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Tokelau

2026-05-27T12:18:28Z

LucretiaGoldhar: made basic entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Dependent territory of New Zealand in the southern Pacific Ocean}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = Tokelau
| settlement_type = [[Realm of New Zealand|Dependent territory of New Zealand]]
| linking_name = Tokelau
| official_name =
| image_flag = Flag of Tokelau.svg
| flag_size = 125px
| flag_link = Flag of Tokelau
| image_seal = Badge of Tokelau.svg
| seal_size = 85px
| seal_type = Badge
| seal_link = Badge of Tokelau
| motto = {{native phrase|tkl|"Tokelau mo te Atua"}} ({{lang|en|"Tokelau for the Almighty"}})
| anthem = "[[Te Atua o Tokelau]]"<ref>{{cite web |title = Government of Tokelau |url = http://www.tokelau.org.nz |website=tokelau.org.nz |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:Anthem of Tokelau.ogg]]
| song_type = '''Royal anthem'''
| song = "[[God Save the King]]"<ref>{{Cite web |title=National anthem |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tokelau/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102051319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tokelau |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2026 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> [[File:United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.ogg|God Save the King / Queen]]
| image_map = New Zealand on the globe (Tokelau special) (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg
| map_alt = Location of Tokelau
| mapsize = 290px
| image_map2 = Tokelau Islands.png
| map_alt2 = Map of all Tokelau Islands, including Swains Island to the south
| map_caption2 = Map of all Tokelau Islands. [[Swains Island]] is shown to the south.
| mapsize2 = 290px
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|New Zealand}}
| established_title = {{nowrap|Protectorate created}}
| established_date = June 1889
| established_title2 = [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands|British colony]]
| established_date2 = 29 February 1916
| established_title3 = Assigned to New Zealand
| established_date3 = 11 February 1926
| established_title4 = New Zealand sovereignty
| established_date4 = 1 January 1949
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Tokelauan language|Tokelauan]]|[[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tokelau-info.tk/ |title = Tokelau Info |website = Tokelau-info.tk |access-date=30 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131026065526/http://www.tokelau-info.tk/ |archive-date=26 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.tokelau.org.nz/About+Us/Government.html Joint Statement of the Principles of Partnership between New Zealand and Tokelau] 3. Language and Culture</ref>}}
| capital = None{{efn |Each [[atoll]] has its own [[administrative centre]].}}
| largest_city = [[Atafu]]
| demonym = Tokelauan
| government_type = [[Devolved]] parliamentary [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of New Zealand|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = {{Monarch of New Zealand, current|nameonly=*}}
| leader_title2 = [[Administrator of Tokelau|Administrator]]
| leader_name2 = [[Don Higgins]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new-administrator-tokelau-announced | title=New Administrator of Tokelau announced }}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Ulu-o-Tokelau]]
| leader_name3 = {{Current Ulu-o-Tokelau|nameonly=*}}
| legislature = [[General Fono|General ''Fono'']]
| area_km2 = 10
| area_rank = 
| area_sq_mi = 3.86
| percent_water = negligible
| elevation_max_m = 5
| population_census = 1,499<ref>{{cite report |title=Final population counts: 2016 Tokelau Census |date=November 2016 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |page=3 |url = https://www.tokelau.org.nz/site/tokelau/files/TokelauNSO/2016Census/TokelauCensusTechnicalRelease1E.pdf }}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2016
| population_census_rank = 237th
| population_estimate = 2,691 {{gain}}
| population_estimate_year = 2026<ref>{{cite web |title=Tokelau Population (2026) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/tokelau-population/ |website=worldometer |access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 115
| population_density_sq_mi = 298
| population_density_rank = 86th
| Gini = 
| Gini_year =
| Gini_change = 
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 
| HDI_year =
| HDI_change = 
| HDI_ref =
| HDI_rank =
| currency = [[New Zealand dollar]] (NZ$)
| currency_code = NZD
| timezone =
| utc_offset = +13:00
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Tokelau|+690]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:TK|TK]]
| cctld = [[.tk]]
|GDP_nominal={{USD|9,406,225}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://www.tokelau.org.nz/Bulletin/April+2017/GDP+first.html|title = Tokelau's Gross Domestic Product determined for first time this century |website = tokelau.org.nz }}</ref>
|GDP_nominal_year=2017
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{USD|6,275}}
}}
'''Tokelau''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|oʊ|k|ə|l|aʊ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-Tokelau.wav}}; {{Literal translation|north-northeast|north wind}};<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2018|title=Tokelau|url=https://www.unocha.org/office-pacific-islands/tokelau|access-date=5 February 2022|website=OCHA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423141345/https://www.unocha.org/office-pacific-islands/tokelau|archive-date=23 April 2022}}</ref> known previously as the '''Union Islands''', and, until 1976, known officially as the '''Tokelau Islands''')<ref>Tokelau Amendment Act 1976</ref> is a [[dependent territory]] of [[New Zealand]] in the southern [[Pacific Ocean]]. It consists of three tropical coral [[atoll]]s: [[Atafu]], [[Nukunonu]], and [[Fakaofo]]. They have a combined land area of {{convert|10|km²|0|abbr=on}}. In addition to these three, [[Swains Island]] ({{lang|tkl|Olohega}}), which forms part of the same [[archipelago]], is the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute, while being currently administered by the [[United States]] as part of [[American Samoa]]. Tokelau lies north of the [[Samoan Islands]], east of [[Tuvalu]], south of the [[Phoenix Islands]], southwest of the more distant [[Line Islands]], and northwest of the [[Cook Islands]]. The islands sit in the south east hemisphere.

Tokelau has a population of approximately 2,500 people; it has the [[List of countries and dependencies by population#Sovereign states and dependencies by population|fourth-smallest population]] of any sovereign state or dependency in the world. As of the 2016 census, around 45% of its residents [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|had been born overseas]], mostly in Samoa or New Zealand.<ref name="tokelau.org.nz">{{cite web |url=https://www.tokelau.org.nz/site/tokelau/files/TokelauNSO/2016Census/profile-tokelau-2016-census-final-to-print28jun17jj.pdf |title=Profile of Tokelau |publisher=Tokelau National Statistics Office |date=April 2017 |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref> The populace has a [[life expectancy]] of 69, which is comparable to that of other [[Oceania]]n island nations. Approximately 94% of the population speak [[Tokelauan language|Tokelauan]] as their first language. Tokelau has the smallest economy of any nation. It is a leader in [[renewable energy]], being the first 100% [[solar-power]]ed nation in the world.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url = https://www.nzte.govt.nz/archive/en/news-and-media/news-and-media/tokelau-world-first-solar-power-nation/ |title = Tokelau, world first solar power nation | New Zealand Trade and Enterprise |website = Nzte.govt.nz |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=11 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170521214248/https://www.nzte.govt.nz/archive/en/news-and-media/news-and-media/tokelau-world-first-solar-power-nation/ |archive-date=21 May 2017 }}</ref>

Tokelau is officially referred to as a [[nation]] by both the New Zealand government and the Tokelauan government.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tokelau.org.nz/ |title=Government of Tokelau |website=Tokelau.org.nz |access-date=11 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/tokelauans |title=Tokelauans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |website =[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=11 December 2016 }}</ref> It is free and democratic, with [[Politics of Tokelau|elections every three years]]. However, in 2007, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] included Tokelau on its [[list of non-self-governing territories]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tokelau.org.nz/ |title = Official site for the Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government |access-date = 4 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140220023040/http://tokelau.org.nz/ |archive-date = 20 February 2014 }}</ref> Its inclusion on this list is controversial, as Tokelauans have twice narrowly failed to reach a [[two-thirds majority]] for further [[self-determination]] in referendums,{{efn |Referendums were held in [[2006 Tokelauan self-determination referendum|2006]] and [[2007 Tokelauan self-determination referendum|2007]]. Both required two-thirds support in order to make Tokelau a self-governing [[associated state]] of New Zealand; both received over 60% support, but below the two-thirds needed.}} and the islands' small population makes the viability of self-government challenging. The basis of Tokelau's legislative, administrative and judicial systems is the [[Tokelau Islands Act 1948]], which has been amended several times. Since 1993, the territory has annually elected its own head of government, the [[Ulu-o-Tokelau]]. Before 1993, the [[administrator of Tokelau]] was the highest official in the government and the territory was directly administered by a New Zealand government department.

==Etymology==
{{lang|tkl|Tokelau}} is a word meaning "north wind" in the native [[Tokelauan language]]. The Tokelau islands were named the ''Union Islands'' and ''Union Group'' by European explorers at an earlier time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/australia-and-oceania/pacific-islands-political-geography/tokelau|title=Tokelau facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Tokelau|website=encyclopedia.com|access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref> ''Tokelau Islands'' was adopted as the islands’ official name in 1946. The name was officially shortened to ''Tokelau'' on 9 December 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=Decolonization : Issue on Tokelau |url=https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/sites/www.un.org.dppa.decolonization/files/decon_num_14.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2 December 2022 |pages=3 |date=January 1979 |quote=In December 1976, the Territory ceased being called The Tokelau Islands and was officially designated "Tokelau"}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|British Western Pacific Territories}}

===Pre-history===
Archaeological evidence indicates that the atolls of Tokelau{{snd}}[[Atafu]], [[Nukunonu]], and [[Fakaofo]]{{snd}}were settled about 1,000 years ago from Samoa and may have been a gateway into Eastern Polynesia.<ref name="Research Coomons">{{cite web|url=http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz//handle/10289/2891|title=Archeology of Atafu, Tokelau: Some Initial Results 2008|access-date=12 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621021339/http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz//handle/10289/2891|archive-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> The inhabitants embrace [[Polynesian mythology]] and the local god, [[Tui Tokelau]].<ref name="SSP1">{{cite journal |author= Smith, S. Percy |title= Notes on the Ellice and Tokelau Groups; translated from the "Karere Mangaia" 1899|journal= Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume= 29|year= 1920 |pages=144–148 }}</ref> Over time, they developed distinctive [[Music of Tokelau|musical]] and art forms. The three atolls have historically functioned separately politically, while maintaining social and linguistic cohesion. Tokelauan society has been governed by chiefly [[clan]]s, and there have been occasional skirmishes and wars between the atolls, as well as inter-marriage. Fakaofo, the "chiefly island",<ref>[http://www.fakaofo.tk/page001.html Fakaofo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016173013/http://www.fakaofo.tk/page001.html |date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> held some dominion over Atafu and Nukunonu after the dispersal of Atafu. Life on the atolls was historically subsistence-based, with a diet that relied mainly on fish and [[coconut]].<ref name="mfat">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/Tokelau.php|publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|title=Tokelau|access-date=29 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807191509/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/Tokelau.php|archive-date=7 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Contact with other cultures===
[[File:Bowditch Tokelau.png|thumb|Fakaofo islanders, drawn in 1841 by the [[United States Exploring Expedition]]]]
The first European to sight Atafu was British Navy officer Commodore [[John Byron]], on 24 June 1765. He called the island ''Duke of York's Island''. Parties from his expedition who landed ashore reported that there were no signs of current or previous inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Byron| first1 = John| last2 = Wallis| first2 = John Samuel| last3 = Carteret| first3 = Philip| last4 = Cook| first4 = James| last5 = Banks| first5 = Sir Joseph| title = An Account of the Voyages Undertaken| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8lgBAAAAYAAJ| year = 1773| publisher = W. Strahan| pages = 132–134 }}</ref><ref name="mac30">MacGregor, 30</ref> [[Edward Edwards (Royal Navy officer)|Captain Edward Edwards]], having learned of Byron's discovery, visited Atafu on 6 June 1791<ref>{{Cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4|editor-last=Schellinger|editor-first=Paul|location=Chicago|pages=819|editor-last2=Salkin|editor-first2=Robert}}</ref> in search of the [[Mutiny on the Bounty|''Bounty'' mutineers]]. They found no inhabitants, but saw that there were houses containing canoes and fishing gear, which suggested to them that the island was being used as a temporary residence by fishing parties from other, nearby islands.<ref name="mac30"/> On 12 June 1791, Edwards sailed farther south, and sighted Nukunonu, naming it ''Duke of Clarence's Island''.<ref>{{cite book| last = Sharp| first = Andrew| title = The Discovery of the Pacific Islands| url = https://archive.org/details/discoveryofpacif0000shar_l2x3| url-access = registration| year = 1960| publisher = Clarendon Press| page = [https://archive.org/details/discoveryofpacif0000shar_l2x3/page/164 164] | isbn = ((978-0-19-821519-6))}}</ref> A landing party that went ashore was unable to make contact with the inhabitants, but saw "''morai''s", burying places, and canoes with "stages in their middle" sailing across the island's lagoons.<ref name="mac30"/>

On 29 October 1825, August R. Strong of the [[USS Dolphin (1821)|USS ''Dolphin'']] and his crew arrived at the atoll Nukunonu. He wrote:<ref>''The Journal of the South Pacific'', 110 (3), p. 296</ref>
{{blockquote |text=Upon examination, we found they had removed all the women and children from the settlement, which was quite small, and put them in canoes lying off a rock in the lagoon. They would frequently come near the shore, but when we approached they would pull off with great noise and precipitation.}}

On 14 February 1835, Captain Smith, of the United States [[Whaling|whaling ship]] ''General Jackson'', wrote of having sighted Fakaofo, which he chose to call ''D'Wolf's Island''.<ref>{{cite book| author = Polynesian Society (N. Z.)| title = The Journal of the Polynesian Society| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oWQLAAAAIAAJ| year = 1961| publisher = Polynesian Society.| page = 102 }}</ref><ref name="booklet">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Pacific/Tokelau/0-tokelaubooklet.php|publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|title= Information Bulletin on Tokelau|access-date=29 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513011331/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Pacific/Tokelau/0-tokelaubooklet.php|archive-date=13 May 2014}}</ref> On 25 January 1841, the [[United States Exploring Expedition]] visited Atafu, and discovered a small population living on the island. The residents appeared to be there only temporarily, because there was no chief among them, and they had the kind of double [[canoe]]s that were typically used for inter-island travel. They appeared to have interacted with foreigners in the past, because they expressed a desire to engage in barter with the expedition crew, and they possessed items that were apparently of foreign origin: blue beads and a plane-iron. A few days later, French explorer Captain Morvan sighted Fakaofo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1948-I.2.1.2.7?query=Morvan|title=Tokelau Islands–Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1948 Session I, A-04a|year=1948|first=Peter|last=Fraser|author-link=Peter Fraser|page=4}}</ref> The American expedition reached Nukunonu on 28 January 1841, but did not record any information about inhabitants. On 29 January 1841, the expedition sighted Fakaofo and named it ''Bowditch''.<ref>[[Nathaniel Bowditch]] (1773–1838) was an American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation.</ref> The Fakaofo islanders were found to be similar in appearance and behaviour to the Atafu islanders.<ref>{{cite book| last = Wilkes| first = Charles| title = Voyage Round the World| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NyQcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA538| year = 1849| publisher = Geo. W. Gorton| page = 538 }}</ref>

Missionaries preached [[Christianity in Tokelau]] from 1845 to the 1870s. French [[Catholic]] missionaries on [[Wallis Island]] (also known as 'Uvea) and missionaries of the [[Protestant]] [[London Missionary Society]] in Samoa used native teachers to convert the Tokelauans. Atafu was converted to Protestantism by the London Missionary Society, Nukunonu was converted to Catholicism and Fakaofo was converted to both denominations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tokelau.org.nz/About_Tokelau/people.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506233328/http://www.tokelau.org.nz/About_Tokelau/people.htm|url-status=dead|title=Tokelau Government|archive-date=6 May 2013|website=tokelau.org.nz}}</ref> The Rev. Samuel James Whitmee, of the [[London Missionary Society]], visited Tokelau in 1870.<ref name="JCC">{{cite book |last1=Whitmee |first1= Rev. Samuel James |title= A missionary cruise in the South Pacific: being the report of a voyage amongst the Tokelau, Ellice and Gilbert Islands, in the missionary barque "John Williams" during 1870|year= 1871 |publisher= Joseph Cook & Co |location=Sydney }}</ref>

Helped by [[Swains Island]]-based Eli Jennings Sr, [[Peru]]vian [[blackbirding|"blackbird"]] [[slave trader]]s arrived in 1863 and kidnapped nearly all (253) of the able-bodied men to work as labourers, depopulating the atolls.<ref>H.E. Maude's ''Slavers in Paradise'' (A.N.U., Canberra, 1981)</ref> The Tokelauan men died of [[dysentery]] and [[smallpox]], and very few returned. With that loss, the system of governance became based on the "Taupulega", or "Councils of Elders", on which individual families on each atoll were represented.<ref name="mfat"/><ref name="booklet"/> During that time, [[Polynesia]]n immigrants settled, followed by American, [[Scottish people|Scottish]], French, [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://houseofpereira.com/tokelau-a-historical-ethnography-by-j-huntsman-a-hooper/|title=Ethnography of Tokelau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624180634/https://houseofpereira.com/tokelau-a-historical-ethnography-by-j-huntsman-a-hooper/|archive-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> and German [[Beachcombing#Historical usage|beachcombers]], marrying local women and repopulating the atolls.<ref name="booklet"/>

In 1856 the United States claimed that it held sovereignty over the island and the other Tokelauan atolls under the [[Guano Islands Act]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/38907/Tokelau-looks-to-independence |title=Tokelau looks to independence |publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> In 1979, the U.S. conceded that Tokelau was under New Zealand sovereignty, and a [[maritime boundary]] between Tokelau and [[American Samoa]] was established by the [[Treaty of Tokehega]].

In 1889, Tokelau became a [[protectorate]] of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.tokelau.org.nz/About+Us/History.html |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=tokelau.org.nz}}</ref> This lasted until 1916, when it was annexed and incorporated into the [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands|Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony]]. In 1926, it was incorporated into New Zealand.

[[File:Fakaofo_village_square_20070716.jpg|thumb|The square in the centre of the village of [[Fakaofo]]]]

===Tropical cyclones===
[[Cyclone Percy]] struck and severely damaged Tokelau in late February and early March 2005. Forecasters underestimated the cyclone's strength and the length of time it would be in vicinity to Tokelau. It coincided with a spring [[tide]] which put most of the area of the two villages on Fakaofo and Nukunonu under {{one2a |{{convert|1|m|spell=in}}}} of seawater. The cyclone also caused major [[erosion]] on several islets of all three atolls, damaging roads and bridges and disrupting electric power and telecommunications systems. The cyclone did significant and widespread damage to food crops including bananas, [[coconut]]s and [[pandanus]]. It did not seriously injure anyone but villagers lost significant amounts of property.

No significant land is more than {{convert|2|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off}} above [[high water]] of ordinary tides. This means Tokelau is particularly vulnerable to future [[sea level rise]].

===Time zone===
{{main|Time in New Zealand}}

Until December 2011, Tokelau was 11 hours behind [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC).<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=738&syear=2000
| title = UTC offset for years 2000–2009 in Fakaofo, Tokelau
| access-date = 7 August 2012
}}</ref> At midnight 29 December 2011 Tokelau shifted to [[UTC+13:00]] in response to Samoa's decision to switch sides of the International Dateline.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=738&syear=2010
| title = UTC offset for years 2010–2019 in Fakaofo, Tokelau
| access-date = 7 August 2012
}}</ref> This brought Tokelau closer to [[New Zealand]] time (and in the process omitted 30 December).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15197275 |title=Tokelau to join Samoa and leap forward over dateline |work=[[BBC News]] |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029123306/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15197275 |archive-date=29 October 2012 }}</ref>

The Time&Date website states that "the international time zone community has apparently been listing the wrong local time for Tokelau since 1901" and that "most sources, including the commonly referred to International Atlas by Shanks/Pottenger, claim that the UTC offset is +14 hours, or equivalent (UTC-10:00 before 29 December 2011 and afterwards, UTC-10:00 plus one day)."<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tokelau-wrong-time.html
| title = Tokelau: Wrong local time for over 100 years
| access-date = 7 August 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140402175645/http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tokelau-wrong-time.html
| archive-date = 2 April 2014
}}</ref>

==Government==
{{main|Constitutional history of Tokelau}}

In 1877, the islands were included under the protection of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] by an [[Order in Council]] that claimed jurisdiction over all unclaimed [[Pacific Islands]]. Commander {{thinspace|C.|F.}} Oldham on [[HMS Egeria (1873)|HMS ''Egeria'']] landed at each of the three atolls in June 1889<ref>{{cite journal| last = Lister| first = J.J.| title = Notes on the Natives of Fakaofu| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=agAaAAAAMAAJ| volume = 21| year = 1892| journal = Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute| publisher = Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland| pages = 43–63| jstor = 2842209 }}</ref> and officially raised the [[Union Flag]], declaring the group a British [[protectorate]].<ref name="Colonial Law' 1966. P. 894"/> In conformity with desire expressed by "the Native government" they were annexed by the United Kingdom and included in the [[Gilbert Islands]] by the Tokelau Islands (Union Islands) Order in Council, 1916.<ref name="Colonial Law' 1966. P. 894">''Commonwealth and Colonial Law'' by [[Kenneth Roberts-Wray]], London, Stevens, 1966. P. 894</ref><ref>S.R.O. 1916 No. 167; S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. IX, 661—made under the [[Colonial Boundaries Act 1895]] ([[58 & 59 Vict.]] c. 34)</ref> The annexation took place on 29 February 1916.<ref>Tokelau Act 1948 (preamble)</ref> From the point in time that the islands were annexed, their people had the status of [[British subjects]]. Tokelau was removed from the [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony]] and placed under the jurisdiction of the [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] in 1925, two Orders in Council being made for the purpose on the same day.<ref name="Colonial Law' 1966. P. 894"/><ref>The Union Islands Order in Council Nos. 1 and 2, S.R.O. 1925, pp. 511 and 1768; No. 1 Order in S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. IX, 663.</ref> This step meant that New Zealand took over administration of Tokelau from the United Kingdom on 11 February 1926.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Tokelau: A history of Government – The constitutional history and legal development of Tokelau''; Compiled and recorded for the Tokelau Law Team by Tony Angelo and Talei Pasikale, 2008</ref> At this point, Tokelau was still a territory under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom but administered by New Zealand.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The Union Islands (Revocation) Order in Council, 1948<ref>S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. XVI, 866</ref> after reciting the agreement by the governments of the United Kingdom and New Zealand that the islands should become part of New Zealand, revoked the Union Islands (No. 2) Order in Council, 1925, with effect from a date fixed by the Governor-General of New Zealand after he was satisfied that the New Zealand Parliament had provided for the incorporation of the islands with New Zealand, as it did by the ''Tokelau Islands Act 1948''.<ref>Act. No. 24 of 1948</ref> Tokelau formally became part of New Zealand on 1 January 1949.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tokelau.org.nz/site/tokelau/files/Tokelau%20A%20History%20of%20Government%20FINAL.pdf|title=Tokelau–A History of Government|first1=Tony|last1=Angelo|first2=Talei|last2=Pasikale|year=2008|page=23|quote=Tokelau formally became part of New Zealand on 1 January 1949 by section 3 of the Tokelau Act 1948 (NZ)}}</ref>

The [[Dominion of New Zealand]], of which Tokelau formerly was a part, has since been superseded by the [[Realm of New Zealand]], of which Tokelau remains a part. When the ''British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948'' came into effect on 1 January 1949, Tokelauans who were British subjects gained [[New Zealand citizenship]]; a status they still hold.<ref name="Aliens and citizens">{{cite encyclopedia |first=David |last=Green |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/citizenship/3 |title=Citizenship – Aliens and citizens |encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |date=13 July 2012 |access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>

Villages are entitled to enact their own laws regulating their daily lives and New Zealand law only applies where it has been extended by specific enactment. Serious crime is rare and there are no prisons, and offenders are publicly rebuked, fined or made to work.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.tokelau.org.nz/|title=Official site for the Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government|access-date=4 November 2007|quote=The legislation and judicial systems are based on the Tokelau Act, 1948, and its amendments. A major law reform project is continuing; its purpose is to ensure that Tokelau has a coherent body of law which responds to current needs and gives due recognition to local custom. Unless it is expressly extended to Tokelau, New Zealand statute law does not apply to the territory. In practice, no New Zealand legislation is extended to Tokelau without Tokelauan consent. The villages have the statutory power to enact their own laws covering village affairs. International covenants on economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights, ratified by New Zealand in December 1978, apply in Tokelau. Civil and criminal jurisdiction is exercised by commissioners and the New Zealand high court.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220023040/http://tokelau.org.nz/|archive-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Tokelau}}

The [[head of state]] is {{Monarch of New Zealand, current|nameonly=*}}, the [[Monarchy in New Zealand|{{Monarch of New Zealand, current|title=*}} in Right of New Zealand]], who also reigns over the other [[Commonwealth realm]]s. The {{Monarch of New Zealand, current|title=*}} is represented in the territory by the [[Administrator of Tokelau|Administrator]]{{snd}}currently Don Higgins. The current [[Head of Government of Tokelau|head of government]] ({{langx|tkl|Ulu-o-Tokelau}}) is [[Esera Fofō Tuisano]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Lydia |title=Tokelau is 'my heart and soul' - New Ulu-o-Tokelau Tuisano |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/545522/tokelau-is-my-heart-and-soul-new-ulu-o-tokelau-tuisano |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=21 March 2025 |language=en-nz}}</ref> who presides over the [[Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau]], which functions as a cabinet. The Council consists of the ''faipule'' (leader) and ''pulenuku'' (village mayor) of each of the three atolls.<ref name = TokelauCouncilGovernance/> The administrator is appointed by the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] of New Zealand, and the role of [[List of heads of government of Tokelau|head of government]] rotates between the three ''faipule'' for a one-year term.<ref name = TokelauCouncilGovernance/>

The Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers legislative power on the [[General Fono]], a [[unicameral]] body. The number of seats each atoll receives in the Fono is determined by population{{snd}}at present, Fakaofo and Atafu each have seven and Nukunonu has six.<ref name = TokelauCouncilGovernance/> ''Faipule'' and ''pulenuku'' also sit in the Fono.<ref name="TokelauCouncilGovernance">{{cite web|url=http://www.tokelau.org.nz/Tokelau+Government/Government/HOW+TOKELAU+IS+GOVERNED.html |publisher=Tokelauan Council of Ongoing Governance|title=How Tokelau is Governed |access-date=29 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507092318/http://www.tokelau.org.nz/Tokelau+Government/Government/HOW+TOKELAU+IS+GOVERNED.html|archive-date=7 May 2013}}</ref>

On 11 November 2004, Tokelau and New Zealand took steps to formulate a treaty that would turn Tokelau from a non-self-governing territory to a self-governing state in [[Associated state|free association]] with New Zealand. Besides the treaty, a United Nations-sponsored [[2006 Tokelauan self-determination referendum|referendum on self-determination]] took place, with the three islands voting on successive days starting 13 February 2006. (Tokelauans in [[Apia, Samoa]], voted on 11 February.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tokelau.org.nz/english/gfdecisions/gfnov05.html|title=Fono decisions|access-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070822073325/http://www.tokelau.org.nz/english/gfdecisions/gfnov05.html |archive-date = 22 August 2007}}</ref> Out of 581 votes cast, 349 were for Free Association, being short of the two-thirds majority required for the measure to pass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411366/661377|title=Tokelau rejects self-rule|publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]|access-date=29 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513013609/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411366/661377|archive-date=13 May 2014}}</ref> The referendum was profiled (somewhat light-heartedly) in the 1 May 2006 issue of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/05/01/060501fa_fact_parker|title=Letter from Polynesia: Birth of a nation?|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|author=Parker, Ian|date=1 May 2006|access-date=29 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603102538/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/05/01/060501fa_fact_parker|archive-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> A repeat [[2007 Tokelauan self-determination referendum|referendum took place on 20–24 October 2007]], again narrowly failing to approve self-government. This time the vote was short by just 16 votes or 3%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/1318360/1415741|title=Tokelau stays as NZ's last colony|publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513015114/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/1318360/1415741|archive-date=13 May 2014}}</ref>

In May 2008, the United Nations' Secretary General [[Ban Ki-moon]] urged colonial powers "to complete the decolonization process in every one of the remaining 16 [[non-self-governing territories]]", including Tokelau.<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2008/sgsm11568.doc.htm "Colonialism has no place in today's world," says Secretary General in message to Decolonization Seminar in Indonesia"], United Nations press release, 14 May 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203103048/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2008/sgsm11568.doc.htm |date=3 February 2014 }}</ref> This led ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' to comment that the United Nations was "apparently frustrated by two failed attempts to get Tokelau to vote for independence".<ref name="NZ_Herald_10510595">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10510595 |title=Tokelau decolonisation high on agenda |date=17 May 2008 |agency=[[NZPA]] |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> In April 2008, speaking as leader of the [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]], future New Zealand Prime Minister [[John Key]] stated that New Zealand had "imposed two referenda on the people of the Tokelau Islands", and questioned "the accepted wisdom that small states should undergo a de-colonisation process".<ref>[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0804/S00230.htm John Key's speech to the NZ Institute of International Affairs], 8 April 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930193348/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0804/S00230.htm |date=30 September 2012 }}</ref>

==Defence and police==
Consistent with the principles of partnership with New Zealand, defence is the responsibility of the New Zealand Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tokelau.org.nz/Tokelau+Government.html |title=Tokelau Government |access-date=21 August 2023|website=Government of Tokelau }}</ref> The [[New Zealand Defence Force]] has responsibilities for protecting the territory as well as its offshore [[exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ). The total offshore EEZ is about {{convert|300,000|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tokelau.org.nz/About+Us.html |title=TOKELAU a true Small Island Developing State |access-date=21 August 2023|website=Government of Tokelau }}</ref> Vessels of the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] are employed for this task including its {{sclass2|Protector|offshore patrol vessel|1}}s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/assets/Uploads/DocumentLibrary/NavyToday_Issue261.pdf |title=Illegal Fishing Targeted |access-date=21 August 2023|website=Navy Today |date=December 2021}}</ref> Tokelau has its own customs regulations.<ref>[https://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1991/0004/1.0/whole.html Tokelau Customs Regulations 1991]</ref>

Given Tokelau's limited wharf facilities, the Navy's multi-role ship, {{HMNZS|Canterbury|L421|6}}, has been employed to provide logistics support to the territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/navy/what-we-do/humanitarian-assistance-and-disaster-relief/a-hard-to-reach-place/ |title=Tokelau: A hard place to reach |access-date=21 August 2023|website=New Zealand Defence Force |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

Little crime has been reported in Tokelau and a total of nine police officers were reported as present as of the early 2020s: three each on Fakaofo, Nukunonu and Atafu. According to the Government they are responsible to the village authorities for the enforcement of law and order and to the public service for their various civil duties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tokelau.org.nz/About+Us/Government.html |title=Government |access-date=21 August 2023|website=Government of Tokelau }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Multiple image
|direction = vertical
|image1 = Atafu.jpg
|caption1 = Atafu Atoll
|image2 = Nukunonu.jpg
|caption2 = Nukunonu Atoll
|image3 = Fakaofo Satellite NASA.jpg
|caption3 = Fakaofo Atoll
}}

Tokelau includes three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean between longitudes [[171st meridian west|171° W]] and [[173rd meridian west|173° W]] and between latitudes [[8th parallel south|8° S]] and [[10th parallel south|10° S]], about midway between Hawaii and New Zealand. From Atafu in the north to Fakaofo in the south, Tokelau extends for less than {{convert|200|km}}. The atolls lie about {{convert|500|km}} north of [[Samoa]]. The atolls are [[Atafu]] and [[Nukunonu]], both in an island group once called the Duke of Clarence Group, and [[Fakaofo]], once Bowditch Island. Their combined land area is {{convert|10.8|km2|1}}. The atolls each have [[list of islands of Tokelau|a number of coral islands]], where [[list of villages in Tokelau|the villages]] are situated. The highest point of Tokelau is just {{convert|5|m}} [[height above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11926|title=Tokelau High Point |website=peakbagger.com}}</ref> There are no ports or harbours for large vessels, however, all three atolls have a jetty to and from which supplies and passengers are shipped.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/20235 |title=Port of Atafu |publisher=MarineTraffic.com |access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309022028/http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/20235 |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/TKL_Nukunonu_Harbor_4215.php |title=WPS – Nukunonu Harbor |publisher=World Port Source |access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610033929/http://worldportsource.com/ports/TKL_Nukunonu_Harbor_4215.php |archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/20236 |title=Port of Fakaofo |publisher=MarineTraffic.com |access-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309022618/http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/20236 |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> Tokelau lies in the Pacific [[tropical cyclone]] belt. A fourth island that is culturally, historically, and geographically, but not politically, a part of the Tokelau Islands is [[Swains Island]] (Olohega), under United States control since about 1900 and administered as a part of [[American Samoa]] since 1925.<ref>United States Code, Title 48, section 1662: 4 March 1925, ch. 563, 43 Stat. 1357 as referred to in ''Tokelau: A history of Government – The constitutional history and legal development of Tokelau''; Compiled and recorded for the Tokelau Law Team by Tony Angelo and Talei Pasikale, 2008</ref>

Swains Island was claimed by the United States pursuant to the [[Guano Islands Act]], as were the other three islands of Tokelau; the latter three claims were ceded to Tokelau by treaty in 1979. In the draft constitution of Tokelau subject to the Tokelauan self-determination referendum in 2006, Olohega (Swains Island) was also claimed as a part of Tokelau, though the claim was surrendered in the same 1979 treaty. This established a clearly defined boundary between American Samoa and Tokelau.

Tokelau's claim to Swains is generally comparable to the [[Marshall Islands]]' claim to U.S.-administered [[Wake Island]], but the re-emergence of this somewhat dormant issue has been an unintended result of the United Nations' recent efforts to promote decolonisation in Tokelau. Tokelauans have proven somewhat reluctant to push their national identity in the political realm: recent decolonisation moves have mainly been driven from outside for ideological reasons. But at the same time, Tokelauans are reluctant to disown their common cultural identity with Swains Islanders who speak their language.

Tokelau has a [[tropical climate]], classified by the [[Köppen climate classification]] as a [[tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af''.) This climate is prevalent on all three atolls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokelau Climate: Temperature, Humidity, Precipitation, Sunshine, and More |url=https://nomadseason.com/climate/tokelau/index.html |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=nomadseason.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:320px; text-align:center;"
|+Tokelau's atolls
!Atoll
!Population
!Coordinates
|-
|[[Atafu]]
|541
|{{coord|8|33|6|S|172|30|3|W|region:TK_type:adm2nd|name=Atafu}}
|-
|[[Nukunonu]]
|531
|{{coord|9|10|6|S|171|48|35|W|region:TK_type:adm2nd|name=Nukunonu}}
|-
|[[Fakaofo]]
|483
|{{coord|9|21|55|S|171|12|54|W|region:TK_type:adm2nd|name=Fakaofo}}
|}

==Environment==
{{See also|List of birds of Tokelau|List of mammals of Tokelau}}
Tokelau is located in the [[Western Polynesian tropical moist forests]] [[List of terrestrial ecoregions (WWF)|ecoregion]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> Most of the original vegetation has been replaced by [[coconut]] plantations, some of which have been abandoned and became scrubby forests. The atolls of Tokelau provide habitat for 38 indigenous plant species, over 150 insect species and 10 land crab species. One of the greatest threats to biodiversity is posed by introduced mammalian predators such as the [[Polynesian Rat]].<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=oc0117|name=Western Polynesian tropical moist forests|access-date=27 May 2012}}</ref>

In 2011 Tokelau declared its entire [[exclusive economic zone]] of {{convert|319031|km²|0|abbr=on}} a [[shark sanctuary]].<ref>[http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/press-releases/tokelau-declares-shark-sanctuary-85899363741 Pew: ''Tokelau Declares Shark Sanctuary''], 7 September 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226180701/http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/press-releases/tokelau-declares-shark-sanctuary-85899363741 |date=26 February 2014 }}</ref>

In April 2025, Conservation International led a scientific expedition to Tokelau undertaken with [[New Zealand Geographic]]. [[Conservation International Aotearoa]] indicated the reefs showed signs of recovery after a marine heatwave and widespread coral bleaching in the region.<ref name="RNZ-TokelauCoralRecovery-2025">{{cite news |title=Tokelau's coral reefs show signs of recovery |work=RNZ |date=11 April 2025 |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/pacific/557865/tokelau-s-coral-reefs-show-signs-of-recovery}}</ref>

==Economy==
Tokelau's economy is among the smallest globally, primarily characterized by subsistence agriculture and fishing.<ref>Foster, S. "Tokelau." ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', January 23, 2025. https://www.britannica.com/place/Tokelau</ref> The residents cultivate crops such as coconuts (for [[copra]]), taro, breadfruit, papayas, bananas, and figs, and raise livestock including pigs and poultry. Fishing, particularly for local consumption, plays a vital role in their sustenance.<ref name="Commonwealth-tokelau">{{Cite web |title=Tokelau |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/tokelau/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Economic overview ===
The territory's economic activities are limited, with revenues stemming from the sale of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, handicrafts, and remittances from Tokelauans residing in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokelau country brief |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/tokelau/Pages/tokelau-country-brief}}</ref> These remittances are significant, given that approximately 80% of Tokelauans live abroad.<ref name="Commonwealth-tokelau" />

In recent years, Tokelau has sought to diversify its revenue streams. Notably, the territory has generated income through the registration of domain names under its country code top-level domain (ccTLD), .tk. By 2012, about one-sixth of Tokelau's economy was derived from this source.

