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T.O Mohanan

2026-05-07T06:47:06Z

LutherCustance5:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adv. T. O. Mohanan
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|Kannur]]
| predecessor = [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
| successor =
| birth_name = T. O. Mohanan
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1966}}
| birth_place = [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| father = Gopalan Nambiar
| occupation = Advocate, Politician
| education = LLB (Government Law College, Kozhikode)
}}

'''Adv. T. O. Mohanan''' (born 1966) is an Indian politician and lawyer serving as the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) for the [[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|Kannur]] constituency in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Hindu_Win" /> A prominent leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was elected in the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], wresting the seat back for the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]].<ref name="TOI_Kannur" /> He previously served as the mayor of the [[Kannur Municipal Corporation]].

== Early life and education ==
T. O. Mohanan was born to a Gopalan Nambiar in the [[Kannur district]] of Kerala.<ref name="Affidavit_ECI" /> He pursued his legal studies at the [[Government Law College, Kozhikode]], under the [[University of Calicut]], obtaining his LLB in 1998.<ref name="MyNeta" /> Prior to his entry into state-level politics, he practiced as an advocate and was active in various social and political organizations in Kannur.

== Political career ==
Mohanan has held several key positions within the [[Indian National Congress]] and the UDF in Kannur. He served as the mayor of the Kannur Municipal Corporation, where he was noted for his focus on urban development and infrastructure projects.<ref name="Hindu_Candidature" />

In the 2026 Kerala Assembly elections, he was nominated by the Congress to contest from the Kannur constituency, a seat the party sought to recapture from the LDF. He secured a significant victory, polling 70,620 votes and defeating the incumbent veteran leader [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]] of the Congress (Secular) by a margin of 18,551 votes.<ref name="Hindu_Win" /><ref name="ECI_Result" /> His campaign highlighted urban grievances and the need for a change in representation for the constituency.<ref name="News24_Result" />

== Election results ==
=== 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:130px" | Party
! scope="col" style="width:220px" | Candidate
! scope="col" style="width:80px" | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | %
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ±%
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| style="text-align:left" | '''Adv. T. O. Mohanan'''
| '''70,620'''
| '''51.34'''
| '''+11.85'''
|-
| style="background-color: #000080" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Congress (Secular)]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
| 52,069
| 37.86
| -6.64
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[BJP]]
| style="text-align:left" | C. Raghunath
| 12,854
| 9.35
| -4.50
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Margin of victory
! 18,551
! 13.48
!
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Total valid votes
! 1,37,543
!
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}; text-align:left" | '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]] gain''' from [[Congress (Secular)]]
| '''[[Swing (politics)|Swing]]'''
| +9.25
|
|}
<ref name="ECI_Result" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="ECI_Result">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 - Kannur (S1111) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS1111.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindu_Win">{{cite news |title=Kerala Assembly Elections 2026: Mohanan defeats Kadannapally by 18,551 votes in Kannur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-assembly-elections-2026-mohanan-defeats-kadannapally-by-18551-votes-in-kannur/article70939596.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="TOI_Kannur">{{cite news |title=Kannur assembly election results: Congress' TO Mohanan defeats Ramachandran Kadannappalli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kannur/articleshow/130629790.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Adv. T. O. Mohanan (Indian National Congress): Constituency - KANNUR (KANNUR) - Affidavit Information |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=620 |publisher=Association for Democratic Reforms |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Affidavit_ECI">{{cite web |title=Candidate Affidavit: T. O. Mohanan |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/T_O_Mohanan_2026 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=22 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindu_Candidature">{{cite news |title=Kerala Assembly polls: UDF likely to field T.O. Mohanan in Kannur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/kerala-assembly-elections-k-sudhakaran-udf-to-mohanan-kannur-as-aicc-bars-sitting/article70760583.ece |work=The Hindu |date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="News24_Result">{{cite news |title=Kannur Election Results 2026: INC’S TO Mohanan wins Kannur assembly seat |url=https://news24online.com/india/kannur-election-results-2026-live-updates/822780/ |work=News24 |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]

V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award

2026-05-03T18:21:55Z

LutherCustance5: put up article

{{Short description|Cinema award in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Distinguish|V. Shantaram Special Contribution Award}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award
| image = Mahesh Manjrekar 1.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The 2024 recipient: [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| awarded_for =
"Outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Marathi cinema"
| location = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| reward = {{Unbulleted_list|Silver Medal|
Trophy|Certificate|
{{INRConvert|1000|k}}}}
| year = 1994
| year2 = 2024
| holder_label = Recent winner
| holder = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 32
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Chandrakant Mandare]]
| website = 
}}
The '''V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award''' is a lifetime achievement honor presented annually by the [[Government of Maharashtra]], India. Established in 1994, the award is given by the Department of Cultural Affairs to individuals in recognition of their long-standing contributions to Marathi cinema. Recipients are selected by a committee comprising members from the Indian film industry.

The award includes a silver medal, a certificate, a trophy, and a cash prize of ₹10,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-14 |title=सांस्कृतिक कार्य संचालनालय |url=http://mahasanskruti.org:80/film-puraskar.php |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714083807/http://mahasanskruti.org:80/film-puraskar.php |archive-date=14 July 2018 }}</ref>

It was instituted to commemorate filmmaker [[V. Shantaram]] (1901–1990), who played a notable role in the development of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].

The first recipient was actor [[Chandrakant Mandare]], awarded in 1994 at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]. As of 2023, a total of 32 individuals have received the award. Among those, [[Ravindra Mahajani]] is the only posthumous recipient. Mahajani's actor son, [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] accepted the award on his behalf at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|57th Maharashtra State Film Awards]] ceremony.<ref name=":0" /> The most recent recipient of the award is veteran actor and filmmaker [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] who was honoured at [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|61st Maharashtra State Film Awards]].<ref name=":1" />

==Recipients==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of award recipients by year
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0" | Year {{small|(Ceremony)}}
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0" | Image
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0" | Work
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0" | Notes
|-
| align="center" | 1994
| align="center" | [[File:Chandrakant Mandare.jpg|200x200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Chandrakant Mandare]]
| Actor
|He was known for performing in mythological and historical films, and his work spanned several decades in the Marathi film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of old master Chandrakant Mandare |url=https://www.indiaart.com/old-masters/Chandrakant-Mandare/Info-of-Chandrakant-Mandare.asp |access-date= |website=www.indiaart.com}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 1995
| align="center" | -
! scope="row" | [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| Music Director
|Composed music for numerous [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films and was particularly known for his work on the musical project ''[[Geet Ramayan]]'', which became widely recognized in Maharashtra. His work is noted for its influence on Marathi film music and its role in shaping the musical landscape of the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Bollywood Retrospect: 5 Hindi songs that give a glimpse of Sudhir Phadke's genius |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-retrospect-5-hindi-songs-that-give-a-glimpse-of-sudhir-phadke-s-genius-2107684 |access-date= |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 1996
| align="center" | [[File:Lalita Pawar (1916—1998).jpg|180x180px]]
! scope="row" | [[Lalita Pawar]]
| Actress
|Known for her extensive career in Indian cinema, including notable contributions to Marathi films. She appeared in over 700 films across various languages and was known for portraying strong character roles, including antagonistic and maternal figures. Her performances were recognized for their consistency and impact over several decades in the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribute to lalita pawar |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/mar12/films4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328152213/http://www.screenindia.com/old/mar12/films4.htm |archive-date=2008-03-28 |access-date= |website=www.screenindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 1997
| align="center" | [[File:Sulochana Devi at the Dada Saheb Phalke Academy Awards, 2010.jpg|150x150px]]
! scope="row" | [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]]
| Actress
|Known for her longstanding contributions to Marathi cinema. She was known for her roles as a mother and supporting character in numerous films from the 1940s to the 1990s. Her performances were noted for their emotional depth and became a significant part of mainstream and regional Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title='हा तर माझ्या घरचा आहेर!'-मुंबई -महाराष्ट्र-Maharashtra Times |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5284803.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223065735/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5284803.cms |archive-date=2012-02-23 |access-date= |website=maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 1998
| align="center" | -
! scope="row" | [[Dinkar D. Patil]]
| Film Director
|He was known for his work as a director and screenwriter in Marathi cinema, particularly for films that focused on rural life and social issues. His storytelling often reflected the experiences of everyday people, and he played a significant role in shaping socially conscious narratives in regional filmmaking.
|-
| align="center" | 1999
| align="center" | [[File:Sumati Gupte-Joglekar.jog.jpg|150x150px]]
! scope="row" | [[Sumati Gupte-Joglekar]]
| Actress
|She was known for her work as an actress in Marathi cinema and theatre. She was recognized for her performances in a variety of roles that showcased emotional depth and cultural nuance, contributing to the growth of Marathi performing arts during the mid-20th century.
|-
| align="center" | 2000
| align="center" | -
! scope="row" | Vasant Painter
| Film Director
|Vasant Painter was known as a film director and art director in Marathi cinema, noted for his contributions to visually rich and socially relevant films.
|-
| align="center" | 2001
| align="center" | -
! scope="row" | [[Ram Gabale]]
| {{•}}Cinematographer {{•}}Film Director
|He was known for his work as a cinematographer in Marathi and Hindi cinema, contributing to the visual style and technical development of Indian films over several decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2009-01-10 |title=Veteran filmmaker Gabale is no more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/veteran-filmmaker-gabale-is-no-more/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2002
| align="center" | [[File:Chandrakant Gokhale.jpg|198x198px]]
! scope="row" | [[Chandrakant Gokhale]]
| Actor
|He was known for his work as an actor in Marathi theatre and cinema, with a career spanning several decades marked by performances in both dramatic and character roles.
|-
| align="center" | 2003
| align="center" | [[File:Jayshree Gadkar.jpg|200x200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jayshree Gadkar]]
| Actress
|She was known for her work as a leading actress in Marathi cinema, particularly during the 1950s to 1970s. She appeared in numerous mythological, historical, and social films, with notable works including ''[[Manini (1961 film)|Manini]]'', ''[[Sangtye Aika]]'', and ''[[Sawaal Majha Aika!]]''. Her performances were recognized for her versatility and strong screen presence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayshree Gadkar |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200808291121.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213004810/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200808291121.htm |archive-date=2009-12-13 |access-date= |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2004
| align="center" | [[File:The 91 years old lead actress of ‘Shyamchi Aai’ and the winner of President’s Gold Medal in 1953, Vanmala Devi at a Press Conference during the ongoing 36th International Film Festival of India – 2005 in Panaji, Goa.jpg|150x150px]]
! scope="row" | [[Vanamala (actress)|Vanamala]]
| Actress
|She was known for her performances in Marathi and Hindi cinema, particularly for her role as the mother in the acclaimed film ''[[Shyamchi Aai (1953 film)|Shyamchi Aai]]'' (1953), which won the first [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]. She was recognized for her graceful screen presence and portrayals of dignified, emotionally nuanced characters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-22 |title=Shyamchi Aai won the President's Gold Medal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/Shyamchi-Aai-won-the-Presidents-Gold-Medal/articleshow/14057822.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2005
| align="center" | -
! scope="row" | [[Annasaheb Deulgaonkar]]
| Writer
|Known for his contributions to Marathi cinema as a screenwriter. He played a key role in promoting and supporting regional films like ''[[Maherchi Sadi]]'', ''[[Dhum Dhadaka]]'' & ''[[Lek Chalali Sasarla]],''helping to expand the reach of Marathi cinema across Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=वडनेरकर |first=प्रीती |date=2020-08-22 |title=मराठी चित्रपटसृष्टीतील 'चंदेरी पर्व' |url=https://www.esakal.com/sampadakiya/preeti-wadnerkar-writes-article-about-annasaheb-deulgaonkar-336464 |access-date= |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2006
| align="center" | [[File:Ashok Saraf.jpg|183x183px]]
! scope="row" | [[Ashok Saraf]]
| Actor
|Known as “Mahanayak of Marathi Film Industry.”<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-22 |title=Kon Honar Crorepati : मराठी सिनेसृष्टीचे महानायक अशोक सराफ येणार 'कोण होणार करोडपती'च्या मंचावर |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/kon-honar-crorepati-ashok-saraf-the-great-hero-of-marathi-cinema-will-come-on-the-stage-of-kon-honar-crorepati-the-special-episode-will-take-place-on-june-25th-1072352 |access-date= |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref> Best known for his role in shaping the modern Marathi comedy film genre. Over a career spanning nearly five decades and more than 250 Marathi films, he popularized comedy with impeccable timing and versatility across both Marathi and Hindi cinema. He was a central figure in the “comedy films wave.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=State to fete Rajnikant, Ashok Saraf |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-state-to-fete-rajnikant-ashok-saraf-1025646 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2007
| align="center" | [[File:Rajdutt01.jpg|200x200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Rajdutt]]
| Film Director
|Known for his work as a film director and screenwriter in Marathi cinema. He directed several critically acclaimed and commercially successful films, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s, often focusing on social and emotional themes.
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 2008
| align="center" | [[File:RameshDeo (cropped).jpg|190x190px]]
! scope="row" | [[Ramesh Deo]]
| Actor
|He was a veteran actor, director, and producer in Marathi and Hindi cinema, known for his character roles and long-standing contribution to the film industry. He was often referred to as a versatile character actor due to his wide range of roles over six decades.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=He was a perfectionist who sang 55 Marathi songs: Ramesh Deo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/manna-dey-marathi-songs-ramesh-deov-shantaram/articleshow/24667601.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[File:SeemaDeo.jpg|235x235px]]
! scope="row" | [[Seema Deo]]
| Actress
|She was a respected actress in Marathi and Hindi cinema, known for her graceful screen presence and powerful performances that left a lasting impact on Indian film.
|-
| align="center" | 2009
| align="center" | -
! scope="row" | [[Jagdish Khebudkar]]
| {{•}}Writer {{•}}Lyricist
|Renowned Marathi lyricist and poet, known for his prolific contribution to Marathi cinema and music. Over his career, he penned lyrics for more than 2,500 songs across around 300 films. His writing style blended simplicity with emotional depth, making his work resonate with audiences across generations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-15 |title=V Shantaram awards to be presented on May 30 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/v-shantaram-awards-to-be-presented-on-may-30/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2010
| align="center" | -
! scope="row" | [[Asha Kale]]
|Actress
|She often portrayed strong female leads, such as devoted mothers, resilient wives, or women facing social and personal struggles. Her films typically explored relationships, societal norms, and human emotions, making her a prominent figure in serious, dramatic Marathi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Film awards: Chief Minister Ashok Chavan and Asha Kale |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/47th-Marathi-Film-awards/morphshow/5871909.cms |access-date= |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2011
| align="center" | [[File:Jabbar Patel.jpg|200x200px]]
! scope="row" | [[Jabbar Patel]]
| Film Director
|He known for directing socially and politically themed Marathi films and plays, blending artistic storytelling with issues like caste, power, and social justice. His notable works include ''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]'', ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'', ''[[Sinhasan]]'', ''[[Umbartha]]'', and the biographical film ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maha Govt Confers Raj Kapoor Awards On Nihalani, Shabana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/maha-govt-confers-raj-kapoor-awards-on-nihalani-shabana-619522 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2012
| align="center" | -
! scope="row" | Leela Gandhi
| Actress
|Best known as a veteran Marathi actress and lāvṇī dance artist whose decades‑long career in cinema and stage brought widespread recognition to traditional Marathi folk art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leela Gandhi bags V. Shantaram Award |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/madhuri-dixit-shyam-benegal-bag-raj-kapoor-awards-604573 |access-date= |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2013
| align="center" | -
! scope="row" | [[Pandhari Juker]]
| Make-up Artist
|He was a celebrated makeup artist whose six-decade-long career in Hindi cinema left a profound mark on the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-21 |title=Pandhari Juker |url=https://www.loksatta.com/sampadkiya/vyakhtivedh/senior-make-up-artist-pandhari-juker-profile-zws-70-2090360/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |2014
| align="center" | -
!scope="row" | [[Uma Bhende]]
|Actress
|She often portrayed emotionally strong and graceful female characters, and her performances were rooted in traditional values and cultural narratives.
|-
| align="center" |2015
| align="center" | -
!scope="row" | [[Suryakant Lavande]]
|Cinematographer
|He was a distinguished cinematographer in Marathi cinema, celebrated for his work over six decades on visually impactful films like ''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]'', ''[[Sinhasan]]'', ''[[Gammat Jammat]]'', and ''[[Dhum Dhadaka]].''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-27 |title=Maharashtra announces awards for film legends |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-announces-awards-for-film-legends/article7147608.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |2016
| align="center" | -
!scope="row" | V. N. Mayekar
|Film Editor
|Often hailed as the “wizard of the scissors” for his masterful editing that added emotional depth and narrative precision to films.
|-
| align="center" |2017
| align="center" | [[File:Vikram Gokhale.jpg|150x150px]]
!scope="row" | [[Vikram Gokhale]]
|Actor
|He was renowned as a consummate actor in Marathi theatre, films, and Hindi cinema, acclaimed for his dignified portrayals of authoritative figures and emotionally complex characters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikram Gokhale gets lifetime achievement award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/vikram-gokhale-gets-award/articleshow/58330846.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" | -
!scope="row" | [[Vijay Chavan]]
|Actor
|He was known as a highly versatile comic actor in Marathi theatre and cinema, famous for his over 350 film appearances and iconic stage role as the female lead in the comedy play ''[[Moruchi Mavshi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-16 |title=विजय चव्हाण, मृणाल कुलकर्णी यांना चित्रपट व्ही.शांताराम पुरस्कार घोषित - Marathi News {{!}} Vijay Chavan and Mrinal Kulkarni are honored with the V. Shantaram Award for the film {{!}} Latest Filmy News at Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/vijay-chavan-and-mrinal-kulkarni-are-honored-v-shantaram-award-film/ |access-date= |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |2019
| align="center" | [[File:Sushama Shiromanee 2019.jpg|262x262px]]
!scope="row" | [[Sushama Shiromanee]]
|Actress
|She is known for her multifaceted career as an actress, producer, director, writer, and distributor in Marathi cinema. She gained particular recognition for directing and producing the Marathi "item‑song" driven films ''Bhingari'', ''Fatakadi'', ''Mosambi Narangi'', ''Bhannat Bhanu'', and ''Gulchhadi'', often casting Bollywood stars to elevate Marathi cinema’s mass appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-26 |title=Sushma Shiromanee bags V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai/sushma-shiromani-v-shantaram-award-2019-1900416/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |2020
| align="center" | -
!scope="row" | [[Ravindra Mahajani]]
|Actor
|Known for his striking leading-man presence in Marathi cinema during the 1970s and ’80s—often hailed as the industry’s equivalent of Bollywood’s [[Vinod Khanna]]—earning widespread recognition for roles in films like ''Zhunj'', ''[[Aaram Haram Aahe|Aaram Haram Ahe]]'', ''Devta'', and ''[[Mumbaicha Faujdar]].''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=रविंद्र महाजनी यांना मरणोत्तर जीवनगौरव पुरस्कार प्रदान, गष्मीरने स्विकारला वडिलांचा सन्मान |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/ravindra-mahajani-late-marathi-actor-honoured-by-v-shantaram-lifetime-achievement-award-actor-gashmeer-mahajani-received-his-father-honor-detail-marathi-news-1258694 |access-date= |website=ABP Majha |date=23 February 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |2021
| align="center" | [[File:Usha Chavan.jpg|150x150px]]
! scope="row" | [[Usha Chavan]]
|Actress
|She known for her iconic roles in Marathi comedy films, especially alongside actor [[Dada Kondke]], and for her work in emotional romantic and social dramas.
|-
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" | [[File:Usha Naik, Actor and Shrihari Sathe, Producer of the film ‘EK HAZARACHI’, at a press conference, at the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa on November 29, 2014.jpg|150x150px]]
! scope="row" | [[Usha Naik]]
|Actress
|Best known as a seasoned Marathi actress whose career began as a background dancer in the 1970s and evolved into leading and character roles spanning over 250 films.
|-
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" | [[File:Shivaji Satam.jpg|178x178px]]
!scope="row" | [[Shivaji Satam]]
|Actor
|He has built a memorable career in both Marathi and Hindi cinema, appearing in acclaimed films such as ''Ek Hoti Vadi'', ''[[Uttarayan (film)|Uttarayan]]'', ''[[De Dhakka]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 22 August 2024|title=59th Maharashtra State Film Awards: Asha Parekh, Shivaji Satam, Anuradha Paudwal honoured, here's the winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/59th-maharashtra-state-film-awards-asha-parekh-shivaji-satam-anuradha-paudwal-honoured-heres-the-winners-list-9527159/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" | [[File:Mahesh Manjrekar 1 (cropped).jpg|150x150px]]
!scope="row" | [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
|{{•}} Film Director {{•}}Actor
|He is a prominent figure in Marathi cinema, known for directing critically and commercially successful films like ''[[Astitva]]'' (2000), ''[[Mi Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy!]]'' (2009), ''[[Kaksparsh]]'' (2012), ''[[Natsamrat]]'' (2016), and ''[[Juna Furniture]]'' (2024).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-04-18 |title=Maharashtra: Top state awards for Mahesh Manjrekar, Anupam Kher, Kajol & Mukta Barve |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-top-state-awards-for-mahesh-manjrekar-anupam-kher-kajol-mukta-barve-9950457/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Maharashtra awards]]
[[Category:Marathi cinema|A]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1994]]
[[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]

Kuhak (film)

2026-05-02T15:17:57Z

LutherCustance5: starting new post

{{Short description|1960 film by Agradoot}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kuhak
| image = Kuhak (1960) film poster.jpeg
| caption =
| director = [[Agradoot]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Based on
| data1 = ''Kuhak'' (novel) by [[Samaresh Basu]]
}}
| producer = Subimal Dey
| screenplay = Samaresh Basu Agradoot
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Samaresh Basu
}}
| starring = [[Uttam Kumar]] [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] [[Tarun Kumar]] Rina Ghosh
| music = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]
| cinematography = Bibhuti Laha Bijoy Ghosh
| editing = Baidyanath Chatterjee
| studio = M. P. Productions
| distributor = Narayan Pictures Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{film date|df=y|1960|4|2}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Kuhak'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://calcuttatube.com/kuhak-1960-bangla-movie/21/ | title=Google }}</ref> is a 1960 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Agradoot]] and starring [[Uttam Kumar]] and [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuhak (1960) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kuhak-34834|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125031124/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kuhak-34834|url-status=live|archive-date=25 November 2020|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> This film portrays a man's struggle to run blindly after riches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/kuhak-movie-cast-crew/13764 |title=Kuhak (1960) Cast and Crew | Actor Actress Director of Kuhak bengali Movie |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524110750/http://www.gomolo.com/kuhak-movie-cast-crew/13764 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Uttam Kumar]] as Sunando Chowdhury (Thief)
* [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] as Swarnalata (Ganesh's Sister)
* [[Tulsi Chakraborty]] as Adhikary
* [[Kamal Mitra]] as BK Roy
* [[Tarun Kumar]] as Ganesh (Thief)
* [[Gangapada Bose]] as Ananto Khuro
* Premanghsu Bose as Gokul
* Preeti Majumdar
* Master Dipak as Hiru
* Master Sushanta as Chhoton

==Soundtrack==
All songs were composed and sung by [[Hemanta Mukherjee]] and penned by [[Gauriprasanna Majumdar]].
*"Aro Kache Eso" - Hemanta Mukherjee
*"Bishnupriya Go Ami Chole Jai" - Hemanta Mukherjee
*"Hay Hanpay Je Ei Hapor" - Hemanta Mukherjee
*"Naolo Kishori Go" - Hemanta Mukherjee
*'Peyechhi Parash Manik" - Hemanta Mukherjee
*"Sarati Din Dhore" - Hemanta Mukherjee

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0151265|Kuhak (1960)}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1960 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Samaresh Basu]]

{{1960s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Srinivas Avasarala

2026-05-01T07:23:24Z

LutherCustance5:

{{Short description|Indian actor, director, screenwriter, racquetball player}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srinivas Avasarala
| image = Srnivas Avasarala (director,writer, actor).jpg
| caption = Avasarala in 2016
| birth_place = [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref name="ats" />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|writer|director|racquetball player}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|03|19}}<ref name="toi">{{Cite news|title=Happy Birthday Srinivas Avasarala: Take a look at the actor-director's career path - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-srinivas-avasarala-take-a-look-at-the-actor-directors-career-path/articleshow/68478567.cms|access-date=2020-12-01|website=The Times of India|date=19 March 2019|language=en|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-srinivas-avasarala-take-a-look-at-the-actor-directors-career-path/articleshow/68478567.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| height = 6 ft 4 inches
| parents =
| othername = Srini
| alma mater = [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (Diploma in screenwriting) [[University of North Dakota]] (M.S.) [[KL University|KL College of Engineering]] (B. Tech)
| years_active = 2007 – present
}}
'''Srinivas Avasarala''' (born 19 March 1981) is an [[India]]n actor, film director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He received two [[Nandi Awards]] and a [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]].<ref>{{cite web|author=TNN|date=2013-09-12|title=Srinivas Avasarala turns director|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Srinivas-Avasarala-turns-director/articleshow/22514053.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083228/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-12/news-interviews/42007184_1_telugu-sai-korrapati-andala-rakshasi|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-12-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2013-12-12}}</ref>

==Early life==
Srinivas Avasarala was born on 19 March 1981 in [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name="toi" /><ref name="ats">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4A5GGiucvs&t=198s|title=Alitho Saradaga {{!}} Srinivas Avasarala (Actor) {{!}} 6th September 2021 {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} ETV Telugu|time=3m18s|publisher=[[ETV Telugu]]|people=[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] and Srinivas Avasarala|date=6 September 2021|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913133331/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4A5GGiucvs&t=198s|url-status=live}}</ref> His father worked at [[Andhra Bank]]. By virtue of his work, they had to travel across different locations. Hence, Avasarala completed his education in 4 cities – [[Kakinada]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="ats" /> He did his B.Tech. in Mechanical Engineering from [[KL University|KL College of Engineering]], [[Vijayawada]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KL University Alumini Association|url=https://www.kluniversity.in/alumni/me.aspx|website=KL University|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205165344/https://www.kluniversity.in/alumni/me.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Avasarala holds a master's in [[Mechanical Engineering]] with focus on [[Finite Element Analysis]] from [[University of North Dakota]] and worked for [[Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-24|title=Avasarala Srinivas|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tollywood-celebrities-who-have-degrees-in-engineering/photostory/66353782.cms|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726184510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tollywood-celebrities-who-have-degrees-in-engineering/photostory/66353782.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is also a professional [[racquetball]] player who represented India in the Racquetball Asian championships.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-24|title=Srinivas Avasarala is playing for India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srinivas-avasarala-is-playing-for-india/articleshow/30404789.cms|access-date=2023-06-18|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619034108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srinivas-avasarala-is-playing-for-india/articleshow/30404789.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Avasarala holds a screenwriting diploma from [[University of California, Los Angeles]] and took acting classes for a year at [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]], New York City. He did theatre in New York and then worked as an assistant director for a film called ''Blind Ambition''.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=rediff.com: From Princeton to Ashta Chamma|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/16sld1.htm|access-date=2013-12-12|work=Rediff.com|archive-date=22 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922013037/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/16sld1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He also hosted one of the quiz shows, Champion which aired on [[ETV Telugu]] for the first season.

He made his acting debut with the film ''Ashta Chamma''- an adaptation of Oscar Wilde's ''The Importance of Being Earnest''. His portrayal of Anand, Algernon in the play, received wide critical acclaim. He made his directorial debut with the Telugu romantic-comedy, ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'' (2014). He also essayed the role of Uday Bhaskar in the film which earned him [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. He has essayed [[character actor]] roles in works such as ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'', ''Anthakamundhu Aatharvaatha'', and ''[[Kanche]]'' which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] for that year.

==Filmography==
===Films===

==== As actor ====
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+As an actor
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|2008
|''[[Ashta Chamma]]''
|Anand
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Orange (2010 Telugu film)|Orange]]''
|Ajay
|
|-
|''[[Saradaga Kasepu]]''
|Srinivas
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''Vara Prasad Potti Prasad''
|Vara Prasad
|
|-
|''[[Mugguru]]''
| Anji
|
|-
|''[[Pilla Zamindar]]''
| Kanna Babu
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2013
|''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]''
| Amrutha Rao
|
|-
|''[[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]]''
| Kishore
|
|-
|''[[Anthaka Mundu Aa Tarvatha]]''
| Viswa
|
|-
|''[[Aravind 2]]''
| Film director
|
|-
|''[[Sukumarudu]]''
| ANR
|
|-
|''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]''
| Kishore
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
| Dr. N. Raju
|
|-
|''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''
| Uday Bhaskar
|Also writer and director
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]''
| Ajay
|
|-
|''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''
| Prabhakar
|
|-
| ''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]''
| Cheekati
|
|-
| ''[[Kanche]]''
| Das
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016
|''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''
| Abhiram's brother
|
|-
|''[[Raja Cheyyi Vesthe]]''
| Chakri
|
|-
|''[[A Aa]]''
| Shekhar Benarjee
|
|-
|''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]''
| Vamshi
|
|-
|''[[Oka Manasu]]''
| Satya
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
|''[[Babu Baga Busy]]''
| Madhav / Maddy
|
|-
|''[[Ami Thumi]]''
| Vijay
|
|-
|''[[Meda Meeda Abbayi]]''
| [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CBCID]] Officer Naresh
|
|-
| ''[[PSV Garuda Vega]]''
| Prakash
|
|-
| ''[[Okka Kshanam]]''
| Srinivas
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]''
| Shiva
|
|-
|''[[Mahanati]]''
| [[L. V. Prasad]]
|[[Cameo appearance]]
|-
|''[[Sammohanam (2018 film)|Sammohanam]]''
| Himself
|Special appearance
|-
|''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]''
| Rajan
|
|-
|''[[Antariksham 9000 KMPH]]''
| Mohan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]''
|[[D. V. Narasa Raju]]
|Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Kathanam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Oorantha Anukuntunnaru]]'' || Shiva Raman Iyer ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
| ''[[Nishabdham]]''
| Poorna Chandra Rao
|rowspan="2"|Shot simultaneously in Tamil
|-
|''Silence''
|Surya Kandasamy
|-
|2021
|''[[Nootokka Jillala Andagadu]]''
| Gotti Surya Narayana
|Also writer<ref name="nja">{{Cite web|title=Nootokka Jillala Andagaadu to be out on May 7|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/17/nootokka-jillala-andagaadu-to-release-on-may-7-22891.html|access-date=2021-04-07|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=17 February 2021|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902141349/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/17/nootokka-jillala-andagaadu-to-release-on-may-7-22891.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Aa Ammayi Gurinchi Meeku Cheppali]]''
| Dr. Varun
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Pindam]]'' || Loknath ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024 || ''[[Kismat (2024 film)|Kismat]]'' || Vivek ||
|-
| ''[[Vidya Vasula Aham]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-vidya-vasula-aham-telugu-movie-on-aha.html|title=OTT Review : Vidya Vasula Aham - Telugu movie on Aha|date=May 16, 2024|work=123telugu|access-date=28 May 2024|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525080813/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-vidya-vasula-aham-telugu-movie-on-aha.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' || Bhairava's proposed buyer || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
| ''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]'' || Satya Akella / Prem ||Dual role
|-
|''[[Baapu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sarangapani Jathakam]]''
|Jogeshwar
|
|-
|[[Anaganaga (film)|''Anaganaga'']]
|Raja Reddy
|
|-
|''[[Mowgli (2025 film)|Mowgli]]''
|
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Papam Prathap]]''
|Subrahmanyam
|
|}

==== As director or writer ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!Notes
|-
|2011
|''[[Golconda High School]]''
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Dialogue}}
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Nootokka Jillala Andagadu]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref name="nja" />
|-
|2022
|[[Brahmāstra (film)|''Brahmāstra'']]
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Dialogue}}
|Telugu dubbed version<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Brahmastra Telugu Movie Trailer Out Now|url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2022/06/15/brahmastra-telugu-movie-trailer-out-now/|date=15 June 2022|website=Telugu Filmnagar|access-date=15 June 2022|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119172833/https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/2022/06/15/brahmastra-telugu-movie-trailer-out-now/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]''
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Dialogue}}
|Telugu dubbed version<ref>{{Cite news | url = https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994559235/Avatar-Telugu-Dialogues-by-Srinivas | language = en | website = India Herald | title = Avatar 2 Telugu Dialogues by Srinivas | date = 2022-12-15 | archive-date = 18 February 2023 | access-date = 11 February 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230218103438/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994559235/Avatar-Telugu-Dialogues-by-Srinivas | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Phalana Abbayi Phalana Ammayi]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-28|title=Naga Shaurya - Srinivas Avasarala film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naga-shauryas-next-with-anish-krishna-goes-on-floors-today-check-the-actors-upcoming-movies/photostory/78910848.cms|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126075552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naga-shauryas-next-with-anish-krishna-goes-on-floors-today-check-the-actors-upcoming-movies/photostory/78910848.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Acting roles
|-
!Year
! Title
!Role
! Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable|Ref
|-
| 2019
|''Mrs. Subbalakshmi''
|Subramanyam
| [[Zee5]]
| Web debut
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-14|title=Mrs Subbalakshmi review: Lakshmi Manchu's web-series turns a progressive idea into an insipid drama|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mrs-subbalakshmi-review-lakshmi-manchus-web-series-turns-a-progressive-idea-into-an-insipid-drama-6260441.html|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-24|title=Lakshmi Manchu's 'Mrs Subbalakshmi' to release on March 8|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lakshmi-manchus-mrs-subbalakshmi-release-march-8-97275|access-date=2021-06-01|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214609/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lakshmi-manchus-mrs-subbalakshmi-release-march-8-97275|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2021
|''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''
| Harsha
|[[Netflix]]
|Segment: Pinky
|
|-
|''[[Unheard (TV series)|Unheard]]''
|Anwar
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
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==Awards and nominations==

;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]] – ''Oohalu Gusagusalade'' (2014) – won<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2015 {{!}} winners {{!}} {{!}}|url=http://siima.in/2015/winners.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=siima.in|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517085848/http://siima.in/2015/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]
* [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] – ''Oohalu Gusagusalade'' (2014) – won<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2014|url=http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2014.html|access-date=13 January 2021|website=APSFTVTDC|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304225036/http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2014.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] – ''Jyo Achyutananda'' (2016) – won<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2016|url=http://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2016.html|access-date=13 January 2021|website=APSFTVTDC|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022042657/https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2016.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
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The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha

2026-04-30T17:20:33Z

LutherCustance5: put up entry

{{Short description|Episodes in the life of the Buddha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

[[File:Jagdispur Buddha Begley.jpg|thumb|Jagdishpur relief, photographed in 1872. A very rare survival of a large scale depiction of the Eight Great Events.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/s/019pho000001003u00210000.html British Library page]</ref> Over 3 metres high, perhaps late 10th-century. ]]
The '''Eight Great Events''' (''aṣṭamahāpratihārya'')<ref>Kinnard, 105</ref> are a set of episodes in the life of [[the Buddha|Gautama Buddha]] that by the time of the [[Pala Empire]] of North India around the 9th century had become established as the standard group [[Life of Buddha in art|of narrative scenes to encapsulate the Buddha's life]] and teachings. As such they were frequently represented in [[Buddhist art]], either individually or as a group, and recounted and interpreted in Buddhist discourses.

The Eight Great Events are: the Birth of the Buddha, the [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Enlightenment]], the First Sermon, the Monkey's offering of honey, the Taming of Nalagiri the elephant, the Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven, the Miracle at Sravasti and his death or [[Parinirvana]].<ref>Craven, 174; Brown (2003); [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x113353 British Museum]; Prematilleke, 162–168</ref> Each event had taken place at a specific location, which had become a place of pilgrimage,<ref>Behrendt, Kurt, [https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/now-at-the-met/2014/buddhist-sites-in-north-india Metropolitan Museum blog]: "In the Footsteps of Buddhist Pilgrims: Sites in North India", 25 February 2014; Michell, 186</ref> and there was a matching set of "[[Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites#The_Eight_Great_Places_of_pilgrimage|Eight Great Places]]", ''"Attha-mahathanani"'' in [[Pali]], where the events took place. Apart from his birth in modern [[Nepal]] (just, some 10 km from the border), all the events took place in [[Bihar]] or [[Uttar Pradesh]] in north-east [[India]].<ref>[http://meet.ceres.rub.de/exhibits/show/pilgrimage-the-representation-/the-eight-great-events-of-the- Map of the Eight Great Places]; Behrend, 5 also has a map.</ref>
[[File:Northern India, Bihar, 11th-12th century - Buddha Calling the Earth to Witness - 1965.27 - Cleveland Museum of Art (cropped).tif|thumb|Small stone group from [[Bihar]], 11th–12th century, 8.2 x 6.1 cm (3 1/4 x 2 3/8 in.), apparently taken back to [[Nepal]] by a pilgrim.]]

Before and after this period there were other groupings, both smaller and larger, with 4, 5, 20, and other much larger groups found. A grouping of four events, the ''Birth, Enlightenment, First Sermon'' and ''Death'' was the most prominent, consisting of very important life-events.<ref>Pal (1984), 39, 52</ref> Larger groups, such as the 43 on the 20th-century ''[[Ivory carved tusk depicting Buddha life stories]]'' in [[New Delhi]], tend to have more from the Buddha's early life. A 15th-century [[Tibet]]an painted [[thanka]] has 32 scenes, of which 15 precede the Enlightenment.<ref>Pal (1984), 66</ref>

A common [[iconography]] for [[stele]]s in [[relief]] had a larger central Buddha figure, normally showing the ''Enlightenment'', surrounded by smaller scenes showing the others. The Parinirvana, with a [[reclining Buddha]], is normally at the top, over the larger figure, with the rest three high on each side. In small versions of such a scheme the space available means that events are distinguished largely by the ''[[mudra]]'' or hand gesture of the Buddha.<ref>Huntington, 396–397</ref> Sets of paintings, which only survive from rather later, show all eight at similar sizes.

==Arrangement and iconography==
[[File:Birth of buddha peshawar.JPG|thumb|''Birth of the Buddha'', [[Lorian Tangai]], Gandhara. The Buddha is shown twice: being received by Indra, and then standing up immediately after.]]
The iconography of the events reflects the elaborated versions of the Buddha's life story that had become established from about 100 AD in [[Gandharan art]] and elsewhere, such as [[Sanchi]] and [[Barhut]], and were given detailed depictions in cycles of scenes, typically rectangular, on the many spaces provided by large [[stupa]]s and other Buddhist constructions. From early on, the accounts of some events varied considerably. Small reliefs only allow very compact depictions of the scenes, with very few if any other figures than the Buddha. These are simplified versions of much larger relief sculptures of each individual event. Larger depictions, such as paintings, are by contrast often crowded with other figures.<ref>Craven, 88–90; Rowland, 100–107, 235–236; Michell, 186–187</ref>

Apart from the ''Birth'' and ''Death'', the other events divide into two scenes where the Buddha is normally standing, the ''Descent'' and taming Nalagiri, leaving four where he is sitting in a meditation position, although in ''The Monkey's offering'' he is sometimes seated on something, with his legs coming down. The steles are typically arranged with the horizontal scene of the death across the top, above the main image, then the two scenes where Buddha stands the highest on each side. The ''Birth'' is normally at the bottom of one side, more often the viewer's left, and the meditating scenes fill the other spaces, including the larger main image.<ref>Huntington, 396–397 analyses the Jagdishpur stele, and also illustrates (p. 397) one at the Nalanda museum where the two standing scenes are in the middle; Prematilleke, 162–163.</ref>

A bronze model stupa from 8th or 9th-century [[Nalanda]] in the [[National Museum, New Delhi]] has the events arranged around a middle drum section.<ref>Pal (1984), 137</ref> Later works, from the following centuries and several different countries, continue the broad stele format with variations, and often differences in the scenes depicted.<ref>Pal (1984), 57–63</ref>

; Relief groups with the Eight Great Events
<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:MET 11r1 61B (cropped).jpg|Stele of the eight events, 10th-century, perhaps from [[Nalanda]], 11 inches high.
File:Burmese - Buddha at the Mahabodhi Temple - Walters 25257 (cropped).jpg|Burmese copy of a [[terracotta]] pilgrim souvenir of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at [[Bodh Gaya]], 11th century, 6.7 inches high.
File:Seated Buddha presented to President John F. Kennedy by Jawaharlal Nehru (cropped).jpg|11th-century, [[Bihar]], 22 inches high. A diplomatic gift from [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to [[John F. Kennedy|President Kennedy]]
File:Eight Great Events Stele MET DP-592-001 (cropped).jpg|11th or 12th-century, Bihar, 10 inches high
File:Buddhist stone sculpt NMND-5 (cropped).JPG|Pala, 12th-century, 47.5 cm high
File:WLA vanda Scenes from the Life of the Buddha Steatite Pagan Burma.jpg|[[Pagan, Myanmar|Pagan, Burma]], 12th-century stone stele
</gallery>

==The events==
===Birth of the Buddha===
[[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Queen Maya]], mother of the Buddha, was returning to her parents' home to give birth. She stopped for a walk in the park or grove at [[Lumbini]], now in [[Nepal]]. Reaching up to hold a bough of a [[sal tree]] (''Shorea robusta''), labour began. Maya standing with her right hand over her head, holding a curving bough, is the indispensable part of the iconography; this was a pose familiar in [[Indian art]], often adopted by [[yakshini]] tree-spirits. Maya's feet are usually crossed, giving a graceful [[tribhanga]] pose. The Buddha emerged miraculously from her side, which is usually shown in small depictions with him as though flying. In larger ones two male figures stand to the left, representing the [[Vedas|Vedic]] gods [[Indra]], who reaches out to hold the baby, and [[Brahma]] standing behind him. Maya's sister [[Pajapati]] may support her to the right, and maids may stand on the right, and [[apsara]]s or other spirits hover above.<ref>Craven, 88; [https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/112944 ''Nativity Scene: The Birth of the Buddha''], [[Brooklyn Museum]]; Prematilleke, 164; Pal (1984), 40-41, 53, 55</ref>

The Buddha was able to stand and take seven steps almost immediately,<ref>Verma, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/072-birth-story-of-gotama/ 072 – Birth Story of Gotama]</ref> ending by standing on a lotus flower, and the baby standing on this may be shown; in East Asia this subject became popular by itself, the [[Shaka at Birth (Tōdai-ji)|most famous and one of the earliest]] at the [[Todaiji]] in [[Nara, Japan]].<ref>Shashibala, 54; Pal (1984), 70, 83–86</ref> ''Buddha's first bath'' is also sometimes shown in the same scene; two [[Nagaraja]] ([[Nāga]] kings) perform the bathing, and maids may attend.<ref>Sahni, 188; [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O93318/buddhas-first-bath-relief-unknown/ ''Buddha's first bath''], V&A Museum; Karetzky, 140–141; Pal (1984), 82</ref> Symbolic re-enactments of this form part of the rituals celebrating [[Buddha's Birthday]] or [[Vesak]] in many countries.<ref>Pal (1984), 19, 82; Pal (1988), 66–67</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Four Scenes from the Life of the Buddha - Birth of the Buddha - Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century AD, Gandhara, schist - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05128.JPG|Kushan dynasty, Gandhara. At right two female [[Nāga]]s stand ready for the bath.
File:Clevelandart 1959.349.jpg|[[Pala Empire]], c. 800. [[Indra]] holds the standing baby at left.
File:La naissance de Siddartha (Vat Mai, Luang Prabang) (4337271339).jpg|Wood relief from [[Laos]]
File:Swayabhunath Temple-IMG 3406.jpg|''Seven Steps'', [[Kathmandu]], Nepal
</gallery>

===Enlightenment of the Buddha===
This took place at [[Bodh Gaya]], under the famous [[Bodhi Tree]], a probable descendant of which survives beside the [[Mahabodhi Temple]]. Buddhist tradition recounts that the enlightment was preceded by the "assault of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]]", a demon king, who challenged the Buddha's right to acquire the powers that enlightenment brought, and asked him for a witness to attest his right to achieve it. In reply Buddha touched the ground with his right hand outstretched, asking [[Prithvi|Pṛthivi]], the [[devi]] of the earth, to witness his enlightenment, which she did.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Miranda Eberle|title=Buddhist Goddesses of India|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhistgoddesse00shaw/page/17 17]–27|isbn=978-0-691-12758-3|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhistgoddesse00shaw|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>Vessantara, ''Meeting the Buddhas: A Guide to Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and Tantric Deities'', pp. 74-76, 1993, Windhorse Publications, {{ISBN|0904766535}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-O3Khal6UMcC&pg=PA77 google books]</ref>

The foliage of the Bodhi Tree may be shown above Buddha's head. Buddha is always shown seated in the lotus position, reaching the fingers of his right hand down to touch the ground, which is called the ''bhūmisparśa'' or "earth witness" mudra. Larger depictions may show Mara and his army of demons, or his three beautiful daughters, who attempt to prevent the Buddha's enlightenment by distracting him from meditation with seductive movements;<ref>Craven, 88–90, 174; Pal (1986), 36</ref> modern South-East Asian depictions of this can be rather lurid.<ref>For example [[:File:039 Mara's Daughters Tempt the Bodhisatta (9013213047).jpg|this]], from [[Kedah]], [[Malaysia]]</ref>

This event in Buddha's life is most commonly the large central scene in groups, as in the Jagdispur stele, where dozens of small demons surround the Buddha.<ref>Pal (1984), 61; [https://meet.ceres.rub.de/items/show/10 “Stone stele of the Eight Great Events of the Buddha’s Life”], The Buddha’s Biography, accessed 26 June 2022</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="160px">
File:MaraAssault.jpg|An [[Aniconism in Buddhism|aniconic]] representation of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]]'s assault on the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], with an [[empty throne]], 2nd century, [[Amaravati style]], India
File:MAK - I 10198.jpg|Assault of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]], Gandhara
File:Versuchung des Buddha Museum Rietberg RVI 25.jpg|Temptations of the daughters of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]], Gandhara
File:FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg|Detail of painting on silk, [[Mogao Caves]], 10th-century.<ref>[[:File:Dunhuang Mara Budda.jpg|the whole scene]]</ref>
</gallery>

===Buddha's first sermon===
[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg|thumb|[[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|''Buddha Preaching his First Sermon'']], c. 475, with the wheel and disciples on the base.]]
This is also known as the "Sermon in the Deer Park", and is recorded in the text called the ''[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]'' ("The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of the Dharma Sutta"). Among other key Buddhist doctrines it set out the [[Four Noble Truths]] and the [[Middle Way]]. It was delivered at [[Sarnath]], some weeks after his enlightenment, to five named disciples, who may be shown if they can be fitted in. Buddha is seated, normally in the lotus position, and his hands are always shown in the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|''Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā'']], where his two hands mime his metaphor of "setting in motion the Wheel of the Dharma". This is generally only used in images of the Buddha when representing this moment.<ref>Craven, 90; Varma, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/081-dhamma-chakka-pavattana-katha/ "081 – Dhamma-Chakka-Pavattana-Katha"]</ref>

This or the ''Enlightenment'' are usually the main large scene in stele groups. In larger groups a wheel may figure, as in [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|a 5th-century stele at Sarnath]], and sometimes one or two deer, referring to the location. These may be on the front of the base of Buddha's throne, where the disciples may also appear, much smaller than the Buddha.<ref>Sahni, 96–99 describes several variations; Prematilleke, 164.</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="160px">

File:Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara.Met.jpg|The Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara
File:Gautama Buddha first sermon in Sarnath.jpg|The Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara
</gallery>

===The monkey's offering===
[[File:Scenes from the Life of Buddha Shakyamuni, Covers of an Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita (The Perfection of Wisdom in 8,000 Verses) LACMA M.77.19.1a-b (6 of 10).jpg|thumb|From a 12th-century book-cover, Nepal. The monkey appears three times, at far right as a [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]].<ref>Pal (1985), 194</ref>]]
This took place during the Parileyyakka Retreat at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]. It is also called the ''Monkey's Offering of Honey''. A monkey offers honey to Buddha, who is shown in the lotus position, with his begging bowl in his lap. In some versions the Buddha initially rejected the honey because it had bee larvae, ants or other insects in it, but after the monkey carefully removed these with a twig his gift was accepted.<ref>[https://mahidol.ac.th/budsir/E_hist66.htm Mahidol University]</ref>

It is the most obscure of the events, and relatively uncommonly depicted before it became one of the ''Eight Great Events'' around the 8th century.<ref>Brown (2009), 43</ref> It is also rather unclear from the texts why it is connected to [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]],<ref>Brown (2009), 47</ref> but this was an important city with other connections with the Buddha, who preached his last sermon there. He left his begging bowl in the city when he departed, and this, which became an important [[cetiya]] or relic, is the indispensable identifying element in the most reduced images, when even the monkey is not shown. The monkey may be shown, and also an elephant who also protected Buddha and gave him water. Each of these had divergent and initially unhappy after-stories. The monkey, overcome with excitement when his gift is accepted, fell or jumped down a well in some versions, but was later saved and turned into a [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]],<ref>Brown (2009), 43–52</ref> or was reborn as a human who joined Buddha's [[sangha]] as a monk.<ref>Frye, Stanley (trans.) ''The Sutra of the Wise and the Foolish'', 215–218, 1981, Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, {{ISBN|9788185102153}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=m44HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 google books]</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Door casing life of the Buddha Guimet MA18849 n02.jpg|One of the few Gandharan depictions of the monkey offering honey. His gift accepted, the monkey dances excitedly.
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Buddha with Bowl, 10c, Bihar (9217927185).jpg|Buddha with small monkey at left; both have bowls.
</gallery>

===Taming Nalagiri the elephant===
The Buddha's cousin and brother-in-law [[Devadatta]] is portrayed in Buddhist tradition as an evil and schismatic figure. He is said to have attempted to kill Buddha by setting the ferocious elephant Nalagiri on Buddha, at [[Rajgir]]. Buddha pacifies the elephant, who kneels before him.<ref>Craven, 78; Varma, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/079-nalgiri-elephant/ 079 – Nalgiri Elephant]; Prematilleke, 167</ref> Buddha is usually shown standing, with his hand in the ''[[abhayamudra]]'', with his right hand held open and the palm vertical. The elephant is usually much smaller, often at the scale of a small dog compared to Buddha, and shown bowing to Buddha. Sometimes a small figure of [[Ananda]], a close disciple, stands by Buddha, as in some texts of the story he remained with Buddha during the episode.<ref>Sahni, 189–190</ref>

<gallery widths="150px" heights="170px">
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Subjugation of Nalagiri, 2c, Mathura (9218037271).jpg|Nalagiri subdued, rear of a pillar with the [[Bhuteswar Yakshis]], 2nd century.
File:Periodo pre-murya, sculture dallo stupa buddista di amaravati, presso guntur, a. pradesh, addomesticamento dell'elefante nalagiri, 150 dc ca. 01.jpg|[[Amaravarti Stupa|Amaravarti]], c. 150
File:Subjugation of Nalagiri by Buddha - Yu Suf Zai - Gandhara - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 1921.JPG|Subjugation of Nalagiri by the Buddha, Gandhara
File:64. Buddha-10th century CE-Basalt- Bihar-3769-A25153--Sculpture Gallery of Indian Museum-Kolkata-West Bengal.jpg|''Taming Nalagiri the elephant'', who appears at hedgehog size at left, with [[Ananda]] at right.
</gallery>

===Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven===
[[File:Buddha's Descent from the Trayastrimsha Heaven, India, 2nd-3rd century AD, schist - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC01618 (cropped).JPG|thumb|''Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven'', escorted by [[Indra]] and [[Brahma]], 2nd–3rd century]]
Some years after his enlightenment, Buddha visited the [[Tavatimsa]] heaven, where he was joined by his mother (from the [[Tushita]] heaven). For three months he taught her the [[Abhidhamma]] doctrine, before descending again to earth at [[Sankassa]]. Larger depictions show the Buddha descending the central one of three ladders or steps, often attended by Indra and Brahma, lords of the Tavatimsa heaven,<ref>Pal (1984), 112</ref> who may remain at the top of any steps, but in simplified depictions they flank a standing Buddha on either side, at a much smaller scale, sometimes one holding a [[parasol]] over the Buddha. Buddha makes the ''[[varadamudra]]''. A small figure of the nun [[Uppalavanna|Utpalavarana]] may be waiting for the Buddha below.<ref>Craven, 174; Varma, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/082-the-buddhas-teaching-of-abhidhamma/ 082 – The Buddha’s Teaching of Abhidhamma]; Sahni, 195–196; Prematilleke, 164</ref> The event is still celebrated in Tibet, in a festival called [[Lhabab Duchen]].<ref>[https://royalmt.com.np/blog/lhabab-duchen-festival/ "Lhabab Duchen, Festival of the Buddha’s Descent from Heaven"]</ref>
{{clr}}
<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Bharhut Ajatasattu Pillar - Descent From Tavatimsa.jpg|Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven, in [[Bharhut]], 2nd-1st century BC ([[Aniconism in Buddhism|aniconic]])
File:Buddha Panel from Afghanistan.jpg|Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven, in the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]].
File:Life Scenes of Buddha - Birth-Enlightenment-Descent from Heaven-First Sermon-Passing Away - Circa 2nd Century CE - Rajghat - ACCN 00-H-1 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5843.JPG|Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven (central scene), 2nd century AD, Mathura.
</gallery>

===Miracle at Shravasti===
This is also called [[the Twin Miracle]], performed at [[Shravasti]] (Sravasti etc). In a "miracle contest" with the [[Six Heretical Teachers]], the Buddha performed two miracles. The first and more commonly depicted is known as the "multiplication of Buddhas", where Buddha baffles the others by multiplying his form into several Buddhas, who preach to the assembled crowd. In small pieces, however, only one Buddha figure may be shown.<ref>Sahni, 189, 190, 191–192, 195 describe different depictions; Prematilleke, 167; Pal (1984), 111</ref>

In the other, Buddha makes flames rise up from his upper body, while water flows from the lower parts.<ref>Craven, 174</ref> This is more rarely depicted, with only five reliefs known from Gandhara.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pazBSBN6yk "Virtual Tour - Beyond Boundaries: Buddhist Art of Gandhara"], Osmund Bopearachchi, from 31:20, Berkeley Art Museum</ref> The depiction indicates both elements by patterns on the relief, with the Buddha standing with his hand in the ''[[abhayamudra]]''. Another miracle, with the miraculous growth of a mango tree,<ref>Pal (1984), 111</ref> is shown in earlier reliefs at Sanchi, but not in depictions of the ''Eight Great Events''.

