |title=Sathish's 'Sattam En Kayil' to release on September 20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathishs-sattam-en-kayil-to-release-on-september-20/articleshow/112777820.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826015407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathishs-sattam-en-kayil-to-release-on-september-20/articleshow/112777820.cms |archive-date=2024-08-26 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and J M Raja for writing the dialogues for the film.<ref name="release3">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-25 |title=Sathish's Sattam En Kaiyil gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/25/sathishs-sattam-en-kaiyil-gets-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080329/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/25/sathishs-sattam-en-kaiyil-gets-release-date |archive-date=2024-08-25 |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sattam En Kaiyil
| type = soundtrack
| artist = M.S. Jones Rupert
| released = {{Start date|2024|10|9}}
| studio = SoundTown studios. Chennai
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=11|s=09}}
| language = Tamil
| label = [[TrendMusic]]
| producer = M.S. Jones Rupert
| misc = {{external music video| header = Audio Jukebox
| prev_title = [[Irudhi Pakkam]]
| prev_year = 2021
| year = 2024
|{{YouTube|zboi2w5N2ww|Sattam En Kayil - Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The soundtrack and background is composed by MS Jones Rupert.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-26 |title=Venkat Prabhu shouts out Sathish's 'Sattam En Kaiyil', calls it a very interesting premise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-shouts-out-sathishs-sattam-en-kaiyil-calls-it-a-very-interesting-premise/articleshow/113700465.cms |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 11:09
| title1 = Sattam En Kayil Theme Track
| length1 = 3:14
| lyrics1 = Raghav Krishnan
| extra1 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| title2 = Satham Indri Pirindhu
| length2 = 3:48
| lyrics2 = Sai Vinayagam
| extra2 = M.S.Jones Rupert
| title3 = Asustado Miedo
| length3 = 4:07
| lyrics3 = Naveen Bharathi
| extra3 = Deepak Blue
}}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
''Sattam En Kaiyil'' got released theatrically on 27 September 2024<ref name="release4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Sathish's Sattam En Kaiyil makers release glimpse |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/25/sathishs-sattam-en-kaiyil-makers-release-glimpse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926102449/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/25/sathishs-sattam-en-kaiyil-makers-release-glimpse |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> through PVR Pictures in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="release1" /> Initially, the film was scheduled to release on 20 September 2024.<ref name="technical" />

=== Home media ===
''Sattam En Kaiyil'' began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 31 October 2024, coinciding with [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-11-01 |title=Sathish's Sattam En Kaiyil gets OTT premiere |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Nov/01/sathishs-sattam-en-kaiyil-gets-ott-premiere |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
=== Marketing ===
The makers released the first six minutes from the film on social media as a glimpse through [[Ravichandran Ashwin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=Watch: First 6 Minutes Of Sathish's Sattam En Kaiyil |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/watch-the-first-glimpse-of-sattam-en-kaiyil-article-113689651 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926130148/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/watch-the-first-glimpse-of-sattam-en-kaiyil-article-113689651 |archive-date=2024-09-26 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
== Reception ==
Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "If you don't mind starving yourself through the first half, ''Sattam En Kaiyil'' rewards you with the grand feast that is the second half."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=27 September 2024 |title=Sattam En Kaiyil Movie Review: A spectacular second half makes up for a weak start |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Sep/27/sattam-en-kaiyil-movie-review-a-spectacular-second-half-makes-up-for-a-weak-start |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927154155/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Sep/27/sattam-en-kaiyil-movie-review-a-spectacular-second-half-makes-up-for-a-weak-start |archive-date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "It's a simple revenge tale that could have been cleverly woven into the proceedings. The info dump feels like a missed opportunity for some smart storytelling."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=2024-09-25 |title=Sattam En Kayyil Movie Review : Suspense and tension in a limited space |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sattam-en-kayyil/movie-review/113660505.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925081727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sattam-en-kayyil/movie-review/113660505.cms |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
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R. Sowdhamini

2026-02-10T02:40:59Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: Started Details.

{{Short description|Indian computational biologist, bioinformatician and professor}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = R. Sowdhamini
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1964|5|24}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Protein Science]] | [[Genome sequencing]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] | inStem }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Madras]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Birkbeck, University of London]] | [[University of Cambridge]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Tom Blundell]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Computational studies on [[Protein Science]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2007 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | 2010 [[Human Frontier Science Program|HFSP]] Award | [[India International Friendship Society|IIFS]] Bharat Jyoti Award }}
}}
'''Ramanathan Sowdhamini''' (born 24 May 1964) is an Indian computational biologist, [[bioinformatician]]. She is a professor at the department of biochemistry, biophysics and bioinformatics of the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], a [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|TIFR]] research facility located in [[Bengaluru]]. Known for computational studies in the field of [[Protein Science]], Sowdhamini is also associated with the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine as a collaborator and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] as well as the [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded her the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for her contributions to biosciences in 2007.

== Biography ==
[[File:NCBS Bangalore Campus.JPG|thumb|left|[[National Centre for Biological Sciences|NCBS]] Campus]]
Born on 24 May 1964<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sowdhamini,_Dr_Ramanathan |title=Fellow profile |date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], Sowdhamini earned a post graduate degree from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] in basic chemistry and enrolled at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] for her doctoral studies from where she secured a PhD.<ref name="Speaker: R. Sowdhamini - Bioinformatica Indica 2016">{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/bioindica2016/news-and-updates/speakerrsowdhamini |title=Speaker: R. Sowdhamini – Bioinformatica Indica 2016 |date=26 December 2017 |website=BioIndica – Google |access-date=26 December 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Subsequently, she did her post-doctoral work in the UK, first at [[Birkbeck, University of London]]{{Refn|group=note|Under the guidance of [[Tom Blundell]], a [[Knight Bachelor]]}} and later, at the [[University of Cambridge]]. On her return to India, she joined the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] (NCBS), a research facility in [[Bengaluru]], jointly funded by the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] and the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] as a member of faculty<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P09-1497 |title=Indian fellow |date=21 December 2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220241/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P09-1497 }}</ref> where she serves as a professor at the department of biochemistry, biophysics and bioinformatics.<ref name="Faculty - NCBS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/faculty |title=Faculty – NCBS |date=26 December 2017 |website=National Centre for Biological Sciences |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> She also serves as a collaborator at the Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem) of the [[Department of Biotechnology]].<ref name="Faculty - InStem">{{Cite web |url=https://instem.res.in/faculty |title=Faculty – InStem |date=26 December 2017 |website=Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226143620/http://instem.res.in/faculty }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Starr 080117-1577 Ocimum tenuiflorum.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Tulsi]] plant]]
Sowdhamini's research is in the fields of computational studies of [[Protein Science]] as well as [[genome sequencing]] and she is reported to have done advanced research in the code development for studying [[Protein folding]] and unfolding.<ref name="WestmorelandKollman2013">{{cite book|author1=Phillip R. Westmoreland|author2=Peter A. Kollman|author3=Anne M. Chaka, Peter T. Cummings, Keiji Morokuma, Matthew Neurock, Ellen B. Stechel, Priya Vashishta|title=Applying Molecular and Materials Modeling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIPrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-0765-7|pages=184–}}</ref> She leads a group of scientists engaged in the computational studies of proteins with regard to their ''random rearrangements during evolution''<ref name="Lab Members - NCBS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/faculty/mini-lab-members |title=Lab Members – NCBS |date=26 December 2017 |website=ncbs.res.in |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> and they have carried out genome surveys of several [[protein families]] and [[Protein superfamily|superfamilies]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/faculty/mini |title=Prof. R. Sowdhamini – NCBS |date=26 December 2017 |website=National Centre for Biological Sciences |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Her team was successful in preparing the draft genome of [[Ocimum tenuiflorum]] (commonly known as Tulsi), a plant with medicinal properties, for the first time which assisted in identifying the genes responsible for the production of [[Ursolic acid]], a [[triterpenoid]] and [[Eugenol]], a [[phenylpropanoid]], compounds responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant.<ref name="Scientists decode humble tulsi">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Scientists-decode-humble-tulsi/articleshow/48893673.cms |title=Scientists decode humble tulsi |date=10 September 2015 |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Medicinal properties of tulsi unravelled">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicinal-properties-of-tulsi-unravelled/article7593813.ece |title=Medicinal properties of tulsi unravelled |last=Prasad |first=R. |date=30 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=26 December 2017 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was the lead developer of ''3DSwap'', a database of 3D domain-swapped proteins.<ref name="Swapping long-drawn data searches for ingenuity: 3DSwap">{{Cite news |url=http://news.ncbs.res.in/archivednews/story/swapping-long-drawn-data-searches-ingenuity-3dswap |title=Swapping long-drawn data searches for ingenuity: 3DSwap |date=13 March 2012 |work=NCBS news |access-date=26 December 2017 }}</ref> Besides, along with [[James Spudich]] of the [[Stanford University]] and Henrik Flyvbjerg of the [[Technical University of Denmark]], she led the project for studying coiled coil interactions in proteins, a collaborative project of the two institutions and the National Centre for Biological Sciences.<ref name="VLife to develop Advanced Technology for NCBS, Bengaluru, Stanford University and Technical University of Denmark">{{Cite news |url=http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/vlife-develop-advanced-technology-ncbs-bengaluru-stanford-university-technical-university-denmark/22023 |title=VLife to develop Advanced Technology for NCBS, Bengaluru, Stanford University and Technical University of Denmark |date=25 March 2010 |work=Business Wire India |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Her studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Sowdhamini=3ARamanathan=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 427 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramanathan_Sowdhamini |title=On ResearchGate |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> She sits in the editorial board of ''Bioinformation'' journal<ref name="Editorial Board Bioinformation">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bioinformation.net/journal/editorialbrd.htm |title=Editorial Board Bioinformation |date=26 December 2017 |website=bioinformation.net |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> and has also mentored many post-graduate, doctoral ad post-doctoral scholars in their research.<ref name="Nitish Sathyanarayanan NCBS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/faculty/student/135/457 |title=Nitish Sathyanarayanan NCBS |date=26 December 2017 |website=ncbs.res.in |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Shaik Naseer Pasha NCBS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/faculty/student/135/452 |title=Shaik Naseer Pasha NCBS |date=26 December 2017 |website=ncbs.res.in |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Oommen K. Mathew NCBS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/faculty/student/135/458 |title=Oommen K. Mathew NCBS |date=26 December 2017 |website=ncbs.res.in |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded Sowdhamini the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2007.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |year=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf }}</ref> She was elected as a fellow by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 2010<ref name="Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/women |title=Fellowship – Indian Academy of Sciences |date=21 December 2017 |website=ias.ac.in |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> and she received the [[Human Frontier Science Program]] Award the same year.<ref name="Prof. R. Sowdhamini: HFSP Awardee - NCBS news">{{Cite web |url=http://news.ncbs.res.in/archivednews/story/prof-r-sowdhamini-hfsp-awardee |title=Prof. R. Sowdhamini: HFSP Awardee – NCBS news |date=23 April 2011 |website=news.ncbs.res.in |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> A year later, The [[Indian National Science Academy]] elected her as a fellow in 2011.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=26 December 2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> She is also a recipient of the Bharat Jyoti Award of the [[India International Friendship Society]].<ref name="Prof. R. Sowdhamini - News - NCBS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/faculty/mini-news |title=Prof. R. Sowdhamini – News – NCBS |website=ncbs.res.in |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> She is a J. C. Bose National Fellow of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] since 2016.

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Madan |first1=Lalima L. |last2=Veeranna |first2=S. |last3=Shameer |first3=Khader |last4=Reddy |first4=Chilamakuri C. S. |last5=Sowdhamini |first5=R. |last6=Gopal |first6=B. |date=13 September 2011 |title=Modulation of Catalytic Activity in Multi-Domain Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=e24766 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024766 |pmid=21931847 |issn=1932-6203|pmc=3172300 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...624766M |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Syamaladevi |first1=Divya P. |last2=Sowdhamini |first2=R. |date=26 September 2011 |title=Evolutionary traces decode molecular mechanism behind fast pace of myosin XI |journal=BMC Structural Biology |volume=11 |page=35 |doi=10.1186/1472-6807-11-35 |pmid=21942950 |issn=1472-6807|pmc=3209465 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Jitendra |last2=Choudhary |first2=Bikash C. |last3=Metpally |first3=Raghu |last4=Zheng |first4=Qun |last5=Nonet |first5=Michael L. |last6=Ramanathan |first6=Sowdhamini |last7=Klopfenstein |first7=Dieter R. |last8=Koushika |first8=Sandhya P. |date=4 November 2010 |title=The Caenorhabditis elegans Kinesin-3 Motor UNC-104/KIF1A Is Degraded upon Loss of Specific Binding to Cargo |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=6 |issue=11 |article-number=e1001200 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1001200 |pmid=21079789 |pmc=2973836 |issn=1553-7404 |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Computational chemistry]]
* [[Protein tyrosine phosphatase]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/500915/indian-scientists-decode-tulsi-plant.html |title=Indian scientists decode Tulsi plant genome |date=14 September 2015 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=26 December 2017}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRsuyM6348w |title=Genes to Olfaction: 60 Years in Science: Jan3 Reminiscences |date=6 January 2012 |publisher= TheNCBSnewsteam |format=YouTube video |access-date=26 December 2017}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://cdfd.org.in/labpages/LCB_usr.html |title=CDFD :: Computational Biology :: Dr. U S Raghavender |date=26 December 2017 |website=cdfd.org.in |access-date=26 December 2017}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sowdhamini, R.}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian bioinformaticians]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Centre for Biological Sciences]]
[[Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]

P. Gopinathan Nair

2026-02-09T21:25:51Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM:

{{Short description|Indian social worker (1922–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Gopinathan Nair
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|7|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Neyyattinkara]], [[Travancore]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|7|5|1922|7|7|df=y}}
| death_place = Neyyattinkara, [[Kerala]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Social worker Gandhian [[Indian independence activist]]
| yearsactive = Since 1942
| known for = [[Mahatma Gandhi National Memorial Trust]] [[Shanti Sena]] [[Bhoodan Movement]]
| spouse = L. Saraswathi Amma
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = M. Padmanabha Pillai K. P. Janaki Amma
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] Stallions Social Service Award SUTIC Honor
}}

'''Padmanabha Pillai Gopinathan Nair''' (7 July 1922 – 5 July 2022) was an Indian social worker, [[Gandhism|Gandhian]], [[Indian independence activist|independence activist]], and the chairman of [[Mahatma Gandhi National Memorial Trust]] (popularly known as Gandhi Smarak Nidhi).<ref name="Sri. P.Gopinathan Nair, Chairman">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Sri. P.Gopinathan Nair, Chairman |url=http://www.keralagandhismaraknidhi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=475 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401113537/http://keralagandhismaraknidhi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=475 |archive-date=1 April 2016 |access-date=31 July 2016 |publisher=Kerala Gandhi Smarak Nidhi}}</ref>

He participated in the [[Quit India movement]] of 1942 and worked alongside [[Vinoba Bhave]] to promote the [[Bhoodan movement|Bhoodan]] and [[Gramdan]] movements.<ref name="Padma Shri for Gopinathan Nair">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Padma-Shri-for-Gandhian/article14020153.ece | title=Padma Shri for Gandhian | work=The Hindu | date=26 January 2016 }} Updated 23 September 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2022.</ref> He was the initiator of the ''camp movement'', a student program that was part of the ''Construction Movement'' of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="A Gandhian turns 90 on Thursday">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article415989.ece?service=print | title=A Gandhian turns 90 on Thursday | publisher=Indian Express | date=7 July 2011 | access-date=31 July 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816202419/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article415989.ece?service=print | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a recipient of the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]], among other honors.<ref name="Japanese Gandhian wins Jamnalal Bajaj award">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/gandhi/20051004.htm | title=Japanese Gandhian wins Jamnalal Bajaj award | publisher=ReDiff News | date=4 October 2005 | access-date=31 July 2016 | archive-date=10 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910194412/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/gandhi/20051004.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth-highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2016, for his contributions to society.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803085913/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf | archive-date=3 August 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Gopinathan Nair was born on 7 July 1922 to M. Padmanabha Pillai and K. P. Janaki Amma in [[Neyyattinkara]], a town in the southern part of [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="A Gandhian turns 90 on Thursday" /> After completing his school education at the Government High School, Neyyattinkara, he did his university studies in science at the [[University College, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Sri. P.Gopinathan Nair, Chairman"/>

During university, Nair participated in the [[Quit India movement]].<ref name="2005 Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Constructive Work">{{cite web | url=http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/2005/constructive-work/gopinathan-nair | title=2005 Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Constructive Work | publisher=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation | date=2016 | access-date=31 July 2016 | archive-date=9 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809112137/http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/2005/constructive-work/gopinathan-nair | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1944, he founded the ''Trivandrum Students Settlement'' movement with 35 students, inspired by the ''Construction movement'' of Mahatma Gandhi. In 1946, he became the Chief ''Tattwa Pracharak'' of the Kerala [[Gandhi Smarak Nidhi]] and conducted several courses for his colleagues as well as other students.<ref name="2005 Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Constructive Work" /> During that same year, he completed further studies in Chinese culture and [[Gandhian philosophy]] at [[Shantiniketan]].<ref name="Sri. P.Gopinathan Nair, Chairman" />

For the next decade and a half, he set up camps for training people and carried out construction projects such as roads and sanitation facilities. He organized people for [[Bhoodan]] and Gramdan activities.<ref name="Recipient of Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Constructive Work-2005">{{cite web | url=http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/Media/pdf/JBA_2005_Bio_P_Gopinathan_Nair.pdf | title=Recipient of Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Constructive Work-2005 | publisher=Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation | date=2016 | access-date=31 July 2016 | archive-date=25 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425161019/http://jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/Media/pdf/JBA_2005_Bio_P_Gopinathan_Nair.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> When [[Vinoba Bhave]] visited [[Kerala]] as a part of his ''Padayatra'', Nair organized a meeting in [[Kalady]]. Nair also became associated with [[Shanti Sena]] and was involved in many of its activities. He was reported to have been a mediator during the [[Naxalite]] insurgency in [[Kilimanoor]] in 1970, the Hindu-Muslim communal riots in [[Thalassery]], the [[East Bengali refugees|East Bengali refugee]] crisis of 1971, and the [[Kuttanad]] Peace Project of 1971 to 1976. He also served as the chair of the ''Sarva Seva Sangh'' in 1989<ref name="2005 Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Constructive Work" /> and was the convenor of the Cow Protection Committee in Kerala when Bhave campaigned against the slaughter of cows. In the aftermath of the [[Marad massacre]] of 2002, [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]] [[A. K. Antony]] requested Nair's assistance in mediating between the warring factions; Nair was reportedly successful in his efforts.<ref name="Recipient of Jamnalal Bajaj Award for Constructive Work-2005" />