===Solar power===
The goal of [[100% renewable electricity]] was met on 7 November 2012, according to the [[Foreign Affairs Minister of New Zealand]], [[Murray McCully]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20233754|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220031402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20233754|url-status=dead|title=Tokelau islands shift to solar energy|date=7 November 2012|archive-date=20 February 2014|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Previously electricity was generated using diesel generators and was only available about 16 hours per day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/nz-company-turns-on-first-tokelau-solar-system/TF4F5FXMRQN4IGMTWMOTWBQ244/|title=NZ company turns on first Tokelau solar system|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=14 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQo7R04RS6Q| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/QQo7R04RS6Q| archive-date=31 October 2021 | url-status=live|title=Tokelau, bringing solar power to a nation: Dean Parchomchuk and Charlotte Yates at TEDxTauranga|last=TEDx Talks|date=7 August 2013|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Three [[solar power]] stations with a total generation capacity of 930kWp were installed to provide 100% of current electrical demand from [[photovoltaics]], with lead acid battery backup able to store around 8MWh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prdrse4all.spc.int/system/files/trep-case-study.pdf |title=Tokelau – Renewable Energy Project Case Study March – 2013}}</ref> The first power station was completed in August 2012. In total, 4,032 solar panels are used and 1,344 batteries weighing {{convert|250|kg|lb}} each. The systems are designed to withstand winds of {{convert|230|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcasiapacificnews.com/stories/201112/3387536.htm |title=ABC Pacific News reports Tokelau target of 100% renewable energy |publisher=Abcasiapacificnews.com |date=9 December 2011 |access-date=30 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232007/http://abcasiapacificnews.com/stories/201112/3387536.htm |archive-date=12 May 2014 }}</ref> By 2011, Tokelau's electricity was 93% generated by [[photovoltaic]]s, with the remainder generated from [[coconut oil]].<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20901-coconuts-and-sunshine-will-power-south-pacific-islands.html Coconuts and sunshine will power South Pacific islands] [[New Scientist]], published 2011-09-13. Retrieved 14 September 2011 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232425/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20901-coconuts-and-sunshine-will-power-south-pacific-islands.html |date=12 May 2014 }}</ref> As of 2019, increased demand and degradation of batteries had led to increased need for backup power.<ref name="offgrid">{{cite web|url=https://onestepoffthegrid.com.au/solar-and-battery-microgrid-project-to-return-tokelau-to-100-renewables/ |title=Solar and battery microgrid project to return Tokelau to 100% renewables|date=14 November 2019 }}</ref> Plans were made for an additional 210 kW of PV and close to 2MWh of lithium-ion battery capacity.<ref name="offgrid" />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
File:Nukunonu Lagoon20070716.jpg|[[Nukunonu]] Lagoon in Tokelau
File:Atafu street dawn 20070715.jpg|Atafu street at dawn
</gallery>

===Internet domain name===
{{Main|.tk}}

[[File:TokelauInternetByAtoll2011.png|thumb|Access to internet in Tokelau, 2011]]

Tokelau has increased its GDP by more than 10% through registrations of [[domain name]]s under its [[top-level domain]], [[.tk]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6991719.stm|title=Net gains for tiny Pacific nation|date=14 September 2007|access-date=24 May 2008|work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232450/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6991719.stm|archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> Registrations can be either free, in which case the user owns only usage rights and not the domain itself, or paid, which grants full rights. Free domains are pointed to Tokelau [[name server]]s, which redirects the domain via [[HTML frames]] to a specified address or to a specified [[A record|A]] or [[NS record]], and the redirection of up to 250 email addresses to an external address (not at a .tk domain).

In September 2003, [[Fakaofo]] became the first part of Tokelau with a high-speed Internet connection. Foundation Tokelau financed the project. Tokelau gave most domain names under its authority away to anyone for free to gain publicity for the territory. This has allowed the nation to gain enhanced telecommunications technologies, such as more computers and Internet access for Tokelauan residents. By 2012, there were about 120 computers, mostly laptops, and 1/6th of the economy consisted of income from .tk domain names.<ref>Andres, Tommy. "[http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/13/tech/web/tokelau-domain-name-holder/index.html?hpt=hp_bn5 The tiny island with a huge Web presence]." ''[[CNN]]''. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512233431/http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/13/tech/web/tokelau-domain-name-holder/index.html?hpt=hp_bn5 |date=12 May 2014 }}</ref>

According to a 2016 analysis of domain name registration performed by the [[.uk]] registrar [[Nominet]] using data from ZookNIC,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zooknic.com/ |title=Zooknic Internet Geography Project |publisher=Zooknic.com |date=23 April 2011 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> tk domains are the "world's largest country-code domain ... almost as large as second and third place holders China ([[.cn]]) and Germany ([[.de]]) combined".<ref>{{cite web|author=Russell Haworth Chief Executive Officer |url=http://www.nominet.uk/mapping-the-online-world/ |title=Mapping the online world – Nominet |publisher=Nominet.uk |date=9 March 2016 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

On 3 March 2023, Meta sued Freenom for [[cybersquatting]] and trademark infringement, leading to a halt in new domain registrations, and in November 2023, [[ICANN]] terminated Freenom's registrar accreditation due to unresolved breaches. By February 2024, Freenom settled the lawsuit with Meta, announced its exit from the domain business, and by March 2024, 99% of Freenom domains became inaccessible, significantly affecting [[Cloudflare]]'s hosted domains.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutton |first=Paul |date=15 March 2024 |title=Cloudflare loses 22% of its domains in Freenom .tk shutdown |url=https://www.netcraft.com/blog/cloudflare-loses-22-of-its-domains-in-freenom-tk-shutdown/ |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=Netcraft |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:LanguagesSpokenTokelau2011.png|thumb|Language statistics in Tokelau, 2006 and 2011]]

According to the 2016 Tokelau Census, Tokelau has a ''[[de jure]]'' usually resident population of 1,499 people. The census shows a 6.2% increase in the de jure usually resident population between 2011 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final count for 2011 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings |url=http://stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/pacific_peoples/2011-tokelau-census-landing-page/final-count-2011-tokelau-census.aspx |work=2011 Tokelau Census|publisher=Statistics New Zealand|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203032748/http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/pacific_peoples/2011-tokelau-census-landing-page/final-count-2011-tokelau-census.aspx|archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref>

The nationals of Tokelau are called [[Tokelauan people|Tokelauan]]s, and the major ethnic group is [[Polynesian people|Polynesian]]; it has no recorded minority groups. About 84% of inhabitants are of wholly or partly Tokelauan ethnicity; people of [[Samoans|Samoan]] ethnicity make up 6.7% of the population, and [[Demographics of Tuvalu|Tuvaluans]] 2.8%.<ref name="CIAPAPUANEWGUINEA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tokelau/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260102051319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tokelau|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2 January 2026|title= Australia-Oceania :: Tokelau|date= 18 October 2021|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref> The main language{{snd}}spoken by over 90% of inhabitants{{snd}}is [[Tokelauan language|Tokelauan]], but almost 60% also speak English.

The less than 1,500 Polynesian inhabitants live in three villages. Their isolation and lack of resources greatly limits economic development and confines agriculture to the subsistence level. The very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to emigration to [[New Zealand]] and [[Samoa]]. In the 2013 New Zealand census, more than 7,000 people identified as Tokelauan, almost five times as many as live in Tokelau itself.<ref name="tokelau.org.nz" /> Depletion of [[tuna]] has made fishing for food more difficult.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

A significant proportion (44.9% in 2016) of the population [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|were born overseas]], mostly in Samoa (15.3% of total population) and New Zealand (11.5%).<ref name="tokelau.org.nz"/>

While slightly more females than males live on Atafu and Fakaofo, males make up 57% of Nukunonu residents.<ref>Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 1.3.1.</ref> Only 9% of Tokelauans aged 40 or more have never been married.<ref>Tokelau Census of
Population and Dwellings, Table 1.5.</ref> One-quarter of the population were born overseas; almost all the rest live on the same atoll they were born on.<ref>Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 3.2.</ref> Most households own five or more pigs.<ref>Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 6.13.</ref>

Despite its low income, Tokelau has a life expectancy of 69 years, comparable with other Oceania islands.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/4712096.stm#facts |title=Regions and territories: Tokelau |date=16 June 2011 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=23 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013082833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/4712096.stm |archive-date=13 October 2011 }}</ref>

===Structure of the population===
{{Hidden begin
|title= Population by sex and age group (Census 18.X.2016): <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 652
| align="right" | 633
| align="right" | 1 285
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 74
| align="right" | 65
| align="right" | 139
| align="right" | 10.82
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 75
| align="right" | 75
| align="right" | 150
| align="right" | 11.67
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 72
| align="right" | 65
| align="right" | 137
| align="right" | 10.66
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 63
| align="right" | 53
| align="right" | 116
| align="right" | 9.03
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 54
| align="right" | 39
| align="right" | 93
| align="right" | 7.24
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 39
| align="right" | 47
| align="right" | 86
| align="right" | 6.69
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 36
| align="right" | 43
| align="right" | 79
| align="right" | 6.15
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 35
| align="right" | 27
| align="right" | 62
| align="right" | 4.82
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 35
| align="right" | 40
| align="right" | 75
| align="right" | 5.84
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 41
| align="right" | 40
| align="right" | 81
| align="right" | 6.30
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 27
| align="right" | 36
| align="right" | 63
| align="right" | 4.90
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 33
| align="right" | 20
| align="right" | 53
| align="right" | 4.12
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 31
| align="right" | 23
| align="right" | 54
| align="right" | 4.20
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 14
| align="right" | 23
| align="right" | 37
| align="right" | 2.88
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 14
| align="right" | 11
| align="right" | 25
| align="right" | 1.95
|-
| align="right" | 75+
| align="right" | 9
| align="right" | 26
| align="right" | 35
| align="right" | 2.72
|-

! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 221
| align="right" | 205
| align="right" | 426
| align="right" | 33.15
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 394
| align="right" | 368
| align="right" | 762
| align="right" | 59.30
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 37
| align="right" | 60
| align="right" | 97
| align="right" | 7.55
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin|title=Population estimates by sex and age group (12.XII.2019) (Data refers to 2019 Tokelau population count.): <ref name="auto"/>|titlestyle=background:#EEBC35;}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 813
| align="right" | 834
| align="right" | 1 647
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 80
| align="right" | 81
| align="right" | 161
| align="right" | 9.78
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 86
| align="right" | 87
| align="right" | 173
| align="right" | 10.50
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 106
| align="right" | 81
| align="right" | 187
| align="right" | 11.35
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 68
| align="right" | 72
| align="right" | 140
| align="right" | 8.50
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 74
| align="right" | 65
| align="right" | 139
| align="right" | 8.44
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 58
| align="right" | 60
| align="right" | 118
| align="right" | 7.16
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 42
| align="right" | 60
| align="right" | 102
| align="right" | 6.19
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 53
| align="right" | 54
| align="right" | 107
| align="right" | 6.50
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 41
| align="right" | 47
| align="right" | 88
| align="right" | 5.34
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 53
| align="right" | 38
| align="right" | 91
| align="right" | 5.53
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 42
| align="right" | 56
| align="right" | 98
| align="right" | 5.95
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 28
| align="right" | 45
| align="right" | 73
| align="right" | 4.43
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 32
| align="right" | 28
| align="right" | 60
| align="right" | 3.64
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 25
| align="right" | 19
| align="right" | 44
| align="right" | 2.67
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 11
| align="right" | 14
| align="right" | 25
| align="right" | 1.52
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 10
| align="right" | 11
| align="right" | 21
| align="right" | 1.28
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 2
| align="right" | 11
| align="right" | 13
| align="right" | 0.79
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 2
| align="right" | 4
| align="right" | 6
| align="right" | 0.36
|-
| align="right" | 90+
| align="right" | 0
| align="right" | 1
| align="right" | 1
| align="right" | 0.06
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 272
| align="right" | 249
| align="right" | 521
| align="right" | 31.63
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 491
| align="right" | 525
| align="right" | 1 016
| align="right" | 61.69
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 50
| align="right" | 60
| align="right" | 110
| align="right" | 6.68
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Tokelau}}

[[File:Tokelau Nukuono Church 20070716.jpg|thumb|[[Nukunonu Church]] on Nukunonu in Tokelau]]

Tokelau is predominantly Christian<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.int/prism/country/tk/stats/Reports/2006censusrpts/2006%20Census%20Tabular%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf |title=2006 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings|date=20 December 2006|access-date=11 November 2009|pages=Table 2.5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012041242/http://www.spc.int/prism/country/tk/stats/Reports/2006censusrpts/2006%20Census%20Tabular%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> with majority belonging to either Congregational Christian Church (Ekalehia Fakalapotopotoga Kelihiano Tokelau) or Roman Catholic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture |url=https://www.tokelau.org.nz/About+Us/Culture.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.tokelau.org.nz}}</ref>

In 2016, 50.4% of respondents belonged to Congregational Christian Church, 38.7% were [[Roman Catholic]], 5.9% were [[Presbyterian]], 4.2% were other Christian and 0.8% were unspecified.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tokelau |date=2024-10-03 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tokelau/#:~:text=Congregational%20Christian%20Church%2050.4%25,%20Roman,0.8%25%20(2016%20est.) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001000638/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tokelau/#:~:text=Congregational%20Christian%20Church%2050.4%25,%20Roman,0.8%25%20(2016%20est.) |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2024 |access-date=2024-10-06 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref> Majority of resident population of [[Atafu]] (78.3%) and [[Fakaofo]] (62.7%) identified as Congregational Christians. While the majority of residents in [[Nukunonu]] (81.8%) identified as Roman Catholic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokelau Population and Housing Census 2016 – Tokelau Census 2016: Final population counts – Pacific Data Hub |url=https://pacificdata.org/data/dataset/spc_tkl_2016_phc_v02_m/resource/46f141a3-71a6-4e75-9c7f-524df2dc854f |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=pacificdata.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Culture ==
===Healthcare and education===
{{main|Healthcare in Tokelau}}

[[File:TokelauLiteracyByAge2011.png|thumb|Literacy by age in Tokelau, 2011 census]]

Each atoll has a school and hospital. The health services have a Director of Health in [[Apia]] and a Chief Clinical Advisor who moves from atoll to atoll as required to assist the doctors attached to each hospital. In 2007, there was not always a doctor on each island and [[locum]]s were appointed to fill the gaps.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://islandstudies.com/files/2016/11/Tokelau.pdf |title=Tokelau |publisher=Island Studies |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

Many Tokelauan youth travel to New Zealand to further their education, with students returning home and then heading off for another year of study.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

===Sport===
{{see also|Rugby union in Tokelau|Rugby league in Tokelau|Tokelau at the Pacific Games}}
[[File:Cricket, Tokelau Islands, 1966 (17501454372) (2).jpg|thumb|[[Cricket]] in Tokelau, 1966]]

Due to its small size, Tokelau is unaffiliated to most international sports organisations, and rarely takes part in international events. The only significant international competition Tokelau takes part in is the [[Pacific Games]]. Tokelau won its first-ever gold medals at the [[2007 Pacific Games]] in [[Apia]], winning a total of five medals (three gold, a silver and a bronze), all in [[lawn bowls]], and finishing 12th (out of 22) on the overall medal table. This included two gold medals for [[Violina Linda Pedro]] (in the women's pairs and the women's singles), making her Tokelau's most successful individual athlete to date.<ref>[http://www.sportingpulse.com/medal.cgi?mt=11&pID=2 Medals at the 2007 Pacific Games], official website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520185116/http://www.sportingpulse.com/medal.cgi?mt=11&pID=2 |date=20 May 2011 }}</ref>

In October 2010, [[table tennis]] became "the first sport in Tokelau to be granted membership at a Continental or World level", when the [[Tokelau Table Tennis Association]] was formally established and became the 23rd member of the [[Oceania Table Tennis Federation]].<ref name="ittf.com">[http://www.ittf.com/stories/Stories_detail.asp?Year=&General_Catigory=general%2C+Development%2C+Waiting___&ID=22217 "Tokelau, a Speck in the Ocean but an Important New Member for Oceania"], International Table Tennis Federation, 7 October 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003171233/http://www.ittf.com/stories/Stories_detail.asp?Year=&General_Catigory=general%2C+Development%2C+Waiting___&ID=22217 |date=3 October 2012 }}</ref> Tokelau is also a member of [[United World Wrestling]].<ref name="Daniel 2015">{{cite web | last=Etchells | first=Daniel | title=Marshall Islands gearing up to stage United World Wrestling Oceania Championships | website=insidethegames.biz | date=18 February 2015 | url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1025634/marshall-islands-gearing-up-to-stage-united-world-wrestling-oceania-championships | access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref>

Tokelau was due to take part, for the first time, in the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], in [[Delhi]],<ref>[http://www.islandsbusiness.com/islands_business/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=19325/overideSkinName=issueArticle-full.tpl "Sport: Our Quest for Gold"], ''[[Islands Business]]'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308071743/http://www.islandsbusiness.com/islands_business/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=19325/overideSkinName=issueArticle-full.tpl |date=8 March 2012 }}</ref> but, for unknown reasons, ultimately did not do so.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101006102931/http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List Participants]}}, website of the 2010 Commonwealth Games</ref> In 2018, Tokelau was noted to be ineligible for the Commonwealth Games until it became affiliated to at least five [[international sport federations]].<ref name="RNZ 2018">{{cite web | title=Sport: Tokelau wrestling earns Commonwealth nod | website=[[RNZ]] | date=11 May 2018 | url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/357136/sport-tokelau-wrestling-earns-commonwealth-nod | access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>

Tokelau has a National Sports Federation, and a significant sporting event is the [[Tokelau Games]], which are held yearly. When they are held, "all of Tokelau virtually stands still", as "[i]n excess of 50% of the population take part and all work and school stops at the time". The 2010 Games included competitions in [[rugby sevens]], [[netball]] and [[kilikiti]], alongside "a cultural evening [...] where each atoll showcases their traditional songs and dances".<ref name="ittf.com"/>

[[Netball]] is thought to have been introduced to Tokelau by the British, but became more popular when New Zealand's government took over the territory. The sport is often played during inter-island sport competitions, alongside other sports like [[rugby league]] and [[volleyball]].<ref>{{cite book| last = McQuarrie| first = Peter| title = Tokelau People, Atolls and History| year = 2007| publisher = Publications Committee of MacMillan Browne Centre for Pacific Studies| location = Wellington, New Zealand| isbn = 978-1-877449-41-3}}</ref>

In Tokelau, there are two levels to the [[association football|football]] league. From [[Fale, Tokelau|Fale]], [[Fakaofo]], two of the best clubs are [[Hakava Club]] and [[Matalele Club]].<ref name=rsssf>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/tokelau.html "Tokelau"], Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation, 29 July 2010.</ref>

==Telecommunications==
[[File:Tokelau barge.JPG|thumb|A barge leaves the landing ramp in [[Nukunonu]] to collect cargo and passengers from the [[MV Tokelau|MV ''Tokelau'']].]]
Tokelau has a radio telephone service between the islands and to [[Samoa]]. In 1997, a government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok) with three satellite earth stations was established, making Tokelau the last place in the world connected via phone.<ref name="crime">{{Cite web |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/11/02/1082798/tiny-pacific-island-global-capital-cybercrime/|title=How a tiny Pacific Island became the global capital of cybercrime |first=Jacob |last=Judah |date=2 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[MIT Technology Review]] |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref> Each atoll has a radio-broadcast station that broadcasts shipping and weather reports and every household has a radio or access to one. News is disseminated through the government [[newsletter]] ''[[Te Vakai]]''.

In 2019, Tokelau agreed to connect to [[Southern Cross Cable]]'s 60 Tbps ''NEXT'' subsea cable stretching between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reichert |first1=Corinne |title=Pacific islands sign on for NEXT subsea cable |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/pacific-islands-sign-on-for-next-subsea-cable/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=ZDNet}}</ref> In September 2021, the island was connected to the new cable<ref>{{cite news |title=Submarine internet cable lands in Tokelau |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/media-and-resources/submarine-internet-cable-lands-in-tokelau/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |work=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade |date=23 September 2021}}</ref> and services were launched in July 2022, granting it access to a network of [[Terabit Ethernet|400GbE]] telecommunications service to datacenters around the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Southern Cross NEXT Launches! |url=https://www.ciena.com/about/newsroom/press-releases/southern-cross-next-launches! |access-date=7 November 2023 |work=ciena.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.crn.com.au/news/southern-cross-next-cable-completed-579953 |title=Southern Cross NEXT cable completed |date=5 May 2022 |website=crn.com.au|access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729090434/https://www.crn.com.au/news/southern-cross-next-cable-completed-579953 |archive-date=29 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Tokelau has the [[international calling code]] of 690, and has had five-digit telephone numbers from November 2015 (the existing four-digit numbers were prefixed by the digit "2").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pita.org.fj/index.cfm?action=news&cmd=view&id=203833E2-5254-005C-8E72D879D688FD97 |title=Pacific Islands Telecommunications Association |publisher=PITA |access-date=11 December 2016 |archive-date=17 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017050921/http://www.pita.org.fj/index.cfm?action=news&cmd=view&id=203833E2-5254-005C-8E72D879D688FD97 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tokelau administers the [[.tk]] [[country code top-level domain]].<ref name="crime" />

==Transportation==
Tokelau is served by the MV ''Mataliki'', delivered new in 2016 as a replacement of the smaller MV ''Tokelau'' and jointly managed by the Tokelau Transport Department and the company Transport and Marine. The vessel, which has a capacity of 60 passengers on international cruises and 120 for transport between the atolls of Tokelau, operates fortnightly between Tokelau and [[Apia]], with the trip taking a little over a day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/297446/tokelau-receives-new-ferry-from-nz-govt |title=Tokelau receives new ferry from NZ govt |date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Government of Tokelau |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> A dedicated cargo vessel, the MV ''Kalopaga'', entered service in 2018 and replaced chartered freight vessels.<ref name="Radio NZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/352082/tokelau-still-pushing-for-air-services-in-talks-with-nz|title=Tokelau still pushing for air services in talks with NZ|date=8 March 2018|publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] |access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref>

Ships load and unload cargo by motoring up to the down-wind ([[leeward]]) side of the islet where the people live and maintaining station, by intermittent use of engines, close to the reef edge so that a landing barge can be motored out to transfer cargo to or from the shore.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} On returning to shore, the barge negotiates a narrow channel through the reef to the beach. Usually this landing is subject to ocean swell and beaching requires considerable skill and, often, [[coral]] abrasions to bodies. When bad weather prevents the barge making the trip, the ship stands off to wait for suitable weather or goes off to one of the other atolls to attempt to load or unload its passengers or cargo, or both.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

There is no airport in Tokelau, so boats are the main means of travel and transport. Some [[seaplane]]s and [[amphibious aircraft]] are able to land in the island's lagoons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southseas.co.uk/Tokelau.htm |title=Tokelau |publisher=Southseas.co.uk |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> An airstrip was considered by the New Zealand Government in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/191810/new-zealand-looking-into-feasibility-of-air-service-to-tokelau |title=New Zealand looking into feasibility of air service to Tokelau | Radio New Zealand News |publisher=[[Radio NZ]] |date=4 August 2010 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref> In 2016, plans to link the atolls with Samoa by helicopter had to be abandoned because of high costs, leading in the following years to renewed calls to the New Zealand government for help with establishing air services.<ref name="Radio NZ"/> As of 2022, it was reported that the airport project – funded by the New Zealand government – was moving forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/129270339/project-to-get-tokelau-its-first-airfield-under-way-after-pandemic-delays |title=Project to get Tokelau its first airfield under way after pandemic delays |date=17 July 2022|publisher=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |last=Tokalau |first=Torika |access-date=21 August 2023}}</ref> In January 2026, the New Zealand government cancelled plans to build an airport on Tokelau, citing high costs and the adverse environmental impact.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Selby |first1=Kaya |title=Tokelau airport project scrapped despite multi-million dollar design |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/584763/tokelau-airport-project-scrapped-despite-multi-million-dollar-design |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=23 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202034835/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/584763/tokelau-airport-project-scrapped-despite-multi-million-dollar-design |archive-date=2 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Badge of Tokelau]]
* [[Outline of Tokelau]]
{{Portal bar|New Zealand|Islands|Oceania}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist |30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin |30em |indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last=Heller |first=Maxwell H. |year=2005 |title=Where on Earth Is Tokelau?: A Doctor's Experiences in the South Seas |publisher=Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum |isbn=978-0-901100-58-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Huntsman |first1=Judith |last2=Hooper |first2=Antony |year=1996 |title=Tokelau: A Historical Ethnography |publisher=Auckland University Press |isbn=978-1-86940-153-5 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Huntsman |first1=Judith |last2=Kalolo |first2=Kelihiano |year=2007 |title=The Future of Tokelau Decolonising Agendas, 1975–2006 |publisher=Auckland University Press |isbn=978-1-86940-398-0 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Tokelau|voy=Tokelau|n=Category:Tokelau|f=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|q=no|s=Category:Tokelau|v=no|d=Q36823}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260102051319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tokelau Tokelau]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085858/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/tokelau.htm Tokelau] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{wikiatlas|Tokelau}}
* [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-MacToke.html Ethnology of Tokelau Islands]
* [http://www.tokelau.org.nz/ Government of Tokelau]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100605160040/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Pacific/Tokelau/index.php The Administrator of Tokelau], Tokelau website of the NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade

{{Tokelau|state=expanded}}
{{Administrative divisions of New Zealand}}
{{British overseas territories}}
{{Countries and territories of Oceania}}
{{Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)}}
{{Polynesia}}
{{United Nations list of non-self-governing territories}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|09|10|S|171|50|W|region:TK_type:adm1st|display=title}}

[[Category:Tokelau| ]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in Oceania]]
[[Category:Dependent territories of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Dependent territories in Polynesia]]
[[Category:Dependent territories in Oceania]]
[[Category:Atolls of New Zealand]]
[[Category:British Western Pacific Territories]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1948]]

Ranu Mondal

2026-05-07T12:28:40Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started new stub from scratch

{{Sources exist|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ranu Mondal
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape = yes
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name = 
| alias =
| birth_place = [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]], West Bengal, India
| origin =
| genre =
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2019–present
| label =
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Bablu Mondal|1979|1986|reason=his death}}}}
| website = 
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}

'''Ranu Maria Mondal''' is an Indian playback singer. She is best known for singing "[[Teri Meri Kahani (song)|Teri Meri Kahani]]" with [[Himesh Reshammiya]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Trending Desk|date=5 December 2020|title=Remember Ranu Mondal Whose Singing Video Went Viral on Internet? She's All Set to Return to Stage Once Again|url=https://www.india.com/viral/remember-ranu-mondal-whose-singing-video-went-viral-on-internet-shes-all-set-to-return-to-stage-once-again-4245373/|access-date=1 August 2021|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 2020|title=The Rise and Fall of Ranu Mondal - The Overnight Internet Star|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/the-rise-and-fall-of-ranu-mondal-the-overnight-internet-star-2905881.html|access-date=1 August 2021|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> The song was used in the Hindi musical film ''[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 August 2019|title=Social media sensation Ranu Mondal records song with Himesh Reshammiya|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/social-media-sensation-ranu-mondal-records-song-with-himesh-reshammiya/article29241564.ece|access-date=1 August 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kundu|first=Indrajit|date=9 August 2019|title=Ranu Mondal from Ranaghat went viral for Ek Pyaar Ka Nagma Hai. She just got a call from music reality show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/ranu-mondal-from-ranaghat-went-viral-for-ek-pyaar-ka-nagma-hai-she-just-got-a-call-from-music-reality-show-1579149-2019-08-09|access-date=12 November 2019|magazine=India Today|location=Kolkata|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 September 2019|title=Ranu Mondal: Will always be Lata Mangeshkar's junior|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranu-mondal-will-always-be-lata-mangeshkar-junior-5997150/|access-date=1 August 2021|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Career and Achievements ==
A viral video showed a woman singing at a railway station. She was later identified as a poor woman from West Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cardozo |first=Cannio |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/All_I_have_is_You/aB30EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Ranu+Mondal&pg=PT31&printsec=frontcover |title=All I have is You: life with others! |date=2024-02-08 |publisher=WestBow Press |isbn=979-8-3850-1737-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dutta |first=Madhumita |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/URVASIE/eSZBEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Ranu+Mondal&pg=PA243&printsec=frontcover |title=URVASIE: From Mythological To Postmodern Reflections |last2=Datta |first2=Soumya Narayan |date=2021-08-30 |publisher=Cognition Publications |isbn=978-93-92205-01-9 |language=en}}</ref> She became known as the “station singer” after the video spread widely on social media.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sangwan |first=Dr Amit |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Social_Media_In_Society_And_Culture_Pers/BuHBEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Ranu+Mondal&pg=PA156&printsec=frontcover |title=Social Media In Society And Culture: Perspective For Mass Communication And Journalism |publisher=The Readers Paradise |language=en}}</ref> The video brought public attention to her life and talent, highlighting her situation and background in a simple and factual manner.

Following an invitation from Himesh, she traveled to Mumbai. At the time, Himesh was a judge on the singing reality show ''Indian Idol 11''. Her appearance on the show provided her first experience with the entertainment industry's spotlight. She subsequently collaborated with Himesh on several recordings, including songs for the films ''Happy Hardy And Heer'' ("Teri Meri Kahani"), ''Ashiqui Mein Teri 2.0'', and "Aadat," among others. She also partnered with Bangladeshi artist Hero Alom.<ref name=":0" />

Ranu Mondal's fame rapidly faded after her viral rise. She returned to Ranaghat, now living in a dilapidated home with trash-filled rooms. Dependent on neighbors for food and bills due to deteriorating mental health, she survives on donations—a stark reminder that fame is fleeting.

==Controversy==
In November 2019, Mondal was seen behaving rudely with a fan who wanted to take a selfie with her. In a viral video, a woman seems very interested in taking a selfie during an event. Mondal arrogantly taps the woman’s shoulder in return, asking her "Kya Hai Yeh?" (What is this?).<ref>{{cite news |title=The Rise and Fall of Ranu Mondal - The Overnight Internet Star |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/the-rise-and-fall-of-ranu-mondal-the-overnight-internet-star-2905881.html |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=News18 |date=24 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of songs recorded
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Co-singer
!Language
|-
| 2019
|''Single''
| "Ek Pyaar Ka Naghma Hai"<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ghosh |first=Raya |date=8 February 2026 |title=What happened to Ranu Mondal after her overnight rise to fame? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/what-happened-to-ranu-mondal-after-her-overnight-rise-to-fame-2864598-2026-02-08 |magazine=India Today |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| Santosh Anand
| Solo
| Hindi
|-
| rowspan=5| 2020
| rowspan=5| ''[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Himesh Reshammiya’s discovery Ranu Mondal, who once won hearts with her Lata Mangeshkar renditions, now lives in a dirty home with no food |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/himesh-reshammiyas-discovery-ranu-mondal-who-once-won-hearts-with-her-lata-mangeshkar-renditions-now-lives-in-a-dirty-home-with-no-food/articleshow/124557742.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=15 October 2025 |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>
| "[[Teri Meri Kahani (song)|Teri Meri Kahani]]"
| rowspan=5| [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| rowspan=3| Shabbir Ahamed
| rowspan=2| Himesh Reshammiya
| Rowspan=5| Hindi
|-
| "Teri Meri Kahani" (remix)
|-
| "Keh Rahi Hai Naazdeekiyaan"
| Himesh Reshammiya, [[Udit Narayan]], Ranu Mondal, [[Payal Dev]], Sameer Khan
|-
| "Aashiqui Mein Teri 2.0"
| Sameer, Himesh Reshammiya
| Himesh Reshammiya
|-
| "Aadat"
| Sonia Kapoor
| Himesh Reshammiya, Asees Kaur, [[Rabbi Shergill]]
|-
| 2022
|''Single''
| "Tumi Chhara Ami"
| –
| –
| [[Hero Alom]]
| Bengali
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=November 2022}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Ranu}}
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Barar, Punjab

2026-05-07T07:29:57Z

LucretiaGoldhar:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{notability|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

'''Barar Village'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brar · Punjab 143109, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Brar,+Punjab+143109/@31.6763888,74.6577525,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39196c1a0027c739:0x6d42ae71ecad4fd6!8m2!3d31.6707945!4d74.6770081 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Brar · Punjab 143109, India |language=en}}</ref> is located in [[Ajnala, India|Ajnala]] tehsil of Amritsar district in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is 20 km away from sub-district headquarter [[Ajnala, India|Ajnala]]. The population is 2,318 - 1,125 males and 1,103 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barar {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Barar/Village |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=geoiq.io }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pincode of Barar village is 143108.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brar Pin Code (Amritsar, Punjab) {{!}} Brar Postal Index Number Code (Pincode) |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/punjab/amritsar/brar.html |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Maps of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=January 2023}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Villages in Amritsar district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Communist Party of India (Marxist) – West Bengal

2026-05-05T07:20:57Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started a article...