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Buddha in Multiplied Forms - Miracle of Sravasti - Saranath - Uttar Pradesh - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 1995.JPG|The ''Multiplication of Buddhas'', Sarnath, 5th-century
File:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sravasti Miracle.jpeg|The ''Multiplication of Buddhas'', manuscript illustration, [[Nalanda]], after 700
File:Miracle of Sravasti.jpg|The ''miracle of fire and water'', Gandhara, 3rd-century

</gallery>

===Death of Buddha===
[[File:Gandharan - Death of the Buddha - Walters 2556.jpg|thumb|Death, Gandhara]]
Also called the ''[[Parinirvana]]'' ("entry to [[nirvana]]"). It took place at [[Kushinagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is normally depicted in stele groups across the centre of the top, above the main figures, with a [[reclining Buddha]] with his head to the left, usually on a raised couch or bed. As many followers as space allow are crowded round the bed, in early versions making extravagant gestures of grief; these return in later Japanese paintings.<ref>Rowland, 134; Pal (1984), 19, 121–122</ref>

In [[Sri Lanka]], artists often showed the Buddha alive and awake,<ref>Pal (1984), 19</ref> but elsewhere the moment after death is usually represented. Sometimes the body is already wrapped in a shroud, but usually the face, as if asleep, is turned towards the viewer. Traditionally the death took place between two [[sal tree]]s (the same species under which he was born), which may be shown behind him, as may their tree-spirits in the branches.<ref>Craven, 90; Verma, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/086-story-of-parinibbana/ 086 – Story of Parinibbana]; Sahni, 185, 190–191; Prematilleke, 164–165</ref> The texts (the Pali ''[[Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta]]'' and Sanskrit-based ''[[Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra]]'' are the earliest) say he lived to be eighty, but he is shown as young, as he is in all depictions of him as an adult.<ref>Pal (1986), 32–33</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Four Scenes from the Life of the Buddha - Parinirvana - Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century AD, Gandhara, schist - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC04578.jpg|Parinirvana, [[Kushan dynasty]], late 2nd to early 3rd century, Gandhara
Image:Paranirvana.JPG|Gandhara, 2–3rd century
File:Kizil 38, Parinirvana.jpg|Parinirvana scene, Cave 38 at [[Kizil Caves]], 4th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Angela F. |title=In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings |journal=Archives of Asian Art |year=1991 |volume=44 |page=75 |jstor=20111218 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111218 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref>
File:Buddha in Nirvana (Death of Sakyamuni), Kamakura period, 13th century, wood - Tokyo National Museum - DSC05096.jpg|[[Kamakura period]], 13th-century Japan, wood, [[Tokyo National Museum]]
</gallery>

==Examples==
[[File:KITLV 87987 - Unknown - Relief comes from Sarnath in British India - 1897.tif|thumb|Broken stele from Sarnath.<ref>Not the one described by Sahni, 183–185, but with many similarities of detail.</ref>]]
One of the earliest surviving sets, if not the earliest, of the eight scenes on a single piece of stone is in the museum at Sarnath, dating from the 7th century, and a little over 3 foot high. Here there is no larger main image, with all eight scenes at the same size, arranged in two columns of four scenes, with a grid of narrow plain borders enclosing them. They are not in exact chronological sequence, with for example the ''Birth'' at the bottom of the left column, the ''First Sermon'' at top left, and the ''Death'' at top right. The spaces for each scene are slightly wider than they are high, allowing at least three figures in each scene, and sometimes more.<ref>Brown (2009), 45–47, with a photo; Sahni, 187–190 has a full description</ref>

Another broken and damaged stele from Sarnath (illustrated) has a similar grid style; five scenes survive, but there may have been others, as the ''Death'' is missing and the stone is broken off at the top. In this the lowest scene, of the ''birth'', is double width and includes more detail, but is badly damaged. The ''Descent'' has a small flight of steps.<ref>This is not the one described by Sahni, 183–185, but with many similarities of detail. [[:File:Scenes from Buddha's Life - Birth - Enlightenment - Preaching - Demise - Circa - 5th Century BCE - Sarnath - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 1988.JPG|Another photo]]. This one is now in the [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]].</ref>

The Jagdishpur stele is a rare survival of a very large stele with the Eight Great Events, rather than just showing a single one as most large steles do. At over 3 metres tall, and probably 10th-century, it is "the largest Buddhist devotional image to survive from this period in north India". Jagdishpur is some two kilometres from the main remains of the great Buddhist college of [[Nalanda]], where it may have originally been placed. When the image was photographed in the 1870s it was outside a small Hindu temple, worshiped as a [[murti]] of a Hindu goddess; now moved inside, it remains in worship.<ref>Behrend, 17 (quoted), 23–24 on Nalanda; Huntington, 396–397; [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/s/019pho000001003u00210000.html British Library page on the photo]</ref> One scholar connects groups of the ''Eight Great Events'' specifically with Nalanda, both a huge centre of learning and of the production of sculpture.<ref>Bautze-Picron, 281</ref> The Jagdishpur stele is unusual in including five Vedic or Hindu deities in the ''Descent'' scene. From left, these are [[Surya]] and [[Brahma]], then on the other side of the Buddha, Indra, [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]].<ref>Bautze-Picron, 289, note on Cat 49</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{commonscategory|Grouped scenes from the life of the Buddha}}
*Bautze-Picron, Claudine. "Crying Leaves: Some Remarks on ‘The Art of Pāla India (8th–12th Centuries) and Its International Legacy.’", ''East and West'' 43, no. 1/4 (1993): 277–94, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757097 JSTOR]
*Behrend, Kurt A., ''Tibet and India: Buddhist Traditions and Transformations'', 2014, Metropolitan Museum of Art, {{ISBN|9781588395498}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aLVoDwAAQBAJ google books]
*Brown, Kathryn Selig. “Life of the Buddha”, 2003, In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–, [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/buda/hd_buda.htm online]
*Brown, R. L., "Telling the Story in Art of the Monkey’s Gift of Honey to the Buddha", 2009, ''Bulletin of the Asia Institute'', 23, 43–52, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049422 JSTOR]
*[[Roy C. Craven|Craven, Roy C.]], ''Indian Art: A Concise History'', 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA), {{ISBN|0500201463}}
*Harle, J. C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Huntington, Susan L. and John C., ''The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain'', 2014, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|9788120836174}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9g_uDwAAQBAJ&q=079+%E2%80%93+Buddha+Nalagiri+Elephant google books]
*Karetzky, Patricia Eichenbaum, ''Early Buddhist Narrative Art: Illustrations of the Life of the Buddha from Central Asia to China, Korea, and Japan'', 2000, University Press of America, {{ISBN|9780761816713}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9LjmXHFXju4C&pg=PA140 google books]
*Michell, George (ed.), ''In the Image of Man, The Indian Perception of the Universe through 2000 years of painting and sculpture'', Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1982, {{ISBN|0728703114}}
*[[Pratapaditya Pal|Pal, Pratapaditya]], ''Light of Asia : Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian art'', 1984, [[LACMA]], [https://archive.org/details/lightofasiabuddh0000unse/page/6/mode/2up Internet archive]
*[[Pratapaditya Pal|Pal, Pratapaditya]], ''Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection'', 1985, [[LACMA]]
*[[Pratapaditya Pal|Pal, Pratapaditya]], ''Indian Sculpture: Volume I'', 1986, [[LACMA]]/University of California Press, {{ISBN|0520059913}}
*[[Pratapaditya Pal|Pal, Pratapaditya]], ''Indian Sculpture: Volume II'', 1988, [[LACMA]]/University of California Press, {{ISBN|0520064771}}
*Prematilleke, L. "A Miniature Sculpture from Ceylon Depicting the Eight Great Miracles of the Buddha", ''Artibus Asiae'' 34, no. 2/3 (1972): 162–68. [https://doi.org/10.2307/3249645 JSTOR]
*Rowland, Benjamin, ''The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain'', 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin, {{ISBN|0140561021}}
*Sahni, Daya Ram, ''Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath'', 1914, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, [https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/catalogue-museum-archaeology-sarnath fully online from the Ministry of Culture, India]
*Shashibala, Dr, ''Buddhist Art: In Praise of the Divine'', 2003, Roli Books, {{ISBN|8174362177}}
*Varma, C. B., ''The Illustrated Jataka & Other Stories of the Buddha'', [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/079-nalgiri-elephant/ online at the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts], Indian Ministry of Culture, (refs given to page numbers and titles from the menu at left)

==External links==
*[https://www.himalayanart.org/items/19823 14th-century Tibetan thanka], with the Eight Great Events, plus a smaller row at the bottom.
*[https://www.museumventure.com/items/66245cd30452c2b1fc0e08f7 Eight Great Events from the Life of the Buddha], as shown at the Art Institute of Chicago

{{Gautama Buddha|state=expanded}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eight Great Events}}
[[Category:Buddhist iconography]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]
[[Category:Gautama Buddha in art]]
[[Category:Life of Gautama Buddha]]

1965 elections in India

2026-04-30T00:37:28Z

LutherCustance5: adjust lead also

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Update|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1964 elections in India
| previous_year = 1964
| election_date = 1965
| next_election = 1967 elections in India
| next_year = 1967
}}
{{Politics of India}}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
===[[Kerala]]===
{{Main|1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election}}{{election table|title=Summary of results of the 1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election<ref name="KeralaECI1965">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1965/StatRep_Kerala_1965.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1965 : To the Legislative Assembly of Kerala | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-28}}</ref><ref name="KeralaECI1960">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1960/StatRep_Kerala_1960.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1960 : To the Legislative Assembly of Kerala | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-28}}</ref><ref name="Nossiter1982p128">{{cite book|author=Thomas Johnson Nossiter|title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&pg=PA128|date=1 January 1982|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04667-2|pages=128}}</ref> |sortable=yes}}
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"
! class="unsortable" |
! Political Party !! Seats Contested !! Won !! Net Change in seats !! % of Seats
! Votes !! Vote % !! Change in vote %
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| 133 || 36 || {{decrease}} 27 || 27.07 || 21,23,660 || 33.55 || {{decrease}} 0.87
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| 79 || 3 || {{decrease}} 28 || 2.26 || 525,456 || 8.3 || {{decrease}} 30.84
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 73 || 40 || New || 30.08 || 1,257,869 || 19.87 || New
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Kerala Congress]]
| 54 || 23 || New || 17.29 || 796,291 || 12.58 || New
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 16 || 6 || {{decrease}} 5 || 4.51 || 242,529 || 3.71 || {{decrease}} 1.29
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
| 29 || 13 || New || 9.77 || 514,689 || 8.13 || New
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
| 174 || 12 || {{increase}} 7 || 9.02 || 869,843 || 13.74 || ''N/A''
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 2|
! style="text-align:center;" |Total Seats !! 133 ({{steady}} 0) !! ||Voters !! 6,330,337 !! style="text-align:center;" |
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1965 elections in India]]
[[Category:1965 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1965 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Jyothula Nehru

2026-04-23T06:50:43Z

LutherCustance5: starting new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jyothula Nehru
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Jyothula Chantibabu]]
| constituency = [[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|Jaggampeta]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Thota Narasimham]]
| successor1 = [[Jyothula Chantibabu]]
| constituency1 = [[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|Jaggampeta]]
| term_start2 = 1994
| term_end2 = 2004
| predecessor2 = Thota Venkata Chalam
| successor2 = [[Thota Narasimham]]
| constituency2 = [[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|Jaggampeta]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| other_party = [[YSR Congress Party]] [[Praja Rajyam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
Jyothula Venkata Apparao, commonly known as '''Jyothula Nehru''', is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].

== Political career ==
Apparao was first elected as a [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency]] in the [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994 elections]]. He was re-elected from the same constituency in the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999 elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaggampeta Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jaggampeta-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He later won the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 elections]] and [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 elections]], continuing to represent Jaggampeta in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Jaggampeta, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Jyothula Nehru wins Jaggampeta with 113593 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/jaggampeta-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548242-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaggampeta Constituency Election Results 2024: Jaggampeta Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/jaggampeta |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Jaggampeta Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|2024}}
{{#section-h:Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|2019}}
{{#section-h:Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|2014}}
{{#section-h:Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|2009}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru, Jyothula}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

1971 Indian general election

2026-04-21T22:16:37Z

LutherCustance5: update section for clarity and cleaned formatting after review

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1967 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1967
| next_election = 1977 Indian general election
| next_year = 1977
| election_date = 1–10 March 1971<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1971_E.PDF India] Inter-Parliamentary Union</ref>
| seats_for_election = 518 of the 521 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 260
| registered = 274,189,132
| turnout = 55.27% ({{decrease}} 5.77[[Percentage point|pp]])
| image_size = 130x130px
| image1 = Indira Gandhi official portrait.png
| leader1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress (R)
| last_election1 = 40.78%, 283 seats
| seats1 = '''352'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 69
| popular_vote1 = '''64,033,274'''
| percentage1 = '''43.68%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 2.90[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = Sundaraiah-Puchalapalli.jpg
| leader2 = [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| last_election2 = 4.28%, 12 seats
| seats2 = 25
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 6
| popular_vote2 = 7,510,089
| percentage2 = 5.12%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 0.84[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image4 = Ab vajpayee (cropped)1.jpg
| leader4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| party4 = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| last_election4 = 9.31%, 35 seats
| seats4 = 22
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 13
| popular_vote4 = 10,777,119
| percentage4 = 7.35%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 1.96 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = K Kamaraj 1976 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| leader5 = [[K. Kamaraj]]
| party5 = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
| last_election5 = –
| seats5 = 16
| seat_change5 = ''New''
| popular_vote5 = 15,285,851
| percentage5 = 10.43%
| swing5 = ''New''
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1971.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress (R)
| after_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress (R)
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 4th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 5th Lok Sabha
| alliance4 = [[Grand Alliance (1971)|Grand Alliance]]
| alliance5 = [[Grand Alliance (1971)|Grand Alliance]]
}}

General elections were held in India between 1 and 10 March 1971 to elect members of the [[5th Lok Sabha|fifth]] [[Lok Sabha]]. They were the fifth general elections since independence in 1947. Members were elected from 518 single-seat constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Election of India 1971, 5th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Under the leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]], the [[Indian National Congress (R)]] led a campaign which focused on [[Garibi Hatao|reducing poverty]] and won a landslide victory, overcoming a split in the party and regaining many of the seats lost in the previous election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-07|title=INKredible India: The story of 1971 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/the-story-of-1971-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2185812.html|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008232038/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/the-story-of-1971-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2185812.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
===Congress party split===
During Indira Gandhi's previous term, there had been internal divisions in the Indian National Congress caused by various initiatives of her administration like [[nationalisation]] of [[Banking in India|banks]], [[Coal in India|coal]] and steel, abolition of the [[Privy purse in India|privy purse]] and increasing [[India–Soviet Union relations|closeness with the Soviet Union]], steps that were considered to be too [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] by the Congress high command consisting of [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] leaders like [[Morarji Desai]], [[K. Kamaraj]], [[Atulya Ghosh]], [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], [[S. K. Patil]] and others. In 1969 she was expelled from the party by party president [[S. Nijalingappa]], causing a split. Most of the Congress MPs and grassroots support joined Gandhi's [[Indian National Congress (R)|Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)]] faction, which was recognised by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] as being the successor to the previous party. 31 MPs who opposed Gandhi formed [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] party.

===Minority government===
The Second Indira Gandhi government, formed in November 1969 and dissolved in March 1971, was the first minority government in independent India. After the split, the INC(R) held 221 seats in the 523-seat parliament, 41 seats short of a majority. However, Gandhi and her cabinet remained in power by relying on support from left-wing parties like the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (26 seats), the [[Communist Party of India]] and its recently formed breakaway faction, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(Marxist)]] (who together had 42 seats), giving the government a total of 289 seats, a comfortable majority and far more than the minimum of 262 seats required for a majority. Knowing that her minority government would eventually fall, on 27 December 1970, President V.V. Giri dissolved the Lok Sabha on the recommendation of Gandhi.

===Opposition alliance===
{{see|Grand Alliance (1971)}}
INC(O) formed a pre-poll alliance with [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] (SSP), [[Praja Socialist Party]] (PSP), the [[Swatantra Party]] and [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS) and several other regional parties opposed to the INC(R). They agreed to field a single joint candidate against the INC(R) candidate in every constituency in order to defeat Gandhi's party.

==Results==
Despite the split, the ruling faction gained votes and seats to win a strong majority, while the Grand Alliance was badly trounced and lost more than half of their seats.

{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1971.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (R)]]|votes1=64033274|seats1=352|sc1=+69
|party2=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes2=15285851|seats2=16|sc2=New
|party3=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3=10777119|seats3=22|sc3=–13
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=7510089|seats4=25|sc4=+6
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=6933627|seats5=23|sc5=0
|party6=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes6=5622758|seats6=23|sc6=–2
|party7=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes7=4497988|seats7=8|sc7=–36
|party8=[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]|votes8=3555639|seats8=3|sc8=–20
|party9=[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|votes9=3189821|seats9=1|sc9=New
|party10=[[Telangana Praja Samithi]]|votes10=1873589|seats10=10|sc10=New
|party11=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes11=1526076|seats11=2|sc11=–11
|party12=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes12=1279873|seats12=1|sc12=New
|party13=[[Utkal Congress]]|votes13=1053176|seats13=1|sc13=New
|party14=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes14=962971|seats14=2|sc14=0
|party15=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes15=741535|seats15=0|sc15=–2
|party16=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes16=724001|seats16=3|sc16=New
|party17=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes17=542662|seats17=0|sc17=New
|party18=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes18=542431|seats18=3|sc18=+3
|party19=[[Bangla Congress]]|votes19=518781|seats19=1|sc19=–4
|party20=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes20=416545|seats20=2|sc20=0
|party21=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes21=352514|seats21=1|sc21=New
|party22=[[All India Jharkhand Party]]|votes22=272563|seats22=1|sc22=New
|party23=[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]|votes23=227468|seats23=0|sc23=New
|party24=Shoshit Dal Bihar|votes24=193389|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes25=157703|seats25=0|sc25=New
|party26=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes26=153794|seats26=1|sc26=0
|party27=Janta Party|votes27=139091|seats27=0|sc27=New
|party28=[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]|votes28=90772|seats28=1|sc28=0
|party29=[[United Front of Nagaland]]|votes29=89514|seats29=1|sc29=New
|party30=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes30=73191|seats30=0|sc30=New
|party31=[[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League]]|votes31=72131|seats31=0|sc31=New
|party32=[[Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand]]|votes32=66669|seats32=0|sc32=New
|party33=Hindustani Shoshit Dal|votes33=65925|seats33=0|sc33=New
|party34=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]|votes34=65622|seats34=0|sc34=New
|party35=[[Lok Sewak Sangh]]|votes35=62527|seats35=0|sc35=New
|party36=[[Jana Congress]]|votes36=60103|seats36=0|sc36=0
|party37=[[Nagaland Nationalist Organisation]]|votes37=58511|seats37=0|sc37=–1
|party38=[[United Goans Party|United Goans – Seqveria Group]]|votes38=58401|seats38=1|sc38=0
|party39=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes39=55064|seats39=0|sc39=New
|party40=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes40=54597|seats40=0|sc40=New
|party41=Proutist Bloc of India|votes41=43849|seats41=0|sc41=New
|party42=[[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|Telangana Congress]]|votes42=43548|seats42=0|sc42=New
|party43=Minorities Labour Party|votes43=41198|seats43=0|sc43=New
|party44=[[Indian Socialist Party]]|votes44=38713|seats44=0|sc44=New
|party45=[[All India Muslim Majlis (Dr. Faridi)|Muslim Majlis Uttar Pradesh]]|votes45=36526|seats45=0|sc45=New
|party46=[[Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh]]|votes46=34070|seats46=0|sc46=New
|party47=Uttar Pradesh Kisan Mazdoor Party|votes47=31729|seats47=0|sc47=New
|party48=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes48=31029|seats48=0|sc48=New
|party49=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes49=24093|seats49=0|sc49=New
|party50=Republican Party of India (Ambedkarite)|votes50=22428|seats50=0|sc50=New
|party51=Backward Classes Mahasabha|votes51=6929|seats51=0|sc51=New
|party52=Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|votes52=6198|seats52=0|sc52=New
|party53=Chota Nagpur Bhumi Rakshak Party|votes53=4982|seats53=0|sc53=New
|party54=Independents|votes54=12279629|seats54=14|sc54=–21
|row55=Appointed members{{efn|Two representing [[Anglo-Indians]] and one representing the [[North-East Frontier Agency]].}}|seats55=3|sc55=0
|invalid=4934526
|electorate=274189132
|total_sc=–2
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9746&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 ECI]
}}
{{notelist}}

===Results by state===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"
! rowspan="3" |State
! rowspan="3" |Total seats
! colspan="14" |Seats won
|-
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Indian National Congress (R)|INC (R)]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC (O)]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Telangana Praja Samithi|TPS]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal|BKD]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |Others
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |Ind.
! class="unsortable" style="width:45px;" |App.
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Telangana Praja Samithi}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Swatantra Party}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Others}};;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}};;" |
!
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
!41
|28
|1
|1
|
|
|
|10
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Assam]]
!14
|13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Bihar]]
!53
|39
|
|5
|
|2
|3
|
|
|2
|
|
|1
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Chandigarh]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Delhi]]
!7
|7
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Goa, Daman and Diu]]
!2
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Gujarat]]
!24
|11
|
|
|
|
|11
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Haryana]]
!9
|7
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
!4
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
!6
|5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Kerala]]
!19
|6
|2
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|7
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Lakshadweep|Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
!37
|21
|
|
|
|11
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|4
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Maharashtra]]
!45
|42
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|2
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Manipur]]
!2
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Mysore State|Mysore]]
!27
|27
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Nagaland]]
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[North-East Frontier Agency]]
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Orissa]]
!20
|15
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|3
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[East Punjab|Punjab]]
!13
|10
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Pondicherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]]
!1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Rajasthan]]
!23
|14
|
|
|
|4
|
|
|3
|
|
|
|
|2
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
!39
|9
|
|4
|23
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tripura]]
!2
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
!85
|73
|
|4
|
|4
|1
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|2
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[West Bengal]]
!40
|13
|20
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|2
|1
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]]
!2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |Total
!521
!352
!25
!23
!23
!22
!16
!10
!8
!3
!2
!1
!19
!14
!3
|-
! colspan="16" |
|-
| colspan="16" |Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf ECI]
|}

===State wise Detailed===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! style="text-align:left; background:#ccf; vertical-align:middle;"|State (# of seats)
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style=" text-align:center; background:#ccf; vertical-align:middle;"|Party
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"|Seats contested
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:right;"|Seats won
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:right;"|% of votes
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]'''(41)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''37'''
|'''28'''
|'''55.73'''
|-
| {{party color cell|[[Telangana Praja Samithi]]}}
|[[Telangana Praja Samithi]]
|14
|10
|14.33
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|11
|1
|5.94
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5
|1
|2.82
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|93
|1
|8.21
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|12
|0
|5.55
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=5 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]'''(14)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''13'''
|'''13'''
|'''56.98'''
|-
| {{party color cell|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
|1
|1
|3.0
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|5
|0
|5.65
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|5
|0
|4.56
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|31
|0
|17.92
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]'''(53)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''47'''
|'''39'''
|'''40.06'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|17
|5
|9.85
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|24
|3
|11.51
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|28
|2
|12.1
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|28
|2
|9.47
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|183
|1
|9.11
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]'''(24)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''23'''
|'''11'''
|'''44.85'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|19
|11
|39.70
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|4
|2
|5.46
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]'''(9)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''9'''
|'''7'''
|'''52.56'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|3
|1
|11.19
|-
| {{party color cell|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|[[Vishal Haryana Party]]
|3
|1
|9.16
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|4
|0
|11.34
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election, 1999 (Jammu and Kashmir)|Jammu & Kashmir]]'''(6)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''6'''
|'''5'''
|'''54.06'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|20
|1
|32.17
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|3
|0
|12.23
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=7 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]'''(19)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''7'''
|'''6'''
|'''19.75'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|3
|3
|9.09
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|3
|3
|8.31
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|11
|2
|26.21
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|2
|2
|6.43
|-
| {{party color cell|Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|2
|2
|5.62
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|27
|1
|17.97
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]'''(37)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''36'''
|'''21'''
|'''45.60'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|28
|11
|33.56
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|73
|4
|13.93
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|5
|1
|1.57
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]'''(45)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''44'''
|'''42'''
|'''63.18'''
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|3
|1
|2.47
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|8
|1
|1.68
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party Of India}}
|[[Republican Party Of India]]
|1
|1
|1.11
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|13
|0
|5.23
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants And Workers Party Of India}}
|[[Peasants And Workers Party Of India]]
|12
|0
|5.33
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=2 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Mysore|Mysore]]'''(27)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''27'''
|'''27'''
|'''70.87'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|17
|0
|16.36
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Orissa|Orissa]]'''(20)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''19'''
|'''15'''
|'''38.46'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|13
|3
|15.91
|-
| {{party color cell|Utkal Congress}}
|[[Utkal Congress]]
|20
|1
|23.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|3
|1
|4.31
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]'''(13)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''11'''
|'''10'''
|'''45.96'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|2
|2
|6.22
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|12
|1
|30.85
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]'''(23)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''23'''
|'''14'''
|'''50.35'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|7
|4
|12.38
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|8
|3
|14.64
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|71
|2
|12.34
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]'''(39)'''
| {{party color cell| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|'''24'''
|'''23'''
|'''35.25'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|9
|9
|12.51
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|4
|4
|5.43
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|29
|1
|30.43
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|27
|1
|3.24
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|1
|1
|1.31
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=7 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]'''(85)'''
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|'''78'''
|'''73'''
|'''48.54'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|37
|4
|12.23
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|9
|4
|3.7
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|231
|2
|8.4
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|67
|1
|12.70
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|44
|1
|8.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|25
|0
|4.1
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=8 valign=top|[[1971 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]'''(40)'''
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|'''38'''
|'''20'''
|'''34.29'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|31
|13
|28.2
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]]
|15
|3
|10.54
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|28
|1
|5.79
|-
| {{party color cell|Bangla Congress}}
| [[Bangla Congress]]
|14
|1
|3.97
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|5
|1
|2.04
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|3
|1
|1.29
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|10
|0
|2.7
|-
|colspan=6|Source:[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf ECI]
|}

==Aftermath==
On 12 June 1975 the Allahabad High Court invalidated the result in Gandhi's constituency on the grounds of electoral malpractices. Instead of resigning, Indira Gandhi called [[The Emergency (India)|a state of emergency]], suspending democracy and outlawed political opposition. After democracy was restored in 1977, the opposition Congress faction formed a coalition of parties called the [[Janata Party]], which inflicted the Congress's first electoral defeat.

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 5th Lok Sabha]]
*[[:Category:1971 Indian general election by state or union territory]]
*[[1969 Indian presidential election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1971 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:March 1971 in Asia|General]]
[[Category:1971 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Smith's bent-toed gecko

2026-04-21T20:18:46Z

LutherCustance5: put up a data

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Khan, M.S. |author-link=species:Muhammad Sharif Khan |date=2010 |title=''Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi '' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T178497A7558883 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T178497A7558883.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi
| authority = ([[species:John Davidson Constable|Constable]], 1949)
| range_map = Cyrtodactylus malcolmsmithi distribution.png
| synonyms = *''Gymnodactylus malcolmsmithi'' {{small|Constable, 1949}}
*''Cyrtodactylus malcolmsmithi'' {{small|— [[species:Garth Leon Underwood|Underwood]], 1954}}
*''Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi'' {{small|— [[species:Ishan Agarwal|Agarwal]], [[species:Varad B. Giri|Giri]] & [[Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer]], 2018}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=RDB/>
}}

'''Smith's bent-toed gecko''' ('''''Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi''')'', also known [[Common name|commonly]] as '''Malcolm's bow-fingered gecko''', is a [[species]] of lizard in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Gekkonidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].

==Taxonomy==
''Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi'' was originally described in the [[genus]] ''[[Gymnodactylus]]''. It is sometimes placed in the genus ''[[Cyrtodactylus]]''.

==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''malcolmsmithi'', is in honor of British [[Herpetology|herpetologist]] [[Malcolm Arthur Smith]].<ref>[[Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]: [[Michael Watkins (zoologist)|Watkins, Michael]]; [[Michael Grayson|Grayson, Michael]] (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Cyrtodactylus malcolmsmithi'', p. 247).</ref>

==Geographic range==
''Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi'' is found in northern India, in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=RDB>{{EMBL species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=malcolmsmithi}} www.reptile-database.org.</ref>

The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is "[[Beas River]] basin, Punjab, India".<ref>[[species:John Davidson Constable|Constable]] (1949).</ref>

==Habitat==
The preferred natural [[habitat]]s of ''Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi'' are [[shrubland]] and [[forest]].<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" />

==Description==
A small species for its genus, ''Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi'' has a maximum recorded snout-to-vent length (SVL) of {{convert|5.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}. It has a series of 10–14 [[femoral pore]]s on the ventral surface of each thigh, the two series being separated by two poreless scales.<ref name=RDB/>

==Reproduction==
''Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi'' is [[Oviparity|oviparous]].<ref name=RDB/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[species:Ishan Agarwal|Agarwal I]], [[species:Varad B. Giri|Giri VB]], [[:fr:Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer AM]] (2018). "On the Status of ''Cyrtodactylus malcolmsmithi'' (Constable, 1949)" ''Breviora'' (557): 1–11. (''Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi'', new combination).
*[[species:John Davidson Constable|Constable, John D.]] (1949). "Reptiles from the Indian Peninsula in the Museum of Comparative Zoology". ''Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge (Massachusetts)'' '''103''' (2): 59–160. (''Gymnodactylus malcolmsmithi'', new species, pp. 80–82).
*[[species:Garth Leon Underwood|Underwood, Garth]] (1954). "On the classification and evolution of geckos". ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'' '''124''' (3): 469–492. (''Cyrtodactylus malcolmsmithi'', new combination).

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3009318}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1949]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Kaladhungi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:00Z

LutherCustance5: starting new pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kaladhungi
| latest_election_year = 2022
| mla = Banshidhar Bhagat
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:171639}}<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 60
| map_image = Kaladhungi Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Kaladhungi''' is one of the 70 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/Constituencies_Division_Wise-1.pdf |title=Uttarakhand Assembly constituencies |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>

It includes the [[Kaladhungi]] and Kotabagh area as well as wards 34 to 55 in the [[Haldwani Municipal Corporation]].

It is part of [[Nainital district|Nainital]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=3 | [[Banshidhar Bhagat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaladhungi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Banshidhar Bhagat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,847 |percentage=57.34% |change={{increase}}12.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Chandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,916 |percentage=37.12% |change={{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manju Tiwari |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,825 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=1,436 |percentage=1.21% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Lal Arya |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,434 |percentage=1.21% |change={{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,931 |percentage=20.23% |change= {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,18,316 |percentage=68.31% |change= {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,201 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaladhungi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Banshidhar Bhagat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,704 |percentage=44.76% |change={{increase}}15.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,107 |percentage=24.59% |change={{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=20,214 |percentage=19.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harendra Singh Darmwal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,294 |percentage=4.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varun Pratap Singh Bhakuni |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,384 |percentage=2.33% |change={{decrease}}9.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=1,119 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Kumar Chaudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=1,097 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Suresh Dalakoti |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=889 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}2.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh Nigaltiya |party=Uttarakhand Parivartan Party |votes=625 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,597 |percentage=20.17% |change= {{increase}}17.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,104 |percentage=68.79% |change= {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,431 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}15.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaladhungi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Banshidhar Bhagat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,744 |percentage=28.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,374 |percentage=25.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=11,809 |percentage=15.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diwan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,636 |percentage=12.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhoopendra Singh "Bhai Ji" |party=Independent politician |votes=8,925 |percentage=11.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Singh Jantawal |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,843 |percentage=3.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veer Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=746 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh Nigaltiya |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=625 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janardan Pant |party=Independent politician |votes=395 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,370 |percentage=3.01% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,730 |percentage=69.47% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,325 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Nainital district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|29.28|79.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Nainital district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Bibhuti Bhusan Jena

2026-04-18T23:53:17Z

LutherCustance5: created the article basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bibhuti Bhusan Jena
| image = Bibhuti Bhusan Jena.jpg
| caption = Jena in 2024
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Minister of Commerce, Transport, Steel & Mine, [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| term_end = Incumbent
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 = Incumbent
| constituency1 = [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
| predecessor1 = [[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Nityananda Jena
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Politician, Farmer
}}

'''Bibhuti Bhusan Jena''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician and Minister of Commerce, Transport, Steel & Mine in [[Government of Odisha]]. He is a member of the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]] assembly constituency of [[Ganjam district]].

He did his Bachelor of Science (BSc) from [[Ganjam College]], [[Ganjam]] under [[Berhampur University]]in the year of 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-15 |title=My Neta Profile |url=https://myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4653 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=My Neta |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 12 June 2024, he took oath along with Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]took oath in Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. Governor [[Raghubar Das]] administered their oath. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], Defense Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with Chief Ministers of 10 BJP-ruled states were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2024-06-12 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha's first BJP Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13 |title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jena, Bibhuti Bhusan}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Ganjam district]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Anant Joshi

2026-04-18T21:21:43Z

LutherCustance5: created new pg w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian television actor (born 1989)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anant Vijay Joshi
| image = Anant Joshi at the premiere of Kathal.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Joshi in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1989|10|26}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| education =
| years active = 2011–present
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
}}
'''Anant Vijay Joshi''' (born 26 October 1989) is an Indian actor who first became known for playing the title role in the [[ALTBalaji]] series ''[[Virgin Bhasskar]]'' (2019–2020).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/india-heres-what-you-watched-the-most-in-2019-7822811.html |title=India here's what you watched the most in 2019! |work=Firstpost |date=24 December 2019 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/virgin-bhasskar-2-goes-on-the-floor-123326 |title=Virgin Bhasskar 2 goes on the floor |work=The Tribune |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> He has since starred in the television series ''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]'' (2022), ''[[Maamla Legal Hai]] (2024)'', and films ''[[Kathal (film)|Kathal]]'' (2023), ''[[12th Fail]]'' (2023) and ''[[Ajey: The Untold Story of a Yogi]]'' (2025).

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !!{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2011 || ''Woh 5 Din'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=96984 |title=Dubai: Mangalorean Sundeep's Woh 5 Din Premiered at Malani Film Festival |work=daijiworld.com |date=12 March 2011 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''Ye CineMaa Hai'' || [[Hrithik Roshan]] || iPhone film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/entertainment/flamenco-form-of-dance-in-malanis-iphone-yeh-cinemaa-hai |title=Flamenco form of dance in Malani's iphone Yeh CineMaa Hai |work=News Karnataka |date=8 January 2018 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''Mera Ram Kho Gaya'' || Sahir || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/mera-ram-kho-gaya-42210 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625005444/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/mera-ram-kho-gaya-42210 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 June 2021 |title=Mera Ram Kho Gaya review: Keeps oscillating between documentary and fiction |work=Cinestaan |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Cobalt Blue (film)|Cobalt Blue]]'' || Aseem Dixit || rowspan="2" | [[Netflix]] film ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[Kathal (film)|Kathal]]'' || Constable Saurabh Dwivedi ||
|-
| ''[[12th Fail]]'' || Pritam Pandey || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Blackout (2024 film)|Blackout]]'' || Ravi || ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Ajey: The Untold Story of a Yogi]]'' || Ajey / [[Yogi Adityanath]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Ajey: The Untold Story of a Yogi brings Yogi Adityanath's life to the screen |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/film-on-yogi-adityanath-ajey-the-untold-story-of-a-yogi-2699361-2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[One Two Cha Cha Chaa]]'' || Sadda || || <ref>{{cite news |title=One Two Cha Cha Chaa Cast and Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/one-two-cha-cha-chaa/cast/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 January 2026 |access-date=2026-01-18}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable "
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Zindagi Abhi Baaki Hai Mere Ghost]]'' || Ishaan Palekar || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka?]]'' || Dev || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/kya-qusoor-hai-amla-ka-amitabh-bachchan-delivers-a-strong-message-through-this-star-plus-show-prologue-2021020/ |title=Kya Qusoor Hai Amla Ka: Amitabh Bachchan delivers a strong message through this Star Plus show prologue! |work=India.com |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Karn Sangini]]'' || Lord Krishna || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-karan-sharma-and-sachin-shroff-opt-out-karnsangini-finally-gets-its-lord-krishna-in-anant-joshi/articleshow/66631968.cms |title=After Karan Sharma and Sachin Shroff opt out, 'KarnSangini' finally gets its Lord Krishna in Anant Joshi |work=Times of India |date=16 November 2018 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Tara From Satara]]'' || MK
|
|
|-
| 2020–2021 ||''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]'' || Veer Malhotra
|
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform !! Notes !! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Gandii Baat]]'' || Doodhnath || [[ALTBalaji]] ||S01E01 ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Virgin Bhasskar]]'' || Bhaskar Tripathi || ALTBalaji ||lead actor ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/virgin-bhasskar/seriesreview/77834777.cms |title=Virgin Bhasskar web series review, trailer, star cast |work=Times of India |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''[[Virgin Bhasskar 2]]'' || Bhaskar Tripathi || ALTBalaji
|(season 2)||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/story-153667 |title=Anant Joshi, the good boy-turned-bad in the second season of Virgin Bhasskar, says he was very excited for the second season |work=The Tribune |date=10 October 2020 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Be My Quarantine'' || Joy || YouTube
| ||
|-
| ''[[Paurashpur]]'' || Aditya || ALTBalaji and [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]
|||{{cn|date=December 2021}}
|-
|2022
| ''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]'' || Golden || [[Netflix]]
| ||
|-
|2024
| ''[[Maamla Legal Hai]]'' || Vishwas Pandey || [[Netflix]]
| ||
|-
|2026
| ''[[Maamla Legal Hai]]'' || Vishwas Pandey || [[Netflix]]
| (season 2)||
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !!Platform !! Notes
|-
|2018 || ''Svah: So be it!'' || Amit Khanna || [[ZEE5]]
|[[ZEE5]] Originals
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian actors]]
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9744869}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Television|Society}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Anant V}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:People from Almora]]
[[Category:Actors from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Mohar Chhera Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:31:02Z

LutherCustance5: Added Info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mohar Chhera
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1971
| abolished = 1976
| electors = 14,727
| mla = Ananta Hari Jamatia
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Mohar Chhera '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Ananta Hari Jamatia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Mohar Chhera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ananta Hari Jamatia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,351 |percentage=51.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joy Mohan Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,691 |percentage=35.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhrigumani Jamatia |party=Independent politician |votes=1,377 |percentage=13.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,660 |percentage=15.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,419 |percentage=72.83% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,727 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
{{coord|23.874|91.625|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Inner Seraj Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:10Z

LutherCustance5: starting a stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Inner Seraj
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1967
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 33,104
|mla = Dile Ram Shabab
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district = [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
| reservation =
}}
'''Inner Seraj '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Dile Ram Shabab || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Inner Seraj<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dile Ram Shabab |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,043 |percentage=46.46% |change={{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beli Ram Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=5,329 |percentage=30.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rma Prashad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,900 |percentage=10.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Datt |party=Independent politician |votes=936 |percentage=5.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nathu |party=Independent politician |votes=613 |percentage=3.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nawal Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=338 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwat Guru |party=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |votes=151 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,714 |percentage=15.68% |change= {{increase}}14.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,310 |percentage=53.50% |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,104 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Inner Seraj<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dile Ram Shabab |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,327 |percentage=32.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,189 |percentage=31.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,187 |percentage=31.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=274 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kishore |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=83 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=138 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,300 |percentage=50.85% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,031 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coords|31.57|77.31|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Namish Taneja

2026-04-13T08:40:38Z

LutherCustance5: Added New Info.

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Namish Taneja
| image = Namish Taneja 2019.jpg
| caption = Taneja in 2019
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2013–present
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Swaragini – Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''|''[[Main Maike Chali Jaungi Tum Dekhte Rahiyo]]''|''[[Mishri]]''}}
}}
'''Namish Taneja''' is an Indian television actor and singer. He made his acting debut in 2013 with the [[Sony Entertainment Television]] serial ''[[Ekk Nayi Pehchaan]]'' as Chirag Modi. He is best known for his portrayals of Samar Surana in ''[[Main Maike Chali Jaungi Tum Dekhte Rahiyo]]'' and Lakshya Maheshwari in ''[[Swaragini – Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''.

==Career==
He took a break from the small screen for a year and then made a television comeback as Advocate Aashish Tiwari in [[Zee TV]]’s drama [[Maitree (TV series)|''Maitree'']] in 2023. For this role, he was assessed by a lawyer friend to help get into the skin of the character better. He later left the show owing to creative differences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Namish Taneja on quitting Maitree: I wasn't creatively satisfied |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-namish-taneja-on-quitting-maitree-i-wasnt-creatively-satisfied/articleshow/101125615.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Ekk Nayi Pehchaan]]''
| Chirag Modi
|-
| 2014
| ''[[MTV Webbed]]''
|Rohit
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Sid
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Swaragini – Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''
| Lakshya Maheshwari
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Ikyawann]]''
| Satya Ajmera
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Main Maike Chali Jaungi Tum Dekhte Rahiyo]]''
| Samar Surana
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Vidya (TV series)|Vidya]]''
| Vivek Vardhan Singh
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Aye Mere Humsafar]]''
| Ved Kothari
|-
| 2023
|''[[Maitree (TV series)|Maitree]]''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-very-rare-that-we-as-actors-get-to-play-roles-we-feel-connected-to-namish-taneja/articleshow/96251701.cms | title=It's very rare that we as actors get to play roles we feel connected to: Namish Taneja | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Shukla | first1=Richa }}</ref>
| Advocate Aashish Tiwari
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Mishri]]''<ref>{{cite news |date=14 June 2024 |title=Mishri Promo Out: Shruti Bhist And Namish Taneja To Be Seen As Mishri And Raghav In The Upcoming Show |work=The Times of India |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mishri-promo-out-shruti-bhist-and-namish-taneja-to-be-seen-as-mishri-and-raghav-in-the-upcoming-show/articleshow/111003387.cms|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>
| Raghav Dwivedi
|-
|}

=== Special appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''
| rowspan="6" | Lakshya Maheshwari
|
|-
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
| ''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights Live]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''
| rowspan="2" | Vivek Vardhan Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-episode-91-highlights-housemates-ring-in-new-year-with-a-bang-1633049-2020-01-01|title=Bigg Boss 13 Episode 91 highlights: Housemates ring in New Year with a bang|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=1 January 2020|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
| ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
| rowspan="2"|Raghav Dwivedi
|
|-
| ''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''
|
|}

===Web Series===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2026
| ''PSI Mangal Mukhi''
| P. P. Kadam
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Naimish Taneja Calls Working With Transgender Co-Star 'Enreaching' In Mangal Mukhi|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/namish-taneja-calls-working-with-transgender-co-star-enriching-in-mangal-mukhi-ws-l-10017010.html |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Music videos==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Co-artist
! Ref
|-
| 2018
| "Kaise Main"
| [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Kaise Main {{!}} Mohd Kalam {{!}} Official Video {{!}} Jannat Zubair & Namish Taneja {{!}} Arush {{!}} R-Chills music - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcspwJ1gPes |website=www.youtube.com |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| "Ankahi Baatein"
| Stefy Patel
|
|}

== Personal life ==
Taneja has been romantically linked to numerous of his co-actresses, including his close friends Tejasswi Prakash and Kanchi Singh. Negating all these rumours, in 2017, he announced his relationship with his longtime girlfriend Aanchal Sharma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-21 |title=Exclusive! Namish Taneja: It was heart-breaking to let Aanchal go back to Mumbai, while I am stuck in Maldives because I tested positive for COVID-19 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-namish-taneja-it-was-heart-breaking-to-let-aanchal-go-back-to-mumbai-while-i-am-stuck-in-maldives-because-i-tested-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/82129058.cms |access-date=2023-07-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 12 October 2024, he posted Instagram about his father's death.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2024 |title=Namish Taneja's father passes away while performing Ram Leela; actor says, 'Don't know how to move forward without him...'|work=Pinkvilla |url= https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/namish-tanejas-father-passes-away-while-performing-ram-leela-actor-says-dont-know-how-to-move-forward-without-him-1353503?amp|access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Show
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor Debut (Male)
| rowspan="2" |''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{imdb name|6501437}}
* {{Facebook|TanejaNamish}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taneja, Namish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shakti Raj Parihar

2026-04-12T11:31:26Z

LutherCustance5: put up new page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shakti Raj Parihar
| image = Shakti Raj Parihar.jpg
| caption = Shakti Raj Parihar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1970|01|18}}
| birth_place = Village Salana, Tehsil Drabshala [[Doda district|Erstwhile Doda District]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.
| profession = [[Businessperson]], [[Politician]]
| office = Minister of State (MoS) of Jammu and Kashmir
| term_start = 30 April 2018
| term_end = 19 June 2018
| governor = [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 23 December 2014
| term_end2 = 21 November 2018
| governor2 = [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
| predecessor2 = Abdul Majid Wani
| successor2 = [[Mehraj Malik]]
| constituency2 = [[Doda Assembly constituency|Doda]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 2024
| predecessor1 = Constituency established
| constituency1 = [[Doda West Assembly constituency|Doda West]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Shakti Raj Parihar''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Parihar is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Doda West Assembly constituency|Doda West Vidhan Sabha]] in [[Doda district]] and a former Minister of State (MoS) in the [[Mehbooba Mufti ministry|BJP-PDP]] [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/politics/farooq-speaking-pak-s-language-bjp-legislator/334347.html |title=Farooq speaking Pak's language: BJP legislator |access-date=31 December 2016 |archive-date=31 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170716/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/politics/farooq-speaking-pak-s-language-bjp-legislator/334347.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/jk2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=791 My Neta]</ref>

After passing higher secondary, Shakti Parihar worked in a French Multinational Company. Later he started his own business. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2008 and contested [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Assembly Election]] unsuccessfully from [[Inderwal Assembly constituency|Inderwal Vidhan Sabha]]. In 2014, Parihar surprised political circles after getting elected from Muslim majority Doda by a margin of 4,040 votes. He defeated the sitting MLA of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], Abdul Majid Wani who secured 20,532 votes. And the candidate of [[Omar Abdullah]] led [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] got 16,416 votes and stood at third place.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet new faces in Jammu and Kashmir cabinet: Doctor, CA, MBA and more|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-meet-new-faces-in-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-doctor-ca-mba-and-more-440068|work=India TV News|accessdate=30 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=From CA to MBA to doctor: New faces in JK cabinet|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/from-ca-to-mba-to-doctor-new-faces-in-jk-cabinet-118043000986_1.html|work=Business Standard|accessdate=30 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Surprising Chenab|url=https://kashmirlife.net/surprising-chenab-issue-41-vol-06-70807/|work=Kashmir Life|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref>

On 30 April 2018, Shakti Parihar was inducted as MoS in the BJP-PDP Govt.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kavinder Gupta takes oath as J&K deputy CM|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kavinder-gupta-takes-oath-as-jk-deputy-cm/articleshow/63969761.cms?from=mdr|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=30 April 2018}}</ref>

On 13 January 2020, Parihar was elected as the member of BJP National Council from Jammu and Kashmir. He represented [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur Lok Sabha]] in the Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=2 Former Ministers Shakti Parihar and Priya Sethi Among Five Elected as BJP National Council Members|url=https://thepublish.in/2-former-ministers-shakti-parihar-and-priya-sethi-among-five-elected-as-bjp-national-council-members|work=The Publish|accessdate=14 January 2020}}</ref>

On 22 July 2023, Parihar met [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], [[Rajnath Singh]]. He took up the issues of defence roads in [[Doda District|Doda]] and special recruitment rally of [[Indian Army]] in erstwhile Doda District. Defence Minister assured Raj to help in every possible manner.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shakti Parihar, Wani call on Rajnath Singh|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/shakti-parihar-wani-call-on-rajnath-singh/|work=Daily Excelsior|accessdate=23 July 2023}}</ref> In 2024, he won from the newly created [[Doda West Assembly constituency]], defeating his closest rival and Congress candidate Pardeep Kumar by a margin of 3,453 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parihar, Shakti}}
[[Category:People from Doda district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Manish Jaiswal

2026-04-10T20:23:18Z

LutherCustance5:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manish Jaiswal
| image =
| birth_date = 8 March 1965
| birth_place = [[Motihari]], Bihar, India
| occupation = Politician
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
| office2 = Member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2019
| constituency2 = Hazaribagh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| spouse = Nisha Jaiswal
| children =
| predecessor =
| predecessor1 = [[Jayant Sinha]]
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]]
| image_size = 180
}}
'''Manish Jaiswal''' (born 8 March 1965; {{IPA|hi|mən̪iːʃ d͡ʒɛːsʋaːl}})<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5673?from=members |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[politician]] from [[Jharkhand]]. He was elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Hazaribagh district]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune1298/candidateswise-S2714.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Hazaribagh, Jharkhand Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Manish Jaiswal Wins with 186470 Votes Lead |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/hazaribagh-jharkhand-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548134-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Hazaribagh Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Manish Jaiswal Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hazaribagh-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-jharkhand-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jaiswal was born in Motihari to Braj Kishore Jaiswal and Vidya Jaiswal.<ref name=":1" /> He runs his own business. He completed his BA honours in history in 1990 at St. Columbus College, Hazaribagh which is affiliated with Ranchi University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manish Jaiswal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HAZARIBAGH(JHARKHAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=7144 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He married Nisha Jaiswal on 30 January 1990.<ref>https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/CandidateCustomFilter?_token=CKi5DpDz5Z3yQ6OnLgPBza47aoPfbjA1ZwzGgtwf&electionType=24-PC-GENERAL-1-46&election=24-PC-GENERAL-1-46&states=S27&constId=14&submitName=6&page=3</ref>

== Career ==
Jaiswal won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] from Hazaribagh Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party. He polled 106,208 votes and defeated his nearest rival and his namesake, Dr. Ramchandra Prasad of Indian National Congress, by a margin of 51,812 votes.<ref name=":0" />

In 2024, he won from [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency]] representing BJP in the [[2024 Indian general election in Jharkhand]]. He defeated his nearest rival [[Jai Prakash Bhai Patel]] of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazaribagh Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result: Candidates Profiles, Map, Total Votes, Past Results {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/jharkhand/hazaribagh |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Hazaribagh Election Result 2024 Vs 2019: Hazaribagh Winner, Vote Share; Check Party-wise Performance |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/hazaribagh-election-result-2024-vs-2019-hazaribagh-winner-vote-share-check-party-wise-performance-article-110736555 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

He first won as an MLA in the 2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election on BJP ticket from Hazaribagh Assembly constituency by defeating an independent candidate, Pradip Prasad, by a margin of 27,129 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhani |first=Apoorva |date=2024-06-04 |title=No Yashwant Sinha kin in fray, BJP's Manish Jaiswal leads in Jharkhand's Hazaribagh by 1 lakh+ votes |url=https://theprint.in/elections/no-yashwant-sinha-kin-in-fray-bjps-manish-jaiswal-leads-in-jharkhands-hazaribagh-by-1-lakh-votes/2115858/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaiswal, Manish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jharkhand]]

[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

{{Jharkhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Momai Tamuli Borborua

2026-04-03T18:41:11Z

LutherCustance5: Added New Article

{{Short description|Ahom noble and statesman (1590–1633)}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Momai Tamuli Borborua
| image = Momai_Tamuli_Borbarua.jpg
| caption = Momai Tamuli Borbarua
| death_date = 1663
| birth_name =
| allegiance = [[Ahom kingdom]]
| branch = [[Ahom Army]]
| serviceyears = 1609-1650
| rank = [[Borbarua]]
| battles = Battle of Duimunsila [[Treaty of Asurar Ali]]
| children = [[Lachit Borphukan]] [[Laluksola Borphukan]] [[Bhardhora Borphukan]] Lao Deka [[Marangi Borbarua]] Aka Phukan Kadi [[Pakhori Gabharu]]
| relations =
}}

'''Momai Tamuli Borborua''' (1590–1663) also known by his other names '''Chiring Phiseng ''' and '''Sukuti Tamuly''' was an [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] general, statesman, and noble and the first incumbent to the office of the [[Borbarua]]. He is popularly known for systemizing the [[paik system]] and for being the father of famous Ahom general [[Lachit Borphukan]].

== Biography ==
He was born in ''a small'' family of [[Garhgaon ]]. <ref>"Ahom Buranji"{{Harvcol|Borua GC|1930|p=48}}</ref> Momai Tamuly rose out of humble origins, working as a gardener, Impressed by his performance as a gardener, Ahom king [[Pratap Singha]] appointed him as ''Borbauah''. He continued to serve under various royal offices till he was promoted to the office of [[Borbarua]]. <ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=119}}</ref>

Under the support of [[Pratap Singha]], Momai Tamuly Borbaura systemized the [[paik system]] in 1609, which was the machinery of the Ahom state, and established model villages.<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=29}}</ref> In the paik system every adult male between the age group (15–50) had to compulsory had to render his service for the state. Momai Tamuly made it compulsory for every adult to make a bamboo basket and to spin a certain quantity of thread.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

=== Mughal affairs ===
In 1638, Momai Tamuly commanded the Ahom forces against the Mughals, and in the battle of Duimunsila, the Mughals suffered a huge setback and they retreated back to [[Guwahati]]. Nevertheless, the long protracted wars between both had depleted the state resources and manpower of both the governments came to the conclusion of a pacific settlement. And in 1639, Momai Tamuly Borbarua concluded the [[Treaty of Asurar Ali]] with Mughal commander Allah yar Khan, which fixed the boundary between the both at [[Bornadi River|Barnadi]] on the north bank and ''Asurar Ali'' on the south bank of [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]].<ref>{{harvnb|Sarkar|1992|p=164}}</ref> The period following the treaty is marked by diplomatic correspondence between Assamese chief secretary Momai Tamuly and Mughal faujdar Allah Yar Khan.<ref>"The two showed gestures of peace and exchanged presents through respective envoys. Notwithstanding continual diplomatic quarrels and friction on certain matters, no attempt was made by either party to settle these by resort to arms, perhaps because both were exhausted..." {{Harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=166}}</ref>

==== Ahom-Mughal relations (1639-1645) ====
After the death of [[Pratap Singha]], he acted as the [[de facto]] administrator and carried out the affairs with the [[Mughals]].