Nair, who wrote several articles on Gandhian thought,<ref name="Narayanasamy2003">{{cite book|author=S. Narayanasamy|title=The Sarvodaya Movement: Gandhian Approach to Peace and Non-violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pI0Hdv0Cy34C&pg=PA105|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-877-8|pages=105–}}</ref> was associated with Gandhi Smarak Nidhi in various positions. He held the post of the secretary of the Kerala chapter from 1980 to 1982, then became head of the chapter in 1999.<ref name="Sri. P.Gopinathan Nair, Chairman" /> He was elected as the national president of Gandhi Smarak Nidhi in 2012.<ref name="Gandhian P Gopinathan Nair Honoured" /> In addition, Nair was a life member and a member of the governing board of the ''[[Gandhi Peace Foundation]]''<ref name="Governing Board">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Governing Board |url=http://www.gandhipeacefoundation.org/governing_board.php |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819060850/http://www.gandhipeacefoundation.org/governing_board.php |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |publisher=Gandhi Peace Foundation}}</ref> and a president of the All India Sarva Seva Sangham, Varanasi (6 years) and [[Sevagram]], Wardha (11 years).<ref name="Sri. P.Gopinathan Nair, Chairman" /> He was the chairman and patron of the Noorul Islam Civil Service Academy<ref name="Chairman and patron">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=Chairman and patron |url=http://noorulislamcivilserviceacademy.com/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045713/http://noorulislamcivilserviceacademy.com/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |publisher=Noorul Islam Civil Service Academy}}</ref> and a member of the ''Sree Uthradam Thirunal Institute Of Culture'', Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="Members Honoured in SUTIC Meetings with Memento and Shawl">{{cite web | url=http://sutic.org/membersHonoured.php | title=Members Honoured in SUTIC Meetings with Memento and Shawl | publisher=Sree Uthradam Thirunal Institute Of Culture | date=2016 | access-date=1 August 2016 | archive-date=7 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807023113/http://sutic.org/membersHonoured.php | url-status=live }}</ref>

Nair was married to L. Saraswathi Amma, a retired State Women's Welfare officer,<ref name="Sri. P.Gopinathan Nair, Chairman" /> and the couple lived in Neyyattinkara.<ref name="Kummanam visits P Gopinathan Nair">{{cite web | url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kummanam-visits-p-gopinathan-nair-english-news-1.856223 | title=Kummanam visits P Gopinathan Nair | publisher=Mathrubhumi | date=10 February 2016 | access-date=1 August 2016 | archive-date=20 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920042209/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kummanam-visits-p-gopinathan-nair-english-news-1.856223 | url-status=live }}</ref> Nair died from a heart attack at a private hospital in [[Neyyattinkara]] on 5 July 2022, two days before his 100th birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2022 |title=ഗാന്ധിയൻ പി. ഗോപിനാഥൻ നായർക്ക് വിട |pages=1|quote=രാത്രി 8.45ഓടെ ഹൃദയാഘാതത്തെതുടർന്നായിരുന്നു മരണം.|language=ml|newspaper=[[Madhyamam]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Gandhian P Gopinathan Nair dies at 100 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/13504555_Gandhian-P-Gopinathan-Nair-dies-at-100.html |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211347/http://www.ptinews.com/news/13504555_Gandhian-P-Gopinathan-Nair-dies-at-100.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He suffered from post-[[COVID-19]] health complications and age-related ailments prior to his death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2022 |title=Gandhian passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gandhian-passes-away/article65604123.ece |access-date=5 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705173806/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gandhian-passes-away/article65604123.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Awards and honours ==
Nair received the Social Service Award of the Stallions International in 2003.<ref name="Gopinathan Nair receives Social Service award 2003">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Gopinathan-Nair-receives-Social-Service-award-2003/articleshow/447646.cms | title=Gopinathan Nair receives Social Service award 2003 | publisher=Times of India | date=27 January 2004 | access-date=1 August 2016 | archive-date=9 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709042240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Gopinathan-Nair-receives-Social-Service-award-2003/articleshow/447646.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> He was selected for the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] in 2005 in recognition of his constructive social service.<ref name="Japanese Gandhian wins Jamnalal Bajaj award" /> The [[University of Calicut]] honored him for his services to Gandhian studies in 2005;<ref name="Honouring Octogenarian Gandhian Sri P Gopinathan Nair">{{cite web |date=2005 |title=Honouring Octogenarian Gandhian Sri P Gopinathan Nair |url=http://www.gandhichair.org/sub_pages/images/Honouring%20Octogenarian%20Gandhian%20Sri%20P%20Gopinathan%20Nair%20Thiruvananthapuram.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807044222/http://www.gandhichair.org/sub_pages/images/Honouring%20Octogenarian%20Gandhian%20Sri%20P%20Gopinathan%20Nair%20Thiruvananthapuram.html |archive-date=7 August 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |publisher=Gandhi Chair, University of Calicut}}</ref> the [[University of Kerala]] felicitated him on 24 April 2012, when he was elected as the national president of Gandhi Smarak Nidhi.<ref name="Gandhian P Gopinathan Nair Honoured">{{cite web |date=24 April 2012 |title=Gandhian P Gopinathan Nair Honoured |url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/gandhian-p-gopinathan-nair-honoured |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816005758/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/gandhian-p-gopinathan-nair-honoured |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |publisher=Yentha}}</ref>

The Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016, though the original recommendation of the state government was for the higher award of the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Shri for Gopinathan Nair" /> The [[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]] of the Government of Kerala and the state chapter of Gandhi Smarak Nidhi jointly organized a photo exhibition at Gandhi Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram, featuring various photographs from Nair's life, in connection with his 95th birthday celebrations. Besides photographs, the exhibition had several informative write-ups about him.<ref name="Gopinathan Nair turns 95">{{cite web | url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/gandhian-gopinathan-nair-turns-95/article8864214.ece | title=Gopinathan Nair turns 95 | work=The Hindu | date=18 July 2016 | access-date=31 July 2016}}</ref>

Noorul Islam Civil Service Academy of the NIMS Charity Trust, where he was the patron, was renamed as ''P. Gopinathan Nair Civil Service Training Academy'' in his honor in 2011, in connection with his 90th birthday celebrations.<ref name="P. Gopinathan Nair Civil Service Training Academy">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=P. Gopinathan Nair Civil Service Training Academy |url=http://www.nimscharity.com/civil_service_training.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313230033/http://www.nimscharity.com/civil_service_training.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |publisher=NIMS Charity}}</ref> His life has been documented in a 30-minute documentary film, directed by Rajan V. Pozhiyoor, the secretary of Thikkurissi Foundation and produced by the Media Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="Documentary on P Gopinathan Nair">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article1283236.ece?service=print | title=Documentary on P Gopinathan Nair | publisher=Indian Express | date=3 October 2012 | access-date=31 July 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816232634/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article1283236.ece?service=print | url-status=dead }}</ref> His biography has also been published under the title, ''Gandhian Karmapadhangalil'' (Along the Gandhian Paths).<ref name="Gopinathan Nair turns 95" />

== See also ==
{{portal|India}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bhoodan]]
* [[Gramdan]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi National Memorial Trust]]
* [[Quit India movement]]
* [[Vinoba Bhave]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite episode | title=P. Gopinathan Nair – A true Gandhian | series=Ee Vazhitharayil [Along this pathway] | number=78 | network=Mathrubhumi TV | location=Kochi | url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/Programs/Episode/8558/p-gopinathan-nair-a-true-gandhian-ee-vazhitharayil-episode-78/E | access-date=1 August 2016 | archive-date=4 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504174921/http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/Programs/Episode/8558/p-gopinathan-nair-a-true-gandhian-ee-vazhitharayil-episode-78/E | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite episode | title=Interview with Gandhian P. Gopinathan Nair | series=Ithalukal | network=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] News | location=Kochi | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDPVSUoqcG4}}
* {{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSEB3I0gBY0 | title=Inaugural Speech | publisher=Indian National Kamaraj Congress | date=15 March 2016 | people=P. Gopinathan Nair | medium=TV News}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Jamnalal Bajaj Award winners}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, P. Gopinathan}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Quit India Movement]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]
[[Category:Nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Social workers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar

2026-02-08T18:02:47Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: updated details

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar
| image = N. C. Kelkar.jpg
| caption =
| other_names = Sahityasamrat Tatyasaheb Kelkar
| party = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician, lawyer, editor, novelist, historian
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|08|24|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|10|14|1872|08|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Miraj]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_place = [[Pune]], India
| movement = [[Indian Independence Movement]]
| organization =
}}

'''Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar''' ('''N. C. Kelkar'''), popularly known as '''Sahityasamrat Tatyasaheb Kelkar''' (24 August 1872 – 14 October 1947), was a lawyer from [[Miraj]] as well as a dramatist, novelist, short story writer, poet, biographer, critic, historian, writer on philosophical and political themes. He was born in [[Chitpavan Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite book|title=Curzon and Congress: Curzonian policies and the great debate : (January 1899-March 1902)|publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research|year=1995|quote=KELKAR, NARASIMHA CHINTAMAN (1872-1947): Chitpavan Brahmin; a trusted associate of Tilak; editor, Vie Mahratta 18%- 1918; a member and later Chairman, Poona city Municipality; Secretary of Tilak's Home Rule League, 1916-18|page=422}}</ref> He was a literary and political figure in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], and also both editor and trustee of the newspaper ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]''. He served as editor twice when Tilak was imprisoned in 1897 and 1908.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watve |first1=K.N. |title=Sri Narasimha Chintaman "Alias" Tatyasaheb Kelkar |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1947 |volume=28 |issue=1/2 |pages=156–158 |jstor=44028058}}</ref>

He was associated with [[Shikshana Prasarak Mandali]] Pune, an education society in Pune established in 1904. He was also closely associated with [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-november-29-1919-mr-tilaks-farewell/article30109062.ece|title=From the Archives (November 29, 1919): Mr. Tilak's Farewell.|date=2019-11-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He had also served as the president of [[Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya]], [[Thane]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ठाण्यातील पहिले ग्रंथालय |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/first-library-of-thane-district/articleshow/84923494.cms |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=July 31, 2021 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

After the death of Tilak in 1920, he became one of the foremost leaders of the Tilak faction in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party. He was elected to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], the lower house of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] in 1923 and served until 1929. He was president of [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]] twice at [[Jabalpur]] in 1928 and [[Delhi]] at 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savarkar.org/en/lifesketch/veer-savarkars-associates/associates-hindutva-movement|title=Associates in Hindutva Movement: Narsimha Chintaman or Tatyasaheb Kelkar|publisher=Savarkar.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706123433/http://savarkar.org/en/Encyc/2017/5/23/Associates-in-Hindutva-Movement.html|archive-date=2017-07-06|access-date=2010-02-08}}</ref><ref name="http://www.savarkar.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.savarkar.org/gallery2/gallery/v/Savarkars+associates/Narsimha+Chintaman+Kelkar.jpg.html|title=(Photo of) Narsimha Chintaman Kelkar, President of Hindu Mahasabha, Jabalpur 1928, Delhi 1932|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325205233/http://www.savarkar.org/gallery2/gallery/v/Savarkars+associates/Narsimha+Chintaman+Kelkar.jpg.html|archive-date=2012-03-25|access-date=20 February 2012}}</ref>

== Literary accomplishments ==

=== Play ===
* ''Sarojini'' (1901)
* ''Tohi mich ani hahi mich alias Mavardevachi jidgoli'' (1898)
* ''Chandragupta'' (1913)
* ''Totayache band'' (1913)
* ''Krishnarjuna yaddha'' (1915)
* ''Sant Bhanudas'' (1919)
* ''Pattichi nivad, Jangal main mangal'' (incomplete)

=== Novels ===
* ''Andharved'' (1928)
* ''Navalpurcha santhanik'' (1934),
* ''Balidan'' (1937)
* ''Kokancha por'' (1942)
* ''Kavala ani Dhapi, Jagachi rit'' (1943)

=== Short stories ===
* ''Moujeche char prahar'' (1931)
* ''Kusha vishi ani itar goshti'' (1950)

=== Poetry ===
* ''Kavyopahar'' (1927)
* ''Padyaguchha'' (1936)
* ''Gatagoshti'' : Autobiographical writing (1939)
* ''Patravyvahar'' : supplementary to ''Gatagoshti'' (1941)

=== Biographies ===
* [[Garibaldi]] : in Marathi (1902), this book ran for five editions, and the last edition was published in 1944.
* Life and times of Lokamanya Tilak (in English)
* ''Maza janmabharcha ek udyag, Lokamanya Tilak yanche charitra Purvardha'' (1923)
* Landmarks of Lokmanya's life (in English) (1924)
* ''Lokamanya Tilakanche punyasmaran'' (1927)
* ''Lokamanya Tilak yanche charitra Uttarardha'' Vol. II (1928)
* ''Lokamanya Tilak yanche charitra Uttarardha'' Vol. III (1928)
* ''Ayarlandche rastravir'' Vol I and II with P V Gadgil (1930)

=== History ===
* ''Irelandcha itihas'' (1909)
* ''Marathe va Ingraj'' (1918)
* ''Itihas vihar'' (1926)
* ''French rajyakranti'' (1937)

=== Court cases ===
* Tilak trial (in English, 1908)
* Contempt of court Case (3rd edition 1924)
* ''Kesarivaril Khatla'' (1924)

=== Philosophy ===
* ''Bharatiya tatvajnan'' : Keshavsut (1934)
* ''Gavaran Gita'' (1944)
* ''Sudharana, sukha va sadachar'' (1945)
* ''Jnaneshvari Sarvasva'' (1946)

=== Political writing ===
* Case of Indian Home Rule (1917)
* Tirangi Navamatwad (a book on Marxism/communism)

==See also==
* [[Responsive Cooperation Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelkar, Narasimha Chintaman}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Mayors of Pune]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:People from Satara (city)]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:People from Miraj]]
[[Category:Hindu Mahasabha politicians]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]

Sunil Kumar (activist)

2026-02-08T02:20:08Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding bio.

{{Short description|Indian RTI activist}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = 1987
| birth_place = [[Etah, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Journalist and activist
| children = 2
}}

'''Sunil Kumar''' (born c. 1987) is an Indian journalist and [[Right to information|Right to Information]] (RTI) activist from [[Etah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. A Dalit, he has used RTI queries and investigative journalism to expose corruption, including police misconduct, since around 2012. In 2016, Kumar was arrested and falsely charged with molesting a minor under the [[POCSO Act]] after releasing a video of police taking bribes from cattle smugglers, leading to his public humiliation, three weeks in jail, and an eight-year legal battle that ended in his acquittal in 2024. The [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) later deemed the case a fabrication and ordered compensation.

== Early life and education ==
Kumar was born in Etah, Uttar Pradesh, around 1987. He holds a [[Bachelor's degree]] in arts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=NADAR |first=A. GANESH |title='I'll continue to help the helpless' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/sunil-kumar-rti-activist-ill-continue-to-help-the-helpless/20220422.htm |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar has worked as a journalist since 2004, including for a local news channel in Uttar Pradesh. His reporting has focused on exposing corruption and government malpractices.<ref name=":1" />

== Activism ==
Kumar has been an RTI activist for over a decade, filing queries to assist the poor and marginalized in resolving issues with government authorities. In 2014, he lodged a complaint with the NHRC regarding the alleged custodial death of labourer Balak Ram at Aliganj police station in Etah, who died in custody after being beaten in connection with a robbery case. The post-mortem indicated death due to external injuries, but police claimed public involvement rather than custodial torture. No chargesheets were filed against Balak Ram despite his name appearing in four [[First information report|first information reports]], and the NHRC ordered a probe by the Uttar Pradesh Crime Branch in January 2023, highlighting discrepancies in the police narrative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2023-01-16 |title=NHRC orders probe in 2014 custodial death case at Etah district of UP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/nhrc-orders-probe-in-2014-custodial-death-case-at-etah-district-of-up-123011600530_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123121404/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/nhrc-orders-probe-in-2014-custodial-death-case-at-etah-district-of-up-123011600530_1.html |archive-date=2023-01-23 |access-date=2025-09-16 |language=en}}</ref>

Kumar has stated that his activism is driven by a commitment to punish the guilty and help the helpless, vowing to continue despite threats.

== 2016 arrest and frame-up ==
On 18 June 2016, Kumar conducted a sting operation and filmed two police constables at Jaithra police station in Etah accepting bribes from vehicles transporting cattle, an activity banned under Uttar Pradesh's [[Cattle slaughter in India|cow slaughter]] laws at the time. The video went viral on social media, prompting the suspension of the officers.

Four days later, on 22 June, a 16-year-old girl filed a complaint accusing Kumar of molestation and attempted rape. Jaithra SHO Kailash Chandra Dubey arrested him without prior notice, despite the charges not requiring immediate custody. Kumar was handcuffed, forced to eat while restrained, and paraded through a crowded market to the court, during which police allegedly made casteist slurs and told bystanders he had tried to rape a minor. He spent 21 days in Etah district jail before securing bail on 16 July.<ref name=":0" />

Kumar filed a complaint with the NHRC in August 2016, submitting evidence including the sting video, newspaper clippings, and a CD. In December 2021, the NHRC ruled the case a "frame-up" in retaliation for his exposé, ordering the [[Uttar Pradesh government]] to pay ₹200,000 (US$2,400) in interim relief recovered from the salaries of three officers: sub-inspector Madan Murari and constables Samar Singh and Harishankar Sharma—and directed disciplinary action against them, including the then SSP and investigation officer. The compensation was credited to his account in March 2022.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-26 |title=Cuffed, paraded, RTI activist in Uttar Pradesh gets Rs 2 lakh relief after 6 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/cuffed-paraded-rti-activist-gets-rs-2l-relief-after-6-yrs/articleshow/90448736.cms |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-27 |title=NHRC order to UP: 5 years after ‘frame-up’, journalist gets Rs 2 lakh relief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/nhrc-order-to-up-5-years-after-frame-up-journalist-gets-rs-2-lakh-relief-7837943/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A special POCSO court in Etah acquitted Kumar of all charges on 7 June 2024, after an eight-year trial, observing that he had been falsely implicated. The court also ordered proceedings against the complainant. Kumar described the ordeal as the "biggest" of his life, noting the reputational damage and mental stress to his family, and plans to seek further compensation, potentially up to the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-08 |title=Pocso court acquits Dalit RTI activist after 8-year ordeal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/dalit-rti-activist-acquitted-after-8-year-ordeal/articleshow/110809692.cms |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kumar is married and has two minor children. He resides in Mohalla Nehru Nagar, Jaithra, Etah.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunil, Kumar}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:People from Etah]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Right to Information activists]]
[[Category:Indian freedom of information activists]]
[[Category:Dalit]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Khyati Mangla

2026-02-07T23:36:08Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: added new info

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Khatimanglawalled.jpg
| caption =
| name = Khyati Mangla
| othername =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|09|22}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[India]]
| occupation = Theatre Personality, [[Actress]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active = 2010–2017
}}

'''Khyati Mangla''' (born 22 September 1988) is an Indian television actress who appeared in the Hindi television drama series, ''[[Neem Neem Shahad Shahad]]'', in which she played the main character of ''Nirali''.