{{more citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Communist Party of India}}
| party_name = Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal
| logo = [[File:CPI(M) Official Logo.png|150px]]
| secretary =
| general_secretary = [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Md. Salim]]
| headquarters = Alimuddin Street, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1964|11|07}}
| ideology = {{nowrap|[[Communism]]|[[Bengali nationalism]]|[[Socialism]]<ref name="OUP_Ideology">{{cite book|title=Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies|author=Chakrabarty, Bidyut|isbn=978-0-1999-7489-4|lccn=2014003207|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEtRBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref><ref name="IOLS">{{cite book |title=The Insurrection of Little Selves: The Crisis of Secular-nationalism in India |first=Aditya |last=Nigam |year=2006 |isbn=9780195676068 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>}} {{nowrap|[[Marxism-Leninism]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy |first=Walker |last=Connor |year=1984 |isbn=9780691101637 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]}}</ref>}}
| youth =
| women =
| students =
| seats1_title = [[Lok Sabha]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| seats2_title = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|0|16|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| seats3_title = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| seats3 = {{composition bar|1|294|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| seats4_title = [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]
| seats4 = {{composition bar|0|50|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| seats5_title = [[Gram Panchayats]]
| seats5 = {{composition bar|3242|63229|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| seats6_title = [[Panchayat Samiti]]s
| seats6 = {{composition bar|196|9730|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| seats7_title = [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishads]]
| seats7 = {{composition bar|2|928|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| seats8_title = [[Municipalities]]
| seats8 = {{composition bar|1|108|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|294|hex={{party color|Communist Party of India}}}}
| split = [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India, West Bengal]]
| newspaper = [[Ganashakti]]
| student_wing = [[Students' Federation of India]]
| youth_wing = [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]]
| womens_wing = [[All India Democratic Women's Association]]
| membership = {{decrease}} 160,827
| membership_year = 2021
| position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref>—{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019}}
 —{{cite news |last=Withnall |first=Adam |date=2 January 2019 |title=Protesters form 620km 'women's wall' in India as female devotees pray at Hindu temple for first time |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/womens-wall-protest-india-kerala-temple-hindu-pray-supreme-court-sexism-a8708381.html |website=[[The Independent]]}}
 —{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-arrests-cpi-secretary-caa-protests |title=Manipur: CPI State Secretary, Blogger Arrested over CAA Protests |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=24 December 2019}}
 —{{cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Shubhadeep |date=4 May 2020 |title=West Bengal has the highest mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: IMCT |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/west-bengal-has-the-highest-mortality-rate-of-covid-19-patients-imct-80301 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}
 —{{cite journal |last=Nandi |first=Proshanta |date=2005 |title=Communism through the Ballot Box: Over a Quarter Century of Uninterrupted Rule in West Bengal |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=171–194 |doi=10.1177/0038022920050202 |jstor=23620496 |s2cid=157014751 |issn=0038-0229}}
 —{{cite journal |last=Fernandes |first=Leela |date=1996 |title=Review of Development Policy of a Communist Government: West Bengal since 1977, ; Indian Communism: Opposition, Collaboration and Institutionalization, Ross Mallick |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=1041–1043 |doi=10.2307/2646581 |jstor=2646581 |s2cid=236090170 |issn=0021-9118}}
 —{{cite journal |last=Moodie |first=Deonnie |date=August 2019 |title=On Blood, Power and Public Interest: The Concealment of Hindu Sacrificial rites under Indian Law |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-and-religion/article/on-blood-power-and-public-interest-the-concealment-of-hindu-sacrificial-rites-under-indian-law/339C7920CEB8F426D575635EDC6ACE9B |journal=Journal of Law and Religion |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=165–182 |doi=10.1017/jlr.2019.24 |s2cid=202333308 |issn=0748-0814|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| religion =
| national = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
| regional = [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| international = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|IMCWP]]
| website = {{URL|https://cpimwestbengal.org|cpimwestbengal.org}} {{URL|https://cpimwb.org.in/|cpimwb.org.in}}
| slogan = লাল সেলাম ("[[Lal salam]]") 
ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ ("[[Inquilab Zindabad]]")
| anthem = "[[The Internationale]]"
| symbol = [[File:CPI(M) Election symbol.png|100px]]
| eci =
| country = India
| abbreviation = CPI(M) WB
| founder =
| colors = {{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|border=darkgray}} [[Red]]
| native_name_lang = bn
| governing_body = [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau]]
| flag = [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|200px]]
| Political position =
}}
The '''Communist Party of India (Marxist) of West Bengal''' is the [[West Bengal]] affiliate of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in India. The party was the leader of the longest-serving governing alliance, [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], in [[West Bengal]], holding power from 1977 to 2011. Currently, the party holds one representative in [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/west-bengal/2026/May/04/cpim-ends-electoral-drought-in-west-bengal-with-single-assembly-seat-win|title=CPI(M) ends electoral drought in West Bengal with single assembly seat win|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

==History==
{{Communism in India}}
{{Communism sidebar}}
{{Marxism–Leninism sidebar}}
{{Marxism}}
===Formation of CPI(M)===
In the following period the Communist Party underwent a vertical [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|a split in the Communist Party of India in 1964]] with a section of the party including [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmad]], [[Jyoti Basu]], [[Promode Dasgupta]] and [[Hare Krishna Konar]] going on to form the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. There were several ongoing ideological conflicts between sections within the Communist Party about the nature of the [[Indian State]] and the characterisation and method of interaction with the [[Indian National Congress]], about the approach towards the [[Sino-Soviet split|ongoing debate]] between the [[Soviet Union]] and China and with regards to the handling of the [[border disputes between India and China]]. [[File:Basu, Ranadive, Mukherjee, Basavapunnaiah, and Konar in the conference of AIKS held in Barsul in 1969.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Jyoti Basu|Basu]], [[B. T. Ranadive|Ranadive]], [[Samar Mukherjee (Howrah politician)|Mukherjee]], [[Makineni Basavapunnaiah|Basavapunnaiah]], and [[Hare Krishna Konar|Konar]] in the conference of [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|AIKS]] held in [[Barshul|Barsul, West Bengal]] in 1969]] These debates were further exacerbated by the food movement in West Bengal and brought to the forefront by the rising border tensions between India and China.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doctor|first=Vikram|date=7 October 2012|title=1962 India-China war: Why India needed that jolt|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/1962-india-china-war-why-india-needed-that-jolt/articleshow/16703076.cms}}</ref> The Communist Party had also become the second largest party in the [[Lok Sabha]] following the [[1962 Indian general election]] with nearly 10% vote share which is described to have brought prominence to the internal divisions of the party.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II)|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

In the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election of 1967]], fourteen opposition parties contested through two pre-poll political alliances;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chaudhuri|first=Amiya Kumar|date=1993|title=Control, Politics and Perspective of a State Legislature|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=98–102|jstor=41855642|issn=0019-5510}}</ref> the CPI-M led [[United Left Front (1967)|United Left Front]] and the CPI and [[Bangla Congress]] (splinter of the Congress party formed in 1966) led [[People's United Left Front]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mayers|first=James|date=8 May 2007|title=Economic reform and the urban/rural divide: Political realignment in West Bengal 1977–2000|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|language=en|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=24|issue=1|pages=20–23|doi=10.1080/00856400108723422|s2cid=145773403|issn=0085-6401}}</ref> The CPI-M became the second largest party outstripping its former party, the CPI.

===Basu Era (1977–2000)===
For the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], negotiations between the [[Janata Party]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] broke down.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahaprashasta|first=Ajoy Ashirwad|date=4 May 2016|title=Why Has Nobody Called It Yet? An Analysis of the West Bengal Elections|url=https://thewire.in/politics/why-has-nobody-called-it-yet-an-analysis-of-the-west-bengal-elections|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> This led to a three sided contest between the [[Indian National Congress]], the Janata Party and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front coalition]]. The results of the election was a surprising sweep for the Left Front winning 230 seats out of 290 with the CPI-M winning an absolute majority on its own, [[Jyoti Basu]] became the [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|chief minister of West Bengal]].
[[File:Jyoti Basu Addresses - Convention Centre Inaugural Ceremony - Science City - Calcutta 1996-12-21 093.tif|thumb|right|250px|[[Jyoti Basu]], during the inaugural ceremony of [[Science City, Kolkata]]]]
[[File:Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Vladimir Lenin]] statue in [[Kolkata]]]]
The state saw rapid developments in this period, with the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Land Reforms]] and the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Panchayat System]] being two of the many notable ones. In this time, the state had become one of the leaders in agricultural output, being the [[Economy of West Bengal|leading producer of rice and the second leading producer of potatoes]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/west-bengal-human-development-report-2004 |title=West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 |publisher=Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal |isbn=81-7955-030-3 |date=May 2004 |accessdate=2021-07-11}}</ref> In the first term of the coming to power, the Left Front government under Basu initiated a number of agrarian and institutional reforms which resulted in reduction of [[poverty rates]], an exponential rise in [[agricultural production]] and decrease in [[political polarisation]].<ref name="Lieten-1996">{{Cite journal|last=Lieten|first=G. K.|date=1996|title=Land Reforms at Centre Stage: The Evidence on West Bengal|journal=Development and Change|language=en|location=[[The Hague]]|publisher=[[International Institute of Social Studies]]|volume=27|issue=1|pages=111–130|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00580.x|issn=1467-7660}}</ref><ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2003">{{Cite journal|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=D.|date=2003|title=Land Reforms and Agriculture: The West Bengal Experience|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=38|issue=9|pages=879–884|jstor=4413274|issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Besley|first1=Timothy|last2=Burgess|first2=Robin|date=1 May 2000|title=Land Reform, Poverty Reduction, and Growth: Evidence from India|url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/115/2/389/1840440|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|language=en|publisher=[[Oxford Academic]]|volume=115|issue=2|pages=389–430|doi=10.1162/003355300554809|s2cid=4811684|issn=0033-5533|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It also enabled the large scale adoption of technological advancements which had earlier been brought in through the [[Green Revolution in India]] in the 1960s.<ref name="Lieten-1996" /><ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2003" /> The agricultural growth jumped from an annual average of 0.6% between 1970–1980 to over 7% between 1980–1990 and the state was described as an agricultural success story of the 1980s.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay-2003" /><ref name="Saha-1994">{{Cite journal|last1=Saha|first1=Anamitra|last2=Swaminathan|first2=Madhura|date=1994|title=Agricultural Growth in West Bengal in the 1980s: A Disaggregation by Districts and Crops|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=29|issue=13|pages=A2–A11|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> During this period, the state of West Bengal moved from being a food importer to a food exporter and became the largest producer of rice outstripping the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] which had previously held the status.<ref name="Saha-1994" /> The [[Human Development Index]] was also noted to have improved at a much faster rate than in other states, growing from being the lowest in the country in 1975 to above the national average in 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Indrayan|first1=A.|last2=Wysocki|first2=M. J.|last3=Chawla|first3=A.|last4=Kumar|first4=R.|last5=Singh|first5=N.|date=1999|title=3-Decade Trend in Human Development Index in India and Its Major States|journal=Social Indicators Research|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|volume=46|issue=1|pages=91–120|doi=10.1023/A:1006875829698|s2cid=142881301|issn=0303-8300|jstor=}}</ref>

===Buddhadeb Era (2000–2011)===
[[File:The Chief Minister of West Bengal Shri Buddhadev Bhattacharya felicitating legendary footballer Shri Sailen Manna during the inauguration of the ONGC Cup 10th National Football League Tournament at Yuba Bharati Krirangan in.jpg|thumb|The Chief Minister of West Bengal Shri Buddhadev Bhattacharya felicitating legendary footballer Shri Sailen Manna during the inauguration of the ONGC Cup 10th National Football League Tournament at Yuba Bharati Krirangan in]]
In 2000, Jyoti Basu resigned as the chief minister. He was succeeded by [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-11-10 |title=End Of An Era |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30255350.ece |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> Unlike other orthodox leaders, Buddhadeb was more open to market and technological reforms. He attempted to industrialize West Bengal by bringing a [[Tata motors]] plant in [[Singur]] but this erupted a [[Tata Nano Singur controversy|huge controversy]]. Buddhadeb's government requested farmers to give the land, which sparked huge protests. Later [[Tata Group]] ultimately backed out of the project. There was also [[Nandigram violence|violence]] in [[Nandigram]] as well, in which many protesters died due to police firing.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/exit-buddhadeb-man-who-saw-beyond-ideological-convictions/articleshow/8316619.cms " Exit Buddhadeb, man who saw beyond ideological convictions"], ''The Economic Times'', 14 May 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019005638/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/exit-buddhadeb-man-who-saw-beyond-ideological-convictions/articleshow/8316619.cms |date=19 October 2012 }}</ref>

Violence, economic stagnation, the surge of [[Mamata Banerjee]] and her [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] led to the decline of support of Buddhadeb and the CPI(M), even among the core voters like peasants and workers. A demand for change started, which eventually led to the fall of the 34-years long Left Front government in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]].{{fact|date=January 2025}}

===Out of power and decline (2011 – present)===

== Structure and composition ==

=== State Conferences ===
==== ''As Communist Party of India'' ====
{|class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |No
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Location
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Secretary Elected
|-
| 1st
| Metiaburuz
| 1934
| Mani Chattopadhyay
|-
| 2nd
| [[Chandannagar]]
| 1938
| [[Nripen Chakraborty]]
|-
| 3rd
| Bharat Sabha Hall,[[Kolkata]]
| 18–21 March, 1943
| [[Bhabani Sen]]
|-
| 4th
| Dacres Lane, Kolkata
| 4–6 October, 1948
| [[Ranen Sen]]
|-
| 5th
| Muslim Institute Hall, Kolkata
| 5–9 October, 1951
| [[Muzzaffar Ahmed]]
|-
| 6th
| Muslim Institute Hall, Kolkata
| 17–21 December, 1953
| [[Jyoti Basu]]
|-
| 7th
| Muslim Institute Hall, Kolkata
| 16–21 January, 1956
| [[Jyoti Basu]]
|-
| 8th
| Muslim Institute Hall, Kolkata
| 8–12 April, 1959
| [[Jyoti Basu]]
|-
| 9th
| [[Burdwan]]
| 17–22 January, 1961
| [[Promode Dasgupta]]
|-
| 10th
| Muslim Institute Hall, Kolkata
| 22–26 October, 1964
| [[Promode Dasgupta]]
|}
==== ''As Communist Party of India (Marxist)'' ====
{|class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |No
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Location
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Secretary Elected
|-
| 11th
| [[Dum Dum]]
| 6–9 October, 1968
| [[Promode Dasgupta]]
|-
| 13th
| Sisir Mancha, Kolkata
| 7–10 February, 1978
| [[Promode Dasgupta]]
|-
| 14th
| Mahajati Sadan, Kolkata
| 27 December–3 January, 1981–82
| [[Promode Dasgupta]]
|-
| 15th
| [[Tollygunge]]
| 29 November–2 December, 1985
| [[Saroj Mukherjee]]
|-
| 16th
| [[Yuva Bharati Krirangan]], Salt Lake
| 3–6 December, 1988
| [[Saroj Mukherjee]]
|-
| 17th
| [[Siliguri]]
| 11–15 December, 1991
| [[Sailen Dasgupta]]
|-
| 18th
| [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]], Jadavpur
| 1–5 March, 1995
| [[Sailen Dasgupta]]
|-
| 19th
| Sarat Sadan, [[Howrah]]
| 27–30 August, 1998
| [[Sailen Dasgupta]]
|-
| 20th
| Promode Dasgupta Bhaban, Kolkata
| 22–25 February, 2002
| [[Anil Biswas (politician)|Anil Biswas]]
|-
| 21st
| Nazrul Mancha, [[Kamarhati]]
| 9–12 February, 2005
| [[Anil Biswas (politician)|Anil Biswas]]
|-
| 22nd
| [[Mahajati Sadan]], Kolkata
| 13–17 January, 2008
| [[Biman Bose]]
|-
| 23rd
| Promode Dasgupta Bhaban, Kolkata
| 15–19 February, 2012
| [[Biman Bose]]
|-
| 24th
| Pramode Dasgupta Bhaban, Kolkata
| 8–13 March, 2015
| [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]]
|-
| 25th
| Pramode Dasgupta Bhaban, Kolkata
| 5–8 March, 2018
| [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]]
|-
| 26th
| Pramode Dasgupta Bhaban, Kolkata
| 14–16 March, 2022
| [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
|-
| 27th
| [[Dankuni]], [[Hooghly District]]
| 22–25 February, 2025
| [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
|}

=== List of state secretaries ===
{|class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |No
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Secretary
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Term
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Total years as secretary
|-
| 1
|
| [[Promode Dasgupta]]
|1964 - 1982
|18 Years
|-
|2
|[[File:Saroj Mukherjee.jpg|100px]]
| [[Saroj Mukherjee]]
|1982 - 1990
|8 Years
|-
|3
|[[File:Sailen Dasgupta.jpg|100px]]
| [[Sailen Dasgupta]]
|1991 – 1998
|7 Years
|-
|4
|
| [[Anil Biswas (politician)|Anil Biswas]]
| 1998 - 2006
|8 Years
|-
|5
|[[File:Biman Bose.jpg|100px]]
| [[Biman Bose]]
| 2006 - 2015
|9 Years
|-
|6
|[[File:Dr. Surjya Kanta Mishra at a meeting to assess implementation of safe drinking water, rural sanitation and NREGA schemes, in Kolkata on June 01, 2007.jpg|100px]]
| [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]]
| 2015 - 2022
|7 Years
|-
|7
|[[File:Mohammed Salim in 2023.jpg|100px]]
|[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
|2022–present
| {{age in years and days|2022|3|16}}
|}

===Current state committee members===
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |No
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |Name
|-
|1
|[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]] (Secretary)
|-
|2
||[[Ram Chandra Dome]]
|-
|3
|Sridip Bhattacharya
|-
|4
|[[Sujan Chakraborty]]
|-
|5
|Abhas Ray Choudhuri
|-
|6
|Sumit De
|-
|7
|[[Samik Lahiri]]
|-
|8
|[[Deblina Hembram]]
|-
|9
|[[Anadi Sahoo]]
|-
|10
|Kallol Majumder
|-
|11
|Palash Das
|-
|12
|Debabrata Ghosh
|-
|13
|Ziaul Alam
|-
|14
|Debasish Chakraborty
|-
|15
|[[Pulin Bihari Baske]]
|-
|16
|[[Saman Pathak]]
|-
|17
|Anwarul Haque
|-
|18
|Goutam Ghosh
|-
|19
|[[Shyamali Pradhan]]
|-
|29
|[[Alakesh Das]]
|-
|21
|[[Minakshi Mukherjee]]
|-
|22
|Pradip Sarkar
|-
|23
|[[Shaikh Ibrahim (politician)|Shaikh Ibrahim]]
|-
|24
|[[Shatarup Ghosh]]
|-
|25
|[[Srijan Bhattacharyya]]
|-
|26
|[[Amiya Patra]]
|-
|27
|[[Ram Chandra Dome]]
|-
|28
|[[Abhas Roy Choudhury]]
|-
|29
|[[Anadi Sahoo]]
|-
|30
|[[Kallol Majumdar]]
|-
|31
|[[Sumit De]]
|-
|32
|Palash Das
|-
|33
|[[Amal Halder]]
|-
|34
|[[Sukhendu Panigrahi]]
|-
|35
|[[Jibesh Sarkar]]
|-
|36
|[[Debasish Chakrabarty]]
|-
|37
|[[Rama Biswas]]
|-
|38
|[[Achintya Mallick]]
|}

===District Committees===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"|
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white" | District
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white"| District Secretary
|-
|[[Cooch Behar]]
| '''Ananta Ray'''
|-
|[[Alipurduar]]
| '''Kishore Das'''
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri]]
| '''Piyush Mishra'''
|-
|[[Darjeeling]]
| '''[[Saman Pathak]]'''
|-
|[[Uttar Dinajpur]]
| '''Anwarul Haque'''
|-
|[[Dakshin Dinajpur]]
| '''Nandalal Hazra'''
|-
|[[Maldah]]
| '''Kaushik Mishra'''
|-
|[[Murshidabad]]
| '''Jamir Mollah'''
|-
|[[Nadia]]
| '''Meghlal Sekh'''
|-
|[[North 24 Parganas]]
| '''Palash Das'''
|-
|[[South 24 Parganas]]
| '''Ratan Bagchi'''
|-
|[[Kolkata]]
| '''Kallol Mazumdar'''
|-
| [[Howrah]]
| '''Dilip Ghosh'''
|-
|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| '''Debabrata Ghosh'''
|-
| [[Purba Medinipur]]
| '''Niranjan Sihi'''
|-
|[[Paschim Medinipur]]
| '''Bijay Paul'''
|-
|[[Jhargram]]
| '''Pradip Sarkar'''
|-
|[[Purulia]]
| '''Pradip Ray'''
|-
|[[Bankura]]
| '''[[Deblina Hembram]]'''
|-
|[[Purba Bardhaman]]
| '''Syed Hossain'''
|-
|[[Paschim Bardhaman]]
| '''Gouranga Chatterjee'''
|-
|[[Birbhum]]
| '''Goutam Ghosh'''
|-
|}

==List of Chief Minister's from CPI(M) in West Bengal==
[[File:Jyoti Basu 006 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Jyoti Basu]], longest serving [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|chief minister of West Bengal]]]]

{{Main|List of chief ministers of West Bengal}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="background:#FAA0A0"|{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Name
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Portrait
!colspan="2" style="background:#FAA0A0" | Term of office
!style="background:#FAA0A0"| Days in office
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1
| rowspan="5"| [[Jyoti Basu]]
| rowspan="5"|[[File:Jyoti Basu - Calcutta 1996-12-21 089 Cropped.png|100px]]
| 21 June 1977
| 23 May 1982
| rowspan="5"|23 years 137 days
|-
|24 May 1982
|29 March 1987
|-
|30 March 1987
|18 June 1991
|-
|19 June 1991
|15 May 1996
|-
|16 May 1996
|5 November 2000
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2
| rowspan="3"| [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
| rowspan="3"|[[File:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee in 2006.jpg|100px]]
| 6 November 2000
| 14 May 2001
| rowspan="3"|10 years 188 days
|-
|15 May 2001
|17 May 2006
|-
|18 May 2006
|13 May 2011
|}

==Results in West Bengal State Assembly elections==
{{Main|Elections in West Bengal}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Party leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
!colspan=13 |As [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Jyoti Basu]]
|2,293,026
|18.11%
|280
|{{Composition bar|43|135|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|new
|new
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|2,676,981
|20.00%
|280
|{{Composition bar|80|190|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 37
|{{increase}} 1.9%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|N/A
|27.45%
|294
|{{Composition bar|113|200|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 33
|N/A
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|5,080,828
|27.45%
|294
|{{Composition bar|14|209|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 99
|N/A
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5,080,828
|35.46%
|294
|{{Composition bar|178|224|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 164
|{{increase}} 8.01
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|8,655,371
|38.49%
|294
|{{Composition bar|174|209|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
|{{increase}} 3.03
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|10,285,723
|39.12%
|294
|{{Composition bar|187|212|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 13
|{{increase}} 0.89
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|11,418,822
|36.87%
|294
|{{Composition bar|182|204|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 2
|{{decrease}} 2.43
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|13,670,198
|37.16%
|294
|{{Composition bar|153|213|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 32
|{{increase}} 1.05
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
|13,402,603
|36.59%
|294
|{{Composition bar|143|211|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|{{decrease}} 1.33
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|14,652,200
|37.13%
|294
|{{Composition bar|176|212|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 33
|{{increase}} 0.54
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|14,330,061
|30.08%
|294
|{{Composition bar|40|213|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 136
|{{decrease}} 7.05
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Surjya Kanta Mishra]]
|10,802,058
|19.75%
|294
|{{Composition bar|26|148|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|{{decrease}} 10.35
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|2,837,276
|4.73%
|294
|{{Composition bar|0|136|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 26
|{{decrease}} 15.02
|{{no2|Lost}}
|}

==Results of Indian general elections in West Bengal==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall Votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Seats won/ Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
|-
!colspan=14 |As [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| 2,012,522
|15.6 %
| rowspan="2" |40
|{{Composition bar|5|16|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|New
|New
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| 4,485,105
|34.3 %
|{{Composition bar|20|38|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 15
|{{increase}} 18.7
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| 3,839,091
|26.1 %
| rowspan="13" | 42
|{{Composition bar|17|20|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|{{decrease}} 8.2%
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| 8,199,926
|39.9 %
|{{Composition bar|28|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 11
|{{increase}} 13.8%
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| 9,119,546
|35.9 %
|{{Composition bar|18|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 10
|{{decrease}} 4%
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| 12,150,017
|38.4 %
|{{Composition bar|27|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 9
|{{increase}} 2.5%
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| 10,934,583
|35.2 %
|{{Composition bar|27|30|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{decrease}} 3.2%
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| 13,467,522
|36.7 %
|{{Composition bar|23|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 4
|{{increase}} 1.5%
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| 12,931,639
|35.4 %
|{{Composition bar|24|32|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|{{decrease}} 1.3%
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| 12,553,991
|35.6 %
|{{Composition bar|21|32|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|{{increase}} 0.2%
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in West Bengal|2004]]
| 14,271,042
| 38.6%
|{{Composition bar|26|32|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{increase}} 5
|{{increase}} 3.0%
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election in West Bengal|2009]]
| 14,144,667
|33.1 %
|{{Composition bar|9|32|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 17
|{{decrease}} 5.5%
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election in West Bengal|2014]]
| 11,720,997
| 23.0%
|{{Composition bar|2|32|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 7
|{{decrease}} 10.1%
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|2019]]
| 3,594,283
|6.3 %
|{{Composition bar|0|31|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|{{decrease}} 16.7%
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal|2024]]
|3,416,941
|5.7 %
|{{Composition bar|0|23|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{decrease}} 0.6%
|}

== CPI(M) in West Bengal Municipal Corporations ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Corporation
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Seats won/ Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | {{abbr|Per.|Percent}} of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
|[[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]
|[[2022 Asansol Municipal Corporation election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|2|106|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|1.89%
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[2022 Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|0|41|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|10.95%
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation]]
|[[2022 Chandernagore Municipal Corporation election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|2|33|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|26.40%
|{{No|Main Opposition}}
|-
|[[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
|[[2013 Howrah Municipal Corporation election|2013]]
|{{Composition bar|2|66|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|N/A
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|[[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|2021]]
|{{Composition bar|1|144|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|9.65%
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[Siliguri Municipal Corporation]]
|[[2022 Siliguri Municipal Corporation election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|4|47|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|14.41%
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|}

==CPI(M) in West Bengal Local Elections==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Gram Panchayats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Panchayat Samitis
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Zilla Parishads
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | {{abbr|Per.|Percent}} of votes
|-
|[[2018 West Bengal local elections|2018]]
|{{Composition bar|1483|63229|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|110|9730|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|1|928|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
| 6%
|-
|[[2023 West Bengal local elections|2023]]
|{{Composition bar|3242|63229|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|196|9730|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|928|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|14%
|}

==See also==
* [[Left Front (West Bengal)]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tripura]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party of India (Marxist) - West Bengal}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]

G. S. Kapoor

2026-05-04T00:27:05Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started a details...

{{short description|Indian navy commodore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
| name = G. S. Kapoor
| honorific_suffix = [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|6|18|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite book |date=1967 |title=All-India Civil List |location=New Delhi |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeYdAAAAIAAJ&q=18-6-1915|page=271|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2001|7|8|1915|6|18}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary: Kapoor, Gyan Sarup |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-obituary-kapoor-gy/170246559/|accessdate=18 April 2025 |work=Daily Telegraph|date=31 July 2001|via=Newspapers.com}}{{free access}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Chelsea and Westminster Hospital]], [[Chelsea, London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| burial_place =
| image =
| caption =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|British Raj}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|United Kingdom}} {{navy|British Raj}} {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg}} [[Indian Navy]]
| service_years = 1936–1967
| rank = [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-6.svg|23px]] [[File:11-Indian_Navy-CDRE.svg|23px]] [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
| commands = [[Southern Naval Command|Cochin Command]] [[Eastern Naval Command|Commodore East Coast]] [[Chief of Personnel (Indian Navy)|Chief of Personnel]] 11th Destroyer Squadron (''[[HMS Rotherham|INS Rajput]]'') [[Chief of Materiel (Indian Navy)|Chief of Administration]] ''[[HMS Redoubt (H41)|INS Ranjit]]''
| unit =
| battles = [[World War II]]
| relations =
| awards = [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| other_work =
}}

[[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] '''Gyan Sarup Kapoor''' [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]] (18 June 1915–8 July 2001) was a senior [[Indian Navy]] commander.
==Early career==
Kapoor joined the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) as a cadet in 1935, and was commissioned a [[Midshipman|midshipman]] on 1 September 1936.<ref name="Navy_List_37">{{cite book |date=1937 |title=The Navy List: October 1937|chapter=The Royal Indian Navy|publisher=H.M. Government|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navy-list-1937-october/page/n565/mode/2up|pages=496}}</ref> He was appointed a [[Sub-lieutenant|sub-lieutenant]] on 24 July 1937,<ref name="Navy_List_37"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34428 |date=20 August 1937 |page=5331 |supp= |nolink=y}}</ref> and was assigned to the [[Sloop-of-war|sloop]] ''[[HMIS Clive]]'' on 1 November.<ref>{{cite book |date=1938 |title=The Navy List: January 1938|chapter=The Royal Indian Navy|publisher=H.M. Government|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navy-list-1938-jan/page/n545/mode/2up|pages=498}}</ref> On 21 December, he transferred to the sloop ''[[HMIS Indus (U67)|HMIS Indus]]'', then captained by [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]] [[Arthur Rullion Rattray]].<ref>{{cite book |date=1938 |title=The Navy List: April 1938|chapter=The Royal Indian Navy|publisher=H.M. Government|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navy-list-1938-april/page/n547/mode/2up|pages=499}}</ref> He was then posted to the RIN Boys' Training Establishment aboard the [[Depot ship|depot ship]] ''[[INS Angre|HMIS Dalhousie]]'' with effect from 1 October 1938.<ref>{{cite book |date=1939 |title=The Navy List: December 1939|chapter=The Royal Indian Navy|publisher=H.M. Government|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylistdec1939grea/page/762/mode/2up|pages=762}}</ref>

Promoted [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]] on 24 July 1940,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34993 |date=15 November 1940 |page=6570 |supp= |nolink=y}}</ref> Kapoor returned to ''Indus'' on 7 August.<ref>{{cite book |date=1940 |title=The Navy List: December 1940|chapter=The Royal Indian Navy|publisher=H.M. Government|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylistdec1940grea/page/1218/mode/2up|pages=1219}}</ref> He was assigned to ''[[INS Jamuna (U21)|HMIS Jumna]]'' on 24 July 1941.<ref>{{cite book |date=1943 |title=The Navy List: June 1943|chapter=The Royal Indian Navy|publisher=H.M. Government|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylistjun1943v1grea/page/88/mode/2up|pages=88}}</ref> On 7 July 1944, he was posted to [[INS Valsura|HMIS Valsura]],<ref>{{cite book |date=1945 |title=The Navy List: July 1945 (Volume III)|chapter=The Royal Indian Navy|publisher=H.M. Government|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylistjul1945v3grea/page/3448/mode/2up|pages=3449}}</ref> and was promoted acting [[Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)|lieutenant-commander]] on 31 December 1944.<ref>{{cite book |date=1945 |title=The Navy List: July 1945 (Volume II)|chapter=The Royal Indian Navy|publisher=H.M. Government|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navylistjul1945v3grea/page/3448/mode/2up|pages=2099}}</ref>

==Post-Independence==
Following [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], Kapoor was promoted acting commander (substantive lieutenant-commander) on 30 June 1948.<ref>{{cite web|title=Promotions of Officers in the R. I. N. |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-07-02_002.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 July 1948|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref> He then travelled to the United Kingdom to take command of the former [[Royal Navy]] destroyer ''[[HMS Redoubt (H41)|HMS Redoubt]]'', which had been transferred to the Indian Navy as part of its first destroyer flotilla; ''Redoubt'' would be recommissioned as ''INS Ranjit''.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Destroyers in the Navy|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1950-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1950-01-12_013.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=12 January 1950|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref> He was promoted [[Captain (Indian Navy)|captain]] on 30 September 1950 and served as Chief of Administration at Naval HQ from October 1950 until September 1952, when he was appointed Naval Adviser to the [[List of high commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]].<ref name="new_naval">{{cite web|title=New Indian Naval Appointments|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-09-02_224.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=2 September 1952|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref> He took up his appointment in January 1953, succeeding Captain [[Adhar Kumar Chatterji|A. K. Chatterji]],<ref name="new_naval"/> and served in London until October 1955, when he assumed command of the 11th Destroyer Squadron as captain of ''[[HMS Rotherham|INS Rajput]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Changes In Senior Naval Appointments|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1955-JULY%20DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1955-07-15_021.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=18 July 1955|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

On 18 February 1957, Kapoor was promoted [[Commodore (India)|commodore]] (2nd class) and assumed charge as [[Chief of Personnel (Indian Navy)|Chief of Personnel]] (COP),<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=217 |date=7 September 1957|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2125-1957-0036-96402.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> serving until 20 November 1959.<ref name="Gazette_040960">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=87 |date=9 April 1960|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1952-1960-0015-87969.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> While serving as COP, he was appointed president of the Services Sport Control Board (SSCB) on 3 April 1958.<ref>{{cite web|title=SSCB's New President: Commodore Kapoor Appointed|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1959-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1958-04-05_209.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=5 April 1958|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref> On 5 February 1960, Kapoor was appointed Commodore East Coast (COMEAST), [[Visakhapatnam]],<ref name="Gazette_040960"/> serving in this capacity until 18 June 1962, when he assumed command as Commodore-in-Charge, [[Kochi|Cochin]] (COMCHIN).<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=188 |date=7 July 1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzj-GhLH_pkC&q=Commodore+G.+S.+Kapoor |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He relinquished this command on 21 December 1965,<ref>{{Cite report |date=1965 |title=Administration Report: Cochin Port Trust |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgYwAQAAMAAJ&q=G.+S.+Kapoor|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref> but remained on the active list of the Navy until 26 December 1967.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=728 |date=23 September 1967|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1967/O-1610-1967-0038-72678.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Kapoor was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (AVSM) in the 1967 Republic Day decorations list.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 1 |page=351 |date=1 April 1967|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1967/O-1609-1967-0013-72578.pdf|publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref> Following his retirement from the Navy, he served as Director-General of Lighthouses and Lightships during the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nine New Lighthouses In Fifth Plan: Recommendations of Central Advisory Committee|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/TRANSPORT/1972-JAN-DEC-M-SHIPPING-TRANSPORT/TRA-1972-10-26_125.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=26 October 1972|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=R. S. David}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Southern Naval Command#List of Commanders|Commodore-in-Charge Cochin]]|years=1962–1965}}
{{s-aft|after= J. D. Mody}}
{{s-bef|before=M. K. Heble}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Eastern Naval Command#List of commanders|Commodore East Coast]]|years=1960–1962}}
{{s-aft|after= J. S. Mehra}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda|S. M. Nanda]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Personnel (Indian Navy)|Chief of Personnel]]|years=1957–1959}}
{{s-aft|after= [[K. R. Nair]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[S. G. Karmarkar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Materiel (India)|Chief of Administration]]|years=1950–1952}}
{{s-aft|after= M. K. Heble}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Gyan Sarup}}
[[Category:Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy officers]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

R. Ramachandran (poet)

2026-05-02T05:55:08Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started initial pg more to come

{{Short description|Indian poet (born 1923)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = R. Ramachandran
| pseudonym =
| other_name =
| image =
| birth_date = 1923
| birth_place = Thamarathiruthi, [[Trichur]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2005|8|3|1923}}
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, India
| birth_name =
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[professor]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| alma_mater =
| nationality = Indian
| genre =
| subject =
| notableworks =
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| spouse =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| website =
}}
'''R. Ramachandran''' (1923–2005<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614123812/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/04/stories/2005080416880400.htm "Poet dead"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 3 August 2005. Retrieved 11 April 2014.</ref>) was a [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language]] poet from [[Kerala|Kerala state]], [[South India]].

==Biography==
Born in 1923 in Thamarathiruthi village in [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], Ramachandran studied in various schools of the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and obtained his graduation and masters in literature from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharajas College]], [[Ernakulam]]. He taught Malayalam in [[Malabar Christian College]], [[Kozhikode]] from 1948 until his retirement in 1978. He was a scholar in [[Sanskrit]], English and Malayalam languages. Though not a prolific poet, Ramachandran had an impact in Malayalam poetry with his works such as ''Murali'', ''Sandhya Nikunjangal'', ''Shyama Sundari'' and ''Pinne''. An anthology of his poems titled ''R. Ramachandrante Kavithakal'' received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2000 and the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2003.<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw2.htm "List of Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award winners"]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 11 April 2014.</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, R.}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Malabar Christian College]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

University of Engineering & Management, Jaipur

2026-05-01T14:17:42Z

LucretiaGoldhar: stub

{{short description|Private university in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}

{{Infobox university
| name = University of Engineering & Management
| image = UEM Logo.jpg
| motto = ''Shraddhāvān labhate jnānam'' (from the [[Bhagavad Gita]], chapter 4, verse 39)
| mottoeng = "The earnest aspirant gains supreme wisdom."
| established = 2011
| founder = Prof. (Dr.) Satyajit Chakrabarti
| type = [[Private university (India)|Private]]
| chancellor = Prof. Banani Chakrabarti
| vice_chancellor = Prof. (Dr.) Biswajoy Chatterjee
| head_label =
| address = Gurukul, Sikar Road Near Udaipuria Mod, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303807
| city = [[Jaipur]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27.214|75.701|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| colors = Blue & White {{color box|blue}} {{color box|white}}
| free_label =
| free =
| nickname =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
| website = {{URL|http://uem.edu.in/uem-jaipur/}}
}}

'''University of Engineering & Management, Jaipur''' ('''UEM Jaipur''') is a [[private university (India)|private university]] located near Sikar Road, [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Established under a Rajasthan state enactment in 2011-2012, UEM Jaipur offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programmes in engineering, management, physiotherapy, computer applications, sciences and allied disciplines. The university emphasises industry-oriented curricula, outcome-based education, research and entrepreneurship.<ref name="Approvals">{{Cite news|url=http://uem.edu.in/uem-jaipur/approvals/|title=Approvals|publisher=UEM Jaipur|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-02-18}}</ref>

== History ==
UEM Jaipur was created following an invitation from the Government of Rajasthan and was established by Ordinance No. 11 of 2011; the establishment was regularised by the University of Engineering & Management, Jaipur Act, 2012 (Act No. 5 of 2012). The university is part of the IEM–UEM group, a network of educational institutions with a focus on engineering and management education. In its first decade the institution expanded academic offerings, laboratories and student services to support teaching, research and placement activity.