In 1641, Momai Tamuly Borbarua flatly refused the suggestion of a trade convention between Assam and [[Mughal Empire]] as proposed by Allah Yar Khan. He also refused to make an inquiry into a case of murder committed by the hill tribes on the members of the Mughal [[khedda]] party.<ref>"Instead of taking any action against the culprits, the Barbarua severely snubbed his Mughal counterparts that the Mughals persisted in violating the Assam frontier and capture elephants in the Darrang wils notwithstanding his own warnings...."{{Harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=166}}</ref>

In 1640, Momai Tamuly Borbarua requested the Mughal faujdar to repatriate an Ahom official who while touring entered Sarania hills (Mughal territories). In 1643, 63 Mughal traders and officials were confined by the Ahoms on the account of straying into Darrang. In November 1645, 107 Mughal sepoys illegally entered Darrang and advanced up to Singri in the Ahom territory with the pretext of catching elephants. This was protested by the Ahom frontier officer but was later killed following a scuffle. These sepoys were imprisoned by the angry Momai Tamuly Borbarua. The Mughal faujdar pleaded for their release but the latter refused. <ref>"The faujdar deputed the son of Masum Khan and Raguri Choudhury to intercede with the Barbarua to plead for their freedom. But the latter adamantly refused, as they were guilty of twofold crime, illegal entry into Assam and murdering an Assamese officer on duty. Convinced of justice of the charge, the faujdar did not press"{{Harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=167}}</ref>

Momai Tamuly had seven issues, including his youngest son [[Lachit Borphukan]] and he died in 1663.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=THE MONARCHY AT ITS ZENITH|editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=257–85 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Jahnabi | title=Agrarian system of medieval Assam | publisher=Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi | year=2002}}

* {{Citation| surname=Gohain| given=Birendra Kr. | title=Lachit Barphukan the National Hero of Assam | publisher=Publication Board Assam | year=2012}}

[[Category:1650 deaths]]
[[Category:People of the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:17th-century births]]

Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

2026-03-25T05:42:16Z

LutherCustance5:

{{short description|Indian television series (2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Saath Nibhaana Saathiya titleboard 2.png
| caption =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = {{ubl|Gautam Hegde<ref>{{cite web|title=Soap soup|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/soap-soup/896296/0|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>|Sampoorn Anand|Jyoti Tandon|Shilpa Demello|Janki Vishwanathan|Rashmi Sharma|Ved Raj|Divyana|[[Bhavna Vyas]]|Akash Deep<ref name="Keep It Simple">{{cite news| title = Keep It Simple| publisher = Indian Express| date = 27 January 2012| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/keep-it-simple/904357| access-date =27 May 2013}}</ref>}}
| director = {{ubl|Pawan Kumar Maurut|Bhagwan Yadav|Ravi Raj|Mayank Gupta|Pawan Sahu|Deelip Kumar|Jalak Thacker}}
| creative_director = Rashmi Sharma
| starring = {{ubl|[[Giaa Jain]]|[[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]]|[[Rucha Hasabnis]]|[[Rupal Patel]]|[[Mohammad Nazim]]|[[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1985)|Vishal Singh]]|[[Loveleen Kaur Sasan]]|[[Tanya Sharma]]|[[Sonam Lamba]]|[[Amar Upadhyay]]|Kunal Singh }}
| voices =
| opentheme = "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya" by [[Alka Yagnik]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 2,182
| producer = Rashmi Sharma and Pawan Kumar
| cinematography = Basant Thakur Savin Mishra
| editor = Santosh Singh Dhananjay<ref>{{cite web|title=Two TV Producers In A Spat With Their Video Editors|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/two-tv-producers-in-a-spat-with-their-video-editors/16656197|website=Mid Day|date=5 November 2015}}</ref>
| runtime = 21 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|05|04}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|07|24}}
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| image_alt =
| list_episodes =
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]''
* ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]''
}}
}}
'''''Saath Nibhaana Saathiya''''' ({{translation|''Stand by Me, Partner''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] television series produced by Rashmi Sharma under Rashmi Sharma Telefilms.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Trivedi |first=Tanvi |date=3 December 2014 |title=With the leap, Saathiya... will be a new show for us: Producer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/With-the-leap-Saathiya-will-be-a-new-show-for-us/articleshow/32726846.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It premiered on 4 May 2010 on [[Star Plus]] and became one of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest-running television series in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-to-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-tv-shows-that-enjoyed-a-long-run-on-the-small-screen/photostory/62695129.cms|title=From Kyunki saas bhi kabhi bahu thi to Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai, TV shows that enjoyed a long run on the small screen|website=The Times of India|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> The series starred [[Giaa Manek]] (later replaced by [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]]), [[Rucha Hasabnis]], [[Rupal Patel]], [[Mohammad Nazim]], [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1985)|Vishal Singh]], and [[Loveleen Kaur Sasan]].<ref name="Tragedy of being an actor: Mohammad Nazim">{{cite news|date=26 March 2013|title=Tragedy of being an actor: Mohammad Nazim|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tragedy-of-being-an-actor-Mohammad-Nazim/articleshow/19217694.cms|access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref>

The series followed the lives of the members of the Modi family, exploring the morals and values of a typical [[Gujarat]]i [[Extended family|joint family]]. Initially, it focused on cousins Gopi and Rashi and their lives in the Modi house after marrying the Modis' sons, Ahem and Jigar, respectively. After a time leap, the series focused on Gopi's daughters, Meera and Vidya. A further leap focused on Ramakant, Gopi's son, and Sita.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gujarat-continues-to-rule-prime-time-TV/articleshow/18290138.cms?from=mdr|title=Gujarat continues to rule prime time TV|website=The Times of India|date=2 February 2013 }}</ref> The storyline frequently skipped forward in time: a year in June 2013,<ref>{{cite news|title=Saath Nibhana Saathiya to take a time leap again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Saath-Nibhana-Saathiya-to-take-a-time-leap-again/articleshow/28745246.cms#_ga=2.224091411.901769618.1594277328-1539808903.1594277328|website=The Times of India| date=3 December 2014 }}</ref> eight years in February 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/saath-nibhana-saathiya-eight-years-leap.html|title='Saath Nibhana Saathiya' eight years' leap|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> ten years in February 2015,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/saath-nibhaana-saathiya-to-take-10-year-leap/|title='Saath Nibhaana Saathiya' to take 10-year leap|website=The Indian Express|date=19 February 2015}}</ref> four years in May 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/260516/it-s-a-four-year-leap-for-saath-nibhana-saathiya.html|title=Its a four-year leap for Saath Nibhana Saathiya|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=26 May 2016}}</ref> and three months in March 2017. The series ended on 24 July 2017, completing 2,182 episodes.<ref>{{cite news| first = Rasika| last = Deshpande| title = Saath Nibhana Saathiya to go off air in two weeks| publisher = Pinkvilla| date = 8 July 2017| url = https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/saath-nibhana-saathiya-go-air-two-weeks-382217| access-date = 10 July 2017| archive-date = 13 July 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220713094813/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/saath-nibhana-saathiya-go-air-two-weeks-382217| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title =CONFIRMED! 'Saath Nibhana Saathiya' is going OFF AIR, to wrap up on July 23| publisher = [[News Nation]]|url=http://www.newsnation.in/entertainment/television-news/saath-nibhana-saathiya-off-air-last-episode-date-article-176569.html | date=10 July 2017|access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>

The second season of the series, ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]'', premiered on 19 October 2020 on Star Plus, featuring [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]], [[Rupal Patel]], and [[Mohammad Nazim]] in cameo roles, and starring Sneha Jain and Harsh Nagar (later replaced by Gautam Singh Vig) as protagonists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saath Nibhana Saathiya Season 2 to launch on October 19th.|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/saath-nibhana-saathiya-season-2-devoleena-gopi-kokilaben-6573434/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 August 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Gopi is an orphan who lives with her aunt Urmila Shah, uncle Jeetu Shah, and cousin Rashi. Kokila Modi, belonging to an affluent Gujarati family, decides to have her son Ahem Modi marry Gopi. Urmila and Rashi plot to have Rashi marry Jigar, another son of the Modi family. Soon, Ahem and Gopi, and Jigar and Rashi, get married. Initially, Gopi faces many hardships, as Kokila is strict, and Ahem rejects her because of her illiteracy. Rashi, aided by her mother, Urmila, actively plots against her cousin to sabotage her success. Ahem's sister, Kinjal, is married to Urmila's nephew, Dhaval Desai. Over time, Kokila grows closer to Gopi but does not support her decision to study further. However, recognizing her efforts, Ahem gradually accepts his relationship with Gopi and helps her through her studies. Eventually, Rashi and Urmila's plot, which led the former to marry Jigar, is unveiled. The Modi family estranges Rashi; however, as she shows signs of redemption, she is forgiven and accepted in the family.

Soon, Gopi has a daughter, Meera, while Rashi has twin sons, Sahir and Samar. Gopi's long-lost parents, Madhu and Jayantilal, return and reunite with Gopi and her sister, Radha. Radha marries Kinjal's ex-boyfriend, Umang Mehta, who is murdered by his first wife, Tripti. Tripti blames Gopi for Umang's death; Radha believes her. However, Kokila collaborates with Gopi and Rashi to learn the truth and later reveals Umang and Tripti's intentions to Radha, thereby sentencing Tripti to eight years of imprisonment. Gopi discovers that she is again pregnant. However, Tripti again turns Radha against Gopi. When the family is out for a picnic, Radha schemes to cause an accident to kill Meera, which results in Gopi accidentally slipping and dropping baby Meera into the river. Kokila holds Gopi responsible for Meera's death, and a guilt-ridden Gopi leaves the Modi house.

=== 8 years later ===
Gopi raises her second daughter, Vidya, single-handedly. Kokila decides to have Ahem marry Radha. On the day of the marriage, Rashi finds Gopi; with the help of Samar, Sahir, Pappu, and Vidya, they plan to remarry Ahem and Gopi. Their plan is successful, and Gopi reveals to the family that Vidya is her daughter with Ahem. Kokila learns that Meera is alive but was ill-treated by Radha and grew up as an orphan in a temple. Kokila decides to expose them, but Tripti causes an accident that results in Kokila having partial memory loss. Gopi and Ahem bring a young girl, Gauri, to the house; she turns out to be Meera. Kokila regains her memory, and the whole family is reunited after Radha's crimes are revealed; she is imprisoned along with Tripti for trying to kill Kokila and Meera.

Rashi's maternal cousin, Paridhi, enters the Modi house. Rashi sacrifices her life to save Gopi from Paridhi's obsessed colleague, Anurag Joshi. Jigar goes into depression because of Rashi's demise. However, soon after, he marries Paridhi due to family pressure. Radha returns, tricks Jigar into sleeping with her, and becomes pregnant. She delivers a daughter who is named after Rashi and threatens the Modis that she will kill the child. Realizing that Radha will never reform, and to save Rashi Jr., Gopi kills Radha by repeatedly stabbing her with a [[Trishula|trishul]]. Gopi is then sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment.

=== 10 years later ===
Gopi is released from jail after her sentence is reduced by four years. She is shocked to learn that Kokila no longer lives in the Modi house and is a maid at the house of Urmila, who is feigning mental illness. Paridhi refuses to foster Rashi Jr. and does not let her stay at the Modi house. Ahem has broken all ties with the Modis and lives in Bandra, Mumbai, with Meera, Vidya, and a woman named Mansi Raheja, who is the caretaker of Meera and Vidya. He runs a bakery called MV (named after Meera and Vidya). Kinjal has separated from Dhaval after an argument, which caused Urmila's feigned memory loss, and lives at the Modi house. Gopi's mother, Madhu, escapes after failing to take Rashi Jr. with her.

Gopi, Jigar, and Kokila travel to Mumbai to bring Ahem, Meera, and Vidya back home. While Vidya is sweet-natured and kind, Meera has grown into a spoiled and ill-mannered young woman. Meera and Vidya refuse to accept Gopi as their mother, and Ahem wants nothing to do with her. However, after many failed attempts, the family is reunited. Vidya's marriage is arranged with Shravan, whose grandmother, Gaura, is Kokila's childhood friend. Gaura seeks revenge on Kokila for her brother's death and secretly has Meera marry her son, Dharam. Madhu returns with her adopted daughter, Sona, seeking revenge against the Modis for Radha's death. While trying to stab Kokila, Madhu accidentally stabs Gopi. Guilt-ridden after being slapped by Sona, she flees, jumps into a lake, and dies. Gopi survives the attack, and Sahir (Rashi and Jigar's son) marries Sona. Paridhi does not accept this marriage. Dharam and Meera gradually fall in love and remarry. But their happiness is short-lived as Ahem dies in a car accident.

=== 5 years later ===
Gopi has been depressed since Ahem's demise and has not spoken in years. Paridhi has expelled Sahir and Sona from the Modi mansion and had Samar marry a rich woman, Monica. Baa, Chirag, Hetal, and Parag have moved to America for Baa's treatment, while Dhaval, Kinjal, and Pappu have moved to London. Vidya has a four-year-old daughter with Shravan named Priyal. Kokila arranges Gopi's marriage to her therapist and doctor, Krishna Raheja, who turns out to be Mansi's brother and seeks vengeance on Gopi for separating Mansi and Ahem. Soon, Gopi and Kokila meet Ahem's look-alike, Jaggi, and request him to save Gopi from Krishna's evil plans. Later, it is revealed that Jaggi is Parag and Urvashi's illegitimate son.

Gopi learns from her dying friend, Antara, that she gave birth to a son and that Vidya is not Gopi's daughter. Antara had cheated Gopi by swapping her daughter with Gopi's son. Gopi's long-lost son, Ramakant, has now grown into a spoiled and selfish young man. As the story proceeds, Ramakant promises to marry Sita, a young traditional girl living with the Modis. However, he then marries Sameera, who is the daughter of Anita (Ahem's ex-girlfriend). After Anita's death, Sameera vows to avenge the Modis. She traps herself in an unbreakable glass container with the help of Pinku and Daimaa during Ramakant's (also known as Ricky) absence. Kokila nearly dies saving Sameera. The next day, Sameera calls the police on her birthday and gets Gopi and Kokila arrested. To save Kokila and Gopi, the Modis give Sita a makeover as "Sia". Sia arrives at a fashion show that Sameera is attending and makes Sameera, Pinku, Daimaa, and Ramakant believe that she is not Sita. A few days later, upon uncovering the truth about the trap set for Gopi and Kokila and under the pressure of Sia, Ramakant goes to visit his mother. On his way, he is trapped by Sameera and Pinku and nearly killed in a car bombing, but Sia saves him. Later, upon visiting the house, Gopi presumes Ramakant is dead and goes into shock, falling into a coma. Sia continues hiding Ramakant from the Modis and Sameera. The truth is revealed when Sameera is caught and confesses the truth to the Modis. Later, the Modis arrange Sita's marriage to Ramakant, who reforms himself before marrying.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Giaa Manek|Giaa Jain]] as Gopi Kapadia Modi – Jayantilal and Madhu's elder daughter; Radha's sister; Rashi's cousin; Ahem's widow; Krishna's ex-wife; Jaggi's wife; Meera and Ramakant's mother; Vidya's foster mother; Medha and Jr. Ahem's grandmother; Priyal's foster grandmother (2010–2012)
** [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]] replaced Manek as Gopi Jaggi Modi (2012–2017)
* [[Rucha Hasabnis Jagdale]] as Rashi Shah Modi – Jitu and Urmila's daughter; Gopi, Radha, Dhaval and Paridhi's cousin; Jigar's first wife; Sahir and Samar's mother; Jai, Veeru, Geeta and Jr. Sita's grandmother (2010–2014)
* [[Rupal Patel]] as Kokila Desai Modi – Revati's elder daughter; Praful, Jigna and Paresh's sister; Parag's wife; Ahem and Kinjal's mother; Jaggi's step-mother; Meera, Ramakant and Prateek's grandmother; Vidya's foster grandmother; Medha and Jr. Ahem's great-grandmother; Priyal's foster great-grandmother (2010–2017)
* [[Mohammad Nazim|Jalak Thacker]] as:
** Ahem Modi – Jaggi's half-brother; Jigar's cousin; Anita's ex-boyfriend; Gopi's first husband; Meera and Ramakant's father; Vidya's foster father; Medha and Jr. Ahem's grandfather; Priyal's foster grandfather (2010–2016)
** Jaggi Modi – Parag and Urvashi's son; Kokila's step-son; Ahem and Kinjal's half-brother; Jigar's cousin; Gopi's second husband; uncle of Meera, Vidya and Ramakant; Priyal's adoptive step-grandfather; Medha and Jr. Ahem's step-grandfather (2016–2017)
* [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1985)|Vishal Singh]] as Jigar Modi – Hetal and Chirag's son; Ahem, Jaggi and Kinjal's cousin; Sonal's ex-fiancé; Rashi and Radha's widower; Paridhi's husband; Sahir, Samar and Jr. Rashi's father; Jai, Veeru, Geeta and Jr. Sita's grandfather (2010–2016)
* [[Bhavini Purohit]] as Radha Kapadia Modi – Jayantilal and Madhu's younger daughter; Gopi's sister; Rashi's cousin; Jigar's second wife; Umang's widow; Jr. Rashi's mother (2013–2015)
* [[Loveleen Kaur Sasan]] as Paridhi Mehta Modi – Jay and Veena's daughter; Rashi and Dhaval's cousin; Jigar's third wife; Sahir, Samar and Jr. Rashi's step-mother; Jai, Veeru, Geeta and Jr. Sita's step-grandmother (2014–2017)
* [[Tanya Sharma]] as Meera Dharam Suryavanshi – Gopi and Ahem's daughter; Jaggi's step-daughter; Ramakant's sister; Vidya's adoptive sister. Sahir, Samar, Prateek and Jr. Rashi's cousin; Sanskar's ex-lover; Dharam's second wife; Medha and Jr. Ahem's mother (2015–2017)
** Mazel Vyas as child Meera "Gauri" Modi (2014–2015)
** Mahi / Riti Bafna as baby Meera Modi (2012–2013) / (2013–2014)
* [[Sonam Lamba]] as Vidya Modi Suryavanshi – Antara's daughter; Gopi and Ahem's adopted daughter; Jaggi's adopted step-daughter; Meera and Ramakant's adopted sister; Sahir, Samar, Prateek and Jr. Rashi's adopted cousin; Shravan's wife; Priyal's mother (2015–2017)
** Palak Panchal as child Vidya Modi (2014–2015)
* [[Amar Upadhyay]] as Dharam Suryavanshi – Gaura's son; Durga's widower; Meera's husband; Shravan, Naiya, Medha and Jr. Ahem's father; Priyal's grandfather (2015–2017)
* Kunal Singh as Shravan Suryavanshi – Dharam and Durga's son; Naiya's brother; Medha and Jr. Ahem's half-brother; Vidya's husband; Priyal's father (2015–2017)
* [[Rohit Suchanti]] as Ramakant "Ricky" Modi – Gopi and Ahem's son; Jaggi's step-son; Meera's brother; Vidya's adoptive brother; Sahir, Samar, Prateek and Jr. Rashi's cousin; Sameera's ex-husband; Sita's husband (2017)
* Shruti Prakash as Sita Modi – Keshaval's daughter; Bhavani's step-daughter; Ramakant's second wife (2017)

=== Recurring ===
==== Modi family ====
* Jyotsna Karyekar as Janko "Baa" Modi – Matriarch of the Modi family; Tolaram's widow; Chirag and Parag's mother; Ahem, Jaggi, Jigar and Kinjal's grandmother; Meera, Sahir, Samar, Ramakant, Prateek and Jr. Rashi's great-grandmother; Vidya's adoptive great-grandmother (2010–2011)
** Aparna Kanekar replaced Karyekar as Janko "Baa" Modi. (2011–2016)
* Manish Arora as Parag Modi – Tolaram and Janko's younger son; Chirag's brother; Urvashi's ex-lover; Kokila's husband; Ahem, Jaggi and Kinjal's father; Meera, Ramakant and Prateek's grandfather; Vidya's adoptive grandfather; Medha and Jr. Ahem's great-grandfather; Priyal's adoptive great-grandfather (2010–2017)
* Neeraj Bharadwaj as Chirag Modi – Tolaram and Janko's elder son; Parag's brother; Hetal's husband; Jigar's father; Sahir, Samar and Jr. Rashi's grandfather; Jai, Veeru, Geeta and Jr. Sita's great-grandfather (2010–2016)
* [[Swati Shah]] as Hetal Modi – Chirag's wife; Jigar's mother; Sahir, Samar and Jr. Rashi's grandmother; Jai, Veeru, Geeta and Jr. Sita's great-grandmother (2010–2016)
* Paras Babbar as Sahir "Tolu" Modi – Rashi and Jigar's elder son; Paridhi's step-son; Samar's twin-brother; Jr. Rashi's half-brother; Meera, Ramakant and Prateek's cousin; Vidya's adopted cousin; Sonakshi's husband; Jai, Veeru, Gita and Jr. Sita's father (2015–2018)
** Ishant Bhanushali as child Sahir "Tolu" Modi (2014–2015)
* Rashmi Singh as Sonakshi "Sona" Modi – Madhu's adopted daughter; Sahir's wife; Jai, Veeru, Gita and Jr. Sita's mother (2015–2017)
* Pratap Hada as Samar "Molu" Modi – Rashi and Jigar's younger son; Paridhi's step-son; Sahir's brother; Jr. Rashi's half-brother; Meera, Ramakant and Prateek's cousin; Vidya's adopted cousin; Monica's husband (2015–2017)
** Eklavya Ahir as child Samar "Molu" Modi (2014–2015)
* [[Uppekha Jain]] as Monica "Mona" Modi – Samar's wife (2016–2017)
* Hiteeka Ruchchandran as Jr. Rashi Modi – Radha and Jigar's daughter; Sahir and Samar's half-sister; Meera, Ramakant and Prateek's cousin; Vidya's adopted cousin (2015–2016)
* Ayaan as Jai Modi – Sonakshi and Sahir's elder son; Veeru, Geeta and Jr. Sita's brother (2016–2017)
* Vihaan as Veeru Modi – Sonakshi and Sahir's younger son; Jai, Geeta and Jr. Sita's brother (2016–2017)
* [[Shagufta Ali]] as Urvashi Modi – Parag's second wife; Jaggi's mother (2016)

==== Shah family ====
* [[Vandana Vithlani]] as Urmila Shah – Veena and Baldev's sister; Jitu's widow; Rashi's mother; Gopi, Radha, Dhaval, and Paridhi's aunt; Sahir and Samar's grandmother; Jai, Veeru, Geeta and Jr. Sita's great-grandmother (2010–2017)
* Susheel Johari as Jitu Shah – Madhu's brother; Urmila's husband; Rashi's father; Sahir and Samar's grandfather; Jai, Veeru, Geeta and Jr. Sita's great-grandfather (2010–2014)

==== Desai family ====
* Firoza Khan as Kinjal Desai – Kokila and Parag's daughter; Ahem's sister; Jaggi's half-sister; Jigar's cousin; Dhaval's wife; Prateek's mother (2010–2016)
* Ashish Sharma as Dhaval Desai – Baldev's son; Rashi and Paridhi's cousin; Kinjal's husband; Prateek's father (2011–2015)
* Paras Tomar as Prateek "Pappu" Desai – Kinjal and Dhaval's son; Meera, Sahir, Samar, Ramakant and Jr. Rashi's cousin; Vidya's adopted cousin (2015)
** Vansh Sayani as child Prateek "Pappu" Dhaval Desai (2014–2015)

==== Kapadia family ====
* [[Jaya Ojha]] as Madhu Kapadia – Jitu's sister; Jayantilal's widow; Gopi and Radha's mother; Rashi's aunt; Sonakshi's adoptive mother; Meera, Ramakant and Jr. Rashi's grandmother; Vidya's adoptive grandmother; Medha and Jr. Ahem's great-grandmother; Priyal's adoptive great-grandmother (2013–2016)
* Sanjeev Bhatt as Jayantilal Kapadia – Madhu's husband; Gopi and Radha's father; Meera, Ramakant and Jr. Rashi's grandfather; Vidya's grandfather; Medha and Jr. Ahem's great-grandfather; Priyal's great-grandfather (2013–2014)

==== Suryavanshi family ====
* [[Vandana Pathak]] as Gaura Suryavanshi – Kokila's enemy and former friend; Karunesh's younger sister; Dharam's mother; Shravan, Naiya, Medha and Jr. Ahem's grandmother; Priyal's great-grandmother; Urvashi, Durga, Ahem and Chanda's murderer (2015–2017)
* Pubali Sanyal as Durga Suryavanshi – Dharam's first wife; Shravan and Naiya's mother; Priyal's grandmother (2015–2016) (Dead)
* Kashvi as Priyal Suryavanshi – Vidya and Shravan's daughter (2016–2017)

==== Other recurring cast ====
* Pratibha Tiwari as Naiya Agarwal – Dharam and Durga's daughter; Shravan's sister; Medha and Jr. Ahem's half-sister; Prakash's wife (2016–2017)
* [[Harsh Rajput]] as Prakash Agarwal – Naiya's husband (2016–2017)
* [[Ashnoor Kaur]] as Panna – Sonia's sister; Gopi's little neighbour (2010)
* [[Digangana Suryavanshi]] as Sonia – Panna's sister (2010)
* Gopi Desai as Revati Desai – Praful, Paresh, Kokila and Jigna's mother; Ahem and Kinjal's grandmother; Meera, Ramakant and Prateek's great-grandmother; Vidya's great-grandmother (2010–2015)
* Seema Deshmukh as Jigna Sameer Rajput – Revati's younger daughter; Praful, Paresh and Kokila's sister; Sameer's wife (2012–2013)
* Neeru Agarwal as Mani Chatterjee – Meethi's cousin; Modis' first maid (2011–2012)
* Beena Bhatt as Meethi Chatterjee – Mani's cousin; Modis' second maid (2012–2016)
* [[Ira Sone|Iira Soni]] as Anita Shroff – Umang's sister; Ahem's ex-lover; Nilesh's wife; Sameera's mother (2010–2012)
* [[Akshay Sethi]] as Umang Mehta – Anita's brother; Kinjal's ex-lover; Tripti and Radha's husband (2010) (Dead)
** Anas Khan replaces Sethi as Umang Mehta (2010)
* Pooja Welling as Tripti Umang Mehta – Umang's first wife and murderer (2013–2014)
* Deepak Dutta as Jay Mehta – Veena's husband; Paridhi's father (2014–2015)
* [[Manoj Chandila]] as Anurag Joshi – Gopi's colleague and obsessive lover; Meera's tutor; Rashi's murderer. (2015)
* [[Shresth Kumar]] as Vivaan Khanna – Paridhi's ex-fiancé (2014–2015)
* [[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Dr. Krishna Raheja – Pramila's son; Mansi's brother; Gopi's doctor and groom (2016)
* [[Kajal Pisal]] as Mansi Raheja – Pramila's daughter; Krishna's sister; Ahem's obsessive lover; Meera and Vidya's foster mother (2015–2016)
* Utkarsha Naik as Pramila Raheja – Krishna and Mansi's mother (2016)
* Karan Khandelwal as Sanskar Patel – Meera's ex-lover (2015–2016)
* Hemakshi Ujjain as Premlata – Kokila's imposter (2016)
* Anju Tiwari as Chanda – Medha and Jr. Ahem's surrogate mother (2016–2017)
* Priya Tandon as Sameera Pankaj Jaiswal – Nilesh and Anita's daughter; Ramakant's ex-wife; Pinku's wife (2017)
* Vishal as Pankaj "Pinku" Jaiswal – Sameera's second husband (2017)
* [[Rajesh Puri]] as Keshavlal "Keshav" Rathod – Bhavani's husband; Sita's father (2017)
* [[Priya Marathe]] as Bhavani Keshavlal Rathod – Keshavlal's second wife; Sita's step-mother; Dharam's obsessive lover (2017)
* [[Puneett Chouksey]] as Karan Kapoor – Dharam's business partner (2017)
* Nutan Rai as Shanella – Ramakant's ex-lover (2017)
* [[Payal Ghosh]] as Radhika – Jaggi's bride (2016)
* Siddharth Sen as ACP Ritesh Parmar (2016)
* [[Soni Singh]] as Karishma Shregill – Rashi's colleague (2010)
* Garima Tiwari as Sonal – Damini's daughter; Jigar's ex-fiancée (2010)
* [[Akanksha Juneja]] as Daksha – Savita's daughter; Jigar's childhood friend (2013)
* Gurpreet Kaur as Neelam / Kusum – A woman who came in as a maid to create trouble for the Modis (2012)

=== Guest appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
|-
! Actor
! Character
! Year(s)
! Description
|-
| [[Parul Chauhan]]
| Ragini Rajvansh
| 2010
| rowspan="2"| ''From [[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]''
|-
| [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]]
| Sadhna Rajvansh
| 2010
|-
| [[Harshad Chopda]]
| Anurag Ganguly
| 2010
| rowspan="2" | ''From Tere Liye''
|-
| [[Anupriya Kapoor]]
| Tani Ganguly
| 2010
|-
| [[Manasi Parekh]]
| Gulaal
| 2010
| ''From Zindagi Ki Har Rang... Gulaal''
|-
| [[Pooja Gor]]
| Pratigya Singh
| 2010
| ''From [[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
|-
| [[Pavitra Punia]]
| Geet Dhillon
| 2011
| rowspan="2" | ''From [[Love U Zindagi]]''
|-
| [[Sidharth Shukla]]
| Rahul Kashyap
| 2011
|-
| [[Ragini Khanna]]
| Suhana Kashyap
| 2011
| ''From [[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
|-
| [[Hina Khan]]
| Akshara Singhania
| 2012
| ''From [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
| [[Krystle D'Souza]]
| Jeevika Vadhera
| 2012
| ''From [[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''
|-
| [[Sanaya Irani]]
| Khushi Raizada
| 2012
| ''From [[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
|-
| [[Deepika Singh]]
| Sandhya Rathi
| 2013
| ''From [[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|-
| [[Divyanka Tripathi]]
| Ishita Bhalla
| 2014
| ''From [[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|-
| [[Aly Goni]]
| Raj Kapoor
| 2015
| rowspan="2" | To promote ''[[Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan]]''
|-
| [[Asha Negi]]
| Koyal Ghosh
| 2015
|-
| [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]
| Raj Bakshi
| 2015
| rowspan="4" | ''To promote [[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]''<ref name=":33">{{cite web|title=Kajol to promote 'Dilwale' on TV show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kajol-to-promote-dilwale-on-tv-show/|website=The Indian Express|date=27 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kajol]]
| Meera Malik
| 2015
|-
| [[Kriti Sanon]]
| Ishita Malik
| 2015
|-
| [[Varun Dhawan]]
| Veer Bakshi
| 2015
|-
| [[Drashti Dhami]]
| Naina Batra
| 2016
| ''To promote [[Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil]]''
|}

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
In May 2012, lead actress Giaa Manek signed to appear on the reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 5|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' on a rival network, [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gopi-Bahu-replaced-from-Saath-Nibhana-Saathiya/articleshow/13900612.cms|title=Gopi Bahu replaced from Saath Nibhana Saathiya|website=The Times of India|date=8 June 2012 }}</ref> ''Saath Nibhaana Saathiya'' producers objected, noting that Manek was under contract with their network and that doing a reality series could tarnish her onscreen image as a soft-spoken character.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|date=8 June 2012|title=Gopi bahu replaced overnight!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gopi-bahu-replaced-overnight/articleshow/13920306.cms|access-date=31 July 2017|type=Press release|quote=Giaa Manek, better known as Gopi bahu from the serial Saath Nibhana Saathiya, has been replaced overnight thanks to her decision to participate in the upcoming dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa on a rival channel; Now there's a new Gopi bahu on TV - Devoleena Bhattacharjee, last seen in the serial Preeto.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The producers took their complaints to the [[Association of Motion Pictures and TV Programme Producers]] (AMPTPP) and to Cine and TV Artistes’ Association (CINTAA) for arbitration. The members of CINTAA conducted meetings with Manek and asked her to quit the reality show. However, Manek declined, and Star replaced her with [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]].<ref name=":02" />

In January 2014, Rucha Hasabnis, playing the role of Rashi, confirmed her plans to quit the series any time during that year.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|title=Rucha Hasabnis to quit Saath Nibhaana Saathiya?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rucha-Hasabnis-to-quit-Saath-Nibhaana-Saathiya/articleshow/28789653.cms|website=The Times of India|date=14 January 2014 }}</ref> However, when she decided to quit acting, the producers ended her character by getting her killed in the series.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 December 2014 |title=Rucha Hasabnis to quit Saath Nibhana Saathiya in July |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Rucha-Hasabnis-to-quit-Saath-Nibhana-Saathiya-in-July/articleshow/38307532.cms#_ga=2.23223730.901769618.1594277328-1539808903.1594277328 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In September 2015, [[Loveleen Kaur Sasan|Lovey Sasan]], playing Paridhi, quit the series as she did not want to play the role of a mother.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lovey Sasan aka Paridhi Modi quits Saath Nibhaana Saathiya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/lovey-sasan-aka-paridhi-modi-quits-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-star-plus-263407-2015-09-17 |website=India Today|date=17 September 2015 }}</ref> However, after some time, when the makers approached her, she agreed and returned in March 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lovey Sasan aka Paridhi returns to Saath Nibhaana Saathiya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/story/lovey-sasan-aka-paridhi-returns-to-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-275160-2015-12-01 |website=India Today|date=December 2015 }}</ref>

In May 2016, Mohammad Nazim, who played Ahem, quit the show because a member of the production crew stated:<ref>{{cite web |title=Saath Nibhaana Saathiya: Ahem Modi aka Mohammad Nazim to die; actor bids adieu to the show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/saath-nibhaana-saathiya-ahem-modi-aka-mohammad-nazim-to-die-actor-bids-adieu-to-the-show-322691-2016-05-10 |website=India Today|date=10 May 2016 }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Since the existing key actors aired their reservations about playing grandparents, the creatives had no option but to put the time leap on hold. Something drastic needed to be done to liven up the storyline. After brainstorming, the best idea seemed to bump off Ahem's character, so a new man could be introduced in protagonist Gopi's life to take the story forward}}

[[Khalid Siddiqui]] was cast opposite Bhattacharjee as Krishna in May 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Khalid Siddiqui happy to join cast of 'Saath Nibhaana Saathiya'|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/khalid-siddiqui-happy-to-join-cast-of-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-116052000925_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=20 May 2016}}</ref> As their storyline led to a decrease in ratings, in July 2016, Nazim was made to re-enter the series as Jaggi, a look-alike of Ahem's illegitimate twin half-brother. The story now focused on him and Bhattacharjee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ahem-to-return-to-Saath-Nibhaana-Saathiya/articleshow/53319931.cms|title=Ahem to return to 'Saath Nibhaana Saathiya'|website=The Times of India|date=22 July 2016 }}</ref>

===Filming===
Set in [[Gujarat]], the series was mainly filmed on sets in [[Mira Road]] near [[Mumbai]]. The exterior of the Modi Mansion shown in the episodes was filmed at [[Shubham Villa]] on [[Madh Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wedmegood.com/wedding-venues/Shubham-Villa-531729|title=Shubham Villa - Suburbs, Mumbai | Banquet/Wedding Venue|website=www.wedmegood.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Saas Bahu move plot|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/saas-bahu-move-plot/articleshow/16101659.cms|website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> In December 2012, a sequence was filmed in [[Bhuj]], Gujarat, for ten days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saath Nibhana Saathiya to shoot in Bhuj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Saath-Nibhana-Saathiya-to-shoot-in-Bhuj/articleshow/17427603.cms|website=The Times of India|date=30 November 2012 }}</ref>

Some episodes were filmed in foreign locations, including Switzerland in May 2011 and Singapore in February and March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jiaa freezes in Switzerland|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/jiaa-freezes-in-switzerland/story-0Fbik6r5e55lC0mH71qepL.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=6 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Devoleena Bhattacharjee and Mohammad Nazim's Singapore shoot pics will make you crave for a vacation; see pics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/devoleena-bhattacharjee-and-mohammad-nazims-singapore-shoot-pics-will-make-you-crave-for-a-vacation-see-pics-lifetv-964024-2017-03-05|website=India Today|date=4 March 2017 }}</ref> Initially, the United States was considered as a location, but it was replaced with Singapore due to budget constraints.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saath Nibhana Saathiya's shoot shifted from US to Singapore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/saath-nibhana-saathiyas-shoot-shifted-from-us-to-singapore/articleshow/56887626.cms|website=The Times of India|date=31 January 2017 }}</ref>

==Reboot series==
{{Main|Tera Mera Saath Rahe}}
On 26 May 2021, Shoonya Square Productions announced a reboot of ''Saathiya'' with original cast members, including [[Giaa Manek]], [[Mohammad Nazim]], [[Rupal Patel]], and [[Vandana Vithlani]], reprising their roles.<ref>{{cite news|title=After Giaa Manek, Mohammad Nazim and Vandana Vithlani roped in for the Saath Nibhaana Saathiya Reboot; talks on with Rupal Patel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-giaa-manek-mohammad-nazim-and-vandana-vathlani-roped-in-for-the-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-prequel-talks-on-with-rupal-patel/articleshow/82967256.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529170115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-giaa-manek-mohammad-nazim-and-vandana-vathlani-roped-in-for-the-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-prequel-talks-on-with-rupal-patel/articleshow/82967256.cms|archive-date=29 May 2021|website=The Times of India|date=26 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rupal Patel to begin shooting for Tera Mera Saath Rahe|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rupal-patel-to-begin-shooting-for-tera-mera-saath-rahe/articleshow/84615134.cms|website=The Times of India|date=21 July 2021 }}</ref> Along with these actors, there were several new characters, with the similar concept of a Gujarati joint family.<ref>{{cite web|title='Tera Mera Sath Rahe' is not the prequel of 'Saath Nibhana Saathiya'|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/tera-mera-sath-rahe-is-not-the-prequel-of-saath-nibhana-saathiya-1469469|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726070813/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/tera-mera-sath-rahe-is-not-the-prequel-of-saath-nibhana-saathiya-1469469|archive-date=26 July 2021|website=ABP News|date=14 July 2021}}</ref> The show aired on [[Star Bharat]], the sister channel of [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive! Destiny will decide if I should return as Gopi bahu on TV: Giaa Manek|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-destiny-will-decide-if-i-should-return-as-gopi-bahu-on-tv-giaa-manek/articleshow/83003659.cms|website=The Times of India|date=27 May 2021 }}</ref> In early July 2021, the title was finalized as ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive! Saath Nibhaana Saathiya prequel to be titled Tera Mera Saath Rahe; Giaa Manek aka Gopi bahu to be called Gopika|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-prequel-to-be-titled-tera-mera-saath-rahe-giaa-manek-aka-gopi-bahu-to-be-called-gopika/articleshow/84292843.cms|website=The Times of India|date=10 July 2021 }}</ref> On 25 July 2021, the first promo was released featuring [[Giaa Manek]] and [[Rupal Patel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=#तेरामेरासाथरहे इस अगस्त, सिर्फ़ STAR भारत पर।|url=https://twitter.com/StarBharat/status/1419284920623525895|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726072109/https://mobile.twitter.com/StarBharat/status/1419284920623525895|archive-date=26 July 2021|website=Twitter|publisher=Star Bharat}}</ref> The reboot series aired from 16 August 2021 to 17 June 2022.

==Dubbed versions==
The series was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Kodala Kodala Koduku Pellamaa'' on [[Star Maa]] and in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] as ''Âm Mưu Và Tình Yêu'' on THVL 1.<ref>{{cite news|title=TV viewers give Marathi TV serials inspired by Hindi soaps a thumbs up|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Manasi-Cha-Chitrakaar-Toh-Savar-Re-Asava-Sundar-Swapnancha-Bangla-Devyani-Pudhcha-Paaul-Diya-Aur-Baati-Hum-Na-Bole-Tum-Na-Maine-Kuch-Kaha-Mann-Kee-Awaaz-Pratigya-Saath-Nibhana-Saathiya/articleshow/26423510.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=My character is strong-willed just like me: Sudha Chandran|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/My-character-is-strong-willed-just-like-me-Sudha-Chandran/articleshow/48223157.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malayalam serials and their atrocious female leads|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayalam-serials-and-their-atrocious-female-leads-44635|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=10 June 2016}}</ref> It was dubbed in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and aired under the title ''Gopi'' (according to the main character) from 15 September 2016 to 19 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hindi Serials Which Are Remade In Kannada Television|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/hindi-serials-which-are-remade-in-kannada-television/photostory/52161541.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Most popular shows on TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/47397541.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 May 2015}}</ref> In Bulgaria, the series was dubbed in Bulgarian as ''Остани с мен'' on [[Diema Family]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Small Talk: Soap sensibility|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/small-talk-soap-sensibility/article3290650.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pudhcha Paaul completes 1700 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/Pudhcha-Paaul-is-1700-episodes-old/articleshow/54468581.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=My husband and I were quite amused by the trolls, we just laughed them off! : Meghna Vincent|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/my-husband-and-i-were-quite-amused-by-the-trolls-we-just-laughed-them-off-meghna-vincent/articleshow/59841388.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 July 2017 }}</ref> The series was dubbed in Turkish as ''Masum'' on [[Kanal 7]], where it aired in March 2020 and ended on 30 July 2021. It was also broadcast in Romanian as ''Suflete Tradate'' on [[National TV (Romania)|National TV]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amruthavarshini: 5 years and counting|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amruthavarshini-5-years-and-counting/articleshow/58326564.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CM Mamata Banerjee never misses a single episode of our soap|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/CM-Mamata-Banerjee-never-misses-a-single-episode-of-our-soap/articleshow/28673415.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mounaragam fame Priyanka Jain is back with Janaki Kalaganaledu; says, "Hope I'll entertain you'll soon again"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/mounaragam-fame-priyanka-jain-is-back-with-janaki-kalaganaledu-says-hope-ill-entertain-youll-soon-again/articleshow/81085345.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210226143024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/mounaragam-fame-priyanka-jain-is-back-with-janaki-kalaganaledu-says-hope-ill-entertain-youll-soon-again/articleshow/81085345.cms|archive-date=26 February 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 February 2021 |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> ''Saath Nibhaana Saathiya'' aired in Pakistan on [[Urdu 1]] and H Now Entertainment but was later discontinued due to a ban on Indian content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://propakistani.pk/2016/10/03/pemra-hints-banning-indian-content-pakistan/|title=Pemra Hints at Banning All Indian Content in Pakistan|website=propakistanipk|date=3 October 2016|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> It also aired in [[Sri Lanka]], dubbed in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] as ''Mage Sanda Obai'' on [[Swarnavahini]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/111032/EBC-s-Swarnavahini-to-broadcast-mega-Indian-teledrama-series-Mage-SandaObai-|title=EBC's Swarnavahini to broadcast mega Indian teledrama series, 'Mage SandaObai'|website=Daily Mirror}}</ref><ref name=antv>{{cite web|url=http://hiburan.lintas.info/2016/09/dua-serial-india-baru-tayang-perdana_26.html|title=Dua serial India baru tayang perdana hari Senin 26 September 2016, Gopi di ANTV dan Belahan Jiwa di SCTV (Two new Indian series premieres today Monday, 26 September 2016, Gopi at ANTV and Belahan Jiwa at SCTV)|work=Hiburan.lintas.info|date=26 September 2016|access-date=16 December 2016|language=id}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-right:0;"
! style="background:LightBlue; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:LightBlue; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:LightBlue; width:13%;"| Original release
! style="background:LightBlue; width:16%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightBlue; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:LightBlue; width:18%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Pudhcha Paaul]]'' पुढचं पाऊल
| 2 May 2011
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 30 June 2017
| rowspan="5" | Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'' தெய்வம் தந்த வீடு
| 15 July 2013
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 26 May 2017
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Bodhuboron]]'' বধুবরন
| 19 August 2013
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 29 January 2017
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Chandanamazha ചന്ദനമഴ''<ref>{{Cite news|title=I Want To Focus More On Serials Than Films As Small Screen Is My Comfort Zone: Shalu Kurian
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-want-to-focus-more-on-serials-than-films-as-small-screen-is-my-comfort-zone-shalu-kurian/articleshow/57754793.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 March 2017}}</ref>
|3 February 2014
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|9 December 2017
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Intiki Deepam Illalu]]'' ఇంటికి దీపం ఇల్లాలు
| 8 March 2021
| [[Star Maa]]
| 9 September 2023
|}

==Reception==
===Criticism===
''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised the series for casting newcomers; however, it criticized the series, stating, "The loud clothes and backward settings induce a pukey sensation. There's serious amount of overacting involved by the actors, whether they play protagonists or mums and dads. It’s too old fashioned and boring".<ref>{{cite web |last=Dubey |first=Rachana |date=5 May 2010 |title=Bubble burst |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bubble-burst/story-SSGcagtvUHNfCZlRaV7WBI_amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210315180235/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bubble-burst/story-SSGcagtvUHNfCZlRaV7WBI.html |archive-date=15 March 2021 |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Ratings===
Despite low viewership in May 2010, the series' viewership increased gradually, and it eventually became one of the top Hindi television shows of its time.<ref name=":1" /> In November 2010, it occupied the top position with a 5.3 [[Television Viewer Rating|TVR]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Star Plus zooms on fiction power|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/star-plus-zooms-on-fiction-power-110111800039_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=18 November 2010|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Sharmistha}}</ref> As the ratings increased, it was praised by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' for redefining the 7:00 pm (IST) slot as prime time.<ref>{{cite web |last=Awaasthi |first=Kavita |date=18 February 2013 |title=Television's prime time slot gets redefined |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/television-s-prime-time-slot-gets-redefined/story-2qZmrk5ulgU8JMTFebPtQL.html |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In the first week of 2011, it was the most-watched Hindi GEC (general entertainment channel) show with a 6.3 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top ten shows on tv this week|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/top-ten-shows-on-tv-this-week/story-QfnV6zDDxMrtsOZznV20jM.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=7 January 2011}}</ref> In the week of 26 March 2011, it occupied the fourth position with a 5 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fiction show: Colors heads close to Star Plus|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/fiction-shows-have-taken-colors-nearer-to-star-plus/1/14423.html|website=[[Business Today (India)]]|date=31 March 2011 }}</ref> In week 13 of 2011, it was at the third position with a 5.31 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pavitra Rishta continues its dream run|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pavitra-rishta-continues-its-dream-run/773105/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In the week of 9 April 2011, it was at the second position with a 4.96 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=HT city billboard|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/ht-city-billboard/story-2aNMv4djuKnjJ5QlbASDvI.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=15 April 2011}}</ref> In the week of 3 September 2011, it topped the charts with a 6.3 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post Anna, top 4 GECs gain|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k11/sep/sepmam16.php?i=-2|website=Indian Television dot com| date=7 September 2011 }}</ref> In week 43 of 2011, it was at the top position with a 6.5 TVR.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saathiya rules the roost at the TRP charts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Saathiya-rules-the-roost-at-the-TRP-charts/articleshow/10555681.cms|website=The Times of India|date=31 October 2011 }}</ref> In December, the series achieved its highest rating of 7.58 TVR, becoming the most-watched Hindi GEC show in that week for that specific timeslot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saathiya clocks 7.58 TVR, takes Star Plus to 350 GRPs|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/saathiya-clocks-758-tvr-takes-star-plus-to-350-grps|website=Indian Television dot com|date=14 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Saas-bahu-shows-are-forever/articleshow/11180200.cms|title=Saas-bahu shows are forever!|website=The Times of India|date=21 December 2011 }}</ref> In the week of 3 December 2011, it maintained its top position, garnering a 6.26 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colors slips to No. 3, again|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/colors-slips-to-no-3-again|website=Indian Television dot com|date=7 December 2011 }}</ref> Overall, it was the most-watched Indian Hindi television show of 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Top-10-Indian-TV-shows-of-2011/articleshow/11169259.cms|title=Top 10 Indian TV shows of 2011|website=The Times of India|date=21 December 2011 }}</ref>

It maintained its first position in the first week of 2012, garnering a 6 TVR.<ref>{{cite news|title=Time band helped Saathiya immensely: JD Majethia|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Time-band-helped-Saathiya-immensely-JD-Majethia/articleshow/11511962.cms|website=The Times of India|date=16 January 2012 }}</ref> From 7 to 13 May 2012, it occupied the first position with a 5+ TVR, surpassing ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'', which had held the position the previous week.<ref>{{cite web|title=The cheapness of thrills|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/may/22/the-cheapness-of-thrills-255513.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> In the week of 21 July 2012, it was at the sixth position with a 2.9 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRP watch|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/trp-watch/cid/388828|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> In the last six months of 2012, ratings dipped, averaging between 3+ and 6 TVR, though it remained one of the most-watched Hindi GEC shows.<ref>{{cite web|title=The fabulous|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-fabulous/1034739/2|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In mid-December 2012, it was at the third position with a 4.3 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=TAM Results: Social drama tops TV charts|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/tam-results-social-drama-tops-tv-charts/story-S83uISDyMBpbzGxw4WZOuO.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=26 December 2012}}</ref>

In June 2013, it was the sixth most-watched Hindi GEC fiction show with a TVR of 2.6.<ref>{{cite news|title=Comedy shows get high TRPs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Comedy-shows-get-high-TRPs/articleshow/20815061.cms|website=The Times of India|date=29 June 2013 }}</ref> In weeks 43 and 44, it garnered 7.4 and 7.5 million viewers, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Comedy Nights with Kapil, Diya Aur Bati Hum helps Star Plus de-throne Zee TV from No 1 position|url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-tam-ratings-week-44-comedy-nights-with-kapil-continues-to-top-nonfiction-shows-c-4429150-PHO.html?seq=2|website=Daily Bhaskar}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Overall, in 2013, it became the seventh most-watched Indian Hindi television program with an average viewership of 6.4 million and a peak of 8.7 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/diya-aur-baati-hum-is-no-1-among-top-ten-shows-in-2013-113122400767_1.html|title=Top ten shows in 2013|work=[[Business Standard]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218144945/https://wap.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/diya-aur-baati-hum-is-no-1-among-top-ten-shows-in-2013-113122400767_1.html|archive-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>

In week 4 of 2014, it garnered a rating of 4.6 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=TAM ratings week 4: Colors regain number 2 position|url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-tam-ratings-week-4-colors-regain-number-2-position-4507556-PHO.html?seq=2|website=Daily Bhaskar}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In week 49, it was in the third position with a 3.9 TVR.<ref>{{cite news|title=TAM Ratings week 49: It's a tie week|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/TAM-Ratings-week-49-Its-a-tie-week/articleshow/45532936.cms|website=The Times of India|date=16 December 2014 }}</ref> Overall, it continued to maintain its position in the weekly list of the top 10 Hindi GECs during 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Hindi TV Shows of 2014: Comedy and mythology challenge domination of daily shows|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-top-10-hindi-tv-shows-of-2014-comedy-and-mythology-challenge-domination-of-daily-shows-2045534|website=Daily News and Analysis|date=20 December 2014}}</ref>

In the second week of July 2015, it was at the top position.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zee TV's Kumkum Bhagya beats Star Plus' Yeh Hai Mohabbatein in popularity|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kumkum-bhagya-beats-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-in-popularity-trp-ratings-saath-nibhana-saathiya-at-number-one-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-at-number-four-283192-2015-07-18|website=India Today|date=18 July 2015 }}</ref> In week 32 of 2015, it was the most-watched show with a 4 TVR, while the previous week, it shared the first position with ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'', garnering a 3.8 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=BARC Ratings Week 32: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya is once again the number one show on TV|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/barc-ratings-week-32-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-is-once-again-the-number-one-show-on-tv-289525-2015-08-21|website=India Today|date=21 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BARC ratings week 31: Kumkum Bhagya and Saath Nibhaana Saathiya are numero uno shows|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kumkum-bhagya-and-saath-nibhaana-saathiya-are-number-one-shows-this-week-zee-tv-star-plus-288340-2015-08-14|website=India Today|date=14 August 2015 }}</ref> From weeks 33 to 35, it garnered 3.6, 3.4, and 3.6 TVR, maintaining its position in the top five shows.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 5 shows this week|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/48556947.cms|website=The Times of India|date=20 August 2015}}</ref> In the second week of September 2015, it was at the second position with a 4.3 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simar steals something precious from Pragya. Know what!|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/simar-beats-pragya-in-trp-24251.html|website=[[India TV News]]|date=25 September 2015}}</ref> In 2015, it maintained its weekly position in the top ten watched Hindi GEC shows, ranging between 3.5 and 4 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|title=5 Shows That Rocked Indian Television in 2015, Can 2016 Match Up?|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/5-shows-that-rocked-indian-television-in-2015-will-2016-match-up|website=The Quint|date=28 December 2015}}</ref>