==Early life==
Khyati Mangla was born in [[Ranchi]]. She did her Std. XII in Arts stream from [[DAV Public School, Hehal]] [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] in 2007.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

==Career==
She did TVC for Zee Marathi, Rasoi Magic Masala. She has also appeared in a music video for [[Asha Bhonsle]] and [[Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)|Ghulam Ali]] "Naina Re" in 2010. She attended on a scholarship the [[Kishore Namit Kapoor]] Acting Institute in 2009.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
She did acting training from Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting lab(KNK) Mumbai, Maharashtra.
She got her first tele-serial [[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]] which was aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] from 31 May 2010 to 25 February 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khyati interview |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110830/ttlife1.htm|date=2 April 2011 }}</ref> Then she did a promo for [[SAB TV]] with actor [[Gaurav Khanna]]. She got her second tele-serial [[Neem Neem Shahad Shahad]] which aired on [[Sahara One]] from 15 August 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/article-khyati-mangla-in-neem-neem-shahad-shahad-A01490.html|title=ख्याति बनी निराली}}</ref> In February 2014, Khyati acted in an episode of [[Bindass]] channel serial [[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]] along with Anurag Sharma.[[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Sidharth Malhotra]] made an appearance in that episode.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/parineeti-sidharth-to-feature-in-yeh-hai-aashiqui-179186-2014-01-31 Parineeti, Sidharth to feature in Yeh Hai Aashiqui]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202024635/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/parineeti-sidharth-to-feature-in-yeh-hai-aashiqui/article1-1179042.aspx Parineeti, Sidharth to feature in Yeh Hai Aashiqui]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vidya-farhan-to-impart-shaadi-experience-tv-snippets-114013000964_1.html|title=Vidya-Farhan to impart 'shaadi' experience (TV Snippets)|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=30 January 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/news/ni56741074/ Parineeti Chopra and Sidharth Malhotra shoot for 'Yeh Hai Aashiqui']</ref><ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/parineeti-chopra-sidharth-malhotra-shoot-39-yeh-hai-070501618.html Parineeti Chopra and Sidharth Malhotra shoot for 'Yeh Hai Aashiqui]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Parineeti Chopra and Sidharth Malhotra shoot for 'Yeh Hai Aashiqui' |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/parineeti-chopra-and-sidharth-malhotra-shoot-for-yeh-hai-aashiqui_150017.html|date=22 January 2014 }}</ref>

==Television==
*2010–11 [[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]] as Shreya
*2011-12 [[Neem Neem Shahad Shahad]] as Nirali
*2011 [[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (Sahara One)|Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna]] as Nirali
*2014 [[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]] as Nikita
*2015 [[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]] as Uttara Ram Prasad Maheshwari
*2017 [[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]] as [[Urmila]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9104183}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangla, Khyati}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

Vesara

2026-01-25T17:28:01Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: minor changes

{{Short description|Indian architectural style}}
[[File:Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far) temples at Mosale.JPG|thumb|Negeshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far), [[Hoysala dynasty]], 11th century.]]
[[File:Le temple de Chennakesava (Somanathapura, Inde) (14464890364).jpg|thumb| Ornate ceiling in Chennakesava temple, 11th century.]]
[[File:Keshava Temple, Somanathapura General View (2).jpg|thumb|Keshava temple, 11th century]]
[[File:Rear view of Kedareshvara temple (late 11th century) at Balligavi.JPG|thumb|Kedareshvara temple, [[Hoysala dynasty]], 11th century.]]
[[File:Rear view of Chennakeshava temple at Somanathapura.jpg|thumb|Chennakeshava temple, 11th century.]]

'''Vesara''' is a hybrid form of Indian temple architecture that combines [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] Southern Indian site layouts with shape details characteristic of the [[Nagara style|Nagara]] style of North India. This fusion style likely originated in the historic architecture schools of the [[Dharwad]] region. It is common in the surviving temples of the later [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] and [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysalas]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region, particularly [[Karnataka]]. According to Indian texts, Vesara Style was popular in central India, particularly in between the [[Vindhya Range]] and the [[Krishna River]].<ref name="Harle, 254">Harle, 254</ref><ref name="Kramrischp291"/><ref name=dhaky1977/> It is one of six major types of Indian temple architecture found in historic texts, the others being [[Nagara Style|Nagara]], [[Dravidian architecture|Dravida]], [[Bhumija]], [[Kalinga architecture|Kalinga]], and Varata.<ref name=ahardy102>{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy| title= Indian temple typologies, in Glimpses of Indian History and Art Reflections on the Past, Perspectives for the Future| date= May 2013|editor1 = Tiziana Lorenzetti| editor2 = Fabio Scialpi| publisher = Sapienza Università di Roma| isbn= 978-88-95814-85-8| page=102}}</ref>

Some scholars like [[Adam Hardy (architectural historian)|Adam Hardy]] avoid using the term "Vesara" because although ancient writers used the word, they may have intended different meanings from its modern usage.<ref name="Hardy, 8">Hardy, 8</ref> Alternative terms for the tradition's whole timespan, from the 7th to the 13th century CE, include "Karnata Dravida" (Hardy's choice),<ref>Hardy, 8, referring to the very early [[Karnata Kingdom]], which occupied roughly the north of the modern state of [[Karnataka]].</ref> "Central Indian temple architecture style", "Deccan architecture", or for shorter periods, terms referring to local dynasties, such as "Chalukyan architecture". Increasingly precise alternatives might include "Early Chalukya" or "[[Badami Chalukya architecture]]", "Later" or "Kalyana" or "[[Western Chalukya architecture]]",<ref>Hardy, 8: "Chalukyan" is used by the pioneering Victorian historian [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]]. Early and Later Chalukya are used by George Michell, who avoids "vesara". See Michell, 146-149</ref> and "[[Hoysala architecture]]", depending on dynastic and regional specifics.

Among those who do use "Vesara", there is some disagreement as to the periods to which it applies. Such disagreements are largely restricted to matters of the term's usefulness and extent. There is general agreement about most aspects of the actual surviving buildings.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

==Etymology==
[[File:Sudi twin tower shiva temple 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Joda-kalasha temple, Sudi, Karnataka – another early innovator of the Vesara-style (''c.'' 1060 CE).<ref name=Sinha/>]]
''Vesara'' means [[mule]].<ref name="Kramrischp291">{{cite book | last=Kramrisch | first=Stella | title=The Hindu Temple, Volume 2| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | year=1976 | isbn=978-81-208-0224-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC | page=291}}</ref> The south Indian text ''Kamika-agama'' explains that this name is derived from its mixed nature, as its plan is Dravidian, yet its shape is Nagara in the details.<ref name="Kramrischp291"/> The same text says that Vesara is also called ''Sankara'' (hybrid) for the same reason.<ref name=dhaky1977>M.A. Dhaky (1977), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VyW32NwcMr4C The Indian Temple Forms in Karnata Inscriptions and Architecture]'', Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-81-7017-065-5}}, pp. 21–24</ref><ref name="Hardy, 8"/>
==Texts==
The Vesara style is not mentioned by name in north Indian texts on architecture, according to contemporary architectural scholars.{{cn|date=April 2024}} In contrast, it is a term found in most South Indian texts on architecture alongside Dravida and Nagara. This pattern suggests that the Vesara style originally emerged and grew in the south of the subcontinent.<ref name=dhaky1977/> The ''Manasara'' regionally categorizes Nagara in the north, Dravida in the south and Vesara in the middle. It goes on to state that Nagara emphasizes the four sides, Dravida a polygon (octagon), while Vesara compliments both with circular or elliptical forms. Given the many post-10th-century Hindu and Jain temple structures and ruins in Vesara form that have survived in Karnataka, the Vesara style has been linked to Karnataka and texts composed there.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy| title= Indian temple typologies, in Glimpses of Indian History and Art Reflections on the Past, Perspectives for the Future| date= May 2013|editor1 = Tiziana Lorenzetti| editor2 = Fabio Scialpi| publisher = Sapienza Università di Roma| isbn= 978-88-95814-85-8| page=103}}</ref>

In general, many South Indian texts state that Vesara is a building that is "circular or round" in plan above its ''karna'' (base) or ''kantha'' (neck). Some examples of this definition for Vesara are found in verse 50.15–17 of the ''Svayambhuva-agama'', verse 7.117 of the ''Karana-agama'', verse 12.68 of the ''Ajita-agama'', verse 30.41 of the ''Suprebheda-agama'' and others.<ref name=dhaky1977/> On the other hand, verse 7.15 of the ''Dipta-agama'', verse 9.3 of the ''Padma-samhita'', and verse 30.44–45 of ''Ishana-Sivagurudeva-Paddhati'' state that a Vesara may be circular, elliptical or apsidal in plan. A third view is proffered in the section 6 of the Marichi samhita, verses 18.47–48 of the ''Manasara'', and verses 19.36–38 of the ''Mayamata'', namely that a Vesara can be circular or it can be a square up to ''prastara'' and then is circular from the ''griva'' (neck) onwards.<ref name=dhaky1977/>{{refn|group=note|The ''Manasara'' states that the Vesara can be circular or elliptical all the way from base to stupi, or square below and round above, or an apsidal temple.<ref name=dhaky1977/>}}

There are other theoretical classifications of Hindu temple architecture, with South Indian texts using the plan and North Indian texts using the overall shape and form, in particular of the superstructure. However, the realized temples built before the 17th century show such an abundance of experimentation, innovations and overlapping varieties that scholars generally avoid adhering to strict theoretical terms. For example, while the theory in ''Manasara'' states that Dravida temples are those south Indian temples that have an octagonal (or polygonal) plan, historic Dravidian temples with octagonal plans either were never built or have not survived into the modern age.<ref name=ahardy102/> Similarly, even on the walls of Hindu and Jain temples of Karnataka, there is no depiction of any elliptical temple.<ref name=dhaky1977/> This may be because the ''sthanpati'' (architect) and ''silpins'' (artisans) in 9th to 11th century Karnataka were deliberately ignoring traditional texts and experimenting with novel and innovative approaches.<ref name=dhaky1977/>

==History==
{{multiple image
| width = 60
| align = right
| total_width = 500
| image1 = 11th century Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 13 with labels.jpg
| alt1 = Aerial view of the temple
| image2 = 11th century Kasivisvesvara temple plan, Lakkundi Karnataka.jpg
| alt2 = Floor plan of the temple
| footer = Kasivisvesvara temple at Lakkundi (1075 CE) fully illustrates the Vesara architecture. Left: On the pronounced bhadra are Nagara and Bhumija motifs; Right: in the floor plan, the ''bhadra'' bulge helps fuse Dravida-Nagara ideas, harmonizing the aesthetics outside and inside the temple.<ref name=Sinha>Ajay J. Sinha (1996), ''Architectural Invention in Sacred Structures: The Case of Vesara Temples of Southern India'', Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 382-399, {{JSTOR|991180}}</ref> In the 19th-century, the British scholar Burgess remarked, this temple has "one of the finest surviving illustration of Hindu decorative artwork in India".
}}

The Vesara style originated in the region between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers that today is northern [[Karnataka]]. According to some art historians, the roots of Vesara style can be traced to the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] of Badami (500 – 753 AD) whose Early Chalukya or [[Badami Chalukya architecture]] featured temples in a style that mixed some features of the Nagara and the Dravida styles. For example, they used both the northern [[shikhara]] and southern [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] type of superstructure over the sanctum in different temples of similar date, such as at [[Pattadakal]]. This style was further refined by the [[Rashtrakutas]] of [[Manyakheta]] (750 – 983 AD) in sites like [[Ellora]]. Though there is clearly a good deal of continuity with the Badami or Early Chalukya style,<ref>Michell, 149</ref> some writers only date the start of Vesara to the later [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] of [[Basavakalyan|Kalyani]] (983 – 1195 AD),<ref name="Harle, 254"/> whose sites include [[Lakkundi]], [[Doddabasappa Temple|Dambal]], [[Mahadeva Temple, Itagi|Itagi]], and [[Gadag]],<ref>Harle, 256-261</ref> and the later [[Hoysala empire]] (1000 – 1330 AD).

Other art historians such as Sinha state that experimentation and innovations in Hindu temple architecture began quite early in Karnataka at sites such as [[Aihole]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Badami]] and [[Mahakuta]] where both Nagara and Dravida temples were built close to each other. However, each of these temples more or less retained their historic identity.<ref name="Sinha77">{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=A.J. | title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India | publisher=University of Delaware Press | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-87413-684-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C | pages=77–83}}</ref> Vesara, states Sinha, should not be treated as a simple mixture of Nagara and Dravida, but as a deliberate architectural synthesis grounded in the available materials and construction methods in India from the 7th to 12th centuries.<ref name=Sinha/> This view is supported by inscriptions discovered in the north Karnataka region. For example, at the mid-11th-century Joda Kalasha Hindu temple in Sudi – an early Vesara example – an inscription is visible in a mix of Sanskrit and Kannada below Shaiva iconography. It mentions Somesvara I and ''saka'' 981 (circa 1060 AD).<ref name=Sinha/> After mentioning Hindu dynasties all over the Indian subcontinent, successful public works, ascetics and the schools of the ''silpins'', it states in verses 16–17:

{{Blockquote|
Shankararya constructed in the middle of the town of Shundi{{refn|group=note|now spelled Sudi}} a dwelling for Nagesvara [Shiva] so that the finials were completed in a manner that none could possibly imagine.
|Translated by Lionel Barnett, quoted by Ajay Sinha<ref name=Sinha/>{{refn|group=note|For the complete inscription and the context, see ''Epigraphia Indica'', Vol. 15 Part 1, pp. 85–94.}}
}}

The Joda Kalasha temple thus was a challenging innovation on a trend whose earliest surviving sample is in what is now the Kukkanur village of Karnataka, the [[Kallesvara Temple, Kukkanur|Kallesvara (Shiva) temple]] (1000 – 1025 AD). The Kukkanur temple shows mostly Dravidian features, particularly in the superstructure.<ref name=Sinha/> The sanctum and ''mandapa'', however, introduce a projecting ''bhadra'' with rhythmically placed thin pilasters. This thereby incorporates Nagara style and takes an initial step in harmonizing the relationship between how the viewer aesthetically experiences the temple from the outside and from the inside.<ref name=Sinha/> This ''bhadra'' innovation required changes in temples' construction methods and superstructure layouts. These changes were further perfected as the 11th century progressed in Karnataka. The Sudi temple was a significant step forward. The [[Kasivisvesvara Temple, Lakkundi|Kasivisvesvara temple in Lakkundi]] marked a high point of architectural and artistic accomplishment in the Vesara style. Thereafter, many more innovations were introduced and increasingly sophisticated Kalayana Chalukya and Hoysala temples were built in the emerging Vesara style through the 13th century.<ref name=Sinha/>

==Description==
[[File:7th-century Dravida architecture versus 11th-century Vesara architecture, Indian temples.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Upper: 7th-century Mahakutesvara temple with Dravida architecture (Mahakuta complex of Hindu temples, east of Badami);<ref name=Sinha/> Lower: 11th-century [[Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi]] in developed Vesara form (highly evolved ''bhadra'', with miniature northern [[shikhara]]s as motifs).]]
The Vesara architecture departs from the Dravida architecture in several key conceptual and experiential ways: it projects the ''bhadra''; widens the sanctum (and ''mandapa''); takes it ever closer to a rounded form; adds motifs and decoration to the outer walls; and changes how the temple aesthetically appears both outside and inside to the pilgrims. The Vesara form allowed the architect and artisans to add more narrative panels about the Epics, the [[Puranas]], the Vedic legends, scenes of [[artha]], kama, dharma (divine iconography). These accompanied illustrations of different types of temple ''shikaras'' as aedicules to the outside and inside. This ornamentation sharply contrasts with the plain structures found in the Dravida temples of earlier centuries.<ref name="Sinha77"/><ref name=Sinha/>

The Vesara style (if defined as beginning only with the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] in the late 10th century) contains elements of both Dravida and Nagara styles. In particular the shape of the superstructure over the sanctum is usually pyramidal in profile, and shorter than the northern ''[[shikhara]]'' tower. The walls and superstructure are broadly circular or a straight-sided cone, though the geometry is based on rotating a square imposed on a circle. Vesara also contains unique decorative motifs. A common motif is miniature ''shikharas'', often of the [[Bhumija]] type, showing that the architects were well aware of northern styles.<ref name="Harle, 254"/> Like the southern vimana superstructure, the Vesara equivalent is strongly divided into storeys or steps, but there are more of them, and the ''[[kapota]]'' roof motif is less dominant than in contemporaneous southern ''vimanas''.

George Michell describes a characteristic feature as "the obscuring of the outer profile of the building by multiplying the projections of the walls and superstructure; these move restlessly from one plane to another, relying upon effects of light and shade to lend the building its solidity and shape."<ref>Michell, 146-147</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=April 2024}}

There are generally prominent ''[[sukanasa]]'' projections from the tower on the roof over an ''[[antarala]]'' antechamber to the sanctum. The mandapa is generally larger than the sanctum and its vimana, while further open mandapas may be larger still. Some shrines have multiple temples, especially three.<ref>Harle, 256</ref> These are usually with three entrances off the same mandapa, as at the [[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura]] and [[Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi]]; the two side shrines are at 90° angles to the central, main one.