== Academics ==

===Academic programmes ===
The university offers [[undergraduate]], [[post-graduate]]s. The [[undergraduate]] courses offer [[B.Tech]] in engineering fields including [[Computer Science and Engineering|Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)]], [[Electronics & Communication Engineering|Electronics & Communication Engineering (ECE)]], [[Electrical & Electronics Engineering]] (EEE), [[Electrical Engineering]], [[Biotechnology Engineering|Biotechnology]], [[Civil Engineering]], and [[Mechanical Engineering]]. while the [[postgraduate]] courses offer [[M.Tech]].

Apart from these, the university offers Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) degree course in the field of Computer Science. The institute also offers [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (BBA) and [[Master in Business Administration]] (MBA) degree courses for the management students at the undergraduate and postgraduate level respectively. The University also offers [[Bachelor of Physiotherapy]] (BPT) degree course in the field of Physiotherapy.

===Recognition===
The university is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]] of [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=29&Unitype=3|title=List of private Universities of Rajasthan|publisher=University Grants Commission|accessdate=2017-02-17}}</ref> and has the right to confer [[Academic degree|degrees]] as per the section 22 of the UGC Act (1956) and as per UGC nomenclature of the degrees.<ref name="Approvals"/>

=== Collaboration & Partner colleges ===
The university has a strong collaboration with the following 2 engineering colleges of IEM-UEM Group in areas of student exchange, faculty exchange, joint research, curriculum development for students.
* [[University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata|University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata]]
* [[Institute of Engineering and Management (IEM)]]
Apart from this, the university has an affiliation with many foreign universities and colleges for student exchange programs.

== Research ==
The university has a research and development cell which encourages students for research works related to various fields of engineering. It also helps students to publish their research papers on different national and international level conferences.

==Student life==
[[File:UEMJ Building caption red.jpg|thumb|UEM jaipur campus]]

=== Sports facility ===
The UEM campus at Jaipur has all sorts of sports facilities like Cricket, Football, Basketball, Volleyball, Tennis courts separate for boys and girls and also indoor games facilities like Table Tennis.
Annual Sports Fest is held at the campus.

<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shiksha.com/university/university-of-engineering-and-management-jaipur-47406 |website=shiksha.com|title=UEM Jaipur: Fees, Placements, Courses, Ranking, Admission 2021}}</ref>=== Wi-Fi Campus ===
The university has [[Wi-Fi]] enabled hostels for easy access to the [[internet]]. Besides the own Wi-Fi connectivity of the university, [[Vodafone]] provides Wi-Fi facility inside the campus for free of cost. All the computers of computer laboratories and library are connected to the internet via a high-speed [[Local area network|LAN]] connection.

=== Extracurricular ===
Annual Technical Festivals, Cultural Festivals, Sports Festivals are held.
[[Robotics]] [[Workshop]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/DISTRONIX.LAB/photos/?tab=album&album_id=1089554401134582|title=Distronix Robotics Workshop 2016 [IEM - UEM] |publisher=Facebook|last=|first=|date=|access-date=2016-10-24}}</ref> are held twice a year. Apart from these, there are regular [[Computer programming|Coding]] [[Workshop]]s, Workshops on Ethical Hacking, Web Programming etc.

Annual Optronix Conference is held at the campus where professors of international repute from Japan, USA, Canada, London come in. Students are exposed to international teaching right from Day-1.

The SPIE, USA - India Chapter is led by the students of University of Engineering & Management, and they travel to USA every year funded by SPIE and OSA (Optical Society of America).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spie.org/|title=SPIE - the international society for optics and photonics|publisher=SPIE|access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref>
The university also has student chapters on [[SPIE]] and [[The Optical Society|The Optical Society of America]] (OSA).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uem.edu.in/news_event/osa-optical-society-america-ions-program-held-ism-dhanbad-attended-students-iem-uem-group-represents-india-chapter-osa/|title=OSA (Optical Society of America) IONS program was held at ISM Dhanbad and was attended by our students. IEM-UEM group represents the India chapter of OSA.|last=Technologies|first=Renderbit|publisher=IEM UEM Group|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref>

Community Development and Social Service - Teaching Street Children, Cultural activities at Old age homes, Plantation Programs etc. are regular features of the University of Engineering & Management (UEM).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Rajasthan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:University of Engineering and Management (UEM), Jaipur}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Engineering universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Private universities in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Private engineering colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Business schools in Rajasthan]]

Githa Hariharan

2026-04-29T04:43:23Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started article...

{{short description|Indian writer based in New Delhi (born 1954)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Githa|Hariharan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Githa Hariharan
| image = Keralaliteraturefestival 08775.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for = ''The Thousand Faces of Night'' ''[[I Have Become the Tide]]''
| occupation = Writer, editor
| website = {{URL|https://githahariharan.com/}}
}}

'''Githa Hariharan''' (born 1954) is an Indian writer and editor based in [[New Delhi]]. Her [[first novel]], ''The Thousand Faces of Night'', won the [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] for the best first novel in 1993.<ref name="Mukherjee 2015">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Sumana |title=Non-fiction: a fiction writer's gift |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/niyjWR5JElOTjaNkFcm9jM/Nonfiction-a-fiction-writers-gift.html |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=February 21, 2015}}</ref> Her other works include the short story collection ''The Art of Dying'' (1993), the novels ''The Ghosts of Vasu Master'' (1994), ''When Dreams Travel'' (1999), ''In Times of Siege'' (2003), ''Fugitive Histories'' (2009) and ''[[I Have Become the Tide]]'' (2019), and a collection of essays entitled ''Almost Home: Cities and Other Places'' (2014).

Githa Hariharan has also written [[Children's literature|children's stories]] and co-edited a collection for children called ''Sorry, Best Friend!'' (1997). She has also edited a collection of translated short fiction, ''A Southern Harvest'' (1993), the essay collection ''From India to Palestine: Essays in Solidarity'' (2014) and co-edited ''Battling for India: A Citizen’s Reader'' (2019).

==Biography==
Githa Hariharan was born in 1954 in [[Coimbatore]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), India.<ref name="Oxford 1996">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192122711 |chapter=Hariharan, Githa|via=Oxford Reference}}</ref> She was raised in a [[Tamil Brahmin]] home in Bombay and Manila<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meenakshi |first1=Bharat |title=Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-27885-0 |url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/routpcl/hariharan_githa_1954/0 |access-date=30 August 2022 |chapter=Hariharan, Githa (1954-)}}</ref> with two siblings.<ref name="Bharat 2003">{{cite book |author1=Meenakshi Bharat |editor1-last=Sanga |editor1-first=Jaina C. |editor2-last=Nelson |editor2-first=Emmanuel Sampath |title=South Asian Novelists in English: An A-to-Z Guide |date=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |pages=111–114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlpKOzsOc-IC |access-date=31 August 2022 |chapter=Githa Hariharan 1957|isbn=9780313318856 }}</ref>{{rp|111}} Her father was a journalist for the ''[[Times of India]]''<ref name="Bharat 2003"/>{{rp|111}} and a founder and publisher of ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref name="Atlantic 2007" /> During her childhood, she was encouraged to read, and she studied [[Carnatic music]].<ref name="Bharat 2003"/>{{rp|111}}

She completed a B.A. in English Literature from [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]] in 1974 and an M.A. in Communications from [[Fairfield University]], Connecticut<ref>{{cite news |last1=Riggan |first1=William |title=The 1994 Neustadt International Prize for Literature: jurors and candidates. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149846 |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[World Literature Today]] |date=Winter 1994|jstor=40149846 }}</ref> in 1977.<ref name="Gao bio" />

From 1979 to 1984, Hariharan worked as an editor in the Mumbai, Chennai and New Delhi offices of [[Orient Blackswan|Orient Longman]].<ref name="Gao bio"/> From 1985 to 2005, she worked as a freelance editor.<ref name="Gao bio"/> She has been a Visiting Professor or Writer-in-Residence at [[Dartmouth College]],<ref name="Dartmouth bio">{{cite web |title=Githa Hariharan |url=https://montgomery.dartmouth.edu/githa-hariharan |website=The Montgomery Fellows Program |date=6 June 2016 |publisher=[[Dartmouth College]] |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131092120/https://montgomery.dartmouth.edu/githa-hariharan |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[George Washington University]], the [[University of Kent]], [[Nanyang Technological University]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and [[Goa University]].<ref name="Gao bio">{{cite web |title=EGO 127 Reading and Writing Conflict ( 1 credit course- 15 hours) By Githa Hariharan, Visiting Chair Professor, Kavivarya Bakibaab Borkar Chair in Literature, Goa University |url=https://vrpp.unigoa.ac.in/eg-127-ego-127-reading-and-writing-conflict-1-credit-course-15-hours-by-ms-githa-hariharan-visiting-chair-professor-kavivarya-bakibaab-borkar-chair-in-literature-goa-university/ |website=Visiting Research Professors Programme |publisher=[[Goa University]] |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>

Githa Hariharan is also a founder member of the Indian Writers' Forum.<ref>{{cite news |title=Githa Hariharan |url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/githa-hariharan/ |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=The writer is a founder member of the Indian Writers’ Forum}}</ref>

==Writing career==
According to ''The Atlantic Companion to Literature'', "Githa Hariharan's works belong to the renaissance of Indo-English literature which began in the early 1980s when [[Salman Rushdie]]'s novel ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' appeared."<ref name="Atlantic 2007" /> Hariharan published her first novel, ''The Thousand Faces of Night'', in 1992,<ref name="Bharat 2003" />{{rp|112}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Concise History Indian Literature in English|last=Mehrotra|first=Arvind|publisher=Permanent Black|year=2008|isbn=978-8178243023|location=Ranikhet}}</ref> which she wrote while on maternity leave from work.<ref name="Atlantic 2007">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ray |editor1-first=Mohit K. |title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited |isbn=9788126908325 |pages=230–232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> According to Meenakshi Bharat, this book "questions the confining code of patriarchy and brings to light the survival strategies of three generations of women" and Hariharan "makes concerted use of myth and folktale to enlarge the space of the lives of "real" people, especially women."<ref name="Bharat 2003" />{{rp|112}} She then published a collection of short stories, ''The Art of Dying'', in 1993.<ref name="Bharat 2003" />{{rp|112}}

In ''The Ghost of Vasu Master'' (1994), a retired schoolteacher, Vasu Master, uses storytelling to support a student who "either cannot or will not speak."<ref name="Bharat 2003" />{{rp|112}} After forming the Movement for Secularism with other women writers, she wrote children's stories, and co-edited the collection ''Sorry, Best Friend'' (1997) with Shama Futehally.<ref name="Bharat 2003" />{{rp|111}} In her novel ''When Dreams Travel'' (1999), Hariharan retells ''[[One Thousand and One Nights|Arabian Nights]]'' with [[Scheherazade]] and her sister Dunyazad as protagonists.<ref name="Bharat 2003" />{{rp|112–113}}<ref>{{cite news |title=When Dreams Travel (By Githa Hariharan) |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday-fare/when-dreams-travel-by-githa-hariharan/ |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=October 6, 2018}}</ref> According to Hariharan, her interest as a writer was "not in the story of how the 1001 nights began or happened, but where that tale ends. What happens in stories after the moment when people live happily ever after."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kang |first1=Bhavdeep |title='The Cerebral Erotica Was Fun' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-cerebral-erotica-was-fun/206903 |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=February 1, 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422075302/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-cerebral-erotica-was-fun/206903 |archive-date=April 22, 2019}}</ref>

Githa Hariharan has described ''In Times of Siege'' (2003) as her "first overtly political novel."<ref name="Chakrabarti 2019">{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Paromita |title='There is no such thing as an objective fiction writer' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-objective-fiction-writer/ |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=March 10, 2019}}</ref> According to ''The Atlantic Companion to Literature'', it "is in fact a radical book which discusses the ruling political parties' attempt to rewrite history [...] to give the educational system a Hindu slant."<ref name="Atlantic 2007" /> In a 2019 interview with ''[[The Indian Express]]'', she stated, "My other books, too, looked at the power structure but I finally decided that I had the confidence and the rage to write about where I was living."<ref name="Chakrabarti 2019"/> In ''[[The Hindu]]'', Gowri Ramnarayan writes that ''In Times of Siege'', her "angst is over the betrayal of the secularist vision which shaped the nation, the shrinkage of space in contemporary India for debate, dissent, for the co-existence of pluralities, minorities, cultures."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnarayan |first1=Gowri |title=Plea for pluralism |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/22/stories/2003042200060100.htm |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=April 22, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030821155147/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/22/stories/2003042200060100.htm |archive-date=August 21, 2003}}</ref>

In 2014, her edited volume of nonfiction essays ''From India to Palestine: Essays in Solidarity'' was published and includes essays by herself, [[Meena Alexander]], [[Aijaz Ahmad]], [[Ritu Menon]] and [[Nayantara Sehgal]].<ref name="Dundoo 2014">{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='My voice is a medley' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/my-voice-is-a-medley/article5623104.ece |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=January 27, 2014}}</ref> Her 2016 collection ''Almost Home'' is described by ''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' as "essays on identity, place, and the pervasiveness of the past in the present, by a global literary citizen" and "an uneven collection—never just travel writing or political analysis—that nonetheless seems to map new territory of its own."<ref>{{cite news |title=Almost Home |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/githa-hariharan/almost-home-cities/ |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |date=January 15, 2016}}</ref> In a review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Latha Anantharaman writes "the essay on Algeria stands out [...] Hariharan discusses the psychology of colonialism, what happens to the identity of a people when you occupy their land and force them to speak French, think in French, and dress like the French, what happens when you indoctrinate them in French principles and philosophy and yet deny that they are French" and further states "It is in her essay on Palestine that Hariharan best evokes the living voices of people under occupation."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anantharaman |first1=Latha |title=Home is where the heart is |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/home-is-where-the-heart-is/article7067756.ece |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

Her sixth novel ''[[I Have Become the Tide]]'' was published in 2019 and is the third with a focus on contemporary India.<ref name="Sharma 2019">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Manik |title=Githa Hariharan on her latest novel I Have Become The Tide, Rohith Vemula, politics of her writing |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/githa-hariharan-on-her-latest-novel-i-have-become-the-tide-rohith-vemula-politics-of-her-writing-6184071.html |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=March 6, 2019}}</ref> In 2020, a [[Malayalam]] translation of the novel was published by Mātr̥bhūmi Buks.

Githa Hariharan co-edited the 2019 essay collection ''Battling for India: A Citizen’s Reader'' with Salim Yusufji. In a review for ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'', Priyanka Tripathi writes, "Drawing its vision from Ambedkar's democracy, the book reiterates that an Indian citizen’s political democracy (full rights to the nation) becomes null and void in the absence of social (discrimination on the basis of caste and age) and economic (freeing all Indians from poverty) democracy."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Priyanka |title=Review: Battling Hatred and Sectarianism for Indian Democracy |url=https://thewire.in/books/battling-for-india-democracy-sectarianism |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=April 10, 2019}}</ref>

Her work has been translated into Dutch, French, German, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Malayalam, Urdu and Vietnamese.<ref name="Atlantic 2007"/><ref name="Gao bio"/><ref name="Dartmouth bio"/> Her writing has also been included in many anthologies of fiction and essays.<ref name="Gao bio"/> She has regularly written a monthly column on culture in ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]''.<ref name="Gao bio"/>

==Activism==
In 1995, with assistance from [[Indira Jaising]] and the [[Lawyers Collective]], Hariharan challenged the [[Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act]], which placed the mother of a child as the natural guardian "after" the father, as a violation of the right to equality guaranteed under Articles 14 and 15 of the Indian Constitution.<ref name="LII">{{cite web |title=Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of India |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/women-and-justice/resource/githa_hariharan_v_reserve_bank_of_india |website=Legal Information Institute |date=January 1999 |publisher=[[Cornell University]] |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Joeanna Rebello |title=It's sad we needed the law to tell us that the mother's a natural guardian: Githa Hiraharan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/Its-sad-we-needed-the-law-to-tell-us-that-the-mothers-a-natural-guardian-Githa-Hariharan/articleshow/48033836.cms |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=July 12, 2015}}</ref> The case, ''Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of India'' was filed with her husband also as a petitioner and led to a [[Supreme Court of India]] judgment protecting the rights of children and finding both the mother and father can be natural guardians of the child.<ref name="LII"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianbarassociation.org/sc-redefined-hindu-guardianship-law/|title=SC redefined Hindu Guardianship Law|website=Indian National Bar Association|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref><ref name="Rajagopal 2019">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Bulbul |title='There is no one single authority in my stories': Githa Hariharan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/there-is-no-one-single-authority-in-my-stories-githa-hariharan/article26735107.ece |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=April 6, 2019}}</ref> The Supreme Court stated, "[the father] cannot be ascribed to have a preferential right over the mother in the matter of guardianship".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Masoodi |first1=Ashwaq |title=Five cases where courts have given secular laws precedence over personal codes |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/3ZthPR7wFkUljODEQlO46N/Five-cases-where-courts-have-given-secular-laws-precedence-o.html |access-date=1 September 2022 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=March 1, 2016}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

===Author===
*''The Thousand Faces of Night'', Penguin Books, 1992; Women's Press, 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-7043-4465-5}}
*''The Art of Dying'', Penguin Books, 1993, {{ISBN|978-0-14-023339-1}}
*''The Ghosts of Vasu Master'', Viking, Penguin Books India, 1994; Penguin Group, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-14-024724-4}}
*''When Dreams Travel'', Picador, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-330-37236-7}}; Penguin Group Australia, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-14-320428-2}}
*''The Winning Team'', Illustrator Taposhi Ghoshal, Rupa & Co., 2004, {{ISBN|978-81-291-0570-7}}
*''In Times of Siege'', Pantheon Books, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-375-42239-3}} {{ISBN|978-1-4000-3337-9}}
*''Fugitive Histories'', Penguin Group, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-670-08217-9}}
*''Almost Home'', Restless Books, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-632-06061-7}}
*''[[I Have Become the Tide]]'', Simon and Schuster India, 2019, {{ISBN|9-386-79738-0|}}
* ''Vēliyēt̲t̲amāyi ñān : nōval'', Mātr̥bhūmi Buks, 2020 {{ISBN|9789389869521}} (translated by Johny M. L. into [[Malayalam]])

===Editor===
*''A Southern Harvest'', Kath, 1993, {{ISBN|978-81-85586-10-6}}
*''Sorry, Best Friend!'', Illustrated Ranjan De, Tulika Publishers, 1997, {{ISBN|978-81-86895-00-9}}
*''Battling for India: A Citizen's Reader'', Speaking co-editor Salim Yusufji, 2019, Speaking Tiger, {{ISBN|9789388874182}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Sidiquii |first1=Shehjad |title=Feminist Perspective in Githa Hariharan's Novels |date=2015 |publisher=RUT Printer and Publisher |isbn=9789384663063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SsEEAAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be7UXcV1kt4C&q=Githa+Hariharan| title=Mythology and Reality in Githa Hariharan's "The Thousand Faces of Night"| author=Kader Aki| publisher=GRIN Verlag| year= 2007| isbn= 978-3-638-76601-2 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Githa Hariharan}}

*[http://www.githahariharan.com Official website]
*[http://www.curledup.com/githaint.htm An Interview with Githa Hariharan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205223257/https://www.curledup.com/githaint.htm |date=5 February 2024 }} Luan Gaines, Curled Up With a Good Book, 2003.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NV7h0jZ712M ''Githa Hariharan in Conversation with TM Krishna, Kerala Literature Festival 2016''], YouTube DC Books, 22 Feb 2016.
*''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190422075303/https://thetishmanreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Hariharan.pdf An Interview with Author Githa]}}'' Hariharan, Tishman Review, 2016.
*''[http://blog.pshares.org/index.php/indian-authors-femme-fatales-and-political-themes-stir-up-controversy/ Githa Hariharan Talks Indian Femme Fatales and Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001005836/http://blog.pshares.org/index.php/indian-authors-femme-fatales-and-political-themes-stir-up-controversy/ |date=1 October 2020 }}'', Ploughshares, September 2016
*''[http://www.governancenow.com/views/interview/freedom-speech-an-index-maturity-a-society-author-githa-hariharan Freedom of speech is an index of maturity of a society: Author Githa Hariharan]'', Yoshika Sangal Governance Now, April 2017.
*[https://writersandfreeexpression.com/2017/07/14/we-are-talking-of-more-than-writers-rights-we-are-talking-of-letting-people-live-an-interview-with-githa-hariharan/ ''We are talking of more than writers’ rights; we are talking of letting people live''] An interview with Githa Hariharan, Laetitia Zecchini Writers and Free Expression, July 2017.
*''[https://www.newsclick.in/githa-hariharans-response-aniruddhan-vasudevan-declining-sahitya-akademi-prize-translation Githa Hariharan’s Response to Aniruddhan Vasudevan Declining the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation]'', Newsclick, February 2018
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hariharan, Githa}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fairfield University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Writers of mythic fiction]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Majhapaper

2026-04-26T20:12:22Z

LucretiaGoldhar: new stub...

{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=May 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox organization
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| headquarters = [[Pune]], [[India]]
| name = Majhapaper
| image =Mazhapaper logo.jpg
| region_served = [[Maharashtra]]
}}

'''Majhapaper.com''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] online news and article publishing website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-06 |title=एकच धून... 6 जून...! रायगडावर शिवराज्याभिषेक सोहऴ्याला सुरुवात - Majha Paper |url=https://www.majhapaper.com/2020/06/06/one-dhun-6-june-the-coronation-ceremony-begins-at-raigad/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> It caters to the wide Marathi speaking population of 30,000,000 all over the world. Owned by Hrimon Media Pvt Ltd, [[Pune]], Majhapaper is the first digital publication which is exclusively published in Marathi. Along with a headquarter in [[Pune]], Majhapaper has offices in [[Solapur]] and [[Jalgaon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact-us - Majha Paper |url=https://www.majhapaper.com/contact-us/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Majhapaper website currently has more than 50,000 news articles with special focus on categories such as Youth, Health, Agriculture, Career etc.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in India]]

B. K. Parthasarathi

2026-04-18T22:57:51Z

LucretiaGoldhar: Made a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = B. K. Parthasarathi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|09|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Roddam, Anantapur district|Roddam]], [[Anantapur]]
| constituency2 = [[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2019
| predecessor2 = [[Paritala Sunitha]]
| successor2 = [[Malagundla Sankaranarayana]]
| constituency1 = [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
| term_start1 = 1999
| term_end1 = 2004
| predecessor1 = [[S. Gangadhar]]
| successor1 = [[G. Nizamuddin]]
| constituency = [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Kuruva Gorantla Madhav]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| education = [[Bangalore University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
| father = B. K. Nanjaiah
| mother = B. K. Sanjeevamma
| spouse = B. K. Kalavathi
| children = 6
| website =
| source = http://docs2.myneta.info/affidavits/ews3ap2014/1981/B%20K%20PARTHASARATHI.pdf
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''B. K. Parthasarathi''' is an [[Andhra Pradesh]] politician. He is the leader of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and has won twice as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Penukonda]] constituency. He won from [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0120.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605091555/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0120.htm | access-date=2025-03-21 | archive-date=2024-06-05}}</ref>

== Career ==

Parthasarathi entered politics by becoming Zilla Parishad chairman of the [[Anantapur district]] in 1996. In 1999, [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] offered him the [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] seat of [[Hindupur]] and he won with a majority of 134,636,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1999-election-results.html|title=1999 India General (13th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|website=elections.in}}</ref> defeating [[S. Gangadhar]] of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].

In the 2004 Loksabha elections, he was defeated by [[G. Nizamuddin]] with a narrow margin of 1,840 votes.

In the 2009 election, he contested as an MLA candidate from Penukonda and won<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/penukonda-a-tdp-bastion-for-more-than-two-decades-512748|title=Penukonda, a TDP bastion for more than two decades|first=Hans News|last=Service|date=17 March 2019|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref> in a triangular fight by 14,385 votes, defeating K T Sreedhar of Congress Party.

In the 2014 elections, he again won<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/penukonda.html|title = Penukonda Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Penukonda, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> by defeating Malagundla Sankaranarayana, of [[YSR Congress Party]]. In 2019, Malagundla Sankaranarayana defeated<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-clean-sweep-in-anantapur-district-531925|title=YSRCP clean sweep in Anantapur district|last=sumadhura|date=24 May 2019|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref> him by a wide margin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.sakshi.com/election-2019/hindi/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/penukonda.html|title=Penukonda Constituency Winner List in AP Elections 2019 – Penukonda Constituency MLA Election Results 2019|website=m.sakshi.com}}</ref>

He became a [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] board member in April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/apr/21/andhra-pradesh-new-tirumala-tirupati-devasthanams-trust-board-has-a-few-surprise-picks-1804420.html|title=Andhra Pradesh: New Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams Trust Board has a few surprise picks|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ttd-new-trust-board-appointed-665745.html|title=TTD new Trust Board appointed|date=20 April 2018|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> He became district Telugu Desam Party president in 2009.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parthasarathi, B K}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Rayalaseema]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Bilgi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:54:04Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started new article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bilgi
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| map_image = 22-Bilgi constituency.svg
| constituency_no = 22
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[J. T. Patil]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Murugesh Nirani]]
| district = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]]
| established = 1957
| electors = {{formatnum:231594}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
}}
'''Bilgi Assembly constituency''' is one of 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] State, in India. It is part of [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="3" | Rachappa Mallappa Desai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || G. K. Maritammappa
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | Patil Siddanagoud Somanagoud || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Tungal Baburaddi Venkappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Yalligutti Gangadharappa Gurusiddappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[J. T. Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[Murugesh Nirani]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[J. T. Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Murugesh Nirani]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[J. T. Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. T. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 95,652 |percentage = 51.75% |change = {{increase}}5.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Murugesh Nirani]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,523 |percentage = 45.73% |change = {{decrease}}3.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,329 |percentage = 0.72% |change = {{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,129 |percentage = 6.02% |change = {{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 185,189 |percentage = 79.96% |change = {{increase}}0.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 184,837}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,594 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Murugesh Nirani]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,135 |percentage = 49.12% |change = {{increase}}11.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagadish Timmanagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 80,324 |percentage = 46.34% |change = {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangappa Tippanna Kandagal |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,773 |percentage = 1.02% |change = {{decrease}}12.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashvini Desai |party = Bhaarateeya Janashakthi Congress |votes = 1,258 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meerasab Moulasab Shaikh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,187 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mansursab Babajan Mujwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,139 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 848 |percentage = 0.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,811 |percentage = 2.78% |change = {{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 173,366 |percentage = 79.45% |change = {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,318}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 218,220 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.57 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. T. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,655 |percentage = 44.68% |change = {{increase}}3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Murugesh Nirani]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,417 |percentage = 37.15% |change = {{decrease}}6.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaprabhu. Appasaheb. Saranadagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,067 |percentage = 13.45% |change = {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh. Yallappa. Bhajantri |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,631 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devendrappa. Basappa. Pujar |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,215 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,238 |percentage = 7.53% |change = {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 149,199 |percentage = 78.33% |change = {{increase}}7.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 149,179}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,477 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Murugesh Nirani]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,474 |percentage = 43.32% |change = {{decrease}}9.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajaykumar Saranayak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,350 |percentage = 40.79% |change = {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavprabhu Appasaheb Saranadgouda (honniyal Desai) |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,916 |percentage = 9.65% |change = {{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jamadar Asharafali Dastagirasab |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,942 |percentage = 2.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Bhimappa Sidlingappanavar |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 1,347 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harijan Vasu Muttappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,212 |percentage = 0.98% |change = {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girish Tammannarao Kulkarni |party = Independent politician |votes = 899 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,124 |percentage = 2.53% |change = {{decrease}}10.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,449 |percentage = 71.12% |change = {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,446}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,584 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}11.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Murugesh Nirani]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 68,136 |percentage = 52.55% |change = {{increase}}16.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. T. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,811 |percentage = 39.19% |change = {{decrease}}8.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Virupakshappa Ganigar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,122 |percentage = 3.95% |change = {{decrease}}9.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koosappa Yallappa Chalawadi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,736 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangamesh Shiddappa Dashyal |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,733 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalingappa Venki |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,188 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkappa Phoolsingh Lamani |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 937 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,325 |percentage = 13.36% |change = {{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,724 |percentage = 66.19% |change = {{decrease}}4.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,663}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,976 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. T. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,313 |percentage = 47.61% |change = {{increase}}11.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrikant Kulkarni |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,604 |percentage = 35.82% |change = {{increase}}13.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalawai Shrishail Murari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,997 |percentage = 13.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhavi Mallappa Appanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,855 |percentage = 2.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,709 |percentage = 11.79% |change = {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,297 |percentage = 70.32% |change = {{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,769}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,488 |percentage = 4.84% |change = {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,119 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. T. Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,424 |percentage = 36.00% |change = {{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Gurusiddappa Yalligutti |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,877 |percentage = 23.56% |change = {{decrease}}19.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrikant Kulkarni |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,510 |percentage = 22.09% |change = {{increase}}9.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalawai Shrishail Murari |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,713 |percentage = 13.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jeeragal Shankrappa Venkappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,473 |percentage = 2.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katageri Mallapa Sagarappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,383 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,547 |percentage = 12.44% |change = {{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,147 |percentage = 68.34% |change = {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,838}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,309 |percentage = 2.43% |change = {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,223 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}7.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Yalligutti Gangadharappa Gurusiddappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 37,677 |percentage = 43.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Vasappa Adrushappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,279 |percentage = 38.06% |change = {{decrease}}4.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Shrikant Subbaji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,637 |percentage = 12.17% |change = {{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Halingali Ravindra Dhanavant |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,723 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ankalagi Krishna Fakeerappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,638 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Machchindra Appasaheb Bidari |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,119 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malaghan Hanamappa |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 889 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,398 |percentage = 5.03% |change = {{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,125 |percentage = 71.90% |change = {{increase}}8.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,435}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,690 |percentage = 5.09% |change = {{increase}}2.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,138 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tungal Baburaddi Venkappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,056 |percentage = 50.76% |change = {{increase}}26.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Siddanagoud Somanagoud |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,711 |percentage = 42.30% |change = {{decrease}}8.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anantapur Chanabasappa Racahappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,622 |percentage = 2.57% |change = {{decrease}}13.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Masti Hanamappa Sadashivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,336 |percentage = 2.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Kulakumar Somanagoud |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,020 |percentage = 1.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Piroji Dongrisab Rajesab |party = Independent politician |votes = 406 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,345 |percentage = 8.46% |change = {{decrease}}17.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,533 |percentage = 63.88% |change = {{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,151}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,382 |percentage = 2.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,023 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Siddanagoud Somanagoud |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,413 |percentage = 50.56% |change = {{increase}}43.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Belagali Pampakevi Rayappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,273 |percentage = 24.48% |change = {{decrease}}17.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Modi Shekarappa Gurappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,565 |percentage = 15.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harijan Sadashiv Lenkappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,269 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ranganagouda Sihddanagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,257 |percentage = 2.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Panashetti Shekar Sangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 914 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bandiwaddar Hanamant Durgappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 808 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shirabur Mallappa Pandappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 651 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,140 |percentage = 26.08% |change = {{increase}}17.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,192 |percentage = 62.32% |change = {{decrease}}5.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,220}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,972 |percentage = 3.51% |change = {{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,161 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Siddanagoud Somanagoud |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,005 |percentage = 50.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Venkatanaik Appasaheb |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,485 |percentage = 42.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangal Kalabasappa Marithamappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,057 |percentage = 7.30% |change = {{decrease}}52.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,520 |percentage = 8.14% |change = {{decrease}}14.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,192 |percentage = 67.48% |change = {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,547}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,645 |percentage = 2.88% |change = {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,749 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.91 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. K. Maritammappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,216 |percentage = 59.78% |change = {{decrease}}12.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Shivasiddappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 15,867 |percentage = 37.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. B. Venkareddy |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 558 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Veerabhadrappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 540 |percentage = 1.28% |change = {{decrease}}2.83 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,349 |percentage = 22.16% |change = {{decrease}}28.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,749 |percentage = 62.41% |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,181}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,094 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rachappa Mallappa Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,016 |percentage = 72.44% |change = {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. B. Venkappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 7,844 |percentage = 21.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Ramappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,476 |percentage = 4.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. I. Avvappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 577 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,172 |percentage = 50.60% |change = {{decrease}}9.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,691 |percentage = 61.71% |change = {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,913}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,702 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rachappa Mallappa Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,158 |percentage = 74.32% |change = {{decrease}}4.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurupadayya Guruachayya Advimath |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 4,359 |percentage = 13.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalyan Krishnaji Kerur |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,891 |percentage = 9.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Chanabasappa Guggari |party = Independent politician |votes = 753 |percentage = 2.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,799 |percentage = 60.33% |change = {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,975 |percentage = 59.51% |change = {{decrease}}5.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,161}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,413 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bilgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rachappa Mallappa Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,732 |percentage = 79.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangi Pavadeppa Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,527 |percentage = 20.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,205 |percentage = 58.24% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,259 |percentage = 64.72% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,259}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,301 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|16.34|75.63|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]

Faridabad Municipal Corporation

2026-04-02T20:19:42Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started a page...

{{Short description|Local civic body in Faridabad, Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Faridabad Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| logo_pic =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| term_limits = 5 years
| foundation = {{start date and age|1993}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Praveen Joshi
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = [[2025 Haryana local elections|2 March 2025]]
| leader2_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = A. Mona Srinivas
| party3 = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| election3 =
| seats = '''46'''
| structure1_res = 275px
| structure1 = India Faridabad, Haryana Municipal Corporation 2025.svg
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Municipal corporation (India)|Government]] (39)'''
:*{{Colour box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (39)
'''Opposition (1)'''
:*{{Colour box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Others]] (6)'''
:*{{Colour box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (6)
| term_length = 5 years
| authority =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = 2 March 2025
| next_election1 = 2030
| motto =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Faridabad Municipal Corporation (FMC)''' is the [[Municipal Corporation]] responsible for the city of [[Faridabad]] in [[Haryana]] state. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.Faridabad Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.
It divides the city of [[Faridabad]] into 40 wards and was created in the year 1993.
== History and administration ==

Faridabad Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="fa1">{{cite news |title=Faridabad: Flood control cell set up to monitor waterlogging |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/faridabad-gurgaon-flood-control-cell-waterlogging-monsoon-season-rainfall-7968602/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=14 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Faridabad Municipal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.