In week 4 of 2016, it garnered a [[Audience measurement|TRP]] of 3.5, occupying the third position.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishkanya teaser wins over Naagin fans; but is it too early to predict the show's success?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/vishkanya-teaser-wins-over-naagin-fans-but-is-it-too-early-to-predict-the-shows-success-307169-2016-02-04|website=India Today|date=4 February 2016 }}</ref> In the week ending 29 April 2016, it was at the third position with 10.51 million impressions, and the following week at the fourth position with 10.25 million impressions.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRPs in: The Kapil Sharma Show fared only slightly better than the Comedy Nights Live launch episode; here's what it means for the show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/the-kapil-sharma-show-fares-only-slightly-better-than-comedy-nights-live-heres-what-it-means-for-the-show-321989-2016-05-06|website=India Today|date=6 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=You will be surprised to see the difference between TRPs of The Kapil Sharma Show and Comedy Nights Live|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/you-will-surprised-to-see-the-difference-between-trps-of-the-kapil-sharma-show-and-comedy-nights-live-indias-got-talent-naagin-323398-2016-05-13|website=India Today|date=13 May 2016 }}</ref> In week 26, it was at the third position with 9.386 million impressions.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=7 July 2016|title=BARC week 26: {{as written|I|ts' [sic]}} all Zee offerings in top 5 rural programmes list|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/barc-week-26-its-all-zee-offerings-in-top-5-rural-programmes-list-160707?amp|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118133840/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/barc-week-26-its-all-zee-offerings-in-top-5-rural-programmes-list-160707?amp|archive-date=18 November 2016|access-date=|website=Indian Television dot com}}</ref> In week 35, it occupied the second position with 10.68 million impressions.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRP ratings: 'Kumkum Bhagya' retains top slot; 'Saath Nibhaana Saathiya' beats 'Brahmarakshas'|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/trp-ratings-kumkum-bhagya-retains-031723821.html|website=Yahoo News}}</ref> In week 41, it was at the third position with 10.074 million impressions.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=20 October 2016|title=WHOAA! NAAGIN 2 is back with a bang; Tops TRP charts|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/whoaa-naagin-2-is-back-with-a-bang-tops-trp-charts-434284|access-date=|website=ABP News}}</ref>

In week 4 of 2017, it was at the seventh position in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRP ratings: Naagin 2 continues to rule; The Kapil Sharma Show beats Shakti, Kumkum Bhagya|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/trp-ratings-naagin-2-continues-rule-kapil-sharma-show-beats-shakti-kumkum-bhagya-714693|website=International Business Times|date=3 February 2017}}</ref> Maintaining its position in the top ten programs for weeks after the premiere, viewership dropped in 2017, with the series moving out of the top ten Hindi GECs. In week 27 of 2017, it garnered 6.7 million impressions and occupied the twelfth position.<ref>{{cite web|title=BARC India Ratings Week 27, 2017: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs, Kumkum Bhagya remain most-watched shows|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/barc-india-ratings-week-27-2017-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-kumkum-bhagya-remain-most-watched-shows-4749349/|website=The Indian Express|date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

The rerun of the series on [[Star Utsav]] during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] in 2020 became one of the top five most-watched Hindi GEC shows.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRP WEEK 52: पहले नंबर पर कुंडली मार कर बैठा है एकता कपूर का ये शो, गोपी बहू का जलवा अभी भी बरकरार|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/trp-week-52-report-kundali-bhagya-in-top-position-kumkum-bhagya-slips-to-spot-5|website=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
A clip from an episode where the lead character Gopi ([[Giaa Manek]]) washes a laptop went viral and was subjected to trolling and criticism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/theres-a-fly-in-my-plot-sasural-simar-ka-naagin-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-2823539/|title=A fly, a daayan, a nagin: The 'women' who dominate Indian TV|website=The Indian Express|date=29 May 2016}}</ref>

On 21 August 2020, music composer [[Yashraj Mukhate]] uploaded a remix video featuring characters Kokila ([[Rupal Patel]]), Rashi ([[Rucha Hasabnis]]), and Gopi ([[Giaa Manek]]). It added a rap beat to a scene where Kokila scolds Rashi for putting an empty pressure cooker on the stove without the ''chana'' (chickpeas).<ref>{{cite web|date=23 August 2020|title=Yashraj Mukhate on his Kokilaben video: Never expected it to go viral this way|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/yashraj-mukhate-kokilaben-viral-video-saathiya-6566390/|access-date=23 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The video quickly garnered over 16.7 million views on [[Instagram]] and 95 million views on [[YouTube]] as of 31 December 2025, and memes related to the remix also trended.<ref>{{cite news|title=Didn't expect the Saath Nibhana Saathiya mashup to go viral: Yashraj Mukhate|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/didnt-expect-the-saath-nibhana-saathiya-mashup-to-go-viral-yashraj-mukhate/articleshow/77719160.cms|website=The Times of India|date=24 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=23 August 2020|title=As Kokilaben rap goes viral, Rashi memes and jokes take over Twitter|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/kokilaben-rap-goes-viral-triggers-rashi-memes-and-jokes-6565695/|access-date=23 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Year
!Award name
!Recipient
!Reference
|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|2011
|Best Actress Popular
|Giaa Manek
|<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=26 September 2011 |title=Amitabh, Dharmendra honoured at Indian Television Awards |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/amitabh-dharmendra-honoured-at-indian-television-awards/story-O2X93YKjClQ9iwUEidosdL.html |website=Hindustan Times }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|Indian Television Academy Awards
|2011
|Best Show Popular
|''Saath Nibhaana Saathiya''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|2012
|Best Actress in a Lead Role
|Giaa Manek
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Baddhan |first=Raj |date=31 May 2012 |title=Indian Telly Awards 2012: Winners |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2012-winners/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|Indian Telly Awards
|2012
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|Rupal Patel
|<ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2012 |title=Indian Telly Awards 2012: Winners |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2012-winners/ |website=Biz Asia}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
|2012
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|Rupal Patel
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Kapoor wins Best Actor at 5th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2012 |url=http://indiascanner.com/5th-boroplus-gold-awards-2012-winners-71716 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115758/http://indiascanner.com/5th-boroplus-gold-awards-2012-winners-71716 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Indian Television Academy Awards
|2013
|Best Actress Popular
|Devoleena Bhattacharjee
|
|-
|Gold Awards
|2014
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role
|Vishal Singh
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Narayan |first=Girija |date=20 May 2014 |title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Indian Television Academy Awards
|2015
|Best Serial Drama
|''Saath Nibhaana Saathiya''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=ITA Awards 2015: Karan Patel bags Best Romantic Actor trophy; list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/ita-awards-2015-karan-patel-anita-hassanandani-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-radhika-madan-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-win-big-261571-2015-09-07 |website=India Today|date=7 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|Indian Telly Awards
|2015
|Best Daily Series
|''Saath Nibhaana Saathiya''
|<ref name=":4">{{cite news |title=Indian telly awards 2015 winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-telly-awards/2015/115 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|Indian Telly Awards
|2015
|Best Actress in a Lead Role
|Devoleena Bhattacharjee
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|Gold Awards
|2015
|Best Television Show (Fiction)
|''Saath Nibhaana Saathiya''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Girija |date=5 June 2015 |title=Gold Awards 2015 Winners List: Karan Patel, Divyanka, Karanvir, Surbhi, Gautam Gulati Win! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2015/gold-awards-2015-winners-list-kaan-patel-divyanka-karanir-gautam-gulati-surbhi-photos-185737.html |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Prarthna |date=22 June 2015 |title=Zee Gold Awards 2015 Highlights, Complete Winners' List: 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' Bags Most Honours; Karan-Divyanka's Romance Steals the Show |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-gold-awards-2015-highlights-complete-winners-list-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-bags-most-honours-636621 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|2015
|Most Entertaining Television Actor (Female)
|Devoleena Bhattacharjee
|
|-
|BIG Star Entertainment Awards
|2015
|Most Entertaining Television Actor (Male)
|Mohammad Nazim
|
|-
|Gold Awards
|2016
|Best Actress in a Lead Role
|Devoleena Bhattacharjee
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Gold awards 2016 winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/gold-awards/2016/114 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|Gold Awards
|2016
|Popular Bahu on Indian Television
|Devoleena Bhattacharjee
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Gold awards 2016 winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/gold-awards/2016/114 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|Lion Gold Awards
|2018
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role
|Amar Upadhyay
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Lion Gold Awards Winners 2018 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/lions-gold-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-and-red-carpet-pictures |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/saath-nibhaana-saathiya/693 Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106114104/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/saath-nibhaana-saathiya/693 |date=6 November 2017 }}
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1863997/ ''Saath Nibhaana Saathiya''] at [[IMDb]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Gujarat]]

Samaguri Assembly constituency

2026-03-19T12:26:52Z

LutherCustance5:

{{Short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Samaguri
| map_caption =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 58
| map_image = Samaguri Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
}}
'''Samaguri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Samaguri forms part of the [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" | Usha Borthakur
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Bishnu Prasad]]
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Bhabendra Kumar Saikia
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1981]]
| [[Nurul Hussain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Abul Hussain Sarkar
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[Nurul Hussain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Atul Kumar Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Rakibul Hussain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India|2024^]]
|[[Diplu Ranjan Sarmah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
^ By-election

== Election results ==

=== 2026 ===

===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 elections in India|2024 Elections in India]] : Samaguri<ref name="Samaguri Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Samaguri Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S0388.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125120421/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S0388.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="NDA makes a clean sweep of bypolls in the Northeast">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=NDA makes a clean sweep of bypolls in the Northeast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/nda-makes-a-clean-sweep-of-bypolls-in-the-northeast/article68902364.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123144021/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/nda-makes-a-clean-sweep-of-bypolls-in-the-northeast/article68902364.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Diplu Ranjan Sarmah]]|votes=81,321|percentage=56.94|change={{Increase}}17.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Tanzil Hussain|votes=56,820|percentage=39.78|change={{decrease}}18.31|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=24,501|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,42,824|percentage=85.38|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=1,65,045}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Indian National Congress |swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Samaguri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rakibul Hussain {{!}} Assam Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/rakibul-hussain-samaguri-candidate-s03a088c002/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=News18}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
|votes = 81,123
|percentage = 58.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Saikia
|votes = 55,025
|percentage = 39.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Abidur Rahman
|votes = 1,678
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Pranjit Bhowmik
|votes = 705
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| |votes = 26,098
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 1,38,531
|percentage = 85.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors =1,65,045
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Samaguri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66364}}
|percentage = 51.95%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jitu Goswami
|votes = {{formatnum:51849}}
|percentage = 40.59%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Moskur Rahman Choudhury
|votes = {{formatnum:6726}}
|percentage = 5.26%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chitta Ranjan Paul
|votes = {{formatnum:1282}}
|percentage = 1.00%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:968}}
|percentage = 0.76%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pradip Kalita
|votes = {{formatnum:562}}
|percentage = 0.44%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:14515}}
|percentage = 11.36%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:127751}}
|percentage = 89.79%
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:142303}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Nagaon district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Kalari cheese

2026-03-18T07:07:43Z

LutherCustance5: starting a entry

{{Short description|Indian traditional ripened cheese}}
{{Infobox Cheese
| name = Kalari (kalaadi)
| image = Famous_Kalaadi_of_Ramnagar.jpg
| image_size = 260px
| caption = Kalari cheese
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| source = [[Cow's milk]], sometimes [[goat]]s' milk
| texture = Semi-soft
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = [[Dogri script]]
| fix = Help:Multilingual support (Indic)
| error = [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]]
| characters = the intended characters
}}

'''Kalari''' or '''kaladi''' is a traditional Indian cheese believed to have been developed by the Dogra people of Jammu region. It was created to preserve milk in a solid form during the hot summer months, especially when fresh milk was difficult to store. Over time, kalari became an integral part of Dogra cuisine, valued for its rich flavor and nutritional benefits. The authentic recipe continues to be prepared in the Dogra region, while today it is also widely sold across the northern parts of India.

It is indigenous to [[Ramnagar, Udhampur|Ramnagar]] in the [[Udhampur district]] of the [[Jammu division]], within the [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India and a common snack among ethnic [[Dogras]].<ref>{{Citation | title=Annual report | author=Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu, Jammu-Kashmir | year=1985 | publisher=Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (India), 1985 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYs5AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... 'Kalari' a traditional milk-based ripened cheese product is a cherished snack food among [[Dogras|Dogra]] people in J&K state ...''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2022-04-18 |title=Dogri delicacy Kalari: Foodies across J&K relish |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dogri-delicacy-kalari-foodies-across-jk-relish/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Rakesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zt03EAAAQBAJ&dq=Dogra+Kaladi&pg=PT241 |title=Is God in Coma? |date=2021-07-12 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5486-237-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brien |first=Charmaine O' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&dq=Dogra+Kalari&pg=PT66 |title=The Penguin Food Guide to India |date=2013-12-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Ipsita |title=From kalari to gur chenna, Bengaluru is saying 'cheese' the Indian way |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-kalari-to-gur-chenna-bengaluru-is-saying-cheese-the-indian-way/articleshow/57549988.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-05-27}}</ref> It is a very dense cheese that is usually sautéd in its own fat and salted while serving. Kalari is usually made from cow's or buffalo's milk, though kalari made from goat's milk is also available, and has a whitish color.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Indian Cuisine | author=Krishna Gopal Dubey | date=27 September 2010 | publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. | isbn=978-81-203-4170-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xiwkbgJbSQC | quote=''... Kaladi, a homemade cheese made from goat's or cow's raw milk forms the delicacy of the Kashmiris ...''}}</ref> Traditionally kalaris are made from raw (uncooked) full fat milk that is separated using soured milk. The solidified part is packed in donas (small bowls made of leaves) and sun-dried. The excess liquid drips down from the semi-porous donas and the rest of the moisture is evaporated by sun-drying. As the ambient temperature is low and the sun is strong in the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalilk]] mountains,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogri delicacy Kalari: Foodies across J&K relish - The News Now |url=https://www.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=142924 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=www.thenewsnow.co.in}}</ref> the kalari becomes dry from outside yet retains moisture from inside. Sometimes fungus grows on this and gives it a unique flavor.

==Background==
Kalari, traditionally a [[Ramnagar, Udhampur]] cheese,<ref>{{Citation | title=Sustainable Livelihood for Hills-Policy and Institutional Arrangements for Kalari Cheese in the Hills of Jammu and Kashmir | author=Jatinder Handoo | publisher=Center for Civil Society | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/16618634/Sustainable-livehihoods-in-Hills-of-Jammu-and-Kashmir-Cheese-Kalari | quote=''... Kaladi cheese, a local delicacy in the hills ([[Ramnagar, Udhampur]]) of Jammu and Kashmir ...''}}</ref> is an authentic [[Dogras|Dogra]] cheese and often made part of various cheese-based cuisines, such as the "Kaladi [[Kulcha]]," which is a popular [[snack]] indigenous to [[Jammu division|Jammu region]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2021-04-03 |title=KULCHA, the culinary pride of Dogras |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kulcha-the-culinary-pride-of-dogras/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |language=en-US}}</ref> Kalari Kulcha is famous street food of and can be seen in the menu list of road side vendors and big shops. To prepare a Kalari, it is dabbed in salt and sautéd in its own fat, it is covered while [[sautéing]]. Preparing Kalari requires some expertise that may be mastered in couple of trials. Some people use butter or [[ghee]] for making it more viscous and for making it properly crispy. After some time the Kalari is flipped over and covered again. After sautéing, it gets brownish crispy layer outside and soft, creamy, gooey melted cheese inside (akin to melted [[mozzarella]] cheese). That is the precise reason Kalari is often termed as "Mozzarella of Jammu" or "Mozarella of Dogras".<ref>[http://www.deepakgupta.org/post/54667488554/eat-at-jammu Best places to eat in Jammu] defines how the Kalari is fried and eaten.</ref>

Kalari is often served hot and salted with tomatoes, onions, bread and cabbage.<ref>{{Citation | title=हर मौसम में गुलज़ार रघुनाथ बाज़ार / Har mausam mein gulzaar, Raghunath Bazaar (A garden in every season: Raghunath Bazaar) | author=Yogita Yadav | newspaper=Dainik Jagran | date=Jan 1, 2011 | url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/features/general/8_14_5836289.html/print/ | quote=''... जम्मू आएं हैं तो जम्मू का एथनिक फूड भी ट्राई कर ... जम्मू के स्ट्रीट फूड में खास है कुलचा ... कलाड़ी वाला कुलचा ... (If you have come to Jammu, you must try the ethnic foods of Jammu ... Kulchas are the street food specialty of Jammu ... Kalari wala Kulcha) ...''}}</ref> In recent improvisation it is made like a burger with Kalari as the patty in layers of [[coleslaw]] like salad, tomatoes, etc. filled up in a bun. Kalari is also served with a Kulcha with first kaladi being seasoned with red powdered chilli and then squished between kulcha while being shallow fried .The complete ensemble is shallow fried. Earlier Kalari was served on its own without any breads. Later Kalari sandwich came into existence that consisted of Kalari placed in two slices of bakery bread with complete sandwich shallow fried in the pan containing left over fat from frying the kalari. Some tamarind chutney with red chilli powder and salt are also added. Sometimes it is also prepared by first wetting it and covering it in a dry mixture of whole wheat flour (atta), red chilli powder and salt then sautéing over a nonstick pan. In Jammu people also make a curry with it called कलाड़ी दा सलूना/न्योड़ा or {{Script|Dogr|𑠊𑠥𑠬𑠫𑠮 𑠛𑠬 𑠩𑠥𑠰𑠝𑠬/𑠝𑠹𑠣𑠵𑠫𑠬}} in local [[Dogri language]]. Pakodas are also prepared with kalari. It is a popular delicacy of [[Dogras|Duggar]] people, and is served particularly at weddings and other events.

==See also==
* [[Paneer]]
* [[Chhena]]
* [[Indian cuisine]]
* [[Kashmiri cuisine]]
* [[List of cheeses]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Indian cheeses]]
[[Category:Indian cheese dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:Cow's-milk cheeses]]

Aihole

2026-03-13T22:52:35Z

LutherCustance5: small cleaned up section after review and updated info

{{short description|Historic site in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Group of monuments at Aihole
| image = 8th century Durga temple exterior view, Aihole Hindu temples and monuments 3.jpg
| caption = Durga temple cluster at Aihole
| location = [[Bagalkot District|Bagalkot]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16|1|08|N|75|52|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India#India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location of Aihole
| map_relief = yes
| built = 4th–12th century CE
| elevation = {{convert|810|m|abbr=on|0}}
| architecture= Hindu, Jain, Buddhist temples and monasteries
| area = {{convert|5|km2}}
| nearest_city = [[Hunagunda]]
| governing_body = Gram panchayati [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| website =
}}
'''Aihole (ಐಹೊಳೆ)''', also referred to as '''Aivalli''', '''Ahivolal''' or '''Aryapura''', is a historic site of ancient and medieval era [[Buddhist]], [[Hindu]] and [[Jain]] monuments in [[Karnataka, India]] that dates from the sixth century through the twelfth century CE.<ref name="Ray2010p17">{{cite book|author=Himanshu Prabha Ray|title=Archaeology and Text: The Temple in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgFPAQAAIAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-806096-3|pages=17–18, 27}}</ref>{{sfn|Heather Elgood|2000|p=151}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffery D. Long|author-link=Jeffery D. Long|title=Historical Dictionary of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkkFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2011|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-7960-7|page=29}}, Quote: "AIHOLE. Pronounced "Eye-ho-lé", village in northern Karnataka that, from the fourth to the sixth centuries CE, was a major city (...)"</ref> Most of the surviving monuments at the site date from the 7th to 10th centuries.<ref>Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', pp. 331–335, 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}</ref> Located around an eponymous small village surrounded by farmlands and sandstone hills, Aihole is a major archaeological site, featuring over 120 stone and cave temples spread along the [[Malaprabha River|Malaprabha river]] valley, in [[Bagalakote]] district.<ref name="ForteCampana2010343">{{cite book|author1=Maurizio Forte|author2=Stefano Campana|author3=Claudia Liuzza|title=Space, Time, Place: Third International Conference on Remote Sensing in Archaeology|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cTcqAQAAMAAJ | year =2010|publisher =Archaeopress|isbn=978-1-4073-0659-9|pages=343–344}}</ref>
[[File:A sculpture of sleeping Vishnu Hindu deity at Museum CSMVS Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Relief of sleeping Vishnu, now in Mumbai]]

Aihole is {{convert|35|km||abbr=}} from [[Badami]] and about {{convert|9.7|km||abbr=}} from [[Pattadakal]], both of which are major centres of historically important [[Badami Chalukya architecture|Chalukya monuments]]. Aihole, along with nearby Badami (Vatapi), emerged by the 6th century as the cradle of experimentation with temple architecture, stone artwork, and construction techniques. This resulted in 16 types of free-standing temples and 4 types of rock-cut shrines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5972/|title=Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami- Pattadakal|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> The experimentation in architecture and arts that began in Aihole yielded the [[Pattadakal|group of monuments at Pattadakal]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name=asipatta>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_pattadakkal_intro.asp World Heritage Sites – Pattadakal – More Detail], Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India (2012)</ref>{{Sfn|Michell|2017|pp=12–29, 78–86}}

Over 100 Aihole temples are [[Hindu]], a few are [[Jain]] and one is [[Buddhist]]. These were built and coexisted in close proximity. The site is spread across about {{convert|5|km2}}.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Maurizio Forte|author2=Stefano Campana|author3=Claudia Liuzza|title=Space, Time, Place: Third International Conference on Remote Sensing in Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTcqAQAAMAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Archaeopress|isbn=978-1-4073-0659-9|pages=343–344}}</ref> The Hindu temples are dedicated to [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Durga]], [[Surya]] and other [[Hindu deities]]. The Jain Basadi temples are dedicated to [[Mahavira]], [[Parshvanatha]], [[Neminatha]] and other Jain Tirthankaras.{{Sfn|Michell|2017|pp=12–19}} The Buddhist monument is a temple and small monastery. Both Hindu and Jain monuments include monasteries, as well as social utilities such as [[stepwell]] water tanks with artistic carvings near major temples.{{Sfn|Michell|2017|pp=12–29, 78–86}}<ref name="Himanshu Prabha Ray 2010 24–26">{{cite book|author=Himanshu Prabha Ray|title=Archaeology and Text: The Temple in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgFPAQAAIAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-806096-3|pages=24–26}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:7th - 8th century Huchappaya matha temple, exterior view, Aihole Hindu monuments.jpg|thumb|left|7th - 8th century Huchappaya matha temple]]
The Aihole monuments are located in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]], about {{convert|190|km|mi|0}} southeast of [[Belgaum]] and {{convert|290|km|mi|0}} northeast of [[Goa]]. The monuments are about {{convert|14|mi}} from [[Badami]] and about {{convert|6|mi}} from [[Pattadakal]], set amidst rural villages, farms, sandstone hills, and the Malprabha river valley. The Aihole site preserves over 120 Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist monuments from the 4th—12th century CE.<ref name=muniswamy848/> The region is also a site for prehistoric [[dolmen]]s and cave paintings.{{Sfn|Michell|2017|pp=12–41}}<ref>Gary Tarr (1970), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629258 Chronology and Development of the Chāḷukya Cave Temples], Ars Orientalis, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan, Vol. 8, pp. 155–184</ref>

Aihole has no nearby airport, and is about 4 hours drive from Sambra [[Belgaum Airport]] (IATA Code: IXG), with daily flights to Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai.<ref>[http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/belagavi_generalinfo.jsp Belgaum airport]{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} AAI, Govt of India; [http://belgaum.nic.in/english/accessibility.html Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001074640/http://belgaum.nic.in/english/accessibility.html |date=1 October 2017 }}, Belgaum</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/new-terminal-building-at-belagavi-airport/article19777517.ece New terminal building at Belagavi airport], The Hindu (30 September 2017)</ref> Badami is the closest town connected by railway and highway network to major cities of Karnataka and Goa.<ref name=asipatta/> It is a protected monument under the laws of the Indian government, and managed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asi.nic.in/|title=Archaeological Survey of India|website=asi.nic.in}}</ref>

==History==
Aihole is referred to as ''Ayyavole'' and ''Aryapura'' in its inscriptions and Hindu texts from 4th to 12th century CE, as ''Aivalli'' and ''Ahivolal'' in colonial British era archaeological reports.<ref name="Ray2010p17"/>

A rock shaped like an axe on the Malaprabha river bank north of the village is associated with the legend of [[Parashurama]],<ref name="CottonBurn1908p129">{{cite book|author1=James Sutherland Cotton|author2=Sir Richard Burn|author3=Sir William Stevenson Meyer|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India. Volume 5|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee05grea/page/129/mode/1up|year=1908|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=129}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=9–10}} the sixth Vishnu avatar, who is said to have washed his axe here after killing abusive Kshatriyas who were exploiting their military powers, giving the land its red colour.<ref name=muniswamy848>{{cite book|author=R Muniswamy|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bijapur District (Bagalkot District Included)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-di9C6HtpAC|year=2006|publisher=Karnataka Gazetteer Department|pages=40, 847–848}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=9–10}}<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet and Joachim Herrmann, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC ''History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.'']. UNESCO, 1996.</ref> A 19th-century local tradition believed that rock footprints in the river were those of Parashurama.<ref name="CottonBurn1908p129"/> A place near the Meguti hillocks show evidence of human settlement in the pre-historic period. Aihole has historical significance and has been called a cradle of Hindu rock architecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/54212/aiholes-stories-stone.html|title=Aihole's stories in stone|date=22 February 2010 |access-date=28 July 2011}}</ref>

The documented history of Aihole is traceable to the rise of the Early Chalukya dynasty in 6th century.{{Sfn|Michell|2017|pp=12–29}} It became, along with nearby Pattadakal and Badami, a major cultural centre and religious site for innovations in architecture and experimentation of ideas.<ref name=asipatta/><ref name=Bagal>{{Cite web|url=http://bagalkot.nic.in/pattadakal.htm|title=Pattadakal|access-date=21 June 2016|publisher=National Informatics Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911050855/http://bagalkot.nic.in/pattadakal.htm|archive-date=11 September 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Chalukyas sponsored artisans and built many temples in this region between the 6th and 8th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Pattadakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcgYAAAAYAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565651-0|pages=2–7}}</ref><ref name=Arch>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_pattadakkal.asp|title=World Heritage Sites - Pattadakal|access-date=21 June 2016|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> Evidence of wooden and brick temples dating to 4th-century have been unearthed. Aihole started the experimentations with other materials such as stone around the 5th century when the Indian subcontinent saw a period of political and cultural stability under the Gupta Empire rulers. Badami refined it in 6th and 7th centuries. The experimentations culminated in Pattadakal in the 7th and 8th centuries becoming a cradle of fusion of ideas from South India and North India.<ref name=asipatta/>{{Sfn|Michell|2017|pp=12–29, 78–86}}

[[File:Meguti temple at Aihole fort.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Aihole fort]] rubble walls on Meguti hill enclosing the Jain temple, which is dated to 634.]]
After the Chalukyas, the region became a part of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta kingdom]] who ruled in the 9th and 10th century from the capital of [[Manyakheta]]. In the 11th and 12th century, the Late Chalukyas ([[Western Chalukya Empire]], Chalukyas of Kalyani) ruled over this region.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=19–20}}<ref name="KulkeRothermund1998p106">{{cite book|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0GEtXp-GsUC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-15482-6|pages=106–113}}</ref> Even though the area was not the capital or in immediate vicinity from 9th to 12th centuries, new temples and monasteries of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism continued to be built in the region based on inscriptional, textual and stylistic evidence. This likely happened, states Michell, because the region was prosperous with a substantial population and surplus wealth.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=19–20}}

[[Aihole fort|Aihole was fortified]] by Late Chalukya kings in the 11th and 12th centuries, in an approximate circle. This indicates the strategic and cultural importance of Aihole to the kings whose capital was far away. Aihole served as a hub of Hindu temple arts in this period with guild of artisans and merchants called the [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu|Ayyavole 500]], celebrated for their talent and accomplishments in the historical texts of the Deccan region and South India.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=78}}

[[File:Lad NKAD90.JPG|thumb|right|An 8th-century Shiva temple was renamed Lad Khan Temple after a Muslim commander of Bijapur Sultanate who briefly lived here.]]
In the 13th century and thereafter, the Malprabha valley along with much of Deccan became a target of raids and plunder by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] armies devastating the region.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=19–20}}<ref>{{cite book|author=George Childs Kohn|title=Dictionary of Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDfAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-95494-9|pages=146–147}}</ref> From the ruins emerged the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] which built forts and protected the monuments, as evidenced by inscriptions in the fort at [[Badami]]. However, the region witnessed a series of wars between Vijayanagara [[Hindu king]]s and Bahmani Muslim sultans. After the defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire on 23 January 1565 at [[Battle of Talikota|Talikota]], Aihole became a part of the Adil Shahi rule from Bijapur, with some of the Muslim commanders using the temples as residence and their compounds as garrison for storing weapons and supplies. A Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva came to be called ''Lad Khan temple'', named after the Muslim commander who used it as his operational hub, and a name that has been used ever since.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=19–20}} In late 17th-century, the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb gained control of the region from Adil Shahis, after which Maratha Empire gained control of the region. It again changed hands with Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan conquering it in late 18th century, followed by the British that defeated Tipu Sultan and annexed the region.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=19–20}}

The monuments at Aihole-Badami-Pattadakal show the existence and a history of interaction between the early northern style and early southern style of Hindu arts.<ref name="Blurton1993p53"/> According to T. Richard Blurton, the history of temple arts in north India is unclear as the region was repeatedly sacked by invaders from Central Asia, particularly the Muslim incursion into the subcontinent from 11th-century onwards, and "warfare has greatly reduced the quantity of surviving examples". The monuments in this region are amongst the earliest surviving evidence of these early religious arts and ideas.<ref name="Blurton1993p53">{{cite book|author=T. Richard Blurton|title=Hindu Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC |year=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39189-5|pages=53–55, 212–218}}</ref><ref name="Tadgell2015p91">{{cite book|author=Christopher Tadgell|title=The East: Buddhists, Hindus and the Sons of Heaven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaTbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-75384-8|pages=90–95}}</ref>

===Archaeological site===
Aihole became a significant archaeological site and attracted scholarly attention after the British India officials identified and published their observations.{{Sfn|Michell|2017|pp=12–29, 78–86}}<ref name="CottonBurn1908p129"/> The colonial era scholars hypothesized that the Apsidal shape Durga temple in Aihole may reflect the adoption by Hindus and Jains of the Buddhist Chaitya hall design and the influence of early Buddhist arts. They also identified historically significant 7th-century inscriptions.<ref name="CottonBurn1908p129"/>

For much of the 20th-century, Aihole remained a neglected site. Until the 1990s, the site consisted of houses and sheds built up to and in some cases extending into the historical monuments.{{Sfn|Michell|2017|pp=78–85}} The walls of the ancient and medieval temples were shared by some of these homes. Investments in infrastructure, land acquisition and relocation of some residences has allowed limited excavations and created a few dedicated archaeological parks including one for the much-studied Durga temple at Aihole.{{Sfn|Michell|2017|pp=78–89}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Gary Michael Tartakov|title=The Durga Temple at Aihole: A Historiographical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uzVAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563372-6|pages=1–14}}</ref> Excavated ancient and medieval era artifacts and broken temple pieces, including a complete life-size nude [[Lajja Gauri]] in birthing position and with a lotus head,<ref>{{cite book|author=Amalananda Ghosh|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|year=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&pg=PA269|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-09264-1|page=269}}</ref> now resides in an ASI museum next to the Durga temple in Aihole. Many temples and monasteries continue to be set amidst narrow streets and congested settlement.{{Sfn|Michell|2017|pp=78-89}}

The Aihole site and artwork are a major source of empirical evidence and comparative studies of Indian religions and art history in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Tartakov | first1=Gary Michael | last2=Dehejia | first2=Vidya | title=Sharing, Intrusion, and Influence: The Mahisasuramardini Imagery of the Calukyas and the Pallavas | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=45 | issue=4 | year=1984 | issn=0004-3648 | doi=10.2307/3249741 | pages=287–345| jstor=3249741 }}</ref><ref>Carol Radcliffe Bolon (1985), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4543046 The Durga Temple, Aihole, and the Saṅgameśvara Temple, KūḐavelli: A Sculptural Review], Ars Orientalis, Vol. 15, pp. 47-64</ref><ref>George Michell (1978), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756458 A Comparison of the Muṇḍeśvarī Temple at Ramgarh and the Meguṭi Temple at Aihole: Notes towards a Definition of Early Temple Style in India], East and West, Vol. 28, No. 1/4 (December 1978), pp. 213–223</ref> The Aihole's antiquity, along with four other major 5th to 9th century sites – [[Badami]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakuteshvara]] and [[Alampur, Mahbubnagar district|Alampur]] – is significant to scholarship relating to archaeology and religions. These states George Michell, display a "meeting and fragmentation of different temple styles and the creation of local variants". This fusion and exploration of arts and ideas later became a part of northern and southern Indian architectural repertoires.{{sfn|George Michell|1977|pp=103–104}}

==Chronology==
Aihole monuments preserve evidence of North Indian temple architecture styles that are missing elsewhere. The Gaudar Gudi{{refn|group=note|Gudi means "shrine" in Kannada, and regionally used to connote a [[Hindu temple]].}} temple mimics a wooden temple design with stone, with no superstructure but a flat temple raised on a plinth with stairs, square sanctum, a [[circumambulatory]] path and southern style columned hall with northern style shrine niches.{{sfn|George Michell|1977|pp=103–104}} The roof mimics sloping wooden version and has log-like stone strips.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=88}} The Chikki temple is another such example, that innovates by adding stone screens for light inside the temple.{{sfn|George Michell|1977|pp=103–104}} The stone temples are dated to the first quarter of the 5th-century, suggesting the prior temples to centuries before.<ref>{{cite book|author=Herbert Härtel|title=South Asian Archaeology 1981|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gFuAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Brill Academic|pages=455–456|isbn=9783496001584}}</ref>

Aihole was a meeting place of styles but one of several around the 6th century CE, that were on "their way to development elsewhere". They became preserved in Aihole probably because building and cultural activity stopped there around the 12th century. Though excavations have yielded evidence that scholars disagree in dating, states Harle, it is probable that the earliest surviving temples in Aihole are from the 6th century and later.<ref name="Harle1994p166"/>

Gary Tartakov links the temples at Aihole to 2nd century CE style and arts found in the [[Ajanta Caves]], adding that while the Ajanta and Aihole monuments share some organizational features, there are distinct differences that suggest a "leap in time" and parallel developments in cave-based Ajanta and Aihole stone temple designs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gary Michael Tartakov|title=The Durga Temple at Aihole: A Historiographical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uzVAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563372-6|pages=33–45, 54–55}}</ref>

According to Christopher Tadgell, the Aihole apsidal temples were influenced by the Buddhist [[chaitya]]-griha, but not directly. The immediate precedent for these is found in the mid-5th-century Hindu temple at Chikka Mahakuta, another place where artists and architects explored temple construction ideas.<ref name="Tadgell2015p91"/>

==Hindu monuments==
[[File:Huchimalligudi Aihole Karnataka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|left|The floor plan of Huchimalligudi temple, Aihole.]]
Aihole was an early medieval era meeting place and a cradle for experimentation of Hindu arts, particularly temple architecture.<ref name="Harle1994p166">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/166 166]–178}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Alain Daniélou|author-link=Alain Daniélou|title=A Brief History of India|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 |year=2003 |publisher= Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-59477-794-3|page=133}}</ref>{{sfn|Vinayak Bharne|Krupali Krusche|2014|pp=80-95}} The regional artisans and architects of Aihole region created prototypes of 16 types of free-standing temples and 4 types of rock-cut shrines to express in stone the theology of Hinduism.<ref name=unescoevol>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5972/ Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami- Pattadakal], UNESCO (2015)</ref> Though there is a sprinkling of Jaina monuments in Aihole, the temples and relief artworks are predominantly Hindu.<ref name="Harle1994p166"/>

The Aihole temples experimented with two layouts: {{transliteration|hi|sandhara}} (with circumambulatory path) and {{transliteration|hi|nirandhara}} (without circumambulatory path).<ref name=unescoevol/> In terms of towers above the sanctum, they explored several superstructures: shikhara (tapering superstructure of discrete squares), ''mundamala'' (temple without superstructure, literally, garland with shaved head), ''rekhaprasada'' (smooth curvilinear superstructure also based on squares prevalent in northern and central India), Dravidian vimana (pyramidal style of southern India) and Kadamba-Chalukya Shikhara (a fusion style).<ref name=unescoevol/> The layout typically followed squares and rectangles (fused squares), but the Aihole artists also tried out prototypes of an apsidal layout (like a Buddhist or Church hall). In addition, they experimented with layout of mantapa within the shrines, the pillars, different types of windows to let light in, reliefs and statues, artwork on mouldings and pillars, bracket designs, ceiling, structure interlocking principles and styles of friezes. In some temples they added subsidiary shrines such as ''Nandi-mantapa'', a {{transliteration|hi|prakara}} (wall) and styles of {{transliteration|hi|pratoli}} (gateway).<ref name="Harle1994p166"/><ref name=unescoevol/>

===Durga temple complex===
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The [[Durga temple, Aihole|Durga temple]] is the best known and studied of the Aihole temples. It has a misleading name, because the temple is not named after goddess Durga. According to one theory, it stands near the ruins of a fort-like enclosure or ''durg'' during a time of late medieval era Hindu Muslim conflict in the region.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gary Michael Tartakov|title=The Durga Temple at Aihole: A Historiographical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uzVAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563372-6|pages=126–127, 139–140}}</ref><ref name="Dalal2010p110"/> According to another local tradition, a stone rubble ''durg'' and lookout was assembled on its flat roof and locals therefore began calling it the Durga temple.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=82–83}} The temple was originally dedicated to Hindu gods [[Surya]] and [[Vishnu]].<ref name="Dalal2010p110">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA110 |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|page=110}}</ref> The temple was dated by early scholars to the 5th century CE, but variously revised to be from between the late 6th and early 8th century.<ref name="Dalal2010p110"/>{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=82-83}}{{sfn|Heather Elgood|2000|p=26}}
[[File:Durga temple Aihole.jpg|thumb|Durga temple Aihole - Another view]]
[[File:8th century Durga temple exterior Kama panel illustration, Aihole Hindu temples and monuments.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|An amorous couple at the Durga temple.]]
The Durga temple is the principal attraction for Aihole visitors and iconic in its apsidal layout.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=82–83}}{{refn|group=note|name=plan1|For the temple's detailed schematic plan, see Vinayak Bharne and Krupali Krusche's ''Rediscovering the Hindu Temple'',{{sfn|Vinayak Bharne|Krupali Krusche|2014|pp=80–81}} and Christopher Tadgell's ''The East''.<ref name="Tadgell2015p91"/>}} This shape is similar to 2nd or 1st century BCE Buddhist chaitya halls found in [[Ajanta Caves]]. The Durga temple stands on a high moulded ''[[adhisthana]]'' and a damaged tower that had a curvilinear shikhara. The damaged tower's ''amalaka'' crown lies on the ground.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=83–84}} A colonnaded and covered ambulatory passage with major carvings runs around the sanctum. The ''mukha mantapa'' (main hall) and the ''sabha mantapa'' (community hall for functions) show intricate carvings.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=82–84}}

The Durga temple reverentially displays gods and goddesses from [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]] traditions of Hinduism. The included near life-size statues include [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu), [[Durga]] in her Mahishasuramardini form killing the buffalo demon, goddesses [[Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]], [[Brahma]], [[Surya]], avatars of Vishnu such as [[Varaha]] and [[Narasimha]].<ref name="Dalal2010p110"/>{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=82–86}} The temple has friezes to tell the story of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Further, the temple has artwork showing scenes of daily life and couples, including several amorous couples in various stages of courtship and [[mithuna]].<ref name="Dalal2010p110"/>{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=84–86}}

The Durga temple complex consists of seven Hindu monuments. Next to the Durga temple is the Suryanarayana temple with a pyramidal ''shikara'' on top. It has a [[Surya]] statue with each hand holding a lotus flower in its ''garbha griya'' (sanctum), in a chariot and seven small horses carved at the bottom. The temple outline is intact, but most of the details are damaged.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=87}}

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| footer = Stone beams mimicking logs on Chalukya Shiva Temple roof (left); Nandi facing the Shiva linga inside.{{sfn|George Michell|1977|p=107}}
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The [[Chalukya Shiva Temple Temple]] is near the Durga temple and has been variously dated to "about 450 CE",<ref>{{cite journal | last=Tartakov | first=Gary Michael | title=The Beginning of Dravidian Temple Architecture in Stone | jstor= 3250008| journal= Artibus Asiae | volume=42 | issue=1 | year=1980 | doi=10.2307/3250008 | pages=39–40}}</ref> or from 6th to 8th centuries.<ref name="Harle1994p172">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/172 172]–174 with Figure 130}}, Quote: "Figure 130. Aihole. Chalukya Shiva Temple temple. Late sixth/seventh century."</ref>{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=87, "Chalukya Shiva Temple (...) This early 8th-century monument..."}}{{sfn|Vinayak Bharne|Krupali Krusche|2014|pp=x, 81}} The temple is named after the Muslim commander under Adil Shahi Sultan who briefly stayed here about a thousand years after it was built. He used it to coordinate his military campaign in the region. The temple embeds three concentric squares,{{refn|group=note|name=plan1}} facing the sanctum with a Shiva Linga. Inside the inner third square is a seated Nandi. The two square [[mandapa|mantapa]]s surrounding it create the ''sabha mantapa'' or community hall, providing ample space for devotees and community to gather for functions. The second concentric square is supported by a set of 12 intricately carved pillars. The wall has floral designs. The temple inside is lit with natural sunlight coming in from lattice windows of the north Indian style. The temple roof stones include log-shaped stone strips suggestive of an attempt to mimic more ancient timber temple construction.<ref name="Harle1994p172"/>{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=18–21}}

The Ladkhan temple includes iconography from the [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]] traditions of Hinduism. On the lintel of the sanctum with Shiva Linga, for example, is a Garuda image who carries Vishnu. The temple has reliefs showing goddesses Ganga and Yamuna, as well as other deities.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=87–88}} A set of stone stairs connect the lower level to the second floor whereupon is a damaged square shrine. On three sides of this upper level are Vishnu, Surya and Ardhanareshvara (half [[Shiva]], half [[Parvati]]).{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=87–88}} Like other Aihole Hindu temples, the temple includes scenes from daily life, including amorous couple in courtship and kama scenes.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=87–88}}

[[File:Le temple Gaudara Gudi (Aihole, Inde) (14383019304).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Gaudargudi temple experiments an open structure.]]
Gaudargudi temple stands next to the Ladkhan temple, built on the lines of Ladkhan temple but more open from all sides. According to George Michell, the temple is older than the Ladkhan temple.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=88–89}} It too has log-shaped stones, where its timber like form is integrated to serve its structural function. The sanctum is empty but has a Gajalakshmi on its lintel. An inscription engraved on the lintel states that the temple has been dedicated to goddess Gauri (an aspect of Parvati). There is evidence that the sanctum, the inside mantapa, and niches on outer walls had carved statues, but these are now empty.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=88–89}} Gaudargudi was among the earliest temples when architects included ''pradakshina patha'' (circumambulatory path) in Hindu temple design.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|p=47}}

Next to the Gaudargudi (also spelled Gaudergudi) temple is a large [[stepwell]] for utility water storage whose walls have ancient carved sculptures. This stepwell is between the Gaudargudi and Chakragudi temple.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=88–89}} According to Himanshu Ray, the stepwell with its Hindu shrine was likely added in the 10th or 11th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Himanshu Prabha Ray|title=Archaeology and Text: The Temple in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgFPAQAAIAAJ |year=2010| publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-806096-3| page=31}}</ref> The Chakragudi is notable for its preserved 7th or 8th century Nagara-style tower superstructure. The temple shows signs of later addition of a mantapa, whose style suggests 9th-century Rashtrakuta extension. To the southwest of the Durga temple complex is the Badigargudi (also spelled Badigergudi) temple with pyramidal tower that explores a squat and shrinking discrete squares-topped design with a large cubical ''sukanasa'' containing a Surya (Sun god) icon. Much of the Badigargudi relief artwork has been damaged and eroded.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=88–89}}<ref>[http://www.william-voirol.ch/In/15/0/13/G.html?lng=0 Karnataka, Aihole, Badiger Gudi], Aihole archives, Switzerland</ref>

The Durga temple complex houses the Aihole Museum and Art Gallery, managed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]]. The museum has outdoor display of excavated statues, artwork, hero stones, and temple parts demolished in past. It also has an indoor collection with best-preserved pieces of statues and temple parts found in the region. The collection includes images of Shiva, Parvati, Vishnu, Lakshmi, Brahma, Saraswati, Durga, Saptamatrika, Surya, Indra, and others. The life-size Lajja Gauri with lotus head, found in Aihole, is a part of the indoor collection.<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_aihole.asp Museum and Art Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326202129/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_aihole.asp |date=26 March 2014 }}, ASI Aihole</ref>

===Ravana Phadi cave===
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Ravanaphadi is one of the oldest rock-cut cave temples in Aihole, located less than a kilometre uphill, northeast from the Durga temple complex. The temple dates to the 6th century.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=92–94}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Tartakov | first=Gary Michael | title=The Beginning of Dravidian Temple Architecture in Stone | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=42 | issue=1 | year=1980 | doi=10.2307/3250008 | pages=39–46, 86–87| jstor=3250008 }}</ref> The entrance has an eroded fluted column and seated Nandi facing the temple sanctum, with several other small monuments. Inside the cave are three near square mandapas, the innermost featuring the Shiva linga and connected to the entrance mandapa by a rectangular space.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=92–93}}

The entrance of the Ravanaphadi cave has a Nidhi and seated guardian on each side. Then, on left, is an image of Ardhanarishvara portraying the equivalence and essential interdependence of the masculine left Shiva and feminine right Parvati.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=92–93}} Past this fused image, is the first mandapa to the left of which is a niche carved space. In it is 6th century artwork showing dancing Shiva (Nataraja) with Parvati, [[Saptamatrikas]] or seven mothers of Shaktism tradition, [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]].{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=92–93}} On the right side of the main mandapa is [[Harihara]] portraying a fused image of Shaivism and Vaishnavism, with left Shiva and right Vishnu. On the opposite wall of Harihara is Shiva with three primary river goddesses of Hindu theology, and he stands with Parvati and the skeletal ascetic Bhringi.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=92–97}}

[[File:6th century Ravanaphadi cave temple ceiling Vaishnavism art, Vishnu and Lakshmi flying on Garuda, Aihole Hindu monuments Karnataka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Vishnu and Lakshmi with Garuda on Ravanaphadi ceiling]]
The main mandapa connects to two other near square mandapas. To its north is the sanctum, flanked by Shaiva guardians at its entrance, then Vaishnava Varaha or Vishnu's boar avatar rescuing goddess earth on its left.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=92–97}}<ref>Preeti Sharma (2007), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145651 Varaha motif in the Chalukyan Rock-cut Caves at Badami], Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 68, Part Two (2007), pp. 1417–1421</ref> To the right is a carved image of Shakti Durga as Mahishasuramardine spearing the buffalo demon. To the east of the main mandapa is an empty monastery like chamber.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=92–97}} The ceiling of the cave has reliefs. One, for example, shows Vishnu with Lakshmi flying on winged Garuda, another shows the Vedic god Indra with Indrani on an elephant.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=92–97}}

According to James Harle, the Ravanaphadi cave is stylistically unique in the Aihole region, and the closest artwork and style is found in the Rameshwara cave of [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] in north [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/178 178]}}</ref> According to Pia Brancaccio, the Ravanaphadi cave bridges the style and design of "the rock-cut tradition of the Deccan with that of [[Tamil Nadu]]".<ref>{{cite book | last=Brancaccio | first=Pia | title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures | chapter=Cave Architecture of India | publisher=Springer Netherlands | location=Dordrecht | year=2014 | isbn=978-94-007-3934-5 | doi=10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_9848-1 | pages=1–9}}</ref>

===Hucchappayya matha===
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The Huchappayya matha temple is about a kilometre south of the Durga temple complex on the other side of the Aihole village, relatively isolated from other temple clusters. It consists of two Hindu monuments, the front larger one is a Shiva temple and the other a monastery no longer in use. The temple is walled on all sides with stone, has steps leading into a doorway of the mandapa. The temple faces east towards the sunrise, is mostly simple and blank, but has four columns with amorous couples on each. They are in various stages of courtship and ''mithuna''.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=102}} One of the couple carvings humorously places a horse-headed woman seeking the attention of a man, who carries a shocked expression on his face.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=102}}

Inside the doorway is the mandapa whose ceiling has three large intricate and circular carvings, one each showing Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva on their respective [[vahana]]s. A Nandi sits in the middle of the mandapa floor facing the sanctum wherein is the Shiva Linga.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=102}} The temple has two inscriptions in old Kannada, as well as a standing Shiva and standing Ganesha.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=30–31}} The mandapa walls also show various friezes and reliefs, including more amorous couples. The temple is flat on the top, lacking a superstructure. The temple is likely from the 7th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Henri Stierlin|title=Hindu India: From Khajuraho to the Temple City of Madurai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCBUAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Taschen|isbn=978-3-8228-7649-7|page=72}}</ref>

===Hucchappayya gudi===
The Huchappayya gudi is a Hindu temple located few hundred meters southwest of the Huchappayya matha, in the farmlands towards the river, away from the village. It is simple east facing 2x2 square temple, with square front portico, a square sabha mandapa (main community ceremony hall, 24' × 24') and an almost-square sanctum. The portico has four pillars, as does the sabha mandapa.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=27–28}} The main hall is supported by four pillars placed in a square of the same size as the portico.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=27–28}} The temple has North Indian style Rekhanagara tower with rotating squares rising in a curvilinear smooth towards the sky. The tower is damaged, the top ''amalaka'' finial and ''kalasha'' missing.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=27–28}}{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=103–104}}

[[File:A sculpture of Brahma Hindu deity at Museum CSMVS Mumbai.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Brahma carving in Hucchappayya gudi, now at a Mumbai Museum.]]
The temple is notable for its intricate pillar carvings both in the portico and inside, as well as the artwork on its inner walls and ceiling. The carvings show religious themes (Vishnu's avatar Narasimha and Shiva Nataraja on wall, ''Shaiva dvarapalas'', Garuda man-bird clasping two serpents), as well as the daily life of the people (dancers, musicians, individuals in [[Namaste]] posture, couple carrying offerings for prayers, flowers and animals).{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=103–104}}{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=27–28}} Some panels are humorous such as young women with horse head embracing bearded older men found on the eastern porch column. Outside, there is a slab carved with Saptamatrikas (seven mothers) of the Shaktism Hindu tradition. The temple also has an inscription in old Kannada on one of the pillars inside the main hall.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=27–28}}

Hucchappayya gudi is dated to Early Chalukya period (6th–7th century).{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=103–104}}

===Ambigergudi temples complex===
Ambigergudi group is one of the archaeologically significant Aihole complexes situated immediately west of the Durga temple complex, near its entrance ticket office. It consists of three monuments, all aligned to the east–west axis.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=89–90}} The easternmost monument is square monument walled on its east, north, and south, and it lacks a tower. It faces the middle monument, which is largest of the three. The middle monument has experimented with an open verandah design concept with sloping slaps for roof cover.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=89–90}} The sanctum is inside, and it contains a damaged Surya (Sun god) image whose crown is visible. These eastern two monuments are from 6th to 8th century, the Early Chalukya period.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=89–90}}

[[File:Deity’s figures carved on Durga Temple.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The defaced carvings of Aihole temples.]]
The third monument in the Ambigergudi complex is a Late Chalukya design from about the 11th century.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=89–90}} Its structure and layout feature all elements of the Hindu temple but it is damaged, the image inside the sanctum is missing and the face, nose, and limbs of most of its intricate carvings on the walls are defaced. The structure experiments with square and cubic shaped elements and arrangement of space. The Dravida design stands out above the sanctum walls, with repeated motifs of resonating tower structure as it rises upwards. Like other elements of this temple, the capping roof and finial is missing.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=89–90}}

The archaeological significance of the Ambigergudi temple is from the results of limited excavation near the rear wall of the sanctum foundation.{{refn|group=note|The foundation of the middle of the three monuments shows some remnants of the type of bricks found.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=90}}}} This yielded red-ware bowls dated to the 1st and 3rd century CE, as well as an outline of a single cell more ancient brick temple, which probably the stone temple replaced.<ref name="Yoffee2007p167"/> According to the hypothesis of Rao, the excavating archaeologist, the 3rd century CE brick temple served as a model and sanctum ground on which a more lasting stone was built. This hypothesis, however, remains tentative as additional evidence to refute or support it has not been found. According to Hemanth Kamdambi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.snu.edu.in/people/faculty/hemanth-kadambi-0|title=Hemanth Kadambi | Department of History|website=history.snu.edu.in}}</ref> Chalukyan temple inscriptions from the 6th to 8th century are silent about the existence of prior temples.<ref name="Yoffee2007p167">{{cite book|author=Hemant Kadambi|editor=Norman Yoffee|title=Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58WgTin1ORsC&pg=PA167|year=2007|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2670-3|page=167}}</ref>

===Jyotirlinga temples complex===
The Jyotirlinga group of monuments contain sixteen Hindu monuments including a large stepwell water utility tank. It is located east of the Durga temple complex compound across the road and to the south of the Ravanaphadi cave. The temples are dedicated to Shiva, with most monuments small to moderate size. The complex is largely in ruins, except for the Nandi mandapas and standing pillars inside the temples some of which show intricately carved but damaged images of Ganesha, Karitikeya, Parvati and Ardhanarishvara (half Shiva, half Parvati). The temples are likely from the Early Chalukya and Rashtrakuta Hindu dynasties.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT254|year=2013|publisher=Roli |isbn=978-81-7436-903-1|pages=253–255}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=56-58}}

===Mallikarjuna temples complex===
[[File:Mallikarjuna temple complex at Aihole.jpg|thumb|left|The Mallikarjuna temple complex at Aihole]]
The Mallikarjuna temple complex features five Hindu monuments.<ref name=gupte58>{{harvnb|Gupte|1967|pp=58–60}}</ref> The main temple in this complex is dated to the Early Chalukya period, likely around 700 CE.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=81–82}}{{sfn|Vinayak Bharne|Krupali Krusche|2014|pp=80–82}} The temple tower experimented with square mouldings of diminishing area stacked concentrically as it rose towards the sky. On top is a crowning ''amalaka'' and then ''kalasa'' (pot used in Hindu festivals and rites-of-passage functions).{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=81–82}} The smaller shrines in this complex were likely built in the Late Chalukya period.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=81–82}}