;Comparisons with Bhumija and Varata architectures
According to Dubey, there is no consensus in pre-13th-century Indian tradition as to how Vesara should be described or identified. The conditions and "mixed" features for Vesara are also found in [[Bhumija]] and Varata architecture, where synthesis and innovation drives the [[North Indian culture|North Indian]] and [[South Indian culture|South Indian]] towards being variants of each other. The discovery of early examples of elliptical, circular, apsidal Hindu temples, states Dubey, may correspond to the Vesara as they once existed, and as such what the South Indian texts were referring to when they were composed.<ref>Lal Mani Dubey (1978), Some Observations on the Vesara School of Hindu Architecture, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 39, Issue II, pp. 1000-1006, {{JSTOR|44139449}}</ref> Adam Hardy states that these inventive forms are better understood in terms of the architecture schools and their geographical context, bearing in mind that those schools shared and competed in their ideas. Vesara evolved in Karnataka, Varata in the Vidarbha-Berar region, Kalinga in Odisha, and Bhumija in Malwa.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy| title= Indian temple typologies, in Glimpses of Indian History and Art Reflections on the Past, Perspectives for the Future| date= May 2013|editor1 = Tiziana Lorenzetti| editor2 = Fabio Scialpi| publisher = Sapienza Università di Roma| isbn= 978-88-95814-85-8| pages=102–107}}</ref>

==Examples==
The early Vesara temples are primarily near and between the [[Tungabhadra River]] and the Krishna River before they merge. These sites include:<ref name=Sinha/>
*Kallesvara temple, [[Kuknur|Kukkanur]]
*Ramalingesvara temple, [[Gudur]]
*[[Mahadeva Temple, Itagi|Mahadeva temple, Ittagi]]
*[[Kasivisvesvara Temple, Lakkundi|Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi]] (and several other temples at Lakkundi)
*Brahmadeva temple, Savadi – notable for being fully stellate
*Mallikarjuna temple, [[Sudi, India|Sudi]] (and Joda Kalasha temple)

Later Vesara temples include the Hoysala temples at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], [[Halebid]]u and [[Somanathapura]].<ref>Harle, 261-263</ref> Three temples among these ([[Hoysaleswara Temple]] at [[Halebidu]], [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple at Belur]], [[Chennakesava Temple at Somanathapura|Chennkesava temple at Somanathapura]]) have been added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site List as [[Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas|Sacred Ensembles of Hoysalas]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=Karnataka’s sacred ensembles of Hoysalas inscribed on UNESCO world heritage list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karnatakas-sacred-ensembles-of-hoysalas-inscribed-on-unesco-world-heritage-list-8945731/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Dodda Basappa Temple.JPG|Dodda Basappa Temple at [[Dambal]], a unique 24-pointed, uninterrupted stellate (star-shaped), 7-tiered ''dravida'' plan, 12th century
File:Vesara style vimana and stellate shrine in Keshava temple at Somanathapura.jpg|[[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura]], 1258
File:ChennaKeshava Temple, Belur.JPG|The Kesava shrine at the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
*[[Adam Hardy (architectural historian)|Hardy, Adam]], ''Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries'', 1995, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|8170173124}}, 9788170173120, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&pg=PA183 google books]
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Michell, George (1988), ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226532301}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203120944/http://chitralakshana.com/history-12.htm History of Indian art]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070106225819/http://www.sanathanadharma.com/temple/history.htm Brief History of Hindu Temples]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]

Kanika Ahuja

2026-01-23T12:58:23Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: added new info

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Kanika Ahuja
| female = true
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Kanika Ahuja
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|8|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off spin|off break]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]

| international = true
| internationalspan =
| country = India

| onetest =
| testdebutdate =
| testdebutyear =
| testdebutagainst =
| testcap =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttestagainst =

| odidebutdate =
| odidebutyear =
| odidebutagainst =
| odicap =
| lastodidate =
| lastodiyear =
| lastodiagainst =

| T20Idebutdate = 21 September
| T20Idebutyear = 2023
| T20Idebutagainst = Malaysia
| T20Icap = 77
| lastT20Idate = 24 September
| lastT20Iyear = 2023
| lastT20Iagainst = Bangladesh

| club1 = [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2017/18–present}}
| club2 = {{nowrap|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]}}
| year2 = 2023–2025
| club3 = {{nowrap|[[Gujarat Giants(WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]}}
| year3 = 2026–

| columns = 3

| column1 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 1
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 1[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = –
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|WLA]]
| matches2 = 19
| runs2 = 420
| bat avg2 = 35.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 90
| deliveries2 = 802
| wickets2 = 38
| bowl avg2 = 13.18
| fivefor2 = 2
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/23
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–

| column3 = [[Women's Twenty20|WT20]]
| matches3 = 42
| runs3 = 28
| bat avg3 = 18.69
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 48
| deliveries3 = 393
| wickets3 = 18
| bowl avg3 = 20.38
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/16
| catches/stumpings3 = 11/–

| date = 2 November 2023
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2121/2121221/2121221.html CricketArchive
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry| {{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Cricket at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games|Team]]}}
}}
'''Kanika Ahuja''' (born 7 August 2002) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who currently plays for [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] and [[Gujarat Giants(WPL)|Gujarat Giants]] and [[India women's national cricket team|India]]. She is a left-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batter]] and right-arm [[off spin|off break]] [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/kanika-ahuja-1255560 |title=Player Profile: Kanika Ahuja |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="CricketArchive">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2121/2121221/2121221.html |title=Player Profile: Kanika Ahuja |work=CricketArchive |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

She made her international debut in September 2023, in a [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] for India against [[Malaysia women's national cricket team|Malaysia]].<ref name="t20idebut">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-women-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398686/india-women-vs-malaysia-women-1st-quarter-final-1399055/match-news |title=1st Quarter-Final, Hangzhou, September 21 2023, Asian Games Women's Cricket Competition: Malaysia Women v India Women |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ahuja was born on 7 August 2002 in [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="CricketArchive"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/spinner-rashi-kanojiya-the-latest-from-agra-s-cricket-nurseries-to-india-squad-101688395701672.html |title=Spinner Rashi Kanojiya the latest from Agra’s cricket nurseries to India squad |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 July 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Ahuja made her debut for [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] in the [[2017–18 Senior Women's T20 League]] against [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1052/1052801.html |title=Orissa Women v Punjab Women, 13 January 2018 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> She was the joint-leading wicket-taker in the [[2021–22 Women's Senior One Day Trophy]], with 15 wickets at an average of 13.13.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/35/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2021-22/Bowling_by_Wickets.html | title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2021/22 (Ordered by Wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> She took her [[List A cricket|List A]] best bowling figures in that tournament, with 5/23 from 10 overs against [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1187/1187240.html |title=Maharashtra Women v Uttar Pradesh Women, 15 November 2021 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> She also made her List A high score in the same tournament, with 90 from 88 deliveries against [[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1187/1187226.html |title=Punjab Women v Rajasthan Women, 6 November 2021 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

In February 2023, Ahuja was signed by [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]] at the inaugural [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] auction, for the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023 season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/live-blog/live-blog-2023-wpl-auction-1358703 |title=Bid-by-bid updates - 2023 WPL auction |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> She played seven matches for the side that season, scoring 98 runs and taking two wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/averages-batting-bowling-by-team/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-15174?team=7053 |title=Records in Women's Premier League, 2022/23/Royal Challengers Bangalore Women Batting and Bowling Averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> She was named as Player of the Match in her side's first win of the tournament, as she scored 48 from 30 deliveries and took 2 catches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/up-warriorz-women-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-women-13th-match-1358941/match-report |title=Bowlers, Kanika Ahuja set up Royal Challengers' first win |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 March 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-pressure-is-no-problem-for-rcb-matchwinner-kanika-ahuja-1363767 |title=Pressure is no problem for RCB's 20-year-old matchwinner Kanika Ahuja|work=ESPNcricinfo |date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

In February 2024, Ahuja was ruled out of [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL 2024]] due to injuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kashvee-gautam-kanika-ahuja-ruled-out-of-wpl-with-injuries-1421799 |title=Kanika Ahuja ruled out of WPL with injuries| work=Cricbuzz |date=19 Feb 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref>

==International career==
In June 2023, Ahuja played for India A at the [[2023 ACC Women's T20 Emerging Teams Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556005/bcci-announces-india-a-emerging-squad-for-acc-emerging-women-s-asia-cup-2023 |title=BCCI announces India 'A' (Emerging) squad for ACC Emerging Women's Asia Cup 2023 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> She was named as Player of the Match in the final as India A won the tournament, scoring 30[[not out|*]] and taking two wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-cricket-council-women-s-emerging-teams-cup-2023-1379666/india-a-women-vs-bangladesh-a-women-final-1379704/match-report |title=Ahuja and Patil star as India A win Women's Emerging Teams Asia Cup |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 June 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

In September 2023, Ahuja was named in her first [[India women's national cricket team|India]] squad, for the [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556018/india-s-squad-for-19th-asian-games-hangzhou-2022-announced |title=Team India (Senior Women) squad for 19th Asian Games |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> She made her [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] debut in the quarter-final of the tournament, which was curtailed by rain.<ref name="t20idebut"/> She played one further match at the tournament, the semi-final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-women-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398686/bangladesh-women-vs-india-women-1st-semi-final-1399059/full-scorecard |title=1st Semi-Final, Hangzhou, September 24 2023, Asian Games Women's Cricket Competition: Bangladesh Women v India Women |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1255560}}
* {{cricketarchive|id=2121221}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahuja, Kanika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Patiala]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab, India women cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL) cricketers]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in cricket]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]

The Concept of Active Defence in China's Military Strategy

2026-01-22T11:05:07Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding new post

{{Short description|Academic book about military strategy in China}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = The Concept of Active Defence in China's Military Strategy
| image = The Concept of Active Defence in China's Military Strategy.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = Amrita Jash
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Military]]
| genre = [[Nonfiction]]
| set_in =
| publisher = Pentagon Press
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| published = July 2021
| media_type = Hardcover
| pages = 320
| awards =
| isbn = 978-93-90095-30-8
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 1260166729
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''The Concept of Active Defence in China's Military Strategy'' '''is a book authored by Amrita Jash, an assistant professor in the Department of Geopolitics and International Relations at [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaid |first=Dharvi |date=5 January 2022 |title=How India is ramping up military modernization efforts – DW – 01/05/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-india-is-ramping-up-efforts-to-bolster-military-capability/a-60336292 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref> The book describes the core national interests of [[China]] along with its strategic intentions and military capabilities.<ref name="Tribuneindia" /> It describes '[[The Science of Military Strategy]]' (SMS), one of the main doctrinal military publications of the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) of China on the study of war, and the directions of the current Chinese military strategy.<ref name="Manoj Joshi Wire">{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Manoj |date=11 December 2021 |title=Book Review: Unravelling the Enigmatic Chinese Military and its Idea of 'Active Defence' |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |url=https://thewire.in/security/book-review-unravelling-the-enigmatic-chinese-military-and-its-idea-of-active-defence}}</ref>

The book was released by [[N. N. Vohra]], the former [[Governor of Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2021-07-07 |title=N.N. Vohra pitches for publicly known national security policy |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nn-vohra-pitches-for-publicly-known-national-security-policy/article35195550.ece |access-date=2021-12-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Tribuneindia">{{cite news|date=7 July 2021|title=Be prepared, China means business, warns NN Vohra|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/be-prepared-china-means-business-warns-nn-vohra-279728|access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref>

==Background==
The book is authored by Amrita Jash in 2021, after the events of the [[2017 China–India border standoff]] and the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]].<ref name="Manoj Joshi Wire" />

==Content==
The book attempts to explain the Chinese military strategy. According to reviewer [[Manoj Joshi (journalist)|Manoj Joshi]], its strategy of "active defence" when unravelled turns out to be "active offence".<ref name="Manoj Joshi Wire" /> Joshi says that in a way, this is a deliberately chosen deceptive strategy to camouflage offensive action.<ref name="Manoj Joshi Wire" />

== Reception ==
Writing for [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']], [[Manoj Joshi (journalist)|Manoj Joshi]] in his review suggests that the book "seeks to unravel ‘the riddle, wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma” of Chinese military strategy’ and strongly recommends that the book "should be [a] compulsory reading in our [India's] military institutions."<ref name="Manoj Joshi Wire" />

[[Indian Navy]]'s Captain Gurpreet S. Khurana in his review for the [[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]'s ''Journal of Defence Studies,'' suggests that the book "attempts to answer some key questions of immense relevance today about China as a neighbour, as well as China as a major global power. [...] as the author says, ‘What entails China's rise?.’"<ref name="Idsa">{{cite news |last=Khurana |first=Gurpreet S |date=April–June 2021 |title=The Concept of Active Defence in China's Military Strategy, by Amrita Jash |work=Journal of Defence Studies |publisher=[[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses]] |url=https://idsa.in/jds/the-concept-of-active-defence-in-china-military-strategy-15-2-2021 |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref>

In a review for [[The Financial Express (India)|''The Financial Express'']], Lieutenant General [[Podali Shankar Rajeshwar]] writes, "What makes the book interesting is Dr Jash’s explanation of China’s paradoxical but increasing insecurities ''vis-à-vis'' India, that give rise to its aggressive behaviour and new claims."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajeshwar |first=Podali Shankar |date=26 October 2022 |title=Book Review: The concept of active defence in China's military strategy |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/book-review-the-concept-of-active-defence-in-chinas-military-strategy/2743437/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Suyash Desai of [[National Taiwan Normal University]] reviewed the book for [[China Report|''China Report'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Desai |first=Suyash |date=2023-11-01 |title=Book review: The Concept of Active Defence in China’s Military Strategy by Amrita Jash |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/00094455231182306 |journal=[[China Report]] |language=EN |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=473–475 |doi=10.1177/00094455231182306 |issn=0009-4455|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Active defense]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Concept of Active Defence in China's Military Strategy, The}}
[[Category:Military books]]
[[Category:Books about China]]
[[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]

Nila Masterani

2026-01-09T04:32:15Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: Started Article

{{Short description|1996 Indian Odia-language film}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nila Masterani
| image =

| alt =
| caption =
| director = Chakradhar Sahu
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Godabarish Mohapatra Chakradhar Sahoo
| based_on =
| producer = Rabi Ratha
| starring = Minaketan Priyanka Mahapatra
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = Chandrasekhar Sahu
| music = Malay Mishra
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1996}}<ref name="Nila Masterani"/>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nila Masterani''''' is an Odia feature film released in 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 August 1997|title=ପ୍ରେକ୍ଷାଳୟରେ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ ହୋଇଥିବା ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଫିଲ୍ମ|work=ସିନେ ସମ୍ବାଦ}}</ref> This film was produced by Rabi Ratha and written by Godabarisha Mohapatera and Chakradhar Sahu. This comic was also directed by Chakradhar Sahu.<ref name="Nila Masterani">{{Cite web|title=Nila Masterani|url=https://indiancine.ma/APDX/info|access-date=2 June 2018|publisher=Indiacine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 February 2019|title=ଫିଲ୍ମ ମେକିଂର ଏହି ଦିଗଉପରେ ଅଧିକ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେଉଥିଲେ ଚକ୍ରଧର ସାହୁ|work=Sambad|url=http://sambad.in/entertainment/chakradhar-sahu-story-300266/|access-date=8 February 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190208174128/http://sambad.in/entertainment/chakradhar-sahu-story-300266/|archive-date=8 February 2019}}</ref>

Meenaketan Das and Priyanka Mahapatra have acted in different roles in this feature film.

== Cast ==

* [[Minaketan Das]]
* [[:or:Priyanka Mahapatra|Priyanka Mahapatra]]

== Songs and music ==
In this film, music is directed by Malay Mishra.

== Awards ==
In 1997 this film was awarded with 5 state awards. Special Jury Award, Best Script, Best recording, Best story & Best Acting.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt1449227}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1990s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]

Special Operation Group (Odisha)

2026-01-07T18:12:18Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: creating a entry

{{Short description|Elite police unit in Odisha, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
|agencyname = Special Operation Group SOG
|abbreviation =
|logo =
|formedyear = {{ubl|{{start date|df=yes|2004|08|21}}|({{years ago|2004}} years ago)}}
|formedmonthday =
|employees = 3,000
|budget =
|nongovernment =
|country = India
|local =
|speciality1 =
|divtype = State
|divname = Odisha
|map = India_Orissa_locator_map.svg
|mapcaption = Map of Odisha Police Department's jurisdiction
|sizearea = {{convert|60160|sqmi|km2}}
|sizepopulation = 41,947,358
|parentagency = [[Odisha Police]]
|child1agency = [[Special Tactical Unit|Special Tactical Unit (STU)]]
|child2agency = [[District Voluntary Force|District Voluntary Force (DVF)]]
|headquarters = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
|website =
|footnotes = As of July 2018
}}
The '''Odisha Special Operations Group''' or the '''Odisha SOG''', is an elite anti-insurgency [[police tactical unit]] of the [[Odisha Police]], primarily focused on tackling [[Left-wing terrorism|Left Wing Extremism]] (LWE), commonly known as [[Naxalism]], and conducting high-risk tactical operations in the state’s interior and forested regions. that specialized in quick response to emergencies with SWAT unit tactics especially in mountainous forest areas. It was raised by the [[Odisha Police]] to combat the left-wing extremists in the state.