Faridabad Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor<ref name="fa3">{{cite news |title=Haryana MC polls today: All eyes on AAP; BJP-JJP coalition confident of victory |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/chandigarh/haryana-mc-polls-today-all-eyes-on-aap-bjp-jjp-coalition-confident-of-victory-7978296/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=19 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and administered by Municipal Commissioner Yashpal Yadav.<ref name="fa2">{{cite news |title=Most Faridabad units without fire NOC |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/most-faridabad-units-without-fire-noc-397528 |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=23 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="fa11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="fa12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="fa13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.
* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.
* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==Members==
The Faridabad Municipal Corporation (FMC) consists of 46 elected members (corporators) who serve a five-year term. The corporation is headed by the Mayor, who is also directly elected for a five-year term. The most recent municipal elections were held in 2025.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan=4 align=center bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''Mayor: Praveen Joshi'''

|-
! Ward No !! Name of Corporator || colspan="2" |Party
|-
| 1 || Mukesh Dagar
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 2 ||Rajes Dagar
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 3 || Ravi Kashyap
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 4 || Sangeeta Bhardwaj
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 5 || Sheetal Khatana
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 6 || Gaytri Devi
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 7 || Savita Bhadana
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 8 || Rakesh Devi
|[[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 9 || Sangeeta Bhatiya
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 10 || Bhagwan Singh
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 11 || Babita Bhadana
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 12 || [[Suman Bala (politician)|Suman Bala]]
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 13 || Hari Gileti
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 14 || Naresh Nambardar
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 15 || Jaswant Singh
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 16 || Manoj Naswa
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 17 || Shobha Rani
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 18 || Karambir Singh Bhaisla
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 19 || Jagat Singh
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 20 || Likhi Chaprana
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 21 || Virender Bhadana Binde
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 22 || Harinder Bhadana
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 23 || Gajender Bhadana Lala Ji
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 24 || Jitender Yadav
|[[Independent Politician]]
|
|-
| 25 || Seema
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 26 || Lal Kumar Mishra
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 27 || Saroj Bala
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 28 || Umesh Sharma
|[[Independent Politician]]
|
|-
| 29 || Ajay Baisla
| [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 30 || Anil Kumar
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 31 || Shaifali Singla
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 32 || Vinod Bhati
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 33 || Jyoti
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 34 || Sanjeev Kumar
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 35 || Sachin Sharma
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 36 || Kuldeep Sahani
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 37 ||Mukesh Kumar Agarwal
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 38 ||Anita Kumari
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 39 ||Neelam Bareja
|[[Independent Politician]]
|
|-
| 40 ||Pawan Yadav
|[[Independent Politician]]
|
|-
| 41 ||Mahesh Goyal
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 42 ||Deepak Yadav
|[[Independent Politician]]
|
|-
| 43 ||Rashmi Deepak Yadav
|[[Independent Politician]]
|
|-
| 44 ||Pardeep Tongar
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 45 ||Kiran Bala
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-
| 46 ||Sonu Vaishnav
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
|
|-

|}

==See also==
* [[Faridabad]]
{{Municipalities of Haryana}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150927074038/https://www.mcfbd.com/ Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faridabad Municipal Corporation}}
[[Category:Faridabad]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Haryana]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Haryana]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Muhamma Ramanan

2026-04-02T06:22:00Z

LucretiaGoldhar: new a entry

{{short description|Indian children's writer (1942–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Muhamma Ramanan
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Chidambaran K.<ref name= "KL"/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes |1942|02|18}}<ref name= "KL">{{cite web |title=ചിദംബരൻ കെ (മുഹമ്മ രമണൻ)|website=Keralaliterature.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203051336/http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/chithambaran-k-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE-%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3/ |archive-date=3 December 2020|url=http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/chithambaran-k-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE-%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3 |date=14 October 2017|language=ml}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Muhamma]], [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|04|13|1942|02|18|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = [[Children's literature]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Shailaja
| partner =
| children = Aneesh, Abhilash, Athulya
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
}}

'''Muhamma Ramanan''' (1942 – April 2020) was a [[Malayalam language]] [[children's literature]] writer from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. His book named ''Kannan kakkayute kaushalangal'' (meaning: Kannan kakka's Strategies) has won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Children's Literature. He is the author of around forty books in the genres of children's literature, novels and psychology.<ref name="des">{{cite web |title=കുഞ്ഞുകാര്യങ്ങളുടെ വലിയ എഴുത്തുകാരൻ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/books/news-national-12-04-2020/865804 |website= Deshabhimani|date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811134957/https://www.deshabhimani.com/books/news-national-12-04-2020/865804|archive-date=11 August 2020|language=ml}}</ref>

His children's novel ''Komunniyute dukham'' (meaning: Komunni's Sadness) has autobiographical elements.<ref name="des"/> He portrayed his home and surroundings in many of his books, such as ''Kannan kakkayute kaushalangal''.<ref name="mat">{{cite web |title=മാതൃഭൂമി സമ്മാനം പ്രചോദനമായി : ബാലസാഹിത്യത്തിൽ രമണനായി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/news/13apr2020-1.4686516 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203051854/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/news/13apr2020-1.4686516|archive-date=3 December 2020|language=ml}}</ref> In books like ''Abhiyute anweshanam'' (meaning: Abhi's Investigation) and ''Anuvum kuttichathanum'' (meaning: Anu and Kuttichathan), he portrayed his own children.<ref name="mat"/>

==Personal life==
Muhamma Ramanan was born Chidambaran K on 18 February 1942, in [[Muhamma]], [[Alappuzha district]] to Velikkakath veettil Kunjikkuttan and Kalikkutty. He studied at Muhamma CMS LP School, Aryakkara Middle School, Kanichukulangara High School and [[Sanatana Dharma College|Alappuzha SD College]]. He began his career as a last Grade employee in the Secretariat and retired from the service as a Village Officer.<ref name="des"/> He has also worked as a teacher in local tuition centers.<ref name="mat"/> He died on 12 April 2020, in Muhamma.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Books==
* Kallan Kunjappan (English meaning: Kunjappan the thief)<ref name="IE"/>
* Maniyan poochakk mani ketti (English meaning: Tied the bell to Maniyan cat)<ref name="IEM"/>
* Kannan kakkayute kaushalangal (3 parts) (English meaning: Tricks of Kannan crow)<ref name="IE"/>
* Ashtavakran<ref name="IE"/>
* Choonda (English meaning: Bait)<ref name="IE"/>
* Gulumalu Kuttappan<ref name="IEM">{{cite web |title=Remembering Muhamma Ramanan, the doyen of {{as written|chil|drens [sic]}} literature |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/muhamma-ramanan-childrens-literature-memories-dr-k-sreekumar-362713/ |website=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203052235/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/muhamma-ramanan-childrens-literature-memories-dr-k-sreekumar-362713|archive-date=3 December 2020|first=K|last=Sreekumar|language=ml}}</ref>
* Marmmani moosa<ref name="IEM"/>
* Abhiyute kuttanweshanam part 1- Kalavu poya pena (English meaning: Abhi's investigation- The lost pen)<ref name="IEM"/>
* Abhiyute kuttanweshanam part 2- Kalavupoya mothiram (English meaning: Abhi's investigation- The lost ring)<ref name="IEM"/>
* Abhiyute kuttanweshanam part 3- Anchu roopa nottu (English meaning: Abhi's investigation- 5 Ruppee)<ref name="IEM"/>
* Anuvum kuttichatanum<ref name="IE"/>
* Mandan Moitheen<ref name="IE"/>
* Pusthakam valarthiya kutty<ref name="IE"/>
* Unnimonum kuruvikalum (English meaning: Unnimon and the sparrows)<ref name="IEM"/>
* Komunniyute dukham<ref name="IE"/>
* Maram sancharikkunna manthram<ref name="IEM"/>
* Kiliyudeswapnam (English meaning: Dream of a bird)<ref name="IEM"/>
* Swaathanthrayam janmavakasham (English meaning: Freedom is birthright)<ref name="IE"/>
* Muthassane marakkaruth (English meaning: Don't forget grandpa)<ref name="IEM"/>
* Kannan kakka<ref name="IEM"/>
* Maniyan poochayum chundeliyum<ref name="IEM"/>
* Kallanum poleesum (English meaning: Thief and the police)<ref name="IEM"/>
* Ezham kadalinnakkare<ref name="IEM"/>
* Kuttikalude sakhav (Book on life of [[P. Krishna Pillai]]<ref name="mat"/>)
* Thyagam nalkiya swarggam<ref name="IEM"/>
* Kusruthi kakka (English meaning: Naughty crow)<ref name="IEM"/>
* Hridayaluvaya bhootham<ref name="IEM"/>
* Kombananayum katturumbum<ref name="IEM"/>
* A boy's heaven (Only book in English)<ref name="IEM"/>
* Kuttikale engane salswabhaavikalaayi valartham (English meaning: How to raise children to be good-natured)<ref name="IEM"/>
* 40 kazhinja daampathyam<ref name="muhamma">{{cite web |title=Muhamma Ramanan {{!}} Muhamma {{!}} The land of Birds and Back Waters |url=http://www.muhamma.com/eminent-personalities/muhamma-ramanan/ |website=muhamma.com |date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217053329/http://www.muhamma.com/eminent-personalities/muhamma-ramanan|archive-date=17 February 2020|language=ml}}</ref>
* Kalavu poya camera (English meaning: Stolen camera)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayalam Books Online|url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=5818|access-date=2020-12-03|website=www.puzha.com}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1989: ''Kannan kakkayude kaushalangal'' - Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award<ref name="IE">{{cite web |title=ബാലസാഹിത്യകാരൻ മുഹമ്മ രമണൻ ഇനി ഓർമ-Writer Muhamma Ramanan Passes Away |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/kerala-news/writer-muhamma-ramanan-passes-away-362596/ |website=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415065313/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/kerala-news/writer-muhamma-ramanan-passes-away-362596|archive-date=15 April 2020|language=ml}}</ref>
* 1990: ''Choonda''-Uroob Memorial Award<ref name="IE"/>
* 1993: ''Anuvum Kuttichathanum'' - [[P. Narendranath]] Award of Thiruvananthapuram Beam<ref name="IE"/>
* 1996: ''Pusthakam valarthiya kutti'' - Chaitanya's Bhima Children's Literature Award<ref name="IE"/>
* 1961: ''Mampazham'' (Story) - First prize in the story competition conducted by [[Mathrubhumi]] Weekly Balapankthi<ref name="IE"/>
* 1968: ''Kallan Kunjappan'' - NBS Children's Prize<ref name="IE"/>
* 2007: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] in Children's literature category<ref>{{Cite web|last=WEBDUNIA|title=ഗോവിന്ദപ്പിള്ളയ്ക്ക് ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡ്|url=https://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/kerala-news-in-malayalam/ഗോവിന്ദപ്പിള്ളയ്ക്ക്-ശക്തി-അവാര്‍ഡ്-107060900015_1.htm|access-date=2020-12-03|website=malayalam.webdunia.com|language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|Children's literature}}
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanan, Muhamma}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

Keisham Kuber

2026-04-01T08:37:15Z

LucretiaGoldhar: stub

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{promo|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keisham Kuber
| other_names = {{hlist|Kuber Keisham|Kuber|Huis Laobi Kuber}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|07|17}}
| birth_place = Top Khongnangkhong, [[Imphal East]], [[Manipur]], India
| education = [[Modern College, Imphal]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian|writer|poet|environmental activist}}
| years_active = 1980s–present
| known_for =
| children = 3
| awards = Best Actor, All India Short Play Competition (2013) Best Actor, Langmeidong Dramatic Union (2004)
}}
'''Keisham Kuber''' (born 17 July 1958),{{efn|written as "{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯩꯁꯥꯝ ꯀꯨꯕꯦꯔ}}" in [[Meitei language]] in [[Meitei script]]}} or '''Kuber Keisham''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuber Keisham - Biography|url=https://klmdb.com/name/0000985/biography|access-date=2026-02-25|website=KLMDb|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|written as "{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯕꯦꯔ ꯀꯩꯁꯥꯝ}}" in [[Meitei language]] in [[Meitei script]]}} mononymously known as '''Kuber''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nokphade Cultural Foundation mourns : 02nd nov18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp3..021118.nov18|access-date=2026-02-25|website=www.e-pao.net|quote=Several artists of Nokphade namely Kuber, Joseph, Rangilal ...}}</ref>{{efn|written as "{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯕꯦꯔ}}" in [[Meitei language]] in [[Meitei script]]}} is a veteran Indian actor, comedian, theatre artist, poet, short story writer, environmental activist, from [[Manipur]]. Known for his performances in [[Meitei language]] films, dramas, and the traditional [[Shumang Kumhei]] theatre, he has received public recognition for his humorous acting style. He is popularly known as '''"Huis Laobi Kuber"''' for his signature catchphrase ''“Huis! Huis!”'' in a [[Nokphade]] play ''Khangenphamda Ngairi''.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber">Ngangbam, Amukhomba (2017-02-09). "Huis Laobi Kuber – a Manipuri Comedian Bringing Laughter to Many" | "Manipur Times".</ref>
In the 2000s, Keisham Kuber became a well known figure in [[Meitei cinema]]’s digital era, often portraying roles in [[queer]] characters in comedic ways, showing humiliation, derogatory remarks, and ridicule, especially in movies including ''Eigidi Thawaini, Huranbado Mapuni, and Thajadaba Mitkuptuda'', that reinforced stereotypes and contributed to the marginalization of the [[LGBTQ]] community, as the ''"objects of mockery"''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-02-19|title=Queer portrayal in popular Manipuri cinema: A journey towards inclusivity|url=https://vartagensex.org/2026/02/20/queer-representation-in-popular-manipuri-cinema-a-journey-towards-inclusivity/|access-date=2026-02-25|website=Varta Trust|language=en|quote=The 2000s marked a significant shift in Manipuri cinema with the rise of digital filmmaking, resulting in a surge of annual productions and increased visibility of queer characters. However, these representations were often relegated to comedic relief, lacking depth and narrative significance. Veteran actors like Keisham Kuber and Laishram Rangilal perpetuated damaging stereotypes, potentially normalizing mockery and marginalisation of queer individuals in real life. Films like Eigidi Thawaini, Huranbado Mapuni, and Thajadaba Mitkuptuda shared a disturbing commonality – the use of a queer character, played by Kuber, as a comedic relief. These portrayals featured humiliation, derogatory remarks, and ridicule, perpetuating the notion that queer individuals are objects of mockery.}}</ref>
Other than onscreen activities, he is also known for working in environmental conservation efforts, like participating in the tree plantation drives.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree plantation drives conducted : 19th aug24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=49..190824.aug24|access-date=2026-02-25|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Keisham Kuber was born in Top Khongnangkhong, [[Imphal East]], [[Manipur]], to Keisham Gouramani Singh and Keisham Ongbi Leirikmacha Devi. He is the youngest of five siblings, with two sisters and two elder brothers. He completed his [[matriculation]] from Lamphel High School in 1978 and graduated from [[Modern College, Imphal]] in 1982. He is married and has three children: Kapil, Kapila, and Kripa.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

== Career in acting ==

Kuber had a passion for writing poems and stories since his childhood. To enhance his storytelling skills, he began acting in proscenium theatre. He joined the People Art and Dramatic Association in his hometown and later worked with Panthoibi Natya Mandir from 1987, under the guidance of theatre director Yumnam Rajendra.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

At Rajendra's suggestion, Kuber also studied other performance arts. He learned [[Manipuri classical dance]] at JN Manipur Dance Academy for 12 years and trained in [[Thang-Ta]] (traditional [[Meitei classical martial arts]]) under Keirao Sana.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

=== Theatre career ===

During his time with the People Art and Dramatic Association, Kuber performed in several plays, including:<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

* Tas Chang Thok-ee
* Chingningi Sheirol
* Guru Dakhina
* Taramdai Korou
* Hanglai
* Mukti
* Manjagi Kangthol
* Ishanougi Kangkhul<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

=== Nokphade comedy series ===

Kuber joined the [[Nokphade]] comedy series in 1994, a project created by Ruhinikumar Thoudam. Although hesitant at first, he joined the cast starting from Volume 3 after the earlier volumes gained popularity.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

He acted in Nokphade from Volume 3 to Volume 14, and is also part of Volume 15, scheduled for release soon. His character Baladeva, a submissive husband dominated by his wife Radha, was particularly popular in the play Khangenphamda Ngairi, dramatized by Ruhinikumar and based on Sorat Kana Solbigani, a story by Niladhaja Khuman.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

Kuber credits both Ruhinikumar and Yumnam Rajendra for shaping his acting career.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

=== Shumang Kumhei career ===

Kuber began performing in [[Shumang Kumhei]] (or Shumang Leela) theatrical performances in 2010, after being invited by playwright-director Ranjit Ningthouja. Initially reluctant due to his deep involvement in theatre, he finally agreed after obtaining permission from his theatre mentor, Yumnam Rajendra.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

His debut Shumang Kumhei play was Phajabeegi Mapu, produced by North Imphal Manipur Jatra Mandal and performed at the Manipur State Shumang Leela Ningtham Kumhei 2010. He played the role of a Pung Yeiba (traditional Meitei drummer). His other performances include:<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

* Basantagi Mapao<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />
* Loktak<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />
* Meet Ani<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />
* Sajibu Nongma Panba (playing as Lainingthou)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shumang Leela Festival : 'Sajibu Nongma Panba', a play searching for an equal society : 03rd mar23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=32..030323.mar23|access-date=2026-02-25|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

He continues to be an active member of the Shumang Leela community.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

== Awards and honours ==

Kuber received several accolades for his acting:<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

* Best Actor award at the All India Short Play Competition, [[Allahabad]] (2013), for his role as Yongkham in Tas Chang Thok-ee.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />
* Best Actor award from Langmeidong Dramatic Union in 2004.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />
* Second prize for Best Actor for movie "Lalol-loidaba Lallonba" produced by Nokphade Cultural Foundation, awarded by the Langmeidong Dramatic Union (LDU) and the Manipur State Kala Akademi, [[Imphal]], in the 48th Kha Manipur Drama Festival 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Update|first=Manipur|date=2025-11-04|title=Prize Distribution Function of Kha Manipur Drama Festival Held – Manipur Update|url=https://manipur-update.com/prize-distribution-function-of-kha-manipur-drama-festival-held/|access-date=2026-02-25|language=en-US|quote=Keisham Kuber (Lalol-loidaba Lallonba – Nokphade Cultural Foundation) received the second prize.}}</ref>

== Writing career ==
{{Further|modern Meitei poetry}}
Besides acting, Kuber is also a writer. He published a poetry book titled Mirang Thuraba Til in 1985. He has also written around 43 short stories, many of which were published in the [[Sanaleibak (newspaper)|Sanaleibak daily newspaper]].<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/huis-laobi-kuber" />

== See also ==
* [[Traditional Meitei drama|Traditional Meitei theatre]]
* [[Modern Meitei drama|Modern Meitei theatre]]
* [[Meitei literature]]
* [[Oinam Bijando]]
* [[RK Hemabati]]
* [[Bishesh Huirem]]
* [[Beoncy Laishram]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuber, Keisham}}
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Actors from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian queer people]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Shumang Kumhei artists]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors in Meitei cinema]]
[[Category:Writers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ actors]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ comedians]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ entertainers]]
[[Category:People from Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Veterans activists]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]

Lady Detective (TV series)

2026-03-26T16:32:00Z

LucretiaGoldhar: new

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language TV series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Lady Detective (TV series).jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Detective fiction]], [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator =
| screenplay = Suman
| story = Guduru Viswanatha Sastry
| director = [[Vamsy]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{ubl|Uttara|[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]|[[Potti Veerayya]]|[[Rama Prabha]]}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 72+
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| runtime = 18-24 minutes
| company = [[ETV Network|Eenadu Television]] [[Usha Kiran Movies]]
| budget =
| network = [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|1995}}<ref name=SF/>
| last_aired = {{End date|1997}}
| opentheme = Lady Detective ... Ammo Yama Active
| endtheme =
}}

'''''Lady Detective''''' is an Indian Telugu-language [[detective fiction]] television series directed by [[Vamsy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=Tv Actresses: ఈ సీరియల్ నటులు మీకు గుర్తున్నారా.. ఇప్పుడు ఏం చేస్తున్నారో తెలుసా? |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/vintage-tv-serial-actress-present-personal-life-full-details-are-here-nr-980648.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref> It aired on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] from 1995 to 1997, with episodes broadcast every Thursday from 8:30 to 9:00 PM. The series features Uttara in the lead role as Sodhana, a [[Private investigator|private detective]], supported by [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] and [[Rama Prabha]] as her assistants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2021 |title=Popular actresses who disappeared from TV despite a successful stint |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/popular-actresses-who-disappeared-from-tv-despite-a-successful-stint/photostory/83059568.cms?picid=83059614 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The show garnered significant popularity and was well received during its original run.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=A ride down memory lane: 5 old Telugu serials that we loved as kids |url=https://www.yovizag.com/a-ride-down-memory-lane-5-old-telugu-serials-that-we-loved-as-kids/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=Yo Vizag |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Telugu Tv Serial Lady Detective Synopsis |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Telugu/tv-serials/lady-detective |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=Nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The series follows Sodhana, a private detective who tackles various societal issues by investigating cases at a detective bureau. Each episode features a new case, with Sodhana assisted by two to three comedic characters: Baby, a female assistant dressed in a schoolgirl-style skirt; Bobby, a male assistant in a striped suit, tie, and hat; and a dwarf male assistant in a checkered shirt, tie, and hat. These assistants often create humorous situations by unintentionally complicating the investigations, adding a lighthearted element to the series.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Uttara as Sodhana<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=16 November 2021 |title="లేడీ డిటెక్టివ్" సీరియల్ లో నటించిన ఉత్తర ఇప్పుడు ఏమి చేస్తుందో తెలుసా? |url=https://www.chaipakodi.com/2021/11/16/lady-detective-serial-uttara-real-life/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=Chai Pakodi |language=te}}</ref>
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Bobby<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dio7_yphK_c&t=690s |title=Lady Detective - Episode - 05 |date= |last= |publisher=[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] |time=11:30 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* [[Potti Veerayya]]
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Baby<ref name=":4" />

=== Recurring ===
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Gopal Varma
*[[Raja Ravindra]] as Ravi
*[[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Roopa
*[[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] as Sekhar
*[[Ramjagan]] as Rajan
*Anitha Chowdary as Manju
*[[Maharshi Raghava]] as Sriram's father-in-law
*[[J. V. Somayajulu]]
*[[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]] as Sriram's mother-in-law
*Junior Relangi as a marriage broker and a waiter
*Vankayala Satyanarayana
*K. K. Sharma
*Gadiraju Subba Rao
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*Badi Tataji

=== Guest ===
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] (episode 24)
*[[Prudhvi Raj]] (episodes 71-72)
*[[Devadas Kanakala]] (episode 24)
*[[Rajitha]] (episode 1)
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] (episode 45)
*[[Vizag Prasad]] (episode 46)
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan|Juttu Narasimham]] as Doctor (episode 4)

== Production ==
The serial was shot outdoors and some scenes were filmed indoors at the [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":3" /> Nadiminti Narsinga Rao was one of the dialogue writers for the series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha Chanti |date=2024-08-28 |title=ఇండస్ట్రీలో విషాదం.. ‘గులాబీ’ సినిమా రచయిత నడిమింటి నరసింగరావు కన్నుమూత.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/gulabi-and-anaganaga-oka-roju-movie-writer-nadiminti-narsinga-rao-passed-away-1336632.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[TV9 Telugu|TV9]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Niharika |first=S. |date=2024-08-28 |title=టాలీవుడ్‌లో విషాదం - ఆర్జీవీ, కృషవంశీ సూపర్ హిట్ సినిమాల రచయిత నడిమింటి మృతి |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/gulabi-and-anaganaga-oka-roju-movies-writer-nadiminti-narsinga-rao-dies-at-72-in-hyderabad-177389 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[ABP Desam]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Music ==
The title track "Lady Detective.. Ammo Yama Active" was received well and was quite popular.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-02 |title=అప్పట్లో దుమ్మురేపిన ఈ సీరియల్ సాంగ్స్ ఇంకా గుర్తున్నాయా.. ? |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/web-stories/all-time-best-telugu-tv-serial-songs |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Lady Detective '' (Original Soundtrack)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXj-XfODIVM|title=Lady Detective Serial Title Song|work=[[ETV (India)|ETV]]|date=16 February 2016|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| title1 = Lady Detective.. Ammo Yama Active
| note1 =
| length1 = 1:44
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 =
}}

== Reception ==
''Lady Detective'' was originally broadcast every Thursday between 8:30 to 9:00 PM on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] from 1996 to 1997.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=SF>{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2024-06-09 |title=A visionary legacy: How Ramoji Rao shaped the Telugu media landscape |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/a-visionary-legacy-how-ramoji-rao-shaped-the-telugu-media-landscape/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref> The serial received acclaim from critics and audience alike.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Uttara's performance as the titular detective received praise.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

== In popular culture ==
The title song of the serial was parodied in a deleted scene in the 2019 Telugu film ''[[Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jahnavi |date=26 January 2021 |title=‘Mail’ to ‘Colour Photo’: The ‘90s kids genre in Telugu cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/mail-colour-photo-90s-kids-genre-telugu-cinema-142201 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhFZrcu-dWgnw5adeBLPs-W2CZ_z5jpQh ''Lady Detective''] at [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]

{{Vamsy}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:ETV Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Detective television series]]

Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India

2026-03-18T12:46:53Z

LucretiaGoldhar:

{{Short description|Non-profit educational society in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Primary sources|date=April 2009}}

[[File:Atul Singh addressing the gathering at ICFAI University1.jpg|thumb|Atul Singh addressing a gathering at ICFAI]]
The '''Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India''' ('''ICFAI''') was established in 1984 as a non-profit educational society in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. The institution has been offering education to students across India through its various programs in the field of higher education. The institution was founded by [[N.J. Yasaswy|N. J. Yasaswy]], [[Besant C. Raj]] and Dr. Prasanna Chandra, the Director of Centre for Financial Management.

The institute has a national presence with the sponsoring and establishment of eleven universities across India. Ten of these eleven universities have been established in the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Tripura]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]] (IFAI Sikkim provides [[Financial Analyst]] through correspondence mode as well), [[West Bengal]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] through acts passed by the legislative assemblies of the respective states. The eleventh university, namely the ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education (IFHE), has been declared as a deemed-to-be University under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956.<ref>{{cite web|title=UGC Act-1956|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/ugc_act.pdf|website=mhrd.gov.in/|publisher=Secretary, University Grants Commission|access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> A few more university applications are at an advanced stage of processing by the respective state governments.

==Pedagogy==
The case study method is a key component of the academic program at IBS, which is one of the few institutions in India that has made case studies a critical component of its curriculum.
Almost all the courses at IBS are taught 100% through case studies - the case studies being tailor-made to the requirements of different subject areas and topics. Student evaluation is based on class participation and written reports. Students are encouraged to analyse the issues in-depth by gathering supporting information - either through published sources or by directly interacting with the companies involved.IBS Hyderabad gives special emphasis on the case based pedagogy and teachers pitch in as facilitators of class-room discussion.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibshyderabad.org/Case-Focus.htm |title=Case Study Focus - IBS Hyderabad |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517090819/http://www.ibshyderabad.org/Case-Focus.htm |archive-date=17 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Indian CFA==
The ''Indian CFA'' is a [[Charter]] awarded to candidates completing the ''Master in Investment and Financial Analysis'' at the university; the program is focused on [[financial analysis]] as applicable to [[investment management]].
See next section.

== Trademark disputes CFAI vs ICFAI ==

===History of the dispute===
The [[Chartered Financial Analyst]] (CFA) program was first delivered through AIMR (today's [[CFA Institute]]) in the USA, and later in India with the partnership of the then Institute of Certified Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI). Note that ICFAI is not affiliated with the CFA Institute and both the institutes have broken their partnership and are running their courses separately.

There was a long pending trademark dispute between CFA Institute, USA & ICFAI over the use of the CFA Designation. On 25 May 2012, both the parties decided to resolve this long pending dispute and have entered into an agreement under which ICFAI will stop providing the CFA Charter.

This will allow both the parties to mutually co-exist and pursue their business objectives. ICFAI would continue to operate under the ICFAI brand but will begin phasing out the CFA designation over the next few years. The Candidates who have already been awarded the CFA Charter have been requested by ICFAI to use "CFA (ICFAI)" to help distinguish themselves from the [[CFA Institute]] Charter holders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icfai.org/Settlement_Agreement_with_CFA_Institute_USA.html|title=ICFAI|website=www.icfai.org}}</ref>

===ICFAI vs ICAI ===
In August 1989, the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] (ICAI), the national [[statutory body]] for [[professional accounting body|professional accounting]], imposed restrictions on its members on the use of the designation of `CFA' awarded by the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI). The ICAI notification issued on August 3, 1989 says that "if any member of ICAI, i.e. any Chartered Accountant, who obtained the qualification of Chartered Financial Analyst [awarded by ICFAI] on or after January 1, 1990, or has obtained the said qualification earlier did not surrender the same before the said date, [he/she] would be held guilty of professional misconduct under the provisions of the Chartered Accountants (CA) Act."

The ICFAI and others filed petitions in the Andhra Pradesh High Court challenging the notification. A single judge and a Division Bench dismissed them. ICFAI appealed the notification, contending that it was violative of a person's fundamental right to practise any profession guaranteed under Article 19 (1) (g) of the Constitution. On May 16, 2007 the above notification was quashed by [[Supreme Court of India]], and the ICAI was barred from applying the aforementioned prohibitions on its members.<ref>{{cite map|title = National: Court quashes ICAI notification|url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/23/stories/2007052303381300.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070706035720/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/23/stories/2007052303381300.htm|url-status = dead|work = [[The Hindu]]|date = 2007-05-23|archive-date = 2007-07-06}}</ref>

=== Future of ICFAI and CFA ===
ICFAI, having been embroiled in a long legal battle with the CFA Institute, focused its energy on developing private universities, some of which have [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] recognition along with [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] recognition. ICFAI has focussed all its energies away from developing its CFA charter like giving it statutory recognition increasing its status as a high status profession like that of CA from ICAI, which was announced by the governing member [[N. J. Yasaswy]] who vowed to take up the CFA Charter a notch above the legendary CA exam considered to be the toughest in the realm of finance, but instead has opened a host of non-CFA programs like MBA, ICFAI Business Schools (IBS), PG Programs which have scaled up into national top 10 place in India. It has also opened schools for under-graduate programs and offering degrees. Indian CFAs pass with a stringent eligibility to qualify as CFAs but have only a niche finance sector as the job market unlike CA which has traditional roles of Auditing and taxation along with statutory roles. ICFAI popularity is reducing and its part time MBA is a loot and complete failure.

CFAs work in investment related and finance fields where MBAs (some from ICFAI itself), CAs, Master's degree holders of Statistics, Economics, Doctorates etc. hold top posts.
ICFAI though has safeguarded its CFA charter in India with valid state legislature under IUT Tripura Act, but CFA charterholders are not mandatorily employable and currently don't perform any statutory duty unlike CAs, CSs, CMAs, though CCFA tried to accomplish this in investment related areas in India by submitting a draft bill to the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] for consideration which was rejected due to various legal disputes that ICFAI faces. Also here is a fact to note that ICFAI University Tripura has never been permitted to conduct any distance learning/correspondence course by UGC.<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/privateuniversities/ICFAITripura.pdf ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910123814/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/privateuniversities/ICFAITripura.pdf |date=10 September 2010 }}</ref> CFAs are employed only because of their course contents and rigor of the CFA program,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefinancialanalyst.org/employer.asp |title=Welcome to the Financial Analysts Group |publisher=Thefinancialanalyst.org |access-date=2010-09-01 |archive-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830081830/http://www.thefinancialanalyst.org/employer.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is the only reason they have got market acceptance with very few qualifying as CFAs every year. ICFAI has very few CFA charter holders, compared to other professionals and hence they don't have a large and established presence in the Indian job market. Indian companies have tied up with other Indian bodies like AMFI or NSE in offering investment designations and courses.As per information on ICFAI Tripura website this has DEC Approval and Recognition of Directorate of Distance Education, The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Tripura, by the Distance Education Council
"Distance Education Council (DEC) Vide their letter No.DEC/Recog/2010/277 dated August 04,2010 has accorded recognition to the Directorate of Distance Education, The Icfai University, Tripura and its programs after inspection by an expert joint committee consisting of UGC, AICTE and DEC nominees. "
Frequent changes to eligibility requirements changes in fee structure, exorbitant council membership charges etc., have caused confusion among the student community. Many founding members have left ICFAI as they were not happy with the way ICFAI treated its flagship course. The course, which was once a stepping stone for Indians into analytic finance has become just one more obscure degree due to continuous changes in the curriculum. As a result, there is negativity about this course in the Indian corporate world. Keeping in view the demands from the corporate world and impending competition, ICFAI is thinking of bringing wholesale changes in the curriculum and the training method from the current academic year. The new course can only be completed in 24 months and will include a training program for the passing students of final exam. ICFAI is also creating a window for students of CFA program to undergo 2 months internship with its in-house concerns to impart rigorous analytical skills. Exemption for MBAs will be stopped from the current academic year. Also, ICFAI is drafting a continuing professional development module which will be compulsory for all the current CFAs. This program will enable the current CFAs to enhance their knowledge in their respective areas and will include relevant statutes changes, paradigm shift in capital markets and allied subject matter. ICFAI hopes to regain the old status of its CFA program through continuously evolving methods, the most recent is focussing on the core aspects of investment management and financial analysis in its MFA degree(current CFA syllabus) and increasing CFA charter membership by giving official charters to students who have cleared the core subjects of investment management and financial analysis of the previous(CFA curriculum) MS Finance program.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1984]]
[[Category:Professional certification in finance]]

Godfather (1991 film)

2026-03-12T03:01:00Z

LucretiaGoldhar: small reworked intro after review and updated info

{{short description|1991 film by Siddique-Lal}}
{{About|the 1991 film|other uses|Godfather (disambiguation){{!}}Godfather}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Godfather
| image = Godfather 1991 poster.jpg
| caption = [[National Film Archive of India|NFAI]] archived poster
| director = [[Siddique-Lal]]
| producer = [[PD Abraham|Appachan]]
| writer = Siddique-Lal
| narrator =
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[N. N. Pillai]]|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]|[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]|[[Thilakan]]| [[Philomina]]}}
| music = {{Unbulleted_list|[[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chithram-godfather-know-music-composers-behind-these-malayalam-hits-141594|date=16 January 2021|access-date=30 May 2021|work=The News Minute|author=Cris|title='Chithram' to 'Godfather', know the music composers behind these Malayalam hits|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213819/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chithram-godfather-know-music-composers-behind-these-malayalam-hits-141594|url-status=live}}</ref>|'''Lyrics:''' [[Bichu Thirumala]]}}
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = {{Unbulleted_list|K. R. Gaurishankar|T. R. Shekhar}}
| studio = Swargachithra Films
| distributor = Swargachithra Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|11|15|India}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Godfather''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy film|action comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Siddique–Lal]]. It is produced by [[Swargachitra Appachan|Appachan]] under the banner of [[Swargachitra Appachan|Swargachithra]]. The film stars [[N. N. Pillai]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Thilakan]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Bheeman Raghu]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]], [[Jagadish]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] and [[Philomina]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godfather (1991) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2413 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002172937/https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2413 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film revolves around the rivalry between two families, the Anjooran and Anappara [[Tharavad|houses]] and the consequences faced when two members of the families fall in love.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=25 Malayalam Comedies for Every Mood, Available on YouTube |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/best-malayalam-comedies-movies-on-youtube-for-every-mood-mohanlal-mammootty-nadodikattu-godfather |work=Film Companion |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517094440/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/best-malayalam-comedies-movies-on-youtube-for-every-mood-mohanlal-mammootty-nadodikattu-godfather |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Godfather'' was initially planned to be released before ''[[In Harihar Nagar]]'' (1990), however Siddique-Lal felt that the film's script was not complete, and as a result stretched production time.<ref name=":1" /> The film was released on 15 November 1991 to positive reviews and became a commercial success, running for a record 404 days at Sreekumar theatre in [[Trivandrum]].<ref name=":2" /> It was also the highest grossing Malayalam film at that time.

==Plot==
Anjooran, and his four sons Balaraman, Swaminathan, Premachandran and Ramabhadran are in severe enmity with the Anappara family. Anjooran's bitter hatred toward Anappara Achhamma ''(Achhamma - Father's mother)'' stems from events in the past, when the men of Anappara abducted Balaraman's fiancée and forced her to marry the eldest son of Achamma. The resulting series of events saw Anjooran's wife being killed, and him being sent to jail for avenging her by murdering Achhamma's husband. Consequently, he develops a deep hatred and anger towards all women, and their entry into his home is prohibited from then on.

Anjooran's youngest son Ramabhadran is a law college student. At Law college, he and his friend Mayin Kutty try all means to humiliate their classmate Malu, who is the granddaughter of Achhamma. Malu gets engaged to Shyam Prasad, a young state minister, but the minister withdraws from the relation as Anjooran intervenes and threatens him of political consequences. Incensed, Achamma hatches a plan to divide Anjooran's family by having Malu seduce Ramabhadran and making him turn against his father. When Malu expresses her feelings to Ramabhadran, as per the advice of her grandmother, Mayin Kutty ideates that Ramabhadran could divide the Anappara family by seducing Malu and turning her against them. On his advice, Ramabhadran too acts as if he is in love with her. The facade soon falls and they really fall in love with each other. While wondering about ways to get his family to support this relationship, he gets to know that Swaminathan is leading a secret double life as Ramanathan, with a wife Kochammini and two children. When confronted with this information, Swaminathan promises to help unite him and Malu.

Through a turn of events, Anjooran learns of Ramabhadran's love affair and Swaminathan's deceitfulness. Consequently, they're both ostracised from the family. Over at Anappara, Achhamma is shocked to know that Malu's love is not a mere act. She and her sons decide to get her married to the family's advocate's son. However, she still tries to bring her plans to fruition by sending out signals that the house is divided over the issue. To this end, she sends her sons to beg for Anjooran's help in preventing Ramabhadran from marrying Malu (a request that Anjooran approves), and approaches Ramabhadran himself assuring him of all help in doing so.