The outer walls of the temples here are simple, clean surfaces.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=81–82}} The walls inside of the Shiva temple, particularly the pillars are intricately carved with religious themes such as a seated Vishnu man-lion avatar Narasimha, Ganesha and Padmanidhi, as well as of daily life such as a female dancer accompanied with two female musicians with their instruments. The pillars also show amorous couples in various stages of courtship and intimacy.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=81–82}}<ref name=gupte58/> Many of the images inside the shrines show signs of intentional damage inside the mandapa, such as the Karegudi (black pagoda) and Bilegudi (white pagoda). The complex is dedicated to Shiva, and includes a Nandi-mandapa monument. Outside the temples, within the complex, is a carved slab of Saptamatrikas (seven mothers) of the [[Shaktism]] tradition.<ref name=gupte58/> Near the temple, is a large stepwell as a water utility.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=81–82}}<ref name=gupte58/>

According to Vinayak Bharne and Krupali Krusche, the main Mallikarjuna temple illustrates with simplicity the core elements of a Hindu temple.{{sfn|Vinayak Bharne|Krupali Krusche|2014|pp=80–82 with Figure 6.8}} It consists of three squares. A front square portico faces the east, invites the devotee to rise up the stairs and enter, leads him into a square sabha mandapa (public gathering space). The main mandapa links to a square sanctum, above which is the tower superstructure. The mandapa has 4 (2x2) pillars set in a square, each centred to form four circles that enclose the community hall space. The stairs at entrance too are in a square footprint, with two pillars. The larger temples similarly combine squares and circles as a generative pattern to create the temple space.{{sfn|Vinayak Bharne|Krupali Krusche|2014|pp=80–82 with Figure 6.8}}

===Ramalinga temples group===
[[File:Ratha, Aihole.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ramalingeshwara Shiva temple's annual ''ratha'' (chariot) procession celebrates Aihole stone monuments heritage]]
Ramalinga complex, also called Ramalingeshvara temples, is a group of five Hindu temples. These are located on the banks of the Malaprabha river, about 2.5 kilometres south of the Durga temple complex. They are clustered close to the Veniyar and the Galaganatha monument groups in a hilly terrain.<ref name=gupte29/>

The Ramalingeshwara temples are an active Shiva worship complex. It is periodically refurbished, whitewashed and redecorated for seasonal festivals. Its entrance has a modern wooden chariot with old stone wheels used for annual processions. The entrance portal has a Shiva Nataraja and two lions carvings, while the main temple consists of three shrines that connect with a common mandapa. Two of the shrines have pyramidal towers with shrinking squares concentrically placed, as does the main shrine, but two have their ''amalaka'' and ''kalasa'' a bit lower and intact. The mandapa is covered with a sloping stone roof. The temple incorporates an arched gate with a path to the river.<ref name=gupte29>{{harvnb|Gupte|1967|pp=29–43}}</ref>{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=104–105}}

===Veniyar shrines complex===
The Veniyar shrines group, also called Veniyargudi, Vaniyavar, Veniyavur or Eniyar group, consists of ten Hindu temples.<ref name="Sinha2000p71">{{cite book|author=Ajay J. Sinha|title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C&pg=PA72|year=2000|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-684-5|pages=71–79}}</ref> The Veniyar shrines are south of the village, near the river bank, close to the Ramalinga temples group. They are mostly in ruins, with substantial damage, and had a thick forest growth over them till late 20th-century. Archeological Survey of India cleared and recovered the space. A similarly named Veniyavur complex is also in the south side of the town, near Rachigudi temple. The largest temple here is an 11th-century temple.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=103}} The temple has a southern entrance, though the main hall and shrine has again an east–west alignment. The pillars experiment a square base and octagonal member followed by inverted kalasha on top with square finish. The lintel has a Gajalakshmi. The hall consists of two fused squares (6.5'x13'). The door frame to the sanctum has tiny carvings, and the temple has some of the most miniature carvings of themes in Aihole.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=60–61}}

The Veniyar temples are dated to between the 9th and the 11th century, and represented a breakthrough in experiments by Aihole medieval artists to balance stone weight that the foundation and pillars could support while arranging a functional form, space and light within the temple consistent with the theological ideas. The so-called Temple number 5 of the Veniyar group combined function and form, creating a much taller ''madhyashala'' than any previous Aihole temple and a two-storey sanctum temple structure by nesting the stones. A simpler idea but with less fruitful results were tried in the triple Jaina temple found in Aihole village.<ref name="Sinha2000p71"/>

===Galaganatha temples group===
[[File:Aihole Galaganatha temple complex 1.jpg|thumb|The group]]
The Galaganatha group of temples, also referred to as Galagnath temples, is a large cluster of over thirty medieval Hindu temples and monuments on the bank of the [[Malaprabha River]] in Aihole. It is located about 2.5 kilometres south of the Durga temple and ASI museum complex, near the river dam, close to the Veniyar and Ramalinga shrines.<ref name=gupte29/> The Galaganatha group of temples are dated to between 7th and 12th centuries.<ref name=gupte29/>{{sfn|George Michell|1977|pp=97, 107–108}}

The Galagnath temples compound has three main sub-clusters, almost all aligned in east–west direction. Most are partly or wholly in ruins with signs of intentional damage, but the remnants standing have significant details and artwork.<ref name=gupte29/> The main shrine of the Galaganatha complex is dedicated to Shiva, yet has Brahma, Vishnu and Durga artwork integral in its mandapa. The Shiva panel from its ceiling, along with several of its artwork has been moved to a Mumbai museum.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=104}} This main temple is from Early Chalukya period (6th or 7th century), has a Kadamba-Nagara style pyramidal shikhara of shrinking squares concentrically placed.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=104}} It includes images of river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna at the entrance to this shrine. A few other notable temples in this complex that remain in reasonably preserved shape and form include one with a nearly complete 9th-century temple with South Indian Dravida style tower, another with North Indian Rekhanagara style tower.<ref name=gupte29/>{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=104}}
[[File:Sculptures on Galaganatha temple.jpg|thumb|Exterior sculpture]]

The artwork found in the Aihole Galaganatha temple complex includes various styles of auspicious pot motifs (now common in Hindu ceremonies), Durga, [[Harihara]], Maheshvari, Saptamatrikas, mythical ''makaras'', foliage and flowers, birds, and others.<ref name=gupte29/>{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=104}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Shivaji Panikkar|title=Saptamātr̥kā Worship and Sculptures: An Iconological Interpretation of Conflicts and Resolutions in the Storied Brāhmanical Icons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rW7XAAAAMAAJ |year=1997|publisher=DK|isbn=978-81-246-0074-0|pages=xxii, 121–122}}</ref> The Galaganatha temples complex is the site where archaeologists found the 7th-century complete life-size nude [[Lajja Gauri]] in birthing position and with a lotus head, now at ASI Aihole museum near the Durga temple.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carol Radcliffe Bolon|title=Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIZADNu6U-MC&pg=PA31 |year=2010|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|isbn=978-0-271-04369-2|page=31}}</ref>

The Galaganatha temples, states Ajay Sinha – professor of Art History, show evidence of unfinished wall panels in addition to the abundance of panels that represent the secular local folklore and social life as well as the religious mythologies and deities.<ref name="Sinha2000p52">{{cite book|author=Ajay J. Sinha|title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C&pg=PA72|year=2000|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-684-5|pages=52–67}}</ref> The Galaganatha complex has a diversity of temples and styles with a pastiche effect, states Sinha, which is perhaps evidence of "the degree to which interaction of architectural ideas was taking place in this period in this merchantile town".<ref name="Sinha2000p52"/>

===Maddin temples group===
The Maddin cluster consists of four Hindu temples.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=61–62}} It is one of the groups that is in the heart of the village, midst homes and sheds. The largest temple faces north, and has two small linked shrines on its east and west. The temple experiments with different pillar designs.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=61–62}}

The main mandapa of the largest Maddin temple is square and supported on four pillars made of stone unlike others used in Aihole, a greenish colour stone that is not local and was imported from somewhere else, possibly from [[Dharwad]] region of the Deccan.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=61–62}} The artists polished it, moulded a square base and then lathe-turned it intricately all the way to its neck in a manner similar to [[Amrutesvara Temple, Amruthapura|Hoyasala designs]]. The temple features a Nataraja, the dancing Shiva with a damaru in his right hand and trishula in the left. Near him is an intricately carved lion. In distance, facing the Shiva linga is seated Nandi in the ''antarala'' of the temple. On the lintel of the sanctum is Gajalakshmi.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=61–62}}

The towers of the Maddin temples are all stepped pyramidal concentric squares.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=61–62}}

===Triyambakeshvara temples group===
[[File:Rachigudi Temple, Aihole (1).JPG|thumb|left|Rachigudi Temple of the Triyambakeshvara Group]]
The Triyambakeshvara group, also spelled Triambakesvara group, has five Hindu temples.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=62–63}} It is within the village. The main temple of this group faces south and is set on a high platform.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=62–63}} Two smaller connected shrines are to its east and west. Stone steps lead to an open mandapa, a sabha mandapa (community hall) which connects to the sanctum. The open portico has two square pillars and two pilasters. The lintel on the entrance has Gajalakshmi. The sabha mandapa is square (15.6'x15.6'), itself supported on four square moulded pillars set within the space in a square, while the side walls have twelve pilasters.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=62–63}} The upper part of the four square pillars are circular. It is connected to an antechamber and the sanctum. The sanctum is dedicated to Shiva linga, while a near life-size Nandi sits facing the sanctum inside the shrine. On the lintel to the sanctum is carved another Gajalakshmi (Lakshmi with two elephants spraying water). The damaged towers of the main and the attached smaller shrines are all stepped pyramid of shrinking concentric squares as the tower rises towards the sky.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=62–63}}

Two smaller temples in the Triyambakeshvara group are the Desiyar temple and the Rachigudi temple. Both feature a square main community ceremony hall, but different roof than the main temple of this group. The Desiyar temple has a seated, lotus-holding Lakshmi carved on the entrance. It has a bhumi-style tower, and has a Nandi sitting outside.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|p=63}} The Rachigudi features a sloping stone roof of the style now found in Hindu temples of southwestern India. The outside wall has floral and other carvings.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=63–64}} The temple consists of the main shrine, plus two subsidiary shrines to its east and west.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=63–64}} The inside of the Rachigudi temple is a square layout, set on square base pillars with rounded moulded shaft supporting the roof and a moulded inverted ''kalasha'' pot-like shape at its top. The portico of the temple is square (17' × 17'), is of ''kakasanas'' style with eight squat pillars, again with square base, followed by an exploration of octagonal form.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|p=64}} The Rachigudi has some intricately carved artwork inside, such as of Gajalakshmi on the lintel. The door jambs explore floral and geometric designs, as do the small perforated windows in the ''sabha mandapa'' integrated to bring light into the temple.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|p=64}} The Triyambakeshvara group including the Rachigudi Hindu temple is from the 10th to 11th centuries, bridging the Rashtrakuta and Late Chalukya periods.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=102–103}}

===Kuntigudi complex===
[[File:Kunti gudi temples group Aihole Karnataka.jpg|thumb|left|Kunti group colonnade]]
The Kunti group of monuments, also referred to as the Konti-gudi group, consist of four Hindu temples. They are situated in the middle of an Aihole market street with temple walls between the houses and sheds. Gupte dates the temples to the 6th century,{{sfn|Gupte|1967|p=46}} while Michell states some of the monuments are more likely from the 8th century.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=101–102}} The temples feature a veranda and garbha-grihya (sanctum) without enclosed walls.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|p=46}}

The temples have an entrance colonnade with square pillars and porch with carvings that have eroded with time. The carvings include natural themes and amorous couples (for example, man cuddles a woman's shoulder as she lovingly caresses him with one hand and holds him with other both looking at each other).{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=73–74}} Inside the main temple is a mandapa with carvings of Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism traditions. The artwork presents unusual perspective such as the top view of Vishnu as he sleeps on Sesha, without Lakshmi, but with chakra and conch not in his hand but on the top edge of the bed; Shiva in yoga asana with Parvati seated on his side and her hand on his thigh; three-headed Brahma holding a ''pasha'' and ''kamandalu'' seated on lotus rather than Hamsa; Durga killing demon buffalo but from an unusual perspective.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=61, 73–78}} Similarly one of the pillars a damaged artwork with eight hands (mostly broken), probably Shiva, but who unusually carries trishul (Shaivism), chakra (Vaishnavism) and dhanus (Rama, Vaishnavism). Goddess Uma is shown in one carving as wearing a ''yajnopavita'' (along with Shiva with him).{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=61, 73–75}} The temples also present standing Vishnu avatar Narasimha, Ardhanarishvara (Shiva-Parvati fusion), Nataraja, Gajalakshmi, Ganesha, standing Shiva with pearl yajnopavita, Vedic gods Agni, Indra, Kubera, Ishana, Vayu, and others.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=101–102}}{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=61, 73–75}}

===Other Gudis===
[[File:Aihole Konti Gudi 1.jpg|thumb|right|Gauri temple mandapa, Aihole]]
*Chikkigudi group is at a short distance to the north of the Ambigeragudi group (7th–8th century; according to Michell, main temple has "exuburent sculptures in the interior" treasured within a plain simple outside; detailed artwork of Trivikrama Vishnu, Nataraja Shiva, Brahma-Vishnu-Mahesh Hindu trinity and others){{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=90–91}}<ref>{{cite book|author=George Michell|editor=J. E. Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw|title=South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe Held in Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2GW1PTHQ1YC |year=1979|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-05996-2|pages=141–145}}</ref>
*Tarabasappa temple (6th-7th century, earliest separation of sanctum from the main gathering hall){{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=47-48}}
*Hucchimalli temple (operating in late 6th century per 708 CE inscription, an intricate carving of Kartikeya, Shaivism tradition){{sfn|Michell|2017|p=92}}<ref>{{cite book|author=George Michell|editor=J. E. Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw|title=South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe Held in Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2GW1PTHQ1YC |year=1979|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-05996-2|pages=143–144}}</ref>
*Aralibasappa temple (9th century, Ganga and Yamuna river goddesses carving, Shaivism tradition){{sfn|Michell|2017|p=103}}
*Gauri temple (12th century, intricately carved Durga, Shaiva and Vaishnava carvings and images, now Shaktism tradition but may have belonged to the Vaishnava then Shaiva tradition earlier){{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=97–98}}
*Sangameshwara temple and Siddanakolla (6th–8th century, Saptamatrikas and Lajja Gauri of the Shaktism tradition){{sfn|Michell|2017|p=105}}

==Buddhist monuments==
[[File:Two storeyed Buddhist Chaithya (Hall) and cave at Meguti hill, Aihole.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Two storeyed Buddhist temple in Aihole]]
There is one Buddhist monument in Aihole, on the Meguti hill. It is a partly rock-cut two-storeyed temple, a few steps below the crest of the hill and the Jain Meguti hill temple. In front of the temple is a damaged Buddha statue, one without a head, probably taken out from inside the temple.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=79–80}} The two levels of the temple are open and feature four full carved square pillars and two partial pillars on two side walls. Each pair of pillar goes into the hill to form a small monastery like chamber. The doorway to the lower level chamber is intricately carved, while the central bay on the upper level has a Buddha relief showing him seated under a parasol.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=79–80}} The temple is dated to late 6th-century.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=79–80}}

==Jain monuments==
Aihole preserves four collection of about ten Jain monuments from the 6th to 12th century CE, associated with the Meena Basti (also referred to as Mina Basadi). These are found on the Meguti hill, Chanranthi matha, Yoginarayana complex and an early Jaina cave temple.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=79–82, 98–101}}{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=43–48, 112–118}}

===Meguti hill===
[[File:HBPA N 930 Meguti Jain temple Aihole (cropped).jpg|thumb|Meguti hill Jain temple]]
The Meguti Jain temple is on the level-topped Meguti hill, surrounded by the [[Aihole fort]]. The north-facing temple is dedicated to a Jain Tirthankara [[Mahavira]].{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=79–80}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meguti Jain temple of Aihole - Jain Glory - was an era ...|url=http://www.jainglory.com/research/meguti|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.jainglory.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=B. S. L. Hanumantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tpDAAAAIAAJ&q=Meguti+Jain+Temple|title=Religion in Āndhra: A Survey of Religious Developments in Āndhra from Early Times Upto A.D. 1325|date=1973|publisher=Welcome Press|language=en}}</ref> The word "Meguti" is a corruption of the word "Megudi" and means "upper temple".{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=43–44}}

[[File:Meguti temple Aihole Karnataka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|left|Floor plan of Meguti temple.]]
The temple has an open portico, leading the devotee into a mandapa and the sanctum. The entire temple sits on a raised platform like many of the Hindu temples in the village. However, the layout inside is distinct. It has a pillared square ''mukhya-mandapa'' (main hall), which enters into a narrower square ''antarala'' divided into two compartments at different levels.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=43–44}} A stair connects the slightly higher level, which leads to the larger square-shaped chamber and sanctum. This section consists of two concentric squares, the inner square being the sanctum, and the space between the outer square and inner square being the ''pradakshina patha'' (circumambulation path).{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=43–44}} However, in the back of this path, a later construction sealed the circumambulation passage, making it more suitable for storage. Inside the inner square is a relatively crude carving of a Tirthankara. In contrast to the crudeness of this carving is the intricate carving of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] with attendant female Jaina deities and her lion mount below of the temple, now preserved in the ASI museum in Aihole. A similar carving is found attending the [[Mahavira]] in Jain [[Ellora Caves]], and it is therefore likely that this temple was a dedication to the Mahavira.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=43–44}} The temple includes a stone stair connecting the lower level to its upper. Though badly damaged, the upper level has a Jain image. It is also a viewpoint to look over the fort as well to watch the Aihole village below.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=43–44}}

The temple foundation moldings rhythmically project the plastered walls of the temple. The temple is not complete, as the niches and walls where carvings would be, are either cut but empty or left uncut and left raised.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=79–80}} The temple had a tower, but it is lost and has been replaced by a rooftop watch room like empty chamber added much later and that does not flow with the rest of temple.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=79–80}}{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=43–48, 112–113}} The mouldings around the foundation have carvings of Jaina motifs such as seated Jinas meditating.

[[File:Aihole inscription of Ravi Kirti.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Aihole [[Sanskrit]] inscription from 634 CE.]]

====Meguti Aihole inscription====
{{main|Aihole inscription}}
The Meguti temple is historically important for its Aihole Prashasti inscription. A slab on the outer east side wall of the temple is inscribed in Sanskrit language and Old Kannada script. It is dated to Saka 556 (634 CE), and is a poem by Jain poet [[Ravikirti]]. He was in the court of king [[Pulakeshin II]].<ref name="Himanshu Prabha Ray 2010 24–26"/> This inscription opens with the equivalent of "Jai Jinendra" salutation in Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=TL|first=Prabhu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CenDwAAQBAJ&q=Meguti+Jain+Temple&pg=PT677|title=Majestic Monuments of India: Ancient Indian Mega Structures|date=2019-08-04|publisher=Prabhu Thankaraju|language=en}}</ref> The inscription is a panegyric by the Jain poet wildly praising his patron Pulakesin II, comparing him to Hindu deities and Kalidasa legends, thanking him for his support in the construction of the Meguti Jain temple.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=79–80}}{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=43–48, 112–113}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Gary Michael Tartakov|title=The Durga Temple at Aihole: A Historiographical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uzVAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563372-6|page=46}}; For original paper, see F. Kielhorn, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PWhDAAAAYAAJ Aihole Inscription of Pulikesin II, Saka Samvat 556]'', Epigraphica Indica Volume 6 (1981, Original: 1901), pp. 1–11</ref>

===Jain cave temple===
[[File:7th - 8th century Jaina temple, entrance, Aihole Jain monuments.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|7th–8th century Jain cave temple.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Klaus Bruhn|author2=Universiteit van Amsterdam, Institute of South Asian archaeology|title=Studies in south asian culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2K83AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA474 |publisher= Brill Archive| pages=474–475 with Figure 335 }}</ref>]]
The Jain cave temple is to the south of village, on the Meguti hill. It is likely from the late 6th century or early 7th.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=81–82}} The outside is plain, but the cave is intricately embellished inside. The carvings carry symbolic Jain motifs, such as the mythical giant ''makaras'' disgorging tiny humans and lotus petals decorations.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=81–82}} Inside its vestibule, on each side are two major reliefs of Parshvanatha with snake canopy above him and Bahubali with vines wrapped around his two legs. Both these images have female attendants next to them. The vestibule leads to the sanctum, flanked by two armed guards who also hold lotuses, with an enthroned seated inside. The cave has a side chamber, where too is a seated Jina surrounded by mostly female devotees with offerings and worship position.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=81–82}}

===Yoginarayana group===

Another cluster of Jain monuments is the Yoginarayana group, near the Gauri temple. It consists of four temples, dedicated to the Mahavira and the Parshvanatha. Two face the north, one west, and another east, all likely from the 11th century.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=98–99}} The pillars of the temples have intricate carvings. Their towers are same as the stepped squares found in Hindu pyramidal-style ''shikaras'' in Aihole.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|p=68}} This collection has a polished basalt image of Parshvanatha, with a five-headed snake hood. He sits on a platform with lions carved in its niches.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=100–101}} Another image from this Jain temples cluster is now at the ASI museum in Aihole.{{sfn|Michell|2017|p=101}}

===Charanthi matha group===
[[File:Charanthi math Jain Temple, Aihole.JPG|thumb|left|A Chanranthi math Jain temple.]]
The Charanthi matha group consists of three Jain temples and is dated to the 12th century CE.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=100–101}} It features the Late Chalukya style.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=100–101}}

The main Jain temple in the Charanthi matha group faces north. It is flanked by two smaller shrines, while it consists of a portico, an almost-square mandapa (16 ft × 17 ft), an ''antarala'', sanctum.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=65–66}} The mandapa entrance has the image of Mahavira with two female attendants, inside are four pillars laid out in a square pattern, and the design on them look similar to pillars found in nearby Hindu temples. At the entrance of the ''antarala'' is another image of the Mahavira.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=65–66}} The square antechamber leads to sanctum where there is another image of the Mahavira seated in the [[Lotus position|padmasana]] yoga position, on a lion throne flanked by two attendants. The smaller shrines also feature the Mahavira.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=65–66}} The tower above the Charanthi matha group temples are stepped shrinking concentric squares pyramidal style.{{sfn|Gupte|1967|pp=65–66}}

The second and third temple in the Charanthi matha group faces south. These share a common veranda. The temples resemble monastic sanctuaries. A six-bay veranda connects to these two, and the doorways have miniature Jinas carved on the lintels. The pillars of these temples are ornately carved, and both are dedicated to the Mahavira.{{sfn|Michell|2017|pp=100–101}}{{sfn|Gupte|1967|p=66}}

The matha consists of twin ''basadi'' with one porch serving both, with each housing 12 Tirthankars. An inscription here records the date of construction as 1120 CE.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

==Other monuments==
===Aihole dolmens and inscriptions===
Scattered in the prehistoric period megalithic site behind the Meguti temple are many dolmens, numbering about 45 and more are destroyed by treasure hunters. Local people call it Morera mane (Morera tatte) or Desaira Mane. Each dolmen has three sides upright square slabs and large flat slab on top forms roof, front side upright slab had circular hole.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Inscriptions===
{{main|Aihole inscription}}
[[File:Aihole inscription of Ravi Kirti.jpg|thumb|[[Aihole inscription]]: poetry on stone at the Meguti temple Aihole]]
Many inscriptions are found at Aihole, the inscription at the Meguti Temple, popularly known as ''Aihole inscription'', or ''Aihole Prashasti'', is the most important and is a eulogy to the Chalukya king Pulakeshi-II.<ref>{{cite web|title=Project South Asia |url=http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/HISTORY/primarydocs/Epigraphy/AiholeInscription.htm |work=South Dakota State University - Be Great. Start Here. |publisher=SDSU South Dakota State University |access-date=27 May 2012 |author=Project South Asia |year=2000–2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204151016/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/HISTORY/primarydocs/Epigraphy/AiholeInscription.htm |archive-date=4 February 2009 }}</ref> Written by the royal poet, [[Ravikirti]], the inscription praises the Chalukya king in verse. Though using the [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]], the inscription uses the [[Kannada]] script.<ref name="script1">Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1, p.252, Gaṅgā Rām Garg, Concept Publishing Company, 1992, India, {{ISBN|81-7022-374-1}}</ref><ref name="script2">Kamlesh Kapur, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Chapter 35, The Chalukyas of Badami, Brief history of the Chalukyas, New Delhi, {{ISBN|978 81 207 5212 2}}</ref>

The inscription details the military victories of Pulikeshi II. His defeat of King [[Harshavardhana]], his victory over the [[Pallavas]], [[Mangalesa|Mangalesha]]'s (Paramabhagavat) victory over the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]], and the conquest of Revatidvipa (Present-day [[Redi Port]]). It also mentions the shifting of the capital from Aihole to [[Badami]] by Pulikeshi-II. The poet [[Kalidasa]] is also mentioned in the inscription.<ref>{{cite web|title=HISTORY - EARLY CHALUKYAS|url=http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/GOM/his_chalukyas.html|work=Welcome to the Gazetteers Department|publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetteers|access-date=27 May 2012|author=Unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410103024/http://ratnagiri.nic.in/Gazetter/GOM/his_chalukyas.html|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Another inscription at Aihole, that of [[Amoghavarsha I]], mentions his new administration (navarajyam geyye).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Indian Analyst : South Indian Inscriptions : BOMBAY-KARNATAKA INSCRIPTIONS VOLUME I - Part I|url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_11/introduction.html|work=WhatIsIndia.com|publisher=What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd|access-date=27 May 2012|author=Unknown}}</ref>

[[File:Badami-chalukya-empire-map.svg|thumb|[[Chalukya]] Territories during [[Pulakeshi II]] c. 640 C.E.]]

==Significance==
The Hindu temples at Aihole reflect a "meeting and fragmentation of styles", one that became a creative cradle for new experiments in construction and architecture yielding their local variants, states George Michell. These ideas ultimately influenced and became a part of both the northern and southern styles of Hindu arts.{{sfn|George Michell|1977|pp=103}} They are also a possible mirror to early wood-based temples whose natural decay led to innovations with stone, where the early stone temples preserved the heritage, the form and the function of their timber ancestors.{{sfn|George Michell|1977|pp=103–104}} The early temples at Aihole may also be a window into the more ancient Indian society, where temples were built around and integrated into the "santhagara village meeting hall" as the mandapa.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Michell|editor=J. E. Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw|title=South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe Held in Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2GW1PTHQ1YC |year=1979|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-05996-2|pages=135–141}}</ref>

The Aihole temples are built at different levels, likely because the river Malaprabha flooded and its path changed over its history. The more ancient temples have a lower level. This is evidenced by the limited excavations done by Rao near the foundation of a few select temples where red polished ware have been found. These ceramic ware pieces are dated to between 1st century BCE and 4th century CE, and likely deposited with silt around the older temples during river floods. Extensive excavation studies at the Aihole done have not been done, but the studies so far suggest that the site preserves archaeologically significant information.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Michell|editor=J. E. Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw|title=South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe Held in Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2GW1PTHQ1YC |year=1979|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-05996-2|pages=146–149 with footnotes}}</ref>

The Jain temples of Aihole are significant in helping decipher the spread, influence, and interaction of Jainism and Hinduism traditions in the Deccan region. According to Lisa Owen, the comparison of the artwork in Aihole-Badami Jain monuments and other sites such as the Ellora Caves, particularly the attendants, deities, and demons provides a means to decipher the development of Jain mythology and the significance of the shared iconography.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lisa Owen|title=Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC&pg=PA24|year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-20629-8|pages=24–25, 45–58, 69–72}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
*[[Badami Chalukya Architecture]]
*[[Pattadakal]]
*[[Mahakuta group of temples]]
*[[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka]]
*[[Chalukya dynasty]]
*[[Badami Chalukya Architecture]]
*[[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu]]
*[[Aihole inscriptions]]
*[[Sudi, India|Sudi]]
*[[Gajendragad]]
*[[Ainnurruvar]]
*[[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass)|url= https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up | isbn=978-81-7536-534-6}}
*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-81-7536-113-3}}
*{{cite book|author=Alice Boner|title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1}}
*{{cite book|author1=Alice Boner|author2=Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā|title=Silpa Prakasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-8120820524}}
*{{cite book|author1=A.K. Coomaraswamy|author2=Michael W. Meister|title=Essays in Architectural Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-0-19-563805-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Heather Elgood|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ |year=2000|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-304-70739-3}}
* {{cite book|first=Ramesh Shankar|last= Gupte|title=The Art and Architecture of Aihole: A Study of Early Chalukyan Art Through Temple Architecture and Sculpture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OTVAAAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=D.B. Taraporevala|oclc= 327494}}
* {{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C |year=1995|publisher= Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-312-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}
* {{cite journal | last=Lippe | first=Aschwin | title=Some Sculptural Motifs on Early Calukya Temples | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=29 | issue=1 | year=1967 | pages=5–24 | doi=10.2307/3250288 | jstor=3250288 }}
* {{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC |year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
* {{cite book| author=George Michell|title=Pattadakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcgYAAAAYAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565651-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Michell|first=George l|title=Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas: Badami, Mahakuta, Aihole, Pattadakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1TroAEACAAJ|year= 2014|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-93-83098-33-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Michell|first=George |title=Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzTcoQEACAAJ |year= 2017|publisher= Jaico (Reprinted, Orig Year: 2011)|isbn= 978-81-8495-600-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1GzJRNhnnsC| year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9}}
*{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Ajay J. Sinha|title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C |year=2000|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-684-5}}
*{{cite book|title=South Indian Temples|author=Burton Stein|isbn=978-0706904499|publisher =Vikas|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ| year=1978}}
*{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2}}
*{{cite book|author1=Burton Stein|author2=David Arnold|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10|year=1997|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-362-5}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/aihole/aihplan.html Aihole temples]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717011433/http://bagalkot.nic.in/welcome.html Official site of Bagalkot District]
*[http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/89785/hkadambi_1.pdf?sequence=1 Sacred Landscapes in Early Medieval South India: the Chalukya state and society (ca. AD 550–750) – Aihole ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020827/http://www.bl.uk/search/og/search?q=Aihole&filter=0&getfields=*&output=xml_no_dtd&proxystylesheet=public_onlinegallery_apac&client=public_onlinegallery_apac&site=public_onlinegallery_apac&Go.x=12&Go.y=17 Photos of Aihole British Library Collection]

{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Historical Places in North Karnataka}}
{{Historical places of Chalukyas}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Villages in Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures destroyed in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:6th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:7th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:5th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:11th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Gupta art]]

The Goddess Bhairavi Devi with Shiva

2026-03-12T09:57:25Z

LutherCustance5: put up a biography

{{Short description|1630s Mughal painting attributed to Payag}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image = The Goddess Bhairavi Devi with Shiva MET DP257990.jpg
| artist = [[Payag]]
| medium = Opaque watercolor and gold on paper
| movement = [[Mughal painting]]
| year = {{circa|1630–35}}
}}
'''''The Goddess Bhairavi Devi with Shiva''''' is a 17th-century [[Mughal painting]], attributed to the artist [[Payag]]. It depicts the goddess [[Bhairavi]] along with her consort [[Shiva]], and is set in a [[Shmashana|cremation ground]]. It is now in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attributed to Payag – The Goddess Bhairavi Devi with Shiva |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/457743 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |language=en |archive-date=2025-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126232545/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/457743 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==
[[Mughal painting|Mughal paintings]] from the reign of the emperor [[Akbar]] depicting [[Hinduism|Hindu]] subjects are common, since the emperor commissioned many illuminated manuscripts regarding Hindu topics. This painting, however, is a late Mughal work, datable to around 1630–35, during the reign of the emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. Hindu portrayals during the art of this period are rare, and a [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] image such as this would have been seen as heretical, and would not have been commissioned for a royal album.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Stuart Cary |author-link=Stuart Cary Welch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rufAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Art & Connoisseurship: Essays in Honour of Douglas Barrett |pages=325–335 |chapter=The two worlds of Payag – further evidence on a Mughal artist |date=1995 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |isbn=978-0-944142-68-4 }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

An inscription on the back of the painting notes that it was part of the royal collection of the [[Kingdom of Mewar]]. This has led to the hypothesis that the work might have been commissioned by Shah Jahan as a gift to [[Jagat Singh I]], the ruler of Mewar, and an important ally of the emperor. It is known that Jagat Singh was a devotee of the goddess [[Bhairavi]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Description ==
[[File:The_Goddess_Bhairavi_Devi_with_Shiva_MET_DP257990_(cropped_to_include_only_the_goddess).jpg|thumb|The blood-red goddess is seated upon a headless corpse. She has four arms, and is wearing a skirt made up of skulls.]]
[[File:The_Goddess_Bhairavi_Devi_with_Shiva_MET_DP257990_(cropped_to_include_only_Shiva).jpg|thumb|[[Shiva]] is depicted in the form of a light-complexioned naked ''[[sadhu]]'', wearing a garland made up of skulls.]]
The painting depicts the goddess [[Bhairavi]], a terrible [[Avatar|''avatar'']] of [[Parvati]]. She is seated along with her consort [[Shiva]], and is set amidst a [[Shmashana|cremation ground]]. There are seven burning funerary [[Pyre|pyres]], representative of the fire god [[Agni]]. The smoke from four of these pyres forms coils in the form of clouds, reaching into the otherwise sunny sky. The ground is littered with human remains in various states of decay, including skulls, bones, and decapitated heads. Carrion-eating jackals are also present.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kossak |first=Steven |url=http://archive.org/details/IndianCourtPainting16th19thCentury |title=Indian Court Painting, 16th–19th Century |date=1997 |pages=52 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Diamond |first=Debra |url=http://archive.org/details/yogaartoftransfo0000diam |title=Yoga: The Art of Transformation |date=2013 |publisher=Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution |isbn=978-0-934686-26-6 |pages=196–197}}</ref>

The four-armed goddess sits upon a headless corpse. Her body is blood-red, and this color is achieved using [[cinnabar]]. She has a fierce expression, and blood pours out from her mouth. She is wearing a skirt made up of skulls and severed heads. Her earrings as well as a garland around her neck are also composed of skulls. She also wears bangles and a necklace, made out of gold, studded with jewels. A divine [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]] is present around her head, and she is crowned by a crescent moon. Horns in the form of spearheads rise from her jet-black hair, which reach down to her waist.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKQaAVYd6r8 |title=Esoteric Visions: The Goddess Bhairavi Devi by the Mughal Artist Payag {{!}} Insider Insights |date=2020-10-10 |last=The Met |access-date=2025-11-24 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2026-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109075329/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKQaAVYd6r8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In one hand, she holds the freshly decapitated head, possibly of the corpse upon which she sits. This head is held by a tuft of hair, which might be a ''[[Shikha (hairstyle)|shikha]]''. This would indicate that the head is of a [[Brahmin|''brahmin'']], perhaps symbolizing the goddess's power over all beings, including members of the priestly class. In another hand, she is holding a sword, the style of which is typical to the reign of Shah Jahan, and which represents her destructive power. In yet another hand, she holds a ''[[Trishula|trishul]]''. Finally, her fourth hand is raised in a [[Abhayamudra|gesture of blessing]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Along with the goddess is her consort Shiva, whose light-complexioned portrayal displays a [[Art of Europe|European]] influence. He is depicted in the form of a young ''[[sadhu]]'', with ash smeared all over his body. He looks towards the goddess adoringly. Orange flames emanate from his mouth, and this likely indicates that he is uttering a sacred ''[[mantra]]''. The fire also may represent ''[[prana]]'', a divine breath of life. A halo surrounding Shiva's head is less elaborate than the one possessed by the goddess. A crescent moon floats above his head, constituting a diadem. His golden locks of hair symbolise the flowing waters of the river [[Ganges]], and around his neck, he wears a garland consisting of skulls. Nearby stands Shiva's trident, containing upon it a [[rumāl|''rumāl'']] and a [[damaru|''damaru'']].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

The painting is extended beyond the golden border into cream-colored paper. At the top of the paper, the name "Śrī Bhairavī Devī" is written in [[Devanagari]]. The cream extension contains birds flying overhead, jackals, a lion (the [[Vahana|mount]] of the goddess), and ''[[rakshasa]]'' figures saluting the goddess.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Goddess Bhairavi Devi with Shiva, The}}
[[Category:1630s paintings]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses in art]]
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
[[Category:Shiva in art]]
[[Category:Watercolor paintings]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Usha Upadhyay

2026-03-11T17:37:35Z

LutherCustance5: page fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Usha Upadhyay
| image = Usha upadhyay.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = Usha Upadhyay at [[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust]], January 2015
| birth_name = Usha Ghanshyam Upadhyay
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1956|6|7}}
| birth_place = [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, poet and professor
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality =
| education = MA, PhD
| alma_mater =
| home_town =
| period =
| notableworks = 
| spouse = 
| children =
| awards =
| signature =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
}}

'''Usha Ghanshyam Upadhyay''' (born 7 June 1956) is a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] writer from [[Gujarat]], India.

==Life==
She was born on 7 June 1956 in [[Bhavnagar]].<ref name="AGSI" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Matari|first=Jalan|date=July 2014|title=ગઝલ કોકિલા ઉષા ઉપાધ્યાય|trans-title=Gazal poet Usha Upadhyay|url=https://archive.org/stream/Kumar1039/Kumar#page/n51/mode/2up|journal=[[Kumar (magazine)|Kumar]]|publisher=Kumar Trust|volume=90|issue=1039|pages=52|via=Internet Archives}}</ref> She completed M. A. in Gujarati and later received Ph. D. She works as the Head of the Department of Gujarati in [[Gujarat Vidyapith]], [[Ahmedabad]]. She is the vice president of the Gujarati Writers' Association.<ref name="AGSI">{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ|last=Brahmabhatt|first=Prasad|publisher=Parshwa Publication|year=2010|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7|location=Ahmedabad|pages=147–148|language=gu|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era}}</ref><ref name="GSP">{{Cite web|url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Usha-Upadhyay.html|title=ઉષા ઉપાધ્યાય|website=gujaratisahityaparishad.com|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|language=gu|trans-title=Usha Upadhyay|access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Works==
She has written plays, essays, poetry and stories.<ref name="AGSI"/> ''Jal Billori'' (1998), ''Arundhatino Taro'' (2006) and ''Shyam Pankhi Aav Aav'' (2013) are her poetry collections. ''Mastikhor Maniyo'' (2004) is her collection of [[one-act play]]s.<ref name="AGSI"/><ref name="GSP"/> She has written a children's story, ''Ek Hati Roopa'' (1999).

''Ikshit'' (1990), ''Sahitya Sannidhi'' (1998), ''Alokparva'' (2005), ''Samprat Gujarati Sahitya'' (2008), ''Aksharne ajvale'' (2009), ''Gujarati Sanshodhan-Sampadan'' (2009) are works of criticism. She has edited ''Adhit'' 15-19 (1992-1996), ''Jhanavi Smriti'' - 2,3 (1996, 1997), ''Gujarati Chayan'' (1999, 2000), ''Sarjan Prakriya Ane Narichetna'' (2006), ''Gujarati Lekhikaoni Pratinidhi Vartao'' (2006), ''Gujarati Lekhikaona Pratinidhi Nimbandho'' (2006), ''Gujarati Lekhikaona Pratinidhi atmakathya'' (2006),<ref name="AGSI"/><ref name="GSP"/> ''Matrubhashanu Mahimagyan'' (2010), ''Urmikavi Nhanalal'' (research, 2012), ''Kabirna Amarsutro''. ''Vadali Sarovar'' (1999)<ref name="AGSI"/><ref name="GSP"/> and ''Kavivar Rajendra Shah Aur Unaki Kavita'' (2003, [[Hindi]]) are her translation. Her miscellaneous works are ''Gujarati Sahityano Gyan Samvad - Nimbandho'' (2006, 2012), ''Shunyatama Purela Dariyano Tarkhat'' (2007) and ''Radhakrishna Vina Biju Bol Ma'' (2007).<ref name="AGSI"/><ref name="GSP"/>

Her poems are translated in [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]] and English.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==
She has been awarded Batubhai Umarwadiya Prize by Gujarati Sahitya Parishad, Bhagini Nivedita Prize and Sauhard Samman Puraskar by [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]], [[Lucknow]].<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{GujLit author}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyay, Usha}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian women literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century women poets]]

Police Quarters

2026-03-10T13:47:17Z

LutherCustance5: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Police Quarters
| image = Police_Quarters_Kannada_film.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. M. R. Ramesh]]
| producer = S. Indumathi
| writer = A. M. R. Ramesh
| narrator =
| starring = [[Anish Tejeshwar]] [[Sonu (actress)|Sonu]]
| music = [[James Vasanthan]]
| cinematography = R. Dwarkanath
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| distributor = A. M. R. Ramesh
| studio = S Lad Entertainment Pvt Ltd Vasista Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=y|2010|01|01}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Police Quarters''''' is a 2010 Indian Kannada-language film directed by [[A. M. R. Ramesh]], known for directing ''[[Cyanide (2006 film)|Cyanide]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2009/police-quarters-shooting-300309.html |title=Police Quarters starts rolling |website=Oneindia |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708114537/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2009/police-quarters-shooting-300309.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It stars [[Anish Tejeshwar]] and [[Sonu (actress)|Sonu]] in the lead roles, while [[Dileep Raj]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]], and [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[James Vasanthan]]. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Kadhalar Kudiyiruppu'' ({{translation|Lovers' residence}}) in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.kollyinsider.com/2010/07/kavalar-kudiyiruppu-is-now-kadhalar.html | title='Kavalar Kudiyiruppu' is now 'Kadhalar Kudiyiruppu' | date=7 July 2010 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Anish Tejeshwar]] as Ashwin
* [[Sonu (actress)|Sonu]] as Anita
* [[Dileep Raj]] as Raju
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Jayamma
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Vishwanna
* Dharma as Venkatesh Gowda
* Lohith as Lohith
* Rohini
* Pushpa

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[James Vasanthan]], which marked his debut in Kannada cinema.
{{Infobox album
| name = Police Quarters
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[James Vasanthan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Kannada
| length = 23:06
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Pasanga]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Yathumaagi]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
;Kannada
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:06
| title1 = Doddavaru Janaralla
| extra1 = Srinivasan, Padmanabhan, Bellie Raj
| length1 = 4:58
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| title2 = Biseyada Suddioneda
| extra2 = [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| length2 = 5:34
| lyrics2 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| title3 = Aaha Oho Nakshatra
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Venkat Sham Sundar
| length3 = 4:41
| lyrics3 = [[V. Manohar]]
| title4 = Baanu Bhoomi Seridha
| extra4 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Hari Priya
| length4 = 5:00
| lyrics4 = KM. Gangadarappa
| title5 = Hay Thaye Heegeke Doorade
| extra5 = Srinivasan
| length5 = 2:53
| lyrics5 = KM. Gangadarappa
}}
;Tamil<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/kavalar-kudiyiruppu.html|title=Kavalar Kudiyiruppu - Tamil Music Review - Kavalar Kudiyiruppu Anish Sonu Saranya Sharan Avinash James Vasanthan - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>
The Tamil soundtrack released under the name ''Kavalar Kudiyiruppu''.
All songs written by [[Na. Muthukumar]] except where noted.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Pleasing-to-the-ears/article15912490.ece | title=Pleasing to the ears | newspaper=The Hindu | date=13 September 2010 | last1=Kumar | first1=S. R. Ashok }}</ref>
*"Appan Policeda" - Sunandan, Bharani, Prasanna, Srinivasan, Padmanabhan
*"Uyire En Uyiril" - [[Chinmayee]]
*"Gangai Nadhi" - Bellie Raj, Padmanabhan
*"Kodi Kodi" - (lyrics by [[Yugabharathi]]) Sharath, [[Priya Himesh]]
*"Thaaye" - [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Aneesh Tejeshwar shows promise. But he should improve his emoting expressions. Sonu looks cute and delivers a decent performance. Dileep comes up with a good performance as Raja. Veteran artists Avinash, Sharanya sleep walk through their roles. The camera work is good. James Vasnthan's music is above average. Police Quarters could have been a better film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-police-quarters/20100104.htm|title=Police Quarters could have been better|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=4 January 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "As far as Anees’ performance is concerned, he has done a neat job, especially in a dance sequence. Dileep Raj is at his best. Sonu looks beautiful in some sequences. Her acting has surely improved. Avinash has provided good support and Sharanya has also acted well. Dharma plays a brief role" <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/jan/01/directors-efforts-fail-to-pay-off-117961.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831111717/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/jan/01/directors-efforts-fail-to-pay-off-117961.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2022|title=Director's efforts fail to pay off|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=1 January 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "This does not mean that the film is boring. It is fast paced and keeps you engaged. But minus the emotional touch, it is not entertaining enough. The film is still good enough for a one-time watch. Ramesh could have made it a must-watch by adding a little more ingredients".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/police-quarters-locked-in/articleshow/21957302.cms|title=Police Quarters: Locked in|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=1 January 2010}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]] '' wrote "Ramesh has done justice to the story with a good script, though the climax is overly sentimental. The movie is not a patch on his earlier film Cyanide and one finds that touch missing in the narration".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/police-quarter/movie-review/5409602.cms|title=POLICE QUARTER MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2010}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]] '' wrote that "It is the understated, almost natural play by the actors that makes ‘Police Quarters’ all the more attractive".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/44364/police-quarters.html|title=Police Quarters|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=1 January 2010}}</ref> ''[[Sify.com]]'' wrote that "The relationships between the characters making the commercial film very much like a documentary. The film is still good enough for a one-time watch".<ref name="Sify">{{cite news|title=Police Quarters|url=http://m.sify.com/movies/police-quarters-review-kannada-pclxyRefggccg.html|accessdate=6 January 2010|work=[[Sify.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831115435/http://m.sify.com/movies/police-quarters-review-kannada-pclxyRefggccg.html|archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12665168}}
{{A. M. R. Ramesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Police Quarters}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. M. R. Ramesh]]

Seetamalakshmi

2026-03-03T20:26:03Z

LutherCustance5: typo fix

{{short description|1978 film by Kasinathuni Viswanath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seetamalakshmi
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[K. Viswanath]]
| story = K. Viswanath
| producer = Murari – Naidu
| writer = [[Jandhyala]] (dialogues)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Talluri Rameswari]] [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] Sridhar Vankayala Satyanarayana [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = U. Rajagopal
| editing = G. G. Krishna Rao
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|02|24|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Seetamalakshmi''''' is a 1978 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film written and directed by [[K. Viswanath]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/seetamahalaksmi1978_printer.php| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110504144017/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/seetamahalaksmi1978_printer.php| archive-date = 2011-05-04| title = TeluguCinema.Com - seetaamaalakshmi (1978)}}</ref> The film stars [[Talluri Rameswari]] (in her Telugu debut) and [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]. It was released on 27 July 1978.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Movie Listings: Seetamalakshmi {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/seetamalakshmi/movieshow/65195607.cms |publisher=Times of India |access-date=2022-07-30}}</ref> It won two state [[Nandi Awards]] and a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]] for Talluri Rameswari.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ''Seetamalakshmi'' was remade in Tamil as ''[[Enippadigal]]'' (1979), and in [[Hindi]] as [[Sitara (1980 film)|''Sitara'']] (1980).

==Plot==
Kondayya ([[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]) and Seetalu ([[Talluri Rameswari|Rameswari]]) work in a touring theatre in a village and are in love. While essentially illiterate, they love watching movies and learn to recite the film dialogues and songs. A film producer who comes to the village makes a false promise to make Seetalu heroine in his films. Seetalu goes to Hyderabad along with Kondayya. After facing many difficulties, with the help of painter Sridhar, Seetalu finally becomes a heroine. Her success brings her relatives for want of her money. Kondayya slowly realizes that he cannot fit in that cine urban culture. He returns to the village. How the young lovers unite is the rest of the drama.

==Credits==

===Cast===
* [[Talluri Rameswari]] as Seetalu
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Kondayya
* Sridhar
* Vankayala Satyanarayana as Railway Station Master
* Eeswara Rao
* [[Dubbing Janaki]]
* Master Tulasiram as Pallavi
* [[Master Hari]]
* Pallavi
* [[P. L. Narayana]]
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]

===Crew===
* Art Director: [[Thota Tharani]]

==Soundtrack==
* "Chalu Chalu Ee Virasalu" (Lyrics: [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]]; Singers: G. Anand and Vijayalakshmi Sarma
* "Kokoroko Koruko Em Kavalo Koruko" (Lyrics: [[Veturi]]; Singers: [[P. Susheela]] and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]])
* "Maavi Chiguru Tinagane Kovila Palikena" (Lyrics: [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]]; Singers: P. Susheela and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)
* "Nuvvitta Nenitta Kookunte Inketta" (Lyrics: Veturi; Singers: P. Susheela and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)
* "Pade Pade Padutunna Padina Pate" (Lyrics: Veturi; Singer: P. Susheela; Cast: Tulasi)
* "Seetalu Singaram Malacchi Bangaram" (Lyrics: Veturi; Singers: P. Susheela and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam)
* "Ey Pata Ne Padanu Bratuke Pataina Pasivadanu" (Lyrics: Veturi; Singers: P. Susheela, Vani Jayaram and Vijayalakshmi Sarma)

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1978<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress|Best Child Actress]] - [[Tulasi (actress)|Baby Thulasi]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] - [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]]

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]] - [[Talluri Rameswari]] (1978)<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Kasinathuni Viswanath}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in cinemas and movie theaters]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Viswanath]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1978 drama films]]

Dumna Nature Reserve Park

2026-02-22T19:48:45Z

LutherCustance5: adjust details based on references based on references

{{short description|Ecotourism site in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{moresources|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox protected area
|name=Dumna Nature Reserve
|image= Khandari_Dam.jpg
|image_size= 380
|location=[[Madhya Pradesh, India]]
|nearest_city=[[Jabalpur]]
|coordinates={{coords|23|17|N|80|016|E|display=inline, title}}
|map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|relief = yes
|established=1883
|area = {{convert|1800|acres|km2}}
|governing_body=[http://jmcjabalpur.gov.in/ Jabalpur Municipal Corporation]
}}
The '''Dumna Nature Reserve (DNR)''' is an ecotourism site near [[Jabalpur]],
[[Madhya Pradesh]], India. Operated by Jabalpur Municipal Corporation is, it is spread over nearly 1800 acres of forested land on a plateau, about 40 meters above [[Jabalpur]] town. It was transferred to the Municipal Committee of Jubbulpore by the provincial government to act as the catchment area for the Khandari lake. The construction of Khandari Dam materialized in February 1883 under J.H. Morris, Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces and Berar. Since then, the forested area provides rainwater to feed the Khandari Reservoir. The place, along with Lower Gaur forest, is described in Captain James Forsyth’s ‘Highlands of Central India’ as a favored place for tiger shoots for British officers.

This forest is a dry deciduous type, typical of central Indian mixed forests. It is home to many species of native trees, plants, shrubs, herbs, creepers, climbers, and grasses. The park boasts of diverse ecosystems - woodlands, grasslands, and wetlands. Dumna has a resident population of 9 leopards, nearly 2,000 deer – Cheetal, Barking deer, Four-horned antelope, Jungle cat, Rusty-spotted cat, Wild boar, Crocodile, and more. More than 300 bird species, both migrant and resident, have been recorded from Dumna.

It is an [[ecotourism]] site open to the public located in the [[Jabalpur district]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jabalpurwala.com/index.php|title=Welcome to City Portal of Jabalpur|publisher=Jabalpurwala.com|accessdate=2013-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531091831/http://jabalpurwala.com/index.php|archivedate=2009-05-31}}</ref> It includes a dam, forests, and wildlife in a 1058-hectare area. Wild animals, including [[chital]], [[wild boar]], [[porcupine]], [[jackals]], and many species of birds inhabit the park. Sightings of leopards have also been reported in and around the park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jabalpurdirectory.com/dumna-nature-reserve.html |title=Dumna Nature Reserve - Jabalpur Directory - Dumna Nature Reserve -Jabalpur Online Guide - Madhya Pradesh (MP), India |publisher=Jabalpur Directory |date= |accessdate=2013-10-20}}</ref> A children's park and a restaurant are available. A [[hanging bridge]], [[tent platform]], rest house, fishing platform, [[toy train]], and [[boating]] are other attractions at the nearby Khandari Dam. Activities in the water, including bathing or swimming, are prohibited due to the presence of [[crocodile]]s.

== Biodiversity of Dumna==

=== Mammals ===
Mammals are the most adaptive species on the planet. They are found on every continent and in every ocean, on land, water and air. There are 5.500 species of mammals found globally, which includes The Blue Whale ''(Largest),'' Carnivores like Tiger, leopard etc., Bats, Shrews and so on. Dumna is home to 57 of the 422 mammal species found in Indian Subcontinent, i.e. 13.5% of the total species. As per the evolutionary history, these mammals are classified under 7 ORDER (Taxonomic classification).
=== Birds ===
Birds have inhabited every geographical region on the planet. All birds have feathers, but not all birds can fly. Globally there are around 10,000 species of birds of which about 1300 species are found in India (42 being endemic to the Indian subcontinent).The diversity in the forest type of Dumna supports avian diversity throughout the year. There are 296 bird species recorded in Dumna Nature Reserve of which 34.5% (102) species are migrant during winters, summers or passage.
=== Reptiles ===
Apart from being an essential component of the web of life for prey as well as predators, Reptiles, also have anthropogenic influence in the ecosystem. There are 11,136 species in the world, 610 species in India of which 50% are endemic species. 7% of the species found in the country are recorded in Dumna Nature Reserve. Dumna still is unexplored in terms of reptile studies and extensive research may report many species which may be found in this habitat. Out of the 43 species, 29 species are protected under Schedule I, II & IV of Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and 4 Species are also covered under IUCN ''(The International Union for Conservation of Nature)'' Red List of threatened species.

=== Insects ===
Outnumbering all the other species in terms of diversity and population, Insects are the most diverse species on Earth. While most of the insects are considered a pest, many are welcomed for their colourful fluttering presence. 125 species of Moths, 61 species of odonata, 22 species of ants and 20 species of wasps have been recorded in Dumna.