SOG, are actively involved in intensified anti-Naxal operations in forested and hard-to-access areas, often in joint missions with forces like the CRPF, the BSF, and the [[District Voluntary Force|District Voluntary Force (DVF)]]. This includes combing and search operations in jungle terrain, based on intelligence inputs, to locate and neutralise Maoist rebels. Recent coordinated operations have seen successful encounters with Maoist cadres, including neutralizing senior commanders and conducting joint operations over multiple days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha on Verge of Eradicating Naxalism: Amit Shah|url=https://pragativadi.com/odisha-on-verge-of-eradicating-naxalism-amit-shah/|publisher=[[Pragativadi]]|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=25 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha Police appeal to people not to shelter injured Maoists, intensifies operations in jungle|url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-update/odisha-police-appeal-to-people-not-to-shelter-injured-maoists-intensifies-operations-in-jungle|publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal|date=27 December 2025|accessdate=27 December 2025}}</ref>

==History==
The SOG was raised under the [[Odisha Police]] in August 2004 with the central objective of neutralizing extremist and insurgent groups within the state as part of broader internal security strategy. It was modelled to operate in challenging terrains, especially in dense forests where Left Wing Extremist activities were prevalent, drawing inspiration from similar counter-insurgency units in other states. The force has been integral to anti-Maoist efforts over the last two decades, participating in numerous combing operations and joint missions with other security agencies.<ref name=memo33019>{{cite web|title=Formation of Special Operation Group (SOG) in the State to deal with extremist and terrorist activities - creation of posts thereof|url=http://homeorissa.gov.in/Police%20Administration/Creation/2004/33019-21.08.2004.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|accessdate=24 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009065615/homeorissa.gov.in/Police%20Administration/Creation/2004/33019-21.08.2004.pdf|archivedate=2010-10-09}}</ref>

==Mission==
The primary mission of the SOG is to counteract extremist and terrorist elements within [[Odisha]], particularly Maoist groups, by carrying out targeted operations, reconnaissance, and area dominance measures. It is tasked with conducting proactive counter-insurgency actions, safeguarding vulnerable areas, and supporting wider security planning aimed at eliminating LWE influence in the state. These missions are oriented toward achieving the national and state goal of eradicating Naxalism by government deadlines through coordinated force application.

==Organisation==

===Headquarters===
*Odisha State Police Headquarters, [[Cuttack]]
*Odisha Special Intelligence Wing (SIW), [[Bhubaneswar]]
The Special Operation Group has its Training-cum-resource centre at Chandaka in Bhubaneswar. They have a staff strength of about 1800 commandos, constituted into teams of 20-25 commandos. Each unit is self-reliant and can operate combat patrol deep inside jungle and mountain for days in search of armed extremists. The teams of SOG operate either in single team or in multiple teams depending on the scale of the operation launched. They carry the insignia of tusker and call themselves 'Kalinga Tuskers', though the use of the name 'Kalinga Tusker' is not very well known. Their motto is 'Kalingaha Sahasika', which translates roughly as 'Brave Kalinga'.

===Training===
Prior to the establishment of its own centralised training complex, SOG personnel underwent specialised instruction through structured field training, including [[Jungle warfare|jungle warfare]], tactical drills, and [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla combat]] techniques, often with assistance from army and other specialised units. While news reports focus on the newer facilities, older operational context suggests that fieldcraft and combat readiness have always been integral to the unit’s ethos.

Special Operations Group (SOG) does not recruit personnel through direct public entry recruitment. Instead, the force selects police personnel internally from within the Odisha Police structure, including members of the civil police, the Odisha Special Armed Police (OSAP) battalions, and Indian Reserve (IR) battalions. The report notes that postings to the SOG are through an internal selection process rather than through a public exam route and that police personnel beyond about 35 years of age are generally not inducted into the SOG, owing to the physically demanding nature of its counter-insurgency duties.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Police Circular order No. 375/2018 | url=https://odishapolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/PCO-375.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930152616/https://odishapolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/PCO-375.PDF | archive-date=2020-09-30}}</ref>

In December 2025, a state-of-the-art Training-cum-Briefing Centre and a Counter-Terrorism Training Complex was inaugurated, designed to train up to 400 personnel at a time and enhance the unit’s tactical capabilities for both anti-insurgent and broader counter-terrorism missions.

==Functions==
The SOG performs a range of operational and tactical duties central to Odisha’s internal security framework. As part of the [[Counterinsurgency|Counter Insurgency Operations]], the SOG leads field actions against LWE/Maoist elements in forested and remote areas, working with CRPF and other forces to locate and neutralise threats. SOG engages in high-risk specialised tactical operations that can involve ambushes, targeted combing, and decisive engagements where conventional units are less effective. SOG combines its effort with intelligence wings and other security agencies for coordinated force application based on actionable intelligence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cops intensify search for Maoists in Odisha forest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/cops-intensify-search-for-maoists-in-odisha-forests/articleshow/121699068.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2025|accessdate=8 June 2025}}</ref>

==Honours==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Awardee
! Award
! Decoration
! Year
! Event
|-
| [[Pramod Kumar Satapathy]] (Posthumous)
| [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]
| [[File:Ashoka Chakra ribbon.svg|150px]]
| 2009
| [[Republic Day (India)]]
|-
| [[Debashish Sethy]] (Posthumous)
| [[Shaurya Chakra]]
| [[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|150px]]
| 2021
| [[Independence Day (India)]]
|-
| Sudhir Kumar Tudu (Posthumous)
| [[Shaurya Chakra]]
| [[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|150px]]
| 2021
| [[Independence Day (India)]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Special Tactical Unit]] ([[Odisha Police]])
* [[District Voluntary Force]] ([[Odisha Police]])
* [[Counter Insurgency Force]] ([[West Bengal Police]])
* [[Greyhounds (Police)]] ([[Andhra Pradesh Police]])
* [[Kerala Thunderbolts]] ([[Kerala Thunderbolts]])
* [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
* [[Operation Green Hunt]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:Non-military counterterrorist organizations]]
[[Category:Non-military counterinsurgency organizations]]
[[Category:Odisha Police]]
[[Category:Counterterrorism in India]]
[[Category:Specialist law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2004]]

Princepal Singh

2026-01-05T22:17:03Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Indian basketball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Princepal Singh
| image =Singh in 2020.png
| image_size =
| caption = Singh in 2020.
| position = [[Power forward]] / [[Center (basketball)|center]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 9
| weight_lb = 221
| league =
| team =
| number =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|1|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| draft_year = 2021
| career_start = 2019
| career_end =
| years1 = 2019
| team1 = [[BA Centre of Excellence]]
| years2 = 2021
| team2 = [[NBA G League Ignite]]
| years3 = 2023
| team3 = Mumbai Stars
| years4 = 2025
| team4 = Punjab Warriors
| years5 = 2025
| team5 = IHC Apes
| highlights =
* [[SABA Championship|SABA]] Under-16 Championship MVP (2017)
| medal_templates =
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[basketball]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[SABA Championship|SABA]] Under-16 Championship}}
{{Medal|Gold|2017 Nepal|[[India men's national under-16 basketball team|Team]]}}
}}

'''Princepal Singh Bajwa''' ({{langx|pa|ਪਿ੍ੰਸਪਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ}}; born 3 January 2001) is an Indian professional [[basketball]] player. Listed at {{convert|6|ft|9|in|m|2}} and {{convert|221|lbs|kg|0}}, he plays the [[power forward]] and [[Center (basketball)|center]] position. Singh previously played for the [[NBA G League Ignite]].

==Early life and career==
Singh is a native of [[Dera Baba Nanak]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India, and grew up playing [[volleyball]]. In 2014, he travelled to [[Ludhiana]] to try out for a volleyball academy but instead drew the attention of Jaipal Singh, a coach at the Ludhiana Basketball Academy (LBA).<ref name="sen">{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Debayan |title=Meet Princepal, Indian basketball's 'next big Singh' |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/25457550/princepal-singh-indian-basketball-next-big-singh-set-make-senior-team-debut-super-kung-sheung-cup-international-championship |publisher=[[ESPN]] |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=5 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hope to make it to the NBA one day: India's Princepal Singh |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/hope-to-make-it-to-the-nba-one-day-indias-princepal-singh/1693571 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=24 December 2019}}</ref> Standing {{height|m=1.98}} at the time, he soon joined the LBA and learned how to play basketball from Jaipal Singh.<ref name="raj">{{cite web |last1=Raj |first1=Pratyush |title=Gurdaspur hoopster is the new 'Prince' of Indian basketball |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/gurdaspur-hoopster-is-the-new-prince-of-indian-basketball/articleshow/71814698.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=30 October 2019}}</ref> In 2016, Singh earned a three-year full scholarship, worth $75,000, to play at SPIRE Institute and Academy in [[Geneva, Ohio]] but was unable to join the program after his [[travel visa|visa]] was rejected twice.<ref name="senthil">{{cite web |last1=Senthil |first1=Anjana |title=Princepal's tryst with destiny |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/basketball/princepal-singh-national-team-super-kung-sheung-cup-nba-academy-ludhiana/article25673369.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

Singh trained at the NBA Academy India in [[New Delhi]] for 18 months, before being called up to the NBA Global Academy, a training center at the [[Australian Institute of Sport]] in [[Canberra]], in May 2017.<ref name="matange2">{{cite web |last1=Matange |first1=Yash |title='The NBA Academy experience has been great for me' - Princepal Singh says while discussing the three-year journey and more |url=https://in.nba.com/news/the-nba-academy-experience-has-been-great-for-me-princepal-singh-says-while-discusses-the-three-year-journey/1e5xw4gdgr3zp18ps2sht88rtj |publisher=[[National Basketball Association]] |accessdate=20 June 2020 |date=8 May 2020}}</ref> Singh trained at the Global Academy on a two-year contract.<ref name="menon">{{cite web |last1=Menon |first1=Anirudh |title='I will play in the NBA' - Princepal Singh has eyes firmly set on the big prize |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/28500317/i-play-nba-princepal-singh-eyes-firmly-set-big-prize |publisher=[[ESPN]] |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=17 January 2020}}</ref> He played seven games for the [[BA Centre of Excellence]] in the Australian [[NBL1]] during the [[2019 NBL1 season|2019 season]].<ref name=asia-basket>{{cite web |title=Princepal Singh |url=https://basketball.asia-basket.com/player/Princepal-Singh/469038 |website=asia-basket.com |access-date=4 April 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In October 2019, Singh was named the [[most valuable player]] (MVP) at the Indian Junior National Championship after leading Punjab to the title and scoring 40 points against [[Rajasthan]] in the final.<ref name=raj/> In December 2019, he helped Punjab win the Indian Senior [[National Basketball Championship (men)|National Basketball Championship]].<ref>[https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/70th-national-championship-punjab-men-railways-women-champions 70th National Basketball Championship: Punjab men and Railways women repeat as champions] Gopalakrishnan R ([[Sportskeeda]]), 1 April 2020. Accessed 13 August 2021.</ref> In January 2020, he helped Punjab win the gold medal in the under-21 category of the [[2020 Khelo India Youth Games|Khelo India Youth Games]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Matange |first1=Yash |title=Khelo India Youth Games 2020: Princepal Singh leads Punjab to gold in U-21 category as Kerala grabs most basketball medals |url=https://in.nba.com/news/khelo-india-youth-games-2020-princepal-singh-nba-academy-leads-punjab-to-gold-kerala-grabs-most-basketball-medals/1qpyyz422hcm15ewdxeh4xelj |publisher=[[National Basketball Association]] |accessdate=20 June 2020 |date=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=J|first=Raunak|date=2020-07-31|title="Didn't expect it to happen so quickly," says India's Princepal Singh after signing NBA G League contract [Exclusive]|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/news-didn-t-expect-happen-quickly-says-india-s-princepal-singh-signing-nba-g-league-contract-exclusive|access-date=2020-12-23|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Professional career==
===NBA G League Ignite (2021)===
On 28 July 2020, Singh signed a one-year contract with the [[NBA G League Ignite]], a developmental team affiliated with the [[NBA G League]]. He became the first NBA Academy India graduate to sign a professional contract.<ref>{{cite web |title=Princepal Singh Becomes First NBA Academy Graduate To Sign With NBA G League |url=https://gleague.nba.com/news/princepal-singh-becomes-first-nba-academy-graduate-to-sign-with-nba-g-league/ |publisher=[[NBA G League]] |accessdate=28 July 2020 |date=28 July 2020}}</ref> He played sparingly during the [[2020–21 NBA G League season|2021 G League hub season]], averaging 2.3 points in four games.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Isaga |first1=JR |title=Tried and tested: Assessing the NBA G League Ignite prospects |url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/nba/assessing-g-league-ignite-prospects |website=[[Rappler]] |access-date=24 April 2021 |date=8 March 2021}}</ref>

Singh joined the [[Sacramento Kings]] for the [[2021 NBA Summer League]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Kings Announce California Classic Summer League Roster {{!}} Sacramento Kings |url=https://www.nba.com/kings/news/kings-announce-2021-ca-classic-roster |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=www.nba.com |date=1 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> helping the team win the Summer League title.<ref name=lowest-moment>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-07 |title=I'm at my lowest moment now, says Princepal Singh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/nba/top-stories/im-at-my-lowest-moment-now-says-princepal-singh/articleshow/98477272.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was selected by the [[Stockton Kings]] with the fifth pick of the third round of the [[2021 NBA G League draft (October)|2021 NBA G League draft]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Princepal Singh Selected by the Stockton Kings in 2021 NBA G League Draft |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/princepal-singh-selected-by-the-stockton-kings-in-2021-nba-g-league-draft-4378250.html |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=News18 |date=29 October 2021}}</ref>

===New Zealand Breakers (2021–2022)===
On 10 November 2021, Singh signed with the [[New Zealand Breakers]] of the Australian [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]] to a two-year development player contract.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Top Prospect Signs with the Sky Sport Breakers |url=https://www.nzbreakers.basketball/news/indias-top-prospect-signs-with-the-sky-sport-breakers |access-date=10 November 2021 |work=nzbreakers.basketball |date=10 November 2021}}</ref> He parted ways with the Breakers in January 2022 before playing in a game for the team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Jackson |date=2022-01-11 |title=Singh just the latest departure for luckless Breakers |url=https://www.theinnersanctum.com.au/princepal-singh-and-new-zealand-breakers-part-ways/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Inner Sanctum |language=en-GB |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111090647/https://www.theinnersanctum.com.au/princepal-singh-and-new-zealand-breakers-part-ways/ |archive-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Mumbai Stars (2023) ===
In October 2022, Singh suffered a career-threatening back injury while training in the United States.<ref name="lowest-moment" /> He recovered in time to play for the Mumbai Stars in the [[Elite Pro Basketball League]] in March 2023.<ref name="lowest-moment" />

=== Punjab Warriors (2025) ===
Singh played for the Punjab Warriors in the 2025 [[Indian National Basketball League|INBL Pro]] season. In seven games, he averaged 5.3 points and 4.3 rebounds per game.<ref name="asia-basket" />

In March 2025, Singh signed with the [[Indian Panthers]] of the [[National Basketball League (New Zealand)|New Zealand NBL]] for the [[2025 New Zealand NBL season|2025 season]].<ref>{{cite news |title=6'10" Prince bolsters our front court, with experience at the NBA Academy, NBA G League & the Breakers |url=https://www.instagram.com/indianpanthersofficial/p/DHr6opUvXQI/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=instagram.com/indianpanthersofficial |date=27 March 2025}}</ref> He never debuted, with the Panthers folding mid-season.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frank |first1=Casey |title=Indian Panthers Withdraw From National Basketball League |url=https://nznbl.basketball/pantherswithdraw/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=NZNBL |date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

=== IHC Apes (2025) ===
In October 2025, Singh played six games for IHC Apes of the [[The League (Mongolia)|Mongolian League]].<ref name="asia-basket" />

==National team career==
===Junior national team===
In September 2017, Singh led [[India men's national under-16 basketball team|India]] to the gold medal at the [[SABA Championship|SABA]] Under-16 Championship in [[Kathmandu]], Nepal. He was named the tournament's MVP after scoring 20 points in a 131–50 win over Bhutan in his final game.<ref>{{cite web |title=India crowned 2nd SABA U16 Zone champions |url=http://ekalavyas.com/2017/09/09/india-crowned-2nd-saba-u16-zone-champions/ |publisher=Ekalavyas |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=9 September 2017}}</ref> In April 2018, Singh competed at the [[2017 FIBA Under-16 Asian Championship|FIBA Under-16 Asian Championship]] in [[Foshan]], China, averaging 22.7 points and 13 rebounds per game.<ref name=fiba>{{cite web |title=Princepal primed to be the Next Big Singh for India Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/asia/u18/2018/news/princepal-primed-to-be-the-next-big-singh-for-india-basketball |publisher=[[FIBA]] |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=31 July 2018}}</ref> At the [[2018 FIBA Under-18 Asian Championship]] in [[Nonthaburi]], Thailand, he averaged 15.5 points, 9.8 rebounds and 3.3 blocks per game as the [[captain (sports)|captain]] of the Indian team.<ref name="flojo">{{cite web |last1=Flojo |first1=Enzo |title=Which other youth standouts can play at the senior level now? |url=http://www.fiba.basketball/news/which-other-youth-standouts-can-play-at-the-senior-level-now |publisher=[[FIBA]] |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=8 November 2018}}</ref>

===Senior national team===
In December 2018, Singh made his debut for the [[India men's national basketball team|Indian senior national team]] at the Super Kung Sheung Cup International Championship in [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=sen/> In February 2020, he was selected to represent India for Window 1 of the [[2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualification]] stage.<ref name="matange">{{cite web |last1=Matange |first1=Yash |title=FIBA Asia Cup 2021 Qualifiers: Princepal Singh and Amaan Sandhu part of India squad for Window 1 |url=https://in.nba.com/news/fiba-asia-cup-2021-qualifiers-basketball-federation-india-announce-squad-window-1-princepal-singh-amaan-sandhu/s6bxe4h9nws1xoz5qqxdbqmg |publisher=[[National Basketball Association]] |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=17 February 2020}}</ref> In his first game, on 21 February, Singh recorded three points, five rebounds and two assists in 12 minutes in a 68–67 loss to [[Bahrain men's national basketball team|Bahrain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Princepal Singh |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2021/qualifiers/player/Princepal-Singh |publisher=[[FIBA]] |accessdate=19 June 2020}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{NBA player statistics legend}}

===NBA G League===
====Regular season====
{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2020–21 NBA G League season|2020–21]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[NBA G League Ignite|NBA G League]]
| 4 || 0 || 6.3 || .500 || 1.000 || .500 || 1.0 || .0 || .3 || .0 || 2.3
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 4 || 0 || 6.3 || .500 || 1.000 || .500 || 1.0 || .0 || .3 || .0 || 2.3
{{S-end}}

====Playoffs====
{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2020–21 NBA G League season|2020–21]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[NBA G League Ignite|NBA G League]]
| 1 || 0 || 2.0 || – || – || – || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 1 || 0 || 2.0 || – || – || – || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0
{{S-end}}