However, Achhamma does not know that her youngest son Veerabhadran is sympathetic to the lovers' cause and has revealed her plan to Ramabhadran. With his help, Ramabhadran sneaks in to the marriage hall and almost marries Malu. Enraged, Achhamma curses Anjooran for not being vigilant enough, exposing her duplicity. Ramabhadran then admits that he sneaked in not to marry Malu, but to foil Achhamma's plan and save his father's honour. A regretful Anjooran allows the wedding of Ramabhadran and Malu to take place and welcomes both him, Swaminathan and their families back into the fold, thereby paving the way for the entry of women into his house once again.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[N. N. Pillai]] as Anjooran<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/09/18/godfather-anjooran-nn-pillai-character.html|title=അച്ഛൻ ഒരിക്കലും 'അഞ്ഞൂറാനാകില്ല': വിജയരാഘവൻ സിദ്ദിഖ്–ലാലിനോട് പറഞ്ഞു|work=Manorama Online|language=ml|date=18 September 2019|access-date=30 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213828/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/09/18/godfather-anjooran-nn-pillai-character.html|url-status=live}}
</ref>
* [[Philomina]] as Aanappara Achhamma
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Ramabhadran, Anjooran's youngest son
* [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Malu, Achamma's granddaughter and Parasuraman's daughter
* [[Thilakan]] as Balaraman, Anjooran's eldest son
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Swaminathan / E. K. Ramanathan, Anjooran's second son
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Premachandran, Anjooran's third son
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] in a dual role as :
** Parasuraman, Achhamma's eldest son
** Aanappara Parameswaran, Achhamma's husband
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Bhoominathan, Achhamma's second son
* [[Kundara Johny]] as Hemachandran, Achhamma's third son
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Veerabhadran, Achhamma's youngest son
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Kochammini Teacher, Swaminathan's wife
* [[Thodupuzha Vasanthi]] as Remani, Bhoominathan's wife
* [[Unni Mary]] as Omana, Hemachandran's wife
* [[Ravi Vallathol]] as Dr. Balakrishnan, the son of Achamma's advocate and Malu's fiancée
* [[Jagadish]] as Mayin Kutty, Ramabhadran's friend
* [[Sankaradi]] as Achamma's advocate
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as Anjooran's advocate
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Sathyan, Anjooran's houseboy
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Mercy, Malu's friend
* [[Beena Antony]] as Beena, Malu's friend
* Baby Ambili as Swaminathan & Kochammini's Elder Daughter
* Baby Aswathi as Swaminathan & Kochammini's Younger Daughter
* Thrissur Elsy as Hostel warden
* [[Zeenath]] as Kadappuram Karthyayani
* Vinod Kozhikode as Achhamma's henchman
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Godfather
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 15 November 1991
| recorded = 1991
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:46
| label = Nisari Music
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| producer = [[Swargachitra Appachan|Appachan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|5QyR926Yg4o|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = List of songs
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:46
| title1 = Manthrikochamma Varunnundee
| extra1 = [[K. G. Markose]]
| lyrics1 = [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| length1 = 02:39
| title2 = Neer Palunkukal
| extra2 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| lyrics2 = [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| length2 = 03:55
| title3 = Neer Palunkukal
| note3 = Male
| extra3 = M. G. Sreekumar
| lyrics3 = [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| length3 = 03:55
| title4 = Pookkalam Vannu Pookkalam
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Unni Menon]]
| lyrics4 = [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| length4 = 03:03
}}

==Box office==
The film was a huge commercial success, becoming one among the biggest blockbusters ever in Malayalam film industry.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/coronavirus-outbreak-tsunami-team-calls-off-shoot/articleshow/74667480.cms|title=Coronavirus outbreak: 'Tsunami' team calls off shoot|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 May 2020|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103104831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/coronavirus-outbreak-tsunami-team-calls-off-shoot/articleshow/74667480.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It ran for 404 days at Sreekumar Theatre in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] alone, which still remains an unbeaten record in Malayalam film history. The film grossed ₹ 22,84,147 in 246 days from Sreekumar Theatre, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>[[Vellinakshatram (magazine)|''Vellinakshatram'']] : [https://uploads.tapatalk-cdn.com/20190812/8b4b0b7ad7c298fc6aa24f27d374b7a6.jpg 1992 Reports - Thiruvananthapuram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025182516/https://uploads.tapatalk-cdn.com/20190812/8b4b0b7ad7c298fc6aa24f27d374b7a6.jpg |date=25 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Remakes==
The film was remade into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Peddarikam]]'' (1992).<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Narasimham |first1=M. L. |title=Emotions of the downcast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/emotions-of-the-downcast/article26849784.ece |accessdate=17 April 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 April 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214135/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/emotions-of-the-downcast/article26849784.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1993 [[film producer|producer]] [[N. Chandra]] and director Purshottam Berde remade the film into [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as ''Ghayaal''. In 2004, [[Priyadarshan]] remade the film in [[Hindi film|Hindi]] as ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]''. It was also remade in [[Kannada film|Kannada]] as ''[[Pandavaru]]'' (2006),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhkNMXPHW98 | title=Ghayaal (1993) - Avinash Kharshikar - Ajinkya Deo - Ashok Saraf - Shivaji Satam - Marathi Movies - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] | date=4 October 2012 | access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Bangladesh]] as ''[[Dadima (2006 film)|Dadima]]'' (2006) and in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''[[Love Dot Com]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odia music, tune, song by various oDiA Film |url=https://www.odiamusic.com/Category/?v=3 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Odiamusic |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002172934/https://www.odiamusic.com/Category/?v=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==
The film ran for more than 400 days in [[movie theatres]] in [[Kerala]]. Especially the film ran for 417 days in [[Visakh Subramaniam|Sree Kumar Theatre]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Spell-of-Mollywood-Movies-Released-in-1991-Still-Grips-Hearts/2016/01/09/article3218192.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629163840/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Spell-of-Mollywood-Movies-Released-in-1991-Still-Grips-Hearts/2016/01/09/article3218192.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2016|title=Spell of Mollywood Movies Released in 1991 Still Grips Hearts|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-films-remade-in-hindi/photostory/48267580.cms|title=Malayalam films remade in Hindi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 July 2015|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award]] for Best Second Actress - [[Philomina]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vm80upPK61w&t=29s |title=Film Critics Award 1991 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0353496|Godfather}}
* [http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2413 ''Godfather''] at the Malayalam Movie Database

{{Siddique (director)}}
{{Lal Films}}

[[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddique–Lal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Balakrishnan (composer)]]

Aadhi

2026-03-03T20:31:26Z

LucretiaGoldhar: Made new stub

{{Short description|2018 Malayalam chase film by Jeethu Joseph}}
{{for-multi|the 2006 Tamil film|Aathi||Aadi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadhi
| image = Aadhi film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = International poster ([[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]])
| director = [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| producer = [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
| writer = Jeethu Joseph
| starring = [[Pranav Mohanlal]] [[Jagapathi Babu]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] [[Aditi Ravi]] [[Anusree]]
| music = [[Anil Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Satheesh Kurup]]
| editing = Ayoob Khan
| studio = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| distributor = [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|1|26|India}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = est. {{INR}}50 crore
}}

'''''Aadhi''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]] and produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] through [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]. The film stars [[Pranav Mohanlal]] in the title role (in his debut role) and with an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Aditi Ravi]], [[Anusree]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Siju Wilson]], [[Meghanathan]], [[Sijoy Varghese]], [[Tony Luke]] and [[Krishna Shankar]]. The original soundtrack for the film was composed by [[Anil Johnson]].

The [[principal photography]] took place between August and November 2017 in [[Kochi]], [[Bangalore]], and [[Hyderabad]].

''Aadhi'' was released in India on 26 January 2018 and met with positive response for its story, action sequences and performances  The film was a major commercial success, becoming one of the [[list of Malayalam films of 2018|highest-grossing Malayalam films of 2018]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/pranav-mohanlal-enters-rs-50-crore-club-aadhi-79735|title=
Pranav Mohanlal enters Rs 50 crore club with 'Aadhi|website=The News Minute|date=
17 April 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
Aadhi aspires to become a [[music director]] in cinema who is doing local singing gigs. He receives some support from his father, Mohan Varma, a successful businessman, he is not so optimistic about Aadhi's musical career and wants him to earn a livelihood from the business. His mother, Rosy, however, supports his wishes except for the parkour.

Aadhi is trying hard to get a breakthrough. Mohan sends Aadhi to take his friend Roy's car to [[Bangalore]] to receive Roy after his foreign trip. In Bangalore, Aadhi goes to a [[nightclub]] where eminent personalities from the music industry gather and seeks an opportunity to perform a musical to catch their attention. But circumstantially cause the death of a person who is the son of a greatly influential figure. The deceased was the son of Narayana Reddy, the owner of Pinnacle Group. Jayakrishnan intimidates Anjana and frames Aadhi for the death, and informs Reddy, who seeks to take revenge on Aadhi.

Reddy uses his influence to make it an accidental death to avoid police intervention and starts an underground [[Human hunting|manhunt]] for Aadhi, using a picture of him captured by the security camera in the club. Reddy gets hold of the car that Aadhi brought to the pub, his dad's boss's one, and through the security cam footage that he stays somewhere on the Bangalore-Mysore road. He sends his goons to catch Aadhi, while unbeknownst to all of it, he is in the streets. But using his free-running skills, he evades the goons only to end up with Sharath.

Sharath takes him home and tells him about the bounty Reddy has placed on him. Sharath also tells him that he will help him as Reddy has caused ill fates to his family, and is the sole reason why his family is this way. Sharath agrees to help him and his sister Jaya approves of that. Sharath takes help from his friend Mani Annan and decides to plot an escape plan, all to go to waste. Aadhi meets up with his dad at Sharath's home and decides to go abroad. He takes refuge in an abandoned factory until his escape plan is done.

Meanwhile, Reddy urges the cops to have a lookout for Aadhi, and all the transport routes are inspected for Aadhi's suspected departure. Aadhi, having lost his phone, keeps on his communicating with his parents through Sharath, and this intrigues Reddy, who decides to go for call tracing on that. Suspecting his activities to be disclosed, Jayakrishnan readily takes over the responsibility of monitoring the calls. He overhears the call and confirms Aadhi's location, and goes with some goons to get done with Aadhi. Aadhi somehow escapes from them and interprets that Jayakrishnan has been tapping his phone calls.

Jayakrishnan, having learned of Sharath's role in Aadhi's hideout, captures him and murders him before Sharath discloses Jayakrishnan's role in the death of Reddy's son. This creates a stir, and Aadhi is forced to leave the hideout. Aadhi plots a new plan to disclose things to Reddy, as the situation brings him to the conclusion that Jayakrishnan devised the whole plan to save face because Reddy might kill him if he is found guilty. Aadhi takes help from Mani Annan and a former employee of the Pinnacle Group, Ebin, to disclose to Reddy all the happenings at his office in Bangalore.

As per Ebin's request, he gets hold of gadgets to gain access to the security cam footage of the building and thereby get to Reddy's office. He also uses Anjana to devise a plan so that Jayakrishnan stays out of the office and passes information that he is going to meet Reddy at an event outside his office late one day. Jayakrishnan leaves the office soon. Aadhi gets inside the office through the service exit, and Anjana through the front door, which alerts Jayakrishnan, who returns soon after.

Meanwhile, Aadhi and Anjana reach Reddy's office, only for Reddy to attack Aadhi, who later convinces Reddy of Jayakrishnan's part in the ploy. Jayakrishnan soon comes and shoots Reddy, and leaves him for dead, and along with Siddharth, aka Siddhu discloses them as partners intending on killing Reddy and taking his wealth. Siddhu never intended on sharing and turns on Jayakrishnan and kills him and moves to kill Aadhi and Anjana as well. Aadhi makes a quick run for it and reaches the 10th floor of the building.

Aadhi is taken out by the guards before he could rappel out and Siddhu gets down to kill him. Before Siddhu could shoot him, it is revealed that the 10th-floor exit was an escape plan, and Aadhi performs a [[Dülfersitz]] just before Ebin turns the fire alarm on, to shower gasoline on them. Aadhi throws a lighter and escapes out in the ensuing explosion. Reddy recovers, and it is revealed that Aadhi is set free, and Jayakrishnan and Siddhu were killed because of the explosion on the 10th floor.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Pranav Mohanlal]] as Aditya Mohan / Aadhi
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Narayana Reddy
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Mohan Varma, Aadhi's father
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Rosy, Aadhi's mother
* [[Aditi Ravi]] as Anjana, Aadhi's classmate
* [[Anusree]] as Jaya, Sarath's elder sister
* [[Sijoy Varghese]] as Siddharth / Siddhu
* [[Siju Wilson]] as Jayakrishnan
* [[Meghanathan]] as Mani Annan
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as Sarath Nair
* [[Tony Luke]] as Ebin
* [[Krishna Shankar]] as Nadhir, Aadhi's friend
* Kritika Pradeep as Anu, a girl who has a crush on Aadhi
* [[Mohanlal]] as Himself ([[Cameo appearance]])
* [[Antony Perumbavoor]] as Himself ([[Cameo appearance]])
* James Pottackal as Man walking in GCDA (Cameo appearance)
* [[Jeethu Joseph]] as Man walking in street ([[Cameo appearance]])
* Roy C. J. as Himself ([[Cameo appearance]])
* Nithin Hari as Reddy's Son
{{div col end}}

==Production==
=== Development ===

On 30 September 2016, [[Mohanlal]] announced that his son [[Pranav Mohanlal]] would be acting in a film directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]] and produced by [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], which would be a thriller. The film marks the return of Pranav as an actor, who had earlier appeared as child actor. He had worked with Jeethu as an [[assistant director]] in two films{{mdash}}''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' and ''[[Life of Josutty]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=It's official! Pranav Mohanlal to debut as lead in Jeethu Joseph film|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/300916/its-official-mohanlals-son-pranav-to-be-the-lead-in-jeethu-joseph-film.html|access-date=13 October 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109105423/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/300916/its-official-mohanlals-son-pranav-to-be-the-lead-in-jeethu-joseph-film.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The project was [[Green-light|green-lit]] a few days before the announcement when Jeethu had a discussion with Pranav.<ref name="DC">{{cite news|last=K. S.|first=Aravind|title=Pranav to make his entry|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/021016/pranav-to-make-his-entry.html|access-date=2 August 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109105423/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/300916/its-official-mohanlals-son-pranav-to-be-the-lead-in-jeethu-joseph-film.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> After learning Pranav wanted to return to acting, Jeethu approached him with an abstract idea of a film and received positive feedback.<ref name="manorama">{{cite news|last=ടോണി|title=പ്രണവിന്റെ വേഷമെന്ത് ? ജീത്തു ജോസഫ് പറയുന്നു|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/exclusives/jeethu-joseph-about-pranav-mohanlal-movie.html|access-date=2 August 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109110120/http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/exclusives/jeethu-joseph-about-pranav-mohanlal-movie.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|language=ml|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jeethu was in charge of writing; he had completed the story by the time of the announcement and had begun writing the screenplay, intending it to be his next directorial.<ref name="DC"/> He described the film as an action movie and a thriller, but it will not resemble a thriller like his 2013 film ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]''.<ref name="manorama" /> Jeethu had developed the story idea during his college education. His protagonist was a [[marathon]] or [[Cross country running|cross country runner]], whose athletic skills aid him in the story. For the film, it was changed to [[parkour]] since Pranav had learned it during his academic life. The entire plot takes place within one week or 10 days.<ref name="deepika">{{cite news|last=ബൈജുനാഥ്|first=ടി. ജി.|title=സിംപിളാണ് പ്രണവ്; ഫാമിലി എന്‍റർടെയ്നറാണ് ആദി: ജിത്തു ജോസഫ്|url=http://www.deepika.com/cinema/StarChat.aspx?Starchat-with-Director-Jeethu-Joseph&ID=503|access-date=26 January 2018|work=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]|date=22 January 2018|language=ml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125211535/http://deepika.com/Cinema/StarChat.aspx?Starchat-with-Director-Jeethu-Joseph&ID=503|archive-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of March 2017, Jeethu said he was working on the script and hoped to start filming by June, with the rest of the cast finalizing after the first draft is prepared.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Pranav Mohanlal's debut movie to start shooting in June|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlals-debut-movie-to-start-shooting-in-june/articleshow/57939184.cms|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109110249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlals-debut-movie-to-start-shooting-in-june/articleshow/57939184.cms|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In early May, Jeethu confirmed that the first draft was complete and they were about to enter pre-production,<ref>{{cite news|last=K. S.|first=Aravind|title=Donning a new hat|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/080517/donning-a-new-hat-1.html|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=8 May 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109110825/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/080517/donning-a-new-hat-1.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> with the filming planned to begin in the second half of 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Pranav Mohanlal's debut movie will be shot outside Kerala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlals-debut-movie-will-be-shot-outside-kerala/articleshow/58575604.cms|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 May 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109111105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlals-debut-movie-will-be-shot-outside-kerala/articleshow/58575604.cms|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In mid-May he stated that he is still working on the screenplay.<ref>{{cite news|title=പ്രണവ് മോഹന്‍ലാലിന്റ ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ പേരില്‍ തട്ടിപ്പ്|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pranav-mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-movie-1.1949710|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109111227/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pranav-mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-movie-1.1949710|archive-date=9 November 2017|language=ml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early July 2017, Jeethu said he intended to start filming by the end of that month.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pranav Mohanlal's debut to go on the floors by July end|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jul/05/pranav-mohanlals-debut-to-go-on-the-floors-by-july-end-1624382.html|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|agency=Express News Service|date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109111538/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jul/05/pranav-mohanlals-debut-to-go-on-the-floors-by-july-end-1624382.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> For the film, Pranav trained in parkour.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chandran|first=Cynthia|title=Suspense, is thy name Pranav?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/050717/suspense-is-thy-name-pranav.html|access-date=2 August 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109111428/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/050717/suspense-is-thy-name-pranav.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The title ''Aadhi'' along with an [[Moster (motion movie poster)|animated digital poster]] were revealed on 5 July at the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] function of the film held at hotel [[Vivanta by Taj]] in Thycaud, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The venue was shared with the puja of Aashirvad Cinemas's ''[[Odiyan]]''. ''Aadhi'' is billed with the tagline, "some lies can be deadly". [[Satheesh Kurup]] was signed as the cinematographer, while [[Anil Johnson]] as music composer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal's son Pravav's debut movie as lead is titled Aadhi|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jul/05/mohanlals-son-pravavs-debut-movie-as-lead-is-titled-aadhi-1624568.html|access-date=2 August 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|agency=Express News Service|date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109111744/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jul/05/mohanlals-son-pravavs-debut-movie-as-lead-is-titled-aadhi-1624568.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===

[[Pranav Mohanlal|Pranav]] plays Aadhi, an urban youth who loves music and aspires to become a music director.<ref name="music">{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Pranav Mohanlal plays an aspiring music director in Aadhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-plays-an-aspiring-music-director-in-aadhi/articleshow/60840381.cms|access-date=8 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108180900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-plays-an-aspiring-music-director-in-aadhi/articleshow/60840381.cms|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Although [[Pranav Mohanlal|Pranav]] was described about his character, [[Jeethu Joseph|Jeethu]] gave him freedom to mould the character accordingly.<ref>{{cite news|last=U. R.|first=Arya|title=Pranav Mohanlal-Jeethu Joseph movie is titled as 'Aadi'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-movie-is-titled-as-aadi/articleshow/59458580.cms|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109092015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-movie-is-titled-as-aadi/articleshow/59458580.cms|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2017, [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]], and [[Siju Wilson]] were confirmed in prominent roles. Initially [[Sunny Wayne]] was signed for a role but had to cancel because of scheduling conflicts. The film has no romantic track. The leading female roles were played by [[Anusree]], [[Aditi Ravi]], and [[Lena (actress)|Lena]].<ref name="shoot">{{cite news|title=Pranav Mohanlal starrer Aadi doesn't have a love track|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/01/pranav-mohanlal-starrer-aadi-doesnt-have-a-love-track-1636357.html|access-date=12 August 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|agency=Express News Service|date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108185948/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/01/pranav-mohanlal-starrer-aadi-doesnt-have-a-love-track-1636357.html|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Aditi plays Anjana, a [[Bangalore]]-based [[Malayali]] banking professional.<ref>{{cite news|last=Manu|first=Meera|title=Spilling her fan girl moments|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/231017/spilling-her-fan-girl-moments.html|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109081414/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/231017/spilling-her-fan-girl-moments.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> She was suggested to [[Jeethu Joseph|Jeethu]] by cinematographer [[Satheesh Kurup]], who worked in her debut film ''[[Alamara]]''; Aditi was cast after a [[screen test]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Aditi Ravi thrilled to be part of Aadi|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/03/aditi-ravi-thrilled-to-be-part-of-aadi-1637410.html|access-date=12 August 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|agency=Express News Service|date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811081635/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/03/aditi-ravi-thrilled-to-be-part-of-aadi-1637410.html|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Siddique and Lena play Aadhi's father and mother.<ref>{{cite news|title=പാർക്കൗർ; ആദിയിൽ പ്രണവ് പറക്കും|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/09/05/Pranav-Mohanlal--parkour-for-his-aadhi.html|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109094428/http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/09/05/Pranav-Mohanlal--parkour-for-his-aadhi.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|language=ml|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in August 2017, confirming his presence, [[Tony Luke]] shared his character look on a social networking site, sporting a thick beard.<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Tony Luke joins Pranav Mohanlal's Aadhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tony-luke-joins-pranav-mohanlals-aadhi/articleshow/60005954.cms|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109093101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tony-luke-joins-pranav-mohanlals-aadhi/articleshow/60005954.cms|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of the month, [[Jagapati Babu]] was confirmed to be in the cast in a significant role.<ref>{{cite news|last=Suresh|first=Meera|title=Pranav Mohanlal's Aadi to have Jagapati Babu in it|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/29/pranav-mohanlals-aadi-to-have-jagapati-babu-in-it-1649355.html|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109085622/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/aug/29/pranav-mohanlals-aadi-to-have-jagapati-babu-in-it-1649355.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Ramoji Film City.jpg|thumb|[[Ramoji Film City]], where parts of the film was shot.]]
Preliminary [[principal photography]] commenced on 5 July 2017 at hotel [[Vivanta by Taj]] in Thycaud, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] after a puja function held at the same venue{{mdash}}it was a single brief [[Shot (filmmaking)|shot]] featuring Pranav.<ref>{{cite news|title=ഏട്ടന് അനിയത്തിയുടെ ക്ലാപ്പ്; ചുവടുവച്ച് ആദി, ഒടിയനായി അച്ഛനും|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-pranav-mohanlal-aadhi-movie-odiyan-jeethu-joseph-va-shrikumar-menon-1.2064239|access-date=12 August 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108184058/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-pranav-mohanlal-aadhi-movie-odiyan-jeethu-joseph-va-shrikumar-menon-1.2064239|archive-date=8 November 2017|language=ml|url-status=live}}</ref> The regular filming began on 1 August 2017 in [[Nedumbassery]], Kochi.<ref name="shoot"/> Pranav was seen playing a guitar in the scene stills taken on the day.<ref>{{cite news|author=Express Web Desk|title=Aadhi on-set pictures: Pranav Mohanlal gets a new makeover for his debut film|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/aadhi-on-set-pictures-pranav-mohanlal-gets-a-new-makeover-for-his-debut-film-4777788/|access-date=7 November 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108183959/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/aadhi-on-set-pictures-pranav-mohanlal-gets-a-new-makeover-for-his-debut-film-4777788/|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Early in this schedule, some scenes were filmed inside a studio near Pathadipalam in Kochi, inside which a house was created in [[Set construction|set]]. Pranav and Anusree were present in that segment.<ref>{{cite web|last=സുരേഷ്|first=കെ.|title=തികഞ്ഞ പെർഫെക്ഷനിസ്റ്റാണ് പ്രണവ് – ജീത്തു ജോസഫ്|url=https://www.magzter.com/preview/1219/238802#page/4|website=[[Magzter]]|publisher=[[Nana (magazine)|Nana]]|access-date=8 November 2017|page=13|language=ml|date=3 September 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The first schedule in Kochi continued until 10 August<ref>{{cite news|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ|title=ആദിയിൽ പ്രണവിന്റെ നായികയാര്? ജീത്തു ജോസഫ് പറയുന്നു|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/exclusives/2017/08/01/who-is-the-heroine-in-aadi-starring-pranav-mohanlal.html|access-date=7 November 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=1 August 2017|language=ml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108183435/http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/exclusives/2017/08/01/who-is-the-heroine-in-aadi-starring-pranav-mohanlal.html|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second schedule began in [[Bangalore]] the following week.<ref>{{cite news|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ|title=പ്രണവ് മോഹൻലാൽ ബംഗലൂരുവിൽ|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/08/14/pranav-mohanlal-aadhi-shoot-banglore.html|access-date=7 November 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=14 August 2017|language=ml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108183613/http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/08/14/pranav-mohanlal-aadhi-shoot-banglore.html|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The schedule was expected to continue until mid-September and then shift to [[Hyderabad]] by the end of the month.<ref>{{cite news|title=തൊടാൻ കിട്ടില്ല; ചാടിയും പറന്നും പോവും പ്രണവ്|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-pranav-aadhi-malayalam-movie-jeethujoseph-parkour-1.2210775|access-date=8 November 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911094230/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-pranav-aadhi-malayalam-movie-jeethujoseph-parkour-1.2210775|archive-date=11 September 2017|language=ml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early September, Jeethu said the crew had already filmed two songs of the three songs. The unit finished filming in Bangalore and shifted to Hyderabad earlier than scheduled due to rain. Filming began at [[Ramoji Film City]] in Hyderabad from 3 September; the scenes including an office, a building, a club, and a dance bar had originally been planned for Bangalore but were shot in Ramoji Film City instead. The schedule in Ramoji Film City was planned for 20 days. The film also had location shooting in a few streets in Hyderabad.<ref name="ramoji">{{cite news|last=റിംജു|first=സി. കെ.|title=തിമിര്‍ത്താടി ആദിയും കൂട്ടരും|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/chitrabhumi/--1.2222469|access-date=8 November 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108143830/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/chitrabhumi/--1.2222469|archive-date=8 November 2017|language=ml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=മാത്യു|first=ടോണി|title=ആദിയായി ഹൈദരാബാദിൽ പ്രണവിന്റെ ഓണം|url=http://localnews.manoramaonline.com/ernakulam/features/2017/09/07/ernakulam-pranav-onam.html|access-date=8 November 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108144208/http://localnews.manoramaonline.com/ernakulam/features/2017/09/07/ernakulam-pranav-onam.html|archive-date=8 November 2017|language=ml|url-status=live}}</ref> Pranav, Aditi, and Anusree took part in this schedule.<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama staff|title=When Pranav Mohanlal danced to 'Jimikki Kammal'|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2017/09/05/pranav-mohanlal-jimikki-kammal-video-song-dance.html|access-date=8 November 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108180419/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2017/09/05/pranav-mohanlal-jimikki-kammal-video-song-dance.html|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeethu's spouse Linta Jeethu was the film's costume designer.<ref name="ramoji"/>

Pranav received the screenplay early and had several discussions with Jeethu, who said, "because he has been through the script so many times, he is able to add his improvisations" and "directing him has been a seamless experience". By the end of September 2017, Jeethu said they had one month of shoot left in Hyderabad and would soon film the action scenes, for which a foreign stunt director would join the unit. After completing the action scenes, the crew would shift again between Kochi and Bangalore.<ref name="music"/> On 23 October, the unit returned to Kochi to begin the final phase of filming; the climax scenes were shot in the next two days.<ref>{{cite news|title=നരസിംഹം വന്ന ദിവസം പ്രണവിന്റെ 'ആദി' വരും|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAxODMzNTU=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxNy0xMC0yNCAwOTozMDowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|access-date=8 November 2017|work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108124500/http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAxODMzNTU=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxNy0xMC0yNCAwOTozMDowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|archive-date=8 November 2017|language=ml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Pranav was injured while breaking glass for a scene.<ref>{{cite news|last=വിജയൻ|first=അശ്വതി|title=പ്രണവിന് പരിക്ക്, ഷൂട്ടിംഗ് നിറുത്തി|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAxODQ4Mzc=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxNy0xMS0wMiAwODo1NTowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|access-date=8 November 2017|work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171103131105/http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAxODQ4Mzc=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxNy0xMS0wMiAwODo1NTowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|archive-date=3 November 2017|language=ml|url-status=dead}}</ref> While performing an action scene in Kochi, Pranav's finger bruised and bled; he was taken to a hospital and was prescribed two days' rest. The crew had only three days of filming left and were about to return to Hyderabad for the weekend. Since the upcoming action scenes require many hand movements, filming was postponed to the next week. They were permitted to shoot only at weekends.<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Anjana|title=Pranav's injury is no cause for concern: Jeethu Joseph|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranavs-injury-is-no-cause-for-concern-jeethu-joseph/articleshow/61484010.cms|access-date=8 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 November 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108181040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranavs-injury-is-no-cause-for-concern-jeethu-joseph/articleshow/61484010.cms|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> When the first poster of the film was released on 4 November, Jeethu wrote on his social networking page that the final phase of filming was progressing in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|title=Pranav Mohanlal starrer Aadi's first look is out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-starrer-aadis-first-look-is-out/articleshow/61506611.cms|access-date=8 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 November 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108182758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-starrer-aadis-first-look-is-out/articleshow/61506611.cms|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 8 November 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|title=Team Aadhi wraps up shoot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/team-aadhi-wraps-up-shoot/articleshow/61594001.cms|access-date=11 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107065326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/team-aadhi-wraps-up-shoot/articleshow/61594001.cms|archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Infobox album
| name = Aadhi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anil Johnson]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2018|1|26}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue = [[Kochi]], [[Chennai]]
| studio = Blacknoise Studio 20 dB Studios
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length =
| label = Goodwill Entertainments
| producer = Anil Johnson
| prev_title = [[Lakshyam (2017 film)|Lakshyam]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

[[Anil Johnson]] composed the music for the film, it features three songs. Besides acting, Pranav made his debut as a playback singer and songwriter with a retro English track in the film. When Jeethu asked, Pranav expressed interest in writing and singing the track that appears in a live performance scene in the film. He also played the guitar.<ref name="deepika"/> Johnson was confident of Pranav's singing and guitar skills. Titling the song, finalizing the tune, and recording, was done in Kochi after Pranav returned from the final filming schedule in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="song">{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Pranav Mohanlal to sing a retro English track in Aadhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-to-sing-a-retro-english-track-in-aadhi/articleshow/61518381.cms|access-date=6 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 November 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171108183129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-to-sing-a-retro-english-track-in-aadhi/articleshow/61518381.cms|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> "Sooryane", a single from the film was released by Goodwill Entertainments label on 5 January 2018 for digital download and as music video on YouTube. It was sung by [[Najim Arshad]] and written by Santhosh Varma. The music work was done at Blacknoise studio in Kochi and 20 dB Studios in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Goodwill Entertainments|title=Sooryane (From "Aadhi") – Single|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/sooryane-from-aadhi/1331522502?i=1331522722|publisher=[[iTunes]]|access-date=22 January 2018|date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072227/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sooryane-from-aadhi/1331522502?i=1331522722|archive-date=23 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|author=Goodwill Entertainments|title=Aadhi Official Video Song {{!}} Sooryane {{!}} Pranav Mohanlal {{!}} Jeethu Joseph {{!}} Anil Johnson|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xsz7G3BNpDU|publisher=YouTube|access-date=22 January 2018|date=5 January 2018}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Aadhi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer

| title1 = Gypsy Women
| writer1 = [[Pranav Mohanlal]]
| extra1 = Pranav Mohanlal
| length1 = 3:35

| title2 = Sooryane
| writer2 = [[Santhosh Varma]]
| extra2 = [[Najim Arshad]]
| length2 = 4:14

| title3 = Piriyum Naam
| writer3 = Santhosh Varma
| extra3 = Najim Arshad
| length3 = 3:36

| title4 = Gypsy Women
| note4 = Karaoke Version
| length4 = 4:01

| title5 = Sooryane
| note5 = Karaoke Version
| length5 = 4:14

| title6 = Piriyum Naam
| note6 = Karaoke Version
| length6 = 3:36
}}

== Release==
The makers initially targeted a release by Christmas 2017, but in August that year, Jeethu confirmed the film would not be released at Christmas because filming was expected to finish by October and the film would have an extensive post-production.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pranav Mohanlal's debut film 'Aadi' starts rolling|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/pranav-mohanlals-debut-film-aadi-starts-rolling/article19401122.ece|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171109082940/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/pranav-mohanlals-debut-film-aadi-starts-rolling/article19401122.ece|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In early November 2017, Jeethu stated they had a few more days of filming left but had already begun the post-production work to ensure a release by the end of January 2018.<ref name="song"/> Release date was confirmed in December 2017.<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service|title='Aadhi' is not all about parkour, says Jeethu Joseph|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/dec/30/watch--aadhi-is-not-all-about-parkour-says-jeethu-joseph-1739944.html|access-date=30 December 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051637/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/dec/30/watch--aadhi-is-not-all-about-parkour-says-jeethu-joseph-1739944.html|archive-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Aadhi'' released in India on 26 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|title=Aadhi movie review: Audiences say Pranav Mohanlal proves his mettle in debut film|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/aadhi-malayalam-movie-review-rating-by-audiences-live-updates-758292|access-date=28 January 2018|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127200627/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/aadhi-malayalam-movie-review-rating-by-audiences-live-updates-758292|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''Aadhi'' opened to positive response from critics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|title=Pranav Mohanlal starrer Aadhi's Gypsy Woman making video is about wanderlust|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/pranav-mohanlal-starrer-aadhis-gypsy-woman-making-video-is-about-wanderlust/articleshow/62697408.cms|access-date=30 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130221207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/pranav-mohanlal-starrer-aadhis-gypsy-woman-making-video-is-about-wanderlust/articleshow/62697408.cms|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}{{indent|4}}{{cite news|last=Warrier|first=Unni K.|title=As Aadhi gets rave reviews, Pranav Mohanlal is out of coverage area|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/01/26/aadhi-release-pranav-mohanlal-himalaya-trip-photos.html|access-date=28 January 2018|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127181834/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/01/26/aadhi-release-pranav-mohanlal-himalaya-trip-photos.html|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live}}{{indent|4}}{{cite news|title=As 'Aadhi' gets rave reviews, Pranav is in Himalayas|url=http://www.mangalam.com/en-news/detail/187089-entertainment-as-aadhi-gets-rave-reviews-pranav-is-in-himalayas.html|access-date=30 January 2018|work=[[Mangalam Publications|Mangalam]]|date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204242/http://www.mangalam.com/en-news/detail/187089-entertainment-as-aadhi-gets-rave-reviews-pranav-is-in-himalayas.html|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}{{indent|4}}{{cite news|author=Express Web Desk|title=Mohanlal on Aadhi: Pranav has done a good job|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-on-aadhi-pranav-has-done-a-good-job-5043453/|access-date=30 January 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129115528/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-on-aadhi-pranav-has-done-a-good-job-5043453/|archive-date=29 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Aadhi'' is one of the most exciting rollercoaster rides ever to emerge from Malayalam cinema."<ref>{{cite news|last=Vetticad|first=Anna M. M.|title=Aadhi movie review: Pranav Mohanlal is a perfect fit for a smashing action flick|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aadhi-movie-review-pranav-mohanlal-is-a-perfect-fit-for-a-smashing-action-flick-4322379.html|access-date=28 January 2018|work=Firstpost|date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128051545/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aadhi-movie-review-pranav-mohanlal-is-a-perfect-fit-for-a-smashing-action-flick-4322379.html|archive-date=28 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Meera Suresh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and called it "an impressive debut from Pranav", stating that "With mind-boggling action sequences and enough screen presence, Mohanlal's son makes a comfortable debut, winning us with his charisma."<ref>{{cite news|last=Suresh|first=Meera|title=Aadhi Review: An impressive debut from Pranav|url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2018/jan/26/aadhi-review-pranav-makes-an-impressive-start-with-thrilling-action-scenes-4229.html|access-date=28 January 2018|work=[[Cinema Express]]|date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140453/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2018/jan/26/aadhi-review-pranav-makes-an-impressive-start-with-thrilling-action-scenes-4229.html|archive-date=29 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

G. Ragesh of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Aadhi is tailor-made for the entry of Pranav Mohanlal into the world of stardom and the writer-director has done everything possible to keep the fans of the superstar in good spirits."<ref>{{cite news|last=Ragesh|first=G.|title='Aadhi' review: a perfect entry for Pranav Mohanlal|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2018/01/26/pranav-mohanlal-debut-movie-aadhi-thriller.html|access-date=28 January 2018|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127200659/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2018/01/26/pranav-mohanlal-debut-movie-aadhi-thriller.html|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Aadhi'' is an entertaining journey of a youth, which gives you some edge of the seat moments with his action skills. Jeethu Joseph has evidently tried to keep the viewers engaged using a fast-paced presentation."<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Aadhi review: A thrilling ride (2018)|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aadhi-review-a-thrilling-ride-review-malayalam-sb0t0Taecgfcj.html|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=28 January 2018|date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127023156/http://www.sify.com/movies/aadhi-review-a-thrilling-ride-review-malayalam-sb0t0Taecgfcj.html|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Pranav's performance in action sequences is one of the mainstays in the film. Shot in real locations, Pranav draws applause for his skills in free running or popularly known as Parkour."<ref>{{cite news|last=R.|first=Manoj Kumar|title=Aadhi movie review: Pranav Mohanlal shines in this thriller|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aadhi-movie-review-pranav-mohanlal-star-rating-5040172/|access-date=28 January 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127082939/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aadhi-movie-review-pranav-mohanlal-star-rating-5040172/|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3/5 stars and said the film is "A high-octane, action-packed drama keeps audience, irrespective of ages, engaged."<ref>{{cite news|title=Aadhi movie review: Pranav parkours to stardom|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/280118/aadhi-movie-review-pranav-parkours-to-stardom.html|access-date=28 January 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128071836/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/280118/aadhi-movie-review-pranav-parkours-to-stardom.html|archive-date=28 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Deepa Soman of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Aadhi deserves your time if you can look past the familiarity of the story, and want to enjoy a mix of Mohanlal nostalgia, stunts and the genuine efforts of a newbie actor to breathe life into his debut character."<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Aadhi Review {3/5}: The movie deserves your time if you can look past the familiarity of the story|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/aadhi/movie-review/62668953.cms|access-date=28 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 January 2018}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was a commercial success at the box office, becoming one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of the year. It grossed {{INR}}50 Crore from the box office worldwide and ran over 100 days in theatres.<ref name="gross">{{cite news|last=Pais|first=Nichola|title=Star scions|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2018/apr/21/star-scions-1803781.html|access-date=24 April 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424074304/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2018/apr/21/star-scions-1803781.html|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the opening weekend (9–11 February), the film grossed $42,907 (₹32.19 lakh) from 38 screens in the United States<ref>{{cite web|title=Padmaavat crosses 25 mil. USD [Rs. 160 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/padmaavat-crosses-25-mil-usd-rs-160-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 June 2019|date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630144039/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/padmaavat-crosses-25-mil-usd-rs-160-cr-in-overseas/|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and £2,666 from two theatres in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gant|first=Charles|title=Fifty Shades Freed ties up top spot at UK box office|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2018/feb/13/fifty-shades-freed-ties-up-top-spot-at-uk-box-office|access-date=30 June 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630144040/https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2018/feb/13/fifty-shades-freed-ties-up-top-spot-at-uk-box-office|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It collected £25,583 (₹23.19 lakh) from 94 screens in the UK in the second week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aiyaary collects approx. 1 mil. USD [Rs. 6.45 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/aiyaary-collects-approx-1-mil-usd-rs-6-45-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 June 2019|date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630144037/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/aiyaary-collects-approx-1-mil-usd-rs-6-45-cr-in-overseas/|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In four weeks, the film grossed $85,982 (₹55.98 lakh) in the US and £50,571 (₹45.34 lakh) in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pari collects Rs. 2.27 cr. in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/pari-collects-rs-2-27-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 June 2019|date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630144042/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/pari-collects-rs-2-27-cr-in-overseas/|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In the opening weekend (15–18 February), it grossed $403,843 from 41 screens in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE)—second best opener of that weekend (behind ''[[Black Panther (film)|Black Panther]]'') and $9,557 from 3 screens in New Zealand. It collected $526,393 from the UAE in four weeks and $10,851 from New Zealand in two weeks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aadhi|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&wk=2018W7&id=_fAADHI01|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> Three week gross in New Zealand was NZ$14,875.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety collects Rs. 4.04 cr. in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-collects-rs-4-04-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 June 2019|date=26 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630144037/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-collects-rs-4-04-cr-in-overseas/|archive-date=30 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Awards===
Pranav won the Best Debut Actor award at the [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]] (SIIMA).<ref>{{cite news|title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/|access-date=17 August 2019|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/|archive-date=17 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Lena also won the SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Anusree won the award for Best Character Actress at the [[21st Asianet Film Awards]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt6109124}}

{{Jeethu Joseph}}
{{Aashirvad Cinemas}}

[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeethu Joseph]]
[[Category:2018 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Parkour in film]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Aashirvad Cinemas films]]

Divya Prabha

2026-03-03T19:35:51Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started stub...