==== Lepidoptera (Butterflies) ====
The rare [[Anomalous Nawab]] ''(Polyura agrarius)'' has been recorded in Dumna Nature Reserve was previously recorded in Madhya Pradesh in 1886 by Charles Swinhoe. Of the 1,300 species of butterflies in India, 127 species are protected under Wildlife Protection act - Schedule I, receiving the highest conservation priority equivalent to the Tiger. 11 of these species have been recorded in Dumna.

=== Flora ===
[[File:Khandari Dam Dumna Reserve Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|Khandari Reservoir]]
109 variety of trees have been recorded in Dumna, keeping the ecosystem alive.

==Khandari Dam==
[[File:Khandari Dam.jpg|thumb|Khandari Dam]]
Khandari Dam is a spill-type dam constructed by J.H. Morris, Chief Commissioner of [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. Construction was completed on 26 February 1883, to supply water to [[Jabalpur|1/3rd of Jabalpur]] City. The dam's capacity is 6.30 [[Million cubic metre]]s and its water supply capacity is 6.75 to 9 [[Litre|MLD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/28028849@N02/3912479470/in/photostream/ |title=Khandari Water Works, Jabalpur, India. | Flickr - Photo Sharing! |publisher=Flickr |date=2009-09-12 |accessdate=2013-10-20}}</ref>

==Transport==
The distance from [[Jabalpur]] is approximately 10 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpurban.gov.in/Pdf/CDP/Jabalpur%20CDP_Final.pdf |title=Jabalpur City Development Plan : Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission |publisher=Mpurban.gov.in |accessdate=2013-10-20}}</ref> The reserve is situated near the Jabalpur Airport.
*[[Jabalpur Airport]] provides daily service to Mumbai and New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/9951231/Khandari-Lake |title=Khandari Lake - Jabalpur |publisher=Wikimapia.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-20}}</ref>
*[[Jabalpur Junction railway station]] is situated on the Allahabad- Mumbai railway link.
*Jabalpur is situated on NH-7 and NH-12A highways.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{commons category| Dumna Nature Reserve Park }}
==External links==
* {{cite web | title = Dumna Nature Park|publisher= [[Jabalpur district]], website| url = http://jabalpur.nic.in/tourism_dumnanaturepark.htm}}
* [https://issuu.com/dumnanaturereserve/docs/dumna_nature_reserve-_biodiversity_report__septemb Dumna Nature Reserve Biodiversity Report]

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1883 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1883]]

Clinical trials in India

2026-02-19T15:52:18Z

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'''Clinical trials in India''' refers to [[clinical research]] in India in which researchers test drugs and other treatments on [[research participants]]. NDCTR 2019 and section 3.7.1 to 3.7.3 of ICMR guidelines<ref>{{cite web |author1=Indian Council of Medical Research |author-link1=Indian Council of Medical Research |title=National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research involving Human Participants |url=https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/guidelines/ICMR_Ethical_Guidelines_2017.pdf |publisher=Indian Council of Medical Research |date=2017}}</ref> requires that all researchers conducting a [[clinical trial]] must publicly document it in the [[Clinical Trials Registry - India]].<ref>{{Citation |date=19 March 2019 |title=Extraordinary |work=[[The Gazette of India]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] |publication-place=[[New Delhi]] |url=https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/export/sites/CDSCO_WEB/Pdf-documents/NewDrugs_CTRules_2019.pdf |language=hi, en}}</ref>
[[File:Clinical Trials in India.jpg|thumb|300px|Flowchart of Clinical Trials in India]]
Various government agencies and laws regulate clinical trials. The [[Drugs Controller General of India]] grants approval for clinical trials and is the top level authority which specifically oversees clinical trials.<ref name= "Gogtay 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Gogtay |first1=NJ |last2=Ravi |first2=R |last3=Thatte |first3=UM |title=Regulatory requirements for clinical trials in India: What academicians need to know. |journal=Indian Journal of Anaesthesia |date=March 2017 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=192–199 |doi=10.4103/ija.IJA_143_17 |pmid=28405032|pmc=5372399 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Drugs Controller is a part of the [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation]] and answers to that organization.<ref name= "Gogtay 2017"/> Both of those organizations answer the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] as the highest level government agency overseeing everything related to medicine and health.<ref name= "Gogtay 2017"/> The [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] governs the professional and ethical behavior of the doctors and scientists. The [[Pharmacovigilance Program of India]] tracks reports of harm from the use of drugs. Outside of the central government, each state has its own regional regulatory agencies with some input into governing trials.

Since the early 2000s there have been international discussions from science, medicine, and business sectors which observed that India is both an attractive and challenging place to conduct medical research.<ref name="Perkovic 2012"/> Favorable characteristics of India included that there are many trained workers including health professionals, there is a large and diverse population, and that the cost of research is relatively low in India in comparison to other countries capable of doing research.<ref name="Perkovic 2012"/> Challenging characteristics include lack of research capacity, evolving and uncertain government regulatory infrastructure, diversity of languages, and the need for a culture of research participant confidentiality.<ref name="Perkovic 2012"/>

In the years around 2010 there were various scandals in media and popular discussion in which companies conducted clinical trials in unethical ways. There were many discussions raising many complaints, including that researchers were not getting [[informed consent]] from research participants, and that the medical research was dismissing high rates of injury and death among research participants. Following the 2013 case ''[[Swasthya Adhikar Manch v. Union of India]]'' in the [[Supreme Court of India]], various government agencies reformed their regulations to make clinical trials more ethical.<ref name="Parishwad 2013">{{cite web |last1=Parishwad |first1=Rajesh |title=Indian supreme court's anger over unregulated clinical trials |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/indian-supreme-courts-anger-overunregulated-clinical-trials/5831.article |website=Chemistry World |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]] |language=en |date=25 January 2013}}</ref> There have been many changes with various responses. Among the responses, some say that the clinical trials are safer for participants, and others say that the new rules favor large domestic and international companies over other stakeholders.

==Government regulation==
Since 2009 the [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organization]] has mandated that anyone conducting [[clinical research]] in India must [[preregister]] in the [[Clinical Trials Registry – India]] before enrolling any [[research participants]].<ref name="Rao 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=M. Vishnu Vardhana |last2=Maulik |first2=Mohua |last3=Gupta |first3=Jyotsna |last4=Panchal |first4=Yashmin |last5=Juneja |first5=Atul |last6=Adhikari |first6=Tulsi |last7=Pandey |first7=Arvind |title=Clinical Trials Registry – India: An overview and new developments |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |date=1 July 2018 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=208–211 |doi=10.4103/ijp.IJP_153_18 |pmid=30505058 |language=en |issn=0253-7613|pmc=6234713 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Various government agencies and laws regulate clinical trials. The [[Drugs Controller General of India]] grants approval for clinical trials and is the top level authority which specifically oversees clinical trials.<ref name="Gogtay 2017"/> The Drugs Controller is a part of the [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation]] and answers to that organization.<ref name= "Gogtay 2017"/> Both of those organizations answer the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] as the highest level government agency overseeing everything related to medicine and health.<ref name= "Gogtay 2017"/> The [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] governs the professional and ethical behavior of the doctors and scientists. The [[Pharmacovigilance Program of India]] tracks reports of harm from the use of drugs.<ref name="Gupta 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=YK |last2=Padhy |first2=BM |title=India's growing participation in global clinical trials. |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |date=June 2011 |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=327–9 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.017 |pmid=21489644}}</ref>

Before 2005 India had a "phase lag" policy for clinical trials from foreign countries.<ref name="Mamdani">{{cite journal |last1=Mamdani |first1=Bashir |last2=Mamdani |first2=Meenal |title=Colonialism of clinical trials: discerning the positive spin offs |journal=[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]] |date=October 2005 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=132–3 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2005.068|pmid=16619444 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In this policy, all clinical research in India had to begin at [[Phases of clinical research|phase one]].<ref name="Mamdani"/> A 2005 change to liberalize the policy begin allowing companies to skip earlier phase trials to start with more risky trials in India, if there was prior research doing those earlier trials in another country.<ref name="Mamdani"/>

Clinical trials have to be monitored by an [[ethics committee]] which registers with the government.<ref name="Das 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=ManojaKumar |last2=Singh |first2=Deepak |title=Ethics committee registration and re-registration with the regulatory authority in India |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |date=2019 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=157–160 |doi=10.4103/0970-258X.278682|pmid=32129311 |s2cid=212406906 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A study examining all registered ethics committees in 2017 reported that few of them were in academic medical institutions, which is the global norm and desirable for such organizations.<ref name="Das 2019"/>

Some legal commentators describe how the [[Constitution of India]] provides [[fundamental rights in India]] which apply to participants in clinical trials.<ref name="Ashesh 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Ashesh |first1=Ashna |last2=Dash |first2=Zubin |title=Inadequacies of Clinical Trial Regulations in India |journal=NUJS Law Review |date=2012 |volume=5 |issue=3 |url=https://nujslawreview.org/2016/12/05/inadequacies-of-clinical-trial-regulations-in-india/ |publisher=[[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]]}}</ref>

==Overview of trials==
Various reports have discussed the number of clinical trials which the Indian government has approved per year.<ref name="Bajpai 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Bajpai |first1=Vikas |title=Rise of Clinical Trials Industry in India: An Analysis |journal=ISRN Public Health |date=2013 |volume=2013 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1155/2013/167059|doi-access=free }}</ref> A theme of these reports is that the number of trials generally increases, and that changes in the rates of the number of trials approved corresponds with regulatory changes.<ref name="Bajpai 2013"/><ref name="Kay 2013"/><ref name="Barnes 2018"/>

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | Count of clinical trial approvals<ref name="Kay 2013"/>
|-
! scope="col" | Year !! scope="col" | Trials
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| 65
|-
! scope="row" | 2009
|391
|-
! scope="row" | 2010
| 500
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| 262
|}

The government approval process for clinical trials is sporadic. A 2013 report commented that in one day, the Indian government approved 50 trials after not having approved any in the past six months.<ref name="Kay 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Kay |first1=M. |title=Indian government approves 50 clinical trials in one day |journal=BMJ |date=15 July 2013 |volume=347 |issue=jul15 12 |article-number=f4455 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f4455|pmid=23857992 |s2cid=9675349 }}</ref> The same report noted that the rate of government approval changes by year.<ref name="Kay 2013"/>

A single study examining a sample of academic papers which reported the results of dentistry-related clinical trials in 2011-12 found that the reporting was poor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vundavalli |first1=S |last2=Naidu |first2=GM |last3=Bhargav |first3=AS |last4=Praveen |first4=BH |last5=Pavani |first5=B |last6=Babburi |first6=S |title=Quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials in ten academic Indian dental journals. |journal=Indian Journal of Dental Research |date=2016 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=116–20 |doi=10.4103/0970-9290.183132 |pmid=27237199|s2cid=37215718 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Ethics==
Various commentators have noted that there is a conflict between the opportunity for business investors to conduct research in India and the rights and safety of the volunteer [[research participants]] who participate in these clinical trials.<ref name="Dandona 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Dandona |first1=L |title=Clinical trials in India: balancing economic opportunity with the public health context. |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |date=2006 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=57–9 |pmid=16756189}}</ref> Discussions of this issue often propose some kind of balance where researchers do trials, but not too many or too quickly, and that the trials collectively support ethical and safety practices which community stakeholders, academic researchers, doctors, and the government all create together.<ref name="Dandona 2006"/>

Wealthy companies in countries with strong economies routinely seek to purchase clinical trial research in India as they seek comparable results at lower cost.<ref name="Dal-Ré 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Dal-Ré |first1=R |last2=Jha |first2=V |last3=Lv |first3=J |last4=Chaudhury |first4=RR |last5=Wang |first5=Y |last6=Perkovic |first6=V |title=International trials in middle-income countries: different local scenarios require different ethical approaches. |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |date=February 2016 |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=47–51 |doi=10.1177/0141076815608854 |pmid=26432816|pmc=4793764 }}</ref> As the wealthy country has the power of its money, and as typical participants in clinical trials are volunteers with no understanding of the money involved or power dynamics, many ethical issues arise.<ref name="Dal-Ré 2016"/>

A 2018 study on [[informed consent]] found that in a set of cancer-related trials, nearly all [[research participants]] had serious misconceptions about their research participation.<ref name="Gota 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gota |first1=V |last2=Nookala |first2=M |last3=Yadav |first3=A |last4=Menezes |first4=SR |last5=Kannan |first5=S |last6=Ali |first6=R |title=Quality of informed consent in cancer clinical trials in India: A cross-sectional survey. |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |date=2018 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=334–338 |doi=10.4103/0970-258X.262900 |pmid=31397364|s2cid=199026079 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A common misconception was an expectation of improved health care.<ref name="Gota 2018"/> The study recommended improved research participant education as a way to make the management of trials more ethical.<ref name="Gota 2018"/>

Government talks of permitting [[human challenge studies]] in India began in 2017.<ref name="Srinivasan 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=S |last2=Johari |first2=V |title=Consultations on human infection studies in India: Do people's voices really count? |journal=[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]] |date=2019 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=234–237 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2019.011 |pmid=31213425|s2cid=189672774 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Translational Health Science and Technology Institute]] expressed support for allowing these trials at that time.<ref name="Srinivasan 2019"/>

One 2015 audit of 5 years of trials at a single site found that the expected percentage of people invited to participate declined to do so.<ref name="Thaker 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Thaker |first1=SJ |last2=Figer |first2=BH |last3=Gogtay |first3=NJ |last4=Thatte |first4=UM |title=An audit of consent refusals in clinical research at a tertiary care center in India. |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=2015 |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=257–63 |doi=10.4103/0022-3859.166515 |pmid=26440397 |pmc=4943370 |doi-access=free }}</ref> That study said that this rate of refusal was an indication of an appropriate level of persuasiveness in study participant recruitment.<ref name="Thaker 2015"/>

An evaluation of about 50 clinical trials in 2007-08 found that the reported results had higher than expected rates of [[Type I and type II errors|false positive errors]] due to the statistical methods the researchers used.<ref name="Jaykaran 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Jaykaran |first1=G |last2=Kantharia |first2=ND |last3=Preeti |first3=Y |last4=Bharddwaj |first4=P |last5=Goyal |first5=J |title=Reporting statistics in clinical trials published in Indian journals: a survey. |journal=African Health Sciences |date=June 2010 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=204–7 |pmid=21326978|pmc=2956292 }}</ref>

==Comparison to other countries==
India's clinical research is a subject of comparison with that of China,<ref name="Dal-Ré 2016"/><ref name="Perkovic 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Perkovic |first1=V |last2=Patil |first2=V |last3=Wei |first3=L |last4=Lv |first4=J |last5=Petersen |first5=M |last6=Patel |first6=A |title=Global randomized trials: the promise of India and China. |journal= Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery|date=18 July 2012 |volume=94 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=92–6 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.L.00274 |pmid=22810456}}</ref><ref name="Zhang 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=D |last2=Freemantle |first2=N |last3=Cheng |first3=KK |title=Are randomized trials conducted in China or India biased? A comparative empirical analysis. |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |date=January 2011 |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=90–5 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.010 |pmid=20554429}}</ref> countries in Africa,<ref name="Limaye 2015"/><ref name="Pack 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Pack |first1=AP |last2=Sastry |first2=J |last3=Tolley |first3=EE |last4=Kaaya |first4=S |last5=Headley |first5=J |last6=Kaale |first6=A |last7=Baumgartner |first7=JN |title=Stakeholder acceptability of adolescent participation in clinical trials for biomedical HIV prevention products: considerations from Tanzania and India. |journal=AIDS Care |date=July 2019 |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=857–863 |doi=10.1080/09540121.2018.1563285 |pmid=30596264|s2cid=58569517 }}</ref> and countries with similarly sized economies.<ref name="Dal-Ré 2016"/> India is both an attractive and challenging place for both Indian and foreign clinical research for various reasons.<ref name="Perkovic 2012"/>

A common motivation for foreign companies doing research in India is relatively lower cost in as compared to comparable research elsewhere.<ref name="Perkovic 2012"/><ref name="Gupta 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=YK |last2=Kumar |first2=BD |title=Clinical trials and evolving regulatory science in India. |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |date=2014 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=575–8 |doi=10.4103/0253-7613.144887 |pmid=25538325|pmc=4264069 |doi-access=free }}</ref> India was a single nation with a large, diverse population.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> Many potential research participants in India had not previously had medical treatment, and clinical trials get better data from such people.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> India also has a well trained workforce and many research sites which met international [[good clinical practice]] standards.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> India's national health system provides a lot of care in large urban hospitals.<ref name="Perkovic 2012"/> This centralization is also favorable to conducting research.<ref name="Perkovic 2012"/>

One challenge to doing research is a shortage of research sites which could conduct research and expand the sector.<ref name="Perkovic 2012"/> This shortage has various causes, including lack of educational programmes leading health professionals into research as a career track, the lack of experienced administrators who could expand study capacity, and a national research environment with either insufficient quality control processes.<ref name="Perkovic 2012"/>

When researchers conduct trials in multiple countries collecting [[patient-reported outcomes]] is useful.<ref name="Dang 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dang |first1=A |last2=Kanukula |first2=R |last3=Shah |first3=C |last4=Shetye |first4=V |title=The Emerging Role of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) in Clinical Trials: An Indian Perspective. |journal=Value in Health Regional Issues |date=May 2017 |volume=12 |pages=24–26 |doi=10.1016/j.vhri.2016.05.002 |pmid=28648312|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, to make sense of any such reports from India, then researchers have to adapt the instructions for local Indian culture.<ref name="Dang 2017"/>

A 2011 evaluation found that a sample of clinical trials in India complied with the [[Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials]].<ref name="Sarangi 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Sarangi |first1=SC |last2=Medhi |first2=B |title=Clinical trials in India: issues with adherence to CONSORT statements. |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |date=August 2011 |volume=64 |issue=8 |pages=925–6 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.03.002 |pmid=21704256}}</ref>

To make India more compliant with international standards the government amended the [[Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945]] in 2005 and 2008.<ref name="Sarangi 2011"/>

At the end of 2010 India was conducting 7% of phase III and 3% of phase II trials globally.<ref name="Sarangi 2011"/> In 2019 India was hosting about 1% of the world's clinical trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaidyanathan |first1=Gayathri |title=India's clinical-trial rules to speed up drug approvals |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01054-4 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01054-4 |date=3 April 2019|pmid=32238890 |s2cid=132179421 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Social awareness===
There was perception in the research community that the media had usefully brought public scrutiny of the ethics and conduct of clinical trials.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> While researchers and investors wanted trials, they also wanted a reliable research environment which the public and media could trust.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> Various changes in government regulation sought to make trials safer for research participants and investment in trials.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> The response to having changes in general was positive, although there was intense debate from stakeholders on the individual changes.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> The criticism tended to argue that the changes were too strict.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/>

There was criticism that medical journals in India were publishing the results of trials without requiring that the articles describe compliance with regulatory standards including [[Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials]].<ref name="Sarangi 2011"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tharyan |first1=P |last2=George |first2=AT |last3=Kirubakaran |first3=R |last4=Barnabas |first4=JP |title=Reporting of methods was better in the Clinical Trials Registry-India than in Indian journal publications. |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |date=January 2013 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.11.011 |pmid=22459428}}</ref>

===Injury===
In 2013 the Supreme Court of India ordered the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] to police and prevent multinational companies from conducting illegal clinical trials in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kay |first1=M. |title=Indian Supreme Court tells government to act on illegal clinical trials |journal=BMJ |date=4 January 2013 |volume=346 |issue= |pages= f51|doi=10.1136/bmj.f51|pmid=23293093 |s2cid=39333402 }}</ref><ref name="Parishwad 2013"/>

There is public information reporting how many people die during clinical trials.<ref name="Bagchhi 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Bagcchi |first1=S. |title=Thousands die in clinical trials in India, but compensation is rarely paid |journal=BMJ |date=13 November 2015 |volume=351 |issue=nov13 20 |article-number=h6149 |doi=10.1136/bmj.h6149|pmid=26567006 |s2cid=206908563 }}</ref> It is also known that when people die during trials in India, the trial organization rarely pays compensation to the family of the deceased.<ref name="Bagchhi 2015"/>

The research industry has formulas for calculating how much money to pay when someone dies in a clinical trial.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mudur |first1=G. |title=Health activists attack Indian compensation formula for deaths attributed to clinical trials |journal=BMJ |date=17 October 2013 |volume=347 |issue=oct17 3 |article-number=f6295 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f6295|pmid=24136639 |s2cid=1293438 }}</ref>

===Foreign influence===
A 2011 paper noted that low operational costs, improved government regulation, and existing business infrastructure have made India increasingly attractive as a place for foreign companies to conduct clinical trials.<ref name="Gupta 2011"/>

Some clinical trials based in the United States also do research in India. A 2019 examination of 10 years of United States children's health research found that of about 9000 trials registered about 120 of them also included clinical trials in India.<ref name="Lorenzoni 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Lorenzoni |first1=G |last2=Comoretto |first2=RI |last3=Ruffolo |first3=M |last4=Azzolina |first4=D |last5=Baldi |first5=I |title=Pediatric Trials Run in India: An Analysis of Clinical Trials.gov 2006-2015. |journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics |date=January 2019 |volume=86 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.1007/s12098-018-2825-7 |pmid=30648225|hdl=11392/2486597 |s2cid=58586400 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This study found that these trials were for health issues which actually affect children in India, and that consequently, the research was appropriate for India.<ref name="Lorenzoni 2019"/>

Some researchers study global practices for managing clinical trials and apply lessons learned to multiple countries at once, with India being among them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zammar |first1=G |last2=Meister |first2=H |last3=Shah |first3=J |last4=Phadtare |first4=A |last5=Cofiel |first5=L |last6=Pietrobon |first6=R |title=So different, yet so similar: meta-analysis and policy modeling of willingness to participate in clinical trials among Brazilians and Indians. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=16 December 2010 |volume=5 |issue=12 |article-number=e14368 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014368 |pmid=21179556|pmc=3002940 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...514368Z |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S |last2=Rao |first2=M |last3=Keating |first3=A |last4=Srivastava |first4=A |title=Overcoming challenges to initiating cell therapy clinical trials in rapidly developing countries: India as a model. |journal=Stem Cells Translational Medicine |date=August 2013 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=607–13 |doi=10.5966/sctm.2013-0019 |pmid=23836804|pmc=3726140 }}</ref>

When foreign companies conduct only phase III trials in India, the researchers conducting those trials tend to not publish as many scientific insights as researchers typically do in other circumstances.<ref name="Haeussler 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Rake |first1=B |last2=Haeussler |first2=C |title=Did relaxing clinical trial regulation enhance the stock of scientific knowledge in India? Not necessarily. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2019 |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=e0210163 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0210163 |pmid=30605485|pmc=6317798 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1410163R |doi-access=free }}</ref> There is a foreign expectation that perhaps because India has relatively less regulation than foreign countries which export clinical research, then perhaps the researchers in India would have more insights.<ref name="Haeussler 2019"/> The reasons for this are not clear, but one reason may be that researchers who oversee the trial for longer periods and not just the last phase tend to care more about publishing research results.<ref name="Haeussler 2019"/>

When financial investment is the priority then foreign sponsored research tends to focus on the health concerns of the host country rather than the health needs of India.<ref name="Kamat 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Kamat |first1=VR |title=Fast, cheap, and out of control? Speculations and ethical concerns in the conduct of outsourced clinical trials in India. |journal=Social Science & Medicine |date=March 2014 |volume=104 |pages=48–55 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.008 |pmid=24581061}}</ref> A characteristic of a healthy clinical trials sector in a country is prioritizing the most urgent health concerns of the population.<ref name="Kamat 2014"/> Some researchers advocate for reflection on India's research priorities.<ref name="Kamat 2014"/>

A review of clinical trials from 2006 to 2013 foundation that when India hosted clinical research for either the United States or European Union, and when research in India led to the availability of a new drug in those places, then in 40% of cases India did not also get domestic approval to use that drug.<ref name="Limaye 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Limaye |first1=D |last2=Langer |first2=JM |last3=Rühling |first3=T |last4=Fortwengel |first4=G |title=A critical appraisal of clinical trials conducted and subsequent drug approvals in India and South Africa. |journal=BMJ Open |date=31 August 2015 |volume=5 |issue=8 |article-number=e007304 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007304 |doi-access=free|pmid=26324720|pmc=4554898 }}</ref> This low rate of domestic drug approval demonstrates that the research is not actually a medical benefit to the local population in India.<ref name="Limaye 2015"/> More frequent drug approvals for drugs tested in India and approved elsewhere would be a public benefit.<ref name="Limaye 2015"/>

===Business===
Various reports describe the global industry of outsourcing clinical research from one country to another, and present India as one of the lower cost countries for conducting trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicholas |first1=J. |title=Outsourcing Clinical Trials |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |date=18 July 2012 |volume=104 |issue=14 |pages=1043–1045 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djs323|pmid=22781429 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 2007 paper reported that in the past few years the annual revenue of the clinical trials industry had grown 25% annually.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varawalla |first1=N |title=India's growing clinical research sector: opportunity for global companies. |journal=IDrugs |date=June 2007 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=391–4 |pmid=17642002}}</ref>

Companies conducting clinical trials in India often do so through a [[contract research organization]].<ref name="Drabu 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Drabu |first1=S |last2=Gupta |first2=A |last3=Bhadauria |first3=A |title=Emerging trends in contract research industry in India |journal=Contemporary Clinical Trials |date=September 2010 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=419–22 |doi=10.1016/j.cct.2010.06.008 |pmid=20609394}}</ref> Since the 2000s there has been recognition that India is an attractive place to grow an industry of drug research.<ref name="Drabu 2010"/>

A 2008 report described the entry of multinational companies into India for clinical trials research as a frenzy.<ref name="Joseph 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Joseph |first1=J |title=Entering the contract research industry in India. |journal=Contemporary Clinical Trials |date=May 2008 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=311–3 |doi=10.1016/j.cct.2007.10.006 |pmid=18053773}}</ref> At the time there was a perception that the industry was going to grow fast for the foreseeable future in a way that favored the research investor.<ref name="Joseph 2008"/> Most investors wished into enter India through [[contract research organizations]].<ref name="Joseph 2008"/>

Foreign investment in India has resulted in a concentration of international research centers in India.<ref name="Sariola 2015"/> Larger research companies are growing faster than small ones, and larger ones are capturing the influence to propose government regulations more quickly than other stakeholder groups.<ref name="Sariola 2015"/> The investment from foreign companies has resulted in more education, professional training, and jobs in the clinical research sector.<ref name="Sariola 2015"/> However, there has been an obvious sudden increase of influence by both foreign and domestic large companies as this research field has developed.<ref name="Sariola 2015"/>

The establishment of the Pharmacovigilance Program made India a more attractive international destination for foreign companies to bring clinical trials research.<ref name="Gupta 2011"/>

==History==
Until 1995 the United States, Europe, and Japan conducted most clinical trials.<ref name="Lancet 2007">{{cite journal |title=Strengthening clinical research in India |journal=The Lancet |date=April 2007 |volume=369 |issue=9569 |page=1233 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60568-6|last1=The Lancet |pmid=17434377 }}</ref> The first evaluation of [[good clinical practices]] for research in India was done in 1995.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maggon |first1=Krishan |title=Investigator and site selection and performing GCP clinical studies in India |journal=Controlled Clinical Trials |date=August 2004 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=366–377 |doi=10.1016/j.cct.2004.06.006|pmid=15296811 }}</ref> A 2004 paper advised that India lacked the research environment which most clinical researchers require.<ref name="Jayarama 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Jayaraman |first1=K S |title=Outsourcing clinical trials to India rash and risky, critics warn |journal=Nature Medicine |date=May 2004 |volume=10 |issue=5 |page=440 |doi=10.1038/nm0504-440a|pmid=15122225 |s2cid=45051722 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Because of the risks, that paper advised that foreign countries would not gain benefit from outsourcing clinical trials to India.<ref name="Jayarama 2004"/>

===2005 to 2013===
India agreed to comply with the [[TRIPS Agreement]] in 2005.<ref name="Jayasheel">{{cite journal |last1=B. G. |first1=Jayasheel |title=Recent Changes in Regulations Related to Clinical Trials Approval in India |journal=PharmaTimes |date=May 2012 |volume=44 |issue=5 |url=http://rifapharma.com/clinicaltrialapprovalIndia.pdf}}</ref> The agreement changed the way India recognizes [[intellectual property]] and changed the research environment in way that enabled foreign companies to conduct clinical trials in India.<ref name="Jayasheel"/><ref name="Yee 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Yee |first1=Amy |title=Regulation failing to keep up with India's trials boom |journal=The Lancet |date=February 2012 |volume=379 |issue=9814 |pages=397–398 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60172-X|pmid=22312640 |s2cid=27282731 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Foreign [[contract research organizations]] were able to conduct clinical trials in India from this point.<ref name="Sariola 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Sariola |first1=S |last2=Ravindran |first2=D |last3=Kumar |first3=A |last4=Jeffery |first4=R |title=Big-pharmaceuticalisation: clinical trials and Contract Research Organisations in India. |journal=Social Science & Medicine |date=April 2015 |volume=131 |pages=239–46 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.052 |pmid=25476783|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11820/c7aad342-65a6-4b2a-9b53-243e685e8271 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

An estimate in 2007 predicted that India would be conducting about 20% of the world's clinical trials by 2010.<ref name="Lancet 2007"/> Further speculation of the time was that India would be the preferred global destination for many sorts of clinical trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maiti |first1=R |last2=M |first2=R |title=Clinical trials in India. |journal=Pharmacological Research |date=July 2007 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2007.02.004 |pmid=17391981}}</ref> Among all that growth, a major concern was establishing regulation to improve the ethics and integrity of clinical research in India.<ref name="Lancet 2007"/> The [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] established the [[Clinical Trials Registry - India]] in July 2007 with the intent to improve India's clinical trials research environment.<ref name="Rao 2018"/>

In 2008 a representative for the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] remarked that increased government regulation would be necessary to ensure research integrity and public safety in clinical trials.<ref name="WHO 2008">{{cite journal |title=Clinical trials in India: ethical concerns. |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=August 2008 |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=581–2 |doi=10.2471/blt.08.010808 |pmid=18797610|last1=Chatterjee |first1=Patralekha |pmc=2649459 }}</ref> In 2008 a group of Indian medical journals made a pledge that from 2010 onward, they would only publish research on clinical trials if that trial was appropriately registered.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Satyanarayana |first1=K |last2=Sharma |first2=A |last3=Parikh |first3=P |last4=Vijayan |first4=VK |last5=Sahu |first5=DK |last6=Nayak |first6=BK |last7=Gulati |first7=RK |last8=Parikh |first8=MN |last9=Singh |first9=PP |last10=Bavdekar |first10=SB |last11=Sreehari |first11=U |last12=Sahni |first12=P |title=Statement on publishing clinical trials in Indian biomedical journals. |journal=Journal of Vector Borne Diseases |date=June 2008 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=81–2 |pmid=18592836}}</ref><ref name="WHO 2008"/> Prior to this, there were essays considering whether the time was right to do this.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Batmanabane |first1=Gitanjali |title=ICMJE statement on compulsory clinical trial registration: should Indian journals follow suit? |journal=[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]] |date=July 2005 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=74–5 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2005.038|pmid=16276635 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2009 there was a significant expansion in clinical trials done in India.<ref name="Barnes 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Barnes |first1=Mark |last2=Flaherty |first2=Jamie |last3=Caron |first3=Minal |last4=Naqvee |first4=Alishan |last5=Bierer |first5=Barbara |title=The Evolving Regulatory Landscape for Clinical Trials in India |journal=Food and Drug Law Journal |date=2018 |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=601–623 |jstor=26826964 |issn=1064-590X}}</ref> Beginning in 2013 there were many regulatory changes which had the effect of reducing the number of clinical trials while also drawing attention to ethical challenges of clinical research in India.<ref name="Barnes 2018"/>

In May 2012 the 59th report of the Indian Parliamentary Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare issued a report criticized the [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organization]]. The report complained that the organization was underfunded and understaffed.<ref name="Gayathri 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Vaidyanathan |first1=Gayathri |title=Failings exposed at India's drug regulator |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature News]] |date=18 May 2012 |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10668 |s2cid=76235626 |url=https://www.nature.com/news/failings-exposed-at-india-s-drug-regulator-1.10668 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> Because of lack of staff, the organization would never be able to perform its duties.<ref name="Gayathri 2012"/> The staff who were there were working under a misguided mandate to "meet the aspirations … demands and requirements of the pharmaceutical industry", which was an error and a [[conflict of interest]] against protecting the health of the public.<ref name="Gayathri 2012"/> Another problem that the report identified was that although India requires drug companies to conduct at least phase III trials in India if other countries have already approved the drug, for some undocumented reason, the Drugs Controller was granting approvals without this research.<ref name="Gayathri 2012"/> Also, in 3 cases, drugs which neither had approval in other countries nor trials in India got approval for undocumented reasons.<ref name="Gayathri 2012"/>

===2013 to 2019===
By 2013 the problems with clinical trials had become troublesome to the point of media and public attention.<ref name="Imran 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Imran |first1=M |last2=Najmi |first2=AK |last3=Rashid |first3=MF |last4=Tabrez |first4=S |last5=Shah |first5=MA |title=Clinical research regulation in India-history, development, initiatives, challenges and controversies: Still long way to go. |journal=Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences |date=January 2013 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=2–9 |doi=10.4103/0975-7406.106553 |pmid=23559817|pmc=3612334 |doi-access=free }}</ref> When the media criticized trials, those reports tended to say that the researchers were exploiting the research participants by treating them as experimental [[guinea pigs]].<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> The media attention and public discussion resulted in researchers conducting fewer trails.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> The number of trials went from 529 in 2010, to about 250 in 2012, to about 100 in 2013.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/>

The response to this was that various government agencies organized regulatory changes to resolve many problems at once.<ref name="Imran 2013"/><ref name="Chatterjee 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=S |title=Regulatory changes in conduct of clinical trials: a need for review. |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |date=2013 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=323–4 |doi=10.4103/0253-7613.114990 |pmid=24014903|pmc=3757596 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Researchers reflected on the causes of the problems, and the necessary changes to prevent future problems, and the regulatory reform which would support the changes in science and industry.<ref name="Imran 2013"/><ref name="Chatterjee 2013"/>

One change was that the government named a list of responsibilities and divided among the ethics committee, the investigator, and the sponsor.<ref name="Chatterjee 2013"/> This way, each of those agents in a clinical trial take responsibility for their parts.<ref name="Chatterjee 2013"/> From this point the researchers must register all clinical trials into the [[Clinical Trials Registry - India]].<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> Another change was that ethics committees associated with clinical trials had to themselves register with the [[Drugs Controller General of India]].<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> The [[informed consent]] process had to include all information both in the text document and a verbal description.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/><ref name="Chatterjee 2013"/> No [[principal investigator]] can oversee more than three trials at once.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> Anyone funding a principal investigator has to disclose to the government how much they are paying.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> The government regulator set up audit process for ethics committees.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> The researchers must report [[serious adverse events]] quickly to the study sponsor, the ethics committee, and the government regulator.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/><ref name="Chatterjee 2013"/> All trials will comply with publicly available payment formulas for calculating how much money to give in case of someone dying or experiencing any other serious adverse effect.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/><ref name="Chatterjee 2013"/>

In the informed consent process there was consensus for addressing some communication issues.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> One was explaining that the [[control group]] in a [[placebo-controlled study]] will get no treatment.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> Another was explaining that the [[drug candidate]] is experimental, and not necessarily an effective therapy.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/> There was also recognition that many administrative, procedural, and reporting functions needed national standardization.<ref name="Gupta 2014"/>

In 2018 the government established a process for approving drugs in India, without clinical trials, in exceptional circumstances such as an epidemic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Juneja |first1=A |last2=Adhikari |first2=T |title=Clinical trials waiver in India-some considerations. |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |date=2018 |volume=50 |issue=2 |page=97 |doi=10.4103/ijp.IJP_540_17 |pmid=30100660|pmc=6044129 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===2019—present===
In 2019 the government enacted the ''New drugs and clinical trials rules 2019''.<ref name="Singh 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N |last2=Madkaikar |first2=NJ |last3=Gokhale |first3=PM |last4=Parmar |first4=DV |title=New drugs and clinical trials rules 2019: Changes in responsibilities of the ethics committee. |journal=Perspectives in Clinical Research |date=2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=37–43 |doi=10.4103/picr.PICR_208_19 |pmid=32154148|pmc=7034142 |doi-access=free }}</ref> These rules provided more guidance for how the ethics committee of a clinical trial should oversee it.<ref name="Singh 2020"/> Critics of the rules said that the government compromised public safety in favor of industry and financial interests.<ref name="Jesani 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Jesani |first1=A |last2=Srinivasan |first2=S |title=New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019: The market trumps ethics and participant rights. |journal=[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]] |date=2019 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=89–91 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2019.020 |pmid=31271361|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Special populations==
When Indian people consider volunteering for clinical trials they frequently have the same reasons for either joining or declining.<ref name="Shah 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=JY |last2=Phadtare |first2=A |last3=Rajgor |first3=D |last4=Vaghasia |first4=M |last5=Pradhan |first5=S |last6=Zelko |first6=H |last7=Pietrobon |first7=R |title=What leads Indians to participate in clinical trials? A meta-analysis of qualitative studies. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=20 May 2010 |volume=5 |issue=5 |article-number=e10730 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010730 |pmid=20505754|pmc=2873955 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...510730S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Motivations for joining include intent to gain health benefit, [[altruism]], in respect of the request of their [[physician]], to get money for participating, and to get an opportunity to learn more about health and research.<ref name="Shah 2010"/>
Reasons for not wanting to participate in a trial include mistrust of the organizations managing the research, fear of trial risks, stress, the obligation of participating, fear that the trial will not respect their personal information, creating a burden on their friends and families to support them in the trial, and the lack of available information about the research in their own local language.<ref name="Shah 2010"/>

People with [[schizophrenia]] require specific cultural support to participate in clinical trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=S |last2=Kieselbach |first2=B |last3=Naik |first3=S |last4=Kumar |first4=S |last5=John |first5=S |last6=Balaji |first6=M |last7=Koschorke |first7=M |last8=Dabholkar |first8=H |last9=Varghese |first9=M |last10=Patel |first10=V |last11=Thornicroft |first11=G |last12=Thara |first12=R |title=Customising informed consent procedures for people with schizophrenia in India. |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |date=October 2015 |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=1527–36 |doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1037-y |pmid=25735517|s2cid=71600 }}</ref>

A 2009 report described how innovation in phase 1 cancer research trials could have a big impact on Indian health.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Sunil |title=Phase 1 trials in oncology in India: The clear case for innovation |journal=Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics |date=2009 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=69–70 |doi=10.4103/0973-1482.52787|pmid=19542660 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Various studies in the United Kingdom have described how British researchers can make trial participation easier for South Asian people living in the UK.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussain-Gambles |first1=M |last2=Atkin |first2=K |last3=Leese |first3=B |title=South Asian participation in clinical trials: the views of lay people and health professionals. |journal=Health Policy |date=July 2006 |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=149–65 |doi=10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.07.022 |pmid=16216378}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussain-Gambles |first1=M |last2=Leese |first2=B |last3=Atkin |first3=K |last4=Brown |first4=J |last5=Mason |first5=S |last6=Tovey |first6=P |title=Involving South Asian patients in clinical trials. |journal=Health Technology Assessment |date=October 2004 |volume=8 |issue=42 |pages=iii, 1–109 |doi=10.3310/hta8420 |pmid=15488164|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 2011 report encouraged teaching clinical research in the curriculum of medical students to prepare them to conduct trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pai |first1=H |title=Barriers to conducting clinical research in reproductive medicine: India. |journal=Fertility and Sterility |date=October 2011 |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=809–10 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.08.045 |pmid=21961915|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 2019 survey found that respondents in India were cautious in saying that they would approve of clinical trials related to the sexual health of adolescent girls.<ref name="Pack 2019"/>

==See also==
*[[Clinical trials on Ayurveda]]
*[[Healthcare in India]]
*[[Health in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further consideration==
*{{cite web |author1=Indian Council of Medical Research |author-link1=Indian Council of Medical Research |title=National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research involving Human Participants |url=https://main.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/guidelines/ICMR_Ethical_Guidelines_2017.pdf |publisher=Indian Council of Medical Research |date=2017}}
*{{Citation |date=19 March 2019 |title=Extraordinary |work=[[The Gazette of India]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] |publication-place=[[New Delhi]] |url=https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/export/sites/CDSCO_WEB/Pdf-documents/NewDrugs_CTRules_2019.pdf |language=hi, en}}

==External links==
*[http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/login.php Clinical Trials Registry - India]

{{Clinical trials in India}}

[[Category:Clinical trials]]
[[Category:Drugs in India]]
[[Category:Medical research in India]]

Hussainpur

2026-02-19T05:06:27Z

LutherCustance5: basic added citations for accuracy and improved wording as per guidelines

{{other places|Husainpur (disambiguation){{!}}Husainpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hussainpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.260394|N|75.519266|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,291
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = PB-09
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hussainpur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Jalandhar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. It is situated in Jalandhar II Tehsil.<ref name="villageinfoii">{{cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/punjab/jalandhar/jalandhar-ii/hussainpur.html |title=Hussainpur Village in Jalandhar Ii (Jalandhar) Punjab |publisher=villageinfo.in |date= |accessdate=2022-05-05}}</ref> The village code is 030405.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Towns and Villages |access-date=21 March 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419014504/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Hussainpur village is 030406. Hussainpur village is located in Jalandhar Ii Tehsil of Jalandhar district in Punjab, India. It is situated 15km away from sub-district headquarter Jalandhar - Ii and 15km away from district headquarter Jalandhar. As per 2009 stats, Hussainpur village is also a gram panchayat.

The total geographical area of village is 119 hectares. Hussainpur has a total population of 1,291 people. There are about 283 houses in Hussainpur village. Jalandhar is nearest town to Hussainpur.<ref name="villageinfoii"/>

==See also==
*[[Lehmber Hussainpuri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jalandhar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalandhar district]]

{{Jalandhar-geo-stub}}

M. M. Manasi

2026-02-13T03:29:41Z

LutherCustance5: Added Data.

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2016}}


{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Manasi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = M. M. Manasi
| birth_date = 
| origin = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| genre = [[Playback singer]], [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|Dubbing artist]]
| occupations = singer, voice artist
| years_active = 2001–present
| instruments = vocals, keyboard
}}

'''M. M. Manasi''' is an [[List of Indian playback singers|Indian playback singer]] trained in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani vocals]] and also dubbing artist. She has sung more than 170 songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]], and [[English language|English]].<ref name="New English Vocal">{{cite news|last1=Manasi|first1=M. M.|title=A voice to reckon with|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-voice-to-reckon-with/article22356230.ece|website=The Hindu|date=3 January 2018|accessdate=3 January 2018|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319070940/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-voice-to-reckon-with/article22356230.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Her hits in Tamil are "Stylish Thamizachi" in ''[[Aarambam]]'', "Kattikeda" in ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'', "Semma Mass" in ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani|Massu]]'', "Robo Romeo" in ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'', "Sottavaala" in [[Puli (2015 film)|''Puli'']], "Aatakari Maman Ponnu" in [[Ilayaraja]]'s 1000th film ''[[Tharai Thappattai]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/being-a-singer-makes-you-versatile/articleshow/53209966.cms|title=Being a singer makes you versatile — Times of India|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=24 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724111939/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Being-a-singer-makes-you-versatile/articleshow/53209966.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and "Ranjithame" in ''[[Varisu]]''.

She won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu)]] for <nowiki>''</nowiki>Rangamma Mangamma<nowiki>''</nowiki> from the 2018 Tollywood periodic-drama film ''[[Rangasthalam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=2018-03-09 |title=Rangasthalam song Rangamma Mangamma review: Samantha's expressions leave fans wanting more |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-song-rangamma-mangamma-review-samanthas-expressions-leave-fans-wanting-more-763297 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520113033/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangasthalam-song-rangamma-mangamma-review-samanthas-expressions-leave-fans-wanting-more-763297 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Manasi was born to [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking parents in [[Chennai]] and grew up in [[Mumbai]]. At the age of 2, she started learning music. Her first public performances were [[bhajan]]s sung during [[Navratri]] and [[Ganpati]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]s. She completed her studies at the School of Management at [[D.G. Vaishnav College]]. She has a sister, M. M. Monisha, who is also a playback singer.

==Career==
Manasi was introduced by [[Ilaiyaraja]] to the Kannada music industry for the movie ''[[Drishya]]'' and by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidhyasagar]] in Malayalam for ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]''. She made an entry into Bollywood with "Daddy Mummy" in ''[[Bhaag Johnny]]'' for music director [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. This song has over 20 million views on YouTube.

Apart from singing, Manasi has also done voice acting for leading heroines in the Tamil film industry. These include ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'', ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'', ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharmadurai]]'', ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'', and ''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'' for [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'' for [[Kajal Agarwal]], ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' for [[Samantha Akkineni|Samantha]], [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] in ''[[Iraivi]]'', ''[[Meaghamann]]'' for [[Hansika Motwani]], ''[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]]'' and ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' for [[Nikki Galrani]], ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'' for [[Bindhu Madhavi]], ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]'' for [[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]], ''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'' for [[Thulasi Nair|Thulasi]], ''Idharkkuthane Aasai Pattai Balakumara'' for [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]], ''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]'' for [[Nazriya Nazim|Nazriya]], and ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' for [[Ritika Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/mm-manasi-inspirations-from-k-pop-to-ilaiyaraaja/|title=MM Manasi Inspirations: From K-Pop To Ilaiyaraaja|work=silverscreen.in|date=23 September 2015|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029055542/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/mm-manasi-inspirations-from-k-pop-to-ilaiyaraaja/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Manasi has sung in Telugu and has many charting songs to her credit, like "Bhelpuri" in ''[[Aagadu]]'', "Notanki" in ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'', "Private Party" in ''[[Sarrainodu]]'', "Gunde Aagi Pothande" in ''[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]'', "Meenakshi" in ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]'', "Om Sarvani" in ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'', "Mara O Mara" in ''[[Tadakha]]'', "Lucky Lucky Rai" in ''[[Balupu]]'', and "Rangamma Mangamma" in ''[[Rangasthalam]].''