==Personal life==
Singh's father, Gurmej Singh, is an [[electrician]].<ref name="sampat">{{cite web |last1=Sampat |first1=Amit |title=The Story Of Prince Lal Singh, An Electrician's Son Who Realized His US Basketball Dream |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/sports/the-story-of-prince-lal-singh-an-electrician-s-son-who-realized-his-us-basketball-dream-256031.html |website=India Times |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=1 June 2016}}</ref> His father stands {{height|m=1.83}} and his mother, Hardeep Kaur, stands {{height|m=1.78}}.<ref name="mahendra">{{cite web |last1=Mahendra |first1=Vikram |title=Punjab teenager Prince Pal Singh earns $75,000 scholarship to train in USA, could play in NCAA by 2020 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/punjab-teenager-prince-pal-singh-earns-75000-scholarship-train-in-usa-could-play-ncaa-2020 |publisher=Sportskeeda |accessdate=19 June 2020 |date=1 June 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://stats.gleague.nba.com/player/1630229/ NBA G League profile]
*[https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/249341-princepal-singh- FIBA profile]
* [https://www.basketball-reference.com/gleague/players/s/singhpr01d.html Basketball Reference page]
* [https://basketball.asia-basket.com/player/Princepal-Singh/469038 Asia Basket reference page]
* [https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Princepal-Singh/Summary/164578 RealGM page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Princepal}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Asian Games basketball players for India]]
[[Category:BA Centre of Excellence men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Centers (basketball)]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Australia]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:NBA G League Ignite players]]
[[Category:Power forwards]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Babulal Shorya

2025-12-22T13:26:47Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding a article

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1987)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = '''Babulal Shorya'''
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| constituency = [[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]]
| predecessor = [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| birth_date = 30 July 1987
| birth_place = Khagaria, Bihar
| spouse = Kumari Shweta
| children = Sarvwin, Himnish
| father = Om Tatsat Kumar
| education = B. Ed, Raj Mata Madhuri Devi Teacher Training College, Khagaria
}}

'''Babulal Shorya''' (born 30 July 1987), also known as '''Aditya Kumar Shorya''', is an Indian politician from Bihar. He is the current Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]] seat. He won the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election defeating [[Sanjeev Kumar]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] by 34,039 votes, securing a total of 118,677 votes.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Parbatta">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04151.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Parbatta|date=14 November 2025|work=|access-date=15 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218045554/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04151.htm|archive-date=18 December 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Parbatta Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/parbatta|title=Parbatta Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218045559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/parbatta|archive-date=18 December 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Babulal Shorya was born in Khagaria, Bihar. His father is Om Tatsat Kumar. He completed his B.Ed from Raj Mata Madhuri Devi Teacher Training College, Khagaria.<ref>https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=1503</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Kumari Shweta and has two sons, Sarvwin and Himnish.<ref>https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/bihar/candidate-babulal-shorya-2698</ref>

== Political career ==
Babulal Shorya is a member of the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]. He contested and won the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]].<ref name="Chirag Paswan's LJP(RV) makes surprise gains in Bihar election results {{!}} Full list of winners">{{cite news|title=Chirag Paswan's LJP(RV) makes surprise gains in Bihar election results {{!}} Full list of winners|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-election-result-2025-lok-janshakti-party-ram-vilas-full-list-of-winners-chirag-paswan-sanjay-kumar-singh-mahua-101763108978211.html|accessdate=18 December 2025|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218045909/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-election-result-2025-lok-janshakti-party-ram-vilas-full-list-of-winners-chirag-paswan-sanjay-kumar-singh-mahua-101763108978211.html|archivedate=18 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Election Result 2025: From Raju Tiwari to Sanjay Kumar Singh, check full list of winners from Lok Janshakti Party">{{cite news|title=Bihar Election Result 2025: From Raju Tiwari to Sanjay Kumar Singh, check full list of winners from Lok Janshakti Party|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-election-result-2025-from-raju-tiwari-to-sanjay-kumar-singh-check-full-list-of-winners-from-lok-janshakti-party/articleshow/125318160.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=18 December 2025|publisher=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218050002/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-election-result-2025-from-raju-tiwari-to-sanjay-kumar-singh-check-full-list-of-winners-from-lok-janshakti-party/articleshow/125318160.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=18 December 2025}}</ref>

He has previously been active in local politics in Khagaria and surrounding areas.

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Constituency !! Party !! Votes !! Result !! Position
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]] || [[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]] || [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] || 11,576 || Lost || 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] || [[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]] || [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJPR]] || 118,677 || Won || 1st
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shorya, Babulal}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Munshi Abdul Latif

2025-12-16T16:25:03Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: further cleanup references to improve readability additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Munshi Abdul Latif
| native_name = মুন্সী আবদুল লতিফ
| native_name_lang = bn
| constituency_MP = [[Rajbari-1]]
| term_start = 15 April 1988
| term_end = 6 December 1990
| predecessor = [[Akkas Ali Miah]]
| successor = [[Md. Abdul Wajed Chowdhury]]
| party = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
}}
'''Munshi Abdul Latif''' is a Bangladeshi politician and a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Rajbari-1]] constituency.

==Career==
Latif was elected to parliament from Rajbari-1 as a combined opposition candidate in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of 4th Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |access-date=4 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708101931/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latif, Munshi Abdul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]
[[Category:4th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Dhaka-politician-stub}}

Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington

2025-11-17T22:29:25Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: further reworked lead after review additionally and added references

{{Short description|English politician and governor (1860–1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Lamington
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=|GCMG|GCIE|FRSGS}}
| image = Charles Cochrane-Baillie, Governor of Queensland (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =

| office = 14th [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|Governor of Bombay]]
| term_start = 12 December 1903
| term_end = 27 July 1907
| monarch = [[Edward VII]]
| predecessor = [[Henry Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote|The Lord Northcote]]
| successor = [[John Muir-Mackenzie]]

| office1 = 8th [[Governor of Queensland]]
| term_start1 = 9 April 1896
| term_end1 = 19 December 1901
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] [[Edward VII]]
| premier1 = [[Hugh Nelson (Australian politician)|Hugh Nelson]] [[Thomas Joseph Byrnes]] [[James Dickson (Queensland politician)|James Dickson]] [[Anderson Dawson]] [[Robert Philp]]
| lieutenant1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Henry Wylie Norman]]
| successor1 = [[Herbert Chermside]]

| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[St Pancras North (UK Parliament constituency)|St Pancras North]]
| term_start2 = July 1886
| term_end2 = 1890
| predecessor2 = [[Thomas Henry Bolton]]
| successor2 = Thomas Henry Bolton

| birth_name = Charles Wallace Alexander Napier Cochrane-Baillie
| birth_date = 31 July 1860
| birth_place = [[London]], [[Middlesex]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|16 September 1940|29 July 1860}}
| death_place = [[Lamington, South Lanarkshire|Lamington]], [[Lanarkshire]], Scotland
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| citizenship =
| nationality = [[English people|English]]
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| otherparty = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative and Liberal Unionist]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Mary Houghton Hozier|1895}}
| children = 2
| mother =
| father = [[Alexander Baillie-Cochrane, 1st Baron Lamington|1st Baron Lamington]]
| relatives =
| residence = [[Lamington, South Lanarkshire|Lamington House]], [[Lanarkshire]], Scotland
| education = [[Eton College]]
| alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
| occupation =
}}
'''Charles Wallace Alexander Napier Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCMG|GCIE|FRSGS}} (29 July 1860 – 16 September 1940), was a British politician and colonial administrator who served as [[Governor of Queensland]] from 1896 to 1901, and [[List of Governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]] from 1903 to 1907.<ref name=Debrett/>

==Early life==
Born in [[London]], England, he was the only son of [[Alexander Baillie-Cochrane, 1st Baron Lamington]]. Charles was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford]],<ref name=Debrett/> where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1883. In 1885, he became assistant private secretary to the [[prime minister of the United Kingdom]], [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]].<ref name="adb">R. B. Joyce, [https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lamington-second-baron-7018 'Lamington, second Baron (1860–1940)'], ''[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]'', Volume 9, [[Melbourne University Press]], 1983, pp. 653–654.</ref>

==Political career==
Cochrane-Baillie was narrowly defeated in the [[1885 United Kingdom general election|1885 election]] for the [[United Kingdom constituencies|borough constituency]] of [[St Pancras North (UK Parliament constituency)|St Pancras North]], but he won the [[1886 United Kingdom general election|subsequent election]] in July 1886, taking his seat in the [[British House of Commons]] for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref name=Debrett/><ref name="adb" />

Upon the death of his father in 1890, he succeeded as the 2nd [[Baron Lamington]].

On 13 June 1895, he married Mary Houghton Hozier at St Michael's Church, [[Pimlico]];<ref name=Debrett/> they had two children, a son and a daughter.

In 1890, the British government sent Lord Lamington to travel between [[Tonkin]] in Vietnam and [[Siam]], with a view to annexing at least the [[Xishuangbanna]] district and possibly the whole [[Yunnan]] province of China in an attempt to limit French colonisation of the area.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Geographical Notes|first=George C.|last=Hurlbut|journal=Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York|volume=23|year=1891|pages=419–420}}</ref>{{efn|Lord Lamington read a paper on his visit to the Shan States on the Siam border. The paper dealt with his journey from Chieng Mai, in the Laos country, to Mung Phoong, in the Sibsong Pana ... A railway to the plain of Chieng Sen was, on Mr. Holt Hallett's showing, sure to be constructed some day, and then the prolongation of it into the rich district of the Sibsong Pana and Yunnan would rest in the hands of the British.}}

==Governorships==
Cochrane-Baillie was in the [[Royal Company of Archers]], as King's body guard for Scotland.<ref name=Debrett/> In October 1895, Lamington was selected to replace [[Henry Wylie Norman|Sir Henry Norman]] as [[Governor of Queensland]]. His tenure as Governor was from 9 April 1896 to 19 December 1901.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=The Spouses of the Governors of Queensland |url=https://www.govhouse.qld.gov.au/media/ce3b24fk/47619-government-house-spouses-book-12r.pdf |access-date=3 August 2022 |website=Government House}}</ref> He was a very politically [[Conservatism|conservative]] governor, and expressed a concern that the [[Federation of Australia]] which took place during his tenure would lead to unrestrained [[socialism]]. He also worked with the first [[Premier of Queensland]], [[Samuel Griffith|Sir Samuel Griffith]], to ensure that the role of state governors was not diminished after Federation.<ref name="adb" />

Apart from six months leave in England when he was appointed a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]], Lamington served as governor for five years until 19 December 1901. In 1903 he was made a [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]],<ref name=Debrett/> and appointed as [[Governor of Bombay]] (until his resignation in July 1907),<ref name="timesobit">"Obituary", ''The Times'' (London), 18 September 1940, p. 7.</ref><ref name=Debrett/> where the royal prerogative he exercised was far more powerful than it had been in Australia.<ref name="adb" /> He is also noted as being sympathetic, after having met [[‘Abdu’l-Bahá]], to the [[Baháʼí Faith]].<ref>{{cite web |author=David Merrick |year=2011 |page=25 Dec 1912 |title=Abdu'l-Baha in the UK, 1913 (Sohrab's Diary) |url=http://www.paintdrawer.co.uk/david/misc/sohrab-diary-uk-1913.pdf}}</ref>

==Later life==
Lamington was appointed [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] of the [[Lanarkshire Yeomanry]] on 26 March 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27419 |date=25 March 1902 |page=2081 }}</ref>

In spring 1919, he served as Commissioner of the British Relief Unit in [[Syria]],<ref name="timesobit" /> prior to its allocation as a [[French Mandate of Syria|French mandate]].<ref name="adb" />

On 13 March 1940, he was one of four victims of a shooting at the [[Caxton Hall]] in London by [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] [[Udham Singh]]. Former lieutenant-governor of India, [[Michael O'Dwyer]] was killed instantly. O'Dwyer's predecessor in the role, [[Louis Dane]], suffered a broken arm. Cochrane-Baillie and [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Lawrence Dundas]], the former secretary of state for India, were slightly injured.<ref>{{cite news|work=Glasgow Herald|author=|title=Sir Michael O'Dwyer Shot Dead|location=Glasgow|date=13 March 1940|page=23|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19400313&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Glasgow Herald|author=|title=The Caxton Hall Tragedy|location=Glasgow|date=19 March 1940|page=4|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19400319&id=P3ZDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MpIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5525,7388166}}</ref>

Lamington died at his family home, Lamington House, in [[Lanarkshire]], Scotland, on 16 September 1940, aged 80.

==Other roles and ranks (undated)==
* President of the East India Association<ref name="timesobit" />
* President of the National Indian Association<ref name="timesobit" />
* President of the Middle East Association<ref name="timesobit" />
* President of the Indigent Moslems Burial Fund<ref name="timesobit" />
* President of the British Red Crescent Society<ref name="timesobit" />
* President of 'other organisations concerned with Eastern welfare and culture'<ref name="timesobit" />
* President of the Persia Society (forerunner of the Iran Society) (--1912--)<ref>E. G. Browne, ''The Literature of Persia'' (1912), inner page.</ref>
* Vice President of the Royal Central Asian Society<ref>''Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society'', Vol. 27, Iss. 4, 1940.</ref>
* Vice-President of the Royal Geographical Society of London<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''.</ref>
* Chairman of the Committee of the Royal Normal College and Academy of Music for the Blind (--1913--)<ref name="po1914">Post Office London, 1914, vol. 4 (Trades and Professional Directory), p. 1900 (pdf p. 528).</ref>
* A Vice-President of the Trinity College of Music, London (--1913--)<ref name="po1914" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel of the 6th Battalion, The Scottish Rifles (Cameronians)<ref name="timesobit" />
* Captain of the Royal Company of Archers (King's Bodyguard for Scotland)<ref name="timesobit" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel of the Lanarkshire Yeomanry<ref name="timesobit" />

==Personal life==
Lord Lamington married Mary Houghton Hozier, the youngest daughter of [[William Hozier, 1st Baron Newlands]], on 13 June 1895. They had two children, a son Victor Alexander Brisbane William Cochrane-Baillie (1896–1951, godson of [[Queen Victoria]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Lady Lamington|publisher=Table Talk|date=2 July 1903|page=24}}</ref> and in 1940 became the 3rd Baron Lamington) and a daughter Grisell Annabella Gem Cochrane-Baillie (1898–1985).

Lady Lamington's diary, her 'little pamphlet of memories',<ref name=":0" /> held by the State Library of Queensland,<ref>{{Cite web |title=31754 Journal of Mary, Lady Lamington |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10462/ManuscriptsTD/00244035 |website=State Library of Queensland|hdl=10462/ManuscriptsTD/00244035 }}</ref> paints a detailed portrait of their life as public figures in the colonies.

==Legacy==
Lord Lamington is best known in Australia for allegedly giving his name to the [[lamington]], a popular Australian cake consisting of a cube of [[sponge cake]] dipped in a thin chocolate icing and rolled in desiccated [[coconut]]. The stories of the creation of the lamington vary widely, although in most versions Lamington's chef Armand Galland at [[Old Government House, Queensland|Queensland's Government House]] devises the cake either by accident or due to a shortage of ingredients. Lamington is also reported to have referred to the cakes as "those bloody poofy woolly biscuits".<ref name="nzherald">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/7/story.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10467101 |title=Australia: The tale of Baron Lamington and an improvised cake |author=Shrimpton, James |date=6 October 2007 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=23 September 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108073416/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10467101| archive-date=8 November 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref>

In May 2009, [[Australia Post]] commemorated Lord and Lady Lamington on a postage stamp as part of a series celebrating Australian deserts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://australiapostcollectables.com.au/content/dam/auspost_corp_microsites/collectables/documents/stamp-bulletins/2009/stamp-bulletin-298.pdf |title=Stamp Bulletin No. 298 May-June 2009|date=1 May 2009 |website=Australia Post |publisher=Australia Post |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

The [[Lamington National Park|Lamington Plateau and National Park]] in Queensland, [[Lamington Bridge]] in [[Maryborough, Queensland]], [[Mount Lamington]] (a volcano in [[Papua New Guinea]]), and [[Lamington Road]] in [[Mumbai]] Lamington High School in Hubli were also named after him.

The Lady Lamington Hospital for Women and Lady Lamington Nurses Home are now part of [[Royal Brisbane Hospital Nurses' Homes]].