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divya Prabha
| image = Divya Prabha at All We Imagine As Light Press Conference at 2024 Cannes Film Festival (cropped 2).jpg
| caption = Prabha in 2024
| image_size =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India

| occupation = Actress
| parents =
| years_active = 2013{{Endash}}present
| awards =
}}

'''Divya Prabha''' is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Malayalam]] films and television serials. She has starred in the independent films ''[[Ariyippu]]'' (2022) and ''[[All We Imagine as Light]]'' (2024).

==Career==
Prabha's acting career started with small roles in movies before transitioning to television serials. She gained wider attention for her roles in the films ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vidya |date=27 April 2017 |title=The Best 'Take Off' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/270417/the-best-take-off.html |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Thamaasha]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mythily Ramachandran |title='Thamaasha' stars on bringing unlikely heroes into the spotlight |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/thamaasha-stars-on-bringing-unlikely-heroes-into-the-spotlight-1.64849436 |access-date=29 June 2019 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=26 June 2019}}</ref> In 2015, she won Kerala State Television Award for Best Second Actress for her performance in the TV serial ''Eswaran Sakshiyayi''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-11 |title='Eswaran Sakshiyayi' wins five State Awards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/eswaran-sakshiyayi-wins-five-state-awards/articleshow/52701545.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She was nominated for Best Actress at the 2022 [[Locarno Film Festival]] in the international competition section for the movie ''[[Ariyippu]]'' directed by [[Mahesh Narayanan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/kunchacko-boban-mahesh-narayanan-locarno-ariyippu-1235330457/ |title=Kunchacko Boban, Mahesh Narayanan on Locarno Competition Title 'Ariyippu' (EXCLUSIVE) |date=3 August 2022}}</ref> The film premiered in the Concorso internazionale (international competition section) of the [[75th Locarno Film Festival]] on 4 August 2022, where it was nominated for the [[Golden Leopard]]. The film had a worldwide release on [[Netflix]] on 16 December 2022. She plays one of the lead roles in ''[[All We Imagine as Light]]'', directed by [[Payal Kapadia (filmmaker)|Payal Kapadia]], which competed for the [[Palme d'Or]] at the 77th [[Cannes Film Festival]] and won the [[Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)|Grand Prix]].<ref name="ramachandran">{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |last2=Keslassy |first2=Elsa |title=Cannes Winner 'All We Imagine as Light' at Center of Oscar Entry Battle Between France and India (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/all-we-imagine-as-light-oscar-france-india-1236143009/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=13 September 2024}}</ref>

==Acting credits==
=== Filmography ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2013 || ''[[Lokpal (film)|Lokpal]]'' || Marketing staff || ||
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]'' || Journalist || ||
|-
| ''Cold Storage'' || Princy || ||
|-
| ''[[SIM (film)|SIM]]'' || Komalam || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2014 || ''[[Ithihasa]]'' || Aan || ||
|-
| ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]'' || Divya || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaiyya Bhaiyya]]'' || Korah's daughter ||||
|-
| ''Pianist'' || Lekshmi || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vettah]]'' || Asha || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' || Jincy || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]'' || Kamala || ||
|-
| ''[[Nonsense (film)|Nonsense]]'' || Nurse || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' || Jolly || ||
|-
| ''[[Thamaasha]]'' || Babitha teacher || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2021 || ''[[Nizhal (2021 film)|Nizhal]]'' || Dr. Shalini || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizhal: Trailer of Kunchacko Boban - Nayanthara film out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/videos/trailers/2021/mar/29/nizhal-trailer-of-kunchacko-boban-nayanthara-film-out-23665.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]'' || Ayeesha || ||
|-
| ''[[Kodiyil Oruvan]]'' || Arulmozhi || Tamil film ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Ariyippu]]'' || Reshmi || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahesh-narayanan-s-ariyippu-selected-locarno-film-festival-contest-165631?amp |title=Mahesh Narayanan's Ariyippu selected for Locarno Film Festival contest |date=7 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Family (2023 film)|Family]]'' || Rani || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Family movie review: Don Palathara's stellar film exposes how family, religious institutions and society create a safe space for predators |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/family-movie-review-don-palathara-stellar-film-exposes-family-religious-institutions-society-safe-space-predators-9067250/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024 || ''[[All We Imagine as Light]]'' || Anu || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=All We Imagine As Light: Indian Film To Compete For Palme D'Or At The Cannes Film Festival |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/all-we-imagine-as-light-indian-film-to-compete-for-palme-dor-at-the-cannes-film-festival/92551/1 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Sarkeet]]'' || Steffi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-31 |title=Asif Ali’s Sarkeet gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/31/asif-alis-sarkeet-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Masthishka Maranam]]'' || Destimona || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-09 |title=Krishand’s Masthishka Maranam gets a release date, teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/09/krishands-masthishka-maranam-gets-a-release-date-teaser-out |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===TV series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!scope="row"| 2014
|''[[Pattu Saree]]''||||Debut
|-
!scope="row"| 2014–2015
| ''Amma Manasam''
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| 2015
| ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
| Roma IPS
|
|-
!scope="row"| 2015–2016
| ''Eswaran Sakshiyayi''
| Aparna Balachandran
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandy |date=2019-10-18 |title=Divya Prabha – Malayalam film and television actress |url=https://mywordsnthoughts.com/myworld/divya-prabha-malayalam-film-and-television-actress/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=My Words & Thoughts |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| 2016
| ''Manassariyathe''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandy |date=2019-10-18 |title=Divya Prabha – Malayalam film and television actress |url=https://mywordsnthoughts.com/myworld/divya-prabha-malayalam-film-and-television-actress/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=My Words & Thoughts |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Award and nominations==
;Kerala State Television Awards
* 2015: Kerala State Television Award for Best Second Actress– ''Eswaran Sakshiyayi'' (Malayalam Soap Opera - [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-11 |title='Eswaran Sakshiyayi' wins five State Awards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/eswaran-sakshiyayi-wins-five-state-awards/articleshow/52701545.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

;Locarno International Film Festival
* Nomination for the Best Actress at the [[Locarno Festival|Locarno International Film Festival]] in the International Competition Session for the Movie [[Ariyippu]] (2022).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/kunchacko-boban-mahesh-narayanan-locarno-ariyippu-1235330457/ |title=Kunchacko Boban, Mahesh Narayanan on Locarno Competition Title 'Ariyippu' (EXCLUSIVE) |date=3 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Divya Prabha}}
* {{IMDb name|8113643}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabha, Divya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Sandhana Kaatru

2026-03-03T05:00:18Z

LucretiaGoldhar: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sandhana Kaatru
| image = Sandhana Kaatru.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| writer = Manivannan
| producer = Sengamalam Manivannan
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Vijayakanth]]|[[Gautami]]}}
| cinematography = D. Shankar
| editing = P. Venkateswara Rao
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Kamala Jothi Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|06|01}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sandhana Kaatru''''' ({{translation|Sandal Air}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Manivannan]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Gautami]]. It was released on 1 June 1990.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref>

==Plot==

The film begins with Azhagiri ([[Vijayakanth]]) in serious condition in a hospital because he was shot by the police.

In the past, he was a military officer who married Raasathi ([[Gautami]]). After spending a few years in a military camp, Azhagiri rejoined his wife and daughter. They shifted to Ramu's ([[R. Sarathkumar]]) house. Ramu was Azhagiri's friend and his superior Chakravarthy's ([[Vinu Chakravarthy]]) son. A few years ago, Ramu teased Raasathi, and he was beaten for this act along with his friends Viswanath ([[Vichu Vishwanath]]) and Vijay ([[Vijay Krishnaraj]]). They cannot forget the humiliation, so they tried to rape Raasathi, but she committed suicide before. Azhagiri first killed Viswanath in a public place and was therefore arrested for the crime and was sentenced to the death penalty. The day before his penalty, he escaped from jail, but the police found him and shot him.

Azhagiri is now cured and sees Vijay in the same hospital, who was also a patient. Azhagiri then begged the police to stay in the hospital for few more days. Thereafter, he smoothly killed Vijay without anyone suspecting him. Azhagiri then managed to escape from the hospital with the nurse's help. Azhagiri is now determined to kill Ramu before the police catch him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Azhagiri
*[[Gautami]] as Raasathi
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Ramu
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Dr. Sarath
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Chakravarthy
*[[Vichu Vishwanath]] as Viswanath
*[[Vijay Krishnaraj]] as Vijay
*[[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Shanthi
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Police Inspector
*[[Kovai Sarala]]
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[S. S. Chandran]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Halwa Vasu|Vasu]]
*Kokila as Arukkani
*Sakthivel
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Special appearance
*[[Disco Shanti]] as Special appearance
*[[Ilavarasu]] (uncredited role)
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], Karaikudi Venkatesh and Jeeva Bharathi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandhana Kaatru (1989) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/sandhana-kaatru-songs-T0001960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517022820/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/sandhana-kaatru-songs-T0001960 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Santhana Kaattru Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Shankar ganesh |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/santhana-kaattru-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Macsendisk |language=en-US |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013105416/https://macsendisk.com/product/santhana-kaattru-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Oh Thendrale Oru Pattu Paadu" (female) || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 5:54
|-
| "Oh Thendrale Oru Pattu Paadu" (male) || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 4:47
|-
| "Pattu Paavaadai Katti" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 3:54
|-
| "Raasathi Raasathi" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 5:36
|-
| "Raavu Neram Vaadai Kaathu" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || 4:37
|-
| "Sandanakaatril Sundara Pookal" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:44
|}

==Reception==
C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the first half of the film has too many songs due to less scenes while second half travels in the path of blood and violence.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=17 June 1990 |title=சந்தனக் காற்று |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/jun/17-06-1990/p41.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=41 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731061826/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/jun/17-06-1990/p41.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:1990 action films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Udan Pirappu

2026-03-03T04:56:54Z

LucretiaGoldhar: new!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Udan Pirappu
| image = Udan Pirappu.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| writer = P. Vasu
| producer = M. Ramanathan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]|[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]|[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]}}
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Raj Films International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|08|15}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Udan Pirappu''''' ({{audio|Ta-உடன்பிறப்பு.ogg|pronunciation}}) ({{Translation|Sibling}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]]. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] and [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], while [[Thilakan]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Goundamani]], and [[Keerikkadan Jose|Mohan Raj]] appear in supporting roles. It was released on 15 August 1993.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=November 2021}}
Sathya and Vijay are orphans and best friends. Since his younger years, Sathya worked hard to educate Vijay. Vijay, a young graduate, works as a driving instructor until he finds a proper job. Sumathi falls in love with Vijay. Bhavani, a childish woman, does not get married because she is cursed; all of her fiancés died before the marriage. Ameer Bhai and Sumathi's father Marthandan are friends and business partners. Ameer Bhai is involved in [[land grabbing]] and tries to sell Ganapathy Colony (wherein poor people, Sathya and Vijay live) to a gunrunner named Vadivel. Marthandan finally accepts for his daughter's marriage, but Vijay does not want to marry if Sathya stays single. Sathya gets married with Bhavani and Vijay with Sumathi. Marthandan knew that if Sathya and Vijay were together, he and Ameer Bhai cannot sell Ganapathi Colony. Even after the marriage, Vijay prefers to be with Sathya, so Sumathi becomes jealous of Sathya. Ameer Bhai, Marthandan, and Sumathi try to break their friendship in different ways.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Sathya
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Vijay / Viji
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Bhavani
*[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] as Sumathi
*[[Thilakan]] as Marthandan, Sumathi's father
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Ameer Bhai
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Sumathi's aunt and Marthandan's sister
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Bhavani's father
*[[Goundamani]] as ‘White Rice’ Vellasamy
*[[Mohan Raj]] as Vadivelu
*[[R. S. Shivaji]] as Kondal Rao
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Ajay Rathnam]]
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*[[Swaminathan]]
*[[Shanmugasundaram]]
*[[Joker Thulasi]] as Beggar
*[[Chelladurai]] as Colony resident
*Radhabhai
*[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] in a special appearance
*[[Shenbagam]] in a special appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udan Pirappu (1993) |url=http://ww.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002981 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131223559/http://ww.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002981 |archive-date=31 January 2013 |access-date=4 November 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Udan Pirappu Tamil FIlm Audio Cassette by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/udan-pirappu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109045309/https://mossymart.com/product/udan-pirappu-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Saami Varudhu" became popular and is regularly played during [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=Lord of the classes and masses |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020919/lord-of-the-classes-and-masses.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917050722/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020919/lord-of-the-classes-and-masses.html |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Ammamma" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:56
|-
| "Naan Piranthathu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 5:08
|-
| "Nandri Sollave Unaku" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Swarnalatha]] || 5:00
|-
| "Puthusa Oru" || K. S. Chithra, [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Mano || 5:03
|-
| "Samy Varuthu" || Mano, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 5:08
|-
| "Solargula" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 5:02
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Udan Pirappu'' was released on 15 August 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 1993 |title=Udan Pirappu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930815&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=23 January 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=11 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote Vasu "weaves into the script sentiment and melodrama in good measure and though he diverges from the main theme [..] he returns to the main theme [..] knowing where exactly the script value lies."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=13 August 1993 |title=Sentiment with buddies |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m4BlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1456%2C3105407 |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0318778}}

{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:1993 action drama films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pill Hai Ke Manta Nahi

2026-03-02T08:35:15Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started first data needs work

{{Short description|Hindi comedy drama}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pill Hai Ke Manta Nahi.jpg
| director = [[Aarya Babbar]]
| producer =
| writer = Aarya Babbar
| starring = [[Sharib Hashmi]] [[Gopi Bhalla]] Cheshta Bhagat Nancy Thakkar Rashika Pradhan [[Aarya Babbar]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Sajid Masood
| studio = Babbar House
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2023|1|28}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Pill Hai Ke Manta Nahi''''' is an Indian [[comedy drama]] starring [[Sharib Hashmi]], [[Gopi Bhalla]], [[Aarya Babbar]], Cheshta Bhagat, Nancy Thakkar and Rashika Pradhan. The film is produced by Babbar House and Parmar Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aarya Babbar opens up on his directorial debut |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/short-sweet-476509 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> It is written and directed by [[Aarya Babbar]], in his directorial debut, with music composed by Sajid Masood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अभिनेता Arya Babbar ने अपनी लघु फिल्म 'पिल है के मानता नहीं ' से निर्देशन में रखा कदम |url=https://mayapuri.com/hi/latest-news/actor-arya-babbar-makes-directorial-debut-with-his-short-film-pil-hai-ke-manta-nahi |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=mayapuri.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अपनी शॉर्ट फिल्म 'पिल है कि मानता नहीं' के लिए डायरेक्टर बने आर्य बब्बर |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/entertainment-hindi/aarya-babbar-turns-director-for-his-short-film-pill-hai-ke-manta-nahi-5881149/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=india.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Story ==
The story of the film is about "a married man named Manav (Aarya Babbar), who is involved in an extramarital affair with Mahek (Rashika Pradhan). Things take a turn when Manav does unprotected sex with Mahek and compels her to take a pill to prevent pregnancy, but she refuses to kill the unborn child and insists on keeping the baby. Payal (Cheshta Bhagat) who is Maanav's wife, is pregnant and in labour at the same time."<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |title=Pill Hai Ke Manta Nahi Review : Aarya Babbar's film is completely bizarre |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/pill-hai-ke-manta-nahi/ottmoviereview/97604292.cms |access-date=6 February 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Cricital response ===
The film generally received mixed reviews from critics, with many criticizing the story and direction.

Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of 5, calling it "completely bizarre". She further adds "Overall, the concept of 'Pill Hai Ke Manta Nahi' is not novel, but with better writing and execution, the film could have been watchable. The song "Aa Sohneya Ve" by Moolmantra is catchy, but nothing else about this short film is."<ref name=":03" />

Jyoti Raghav from ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' gave the film, a rating of 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "The way Arya Babbar has presented a socially very influential subject, first as a director and then as an actor, is very childish. If this story had been written by a capable screenwriter, it could have been a very powerful film of 90 minutes, a social drama can also be written on it and a suspense film too."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pill Hai Ke Manta Nahi Review: हॉटस्टार का ग्राहकों के साथ एक और मजाक, रिलीज की आर्य बब्बर की बोरिंग फिल्म |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/disney-hotstar-releases-araya-babbar-directorial-debut-film-pill-hai-ke-manta-nahi-2023-02-05 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=26541768}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]

Ulajh

2026-03-02T04:39:38Z

LucretiaGoldhar: created!

{{Short description|2024 Hindi thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ulajh
| image = Ulajh Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sudhanshu Saria]]
| producer = [[Vineet Jain]]
| writer = Parveez Shaikh Sudhanshu Saria
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Atika Chohan}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Janhvi Kapoor]]|[[Roshan Mathew]]|[[Gulshan Devaiah]]|[[Adil Hussain]]}}
| music = [[Shashwat Sachdev]]
| cinematography = Shreya Dev Dube
| editing = Nitin Baid
| studio = [[Junglee Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Pen India Limited|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|08|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes<ref>{{cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC mutes 'f**k, 'c*****a' in Jahnvi Kapoor-starrer Ulajh; also blurs vulgar hand gesture |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-mutes-fk-ca-jahnvi-kapoor-starrer-ulajh-also-blurs-vulgar-hand-gesture/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|35}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/box-office/bollywood/ulajh-box-office-collection-day-1-janhvi-kapoor-starrer-opens-on-decent-note-mints-rs-1-10-crore-article-112237530 |title=Ulajh Box Office Collection Day 1: Janhvi Kapoor Starrer Opens On Decent Note, Mints Rs 1.37 Crore |date=3 August 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|11.05}} crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Ulajh Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ulajh/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 August 2024 |access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ulajh''''' ({{Translation|Entangle}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[spy thriller film]]<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title=Excl! Gulshan Devaiah Says Janhvi Kapoor's Spy-Thriller Ulajh Is His 'Most Complex Role So Far' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/excl-gulshan-devaiah-says-janhvi-kapoors-spy-thriller-ulajh-is-his-most-complex-role-so-far-article-104921754 |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> directed by [[Sudhanshu Saria]] and produced by [[Junglee Pictures]]. It stars [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]] and [[Adil Hussain]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2023 |title=Roshan Mathew pens a heartfelt note post 'Ulajh' wrap, Janhvi Kapoor reacts! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/roshan-mathew-pens-a-heartfelt-note-post-ulajh-wrap-janhvi-kapoor-reacts/articleshow/103598273.cms |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The plot focuses on a young [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] officer with a legacy of patriots in her family, entangled in a dangerous personal conspiracy amidst a career-defining post far away from her home.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 May 2023 |title=Janhvi Kapoor to play imperilled IFS officer in thriller 'Ulajh' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/janhvi-kapoor-to-play-imperilled-ifs-officer-in-thriller-ulajh/article66833747.ece |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Janhvi Kapoor to play IFS officer in Ulajh alongside Gulshan Devaiah and Roshan Mathew |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/janhvi-kapoor-ifs-officer-ulajh-gulshan-devaiah-roshan-mathew-2377194-2023-05-10 |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film was announced in May 2023 and was shot in [[India]] and [[London]], with [[principal photography]] beginning in June 2023 and ending by September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Janhvi Kapoor, Gulshan Devaiah wrap the London schedule of Ulajh, check out BTS pictures |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-gulshan-devaiah-wrap-the-london-schedule-of-ulajh-check-out-bts-pictures-8787621/ |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Ulajh'' was released on 2 August 2024 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor, Roshan Mathew, Gulshan Devaiah starrer Ulajh postponed; set for August 2, 2024 release |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-roshan-mathew-gulshan-devaiah-starrer-ulajh-postponed-set-august-2-2024-release/ |date=24 June 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref> The film became a [[box office bomb]], grossing only ₹11 crore worldwide.<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==

Suhana Bhatia is an [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] officer, belonging to an illustrious family of diplomats. Her father is about to be made the [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]], and she is promoted to the role of [[Deputy commissioner]] at the [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian High Commission]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. Suhana moves to [[London]], where she is chauffeured around by her driver and ex-policeman, Salim.

[[India]] is preparing to receive the newly-elected [[Prime minister]] of [[Pakistan]], Shahzad Alam, who has announced a pro-India policy. Manohar Rawal, an Indian cabinet minister, invites Alam to participate in India's Independence Day ceremony, after Alam agreed to extradite a wanted terrorist, Yaseen Mirza. Meanwhile in London, Suhana meets an ex-Michelin-star chef, Nakul, at a DHC event. They start going out, and eventually sleep together in her apartment. Unknown to Suhana, Nakul secretly records their encounter and begins to blackmail her the next day. He demands confidential information about a new energy deal. Fearful of the fallout a scandal will have on her father and family's reputation, Suhana complies.

When Nakul continues to blackmail Suhana with more demands, she considers resigning from her post. However, Nakul claims to be [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] agent Akhtar, potentially complicating matters as Suhana will now be held liable for [[treason]]. She continues to comply, but her actions have alerted [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent, Jacob, who works at the DHC. He confronts Suhana but is shot dead by Akhtar. Senior RAW executives, Bajpai and Kamat, task Suhana with heading the investigation into his death, unaware that Suhana was a witness.

Suhana finds Akhtar is colluding with Salim. She confronts Salim at his apartment, but he dies after she pushes him through a glass door. RAW agent, Sebin, who also works at the DHC, shows up at the scene. He initially blames Suhana, due to being angered by his friend Jacob's death, but she is able to show him proof of being blackmailed by Akhtar, with Salim being involved in a larger conspiracy. The two decide to work together. Following clues, they uncover that Rawal and Kamat are involved in a large-scale plot, eventually culminating in the assassination of Alam on his visit to India. The attempt will be carried out by David, a French Canadian assassin, who has been posing as Nakul/Akhtar.

Suhana and Sebin reach India to stop the assassination attempt. From RAW agents, they receive Alam's schedule in [[Delhi]], and covertly reach the dargah where he will be assassinated. Suhana tracks David to a tower in the vicinity, and confronts him before he can take his shot. David is killed by Suhana and the conspiracy unravels. Kamat and Rawal are arrested, and Suhana is congratulated for her role in preventing a major international incident. She is approached by a member of a secret elite intelligence unit, the Black Cats, to join their team. As Suhana leaves the hospital, she mentions this to Sebin, who reveals he was a member all along.

==Cast==
{{Castlist|
* [[Janhvi Kapoor]] as Suhana Bhatia
* [[Roshan Mathew]] as [[Research & Analysis Wing|RAW agent]] Sebin Kutty
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]] as Nakul Sharma / [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI agent]] Akhtar / David
* [[Adil Hussain]] as Dhanraj Bhatia
* [[Meiyang Chang]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Meiyang Chang applauds Ulajh co-star Janhvi Kapoor's dedication: 'There is a misconception that starkids don't work hard' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/meiyang-chang-applauds-ulajh-co-star-janhvi-kapoors-dedication-there-is-a-misconception-that-starkids-dont-work-hard-8988209/ |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> as Jacob Tamang
* [[Rajesh Tailang]] as Salim Sayeed
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as Manohar Rawal
* [[Jitendra Joshi]] as Prakash Kamat
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as Roshni Sengupta
* Arun Mallik as Ambassador Khurana
* Amit Tiwari Anand as Deputy Counsel Solanki
* Priyanka Pal as The Scarred Woman
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Pakistan PM Shahzad Alam
* [[Himanshu Malik]] as Yaseen Mirza
* Bhavna Singh as Yaseen's Wife
* Vivek Madan as Pakistan Defence Minister
* [[Swati Verma]] as News Reporter
* [[Natasha Rastogi]] as Saroj Bhatia
* Swastika Chakraborty as Suhana's Bhua
* [[Alyy Khan]] as Ambassador Kazi}}

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] commenced in June 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Janhvi Kapoor begins shooting for 'Ulajh' in London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/janhvi-kapoor-begins-shooting-for-ulajh-in-london/articleshow/101098785.cms |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 June 2023}}</ref> and wrapped in September 2023 in [[London]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Janhvi Kapoor wraps up Ulajh shoot, says '{{as written|i|t's [sic]}} story coincidently intertwined with things happening in my life' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-wraps-up-ulajh-shoot-talks-about-film-plot-101694345551648.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 September 2023 |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=PTI |date=11 September 2023 |title=Janhvi Kapoor wraps up 'Ulajh', shares valuable lessons learnt during film's shoot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/janhvi-kapoor-wraps-up-ulajh-shares-valuable-lessons-learnt-during-films-shoot-2434223-2023-09-11 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ulajh
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Shashwat Sachdev]]
| released = 29 July 2024<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Ulajh – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ulajh-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/3BFO311,1Yg_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| recorded = 2022–23
| length = 21:47
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| prev_title = [[Article 370 (film)|Article 370]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Kesari Chapter 2]]
| next_year = 2025
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|pi5I83Fjry8|Ulajh Full Album}}
}}
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[Shashwat Sachdev]] and lyrics is written by [[Kumaar]], [[Jasmine Sandlas]] and [[Sudhanshu Saria]].<ref name="jiosaavn"/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 21:47
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Shaukan
| extra1 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Dilin Nair|Raftaar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| length1 = 2:47
| title2 = Aaja Oye
| extra2 = [[Jasmine Sandlas]], [[Malkit Singh]]
| lyrics2 = Jasmine Sandlas, Sudhanshu Saria
| length2 = 2:37
| title3 = Main Hoon Tera Ae Watan
| extra3 = Shashwat Sachdev
| lyrics3 = Kumaar
| length3 = 4:15
| title4 = Ilahi Mere Rubaroo
| extra4 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Shahzad Ali, Shashwat Sachdev
| lyrics4 = Kumaar
| length4 = 5:16
| title5 = Jao Ji Jao
| extra5 = Garvit Soni, Priyansh Srivastava, Shashwat Sachdev
| lyrics5 = Sudhanshu Saria
| length5 = 3:59
| title6 = Thoda Galat
| extra6 = Jubin Nautiyal, Shashwat Sachdev
| lyrics6 = Kumaar
| length6 = 2:53
|}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Ulajh'' was scheduled to release on 5 July 2024 but was later postponed to 2 August 2024.

=== Home media ===
The film was premiered on [[Netflix]] from 27 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 September 2024 |title=Ulajh lands on OTT! Here's where you can stream Janhvi Kapoor's spy thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ulajh-lands-on-ott-janhvi-kapoor-spy-thriller-netflix/083f710e76819 |work=ottplay.com}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Ulajh'' was poorly received by critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha vs Ulajh box office: Both fall short of Rs 10 crore mark |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-ulajh-box-office-collection-day-5-fall-short-of-rs-10-crore-mark-2578158-2024-08-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215081348/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/auron-mein-kahan-dum-tha-ulajh-box-office-collection-day-5-fall-short-of-rs-10-crore-mark-2578158-2024-08-07 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=Both Ulajh and Auron Mein Kahan Dum Tha were affected by poor word of mouth from both audiences and critics.}}</ref> On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 33% of 12 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.8/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ulajh {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ulajh |access-date=29 January 2025 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

A critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and noted "''Ulajh'' is a niche and confusing film which is devoid of any entertainment value".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ulajh/critic-review/ulajh-movie-review/ulajh-is-a-niche-and-confusing-film/ |title=Ulajh Movie Review: ULAJH is a niche and confusing film |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 August 2024}}</ref> Sreehari Nair of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 1.5/5 and observed that "''Ulajh'' strikes you as an attempt at statement-making gone horribly wrong, a punchline that doesn't land, a roar that never reaches the ear".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/ulajh-review/20240802.htm |title=Ulajh Review: Diplomatic Doldrums |last=Nair |first=Sreehari |work=Rediff.com |date=2 August 2024}}</ref>

Tanmayi Savadi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote "Sudhanshu maintains a balance between Suhana’s vulnerabilities and the tightness of the script. Often thrillers get predictable after a point; Ulajh holds onto itself well".<ref>{{cite news |title=Ulajh Movie Review: Janhvi Kapoor, Gulshan Devaiah Weave A Compelling Political Web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/ulajh-movie-review-janhvi-kapoor-gulshan-devaiah-weave-a-compelling-political-web-review-112189129 |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=2 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote "A more nuanced writing would have served her better."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ulajh Movie Review {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/ulajh-movie-review-67601.html |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> Sreeparna Sengupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote "As a spy-thriller 'Ulajh' is gripping in parts and a tad flat in others".<ref>{{cite news |title=Ulajh Movie Review : An engaging watch despite some flaws |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ulajh/movie-review/112212670.cms |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2/5 and wrote the film is a "damp squib, wastes fine ensemble cast on amateurish plot-line".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ulajh-movie-review-janhvi-kapoor-film-a-damp-squib-wastes-fine-ensemble-cast-on-amateurish-plot-line-9490470/ |title=Ulajh movie review: Janhvi Kapoor film a damp squib, wastes fine ensemble cast on amateurish plot-line |website=The Indian Express |date=2 August 2024}}</ref> Rating the film 2/5, Suparna Sharma of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' wrote "It’s a joyless film about a daddy’s little girl who must somehow redeem herself at least in her father's eyes. On that count the film delivers. On all other counts, it fails."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/08/02/ulajh-review-a-joyless-spy-thriller-that-janhvi-kapoor-is-forced-to-carry-on-her-shapely-shoulders.html |title='Ulajh' review: A joyless spy thriller that Janhvi Kapoor is forced to carry on her shapely shoulders |website=The Week}}</ref> Mayank Shekhar of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' rated the film 1{{fraction|1|2}} and commented "Untangling this pretentious nonsense".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/ulajh-movie-review-janhvi-kapoor-gulshan-devaiah-roshan-mathew-pretentious-nonsense-23371081 |title='Ulajh' movie review: Janhvi Kapoor, Gulshan Devaiah's film is pretentious nonsense |date=2 August 2024 |website=Mid-day}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Half Moon Street (film)|Half Moon Street]], a 1986 film with a similar premise

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|19838634}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | ulajh }}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ulajh}}
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]

Sai Pratheek K.

2026-02-26T07:04:20Z

LucretiaGoldhar:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Sai Pratheek K.
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| nickname = SPK
| birth_name = Sai Pratheek Krishnaprasad
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|5|3}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| residence =
| height = 1.80 m
| weight =
| years_active =
| handedness = Right
| coach = [[Pullela Gopichand]]
| event = Men's & mixed doubles
| highest_ranking = 34 (MD with [[Pruthvi Roy]], 22 July 2025) 67 (XD with [[Tanisha Crasto]], 17 October 2023)
| highest_ranking_date =
| current_ranking = 47
| current_ranking_date = MD with Pruthvi Roy, 24 February 2026
| medals =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Men's team]] }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 77389
}}

'''Sai Pratheek Krishnaprasad''' (born 3 May 2000) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai PRATHEEK.K {{!}} Profile |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/77389/sai-pratheek-k|access-date=2 October 2023|website=bwfbadminton.com}}</ref> He was a member of the team that won silver medal in the [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|men's team]] event at the [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/BDM/AG2022-_BDM_C92C_BDMMTEAM--------------------------.pdf|title=Asian Games Results|publisher=Asian Games, Hangzhou 2022|date=2 October 2023|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002053451/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/BDM/AG2022-_BDM_C92C_BDMMTEAM--------------------------.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
=== BWF World Tour (3 runners-up) ===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Odisha Masters#Finals 3|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Bing-wei]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Su Ching-heng]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 18–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 Syed Modi International#Finals 3|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Roy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Huang Di (badminton)|Huang Di]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Liu Yang (badminton)|Liu Yang]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 21–19, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 Guwahati Masters#Finals 3|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Guwahati Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pruthvi Roy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kang Khai Xing]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Tai]]
| align="left" | 13–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

=== BWF International Challenge/Series (5 titles, 6 runners-up) ===
''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Ukraine International (badminton)|Ukraine International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Junaidi Arif]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Muhammad Haikal]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 21–19, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Polish International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ishaan Bhatnagar
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rory Easton]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Zach Russ]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 27–25
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022 (II)
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ishaan Bhatnagar
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan Goud Panjala]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 21–15, 23–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Bahrain International Challenge|Bahrain International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Krishna Prasad Garaga
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kazuki Shibata]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Naoki Yamada (badminton)|Naoki Yamada]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 17–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Iran Fajr International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Krishna Prasad Garaga
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Job Castillo]] {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Luis Montoya (badminton)|Luis Montoya]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024 (I)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Roy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} Vishnu Vardhan Goud Panjala
| align="left" | 21–19, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2026
| align="left" | [[Uganda International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pruthvi Roy
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhargav Ram Arigela]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Viswa Tej Gobburu]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 18–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Maldives International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Bhat (badminton)|Ashwini Bhat]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chaloempon Charoenkitamorn]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chasinee Korepap]]
| align="left" | 11–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022 (III)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|Rohan Kapoor]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 11–21, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Nantes International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Tanisha Crasto
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Vestergaard]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christine Busch]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 14–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{BWF|643B3FF9-1840-43A8-8118-84E42A0798E8}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratheek, Sai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Maulan Mazahrul Haq Memorial Urdu High School

2026-02-22T04:24:04Z

LucretiaGoldhar: new a pg...