==Discography==

===As playback singer===
This is only a partial list; Manasi has sung over 170 songs in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music director !! Co-singer(s)
|-
|2010
|''[[Collector Gari Bharya]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"No No"
|Chinna
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2013 || ''[[Okkadine]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Hola Hola" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakadha]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || "Saajan" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||[[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
| ''[[Annakodi]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Poraale" || [[G.V. Prakash Kumar]] || [[S. P. B. Charan]]
|-
| ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "O Sayonara Sayonara" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Tadakha]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Viyyalavaru" || rowspan="2" | [[S.S. Thaman]] || [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
|-
|"Mara O Mara"
|[[Suchith Suresan]]
|-
| ''[[Balupu]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Lucky Lucky Rai" || [[S.S. Thaman]] || Naveen Madhav
|-
| ''[[Arrambam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Stylish Thamizhachi" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Rubba Bend (Psycho Unit)
|-
|[[Yamuna (film)|''Yamuna'']]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Dimba Dimba"
|Elakkiyan
|
|-
|''[[Pattathu Yaanai]]'' ''(Telugu version)''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Kottandi Raa"
|[[S.S. Thaman]]
|[[Yazin Nizar]]
|-
| ''[[Vaalu]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Engaathan Porrandha" || [[S.S. Thaman]] || [[Silambarasan]], M. M. Monisha
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2014 || ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Om Sarvani" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||
|-
| ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Notanki Notanki" ||[[S.S. Thaman]] || [[Ravi Teja]]
|-
| ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]'' || [[Kannada]] || "Why Why (YY)"
|[[S.S. Thaman]]|| Naveen Madhav
|-
| ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Sirippu En" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
| ''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||"The Punch Song" || [[Dharan Kumar]] || Nivas
|-
| ''[[Aagadu]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Bhelpuri" || [[S.S. Thaman]] || [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
|-
| ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Kokkokkodi" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Haricharan]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Rita
|-
|''[[Race Gurram]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Race Gurram"
|[[S.S. Thaman]]
|[[Usha Uthup]], M. M. Monisha
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Meaghamann]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Meaghamann"
| rowspan="2" |[[S.S. Thaman]]
|M. M. Monisha
|-
|"Meaghamann - Theme Music"
|M. M. Monisha
|-
|''[[Bramman]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Un Kannai"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Robo Romeo" || [[S.S. Thaman]] || M. M. Monisha
|-
|''[[Virattu]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Meeta Paanu"
|[[Dharan Kumar]]
|Santhosh Hariharan
|-
|''[[Current Theega]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Ammay Nadumu"
|[[Achu Rajamani]]
|[[Achu Rajamani]]
|-
|''[[Kurai Ondrum Illai]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Kadhal Mazhyil"
|Ramanu
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], M. M. Monisha, Bhargavi
|-
|''[[Vanmam]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Aetti Enga Porae"
|[[S.S. Thaman]]
|Nivas
|-
| rowspan="18" | 2015 || ''[[Bhaag Johnny]]'' || [[Hindi]] || "[[Akalesthey Annam Pedatha|Daddy Mummy]]" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Kattikida" || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] || [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
|-
| ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||"Sottavaala" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Padessavae" || [[S.S. Thaman]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Jaaruko" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]]
|-
|''[[Jadoogadu]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Gola Cheddame"
|Mahati Swara Sagar
|[[Sweekar Agasthi]]
|-
| ''[[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||"Gunde Aagi Pothaande" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]|| Vedala Hemachandra
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''|| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||"Buji Ma Buji Ma"
| rowspan="2" | [[S.S. Thaman]]||[[D. Imman]], [[S.S. Thaman]]
|-
|"Hit-u Song"
|[[Silambarasan|STR]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], M. M. Monisha
|-
| ''[[Kumari 21F]]''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| "Break Up Patch Up" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]||
|-
| ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||"Sema Masss" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]|| Nivas
|-
| ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani|Rakshasudu]]''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||"Super Masss" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]|| Nivas
|-
| ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||"Papparapampam" || Prasan Praveen Shyam || Krishna Iyer, [[Benny Dayal]]
|-
|''[[Beeruva]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Cheliya Cheliya"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|Deepak
|-
| ''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| "Napere Pinky" || [[S. Thaman]]|| Simha
|-
|''[[Uppu Karuvaadu]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Uppu Karuvadu"
|Steeve Vatz
|
|-
|''[[Gaddam Gang]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Vedi Indlo"
|[[Achu Rajamani]]
|
|-
|''[[Savaale Samaali]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Yaaro Yaaro"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2016 || ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Tauba Tauba" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||[[Nakash Aziz|Nakaash Aziz]]
|-
| ''[[Tharai Thappattai]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Aattakaari Maaman Ponnu" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||Prasanna
|-
|[[Garam (film)|''Garam'']]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Chilaka Paapa"
|Agasthya
|[[Suchith Suresan]]
|-
| ''[[Sarrainodu]]''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| "Private Party" || [[S. Thaman]]||[[S. Thaman]]
|-
|''[[Kallattam]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Raa Rarandi"
|Umar Ezhilan
|H. Shahjahan
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Arthanari]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| "Kai Veesi Nadakkum" || rowspan="2" | [[V. Selvaganesh]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|"Mandira Vizhiyal"
|
|-
|''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Saradale"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Ramya, Rita, Reena Reddy
|-
|''[[Achamindri]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Unna Parthathala"
|[[Premgi Amaren]]
|Abhilash
|-
|''[[Kootathil Oruthan]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Nee Indri"
|[[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2017 || ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Iraivanai Thandha Iraiviye" || [[Sean Roldan]] ||[[Sean Roldan]]
|-
| ''[[Vanamagan]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Damn Damn" || [[Harris Jayaraj]] ||
|-
| ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Let's Party All Night" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Prudhvi Chandra
|-
| ''[[Vivegam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Veriyera" || [[Anirudh Ravichandar]] ||Poorvi Koutish
|-
| ''[[Mahanubhavudu]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Mahanubhavudavera" || [[S. Thaman]] ||[[Geetha Madhuri]]
|-
|''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Ek Gau Mein"
|[[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|[[Silambarasan]]
|-
|''[[Sapthagiri LLB]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Are Are Ek Dham"
|Vijay Bulganin
|Bulganin, [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
|-
|''[[Kootathil Oruthan]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Nee Indri"
|[[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
|
|-
| ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Rayyi Rayyi Mantu" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||[[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2018 || ''Riya (Web series)<ref>{{cite news|title=A voice to reckon with|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-voice-to-reckon-with/article22356230.ece|website=The Hindu|date=3 January 2018|accessdate=3 January 2018|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319070940/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-voice-to-reckon-with/article22356230.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>''|| [[English language|English]] || "Daddy and Daughter" || Brian D. Kelley ||
|-
| ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Rangamma Mangamma" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||
|-
|''[[Saamy Square|Saamy 2]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Adhiroobaney" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ||
|-
| ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||"Urike Cheli Chilaka" || [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] || [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
|-
| ''[[Next Enti?]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||"Oh No Never!" || [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] || [[Ash King]]
|-
|''[[Evanukku Engeyo Matcham Irukku]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"O Surekha"
|[[Natarajan Sankaran]]
|
|-
|''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Ulagam Athira Vaada"
|N Kannan
|
|-
|''[[Ghajinikanth]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Hola Hola"
|[[Balamurali Balu]]
|[[Benny Dayal]], Christopher Stanley
|-
| ''[[Maari 2]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Maari's Aanandhi" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2019 || ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Tassadiyya" ||[[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Jaspreet Jasz]]
|-
| ''[[F2 - Fun and Frustration]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Girra Girra" ||[[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]]
|-
| ''Udyama Simham''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || "Dibiri Gola" || Dileep Bandari ||
|-
| ''[[Kazhugu 2]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||"Yelamala Kathu"||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]'' ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||"Paalapitta"||[[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
|-
|[[Chanakya (2019 film)|''Chanakya'']]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Hookah Bar-U"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|
|-
|[[Rustum (2019 film)|''Rustum'']]
|[[Kannada]]
|"Singaaravva"
|[[Anoop Seelin]]
|
|-
|[[Mismatch (2019 film)|''Mismatch'']]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Arere"
|[[Gifton Elias]]
|
|-
|''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 3]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Naa Gadhiloki Raa"
|Shabir
|Sri Vardhini, Thanushree Natarajan, Miraya Varma, [[LV Revanth]], Shabir
|-
|''[[90ML (2019 Telugu film)|90ML]]''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||"Singilu Singilu"||[[Anup Rubens]]|| [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 ||''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||"Friendship Anthem"||[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] || [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|''[[Sandimuni]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Kandangi En Manasukulla"
|A. K. Rishalsai
|Jithinraj
|-
|2021
|''[[Choo Mandhirakaali]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Kodaali Kannaala"
|Satish Raghunathan
|[[Anand Aravindakshan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| ''[[Vaaitha]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| "Paarvai Vanna Noolai Pola"
| Logeshwaran C
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], M Krishnaraj
|-
| ''Naam 2''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| "Ora Siricha"
|Stephen Zechariah
|[[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
|-
|[[Lucky Man (2022 film)|''Lucky Man'']]
|[[Kannada]]
|"Friendship Song"
|V2 Vijay Vicky
|[[Adithya RK|Adithya R K]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| ''[[Varisu]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| "Ranjithame"
|[[Thaman S]]
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-05 |title='Ranjithame': First single from Vijay's Varisu is here, and it lives up to the hype |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ranjithame-first-single-from-vijays-varisu-here-and-it-lives-up-to-the-hype-8251640/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114103211/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ranjithame-first-single-from-vijays-varisu-here-and-it-lives-up-to-the-hype-8251640/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vaarasudu {{!}} Telugu Song - Ranjithame |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/vaarasudu-telugu-song-ranjithame/videoshow/97683151.cms |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520113031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/vaarasudu-telugu-song-ranjithame/videoshow/97683151.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-07 |title=Singer MM Manasi : రష్మికను పక్కన నెట్టేసిన సింగర్.. హైలెట్ అయిన మానసి |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/varisu-first-single-ranjithame-singer-mm-manasi-more-popular-than-rashmika-mandanna-82299 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112083320/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/varisu-first-single-ranjithame-singer-mm-manasi-more-popular-than-rashmika-mandanna-82299 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Michael (2023 film)|''Michael'']]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|"Pammare"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[[Laila (2025 film)|''Laila'']]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Icchukundam Baby"
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
|[[Adithya RK|Adithya R K]]
|-
|''[[Patang (2025 film)|Patang]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|"Andala Tarakasi"
|Jose Jimmy
|[[Jassie Gift]]
|}

===As a dubbing artist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !!Language !! Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013 ||''[[Nirnayam (2013 film)|Nirnayam]]''|| Tamil ||[[Regina Cassandra]]<ref name = bw>{{Cite web|url = https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/singer-and-dubbing-artist-m-m-manasi-talks-about-her-work.html|title = Singer and dubbing artist M M Manasi talks about her work|date = 14 October 2016|access-date = 14 July 2018|archive-date = 14 July 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180714193347/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/singer-and-dubbing-artist-m-m-manasi-talks-about-her-work.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'' || Tamil ||[[Swathi Reddy]]<ref name = bw/>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2014 ||''[[Vadacurry]]'' || Tamil ||Swathi Reddy
|-
| ''[[Arima Nambi]]'' || Tamil || [[Lekha Washington]]
|-
| ''[[Vanmam]]'' || Tamil || [[Sunainaa]]
|-
|''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' || Tamil ||[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|-
|''[[Meaghamann]]'' || Tamil ||[[Hansika Motwani]]
|-
|''[[Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah]]'' || Tamil ||[[Nazriya Nazim]]
|-
| rowspan="12" |2015||''[[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|Darling]]'' || Tamil ||[[Nikki Galrani]]
|-
|''[[Tamiluku En Ondrai Aluthavum]]'' || Tamil ||[[Bindu Madhavi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nannbenda|Nanbenda]]''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|[[Sherin Shringar]]
|-
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia|Tamannah Bhatia]]
|-
| ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]'' || Tamil || [[Taapsee Pannu]]
|-
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' || Tamil ||[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|-
|''[[Thani Oruvan]]''
|Tamil
|[[Mugdha Godse]]
|-
| ''[[Savaale Samaali]]'' || Tamil || Bindu Madhavi
|-
|''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]''|| Tamil ||[[Kajal Agarwal]]
|-
|''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Nava Manmadhudu]]'' || Telugu (Dubbed version) ||[[Amy Jackson]]<ref name = bw/>
|-
|''[[Uppu Karuvaadu]]'' || Tamil ||[[Nandita Swetha]]<ref name = bw/>
|-
|''[[Valiyavan]]''
|Tamil
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2016 ||''[[Miruthan]]'' || Tamil ||[[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]
|-
| ''[[Vaaliba Raja]]'' || Tamil || [[Nushrat Bharucha]]
|-
|''[[Iraivi]]''|| Tamil ||[[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
|-
|''[[Jackson Durai]]'' || Tamil ||Bindu Madhavi
|-
|''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]''|| Tamil||Tamannaah Bhatia
|-
|''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]''|| Tamil ||Tamannaah Bhatia
|-
| ''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' || Tamil || Nikki Galrani
|-
| ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' || Telugu (Dubbed version) || [[Nayanthara]]
|-
|''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'' || Tamil ||Tamannaah Bhatia
|-
|''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' || Tamil || [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]<ref name = bw/>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017 || ''[[Vizhithiru]]''|| Tamil || [[Erica Fernandes]]
|-
| ''[[Maanagaram]]''|| Tamil || Regina Cassandra
|-
|''[[Kuttram 23]]''
|Tamil
|[[Mahima Nambiar]]
|-
| ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' || Tamil || Tamannaah Bhatia
|-
| ''[[Ulkuthu]]''|| Tamil || Nandita Swetha
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 ||''[[Mahanati|Nadigaiyar Thilagam]]''||Tamil || Samantha Ruth Prabhu
|-
| [[Mohini (2018 film)|''Mohini'']] || Tamil || Trisha
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019 ||''[[Devi 2]]'' ||Tamil ||Tamannaah Bhatia
|-
| ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' || Tamil (Dubbed version) || Tamannaah Bhatia
|-
| [[Petromax (2019 film)|''Petromax'']] ||Tamil || Tamannaah Bhatia
|-
| ''[[100% Kadhal]]'' || Tamil || [[Shalini Pandey]]
|-
|2020|| ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' || Tamil || [[Ritika Singh]]
|-
|2021||''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' || Tamil || Nandita Swetha
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022 ||''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]''||Tamil|| [[Malavika Mohanan]]
|-
| [[The Legend (2022 film)|''The Legend'']] || Tamil || Geethika Tiwari
|-
| 2022||''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''|| Kannada (Dubbed Version) || [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
|-
| 2023||''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''|| Kannada (Dubbed Version) || [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Varisu|Vaarasudu (Varisu)]]'' || Telugu (Dubbed version) || [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|-
| ''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]''|| Tamil || [[Isha Talwar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024||''[[Singapore Saloon]]'' || Tamil || [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
|-
|''[[Aranmanai 4]]''
|Tamil
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|-
|''[[Indian 2]]''
|Tamil
|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]
|-
|''[[The Greatest of All Time|The Greatest Of All Time]]''
|Tamil
|[[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
|-
|2025
|''[[Odela 2]]''
|Tamil (Dubbed version)
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|}

=== Television title songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Series Name
!Year
!Song name
!Channel
|-
|[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|''Roja'']] ||2018||"Kavithaipole Vanthale Roja"||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|[[Abhiyum Naanum (TV series)|''Abhiyum Naanum'']]|| rowspan="2" |2021||"Kannil Pokinra Nir"||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]''||{{TBA}}||
[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manasi, M. M.}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Bhagwan Lal Indraji

2026-02-06T06:00:13Z

LutherCustance5: created initial stub v1

{{Short description|Indian archaeologist and scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhagwan Lal Indraji
| other_names = Bhagwanlal Indraji, Pandit Bhagvanlal Inderji
| image = Bhagwanlal_Indraji.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1839|11|8}}
| birth_place = [[Junagadh]], [[Junagadh State]], [[Kathiawar Agency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1888|3|16|1839|11|8}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]]
| occupation = Archaeologist
| known_for = Deciphering ancient Indian inscriptions
}}
'''Bhagwan Lal Indraji''' or '''Bhagwanlal Indraji''' (8 November 1839 – 16 March 1888) was an Indian archaeologist and scholar. A member of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]]'s Bombay branch. He made transcripts of several ancient Indian inscriptions, including the [[Hathigumpha inscription]]. He discovered many archaeological relics, including the [[Mathura lion capital]], the Bairat and Sopara Ashokan inscription, the [[Nanaghat]] reliefs, the Mathura Vishnu image, drum miniature stupa with a frieze of eight metopes representing the four principal and four secondary scenes from Buddha's life, Jain Aayagpata, various Mathura railing pillars, Mankuwar Buddha, Besnagar coping stone depicting Bodhi Tree, and Gadava surya frieze. He was the first Indian to receive an honorary doctorate from a foreign University ([[Leiden University]]).

== Early life ==

Bhagwan Lal Indraji was born in 1839 in [[Junagadh]]. He obtained his primary education in Junagadh, and learnt Sanskrit from his father, a Prashnora [[Nagar Brahmin]].<ref name="Javeri_1888">{{cite journal|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bombay |journal=Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fG0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA18 |year=1889 |title=Memoir of the late Pandit Bhagvanlal Indraji LL.D, Ph.D |author=Javerilal Umashankar Yajnik |pages=18–46 }}</ref>

== Initiation into archaeology ==

As a teenager, Bhagwan Lal frequented [[Girnar]], which had several rocks with inscriptions in the [[Brahmi script]]. Colonel Lang, the Political Agent of [[Kathiawar Agency|Kathiawar]] took a lot of interest in these inscriptions. In 1854, he handed over a copy of [[James Prinsep]]'s paper containing the Pali Brahmi alphabet to Manishankar Jatashankar, a local scholar. Jatashankar shared it with Bhagwan Lal, who made a copy of his own. Using this copy, Bhagwan Lal tried to decipher the [[Rudradaman I]] inscription on a Girnar rock. He could not understand the compound letters and the ''[[diacritic|matra]]''s. So, he wrote to a friend in Bombay, requesting research material related to Girnar rock inscriptions. In response, he received several journals of the Royal Asiatic Society's Bombay branch. Using this material, he mastered the Pali alphabet, including its several varieties from different periods. He was able to make out unfamiliar letters and address omissions and inaccuracies in Prinsep's copy. He finally succeeded in making a completely new transcript of the Rudradaman inscription, which greatly impressed Colonel Lang. He mastered the Brahmi script. A.K. Forbes, who succeeded Lang as the Political Agent, introduced Bhagwan Lal to [[Bhau Daji]], a renowned [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]-based scholar of India antiquities.<ref name="Javeri_1888"/>

== Archaeology career ==
[[File:MathuraLionCapital.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mathura lion capital]], excavated by Indraji in 1869]]

[[Bhau Daji]] commissioned Bhawanlal to prepare facsimiles and transcripts of Girnar inscriptions. In October 1861, Daji invited Bhagwan Lal to Bombay. There, he introduced him to H. Newton, the President of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]]'s Bombay branch. Newton was writing a paper on [[Western Kshatrapa]]s, and some Kshatrapa coins brought by Bhagwan Lal greatly interested him. Bhagwan Lal also presented his transcripts of Girnar's Rudradaman and [[Skandagupta]] inscriptions. At that time, [[Bhau Daji]] was doing research on the Sah inscription of Girnar. He found [[Horace Hayman Wilson]]'s translation of the inscription to be inadequate, and requested Bahgwan Lal to make a new transcript. Accordingly, Bhagwan Lal set out to Kathiwar. There, he learnt of his father's death. After performing the funeral rites, he set out to Girnar, and prepared a new transcript of the Sah inscription. An impressed Daji later employed Bhagwan Lal permanently. On 24 April 1862, Bhagwan Lal moved to Bombay, where he initially lived in a tent in the compound of Daji's house.<ref name="Javeri_1888"/>

In 1863, Bhau Daji sent Bhagwan Lal as a draftsman to [[Ajanta Caves]]. Bhagwan Lal returned to Bombay with the new transcripts. In Bombay, he spent time making transcripts of the inscriptions recovered from the caves at Nashik, Karli, Bhaja, Bhayandar, Junnar, [[Pitalkhora]] and [[Nanaghat]].<ref name="Javeri_1888"/> At Nanaghat, Bhagwan Lal discovered earliest reliefs of the early [[Satavahana]] rulers [[Satakarni]], Queen Nayanika, Vedisiri and other princes.

On 22 December 1863, Bhagwan Lal set out on a tour of British India; his companions included Ardeshir Framji Moos and Cursetji Nusserwanji Cama among others. The group toured South India, [[North-Western Provinces]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] and North India.<ref name="Javeri_1888"/>

In 1864, Bhau Daji sent Bhagwan Lal and Pandurang Gopal Padhye to [[Jaisalmer]], to examine the ancient Jain manuscripts. The two men spent three months there, preparing copies of the literature preserved in the Jain manuscripts at a ''bhandar'' (store house). However, the damp atmosphere of the ''bhandar'' made them sick. Bhagwan Lal was down with [[typhoid]] for 22 days during his stay at Jaisalmer. The two returned to Bombay in May 1864.<ref name="Javeri_1888"/>

In 1865, Bhagwan Lal set out on a year-long expedition to visit Banaras, [[Bodh Gaya]], Barabar, Nagarjuni caves in Bihar, Hathigumpha caves, Dhauli, jaugada at Orissa and various ancient shrines, in order to personally examine the old inscriptions and architecture.<ref name="Virchand_2012"/>

In 1868, Bhagwan Lal set out again on a year-long expedition to visit the ancient Hindu shrines, in order to examine the old inscriptions. He firstly visited Nagpur and Jabalpur, before spending five days in Allahabad. There, he made a transcript of a [[Samudragupta]] inscription, and sent it to Bhau Daji. This new transcript revealed new names of the king's contemporaries. Next, Bhagwan Lal visited Banaras, Bhitari, Mathura and Delhi.<ref name="Javeri_1888"/> In Mathura, in 1869, he excavated the [[Mathura lion capital]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Jason Neelis |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA122 |date=19 November 2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |pages=122–}}</ref> He discovered 'Kambojika' (a [[Gandhara]]-style life-size statue). He purchased several Bactrian and Scythian coins from the local markets, until he ran out of money.<ref name="Javeri_1888"/> He also discovered several other sculptures that including the famous Vishnu statue, which is now at National Museum (New Delhi) and a [[lingam|linga]] image (now lost). He extended his journey to Bodh Gaya before returning to Mumbai.<ref name="Virchand_2012"/>

On 7 March 1871, Bhagwan Lal set out on another journey, financed by the Junagadh princely state. At the instance of Bhau Daji, [[Charles James Lyall]], Under-Secretary to the Government of India, provided him a letter. The letter directed the Magistrates of Mathura, Agra, Benares, Farrukhabad, Gorakhpur, Ghazipur and Allahabd to help Bhagwan Lal in his pursuits. Accompanied by his wife Gangaben, Bhagwan Lal visited (in that order) Khandwa, Omkareshwar, Indore, Ujjain, [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]], [[Dhar]], [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], [[Vidisha|Bhilsa]] (Besnagar), Sanchi, [[Eran]], [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]], Benares, Sarnath, Allahabad, Bhitari, Delhi, Kalsi, Mathura, Agra and Gwalior. At Gwalior, his wife fell seriously ill, and he had to return to Bombay via Allahabad in March 1872.<ref name="Javeri_1888"/>

After his wife recovered from illness, Bhagwan Lal again set out an expedition in December 1873. Once again, the princely state of Junagadh agreed to sponsor the journey. This time, Bhagwan Lal visited Nepal, Indo-Tibet border, Baluchistan and the [[Yusufzai]] territory.<ref name="Javeri_1888"/> He also visited the [[Barabar Caves|Barabar and Nagarjunni Caves]], Gaya, [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Kashmir]] and [[Taxila]].<ref name="Virchand_2012">{{cite book |author=Virchand Dharamsey |title=Bhagwanlal Indraji: The First Indian Archaeologist |url=https://www.academia.edu/12090913 |year=2012 |publisher=Darshak Itihas Nidhi |isbn=978-8192263922}}</ref>

Bhagwan Lal was a pioneer in [[Ashoka]]n studies. He discovered the archaeological sites at Bairat and Sopara. He excavated Sopara and published an excavation report. He was the first Indian to excavate and publish the report. Most of the inscriptions in Archaeological Survey of Western India Reports volume 4 and 5 were his contributions. He was co-author (with [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]]) of ''Inscriptions from the Caves Temples of Western India with descriptive notes''. He was the main contributor to Burgess' ''Ajanta Notes and Rock-cut Temples at Badami in the Deccan''.<ref name="Virchand_2012"/>

Bhagwanlal contributed extensively to Thana, Poona, Nasik, volumes of The [[Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency]], where he contributed on Eksar Memorial stones, [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]]. Jogeshwari Kondivti, Lonad Pulu Sonala caves, on Shahur-Atgaon sculptures, Junnar and nanaghat Caves, [[Nasik Caves|Nasik caves]]. He contributed socio-religious study on Pandharpur in Sholapur Gazetteer.<ref name="Virchand_2012"/>

He also arranged a genealogy of the Kashtriya rulers of India, on the basis of coins. In addition, he prepared detailed records of language, costumes, lifestyle, religion and culture in various regions of India. He gifted all his notes, inscriptions, coins, manuscripts and other research material to the Royal Asiatic Society, the [[British Museum]] and the Bombay Native General Library.<ref name="Amaresh1987">{{cite book |author=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA428 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |pages=428–}}</ref>

Bhagwan Lal did not know [[English language|English]], which greatly impeded his research and reach of his contributions. He died on 16 March 1888, after a prolonged illness.<ref name="Javeri_1888"/>

== Awards and honours ==

Honours accorded to Bhagwan Lal include:<ref name="Virchand_2012"/><ref name="Amaresh1987"/>

* Honorary membership of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1877
* Fellow of Bombay University, 1882
* Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of Philology, Geography and Ethnology of the Netherlands Hague, 1883
* Honorary Doctorate from [[Leiden University]] 1884
* Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indraji, Bhagwan Lal}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1888 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Gujarat]]

Agnikumar G. Vedeshwar

2026-01-11T22:18:14Z

LutherCustance5: created the bio initial version

<gallery>
[[File:Agnikumar G Vedeshwar at Delhi University in January 2019.jpg|406x640px|frameless|center|Agnikumar G. Vedeshwar at Deli University]in January 2019]]
</gallery>
{{Short description|Indian experimental physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Agnikumar G. Vedeshwar
| image = Agnikumar G Vedeshwar at Delhi University in January 2019.jpg
| caption = Agnikumar G Vedeshwar at Delhi University in January 2019
| birth_date = {{b-da|29 July 1959}}
| birth_place = Gokarana, [[Karnataka]], [[India]] [[Image:Flag of India.svg|20px]]
| field = Experimental [[Condensed matter physics]], [[Solid-state physics]], [[Materials physics]], [[Materials science]]
| work_institution = [[University of Delhi]]
| alma_mater = [[Karnatak University]]
| doctoral_advisor = A. M. Karguppikar (Dharwad)
| known_for =Experimental [[Condensed matter physics]], [[Solid-state physics]], [[Materials physics]], [[Materials science]]
}}

'''Agnikumar G. Vedeshwar''' (born July 1959) is an Indian experimental physicist specialized in experimental [[Condensed matter physics]], [[Solid-state physics]], [[Materials physics]], [[Materials science]], [[Superconductivity]] and is known for his work in several areas in this field that include: Transport ([[Hall effect]], Thermopower and resistivity) and Optical properties both at low and high temperatures of [[Semiconductor]]s and [[High-temperature superconductivity]] in both bulk and [[Thin film]] forms, [[Thin film]] fabrication, Vacuum Technology, [[Photolithography]], Electron beam gun, RF [[Sputtering]], device fabrication. He is also known for his work on the analytical techniques: X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, ESCA, DTA, EPR and Raman effect in solids, UV/VIS spectroscopy of solids, [[Thin film]]s for Optical Storage, Surfaces, Interfaces, [[Nanotechnology]], [[Nanomaterials]] and [[Quantum dot]]s, Optical Properties, DFT calculations of Electronic structure, Elastic properties and Optical properties of solids.

==Education and career==
Vedeshwar obtained his B.Sc. (1981), M.Sc. (1983), Ph.D. (1988) from the [[Karnatak University]]. He was a National Superconductivity Fellow at the Department of Physics, [[IIT Kanpur]] during 1988–1990, where he was involved in the research and teaching. He was a National Superconductivity Fellow of Department of Science and Technology of India at the Materials Science Division, I.G.C.A.R., Kalpakkam, during 1990–1993. In 1993, he joined the Department of Physics and Astrophysics, [[University of Delhi]] as a permanent faculty and worked as a Lecturer during 1993–1998, as a Senior Lecturer during 1998–2002, as a Reader during 2002–2005 and as an Associate Professor during 2006–2009. Eventually, in 2009, he was appointed as a Full Professor of Physics at the Department of Physics and Astrophysics, [[University of Delhi]] where he got promoted as a Senior Professor of Physics in December 2019 and he continues to hold that position till date.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/departments/faculty_members/Physics_Astrophysics/2755.pdf|format=PDF|title=University Faculty Details Page on DU Web-site : Agnikumar G. Vedeshwar|website=Du.ac.in|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://du.ac.in/du/uploads/Faculty%20Profiles/Physics/Agni_Vedeshwar_Physics.pdf|format=PDF|title=University Faculty Details Page on DU Web-site : Agnikumar G. Vedeshwar|website=Du.ac.in|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref>

==Scientific research==
Vedeshwar is known for his work in several areas in experimental [[Condensed matter physics]] that include: Transport ([[Hall effect]], Thermopower and resistivity) and optical properties both at low and high temperatures of [[Semiconductor]]s and [[High-temperature superconductivity]] in both bulk and [[Thin film]] forms, [[Thin film]] fabrication, Vacuum Technology, [[Photolithography]], Electron beam gun, RF [[Sputtering]], device fabrication. He is also known for his work on the analytical techniques: X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, ESCA, DTA, EPR and Raman effect in solids, UV/VIS spectroscopy of solids, [[Thin film]]s for Optical Storage, Surfaces, Interfaces, [[Nanotechnology]], [[Nanomaterials]] and [[Quantum dot]]s, optical Properties, DFT calculations of Electronic structure, Elastic properties and optical properties of solids.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A-Vedeshwar|title=A. VEDESHWAR | University of Delhi, Delhi | DU | Department of Physics & Astrophysics|website=ResearchGate.net}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/>

Vedeshwar has written over 80 scientific articles, which have received over 1000 citations,<ref>[https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=m2GOhZMAAAAJ&hl=en Scholar Profile]. Scholar.google.co.in</ref> many of them are scholar articles that cover several important topics not only in experimental but also in theoretical [[condensed matter physics]] and are spread over a long duration of time beginning since his graduate student days till date:<ref>A. M. Karguppikar, A. G. Vedeshwar, Physics State Solidi (a), 95 (Issue # 2) (1986) 717-720,</ref><ref name="auto">P. Kumar, A. G. Vedeshwar, arXiv preprint arXiv: 2107.03849 (2021),</ref><ref>P. Kumar, A. G. Vedeshwar, Phys. Rev. A102, (4) (2020) 043715, </ref><ref>P. Kumar, A. G. Vedeshwar, J. Applied Phys, 123 (12)(2018)125107,</ref><ref>A. G. Vedeshwar, J. de Physique, III5(8), (1995) 1161-1172,</ref><ref>A. G. Vedeshwar, Solid State Comm, 74 (1), 23-25 (1990).</ref> His work has made a very significant impact on the studies in several important domains that include e.g., a study of thin films, effect of energetic argon ion irradiation,<ref>R. S. Rawat, P. Arun, A. G. Vedeshwar, P. Lee, S. Lee, J. Applied Physics, 95 (12) (2004) 7725-7730,</ref> optical band gap <ref>P. Tyagi, A. G. Vedeshwar, Bulletin of Materials Science, 24 (3), (2001) 297-300,</ref> coherence-mediated squeezing and quantum dots<ref name="auto"/> quantum dot like behavior of ultra thin films like PbI2 and their optical properties, quantum confinement and residual stress effect, formation of 1D nanowires and 2D nanophases, quantum dot like behavior of ultra thin PbI2 films, quantum confinement in amorphous InSb and so on. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=m2GOhZMAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Agnikumar G Vedeshwar|website=Scholar.google.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{google scholar id|m2GOhZMAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vedeshwar, Agnikumar G.}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]

Jyotsna Radhakrishnan

2026-01-08T00:06:40Z

LutherCustance5: quick improved intro as per guidelines and corrected details

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Jyotsna Radhakrishnan
| background = solo_singer
| image = Jyotsna radhakrishnan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|9|5}}
|birth_place =[[Kuwait City]], [[Kuwait]]
| origin = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = Vocalist
| years_active = 1998–present
}}
'''Jyotsna Radhakrishnan''' (born 5 September 1986) is an Indian [[playback singer]]. She predominantly works in 12 languages including [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]]. She has sung more than 1000 songs. She is based in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/72490|title=ആ കത്ത് വായിച്ച് ഞാന് കരഞ്ഞു|website=mangalam.com|language=ml|access-date=2016-05-15}}</ref>
Jyotsna gained wider recognition for singing popular songs such as “''Karuppinazhaku''” from ''[[Swapnakoodu]]'' (2003), “''Themma Themma Themmadikkatte''” from ''[[Rain Rain Come Again]]'' (2004) and "''Raftara''" from ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' (2019).

==Early life==
Jyotsna was born in [[Kuwait]]. At a very young age she moved to [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]].

She did her schooling at the Asian International School in [[Ruwais]], an industrial area {{Convert|240|km|miles|abbr=off}} west of Abu Dhabi, where she excelled at singing.

==Singing career==
Jyotsna's interest in music started at a very young age. She learned the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocal style under Mangad Natesan, and the [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] classical vocal style under Guru Dinesh Devdas.

Although she started her career in Malayalam cinema with the song "Valakilukkam Kettedee" from the film ''[[Pranayamanithooval|Pranayamani Thooval]]'' in 2002. It was "Sughamanee Nilavu" from ''[[Nammal]]'' that brought her to wider attention.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/popular-malayalam-singer-jyotsna-welcomes-baby-boy-640088|title=Popular Malayalam Singer Jyotsna Welcomes Baby Boy|last=Sarkar|first=Suparno|date=2015-07-22|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2016-05-15}}</ref> She has sung in almost 800 movies, in Malayalam as well as in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. She has sung on some 200 albums. Some of her hits are "Karuppinazhagu" from ''[[Swapnakoodu]]'', "Melleyonnu" from ''[[Manassinakkare]]'', and "Meheruba" from ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''and also Raftara in "[[Lucifer]]" in Malayalam

Some of her latest films are ''Classmates'', ''Pothen Vava'', ''Don'', ''Notebook'' and ''Janmam''. She has traveled to the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States of America|the US]], [[Australia]] and [[Singapore]] for musical programs, and has performed with almost all leading playback singers of south India. She concluded another North American tour with singer [[G. Venugopal]] and in August 2013 in Australia with [[Unni Menon]] performing for Malayalees in major cities. This was her first trip to Australia where she was accompanied by [[Ramesh Pisharody]].

== Personal life ==
On 26 December 2010, Jyotsna married Sreekanth Surendran, a software engineer from [[Kochi]]. She gave birth to their first child, a boy, on 9 July 2015.<ref name=":0" />

In 2025, Jyotsna revealed that she has been diagnosed with [[autism]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/health/2025/06/15/singer-jyotsna-diagnosed-highly-masking-autism.html |title=Singer Jyotsna reveals she is diagnosed with autism: How she came to know |work=Onmanorama |date=15 June 2025 |accessdate=19 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/health/singer-jyotsna-radhakrishnan-reveals-autism-diagnosis-what-are-the-symptoms-in-adults-article-151997696 |title=Singer Jyotsna Radhakrishnan Reveals Autism Diagnosis; What Are the Symptoms in Adults? |work=Times Now |date=16 June 2025 |accessdate=20 June 2025}}</ref>

==Awards==
''[[Asianet Film Awards]]'':
* 2002 - [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback]] - ''[[Nammal]]''

''[[Kerala Film Critics Award]]'':

*2013 - Best Female playback Singer - [[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]
*2017 - Best Female Playback Singer - [[Kaattu]]
* Winner of Title trophy "Rasna Girl 2001", an open UAE music competition in Hindi film songs
* Prize winner in "Sangeetha Prathibha Sangamam", an open UAE music competition in Malayalam film songs
* Shruthi Bharatham Award for best Female Playback Singer 2003
* "Yuva Prathibha" award by Pallavoor Appu Marar Smaraka Kala KshetRa 2003
* All Kerala Youth Campus Critics Award 2004
* Mahatma Gandhi Education Foundation Award 2004
* "Outstanding Young Person" Award by Jaycees
* Kaveri Film Critics TV Award 2004
* Jaycees Foundation Award for Best Female Playback Singer
* Film Audience Award 2005
* Gulf Malayalam Music Award 2006
*Mazhavil Mango Music awards 2017 -Best Non Film song

==Discography: Malayalam==
===2002===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=10% | No
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikoonan]]''
|1
| "Kunjante Penninu[F]"
|rowspan="6" | [[Mohan Sithara]]
||[[Yusufali Kechery]]
|Hridhya Suresh
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''[[Pranayamanithooval]]''
|2
| "Valakilukkammmmm"
|rowspan="6" |[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
||[[Sujatha Mohan]], Smitha
|-
|3
| "Omana Laila (D)"
||[[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
|4
| "Omana Laila (F)"
|rowspan="2" |[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Nammal]]''
|5
| "Sukhamanee Nilavu [F]"
|-
|6
| "Sukhamanee Nilavu [D]"
| [[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yathrakkarude Sradhakku]]''
|7
| "Onnu Thodanullil[F]"
|[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|}

===2003===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=10% | No
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Manassinakkare]]''
|8
| "Melleyonnu Paadi Ninne"
|[[Ilayaraja]]
||[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
|[[K J Yesudas]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | ''Choonda''
|9
| "Paathira Nilavilum(F)"
|rowspan="5"|[[Mohan Sithara]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Yusufali Kechery]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
|10
| "Paathira Nilavilum(D)"
| Sunil Viswachaithanya
|-
|11
| "Parannu Parannu"
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Swapnakkoodu]]''
|12
| "Maaya Sandhye"
|rowspan="5"|[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
|[[K J Yesudas]]
|-
|13
| "Karuppinazhku"
| Pradeep Kumar, Rajesh Vijay
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]''
|14
| "Gujarathi (D)"
|rowspan="2"|[[Berny-Ignatius]]
|[[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
|15
| "Gujarathi(F)"
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kasthooriman]]''
|16
| "One Plus One"
|rowspan="5"|[[Ouseppachan]]
| [[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''Varum Varunnu Vannu''
|17
| "Thaalam Thaalam"
|rowspan="2"|[[Yusufali Kechery]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
|18
| "ABCD Muthal"
| Franco
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam]]''
|19
| "Kasthurikuri"
|rowspan="2"|[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mullavalliyum Thenmavum]]''
|20
| "Pachapalunke"
|Balu
|-
! scope="row" | ''Hariharan Pillai Happy Aanu''
|21
| "Ambaadi Poove"
|[[Stephen Devassy]]
||[[Rajeev Alunkal]]
|[[K S Chithra]]
|}

===2004===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=10% | No
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]''
|22
| "Kaliyaadi Thalir"
|rowspan="2"|[[Raveendran]]
| B R Prasad
|[[Biju Narayanan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Greetings (2004 film)|Greetings]]''
|23
| "Sona Sona"
| rowspan="6"|[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kerala House Udan Vilpanakku]]''
|24
| "Maashe Edo Maashe"
|[[Ouseppachan]]
|[[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]''
|25
| "Pattuvennila"
|rowspan="3"| [[Suresh Peters]]
|[[Suresh Peters]], Sunanda
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Aparichithan]]''
|26
| "Massam Massam (F)"
| Renjini Jose
|-
|27
| "Massam Massam (S)"
| [[Suresh Peters]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]''
|28
| "Mazha Meettum"
|rowspan="2"|[[Alex Paul]]
|Balu
|-
|29
| "Love Letter"
| Santhosh Varma
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''Youth Festival''
|30
| "Kalla Kalla Kochu Kalla"
|rowspan="5"|[[M Jayachandran]]
| [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
|Rajesh Vijay
|-
|31
| "Enne Ninakkinnu Priyamalle"
| rowspan="10"|[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| Franco
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''
|32
| "Meharuba Meharuba"
|[[Afsal]], [[Choir|Chorus]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshathram]]''
|33
| "Pineapple Penne"
| Franco
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sathyam (2004 film)|Sathyam]]''
|34
| "Be Happy Man"
| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rain Rain Come Again]]''
|35
| "Themma Themma (F)"
| rowspan="2"|[[Jassie Gift]]
|Karthika
|-
! scope="row" |''[[4 the People]]''
|36
| "Ninte Mizhi Muna"
| [[Jassie Gift]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Symphony (film)|Symphony]]''
|37
| "Chithramani Kattil (F)"
|[[Deepak Dev]]
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Udayam''
|38
| "London Cell Phone"
| [[Mohan Sithara]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Manju Poloru Penkutty]]''
|39
| "Ithile Nee Enthe"
|rowspan="3"|[[Alphons Joseph]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|40
| "Ithile Nee Enthe [V2]"
|[[Alphons Joseph]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jalolsavam]]''
|41
| "Kanneerinte"
|[[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Students''
|42
| "Laisa Laisa (D)"
|[[S P Balasubrahmanyam]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Rajeev Alunkal]]
|[[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vettam]]''
|43
| "I Love You December"
|[[Berny-Ignatius]]
|[[MG Sreekumar]], [[Sayanora Philip]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Freedom''
|44
| "Paathiraavayi"
|Rinil Jones
|[[Thampi Kannanthanam]], Santhosh Varma, Kareem Thodupuzha
|[[Biju Narayanan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]''
|45
| "Njan Nadakkum (poovalla)"
|[[Ouseppachan]]
|[[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Natturajavu]]''
|46
| "Que Cera"
|[[M Jayachandran]]
|[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
|Alex Kayyalakkal
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| ''[[Monalisa (film)|Monalisa]]'' (Dubbed version)
|47
| "Monalisa"
|rowspan="3"|Valisha-Sandeep
| rowspan="7"| [[Rajeev Alunkal]]
| [[Afsal]]
|-
|48
| "Ente Uyiru Neeyalle"
| rowspan="2"| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
|49
| "O Prithama"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Anji (film)|Chekavan]]'' (Dubbed version)
|50
| "Pachamilakku"
|rowspan="2"| [[Mani Sharma]]
| [[Afsal]]
|-
|51
| "Oh Shanthi (D)"
| Franco, Chorus
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2"| ''[[Nuvve Nuvve|Pranayamai]]'' (Dubbed version)
|52
| "Ammanamaakum Kannil"
| rowspan="2"|[[Raj–Koti]]
| [[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
|53
| "En Manassu Nee"
| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Koottu]]''
|54
| "Escottelo"
|[[Mohan Sithara]]
| M D Rajendran
| [[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Masanagudi Mannadiyar Speaking''
|55
| "Praanamurali Moham"
| Pramod Shornur
|[[Yusufali Kechery]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Paanchajanyam]]''
|56
| "Minnal Kodiyai"
| [[Balabhaskar]]
| Prasad EP
| [[Radhika Thilak]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Iruvar]]'' (Dubbed Version)
|57
| "Vennila Vennila"
| [[A R Rahman]]
| [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|}

===2005===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=20% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=20% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=20% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Pandippada]]''
| "Ariyathe Ishttamay (F)"
|rowspan="2"|[[Suresh Peters]]
|rowspan="2"|Chittoor Gopi
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
| "Ariyathe Ishttamay (D)"
| [[Devanand]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''Deepangal Sakshi''
| "Kavithe (F)"
|rowspan="2"|[[Mohan Sithara]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Yusufali Kechery]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
| "Poovambante"
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''Pass Pass''
| "Kuku Kurukka"
|rowspan="2"|Job Kuruvila
|rowspan="2"|Sabari K Ayyappan, Sudhi Nambiar
|rowspan="2"| [[Afsal]]
|-
| "Kuku Kuruka [v2]"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Immini Nalloral]]''
| "Komalavally"
(Anne Chollile)
|rowspan="5"|[[M Jayachandran]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| Rajesh Vijay
|-
| "Kootukare"
| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Junior Senior]]''
| "Nattumavin"
|rowspan="9"|[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| [[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Athbhutha Dweepu]]''
| "Chakkara Mavinte (F)"
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
| "Oridathoridathu"
|[[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Boy Friend (2005 film)|Boy Friend]]''
| "Yo Yo Payya"
| [[Afsal]], Alex Kayyalakkal, Renjini Jose
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Annorikkal''
| "Mattu Ponkal"
|rowspan="2" | [[Kaithapram Namboothiri]]
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Soumyam]]''
| "Chundari (F)"
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''December''
| "Alakadalin"
| [[Jassie Gift]]
| [[Ishaan Dev]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Rappakal]]''
| "Kadha Kadha"
| rowspan="2"|[[Mohan Sithara]]
| [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Anwar Sadath]], Asha Madhu
|-
| "Thanka Manassu (F)"
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Kalyana Kurimanam]]''
| "Thairani Mulle"
|rowspan="2"|Ronnie Raphael
|rowspan="2"|[[Bichu Thirumala]]
| [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| "Keralam Oru"
| [[Vidhu Prathap]], Nimmi
|-
! scope="row" | ''Dhobiwala''
| "Maaya Manassukale"
| S Kumar
| [[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Seelabathi]]''
| "Pathira Manal"
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| [[Prabha Varma]]
| [[Ramesh Narayan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Maniyarakallan''
| "Kinnarapattum Paadi"
| MG Anil
| rowspan="3"| Sudhamsu
| [[MG Sreekumar]], [[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''OK Chacko Cochin Mumbai''
| "Pichakapoo"
| Sayan Anwar
|
|-
| "Halchhala"
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Krithyam]]''
| "Kokkurummum Katte"
| D Udayakumar
| [[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|}

===2006===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Ennittum]]''
| "Swarna Meghame"
|rowspan="2"|[[Jassie Gift]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| [[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
| "Padapedichu"
|[[Jassie Gift]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''Parayam''
| "Tik Tik(F)"
|rowspan="2"|[[Mohan Sithara]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
| "Tik Tik (D)"
| Rajesh Vijay
|-
! scope="row" | ''Lion''
| "Chirimani Mulle"
|[[Deepak Dev]]
| [[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Pachakuthira]]''
| "Oru Thottavadi"
|rowspan="2"|[[Ilayaraja]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
| "Varavelkkumo"
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Lanka (2006 film)|Lanka]]''
| "Kadalezhum"
| Rajesh Mohan
| B R Prasad
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''Nilavu Pole''
| "Ranjitha Tharakal"
|rowspan="2"|[[Raj–Koti]]
|rowspan="7"|[[Rajeev Alunkal]]
| [[Afsal]]
|-
| "Pratheekshakal"
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Colourful''
| "Swarna Nila"
| Sayan Anwar
| [[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss I Love You]]'' (Dubbed version)
| "Etho Thamasa"
|rowspan="2"|[[Kalyan Koduri]]
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
| "Hello Boss"
|[[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]''
| "Madhumozhi"
|rowspan="2"|[[Ramana Gogula]]
| [[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
| "Kanthari"
|[[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chacko Randaaman]]''
| "Otta Nokkile"
| [[Sundar C Babu]]
| Joffy Tharakan
| [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Highway Police]]''
| "Manassinte"
| [[M. K. Arjunan]]
| [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]''
| "Kathirunna Pennalle"
| [[Alex Paul]]
| [[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
| [[Devanand]], [[Pradeep Palluruthy]], Soniya Samjad
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pathaka]]''
| "Husunul Jamal"
| Thej Mervin
| [[Poovachal Khader]]
| [[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Onnaravattu''
| "Chittaram Kaattathu [v2]"
| colspan="2"|Hashna Hash
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Don''
| "Chandana Theril"
|[[Mohan Sithara]]
| [[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
|[[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Aadu Thoma''
| "Manavatti Pennin"
|Josi Pullad
|Shaji Ellathu
|[[Biju Narayanan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Moonnamathoral]]''
| "Peyyukayanu
|[[Ouseppachan]]
|[[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]''
| "Hridayavum Hridayavum 1"
|rowspan="2"|[[Mejo Joseph]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
| "Hridayavum Hridayavum 2"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Pothen Vava]]''
| "Raaga[Bit]"
|rowspan="3"|[[Alex Paul]]
|[[Choir|Chorus]]
|-
| "Manchadi Manimuthu"
|[[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Baba Kalyani]]''
| "Neelamizhipeeli"
|[[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Mukhamariyathe''
| "Mainapenne Kilipenne"
|Vijay Dravid
|Vijayan Nalanda
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|}

===2007===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[November Rain (2007 film)|November Rain]]''
| "Aarumaarum"
|rowspan="2"|Anup S Nair
|rowspan="2"| N/A
| [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
| "Dham"
|Franco
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Avan Chandiyude Makan]]''
| Mampoo Pookkum"
| Sanjeev Lal
|[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[Anwar Sadath]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Komban''
| "Laysa Laysa"
| SP Boopathy
|rowspan="2"| [[Rajeev Alunkal]]
| [[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sketch (2007 film)|Sketch]]''
| "Nishayile"
| Prakash Ullyeri
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Big B (film)|Big B]]''
| "Muthumazha Konchal"
| [[Alphons Joseph]]
| Joffy Tharakan
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Abraham Lincoln (2007 film)|Abraham Lincoln]]''
| "Thakkida Thakkida"
| [[Ouseppachan]]
| [[Balachandran Chullikkad]]
| Franco
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Payum Puli]]''
| "Kuku Kuravayai"
| [[Mohan Sithara]]
| [[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Soorya Kireedam ]]''
| "Oru Swapna"
| [[Bennet-Veetraag]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| Renjini Jose, Shruthy
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)|Goal]]''
| "Maanam Thelinje"
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Best Friends''
| "Kandilla Nee"
| Valeesha Sandeep
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aakasham ]]''
| "Pachakuruvikal"
| [[Mohan Sithara]]
| [[Rajeev Alunkal]]
| Sheela Mani, Ajay Sethu Warrier, Aswin AS, Sreeshankar
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]''
| "Kanavinte Kadavathu(D)"
|rowspan="2"|[[Ouseppachan]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
| [[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
| "Kanavinte Kadavathu(F)"
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chocolate (2007 film)|Chocolate]]''
| "Thamarayum(F)"
| [[Alex Paul]]
| [[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]''(Dubbed version)
| "Poraamo Yogi"
| [[Ramana Gogula]]
| rowspan="2" | Siju Thuravoor
| [[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Desamuduru|Hero]]''(Dubbed version)
| "Kanna Vaada"
| [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| [[Anwar Sadath]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Satham Podathey|Kelkkatha Shabtham]]'' (Dubbed version)
| "Maayakuthirayil"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| [[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dubai Seenu]]'' (Dubbed version)
| "Dol Dol"
| [[Mani Sharma]]
| [[Rajeev Alunkal]]
| [[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vikramarkudu|Vikramadithya]]'' (Dubbed version)
| "Jum Jum Maaya"
| [[M M Keeravani]]
| [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
| [[Unni Menon]]
|}

===2008===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[College Kumaran]]''
| "Thazhika Kudame"
| [[Ouseppachan]]
| [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
| [[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Gopaalapuram''
| "Nee Nilaavo"
| [[N/A]]
| [[N/A]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Annan Thambi]]''
| "Ra Chekkanu Pekkali"
| rowspan="2"| [[Rahul Raj]]
| [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| [[Afsal]], [[Pradeep Palluruthy]], Smitha Nisanth
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[One Way Ticket (2008 film)|One Way Ticket]]''
| "Mohiyudheen"
| [[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| Santhosh Kesav
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]''
| "Ushassil"
| [[Berny Ignatius]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[K J Yesudas]], [[K S Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Afsal]], [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Jassie Gift]], Franco, [[Anitha Shaiq]], [[Rimi Tomy]]
|-
| "Oh Priya"
| [[Suresh Peters]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Chembada]]''
| "Ente Pranayathin"
| rowspan="2"| Robin Thirumala
| Robin Thirumala
| [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
| "Mohabbathin Kadalile"
| Firos Thikkodi
| Dr.M.K. Muneer
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Lollipop (2008 film)|Lollypop]]''
| "Vellimani Poo"
| [[Alex Paul]]
|[[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
| Franco
|-
! scope="row" | ''Glamour Nagaram'' (Dubbed version)
| "Hoshiyare"
| [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| Siju Thuravoor
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''The Target'' (Dubbed version)
| "Chandamama"
| [[Mani Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
| Franco
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]]'' (Dubbed Version)
| "Yamuna Nadi"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kanal'' (Dubbed version)
| "Vettayaadi"
| [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Rajeev Alunkal]]
| [[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tulasi (2007 film)|Thulasi]]''(Dubbed version)
| "Nin Kallanaam"
| [[Devisri Prasad]]
| [[Devanand]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Don (2007 film)|Bhai]]'' (Dubbed Version)
| "Nin Kannukalum"
| Raghava Lowrense
| rowspan="2" | Siju Thuravoor
|[[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Chandu- The Hot Hero'' (Dubbed Version)
| "Thaka Thaka"
| [[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Afsal]], [[Choir|Chorus]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Company'' (Dubbed Version)
| "Kankonil"
| Sandeep Chowdhary
| [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[Anwar Sadath]]
|}

=== 2009 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''Swapna Malika''
| "Aadyanuragathin"
| Jai Kishan
| Aparna Karimpil
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vellathooval]]''
| "Kothi Kothi "
| [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Gireesh Puthanchery]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]''
| "Oh Kanmani "
| rowspan="2" | [[Suresh Peters]]
| [[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|Love In Singapore]]''
| "Ithu Azhaku "
| rowspan="3" | [[Rajeev Alunkal]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''Thirunakkara Perumal''
| "Kanmani"
|rowspan="2"| Gireesh Surya Narayanan
| [[MG Sreekumar]]
|-
| "Padayude Naduvil"
| Jithu Jayaram
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Black Dalia]]''
| "May Maasam "
| Sayan Anwar
| rowspan="2" | Joffy Tharakan
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Currency (film)|Currency]]''
| "Kari Maanathin "
| [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| Aswath.T.Ajith, Rahul Rajwi
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''Mounam''
| "Janaganamana"
|rowspan="2"| M D Rajendran
| rowspan="2" | Poonkunnam Damodharan
| [[Biju Narayanan]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], Shobha, [[Choir|Chorus]]
|-
| "Janaganamana[F]"
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''Pramukhan''
| "Kanna Karmukil"
|rowspan="2"| Shyam Dharman
|rowspan="2"| [[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
| Shyam Dharman
|-
| "Kanmunayaal"
| [[Jassie Gift]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]'' (Dubbed version)
| "Hey Chandu "
| [[Mani Sharma]]
| Siju Thuravoor
| [[Afsal]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Keralotsavam''
| "Kannale"
| Shyam Dharman
| [[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
| Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Gangothri|Simhakkutty]]'' (Dubbed version)
| "Pandu Pandu"
|rowspan="2"| [[M M Keeravani]]
|rowspan="2"|Siju Thuravoor
|rowspan="2"| Solo
|-
|"Neeyum Njaanum"
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Operation Duryodhana]]'' (Dubbed Version)
| "Ek Bar Dekho"
| [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
| VR Udayakumar
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Souryam]]'' (Dubbed Version)
| "Kathoram Paayaram"
| [[Mani Sharma]]
| [[Rajeev Alunkal]]
| [[Afsal]]
|}

===2010===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Advocate Lakshmanan – Ladies Only]]''
| "Aru Padai"
| rowspan="2"| [[Mohan Sithara]]
| [[Anil Panachooran]]
|[[Pradeep Palluruthy]], Bhavya Shaji, Thulasi Yatheendran
|-
! scope="row" | ''Patham Adhyayam''
| "Enikkinangum Changathi"
| Ezhancheri Ramachandran
| rowspan="2"| [[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe''
| "Kathu Vannu Chare"
| [[Mejo Joseph]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Vayalar Sarathchandra Varma]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''
| "Chirichorungum"
| [[D Imman]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Black Stallion (film)|Black Stallion]]''
| "Nanathin"
| Abhishek
| M.D.Rajendran
| [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Holidays (2010 film)|Holidays]]''
| "Holidays"
| rowspan="2" | [[Alex Paul]]
| Santhosh Varma
| [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]], [[Vidhu Prathap]]
|-
| "Pathinettazhakotha"
| rowspan="6"| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]''
| "Machiyammaikku"
| [[Ouseppachan]]
| [[Pradeep Palluruthy]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Kaaryasthan]]''
| "Neeyinnenne Maranno (D)"
| rowspan="2" | [[Berny-Ignatius]]
| George Peter
|-
| "Neeyinnenne Maranno (F)"
| rowspan="5" | [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thoovalkattu]]''
| "Nagamalika (F)"
| [[Kaithapram Viswanathan]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Penpattanam]]''
| "Penpattanam (theme)"
| rowspan="2" | [[M G Sreekumar]]
|-
| "Chandanathin"
| P T Vinu
|-
! scope="row" | ''Plus 2''
| "Thane"
| [[Manu Ramesan]]
| S. Rameshan Nair
|}

===2011===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Payyans]]''
| "Thennal Chirakundo"
| rowspan="2"| [[Alphons Joseph]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| "Thennal Chirakundo (unplugged)"
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mohabbath (2011 film)|Mohabbath]]''
| "Chantham Thikanjoru"
| K A Latheef
| rowspan="2"| Santhosh Varma
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Janapriyan]]''
| "Erivenal Poovukalayi"
| Rinil Gowtham
| [[Sudeep Kumar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bangkok Summer]]''
| "Engane Njan"
| [[Ouseppachan]]
| [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
| [[Anoop Sankar]], Franco
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sandwich (2011 film)|Sandwich]]''
| "Kombulla Maane"
| Jayan Pisharady
| Murukan Kattakada
| [[M G Sreekumar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Arabi Ponnu]]''
| "Ee Rathri Mazhayil"
| Vijesh Gopal
| Vijay Narayambalam
|rowspan="2"|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Nayanam''
| "Aarum Parayathen"
| Sivadas Warrier
| Bharanikkavu Shivakumar
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]'' (D)
| "Chiranjeeva Chiranjeeva"
| [[M M Keeravani]]
| Siju Thuravoor
| [[Afsal]]
|}

===2012===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mullamottum Munthiricharum]]''
| "Neeyo Neeyo"
| [[Mohan Sithara]]
| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
|Vishnu Mohan Sithara
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Naughty Professor]]''
| "Jig Jinga"
| [[Jassie Gift]]
| Baburaj
| Shami Samad
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Sriramarajyam]]''
| "Mangalam Raghurama"
| rowspan="2"| [[Ilayaraja]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
| "Thamboola Ragangal"
|-
! scope="row" | ''Neeranjanam''
| "Prema Vrindhavanam"
|colspan="2"|Kuzhalmandam Ramakrishnan
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|}

===2013===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Geethanjali (2013 film)|Geethanjali]]''
| "Pavizha Munthiri"
| rowspan="2"| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
| [[M G Sreekumar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nadodimannan|Nadodi Mannan]]''
| "Machan Ente"
| rowspan="2"| [[Rajeev Alunkal]]
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Rimi Tomy]], Renjini Jose
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bangles (film)|Bangles]]''
| "Pathira Poo"
| Dr.Suvid Wilson
|rowspan="2"|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Radio (2013 film)|Radio]]''
| "Mandara Kombathu"
| [[Mohan Sithara]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sringaravelan]]''
| "Nalambalamanayan"
| [[Berny-Ignatius]]
| [[Sudeep Kumar]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]''
| "Veyil Chilla"
| Vishnu-Sharreth
| Engandiyoor Chandrashekharan
| Vishnu Mohan Sithara
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | ''[[Dookudu|Choodan]]'' (D)
| "Madhumasa"
| rowspan="2"| [[S. Thaman]]
| rowspan="2"| Siju Thuravoor
| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
| "Vaayo Vaayo"
|
|}

===2014===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Manglish (film)|Manglish]]''
| "Daffodile"
| [[Gopi Sunder]]
| rowspan="2"| B. K. Harinarayanan
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Villali Veeran]]''
| "Nin Kannil"
| [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Peruchazhi]]''
| "Po Mone Dinesha"
| Arrora
| Rajiv Nair
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vikramadithyan]]''
| "Megham Mazhavillin"
| [[Bijibal]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Persiakaran]]''
| "Chirakil Poompodi"
| Renjith Melappattu
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|}

===2015===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pathemari]]''
| "Ithu Paaro"
| [[Bijibal]]
| [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kanthari]]''
| "Pranayam Poothirangum"
| Arun Chowdary
| Ravi Menon
| Mahadevan
|-
! scope="row" | ''Maanikyam''
| "Ormayil Ee"
| S. M. shiq Illahi
| N/A
| [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Rag Rangeela''
| "Cheru Punchiri"
| colspan="2"|Yousuf Muhammed
| [[Solo (music)|Solo]]
|}

===2016===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]''
| "Enthanen Manassile"
| [[Berny-Ignatius]]
| Santhosh Varma
| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Romanov''
| "Ezhu Nirangal"
| Jeevan Nandan
| Guruji Ankamali
| [[P. Jayachandran]]
|}

===2017===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]''
| "Hrudaya Vathil"
| [[Mejo Joseph]]
| B. K. Harinarayanan
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sunday Holiday]]''
| "Aaro Koode"
| rowspan="4"| [[Deepak Dev]]
| Jis Joy
| Prakash Babu
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]''
| "Wake Up"
| B. K. Harinarayanan
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Kaattu]]''
| "Kana Kangiren"
| Dharan
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| "Venal Kattil"
|[[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Bobby''
| "Ithal Idumoru Nimisham"
| Devika. S. Murali
| S. Ramesan Nair
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|}

===2018===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Udalaazham]]''
| "Poomathe"
| [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]], Midhun Jayaraj
| [[Manu Manjith]]
| Pushpavathy
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[B.Tech (film)|B.Tech]]''
| "Peda Glass"
| [[Rahul Raj]]
| [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| [[Jassie Gift]], [[Kavya Ajit]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Sukhamano Daveede''
| "Katte Katte"
| [[Mohan Sithara]]
| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
| [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]''
| "Panchavarn Thatha"
| [[M Jayachandran]]
| Santhosh Varma
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''Nithya Haritha Nayakan''
| "Kanaka Mulla"
| Ranjin Raj V.K
| Haseena Kanam
| Mohammad Maqbool Manzoor
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhaagamathie]]''(D)
| "Mandara Mandara"
| [[S. Thaman]]
| Gopala Krishna
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Naa Peru Surya|Ente Peru Surya]]'' (D)
| "Beautyful Life"
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| Siju Thuravoor
| Zia Ul Haq
|-
! scope="row" | ''Karinkannan''
| "Thinkal Polente"
| [[Mohan Sithara]]
| Sreekovil Kadathanad
| rowspan="4"|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Moonnam Niyamam''
| "Chellacheru Kuruvi"
| Shibu Joseph
| Santhosh Kodanadu
|-
! scope="row" | ''Oru Vathil Kotta''
| "Priyane Varu"
| Midhun Murali
| Devadas
|-
! scope="row" | ''Wonder Boys''
| "Aali Bhaba"
| Ronnie Raphael
| rowspan="2"| B. K. Harinarayanan
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ottakoru Kaamukan]]''
| "Aathmaavil"
| Vishnu Mohan Sithara
| Sachin Raj
|-
! scope="row" | ''Avarkkoppam''
| "Kanavukalale"
| Girish Surya Narayanan
| Ajith. N. Nair
| Girish Surya Narayanan
|}

===2019===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=21% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''
| "Raftara Nache"
| [[Deepak Dev]]
| Tanishq Nabar
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''Oru Vathil Kotta''
| "Priyane Varoo"
| Midhun Murali
| S. Devadas
|
|}

=== 2020 ===

===Albums===
*''Ini Varumo''- (Herself Composing)
*''Krishna-The Enternal (fusion/Meditation)'' - Composing her with Gireesh Chengannur
* ''Manicheppu''
* ''[[Chempakame]]''
* ''Onnalla''<ref>[https://soundcloud.com/6thmodule 6thmodule ]</ref>
* ''Malayalippennu''
* ''Krishnapriya''
* ''Mayakkannaa''
* ''Ithu Premamo''<ref>[https://www.ithupremamo.blogspot.com/ Ithu Premamo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708043358/http://www.ithupremamo.blogspot.com/ |date=2011-07-08 }} {{unreliable?|date=September 2018}}</ref>
* ''Ninneyum thedi [mailanchi]''
; Serials
*Kanakkinavu
*Manaporutham
*Makalude Amma
*[[Minnukettu]]
*Geethanjali

==Discography: Other Languages==
===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=10% | Year
! scope="col" width=16% | Film
! scope="col" width=16% | Song
! scope="col" width=16% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=16% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=26% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" | 2005
|! scope="row"| ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]''
|"Boom Boom"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Snehan]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Premji Amaran]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
|! scope="row"| ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]''
|"Aagayam Kaanamal"
|[[Deepak Dev]]
|[[Na. Muthukumar]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
|! scope="row"| ''[[Bhaagamathie]]''
|"Mandara Mandara"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|[[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|
|}

===Telugu===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=10% | Year
! scope="col" width=16% | Film
! scope="col" width=16% | Song
! scope="col" width=20% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=20% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=28% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2009
|! scope="row"| ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]''
|"Gore Gore"
|rowspan="2" |[[S. Thaman]]
|[[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|! scope="row"| ''[[Anjaneyulu (film)|Anjaneyulu]]''
|"Em Vayaso"
|[[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
|Naveen
|}

===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width=10% | Year
! scope="col" width=16% | Film
! scope="col" width=16% | Song
! scope="col" width=16% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=16% | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" width=26% | Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2| 2009
|! scope="row" rowspan=2 | ''[[Vayuputra]]''
| "Baare Baare Gopamma"
| rowspan=2|[[V. Harikrishna]]
| [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
| "Rock A Body"
| [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
! scope="row" | 2012
|! scope="row"| ''[[Govindaya Namaha]]''
|"Sura Sundara"
|[[Gurukiran]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jayanth Kaikini]]
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
!2013
|[[Hara (film)|Hara]]
|"Yaare Ni Sundari
|[[Jassie Gift]]
|[[Santhosh Venky]]
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| scope="row" ! | ''[[Amma I Love You]]''
|"Ee Mounave"
|[[Gurukiran]]
|Kaviraj
|
|}

==Television==
*''[[Idea Star Singer]]'' as Team captain ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''Gandharva sangeetham'' as Host ([[Kairali TV]])
*''2 Crore Apple Mega Star'' as Host ([[Jeevan TV]])
*''Duet'' as Host ([[Amrita TV]])
*''Music Mojo'' as Singer ([[Kappa TV]])
*''Pathinalam Ravu'' as Judge ([[Media One]])
*''Veruthe Alla Bharya Season 3'' as Grand Finale Host ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
*''Padam Namuk Padam'' as Judge ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* ''Still Standing'' as Participant ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
*''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer Season 1]]'' as Judge (Flowers TV)
*''[[Super 4 (Indian TV series)|Super 4 Season 2]]'' as Judge ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
*''Atham Pathu Ruchi 2021'' as Celebrity presenter (Mazhavil Manorama)
*''Super 4 Kids'' as Judge (Mazhavil Manorama)

==Appeared films==
* 2008 - [[Thirakkatha]] as RJ
* 2010 - [[Kaaryasthan]] as Herself
* 2021 - Vidhi : The Verdict as Herself

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jyotsna Radhakrishnan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014744/http://jyotsnamusic.org/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|1549859}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, Jyotsna}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Bissam Cuttack

2026-01-01T00:34:12Z

LutherCustance5: updated layout and fixed typos

{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bissam Cuttack
| other_name = Bishamakataka
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.52|N|83.52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Bissam Cuttack N.A.C.
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 342
| population_total = 7408
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 765019
| registration_plate = OD
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bissam Cuttack''' is a town and [[Notified Area Council]] in the [[Rayagada district]] of [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 February 2024|title=Odisha creates 39 urban local bodies for socio-economic development|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/india/odisha-creates-39-urban-local-bodies-for-socio-economic-development/1977869/|access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bissam Cuttack is located at {{coord|19.52|N|83.52|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Bissamcuttack.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Bissamcuttack]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|342|m|ft|abbr=on}}.
Bissam Cuttack is surrounded by the great Niyamgiri Hill. Small canals like Markama Nala, Mundabandha Nala, Gate Nala and Rata Tikiri Nala surround the village in four directions.