==References==
{{reflist|<ref name=Debrett>{{harv|Hesilrige|1921|page=536}}</ref>}}
===Note and source===
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
*{{cite book | last=Hesilrige | first=Arthur G. M. | year=1921 | title=Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy | url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/536 | location=160A, [[Fleet street]], [[London]], UK | publisher=[[Dean & Son]] | page=536 }}

{{Commons category|Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box | title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[St Pancras North (UK Parliament constituency)|St Pancras North]] | before=[[Thomas Henry Bolton]] | after=[[Thomas Henry Bolton]] | years=1886–1890}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Queensland]] | before=[[Henry Wylie Norman|Sir Henry Norman]] | after=[[Herbert Chermside|Sir Herbert Chermside]] | years=1896–1901}}
{{succession box | title=[[List of Governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]] | before=[[Henry Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote|The Lord Northcote]] | after=[[George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe|Sir George Clarke]] | years=1903–1907}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{succession box | title=[[Baron Lamington]] | before=[[Alexander Baillie-Cochrane, 1st Baron Lamington|Alexander Baillie-Cochrane]] | after=[[Victor Cochrane-Baillie, 3rd Baron Lamington|Victor Cochrane-Baillie]] | years=1890–1940}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Queensland}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lamington, Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1886–1892]]
[[Category:UK MPs who inherited peerages]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers]]
[[Category:Governors of Queensland]]
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Lanarkshire Yeomanry officers]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Cochrane family|Charles]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society]]
[[Category:British colonial governors and administrators in Oceania]]

Matthew Beyondstar Kurbah

2025-11-07T14:05:42Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding a data - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Matthew Beyondstar Kurbah''' (born 1965)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Matthew Beyondstar Kurbah(UDP):Constituency- MAWPHLANG (ST)(EAST KHASI HILLS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6915 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He is a member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from Mawphlang Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[East Khasi Hills district]]. He won the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Election Results 2023: Full list of constituency-wise winners of NPP, BJP, and others |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/meghalaya-election-results-2023-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-of-npp-bjp-and-others-371960-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-winner-list-2023-npp-bjp-tmc-congress-candidate-list-for-meghalaya-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidates-parties-101677727601523.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423102958/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-election-winner-list-2023-npp-bjp-tmc-congress-candidate-list-for-meghalaya-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidates-parties-101677727601523.html |archive-date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kurbah is from Sawlad Marbisu, East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya. He is the son of Shrim Sun. He completed his Bachelor of Engineering degree in electrical in 1988 at [[Dibrugarh University]] with a first class.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members {{!}} Meghalaya Government Portal |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/index.php/meghalaya-legislative-assembly/44269 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=meghalaya.gov.in}}</ref> He is a retired government employee at Meghalaya Energy Corporation Limited and his wife is also in government service at MeECL.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kurbah won from [[Mawphlang Assembly constituency]] representing United Democratic Party in the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election. He polled 6,690 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Auspicious Lyngdoh Mawphlang of the [[People's Democratic Front (Indonesia)|People's Democratic Front]], by a margin of 104 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthew Beyondstar Kurbah in Meghalaya Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/meghalaya/matthew-beyondstar-kurbah-mawphlang-candidate-s15a024c003/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1524.htm?ac=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401164854/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1524.htm?ac=24 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Election Results 2023: Check full list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/meghalaya-election-results-2023-check-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-npp-bjp-congress-tmc-udp-2341598-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurbah, Matthew Beyondstar}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh University alumni]]

Government Polytechnic, Panaji

2025-09-27T08:48:11Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: add section for clarity

{{Short description|Polytechnic college in Goa, India}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name =Government Polytechnic Panaji
|native_name =सरकारी तंत्रनिकेतन पणजी
|latin_name =
|image =Govt. Polytechnic Panaji Emblem.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|motto =Knowledge Is Power
|established =1963
|type =Public Institution
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =100+
|president =
|principal =Luis R.Fernandes:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dtegoa.gov.in/bte/instprog.htm |title=List of Institutions |access-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006082936/http://www.dtegoa.gov.in/bte/instprog.htm |archive-date=6 October 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students =1000+
|part time =
|full time =
|doctoral =
|city =[[Panaji]]
|state =[[Goa]]
|country =[[India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/colleges/government-polytechnic-panaji/4273/1|title=Government Polytechnic Panaji North Goa - Goa|website=Icbse.com|accessdate=26 May 2018}}</ref>
|coordinates = {{coord|15.4850|73.8237|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|campus =Urban, 20 acres
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|affiliations =Board of Technical Education, Goa
|website ={{URL|gpp.nic.in}}
}}

'''Government Polytechnic, Panaji''' is a polytechnic in the state of [[Goa]], India, offering diploma programs in engineering and technology. It is also the first polytechnic college of state of Goa. [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) and Government of Goa<ref name="goa.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=https://www.goa.gov.in/pdf/GovPolytecAltinCharter.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094555/https://www.goa.gov.in/pdf/GovPolytecAltinCharter.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> approved full-time programs are offered to candidates selected as per the norms [[Keel laying|laid down]] by the Board of Technical Education. The polytechnic also maintains relations with accreditation bodies like All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/ET-15-16/Goa_ET.pdf|title=List of Approved Institutes in 2015-16|website=Aicte-india.org|accessdate=26 May 2018}}</ref> and Goa State Directorate Of Technical Education (DTE).

== History ==
Government Polytechnic was created by upgrading the ‘''Institute of Escola de Industrial e Commercial''’, a Portuguese technical institute managed by [[Department of Technical Education]], Portugal to polytechnic status after [[Annexation of Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Polytechnic, Panaji {{!}} Government of Goa |url=https://www.goa.gov.in/department/government-polytechnic-panaji/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Government of Goa {{!}} Official Portal}}</ref>

==Campus==
Government Polytechnic, Panaji campus is situated on [[Altinho, Goa|Altinho]] hill. The institute campus spreads over an area of {{cvt|74000|m2}}. There are separate blocks for each department.[[File:GPP Main Building.jpg|thumb|GPP Main Building]]
The yearly total intake capacity of the institution is 360 students. The premises of the institute have good infrastructural facilities like well equipped laboratories, a computer center, a conference hall, an audio-visual room, a community hall, a gymnasium, a basketball court, a football ground etc. Accommodation for 300 boys and 150 girls is also available in the campus. This campus will have the grid connected solar photovoltaic rooftop system to generate 200KW of energy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/10-sites-identified-for-solar-wind-based-power-generation/|title=10 sites identified for solar, wind-based power generation|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|date=16 January 2016 |accessdate=26 May 2018}}</ref>

==Administration==
The Principal is the administrative head of the institute. There are numerous administrative sections working under the Principal The institute has a Public Information Section which carries out the activities under [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]. This section is headed by a Public Information Officer. The Establishment Section is headed by a Deputy Registrar. The Assistant Stores Officer is the head of the Stores and Purchase Section and the Assistant Accounts Officer heads the Accounts Section. All these officials report to the Principal. The Students' Section is headed by the head of Student Section and reports to the Principal as well.

==Academics==
The Academic wing of the Institute is headed by the Principal. There are thirteen (13) academic Departments, each headed by the Head of the Department. A number of Lecturers and other supporting staff are working for each department. All the Diploma Programmes are recognized by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).Every Department has well equipped and well-maintained laboratories, with the latest machines, equipment, trainers, gadgets, models etc.<ref name="goa.gov.in"/>
Most of the Diploma programs are of 3 years duration spread over 6 semesters. However the Fabrication Technology & Erection Engineering programme is of 4 years duration, spread over 8 semesters and Food Technology programme is of 3½ years duration, spread over 7 semesters.
In all the programmes the first two semesters are dedicated to impart to the students the courses like Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Applied Mechanics, Engineering drawing and Basic Workshop Practice. The students can opt for the elective courses of their choice at the higher levels. In all the programmes the students are required to undertake and implement a Project at the final semester of their Diploma programme. At the end of every semester, examinations are conducted by the Directorate of Technical Education, Porvorim-Goa and the final Diploma is awarded by them.

==Departments and centres==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.NO. !! COURSES OFFERED<ref name="dtegoa.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://dtegoa.gov.in/diploma.html |title=Diploma list |access-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118223125/http://dtegoa.gov.in/diploma.html |archive-date=18 January 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> !! SANCTIONED INTAKE !! DURATION IN YEARS<ref name="dtegoa.gov.in"/> !! YEAR OF STARTING<ref name="goa.gov.in"/>
|-
| 1 || Civil Engineering || 40 || 3 || 1963
|-
| 2 || Mechanical Engineering || 40 || 3 || 1963
|-
| 3 || Electrical Engineering || 30 || 3 || 1963
|-
| 4 || Fabrication Technology & Erection Engineering || 30 || 4 || 1973
|-
| 5 || Electronic Engineering || 40 || 3 || 1976
|-
| 6 || Food Technology || 45 || 3½ || 1976
|-
| 7 || Modern Office Practices || 20 || 3 || 1976
|-
| 8 || Electronics & Instrumentation || 34 || 3 || 1984
|-
| 9 || Architectural Engineering || 20 || 3 || 1996
|-
| 10 || Garment Technology || 30 || 3 || 1996
|-
| 11 || Computer Engineering || 30 || 3 || 2007
|}

==Admission procedure==
Since the year 1997-98 the Government has introduced a Centralized Admission System for the various Diploma courses in all the Government Polytechnics in Goa. The Directorate of Technical Education (D.T.E) is publishing a Common Information Bulletin and Application Form for Admission to the various programmes, immediately after the declaration of S.S.C results.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dtegoa.gov.in/cad2016/prosp/dip_prosp2016.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614191217/http://www.dtegoa.gov.in/cad2016/prosp/dip_prosp2016.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="goa.gov.in"/>

==Library==
The library has a good number of ISI specifications in its stock catering to the needs of different exams.

The ground floor of the library is used as a reading room; first floor as stacking cum landing section and the second floor for reference section. The library is open from 9.00 am to 5.15 pm and entry to the library is restricted to bonafide students having valid reading hall tickets. The library has internet facility. The library has recently installed colour C.C.T.V. system where in the library staff can keep a watch on all three floors.

==Hostel==
Government Polytechnic, Panaji, is the foremost Technical Institute in Goa. Students seek admission to this Institute from all over Goa. The Institute has 2 spacious hostels.<ref name="goa.gov.in"/>
* Boys' Hostel
Government Polytechnic Boys' Hostel is situated in a quiet locality on the Altinho Plateau within 200 metres walking distance from the main Institute campus. It is situated just opposite the Jogger's Park. The Hostel building consists of a Ground plus two storeys (G+2) and a basement.
* Girls' Hostel
Government Polytechnic Girls' Hostel is situated within the Institute campus at Altinho, within 75 metres walking distance from the main Institute building. Prior to the construction of the Girls' Hostel, the students were accommodated in two E-Type staff quarters. The Girls' Hostel building was inaugurated in November 1986. It consists of a Ground plus one storey (G+2) and a basement.

==Student life==
===Students council===
The welfare of the college is being handled by the student union body or wing known as Gymkhana Body.
The principal of the institute is the president of the Gymkhana Committee and one of the senior staff member is the vice president. The members of the Gymkhana Committee are elected by the student body at the beginning of the academic year. The various secretaries are elected from the class representatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Young-leaders-step-up/91739.html|title=Young leaders step up|website=Heraldgoa.in|accessdate=26 May 2018}}</ref> The Gymkhana is located in a separate block adjacent to the main playground.
The structure of the Gymkhana Body is shown below:
* President
* Vice-president
* General secretary
* Cultural secretary
* Major games secretary
* Minor games secretary

==Placement==
The Department of Training and Placement was set up in 1975 in this Institute. Campus interviews are conducted for placement of students in various industries like [[Larsen & Toubro]], Thermex, Godrej & Boyce, Zuari Industries, D-link, Siemens, Macdermott (Dubai) etc.

==Alumni section==
Presently the Department of Fabrication Technology & Erection Engineering has the alumni association and the Departments of Civil Engineering and Instrumentation & Control are in the process of forming one in the near future. The other departments too may not lag behind in forming their own alumni associations.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Goa]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Education in Panaji]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Panaji]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]

Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums

2025-08-21T04:42:05Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: added a page

{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute of Secondary Agriculture (NISA)
| native_name =
| image_name = Logo of Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| punch line =
| mottoeng =
| established =
| closed =
| type = Registered Society
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| director = Dr. Abhijit Kar ''(Officer-in-Charge)''
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| director_general =
| total_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| scientists =
| city = [[Namkum]], [[Ranchi]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| province =
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|23|19|49|N|85|22|29|E|}}
| campus =
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = IINRG
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|https://nisa.icar.gov.in |Web Site}}
| logo = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum, Ranchi.jpg
| footnotes =
}}
'''The Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums''' (acronym IINRG),<ref name="acronym">{{cite web | url=http://www.acronymfinder.com/Indian-Institute-of-Natural-Resins-and-Gums-(formerly-Indian-Lac-Research-Institute%3B-India)-(IINRG).html | title=acronym | accessdate=July 4, 2014}}</ref> formerly known as the Indian Lac Research Institute, is an autonomous institute, established under the umbrella of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR)<ref name="ICAR Institutes">{{cite web | url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/325 | title=ICAR Institutes | accessdate=July 5, 2014}}</ref> by the [[Ministry of Agriculture]], [[Government of India]] for advanced research on lac and other [[Resin|natural resins]] and [[Gum arabic|gums]]. The Institute is located at [[Namkum]], Ranchi in [[Jharkhand]], India.

{{Agriculture}}

== Profile ==
{{quotebox|align = left|width=25em|{{center|'''Mandate''':}}The Institute is mandated with the responsibility to:<ref name="Mandate">{{cite web | url=http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/mandate.html | title=Mandate | accessdate=July 4, 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* To plan, conduct and promote researches on lac production technologies.
* To conduct basic and applied researches on processing natural resins (including lac), natural gums and gum resins for farmers and industries.
* To develop value added products of commercial use from natural resins, gums and gum resins, leading to pilot plant demonstration.
* To act as repository and provider of information on lac production and processing, product development, utilization of all natural resins, gums and gum resins.
* To transfer the technologies to farmers, entrepreneurs and processors}}

The Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG) was originally established as ''Indian Lac Research Institute (ILRI)'' for acting as a nodal agency for the research and development of lac and other natural resins and gums on 20 September 1924. The Institute was mandated to focus its attention on crop harvesting and tapping, produce processing, development of products, training, information repository, technology dissemination and liaison with other national and international agencies.<ref name="IINRG home">{{cite web | url=http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/ | title=IINRG home | accessdate=July 4, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531172036/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/ | archive-date=May 31, 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

IINRG owes its origin to the recommendations of Lindsay- Harlow Committee,<ref name="Lindsay- Harlow Committee">{{cite web | url=http://jharkhandobserver.com/research_inst_ilri.php | title=Lindsay- Harlow Committee | accessdate=July 5, 2014 | archive-date=July 14, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185321/http://jharkhandobserver.com/research_inst_ilri.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> appointed by the erstwhile Imperial Government of India, in 1920, to study the various aspects of [[Lac (resin)|lac]] in the country. On the suggestions of the Committee, Indian Lac Association for Research, a consortium of lac merchants in India was formed. The ''Indian Lac Research Institute'' was started by the Association on 20 September 1920. In 1931, the institute was moved under a newly constituted Indian Lac Cess Committee (ILCC).

Later, when the ''Indian Lac Cess Committee (ILCC)'' was formed<ref name="Indian Lac Cess Committee">{{cite web | url=https://openlibrary.org/search?publisher_facet=Indian%20Lac%20Cess%20Committee | title=Bibliography of lac | publisher=Indian Lac Cess Committee | date=1933 | accessdate=July 5, 2014 | author=A.C Chatterjee | pages=129}}</ref> as per the findings and recommendations of the Royal Commission on Agriculture, the institute was transferred to ILCC on 1 August 1931. ILCC was given the control of the ''London Shellac Research Bureau'', UK and ''Shellac Research Bureau and Polytechnique Institute of Brooklyn'', USA as well.

The status remained in the post-independence India till 1966 when the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] took over the reins of the Institute on 1 April 1966, becoming one of the earlier institutes under ICAR umbrella. On 20 September 2007, the institute was renamed as the Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG) and was given an expanded mandate to cover all the natural resins and gums of Indian origin.

==Divisions==
[[File:Resin with insect (aka).jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Insect]] trapped in resin]]
The activities of the Institute is primarily handled by three divisions, each entrusted with specific tasks.<ref name="IINRG Division">{{cite web | url=http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/division.html | title=IINRG Division | accessdate=July 5, 2014 | archive-date=July 14, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180120/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/division.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Lac Production Division===

LPD is involved in the research on improvement of production technologies of lac for which it focuses on the improvement of host plants and insects. It maintains a ''Lac Host and Lac Gene Bank'' and a biotechnology laboratory specifically for this purpose. Lac insect genetic stocks and host plant [[germplasm]]s are characterized so that the ideal insect/host plant combination may be selected for developing effective production technologies.

===Process and Product Development Division===

[[File:Résine.jpg|thumb|200px|Resin of a pine]]
PPD Division is a later entrant into IINRG and is engaged in the research of processing and value addition processes of natural resins and gums. It attends to the various stages of value addition at the raw, semi-finished and finished natural resins and gums and is an accredited laboratory for the collection, analysis, testing and reporting of lac and lac based products. The Division is ISO-9001 certified and hosts a ''Processing and Demonstrating Unit'' with pilot plants for research, refinement, training and demonstration, aimed at entrepreneurial requirements.

===Transfer of Technology Division===

The Transfer of Technology division is the knowledge bank of IINRG and is responsible for the assessment, refinement and dissemination of the research knowledge as well as imparting training to the farmers and other interested parties on the subject. It also maintains a ''Lac Museum'',<ref name="Lac Museum">{{cite book | title=Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects | publisher=Routledge |author1=John Mills |author2=Raymond White | year=2012 | pages=127 | isbn=9781136000010}}</ref> displaying a comprehensive range of exhibits ranging from samples from different parts of the world, various technologies, uses of lac in industries such as cosmetics, wool dyeing, medicines and jewellery making.<ref name="Uses">{{cite web | url=http://digi_lib.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/english/specialpub/5/17.htm | title=Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publication No. 5 | publisher=Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute | work=Uses of lac insect in industries | date=1990 | accessdate=July 5, 2014 | author=Hwang J. S. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163149/http://digi_lib.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/english/specialpub/5/17.htm | archive-date=July 14, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Facilities==
IINRG maintains advanced facilities for the research such as:
'''Biotechnology lab''': Undertakes research and testing work on molecular and plant tissue culture and imparts training to scientists and students.
'''Field Gene Bank''': A repository for germplasm which has been recognised by ''National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources'' as ''National Active Germplasm Site''.

IINRG also has a modern conference hall for conferences, seminars and training sessions.

==Projects==
IINRG is involved in many core in-house projects<ref name="Projects">{{cite web | url=http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/resprog.html | title=IINRG projects | accessdate=July 5, 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> such as ''Productivity and Quality Improvement'', ''Crop Production System Management'', ''Processing, Storage and Quality Management'', ''Value Addition, Application Development and Product Diversification'', ''Capacity Building of Farmers and Entrepreneurship Development'' and ''Technology Evaluation, Refinement, Dissemination and Demonstration'' and a set of NAIP projects such as:
* To understand the nature of diversity in lac insects of Kerria spp. in India and the nature of insect x host interaction (NAIP- Component -4 )
* A value chain on lac and lac based products for domestic and export markets. (NAIP- Component -2)
* Developing sustainable framing models for prioritized micro water shed in rainfed area in Jharkhand with BAU, Ranchi. (NAIP Component-3)

The externally funded projects at IINRG are:
* Production of summer kusmi broodlac on kusum for promotion of lac cultivation in Gujarat with farmer's participation. (Forest Department, Silva Division, Gujarat)
* Climate change and lac crop performance
* Lac cultivation and processing unit establishment.
* FQ 3029 (NFBSFARA sponsored)
* Jute based bio-composites for industry

==National Network Project==
IINRG is the ''Lead Coordinating Centre'' among 7 centres, for the ''National network Project for Harvesting, Processing and Value Addition of Natural Resins and Gums''. The main objects of research are [[rosin]]s (Pinus roxburghii), [[guar gum]] (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), [[karaya gum]] (Sterculia urens), [[gum Arabic]] (Acacia Senegal) and [[guggul]] (Commiphora mukul). It is also involved in the preparation of [[agroforestry]] models on resins and gums.<ref name="NNP">{{cite web | url=http://www.au-ju.org/vc.php | title=National Network project | accessdate=July 5, 2014 | archive-date=July 14, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141735/http://www.au-ju.org/vc.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Publications==
[[File:Pongamia pinnata.jpg|thumb|Pongam or Honge (''[[Millettia pinnata]]'') is a native of India and grows in profusion, generally planted as avenue trees by the forest department. It is renowned for its shade and is well known in traditional uses for its medicinal properties. It is also grown as a host plant for lac insects. The tree is also one of the food plants for Common Cerulean (''[[Jamides celeno]]'').]]
[[Image:Gomma arabica.png|220px|thumb|right|Acacia gum]]
[[Image:Frankincense 2005-12-31.jpg|thumb|Lumps of dried [[frankincense]] resin]]
IINRG has brought out several publications of which some of the notable ones are:<ref name="Publications">{{cite web | url=http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html | title=IINRG publications | publisher=Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums | accessdate=July 5, 2014 | archive-date=July 14, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{cite journal
| url = http://cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093155922.html;jsessionid=773C4579B0FF6A1A408DE4F7D48050EF
| title = Effect of different pruning times of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) in relation to aghani lac yield Environment and Ecology
| author = Ghosal, S
| journal = Environment and Ecology
| year = 2009
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| issn = 0970-0420
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Weeds of rainy season in plantations of five lac host species Indian Journal of Weed Science
| author1 = Singh, B.P.
| author2 = Ghosal, S.
| author3 = Singh, A.K.
| author4 = Mishra, Y.D.
| year = 2008
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite journal
| url = http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103048951.html
| title = Canopy structure of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) trees influencing lac yield Environment and Ecology
|author1=Ghosal, S |author2=Mishra, Y. D.
| journal = Environment and Ecology
| year = 2009
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| issn = 0970-0420
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Influence of thickness of branch, phunki scrap weight, weighted living cell and kusmi encrustation thickness on broodlac quality
| author1 = Ghosal, S.
| author2 = Ramani R.
| author3 = Mishra YD
| year = 2012
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Kusmi lac yield in winter season as affected by weather and directional effect on ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) trees
| author = Ghosal S.
| year = 2012
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Effect of different herbicides on weed, lac insect and lac yield in Flemingia semialata plantation Indian Journal of Weed Science
| author = Singh, B.P., Ghosal S. and Singh A.K.
| year = 2011
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Effect of weather and application of primary nutrients and liming to ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) on winter season (aghani) kusmi lac production
| author = Ghosal S
| year = 2012
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Lac encrustation thickness in relation to spray of Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki
| vauthors = Ghosal S, Ramani R, Monobrullah M, Singh JP
| year = 2010
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Settlement pattern of rangeeni form of lac insect Kerria lacca as influenced by location of broodlac placement
| vauthors = Ghosal S, Singh JP
| year = 2010
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Effect of storage methods on quality of lac - a natural resin
| vauthors = Giri SK, Ansari MF, Baboo B
| year = 2010
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book |url=http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html |title=Kusmi lac cultivation on Prosopis juliflora (ganda bawel), a derided weed in Gujarat |author1=Mishra YD |author2=Baboo B |author3=Singh HS |author4=Sisodiya SP |author5=Singh RK |author6=Amin AJ. |year=2010 |publisher=Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums |isbn= |access-date=2014-07-05 |archive-date=2014-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Economics and resource use efficiency of lac cultivation in Jharkhand
| vauthors = Pal G, Bhagat ML, Bhattacharya A
| year = 2009
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = An analysis of price spread in marketing of lac in Madhya Pradesh
| vauthors = Pal G, Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya A
| year = 2009
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Growth and Instability in production and export of Indian lac
| author = Pal G.
| year = 2010
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = An economic analysis of lac marketing in Kanker District of Chhattisgarh
| author = Pal G
| year = 2010
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = An analysis of trend and variation in prices of lac at different levels of market in West Bengal
| vauthors = Pal G, Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya A
| year = 2010
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Estimation of lac production and processing in India
| vauthors = Pal G, Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya A
| year = 2010
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Effect of urea and thio-urea on the performance of water soluble lac varnishes
| vauthors = Patil PM, Ansari MF, Prasad KM
| year = 2010
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Harvesting/tapping techniques for production of natural resins and oleo-resins - A Review
| vauthors = Prasad N, Giri SK
| year = 2010
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Weeds of rainy season in plantations of five lac host species
| vauthors = Singh BP, Ghosal S, Singh AK, Mishra YD
| year = 2008
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Effect of intercropping of vegetable crops on growth of Flemingia semialata Roxb. and lac yield under irrigated conditions
| vauthors = Singh BP, Mishra YD, Yadav SK
| year = 2008
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Impact of pitcher irrigation and mulching on the summer season (jethwi) lac crop sustainability and pruning response on ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)
| author1 = Singh RK
| author2 = Mishra YD
| author3 = Baboo B.
| year = 2010
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| title = Mosquito (Anopheles stephensi) larvicidal activity of essential oils of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.)
| vauthors = Srivastava S, Ray DP
| year = 2009
| publisher = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
| isbn =
| access-date = 2014-07-05
| archive-date = 2014-07-14
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202359/http://ilri.ernet.in/~iinrg/recpublication.html
| url-status = dead
}}

'''Ebooks on Natural Resins & Gums'''
* Natural Resins & Gums of commercial importance - At a glance
* Descriptors of lac insect with special reference to Kerria Spp.
* Lac Culture Operations
* Physico-chemical properties of some Indian plant gums of commercial importance

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Agroecological restoration]]
* [[Agroecosystem]]
* [[Agroecosystem analysis]]
* [[Ecology]]
* [[Organic agriculture]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.icar.org.in/en/image/tid/119 on ICAR web site]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HAYFBikzfo on YouTube]
* [http://www.asti.cgiar.org/node/2088 on ASTI]
* [http://news.jharkhand.org.in/2008/11/indian-institute-of-natural-resins-and.html on Jharkhand Blog]
* [https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Indian_Institute_of_Natural_Resins_and_Gums/members on Research Gate]

{{Higher education in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Agroecology]]
[[Category:Agricultural research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:Forestry research]]
[[Category:Forestry in India]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in India]]

Uttarabhadra

2025-03-15T10:43:41Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: creating bio

#REDIRECT [[Uttara Bhadrapada]]

Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference

2025-02-19T21:23:57Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: refine article and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference
|abbreviation = JKANC
|founder = [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah]]
|logo = J&K ANC.jpg
|flag =
|colorcode = {{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference}}
|chairman =
[[Khalida begum]] (President) [[Muzaffar Ahmad Shah]] (Vice President)
|alliance = [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]] (2020–2024)
|state2_seats_name = [[District Development Council]]
|state2_seats =
{{Composition bar|0|280|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference}}}}
|state_seats_name = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference}}}}
|eci=|foundation={{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1984}} (as National Conference (Khalida))<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chronicle of Important events/date in J&K's political history |url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/politics/political_history.html |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=www.jammu-kashmir.com}}</ref>|split=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}

The '''Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference''' was founded by former chief minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah]] after his split with the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=JK Awami National Conference to contest assembly polls|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/jk-awami-national-conference-to-contest-assembly-polls/571128|access-date=2020-12-25|website=outlookindia.com|language=en}}</ref> It is currently headed by his wife Khalida Begum,<ref>{{Cite web|title=KHALIDA BEGUM(JKANC):Constituency- Srinagar(JAMMU & KASHMIR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=http://myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=6764|access-date=2020-12-26|website=myneta.info}}</ref> with his son as<ref>{{Cite web|title=Outlook India Photo Gallery|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/photos/single/32859|access-date=2021-01-07|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref> vice president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jammu and kashmir awami national conference {{!}} Latest News on Jammu-and-kashmir-awami-national-conference {{!}} Breaking Stories and Opinion Articles|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tag/jammu-and-kashmir-awami-national-conference|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Firstpost}}</ref> It was part of the [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration|Gupkar Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=WHAT IS GUPKAR DECLARATION?|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-gupkar-declaration|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref> Candidates from the group ran in [[District Development Council]] elections. The party was founded in the year 1984, as "National Conference (Khalida)". It is a break-away faction of the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (JKNC), which allied itself with [[Indian National Congress]] to form a government under the leadership of [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah]] as the [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1984]]

Kulappurakkal Karunakaran Nair

2024-08-09T02:53:04Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: expanded structure additionally and added references based on references

{{Short description|Indian politician (1931–2013)}}
{{distinguish|K. K. Nayar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}

'''Kulappurakkal Karunakaran Nair''' (2 February 1931 – 7 February 2013) was an Indian politician who was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Kerala]] state, [[India]]. He represented [[Pathanamthitta]] for 34 years, from 1972 until 2006 and was instrumental in formation of [[Pathanamthitta district]].<ref>"K K Nair passes away" ''New Indian Express''- Express News Service – 8 February 2013 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130210091237/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1454552.ece link]</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 2 February 1931 and was a bachelor till his death in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2013-02-08 |title=K K Nair passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/Feb/08/k-k-nair-passes-away-448677.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In his political career he was associated with [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from 1959 to 1979, [[Indian National Congress]] thereafter and a brief association with [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] for [[2009 Indian general election]].

He was also president, Pathanamthitta Plantations Labour Union and chairman cum president of Malanadu Trade Union Congress.<ref>Official biography [http://keralaassembly.org/lok/sabha/biodata.php4?no=63&name=K.%20K.%20Nair link]</ref>

An independent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Pathanamthitta for eight terms, he served in the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th session of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].

== Formation of Pathanamthitta district ==
Nair is fondly remembered by the natives of [[Pathanamthitta district]], as ''Father of the DIstrict'' for fulfilling their dream.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pathanamthitta Collectorate opens its walls of art for remembering K.K. Nair the Father of Pathanamthitta District|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/collectorate-opens-its-walls-for-art/article7691415.ece|access-date=29 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The parts of current [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] were parts of now-neighbouring [[Kollam district|Kollam]] and [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] districts and remoteness posed by it affected the people of region and its development.

Nair, who was representing Pathanamthitta for a long time, visited the then Kerala CM [[K. Karunakaran]], and made an understanding with him for creation of a new district in return of support for [[Second Karunakaran ministry]]. Karunakaran told Nair that for fulfilling his dream, Nair has to resign his post. Thus Nair resigned, and on 1 November 1982, Pathanamthitta district came to being. Later, he returned as MLA through by-elections.

He was also instrumental in building New collectorate building, District Cancer Centre Kozhenchery, Pathanamthitta Ring Road, Chuttippara Nursing College, decentralising district offices to Thiruvalla and Kozhencherry etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2013-02-08 |title=K K Nair passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/Feb/08/k-k-nair-passes-away-448677.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Pathanamthitta district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://keralaassembly.org/lok/sabha/biodata.php4?no=63&name=K.%20K.%20Nair Official page at Kerala Assembly]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, KK}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1970–1977]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1980–1982]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]

{{Kerala-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}
{{Kerala-INC-politician-stub}}

Harkoor

2024-05-31T06:17:06Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Kundapur]]

{{R cat shell|
{{R from related topic}}
}}

Shamanism in Ayyavazhi

2023-10-22T22:51:19Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: adding a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Ayyavazhi}}
[[Shamanism]] is practiced in [[Ayyavazhi]], a Hindu denomination predominantly found in South India. According to Ayyavazhi practitioners, it has been practiced since the period of [[Ayya Vaikundar|Lord Vaikundar]]. At present certain people who are considered to be posed by the divine power use to perform shamanism in many [[Worship centers of Ayyavazhi|Ayyavazhi worship centers]]. Though a whole acceptance from the followers in not there for this practise, several followers accept this. They claim that this practise was based on quotes on scriptures such as "to convey certain messages to the ordinary folk." Some also believe that through the words of these possessed persons one could be able to know what God tells about him or herself or their activities.

As part of shamanic practice, they exhort the people on various matters, practiced divination (''Kanakku'') to discern the causes of sickness and misfortunes, and '' 'foretold future happenings' ''. Some [[London Missionary Society|LMS]] reports attest to the prevalence of shamans and shamanistic practices in centres of Ayyavazhi. This is now in practice in some worship centres. The [[Akilathirattu Ammanai|Akilathirattu]] seems to have recognizes shamanic acts of worship. A quote in [[Arul Nool]] reads, '' "For imparting knowledge and making things clear, I kept those who practice divination in the temples." '' Though shamanism was practised in Ayyavazhi, it was accepted by the scriptures only as an ignorant way of worship (beginning stage in worship) or the initial way to teach a beginner the metaphysics.

[[Desika Vinayaham Pillai]], the popular poet from [[Travancore]], in his book ''Mammakkal Vali Manmiyam'', alludes to the existence of practice of such '' 'kanakku' '' at Ayyavazhi centres of worship.

==Lord Vaikundar as a shaman==
Apart from the belief on [[Ayyavazhi Trinity|the triune power]] within Vaikundar, some people also believe that [[Ayya Vaikundar|Lord Vaikundar]] is carried within [[Harihara|SivaNarayana]] after the incarnation of Vaikundar, i.e. sometimes he acts as Vaikundar, sometimes as [[Shiva]], sometimes as [[Narayana]] etc. All these complex ideas are made on the basis of different implications of phrase from Ayyavazhi scriptures.

[[Ayya Vaikundar|Lord Vaikundar]] as a shaman had the faculty of ecstatic religiosity that manifested in modes of trances. Many texts from [[Akilathirattu Ammanai|Akilathirattu]] and [[Arul Nool]] are believed to point to his giving out instructions to people from a state of such ecstatic religiosity. They speak of this state as that of ‘singing’, uttering predictions in a style of hoot, lamentations etc. For example, a text in [[Akilathirattu Ammanai|Akilathirattu]] says that he "danced in a circle", saying, "today a word of instructions ha scome upon me", and then, from the state, exhorted the people to undertake a tavam. Another text in Arul Nool reads as "I, a 'pallikkanakkan' (one who practises divination in a temple), am coming by dancing on a point", and another as, "I came to make you dance, sing, and spring you in ecstasy".

===Symbolic shamanic actions===
The marriage with the [[Seven Virgins]] of Narayana and the unifying of the seven deities of Vaikundar are also seen as shamanic actions of [[Ayya Vaikundar|Lord Vaikundar]].

====Unifying the deities into himself====
[[Ayya Vaikundar|Lord Vaikundar]] seems to have enacted a 'symbolic ritual drama’ whereby he sought to tell the people that he had unified the powerful deities of the surrounding area unto himself. He did so by a method called as [[Ekanai kalyanam]] (meaning, 'representational marriage' - a method whereby deities were made to 'come upon' certain persons who became their human media, and, then, a marriage ceremony was performed with these human media). [[Akilathirattu Ammanai|Akilathirattu]] narrates very elaborately the grand manner in which ekanai kalyanam was conducted for Vaikundar with some popular deities of the surrounding area such as [[Kumari Pakavati]], [[Parvati]], [[Mantaikkattal]], [[Leksmi]], [[Valli]], [[Teivanai]] and [[Pumatantai]]. The gist of the narration is what follows, The deities were made to 'come upon' some of the female devotees who were in the gathering. Vaikundar, then, 'entered into a conversation' with them and 'convinced' each deity that time had arrived for them to get 'unified' unto himself so as to end the kaliyukam. He then 'married' them one by one and unified them all into himself. He seems to have enacted this symbolic drama at [[Ambalappathi]], one among the [[Pathi]]s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}

====Marriage with the Seven Virgins====
Vaikundar enacted yet another ekanaikalyanam in which 'married' the mythical seven virgins. When people were gathered around him, Vaikundar caused some people to 'become presentations', the human media, of the seven virgins. He, then, enacted the symbolic marriage with the 'seven virgins'.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}

[[Akilattirattu|Akilathirattu]] says that when this marriage took place, [[The Santror]] realised that all the curses incurred by them had been absolved henceforth, and the end of [[Kaliyukam]] and the dawn of tarmayukam became imminent. All these events took place in the ambience of the ecstatic religiosity that surrounded the gathering of the followers of Vaikundar.

==Criticism over Shamanism==
This shamanic actions in the worship centres of Ayyavazhi is quite often criticised by a large number of followers. Commonly it was believed that in 'Ayyavazhi possessions', the possessed person use to sit in the [[Lotus position|Padmasana]] posture and simply utter (speak) to the audience. But in many of the worship centres the 'posed' person use to stand and dance, similar to the possessive activities found in some of the tribal belief systems. This act of 'standing and dancing' is mainly criticised seriously almost universally by Ayyavazhi followers.

Also these types of actions are commonly found in [[Nizhal Thangal]]s which conduct pujas to Kali and other tribal deities. Since such practices of worshipping other deities are not allowed as per Ayyavazhi theology, the criticism over such possessions are accepted as a standard vision in the Ayyavazhi universe.

===False deity===
Though the first form of possession in which the person seated in Padmasana posture is commonly accepted among the followers, this is also criticised by some followers.

[[Akilathirattu Ammanai|Akilathirattu]] says about a false deity which was sent to the world by [[Vishnu|Lord Narayana]] after Vaikundar attained [[Vaikundam]]. It also states that this False deity use to say, "I am Vaikundar, I was the one who married the deities and unified into myself." Also this false deity show many magic practices and also many miracles. Some people use to compare the shamanic actions to that of False deity. They cite several quotes from Ayyavazhi scriptures for their criticism. But with a different point of view the supporters of shamanism give different synonymous outputs for the quotes and strengthen their stands.

==See also==
* [[Ayyavazhi mythology]]
* [[Ayya Vaikundar]]
* [[Sampooranathevan]]
* [[Ayyavazhi rituals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* G. Patrick (2003), ''Religion and Subaltern Agency'', University of Madras.
* N. Vivekanandan (2003), ''Akilathirattu Ammani Moolamum Uraiyum'', Vivekananda Publications.
* N. Vivekanandan (1989), ''Akilathirattu Ammanaiyil Vaikunda Suvami Sampooranathevana?'', Vivekananda Publications.

{{Ayyavazhi large}}

[[Category:Ayyavazhi]]
[[Category:Asian shamanism]]

Pink Band

2023-09-05T02:16:06Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]

St. Mary Magdalene Church, Moothedam

2023-08-18T19:41:13Z

MD. TARIQUL ISLAM: enhanced structure after review

#REDIRECT [[Maradu]]