==History==
During the rule of Gangavansis (8th and 9th centuries) it was under the feudatory chief of Kalinga-Utkal empire Dadarnav Dev of Gudari katak. One stone scripture of 12th century, collected by heritage enthusiast and researcher<ref name="Odisha Bytes">{{cite web |last1=Patnaik |first1=Sunil |title=Rare 14th Century Odia Inscription Deciphered In Rayagada |url=https://odishabytes.com/rare-14th-century-odia-inscription-deciphered-in-rayagada/ |website=Odisha Bytes |access-date=17 July 2025 |date=15 July 2025}}</ref> Shri Sriranga Nayak of Bissam Cuttack, supports the statement. As per the research work done by Satyanarayana Rajguru,<ref>[http://gajapati.nic.in/sonsofsoil/eminent%5Cemiperson.htm " Padmashree Dr. Satyanarayana Rajguru"]</ref> of Ganjam district and the then assistant of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] Historical Research society, King Paramardin Dev (who was the ruler of the then Kalinga-Utkal) established a new sub-capital as well as a fort at Bissam Cuttack for better administration of the western- Utkal i.e. Phulbani and Kalahandi area. When the area was attacked frequently by the rulers of Chedi dynasty, he shifted the sub-capital to Gudari Katak from Bissam Cuttack.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1591089374462258&set=a.1406503809587483.1073741828.100006836317697&type=1&theater "Pratifalana"]</ref> In the early part of 17th century Bissamcuttack estate or kingdom was founded by Mallu Mohanty of [[Karan (caste)|Karana]] caste who had migrated from [[Paralakhemundi]], he won the confidence of the local [[Khond people|Khonds]] who in turn elected him as their ruler, his royal status further strengthened and he started extracting feudal tax payments from his subjects, he also maintained a large military force of armed soldiers numbering over 1 thousand men. Descendants of Mohanty were the last estate holders of this “little kingdom” in the south west of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Quigley |first=Declan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUUHEAAAQBAJ&dq=athgarh+military&pg=PT171 |title=The Character of Kingship |date=2020-05-31 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-19004-5 |language=en}}</ref> According to Anthropologist Schnepel, Rulers of [[Jeypore Estate]] had entered into a friendly alliance with the rulers of Bissamcuttack estate out of anxiety due to the growing influence of Mohanty’s reign in Bissamcuttack, succeeding rulers of Bissamcuttack estate were powerful local supporters of Jeypore estate and provided 800 soldiers/Paikas to Jeypore as a mark of support, however succeeding Raja of Bissamcuttack estate was rebellious and had refused to render military service to the kingdom out of defiance during the British rule which also resulted in a legal dispute between the Raja of Jeypore and Raja of Bissamcuttack estate. The next ruler of Bissamcuttack estate declared his estate an independent kingdom under the influence of his Brahman minister thus further escalating the conflict between the two kingdoms. These descendants of Mohanty were honoured as '''''Thatraja/Rulers''''' of Bissamcuttack kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schnepel |first=Burkhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKsXEAAAQBAJ&dq=bissamcuttack+estate&pg=PA225 |title=The King's Three Bodies: Essays on Kingship and Ritual |date=2021-04-08 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-38693-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schnepel |first=Burkhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SFuAAAAMAAJ&q=bissamcuttack+mallu |title=The Jungle Kings: Ethnohistorical Aspects of Politics and Ritual in Orissa |date=2002 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-467-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bissam Cuttack had a population of 7407. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Bissam Cuttack has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 76% and female literacy of 58%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. The latest census report 2011 available in the Government of India [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Population_Finder.aspx website] shows that the total population of the village is 7408 out of which male population is 3723 and the female population is 3685.Maa Markama is the prime Goddess of Bissam Cuttack.

[[Maa Markama Temple]] situated at the end of the village happens to be the only temple dedicated to the Goddess Markama in Odisha. The temple of 'Karkama' is situated beside the [[Maa Markama Temple|Temple of Maa Markama]]. There is a beautiful spring at [[Chatikona]] and Siva Temple beside it. Maa Markama College and Maa Markama degree college is the only college here. This college has NCC and NSS units. New Life English medium school, Navodaya School, Govt. High School, Saraswati Vidya Mandir are the educational institutes available. The Secondary training school now renamed as the District Institute of Educational Training, Rayagada at Bissam Cuttack is a well-known teacher training school in Odisha. Students from every nook and corner come to get training here each year. Bissam Cuttack also has a College of Nursing running B.Sc. Nursing course, GNM and ANM courses in the Christian Hospital Campus.

There is a JMFC court, Senior Civil Judge Court, Additional District Judge Court,<ref name="rayagada.dcourts">{{cite web |title=Inauguration of New Court of the Addl. District & Sessions Judge, Bissamcuttack |url=https://rayagada.dcourts.gov.in/gallery/inauguration-of-new-court-of-the-addl-district-sessions-judge-bissamcuttack/ |website=rayagada.dcourts.gov.in/ |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> a jail, and a fire station. Bissam Cuttack has a Government CHC and a Christian mission hospital known as Christian Hospital Bissamcuttack, which is a 200-bed hospital with various specialties such as Obstetrics and Gynecology, Surgery, Medicine, Pediatrics, Dental and Ophthalmology. Rath Yatra of [[Lord Jagannath]] is very famous. Ganesh Puja, Gajalaxmi Puja and Diwali are grandly celebrated. A personal museum cum library (in the name of Adikanda Sangrahalaya)<ref>Sangrahara Nayaka "''Pratiphalana''" dated 16–31 March issue, page 3</ref> with a good number of unpublished writings and some antique objects relating to the history of Bissam Cuttack, owned by Sri Sriranga Nayak (retd. Hindi teacher of Bissam Cuttack), is the first of its kind in Rayagada district. It has become a unique asset for research scholars in the country and abroad for their research work in the field of history as well as language.

==Temples of divinity==
[[File:Maa Markama Temple.JPEG|thumb|200px|Maa Markama Temple in a new look at Bissam Cuttack]]
It is one of the identified Tourist Centres<ref>[http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/portal/Portals/0/Identified%20Tourist%20Centres%20in%20Odisha.pdf "identified Tourist Centres of Orissa"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225095728/http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/portal/Portals/0/Identified%20Tourist%20Centres%20in%20Odisha.pdf |date=2015-02-25 }}</ref> (scenic spot) of Odisha. A great number of temples enhance the cultural beauty of the town.
* The temple of [[Lord Jagannath]] by the main road
* The [[Maa Markama Temple]] by the main road. Bissamcuttack is well known in the state of Odisha as the only abode of Goddess Markama and Karkama
* The temple of Maa Karkama beside the temple of Maa Markama
* The temple of Grama devati by the main road
* The temple of Lord [[Shiva]] near the temple of Jagannath
* Another temple of Lord Shiva near Sishu Mandir
* The temple of Radhakanta by the main road
* The temple of [[Lord Hanuman]] near the Diet, Rayagada
* The temple of Gayatri near the temple of Jagannath,
* The Lord [[Rama]] temple beside the Rayagada-Bissamcuttack Road
* The Mahima temple of Bhimabhoi in front of Rama mandir,
* The temple of Lord Shiva near [[Chatikona]], about 7 km away from Bissamcuttack
* The temple of Niyama Raja near Mundabandha Canal
* The temple of Sai Baba near the temple of Lord Jagannath
* The Lord Jagannath temple newly built in [[Durgi-odisha]]

==Politics==
Current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Bissam-Cuttack (ST) Assembly Constituency is Jagannath Saraka (won by: 29186 votes) of [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]], who won the seat in State elections of 2014 for the first time. Previous MLAs from this seat include Dambarudhar Ulaka who won this seat in 2009 through [[Indian National Congress|INC]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/bissam-cuttack.html
|title =General Elections for Bissam Cuttack Assembly Constituency
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|accessdate = 2008-09-25
}}</ref>

Bissam-Cuttack is part of [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Odisha
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|accessdate=2008-09-25
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archivedate=2009-03-04
}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Ritesh Agarwal]]

==See also==
*[[Hatamuniguda]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rayagada district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rayagada district]]

Victory Day (India)

2025-12-23T21:17:13Z

LutherCustance5: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)]]

Nidhan Singh Chugha

2025-12-18T17:34:33Z

LutherCustance5: Done.

{{Short description|Ghadar movement leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nidhan Singh
| honorific_suffix = Chugha
| image = Portrait photograph of Nidhan Singh 'Chugha', a prominent Ghadar movement leader hailing from Chugha, Moga.jpg
| other_names = Jagjit Singh (Khalsa name)
| birth_name = Nidhan Singh
| birth_date = June 1855
| birth_place = Chugha, Ferozepur district, Punjab Province, British India (present-day Moga district, Punjab, India)
| death_date = 6 December 1936
| death_place = Moga, Punjab
| spouse = Gursharan Kaur of Pootung, Shanghai
| children = Bijay Singh
| father = Sundar Singh
}}

'''Nidhan Singh Chugha''' (June 1855 – 6 December 1936) was a [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadarite]] leader.{{Efn|'Chugha' is alternatively spelt as 'Chuggha'. His name is alternatively spelt as 'Nidham'.|group=note}}<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Deol |first=Gurdev Singh |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2011 |isbn=978-8173803499 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=3: M–R |pages=217–218 |chapter=Nidhan Singh Chuggha}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tatla |first=Darshan Singh |title=A Guide to Sources: Ghadar Movement |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2003 |isbn=9788177700565 |pages=61}}</ref> He was considered one of the most dangerous and prominent Ghadarites by the British authorities.<ref name=":32" />

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Nidhan Singh was born in 1855 in the village of Chugha in modern-day [[Moga district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to a father named Sundar Singh.<ref name=":32" /> One source states he was born earlier in 1851.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Heritage of the Sikhs |publisher=Manohar |year=1983 |isbn=9780836410068 |edition=2nd, revised |pages=264–65}}</ref>

=== Move to China ===
[[File:Portrait photograph of Nidhan Singh 'Chugha' in his youth, a prominent Ghadar movement leader hailing from Chugha, Moga.jpg|thumb|Portrait photograph of Nidhan Singh 'Chugha' in his youth]]
In 1882, Nidhan departed India for [[Shanghai]], where he was employed as a watchman and later became the treasurer of the [[Gurdwara Shanghai|local gurdwara]].<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":1" /> He had helped construct the local gurdwara.<ref name=":1" />

Whilst [[Sikhism in China|in China]], Nidhan Singh married an [[Chinese people|ethnic Chinese]] woman according to [[Anand Karaj|Sikh religious rites]], having one son with her whom they named Bijay Singh.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Nidhan Singh married the Chinese lady in August 1909 on a Sunday in Shanghai at the Dongbaoxing Road Gurdwara.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Vathyam |first=Meena |date=14 November 2016 |title=Sikhs: A piece of history that remains fragmentary |url=https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/Sikhs-A-piece-of-history-that-remains-fragmentary/shdaily.shtml |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Shanghai Daily}}</ref><ref name=":023">{{Cite web |last=Vathyam |first=Meena |url=https://www.academia.edu/37962437 |title=Tears and Toil: The History of Shanghai Sikh Gurdwaras |work=The Shanghai Sikh Gurdwara |via=Academia.edu |year=2018}} {{sps| date=September 2024}}</ref> His Chinese bride was a native of Pootung ([[Pudong]]), had a well-known desire to convert to Sikhism that was known to the Indian community, and she was very happy to be married.<ref name=":023" /> This Chinese woman converted to Sikhism and was baptized as Gursharan Kaur whilst Nidhan was baptized as Jagjit Singh in an ''[[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit Sanchar]]'' ceremony.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":023" /> The wedding ceremony itself was an ''[[Anand Karaj]]'', where the bride was led by the groom four times in a circumabulation around the Guru Granth Sahib, with a bow given before the scripture after every revolution.<ref name=":023" /> A large amount of local Sikhs attended the interracial Sino-Sikh wedding, including 20 women.<ref name=":023" /> This was the first interracial Chinese-Sikh wedding to take place at the Dongbaoxing Road Gurdwara.<ref name=":023" />

Nidhan Singh resided in Shanghai for a number of years before eventually moving to the United States.<ref name=":32" />

=== Settling in the United States of America ===
Around the time Nidhan Singh [[Sikhism in the United States|moved to U.S.A.]], the Ghadar Party was established by [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalists]].<ref name=":32" /> Nidhan became a member of the Ghadar Party and was elected as a constituent of the executive committee of the party.<ref name=":32" /> In April 1914, Nidhan was elected as the president of the Khalsa Diwan Society of [[Stockton, California|Stockton]], [[California]].<ref name=":32" />

=== Preparations for instigating an anti-British rebellion ===
During the [[World War I|First World War]], Nidhan, alongside other high-ranking Ghadarites, returned to India for the purpose of instigating an armed uprising against the British.<ref name=":32" /> With the intention of ultimately returning to India, he first embarked aboard the ''S.S. Korea'' in San Francisco on 29 August 1914, disembarking at [[Nagasaki]], [[Japan]] alongside Piara Singh (of Langeri, Hoshiarpur) and three others, and moving further onward to Shanghai, China, where he collected money for the Ghadarite cause.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Waraich |first=Malwinder Jit Singh |date=April 2013 |title=Another Ghadr |journal=The Panjab: Past and Present |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |volume=44 (Part 1) |issue=The Ghadar Movement (Special Issue) |pages=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Harwinder |title='History' in Popular Movements: British Punjab, 1849-1947 |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |pages=44}}</ref> Some of the funds that Nidhan collected in Shanghai had originally been donated for those aboard the ''[[Komagata Maru incident|Komagata Maru]]'', however due to the ship not being given permission to land in Shanghai, the funds for its cause were allocated to Nidhan Singh instead for his own Ghadarite agenda.<ref name=":32" /> Whilst in Shanghai, Nidhan Singh sent a telegram to the Ghadarites who landed in Manila, warning them that the authorities at Hong Kong were going to stringently search the vessel for weapons and seditious literature.<ref name=":2" /> Due to this warning, the Ghadarites on the other ship threw all their seditious literature overboard and their revolvers and ammunition had been given to the Ghadarite leaders to possess.<ref name=":2" /> Nidhan Singh paid a visit to his Chinese wife and infant, [[Chindians|mixed-race son]] whilst he stayed in Shanghai during this time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Hari |title=Agrarian Scene in British Punjab |publisher=People's Publishing House |year=1983 |volume=2 |pages=51}}</ref>

Nidhan Singh left Shanghai aboard the ''Mashima Maru'' with this monetary sum and 600 rounds of ammunition, with the ''Tosa Maru'' carrying some of his Ghadarite affiliates.<ref name=":32" /> Both of the ships landed in [[Penang]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]] around the same time as each-other, with the Ghadarites on-board being held by the British henceforth.<ref name=":32" /> After Nidhan's detainment in Malaya, he attempted to win-over the troops and getting weapons but he was unsuccessful.<ref name=":32" /> Nidhan Singh was part of a group of the Ghadarites that appealed to the governor of Malaya to allow the two boats to proceed to their destination, which was successful.<ref name=":32" />

=== Return to Punjab ===
[[File:Baba Nidhan Singh Chugha-c1930.jpg|thumb|Nidhan Singh in his later years, ca.1930]]
Nidhan arrived in [[Ludhiana]], Punjab on 7 November 1914, where he was assigned the task of creating an armed rebellion in the area.<ref name=":32" /> Thus, he set-forth having factories manufacture explosives like bombs for the insurrection.<ref name=":32" /> These bomb factories were located at Jhabewal and Lohat Baddi.<ref name=":32" /> A scheme was devised to launch a surprise attack on the [[Firozpur Cantonment]] on 30 November 1914 but it never materialized.<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deepak |first=B. R. |year=1999 |title=Revolutionary Activities of the Ghadar Party in China |journal=China Report |publisher=Sage Publications |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=443 |doi=10.1177/000944559903500402 |issn=0009-4455 |s2cid=154972977}}</ref>

==== Arrest ====
Nidhan Singh, alongside Rur Singh of Chuhar Chak, was arrested by the British on 29 April 1915 whilst he was in incognito as a roaming mendicant.<ref name=":32" /> In the resulting first [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial|conspiracy case of Lahore]], Nidhan Singh was [[Capital punishment|sentenced to death]].<ref name=":32" /> However, his death sentence was later commuted to [[penal transportation]].<ref name=":32" />

=== Later life ===
After serving his sentence, Nidhan Singh spent the rest of his years in Punjab and became respected as a religious man.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Jaggi |first=Ratan Singh |url=https://punjabipedia.org/topic.aspx?txt=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%20%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98%20%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE |title=ਸਿੱਖ ਪੰਥ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ |publisher=Gur Rattan Publishers (ਗੁਰ ਰਤਨ ਪਬਲਿਸ਼ਰਜ਼) |location=Patiala |language=pa |trans-title=Encyclopaedia of the Sikh Panth |chapter=ਨਿਧਾਨ ਸਿੰਘ ਚੁਘਾ |trans-chapter=Nidhan Singh Chugha}}</ref> Nidhan Singh formed part of the ''[[Panj Pyare|Panj Piare]]'' quintet that laid the foundation stone of the Harimandar at [[Gurdwara Panja Sahib|Panja Sahib]] on 14 October 1932.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":3" /> Nidhan Singh served as the president of both Gurdwara Lohgarh (Dina) and the Gurdwara Singh Sabha (Moga).<ref name=":32" /> Nidhan Singh died on 6 December 1936 in Moga.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":3" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nidhan |url=https://www.cgisf.gov.in/pdf/Book12.pdf |title=ਰਾਜਸੀ ਮੰਤਰ: ਯਾਦ ਰਖਣ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਬਾਤਾਂ ! [Rājasī Matara Yāda Rakhaṇa Vālī'āṁ Bātāṁ!] |language=pa |script-title= |trans-title=Political Mantra: Things to Remember}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chandar |first=Surjit |title=Jiwani Baba Nidhan Singh Chugha |publisher=Ravi Sahit Prakashan |year=1990 |location=Amritsar |language=pa |oclc=60101177}}
* {{Cite book |title=War Against King Emperor: Ghadr of 1914-15: A Verdict by Special Tribunal |publisher=Bhai Sahib Randhir Singh Trust |year=2001 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Malwinder Jit |editor-last2=Singh |editor-first2=Harinder}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian politicians]]

Kanavu (school)

2025-11-27T17:27:48Z

LutherCustance5: starting entry

{{notability|date=February 2014}}{{inline|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| schooltype = [[Alternative school]]
| founder = [[K. J. Baby]]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
'''Kanavu''' is an alternative school/commune in Cheengode in [[Nadavayal]] village, [[Wayanad district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]], set up by writer, activist and film director [[K. J. Baby]]. The school's activities include performances of traditional plays and music, as well as martial arts ([[Kalarippayattu]]) training. During the year 2007 the Kanavu was registered with the students of kanavu as a trust, and they have taken over the charges.

==See also==
[[Palayathu Vayal Govt. UP School]]

== External links ==
* https://www.imdb.com/title/tt17501232/ Kanavu - The Dream (2021) - Documentary Short
* http://www.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=cr220308masti_ki.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624051716/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main38.asp?filename=cr220308masti_ki.asp |date=24 June 2010 }} Masti ki Pathshala
* http://www.international.ucla.edu/showevent.asp?eventid=3843
* "[http://www.epw.in/commentary/kanavu-where-learning-happens.html Kanavu - where learning happens]" by Alex M George in ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040907032926/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/yw/2003/03/22/stories/2003032200080200.htm Lights, action, camera] about the making of the film Guda
*[http://www.femcinecult-kerala.uni-trier.de/Cooperation.htm 17. K.J. Baby, Kanavu, Nadavayal, Wayanad]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} read the section 17. talks about the film made by Kanavu
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1021234084637159129&hl=en Kanavu malayileykku] about film
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927081329/http://www.buyindies.com/listings/1/1/1121780489359.html] elements@dataone.in
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090327191540/http://thirdeyefilms.org/Kanavu docu film on kanavu]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928093905/http://www.multiworld.org/taleemnet/vernedu/5ver_educa_kanavu.pdf work and wisdom of vernacular educators from India]}} Interviews with Baby&Shirly by gautam sarang
* [https://archive.today/20130418180832/http://blip.tv/file/2278015/ Category: Documentary by C. Saratchandran]
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]

Ambati Prudhvi Reddy

2025-11-23T03:17:51Z

LutherCustance5: created some data needs work

{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Ambati Prudhvi Reddy
| image = Indian Basketball Player.jpg
| caption = Ambati Reddy in 2022
| position = [[Point guard]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 2
| weight_lb = 
| league = 
| team = Telangana state's Basketball team
| number = 6
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|1|23}}
| birth_place = Telangana, India
| career_start = 
| years1 = 
| team1 = 
}}

'''Ambati Prudhvi Reddy''' (born 23 January 1996) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[basketball player]] from the state of [[Telangana]]. Standing at six feet and two inches, he plays the [[point guard]] position.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vikram |date=2023-01-31 |title=Slam Dunk: India, Spain, or US, Basketball Pro Prudhvi Reddy ‘Shoots’ to Thrill Everywhere |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/cover-story/slam-dunk-india-spain-or-us-basketball-pro-prudhvi-reddy-shoots-to-thrill-everywhere/ |website=Global Indian |access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref>

Reddy has received professional training and played at the Europe Basketball Academy.<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://ekalavyas.com/2015/04/03/basketball-player-tracker-ambati-prudhvishwar-reddy/|title='Reddy' for the next step: Ambati Prudhvishwar Reddy eyeing college basketball in the US|website=Ekalavyas|date=3 April 2015 |access-date=2022-02-23}}</ref>
He is also currently the captain of Telangana state's Basketball Team. He is playing for the Senior Men's Indian team as a starting [[point guard|PG]] and also for the [[3x3 Pro Basketball League|3x3bl professional league]] for the Delhi Hoopers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Matange |first=Yash |title=Official team rosters announced for Season 2 of 3x3 Pro Basketball League |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/nba/news/official-team-rosters-announced-for-season-2-of-3x3-pro-basketball-league/jtrx2p4wl2ic1f98kn60tx8z5 |website=Sporting News India |access-date=2025-10-12}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Siripuram, Nalgonda district|Siripuram]] village of [[Ramannapeta|Ramannapet mandal]] in Telangana's [[Nalgonda]] district, Ambati Prudhvi Reddy focused initially on [[cricket (sport)|cricket]] and he was the 12th man in the school squad. His attention later turned towards [[basketball]] since he felt that his athletic physique was more suited for the game. During his stint as a student at [[St. Mary's College, Hyderabad|St Mary's College]] in [[Hyderabad]], he started practicing professional Basketball.<ref name=b>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/how-switching-sports-changed-prudhvis-life/article17402112.ece|title=How switching sports changed Prudhvi's life|website=The Hindu|date=3 March 2017 |access-date=2022-02-23 |last1=Antony |first1=A. Joseph }}</ref> Reddy is a proud follower of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite web |title="Dussehra has always held a very special place in my heart since childhood. Over the years, what makes it even more beautiful is the family we’ve all built together, bonds that go beyond blood and bring true joy and strength. On this auspicious day, I wish each one of you happiness, peace, and the courage to conquer every challenge in life. Wishing you all a very Happy Dussehra🍀🍀" |website=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DPTXj6-kxM9/?hl=en&img_index=1 |access-date=October 13, 2025}}</ref>

==Playing career==
A resident of Hyderabad, Ambati Prudhvi Reddy posted his gaming sessions on [[YouTube]] and soon he received an invitation from the Europe Basketball Academy based in [[Barcelona]], Spain to play professional basketball. This marked the beginning of his basketball career in 2013. The head of EBA, Srjdan Premovic, helped him in extending his training stint from three months to a year in [[Spain]], where he got an opportunity to compete with leading talent from across the world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoopistani |title=The Trail Blazer: From Hyderabad to Barcelona, Prudhvi Reddy is taking a unique route to basketball stardom |url=https://hoopistani.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-trail-blazer-from-hyderabad-to.html |website=Hoopistani |date=2014-07-10 |access-date=2025-10-13}}</ref>

After returning to India, he achieved success at the 2014 [[SABA Championship|South Asian Basketball Association]] championship in [[Bengaluru]]. In the meanwhile, Prudhvi's game was noticed by an American prep school coach in Barcelona where ex-NBA and D-Leaguers played the summers. The coach of [[Christian Life Centre]], Houston invited him to the [[Christian Life Academy]] in Houston, Texas where he spent a year for intense training.<ref name=d>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/241117/soaring-to-great-heights.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|title=Soaring to great heights|date=24 November 2017 |access-date=2022-02-23}}</ref>

The experience and exposure he gained abroad helped Ambati Prudhvi Reddy in improving his game. With the UBA making inroads in India, there was more potential for his sporting career. He was selected by the Mumbai Challengers on an annual contract in the UBA's second season. Prudhvi missed the [[NBA]] D League, finishing second to Palpreet Brar in a nationwide screening. He was among the country's top 16 chosen by the [[UBA Pro Basketball League|UBA]] to visit the US after Seasons two and three, where he averaged 20 and 25 points per game.<ref name=e>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/how-social-media-changed-prudhvi-reddys-life|website=sportskeeda.com|title=How social media changed Prudhvi Reddy's life|date=24 July 2016 |access-date=2022-02-23}}</ref> Ambati Prudhvi Reddy is part of the Mumbai team, with playoffs in the ongoing [[UBA Pro Basketball League|UBA]] Pro Basketball League.{{fact|date=September 2022}}

==Early achievements==
* Played 3 ICSE Nationals and Captained the Team Twice (2008–2010)
* Represented Hyderabad district in all age groups – Under-14, Under-16 & Under-18 Seniors (2009–2017)
* Represented the state team in all age groups from 2009 to 2017. He was the captain for every age group.

==Professional achievements==
* Selected for U14 Indian camp and was in the Top 10 for the IMP US CAMP (2009–2010)
* Selected for U18 Juniors Indian camp and he was the 13th player for the FIBA TEAM in 2012
* Represented the Indian team in SABA and won the championship in 2015
* [[NBA]] conducted a selection trail to select one player to represent in NBA D league and he secured the second spot
* Announced the Best PG in U21 age group
* Chosen to play in UBA from Season 2 for Mumbai challengers and won the Season 4, including server MVP's
* Selected among the Top 12 to represent UBA in the US

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prudhvi Reddy, Ambati}}
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Telangana]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

9X Tashan

2025-10-31T03:50:26Z

LutherCustance5: improved structure and updated info

#REDIRECT [[9X Media]]

Srikanta Sahu

2025-09-30T00:12:17Z

LutherCustance5: put up new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Polasara Assembly constituency|Polasara]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Niranjan Pradhan
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Srikanta Sahu''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Polasara Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polasara Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Polasara Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/polasara-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Polasara Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/polasara-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916459.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Srikanta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Manshaa

2025-09-22T03:46:03Z

LutherCustance5: added info

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Manshaa(2003 tv serial).jpeg
| caption =
| runtime = approx. 24 minutes
| creator =
| director = Anurag Vaishnav
| producer = Sailesh Dave
| starring = [[Manshaa#Cast|see below]]
| opentheme = "Manshaa" by [[Pamela Jain]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2003|10|12|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2004|6|16|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/two-dramas-to-end-on-zee-tv/|title=Two dramas to end on ZEE TV|date=2004-04-27|website= Biz Asia Live Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref>
| num_episodes = 143
}}
'''''Manshaa''''' is an Indian television series that aired on [[Zee TV]] from 12 October 2003 to 16 June 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/two-dramas-to-end-on-zee-tv/|title=Two dramas to end on ZEE TV|date=2004-04-27|website= Biz Asia Live Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref> from Sunday to Wednesday.

==Plot==
Mansha is a fragile girl whose life circumstances made her extremely shy. she lives with her brother and sister-in-law, who love her very much. they have just moved to a new city where Mansha begins college and befriends Ria.
Ria's brother - Vinay, falls in love with Mansha and offers her marriage in their second meeting. this frightens Manasha and so she agrees to marry Rohit, the matchmaking that her sister-in-law found for her. Heartbroken by Mansha's decision, Vinay agrees to marry Tanya, his sister-in-law's friend. Little by little Mansha realizes that she is in love with Vinay but is unable to cause her family to be ashamed, by breaking the wedding. So, she decides to marry Rohit despite her feeling. Rohit hears her confession at the temple and decides not to attend the engagement ceremony and sends an apology note. This causes great embarrassment to Mansha's family and hatred in Mansha's heart for Rohit. Vinay who is happy to find out that Mansha's engagement has been canceled also cancels his engagement to Tania. He offers Mansha to get married and she agrees. They are married and in love. Tanya is jealous of Mansha, and she tries to make her fall down the stairs. But instead, her sister-in-law Quita who is pregnant fall' and is subsequently aborted. She will also never be able to have children again. Tanya encourages Quita to believe that Mansha made her abort her child and blame her in front of the whole family. The family is angry at Mansha for trying to appease them without success. Finally, Vinay decides to leave the house with Mansha. The truth is revealed, and the family comes to bring home Vinay and Mansha, who in the meantime has become pregnant herself. Tanya hires a mercenary killer to kill Mansha. A Vinay was accidentally murdered on the spot. Tanya confesses her sins and goes to jail, but even from there, she is still trying to make sure the killer kills Mansha. Following the death of a Vinay, Mansha goes into shock, she does not eat, and this may affect her fetus. At the suggestion of the doctors, the family decides to lift the atmosphere at home through Ria's marriage. Ria's groom is actually Rohit who does not know that he is engaged to Mansha 's little brother-in-law and girlfriend. He is shocked to see Mansha's situation and together with Ria, they plan to continue showing the engagements, which makes Mansha remember Rohit's injury and wake up in time, to stop the engagements. She removes Rohit from the house and the whole family joins her after they hear what he has done. Mansha gives birth to a daughter and her name is Diya (Light of the Flame) Ria is the only one who knows the truth about Rohit - she encourages everyone including Mansha to marry Rohit with Mansha. They get married and slowly Mansha begins to fall in love with Rohit. In the engagements of Rohit and Mansha, old neighbors of the Vinay family arrive with their son Ponit who has returned from another country. The family decides to groom Ponit and Ria who become friends. Meanwhile, there are conflicting reports about Ponit ruining a girl's life and not being a decent guy and on the other hand about being a good guy. The family decides to marry Ria to someone else, but Ponit maneuvers her to escape the wedding on the pretext that he will commit suicide otherwise. They lie down and he leaves her to force her family to agree to their wedding. Ponit convinces Rohit to agree to their wedding and believes him that he is truly in love with Beria. Rohit convinces Mansha and the family. On the wedding night, Ponit's real face is revealed as a violent and not the most insane person. (Although there were focal signs of this). At one point Mansha receives a phone call in which Ria asks for help for fear of Ponit. Ponit hangs up and Mansha with Rohit runs to look for her and does not find her. Ponit plays her who does not know where Ria is. And the plot gets so complicated that Ponit kidnaps Mansha's daughter and writes her an anonymous letter to get her to come to meet him. So, he tells her that he actually did everything he could to get her. Ponit forces her to part with furniture and comes to him. When she arrives, he tries to force himself on her. Rohit gets there and rescues her during the brawl between them Ponit tries to kill Rohit but dies himself. Out of this fear Rohit Mansha and Dia fly to another place and on the way the plane crashes. Mansha loses memory, their child adopts some family and Rohit comes to another family whose house Seema is pregnant and to save the family from embarrassment Rohit marries Seema. He then discovers that Mansha is alive and has lost her memory and she is living with Dr. Karen. After several bumps, they unite and are freed from all obstacles in their path. They plan to reunite with the Vinay's family who adopted Mansha as a daughter before her marriage to Rohit. The day before they return, they receive a call from Maria, who is being held captive, in which she informs them that Ponit is not actually dead. He was rescued by one of his gang members and kept Ria in captivity all this time. Just before he is about to kill Ria, Rohit arrives at the scene and stops Ponit and the police arrest him. The series ends with Mansha and Rohit living with Dia in the same house with Quita and Vinay's brother and their parents. The family convinces Ria to move on and agree to remarry. Mansha tells Rohit that she is pregnant with him.

==Cast==
* Gulrez Khan as Manshaa Vinay Khanna
* [[Ram Kapoor]] as Vinay Kishore Khanna - Dead
* [[Navni Parihar]] as Asha Kishore Khanna: Vijay, Vinay and Rhea's mother
**Rupa Divetia replaced Parihar as Asha{{when|date=July 2020}}
* [[Manav Gohil]] as Rohit
* Tarana Singh as Seema
* [[Karishma Tanna]] as Rhea Khanna
**Tina Parekh replaced Tanna as Rhea{{when|date=July 2020}}
**Kanchan Mirchandani replaced Parekh{{when|date=July 2020}}
* Paritosh Sand as Kishore Khanna - Vijay, Vinay and Rhea's father
* [[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as Vijay Khanna
* Dharam Taneja as Rohit's elder brother
* Rajlaxmi Solanki as Rohit's sister-in-law
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Rhea's fiancée
* Prashant Bhatt as Karan
* [[Dalljiet Kaur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Ek Se Badhkar Ek: Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka

2025-09-22T03:45:56Z

LutherCustance5: Created New Data

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=June 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chotapacket.jpg
| caption = The "Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka" logo.
| runtime = 52 minutes
| creator = [[UTV Software Communications]]
| director =
| presenter =
| opentheme = "Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka"
| country = India
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2008|9|20|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2009|1|3|df=y}}
| num_episodes = Total 30 + Grand Finale
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ek Se Badhkar Ek (Zee TV)|Ek Se Badkhkar Ek - Jalwe Sitaron Ke]]
}}
}}

'''''Ek Se Badhkar Ek - Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka sibi''''' is a Hindi television reality show that aired on [[Zee TV]] channel, starting from 20 September 2008 until 3 January 2009. The show is an extension of [[Ek Se Badhkar Ek (Zee TV)|Ek Se Badhkar Ek - Jalwe Sitaron Ke]], and will be based on popular Hindi television 'Kids'. The show is a unique because it has both singing and dancing in a one platform.

== Concept ==
The show features popular Kids from Indian television industry who are best dancers & best singers. As its first season, this season also features 8 pairs – a singer and a dancer who are divided into teams to participate and earn points with their individual / respective skills. The finale took place on 3 January 2009. The winning jodi (team) was the team of Vasundhara and Ayush, votes being counted as 50% by the audience and 50% by the judges. The scholarship of 25 Lakh Rupees was the grand prize for the winning team. Amir/Ehsaas achieved 2nd place and Rohanpreet/Chinky achieved 3rd place. The best singer from the eliminated teams was awarded to Smita whereas the best dancer was awarded to Adrita; this decision was evaluated by the judges.

===Host===
*[[Swapnil Joshi]] (Indian comedian)

===Judges===
*[[Kunal Kohli]] (Bollywood director/producer)
*[[Annu Kapoor]] (Indian television presenter)
*[[Rakhi Sawant]] (Bollywood dancer)
*[[vinay ramani]] {Bollywood hiro }

=== Contestants ===
* [[Ayush Tandon]] / [[Vasundhara Raturi]] - '''Winners'''
* [[Anamika Choudhari]] / [[Adrita Das]]
* [[Rohanpreet Singh]] / [[Chinky]] - '''2nd Runner Up'''
* [[Tanmay Chaturvedi]] / Khushi Dubey
* [[Smita Nandi]] / [[Dhairya]]
* [[Vaishali Raikwar]] / [[Dwij]]
* [[Aamir Hafeez]] / [[Apurva]] - '''1st Runner Up'''
* [[Vibhor Parashar]] / [[Ahsaas Channa]]

=== Wildcard Entries ===
* Armaan / Ananya
* [[Amir Hafeez]] / [[Ahsaas Channa]] - '''1st Runner Up'''

=== Eliminated ===
* Vaishali Raikwar / Dwij
* Aamir Hafeez / Apoorva
* Vibhor Parashar / Ehsaas Channa
* Smita Nandi / Dhairya
* Armaan / Ananya
* Tanmay Chaturvedi / Khushi Dubey
* Anamika Choudhari / Adrita Das
* VINAY RAMANI / KRUPA SENGHANI

== External links ==
*[http://chotapacket.com Chota Packet Fan Site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080913205035/http://zeetv.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zhid=28&zsid=103 Official Site on Zee TV]

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:UTV Television]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission

2025-07-27T16:34:22Z

LutherCustance5: Added New Stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Law enforcement agency
| agencyname = '''Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission (MPHRC)'''
| nativename =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = MPHRC.png
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto = "हम सब बराबर,
बराबर हमारे अधिकार "
| mottotranslated = We are all equal,
we have equal rights
| mission =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = Madhya Pradesh, India
| federal =
| map = Madhya Pradesh district location map Ratlam.svg
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris = Madhya Pradesh
| governingbody = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Paryavas Bhawan, Block-1 1st Floor, Area Hills, Jail Road, Bhopal - 462011.<ref name="mphr ref1">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/madhya-pradesh-human-rights-commission |website=Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>
| website = NHRC-> {{Official Website|https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/madhya-pradesh-human-rights-commission }} MPHRC->{{Official Website|http://hrc.mp.gov.in/CompositionOfTheCommission.aspx }}
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = [[Shri Manohar Mamtani]]
| chief1position = Chairperson(Acting)
| chief2name =
| chief2position =
| chief3name = [[Shri Rajiv Kumar Tandon]]
| chief3position = Member
| parentagency = [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC)]]
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| stationtype =
| stations =
| Notables =
}}

'''Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission(MPHRC)''' is a [[Statute|statutory]] organisation created as per "The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 for India" for the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] to inquire into [[Human Rights Violations|human rights violations]] for subjects referred in the state list and concurrent list mentioned in the [[Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India|seventh schedule]] of the [[constitution of India]]. The Chairman and other members of the Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly. In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee.

== History and Objective ==

Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission was created as per the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993<ref name="HR ref3">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Dheeraj |title=Staff Shortage Besets Human Rights Commissions, 10 States Don't Have Chairpersons: RTI |url=https://thewire.in/government/human-rights-commissions-staff-shortage-rti |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=13 December 2019}}</ref> with provisions to inquire into violation of human rights related to concurrent list in the seventh schedule of the Indian constitution<ref name="HR ref5">{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gautam |title=Giving Human Rights Commissions more teeth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/giving-human-rights-commissions-more-teeth/article31111463.ece |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 March 2020}}</ref> and subjects covered under Madhya Pradesh state list.<ref name="HR ref1">{{cite news |title=State Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-human-rights-commission-1438319148-1 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=18 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="HR ref6">{{cite news |title=State Human Rights Commissions set up in 19 States: Govt.|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/07/28/statehuman-rights-commissions-set-up-in-19-statesgovt.html?story=1 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission office is situated in Paryavas Bhawan, Block-1 1st Floor, Area Hills, Jail Road, Bhopal - 462011.

== Composition ==
Presently,'''Shri Manohar Mamtani is Chairperson(Acting) and Shri Rajiv Kumar Tandon is Member''' of Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission.

Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission as per Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006 should consist of at least three members including a chairperson, who should be a retired Judge of any Indian High Court(amended by 2019).<ref name="HR ref1" /><ref name="HR ref2">{{cite web |title=THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 |url=http://www.shrc.tn.gov.in/files/humanrightsact.html |website=THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803064748/http://www.shrc.tn.gov.in/files/humanrightsact.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="HR ref4">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Dheeraj |title=State Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/human-rights/state-human-rights-commission/49347 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=yourarticlelibrary}}</ref><ref name="HR ref7">{{cite news |title=Role Of National Human Rights Commission In Protection Of Human Rights In India |url=https://thelawbrigade.com/human-rights/role-of-national-human-rights-commission-in-protection-of-human-rights-in-india/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=thelawbrigade.com |date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

The other members should be:<ref name="HR ref8">{{cite news |title=After seven-year-long wait, Andhra Pradesh to get its SHRC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-seven-year-long-wait-ap-to-get-its-shrc-on-march-22/articleshow/81004771.cms |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=17 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="HR ref9">{{cite news |title=MP rights body headless for past 4 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mp-rights-body-headless-for-past-4-years/story-CmqzaPafvm47tsgGDOTq7O.html |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=14 September 2014}}</ref>

(i) A serving or retired judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the state with a minimum of seven years experience as District judge.

(ii) A person having practical experience or knowledge related to human rights.

Madhya Pradesh State Human Rights Commission chairperson<ref name="mphr ref4">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission Chairman and Members (Salaries, Allowances and Other Conditions of Service) Rules, 1995 |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/state-acts-rules/madhya-pradesh-state-laws/madhya-pradesh-human-rights-commission-chairman-and-members-salaries-allowances-and-other-conditions-of-service-rules-1995 |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=latestlaws.com}}</ref> and other members are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly. In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee.

The term of the chairperson and members of the commission is fixed for three years or until attainment of the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. The members including chairman will not be eligible to take up any employment under the state government or the central government after the completion of their term in the commission, excluding the eligibility for another term in the commission subject to the attainment of the prescribed age limit.

<ref name="mphr ref2">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission celebrates its 27th establishment day |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-madhya-pradesh-human-rights-commission-celebrates-its-27th-establishment-day |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=freepressjournal |date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

== Functions ==

Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission is created with below functions, according to the protection of Human Rights Act, 1993:<ref name="HR ref1" />

* Inquire either on a petition presented to it, by a victim, or suo motu or by any person or on his behalf into complaints of human rights violation or violation by a public servant due to negligence in the prevention of such offences.<ref name="mphr ref3">{{cite news |title=MPHRC seeks report on denial of treatment to black fungus patient |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/mphrc-seeks-report-on-denial-of-treatment-to-black-fungus-patient/articleshow/83032274.cms |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes.com |date=28 May 2021}}</ref>

* Make visits to any jail or other places of detention of people, which is under the control of the State Government and observe the living conditions of the inmates and make recommendations for improvement, if any.

* Recommend appropriate remedial measures after reviewing the factors, which prevents the enjoyment of human rights through any actions including acts of terrorism.<ref name="mphr ref5">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh Human Rights panel seeks report on tribal killing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/madhya-pradesh-human-rights-panel-seeks-report-on-tribal-killing/article31718541.ece |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

* The commission should encourage the efforts of Non-Governmental organizations or any other institutions working in the field of human rights development.

* In case of allegations of violation of human rights before a Court, the commission should intervene in the proceedings involved with the approval from Court.

* Commission should Undertake and promote research in the area of human rights.

* Commission should make efforts to promote awareness of the various safeguards available for the protection of human rights and spread human rights literacy among general public .

* Commission should also review the provision of safeguards relating to protection of human rights under the constitution of any law which is in force for time being and recommend measures for their effective implementation.

* For the promotion of human rights, commission may undertake such other functions as it may consider necessary.

Goa State Human Rights Commission has below powers:

• Powers to regulate its own procedure.

• All the powers of a civil court and with its proceedings being judicial.

• Call for details of information or report from the state government or any other authority subordinate to them.

• Powers to require any person who is subject to any privilege which may be claimed under any law for the time being in force, to furnish information on points or matters useful for, or relevant to the subject matter of inquiry.

• The commission can look into a matter within one year of its occurrence.

== Limitations ==

Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission has limited powers and functions as they are subject to only advising, and does not have power to punish the violators of human rights or award any relief including monetary, to the victim.

The recommendations of Goa State Human Rights Commission are not binding on the state government or authority, except that the commission should be informed about the action taken by the state government on its recommendation within one month from the date of complaint.

== Related Articles ==

[[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mphrc.nic.in Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411210617/http://mphrc.nic.in/ |date=11 April 2021 }}
* [https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/madhya-pradesh-human-rights-commission Official Website]



[[Category:Human rights enforcement agencies in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of India]]

Cyrus Cama

2025-06-25T06:48:19Z

LutherCustance5: minor update

{{short description|Indian sailor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Cyrus Cama
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = [[Sailing (sport)|Sailing]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|11|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Cyrus Cama''' (born 6 November 1971) is an Indian [[sailing (sport)|sailor]]. He competed in the [[Sailing at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's 470|men's 470 event]] at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/61531 |title=Cyrus Cama |work=Olympedia |accessdate=22 June 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cama, Cyrus}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sailors (sport)]]
[[Category:Olympic sailors for India]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 1992 Summer Olympics – 470]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 1990 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in sailing]]
{{India-yachtracing-bio-stub}}

Raja (1999 Indian film)

2025-06-12T19:42:20Z

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#REDIRECT [[Raja (1999 film)]]

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Zero

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#REDIRECT [[0]]

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{{R to numeral}}
{{R hatnote}}
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Bhakli

2025-04-09T23:13:11Z

LutherCustance5: improved lead for clarity and added references for clarity

{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhakli
| native_name = Sundar Nagar
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position = Rewari
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.411101|N|76.466904|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rewari district|Rewari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Baba Johad vala
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 123302
| registration_plate = HR – 43
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 57:43 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhakli''' is a village in the [[Kosli]] sub-division of [[Rewari]] district of [[Haryana]] in India. It is situated 80 kilometers from Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Bhalaki Population - Rewari, Haryana |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/62500-bhalaki-haryana.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 9, 2025}}</ref>

==Adjacent villages==
* Juddi
* Dhania
* naya gaon
* kosli
* chavva
* Amboli
* Salawas
* Nathera

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rewari district]]

National Highway 354E (India)

2025-02-27T18:41:08Z

LutherCustance5: content update

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 354E
| length_km = 50.89
| map={{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=290|frame-height=240|type=line|raw={{Bharatpedia:Map data/Bharatpedia KML/National Highway 354E (India)}}}}
| map_custom=yes
| direction_a = East
| direction_b = West
| terminus_a = [[Dabwali]]
| terminus_b = [[Abohar]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 54
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 54
| next_route = 62
| states = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| destinations = Sitogunno
}}

'''National Highway 354E''', commonly referred to as '''NH 354E''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/183662.pdf|title=New national highway 354E notification dated March, 2018|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=5 Dec 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 54 (India)|National Highway 54]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=5 Dec 2018}}</ref> NH-354E traverses the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_911812012161SanctionletterandTN.pdf|title=2 laning of National highway 354E|website=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]|access-date=5 Dec 2018}}</ref>

==Project development==
The [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] has approved rehabilitation and widening of existing road to 2 lanes with paved shoulders. The project also involves construction of a major high level bridge. The project is estimated to cost 322.48 crore rupees and is required to be executed at [[engineering, procurement, and construction]] mode. 32.15 crore has been allocated for felling of 10,650 trees and [[Compensatory Afforestation|compensatory afforestation]].<ref name=":1" />

== Route ==
[[Dabwali]], Sito Gunno, [[Abohar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181404|title=Projects to Improve the Condition of Roads in Punjab - S.N. 36|date=2 Aug 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=5 Dec 2018}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|54|country=IND}} Terminal near Dabwali.<ref name=":0" />
: {{jct|NH|62|country=IND}} Terminal near Abohar.

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH54 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Punjab, India]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

National Highway 354E (India)

2025-02-27T18:41:08Z

LutherCustance5: content update

National Highway 354E (India)

2025-02-27T18:41:08Z

LutherCustance5: content update