{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Maulana Mazahrul Haq Memorial Urdu senior secondary School
| image =
| alt = M.M.M Urdu High School
| caption =
| motto = Make India Educated
| location = Turkahan, Gopalganj
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.464631|84.4190523|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{Start date|1968|06|13|df=y}}
| opened =
| closed =
| type = Government
| district = [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
| grades = 12th
| superintendent =
| principal = Neyaz Ahmad
| enrollment = 
| faculty =
| campus_type = Circle
| campus_size =
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| colors =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Maulan Mazahrul Haq Memorial Urdu senior secondary school''' is a high school in [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]], India.

== Faculty ==
The medium of instruction is [[Hindi]]. It is upper primary with secondary and higher secondary education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/m-m-memorial-urdu-high-school/10151000105|title=M.M.Memorial Urdu High School, Rajvahi, Gopalganj - Bihar|website=iCBSE|access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref>

== History ==
The school was founded by Md. Nasiruddin Ahmad, who was also its first principal. It is a government School. A total of 45 batches completed in this school as of year 2018.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bihar]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]
[[Category:Gopalganj district, India]]

Demonstration School, Mysore

2026-02-21T23:52:24Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started new page...

{{Multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=April 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| image =
| name = Demonstration Multipurpose School, Mysore.
| established = 1964
| authority = [[Regional Institute of Education, Mysore]]
| type = Central Government school
| enrollment = 846
| campus_size = {{convert|120|acre|m2}}
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE)
| address = J.C.E. College Road, Opposite AIISH, Manasa Gangothri, 570006
| city = [[Mysore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| website = https://dms.riemysore.ac.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Demonstration Multipurpose School (DMS), Mysore''' now officially known as '''Demonstration School, Mysore,''' is one of the four schools which are spread across four cities in India (Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Ajmer, and Mysore). Demonstration School is a coeducational school for [[Day pupil|day scholars]] in [[Mysore]], India. It was founded by the [[Regional Institute of Education]] as a laboratory for the preparation of teachers and for trying out innovative practices in school education and teacher education. The school is surrounded by educational institutes like Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, [[All India Institute of Speech and Hearing]], and Gangothri School, and spreads over 120 acres (490,000 m2) of land in the city of [[Mysore]].

== Origins ==

The school has a teaching staff of 55 teachers and a student population of nearly 1000 students studying in classes I to XII. Besides carrying out the functions of a typical school, it also functions as a laboratory for experimentation and tryout of new strategies and instructional training programs of the institute.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} The school provides opportunities for the B.Sc. Ed. students to observe, learn, and participate in teaching and serves as a center for the cooperative training and research endeavor of the staff of the institute. The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and is known for its innovative approaches to teaching and evaluation and lays emphasis on the total development of the child's personality. Competency-Based Teaching (CBT) with an action research approach has been implemented in the school with effects from 1995 – 96.

==Alumni==
Established in 2009, DMS Mysore Alumni Association.<ref>{{Cite web|title = DMS Mysore Alumni Association | url = http://www.dmsalumnimysore.com/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mysore]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Mysore State]]

Ajit Singh (Sikhism)

2026-02-21T22:19:24Z

LucretiaGoldhar: correct references to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Son of Guru Gobind Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2007}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Ajit Singh
| honorific prefix = [[Sahibzada]] [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]]
| birth_place = [[Paonta Sahib]], Himachal Pradesh
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1704|12|07|1687|02|11}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1687|02|11|df=y}}
| father = [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
| mother = [[Mata Sundari]]<ref name="The encyclopaedia of Sikhism">{{Cite book |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |others=Harbans Singh |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=1 |location=Patiala |pages=33–34 |oclc=29703420 |quote=AJIT SINGH, SAHIBZADA (1687-1705), the eldest son of Guru Gobind Singh, was born to Mata Sundari at Paonta on 26 January 1687.}}</ref><ref name="Raju 1999 57">{{Cite book |last=Raju |first=Karam Singh |title=Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of Peace |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=9789380213644 |page=57}}</ref>
| death_cause = [[Killed in Action]]
| known_for = [[Battle of Chamkaur]]
| image = Detail of Sahibzada Ajit Singh from a mural depicting Guru Gobind Singh and his four sons (the Sahibzadas) located within Takht Hazur Sahib.jpg
| caption = Detail of Sahibzada Ajit Singh from a mural depicting Guru Gobind Singh and his four sons (the Sahibzadas) located within Takht Hazur Sahib
| native_name = ਅਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ, ਸਾਹਿਬਜ਼ਾਦਾ
| native_name_lang = pa
| native name lang = pa
| honorific suffix = [[-ji|Ji]]
| title = Sahibzada
| relatives = [[Jujhar Singh]] (half-brother)
[[Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)|Zorawar Singh]] (half-brother)
[[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Fateh Singh]] (half-brother)
}}

'''Ajit Singh''' ({{langx|pa|ਅਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ}}, pronunciation: {{IPA|pa|äːd͡ʒiːt sɪ́ŋgᵊ|}}; 11 February 1687 – 7 December 1704), also referred to with honorifics as '''Sahibzada Ajit Singh''' or '''Baba Ajit Singh''', was the eldest son of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and the son of [[Mata Sundari]].<ref name="The encyclopaedia of Sikhism">{{Cite book |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |others=Harbans Singh |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=1 |location=Patiala |pages=33–34 |oclc=29703420 |quote=AJIT SINGH, SAHIBZADA (1687-1705), the eldest son of Guru Gobind Singh, was born to Mata Sundari at Paonta on 26 January 1687.}}</ref> His younger brothers were [[Sahibzada Jujhar Singh|Jujhar Singh]], [[Sahibzada Zorawar Singh|Zorawar Singh]] and [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Fateh Singh]], but they had been born to Mata Jito.<ref name="Raju 1999 57">{{Cite book |last=Raju |first=Karam Singh |title=Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of Peace |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=9789380213644 |page=57}}</ref> He was killed in the Second [[Battle of Chamkaur]] along with his brother [[Sahibzada Jujhar Singh|Jujhar Singh]]. His other two brothers, [[Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)|Zorawar Singh]] and [[Sahibzada Fateh Singh|Fateh Singh]], nine and seven years old, respectively, were bricked alive at [[Fatehgarh Sahib]] on order of [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]], governor of [[Sirhind-Fategarh]].<ref name="eos">{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=AJIT SIHGH, SAHIBZADA (1687-1704) |last1=Ashok |first1=Shamsher Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ajit Singh was born to [[Mata Sundari]] and [[Guru Gobind Singh]] at [[Paonta Sahib]] on 11 February 1687.<ref name="eos"/> He was brought up in [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]], where his education included religious texts, history, and philosophy. He received training from Jeevan Singh (Bhai Jaita) in riding and the martial arts of swordsmanship and archery.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

=== The Ranghars of Nuh ===
He was given his first military assignment when barely 12 years old. A [[Muslim]] tribe, the [[Ranghar]]s of prophet Noh, had attacked and looted a Sikh ''Sangat'' (congregation) coming from the [[Pothohar]] region of northwest [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]]. Guru Gobind Singh sent Ajit Singh in command of 100 men to the village, which was a short distance from Anandpur across the River [[Satluj]]. Ajit Singh reached the village on 23 May 1699, recovered the looted property, and punished the offenders.<ref name="eos"/>

=== Anandpur and Nirmohgarh ===
In 1700 Anandpur was attacked by hill chiefs assisted by troops provided by the Mughal [[faujdar]] of [[Sirhind]]. Guru Gobind Singh had erected five [[Qila]] (forts) on the outskirts of the city. Ajit Singh, assisted by Bhai Udai Singh, a seasoned soldier, was put in charge of the defense of the Qila Taragarh Sahib. On 29 August in the [[Battle of Taragarh]] the hill chiefs made the fort the target for their first attack, which was successfully repulsed. For four days the chiefs attacked the fortresses around the citadel, without success.<ref name="eos"/>

On 15 March 1701, a Sikh Sangat coming from the Darap area (near [[Sialkot]]) was waylaid by [[Gujjars]] and Rangers. Ajit Singh led a successful expedition against them.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

In 1702, Ajit Singh along with the Sikh army defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) and later in the [[Battle of Basoli]].

=== Restoring a Brahmin's wife ===
[[File:Guru Gobind Singh with His Four Sons.jpg|thumb|Guru Gobind Singh (right) with his four sons]]
In March 1703, Dewki Das, a Brahmin came to Anandpur and requested the Guru to help him in getting back his wife whom Chowdhry Jabar Khan, the chief of Dera Bassi, had taken away forcibly; the Guru asked Sahibzada Ajit Singh and Bhai Udey Singh to help the Brahmin. On 7 March 1703, both of them, joined by about one hundred Sikhs, went to Bassi Kalan; they put siege to the village and sent a message to Jabar Khan to return the Brahmin's wife; but Jabar Khan, instead of returning the Brahmin's wife, asked his soldiers to attack the Sikhs; it was followed by a full-fledged battle, in which Jabar Khan was killed; the Brahmin's wife was restored to him. When this news reached the people, they praised the Sikhs for their role.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRpuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sikh Reference Book|author=Harajindara Siṅgha Dilagīra|publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |year=1997|isbn=9788190065023|page=133}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWUwAQAAIAAJ|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|author=Sangat Singh|publisher=Uncommon Books |year=2001|isbn=9788190065023|page=75}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}}

==Second Battle of Chamkaur==
{{Main|Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)}}
After leaving [[Anandpur Sahib]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and his Sikhs faced a desperate situation. They were surrounded by enemies—Mughal forces behind them and the hill chiefs who had betrayed them on their left. The Guru and his followers kept moving towards [[Chamkaur]], but the Mughal army was fast approaching. Realizing the danger, the Guru halted near Chamkaur and sent two Sikhs into the village to find a safe place to stay. They found a small, two-story mud house with a large open courtyard. The house had two owners, and one of them offered his portion for shelter. Without delay, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and his men quickly entered the house on the evening of 21 December 1704, just before the enemy could reach them. By the next morning, 22 December, the Mughals had completely surrounded the house. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] divided his men into three groups—one was assigned to guard the main entrance, another took positions in the upper story to observe enemy movements, and the rest defended the surrounding walls to prevent the enemy from climbing over.<ref name="Singh2004">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 April 2011|edition=2nd|date=11 October 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1|page=87-88}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari|title=History of the Sikhs Vol I The Sikh Gurus, 1469-1708|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |page=293-296|year=2008 |isbn=978--81-215-0276-4}}</ref>

Before attacking, the Mughal commanders sent a messenger to persuade the Guru to surrender. They warned him that he was not fighting weak and disorganized hill chiefs anymore but the mighty Mughal Empire, ruled by Aurangzeb, who was known as "the king of kings" and "the protector of the world." They demanded that Guru Gobind Singh stop fighting, submit to [[Aurangzeb]], and convert to Islam. When the messenger delivered this message, Ajit Singh, could not tolerate the insult. He immediately drew his sword and warned the messenger that if he spoke another word, he would cut him into pieces. Enraged, the messenger returned to the Mughal camp with this defiant reply.<ref name="Singh2004"/><ref name=":8"/>
[[File:Diorama sculptural monument of Sahibzada Baba Ajit Singh at Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Tega Singh Ji, Chand Purana, Bagha Purana tehsil, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023 02.jpg|thumb|Diorama sculptural monument of Sahibzada Baba Ajit Singh firing an arrow at Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Tega Singh Ji, Chand Purana, Bagha Purana tehsil, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023 02.jpg]]
Soon after, the battle began. The Sikhs, dressed in their new uniforms prescribed by the Guru, stood firm despite being heavily outnumbered. The Mughals attacked with cannons and muskets, while the Sikhs responded with arrows and gunfire from behind the walls, windows, rooftops, and even through small gaps in the doors. The sound of gunfire and the clash of weapons filled the air as the Sikhs bravely defended themselves. The Mughal soldiers were struck down one after another, but the Sikhs also suffered heavy losses. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] later described the battle in a letter to [[Aurangzeb]], saying that his small group of warriors had fought against thousands who had broken their oaths. He personally shot an arrow at Nahar Khan, a Mughal officer, forcing him to retreat. Many other Mughal leaders also fled from the battlefield, proving that their earlier boasts were empty.<ref name="Singh2004"/><ref name=":8"/>

As the battle raged on, Guru Gobind Singh watched his men fight to their last breath. Ajit Singh, led a charge against the enemy, cutting down many soldiers before he was eventually overwhelmed and killed. His Younger brother, [[Jujhar Singh]], who was still in his early teens, also fought bravely, refusing to back down despite facing trained soldiers. One by one, the Sikhs fell, their bodies piling up in the courtyard and around the house. The battlefield was covered in blood, with severed heads and limbs scattered like broken toys. The sun set early on that short winter day, and by nightfall, only five Sikhs remained alive with Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Singh2004"/><ref name=":8"/>

As [[Guru Gobind Singh]] reflected on the day's sacrifices, the five surviving Sikhs made a bold decision. They declared themselves the Guru and ordered him to escape for the survival of the Khalsa. Obeying their command, he left at midnight with three Sikhs, while Sant Singh, who resembled him, stayed behind wearing the Guru’s clothes. When the enemy attacked again, they killed Sant Singh, believing him to be the Guru. This sacrifice allowed Guru Gobind Singh to escape, making the Battle of Chamkaur a symbol of Sikh bravery and resilience.<ref name="Singh2004"/><ref name=":8"/>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Painting of Guru Gobind Singh seated with a young adolescent, possibly his eldest son Baba Ajit Singh.jpg|thumb|Painting of Guru Gobind Singh seated with a young adolescent, possibly his eldest son Baba Ajit Singh]]
[[Mohali]], one of the largest cities in Punjab lying adjacent to its capital [[Chandigarh]], has been named as [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]] in the memory of Sahibzada Ajit Singh. It is located in the district of the state which is also named after him [[Mohali district|Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar District]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Mohali-is-now-Ajitgarh/articleshow/11866205.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130803152011/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-13/chandigarh/31054495_1_mohali-deputy-commissioner-varun-roojam-sas-nagar | url-status = live | archive-date = 2013-08-03 | work = [[The Times of India]] | title = Mohali is now Ajitgarh |access-date = 2012-08-09 }}</ref>

[[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] has paid homage to the Chaar Sahibazde on various occasions, particularly during the celebration of their bravery and sacrifice on Veer Bal Diwas (Day of Brave Children). Veer Bal Diwas is observed in honour of the Chaar Sahibzaade, who are remembered greatly amongst Sikhs across the globe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Veer Bal Diwas 2022: History, significance and everything you need to know |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/veer-bal-diwas-2022-history-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know-2313689-2022-12-26}}</ref>

==Battles==

* [[First siege of Anandpur]]
* [[Battle of Taragarh]]
* [[Battle of Basoli]]
* Siege of Bassi Kalan
* [[First Battle of Anandpur (1704)]]
* [[Second Battle of Anandpur (1704)]]
* [[Battle of Sarsa]]
* [[Battle of Chamkaur]]

== See also ==
*[[Jujhar Singh]]
*[[Sahibzada Zorawar Singh|Zorawar Singh]]
*[[Sahibzada Fateh Singh|Fateh Singh]]
*[[Martyrdom in Sikhism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |date=2009 |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |page=32 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1}}

{{Sikhism}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ajit}}
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Sikh warriors killed in action]]
[[Category:Family members of the Sikh gurus]]
[[Category:1687 births]]
[[Category:1704 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Sikh martyrs]]

Defence Secretary (India)

2026-02-18T10:34:22Z

LucretiaGoldhar: adjusted content and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian Defence Secretary}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Defence Secretary
| body = India
| native_name = ''भारत के रक्षा सचिव''
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| reports_to = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]]
| residence = 15, [[New Moti Bagh]], [[New Delhi]]<ref name=":Defence Secy. residence">{{Cite web|url=http://mod.nic.in/sites/default/files/Detailsrm.pdf|title=Telephone numbers and addresses of top executives in Defence Ministry|access-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref>
| seat = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|South Block, Cabinet Secretariat]] [[Raisina Hill]] [[New Delhi]]
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = {{raise|0.0em|Two years, term can be extended.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/02/09/stories/2005020906041100.htm|title=Fixed tenure planned for Home, Defence Secretaries|last=Khare|first=Harish|date=February 8, 2005|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=January 10, 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/22fixed.htm|title=Fixed tenure for defence, home secretaries|date=September 22, 2005|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/fixed-tenure-for-defence-home-secretaries/324513|title=Fixed tenure for Defence, Home Secretaries|date=September 22, 2005|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date= January 17, 2018}}</ref>
| incumbent = [[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant) |Rajesh Kumar Singh]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| incumbentsince = 1st November, 2024
| image = File:Rajesh Kumar Singh, Defence Secretary.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| succession =
| inaugural = G. S. Bhalja, [[Imperial Civil Service|ICS]]
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1947|07|21}}
| member_of = [[Strategic Policy Group]] Committee of [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretaries]] on Administration Defence Acquisition Council [[Defence Planning Committee]] Defence Procurcement Board (as ''Chairman'') Defence Production Board [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
| salary = {{INRConvert|225000}} monthly<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report" /><ref name=":India Today 7CPC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets-16980-2016-06-29|title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries?|date=June 29, 2016|editor-last=Biswas|editor-first=Shreya|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.mod.nic.in/|Official Website}}
| department = [[File:Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg|25px|border|Ministry of Defence (India)]] [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''defence secretary''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Rakṣā Saciv'') is the administrative head of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. This post is held by a senior [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of the rank of [[secretary to the Government of India]]. The current defence secretary is Shri. [[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant) |Rajesh Kumar Singh]] IAS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Govt appoints Rajesh Kumar Singh as Defence Secretary |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/govt-appoints-rajesh-kumar-singh-as-defence-secretary-441840-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

As a [[secretary to the Government of India]], the Defence Secretary ranks 23rd on [[Indian order of precedence]], along with all other secretaries to the Government of India, and [[lieutenant general]]s in the grade of army commander.<ref name="rajyasabha2">{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf|title=Order of Precedence|date=July 26, 1979|work=[[Rajya Sabha]]|publisher=President's Secretariat|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref>

== Powers, responsibilities and postings ==
{{Indian Armed Forces sidebar}}
The defence secretary is the administrative head of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], and is the principal adviser to the [[Minister of Defence (India)|minister of defence]] on all matters of policy and administration within the Ministry of Defence.<ref name="CSMOP India">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf|title=Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure - 14th Edition (2015)|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension]]|page=6|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

The role of defence secretary is as follows:
* To act as the administrative head of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)#Department of Defence|Ministry of Defence]]. The responsibility in this regard is complete and undivided.<ref name="Governance India">{{cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=3.1–3.10 |edition=2nd }}</ref>
* To act as the chief adviser to the [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]] on all aspects of policy and administrative affairs.<ref name="Governance India" />
* To represent the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] before the [[Public Accounts Committee]] of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="Governance India" />
* The defence secretary is responsible for coordinating the activities of the other departments (Department of Defence Production, [[Department of Military Affairs]], Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare and [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Department of Defence Research and Development]]) in the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mod.gov.in/dod/about-department-defence-0|title=About DoD|website=Department of Defence, [[Government of India]]|access-date=January 10, 2018}}</ref>
* To act as the [[Primus inter pares|first among equals]] among the [[Secretary to the Government of India|secretaries]] in the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].

== Emolument, accommodation and perquisites ==
The defence secretary is eligible for a [[diplomatic passport]]. The official earmarked residence of the defence secretary is 7, [[New Moti Bagh]], [[New Delhi]], a Type-VIII [[bungalow]].<ref name=":Defence Secy. residence" />

The salary and emolument in this rank is equivalent<ref name="Army Pay Rules2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.nic.in/sites/default/files/ArmyPayRules.pdf|title=Army Pay Rules, 2017|date=May 3, 2017|work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref> to [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretaries]] of state governments and to [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]/GOC-in-C and its equivalents in the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name="Army Pay Rules2" />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin: 1ex 0 1ex 1ex; "
|+'''Defence secretary monthly pay and allowances'''
!Base salary as per the [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|7th Pay Commission]] (per month)
!Pay matrix level
!Sources
|-
|{{INRConvert|225000}}
|Pay level 17
|<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report">{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|publisher=Seventh Central [[Pay Commission]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=November 20, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":India Today 7CPC" />
|}

== List of defence secretaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+List of defence secretaries
!S. No.
!Name
!Assumed office
!Demitted office
|-
|1
|[https://sites.google.com/view/wikisearch-com/home G. S. Bhalja]
|21 July 1947
|6 October 1947
|-
|2
|[[Hirubhai M. Patel|H. M. Patel]]
|7 October 1947
|20 July 1953
|-
|3
|B. B. Ghosh
|21 July 1953
|12 November 1953
|-
|4
|[[M. K. Vellodi]]
|13 November 1953
|13 June 1957
|-
|5
|O. Pulla Reddy
|14 June 1957
|21 November 1962
|-
|6
|[[P. V. R. Rao]]
|21 November 1962
|3 April 1965
|-
|7
|A. D. Pandit
|4 April 1965
|4 August 1965
|-
|(5)
|P. V. R. Rao
|5 August 1965
|31 December 1966
|-
|8
|V. Shankar
|1 January 1967
|2 November 1968
|-
|9
|[[Harish Chandra Sarin|H. C. Sarin]]
|3 November 1968
|7 December 1970
|-
|10
|[[K. B. Lall]]
|8 December 1970
|18 May 1973
|-
|11
|[[Govind Narain]]
|19 May 1973
|31 May 1975
|-
|12
|D. R. Kohli
|1 June 1975
|31 March 1977
|-
|13
|Gian Prakash
|4 April 1977
|26 March 1978
|-
|14
|S. Banerjee
|27 March 1978
|3 July 1979
|-
|15
|J. A. Dave
|9 July 1979
|10 April 1980
|-
|16
|K. P. A. Menon
|5 May 1980
|11 August 1981
|-
|17
|[[P. K. Kaul]]
|12 August 1981
|30 June 1983
|-
|18
|S. M. Ghosh
|26 July 1983
|25 June 1984
|-
|19
|[[S. K. Bhatnagar]]
|6 July 1984
|31 May 1988
|-
|20
|[[T. N. Seshan]]
|1 June 1988
|22 February 1989
|-
|21
|[[Naresh Chandra]]
|22 February 1989
|21 March 1990
|-
|22
|[[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
|21 March 1990
|6 April 1993
|-
|23
|K. A. Nambiar
|6 April 1993
|6 June 1996
|-
|24
|T. K. Banerjee
|5 August 1996
|31 May 1997
|-
|25
|Ajit Kumar
|31 May 1997
|1 January 1999
|-
|26
|[[T. R. Prasad]]
|1 January 1999
|20 October 2000
|-
|27
|[[Yogendra Narain]]
|20 October 2000
|30 June 2002
|-
|28
|Subir Dutta
|20 June 2002
|4 July 2003
|-
|29
|Ajay Prasad
|14 July 2003
|30 June 2004
|-
|30
|Ajai Vikram Singh
|1 July 2004
|31 July 2005
|-
|31
|[[Shekhar Dutt]]
|1 August 2005
|31 July 2007
|-
|32
|[[Vijay Singh (administrator)|Vijay Singh]]
|1 August 2007
|31 July 2009
|-
|33
|[[Pradeep Kumar (IAS)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|1 August 2009
|14 July 2011
|-
|34
|[[Shashi Kant Sharma]]
|14 July 2011
|{{dts|2013|5|24}}
|-
|35
|[[R. K. Mathur]]
|{{dts|2013|5|25}}
|{{dts|2015|5|24}}
|-
|36
|[[G. Mohan Kumar]]
|{{dts|2015|5|25}}
|{{dts|2017|5|24}}
|-
|37
|[[Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)|Sanjay Mitra]]
|{{dts|2017|5|25}}
|{{dts|2019|8|22}}
|-
|38
|[[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]]
|{{dts|2019|8|23}}
|{{dts|2022|10|31}}
|-
|39
|[[Giridhar Aramane]]
|{{dts|2022|11|1}}
|{{dts|2024|10|31}}
|-
|40
|[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant) |Rajesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{dts|2024|11|1}}
|''[[Incumbent]]''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Cabinet Secretary of India]]
* [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing]]
* [[Home Secretary of India]]
* [[Foreign Secretary of India]]
* [[Finance Secretary of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|edition=6th |isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|edition=2nd |isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]}}
{{refend}}

{{Military of India}}
{{Union ministries of India}}

[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]

2014 Indian Federation Cup final

2026-02-11T23:18:18Z

LucretiaGoldhar: Made a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2014 Indian Federation Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| team1association = [[I-League]]
| team1score = 3
| team2 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| team2association = [[I-League]]
| team2score = 1
| details =
| date = 25 January 2014
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| city = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| man_of_the_match1atitle =
| man_of_the_match1b =
| man_of_the_match1btitle =
| referee = Santosh Kumar (Kerala)
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = [[2012 Indian Federation Cup final|2012]]
| next = [[2015 Indian Federation Cup final|2015]]
}}

The '''2014 Indian Federation Cup final''' was a [[association football|football]] match between [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] and [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] played on 25 January 2014 at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. The match was the culmination of the [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup]]. This was the 35th edition of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], the national cup tournament of [[football in India]] which is administered by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF). Churchill Brothers won by defeating Sporting Goa 3–1 with goals scored by [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]], [[Alesh Sawant]], and [[Abdelhamid Shabana]] while the Sporting Goa goal came from [[Victorino Fernandes]]. This was the first time Churchill Brothers had won the tournament.

Churchill Brothers qualified for the final by defeating [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] in the semi-final 2–1 while Sporting Goa qualified by defeating [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] in the semi-finals 3–2 after extra-time. Prior to the final, Churchill Brothers and Sporting Goa had met once during the [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]] season with Churchill Brothers winning that match 3–2.

The final was televised live on [[TEN Action]].

==Road to the final==
{{details|2013–14 Indian Federation Cup}}

The Federation Cup is an annual Indian football competition open to all [[I-League]] and select [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] teams.<ref name="Zee Kickoff">{{cite web|title=Federation Cup 2013-14 to kickoff on Jan 14 with 16 teams|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/federation-cup-2013-14-to-kickoff-on-jan-14-with-16-teams_775319.html|work=Zee News|accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref> The 2013–14 edition was the 35th of the competition.<ref>{{cite web|title=It’s Churchill vs Sporting Clube de Goa in the Federation Cup final|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/its-churchill-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa-in-the-federation-cup-final-1356229.html|work=First Post|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>

===Churchill Brothers===
{{see also|2013–14 Churchill Brothers S.C. season}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right"
|-
!scope=col width="25" | Round
!scope=col width="150" | Opposition
!scope=col width="50" | Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| GS
| [[United S.C.|United]]
| 2–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| GS
| [[Eagles F.C.|Eagles]]
| 2–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center" | GS
| [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| 3–2
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|SF
| [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| 2–1
|}

Prior to reaching the 2014 final, Churchill Brothers have never reached the final of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] before.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federation Cup Semi-Final Preview: East Bengal - Churchill Brothers|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/52041/east-bengal-fc-vs-churchill-brothers-sc/preview|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref> They began their 2013–14 Federation Cup campaign on 14 January 2014 in the first match of the group stages against fellow [[I-League]] side [[United S.C.|United]]. The match took place at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. The venue would turn out to be the only stadium Churchill Brothers play in throughout the entire tournament. It took only five minutes before Churchill Brothers took the lead through Egyptian recruit [[Abdelhamid Shabana]] before [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]] doubled the lead for Churchill in the 17th minute. [[Ranti Martins]] then earned a goal back for United in the 43rd minute, however Churchill Brothers managed to hold on for the opening day 2–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Churchill Brothers SC 2-1 United Sports Club: The Goan side held on to get off to a winning start|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122938/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-united-sports-club/report#|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>

Churchill Brothers then played their second match of the group on 17 January 2014 against [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] side [[Eagles F.C.|Eagles]]. The match remained goalless by half-time with neither side able to get on the scoresheet. This remained true for the second half as well until Churchill Brothers broke the deadlock at the 74th minute from a strike by Balwant Singh. Eagles however soon equalized off Nigerian striker [[Koko Sakibo]], however, only three minutes later, Shabana won the game for Churchill Brothers with an 86th-minute goal as Churchill Brothers ran out 2–1 winners again.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Eagles FC 1-2 Churchill Brothers SC: The Red Machines book their berth in the semis|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/126384/eagles-fc-vs-churchill-brothers-sc/report?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>

In the final match of the group stage, Churchill Brothers faced off against I-League contenders [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]. Churchill Brothers scored the first goal of the match early on in the 8th minute thanks to a strike by new signing and [[Trinidad and Tobago national football team|Trinidad and Tobago]] international [[Anthony Wolfe]]. However, Pune soon equalized eleven minutes later from their new signing, [[Gabriel Fernandes]]. Churchill Brothers soon though regained the lead through [[India national football team|India]] international [[Lenny Rodrigues]] in the 32nd minute as Churchill Brothers went into half-time with a 2–1 lead. Pune equalized again once the second half began in the 53rd minute through Gabriel Fernandes. However, in the 73rd minute, Anthony Wolfe scored his second goal of the game which would turn out to be the match winner as Churchill Brothers won 3–2. The victory allowed Churchill Brothers to qualify for the semi-finals of the Federation Cup and in the process gaining nine points out of nine in the group stage.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Churchill Brothers SC 3-2 Pune FC: A brace on either side in five-goal thriller|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122940/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-pune-fc/report?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>

On 23 January 2014, Churchill Brothers played in the semi-final of the Federation Cup against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]. Mohun Bagan made it through to the semi-finals through beating [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]], [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]], and drawing against [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] in their group.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bali|first=Rahul|title=Churchill Brothers – Mohun Bagan Preview: Red Machines hope to continue their winning run|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/129397/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-mohun-bagan-ac/preview?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref> Churchill Brothers took the lead early in the match through a 4th-minute strike from Balwant Singh. Anthony Wolfe then doubled the lead for the Goans from the penalty spot in the 15th minute before Bagan drew a goal back from [[Odafe Onyeka Okolie]] in the 32nd minute. Churchill Brothers eventually held on to win the match 2–1 and thus advance to the final for the first time in their history.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bali|first=Rahul|title=Churchill Brothers 2-1 Mohun Bagan: Balwant fires the Red Machines into the final|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/129397/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-mohun-bagan-ac/report?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>

===Sporting Goa===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right"
|-
!scope=col width="25" | Round
!scope=col width="150" | Opposition
!scope=col width="50" | Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| GS
| [[Bengaluru FC]]
| 3–5
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| GS
| [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 2–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center" | GS
| [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]
| 2–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|SF
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| 3–2 (AET)
|}
[[File:Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDS Complex]], the stadium where Sporting Goa played all three of their group matches at.|alt=]]
Prior to the 2014 final, Sporting Goa had made it to two other Federation Cup finals in 2005 and 2006 but lost in both of them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand first for fiery Churchill|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/382765/grand-first-fiery-churchill.html|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref> Sporting Goa began their 2013–14 Federation Cup campaign on 15 January 2014 against new direct-entry [[I-League]] side [[Bengaluru FC]] at the [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium]]. The MDS Complex served as the venue for all three of Sportings' group matches. The match and the tournament could not have begun any worse for Sporting Goa than it did with the Goan side finding themselves 4–0 down by the 66th minute. The goals were scored by [[Beikhokhei Beingaichho]] who scored two goals in the 5th and 41st minutes, [[Sunil Chhetri]] who scored in the 33rd minute, and [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] who found the net in the 66th minute. However, Sporting began a mini-resurgence when Australian import [[Boima Karpeh]] scored the first goal for Sporting in the 74th minute. [[Beevan D'Mello]] then scored the second goal for Sporting Goa in the 89th minute before [[Victorino Fernandes]] scored the third two minutes into stoppage time. Despite this though, Bengaluru FC scored the fifth and final goal a minute later through Robin Singh as Sporting Goa suffered an opening day 5–3 defeat.<ref>{{cite web|last=Netto|first=Brendon|title=Bengaluru FC 5-3 Sporting Clube de Goa: Westwood's troops win in a thrilling encounter|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122931/bengaluru-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>

Sporting Goa then played their second match on 18 January 2014 against the defending champions, [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]. Sporting took the lead early in the match thanks to an 18th-minute striker from Victorino Fernandes. That was the only goal scored in the first half as Sporting went into half-time with a 1–0 lead. East Bengal then equalized at the start of the second-half thanks to a 58th-minute penalty goal from [[Ryuji Sueoka]] before Beevan D'Mello won the game for Sporting in the 85th minute as Sporting won 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Clube de Goa 2-1 East Bengal: Beevan heaps more misery on the Kolkata outfit|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122933/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-east-bengal-fc/report?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>

Sportings last match of the group stage came up against newly promoted I-League side [[Rangdajied United F.C.|Rangdajied United]]. After a scoreless first-half, Sporting opened the scoring in the 53rd minute thanks to Boima Karpeh. Victorino Fernandes then doubled the lead for Sporting in the 70th minute as Sporting won the match 2–0 and thus qualified for the next round of the Federation Cup.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Clube de Goa 2-0 Rangdajied United FC: Kashyap's side succumb to Flaming Oranje|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122935/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-rangdajied-united-fc/report?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>

On 23 January 2014, Sporting played their semi-final match against fellow Goan club [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]. Dempo qualified for the semi-finals after defeating [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]] and [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]] before drawing against [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Sporting Clube de Goa - Dempo Preview: Goan clubs face-off in Federation Cup semi-final|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/129398/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-dempo-sc/preview?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref> Sporting took the lead in the match in the 30th minute through Boima Karpeh. Dempo then equalized in the 72nd minute through their Aussie import [[Tolgay Özbey]]. However, in the 83rd minute, Sporting retook the lead when the clubs Spanish import [[Arturo Navarro]] scored from the penalty spot but that was before Dempo equalized again in the 87th minute through [[Afghanistan national football team|Afghan]] international [[Zohib Islam Amiri]]. The match thus ended 2–2 and went into extra-time where Sporting retook the lead in the 107th minute from yet another penalty goal from Arturo Navarro. That eventually turned out to be the winning goal as Sporting Goa won the match 3–2 and advanced to the final.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Sporting Clube de Goa 2-2 (3-2 AET) Dempo SC: Garcia stars for Flaming Oranje|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/129398/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-dempo-sc/report?ICID=OP|work=Goal.com|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>

==Match==

===Details===
{{Football box
|date = 25 January 2014
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 3–1
|report = [http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5462 Report]
|team2 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|goals1 = [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|21}} [[Alesh Sawant|Sawant]] {{goal|47}} [[Abdelhamid Shabana|Shabana]] {{goal|64}}
|goals2 = [[Victorino Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|67}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance =
|referee= [[Santosh Kumar (referee)|Santosh Kumar]] ([[Kerala]])
}}

{| width=92% |
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _bluebow
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| leftarm = FF0000
| body = FF0000
| rightarm = FF0000
| shorts = FF0000
| socks = FF0000
| alt =
| title = Churchill Brothers
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collarred 2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = FFFFFF
| body = FFFFFF
| rightarm = FFFFFF
| shorts = FFFFFF
| socks = FFFFFF
| alt =
| title = Sporting Goa
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalit Thapa]]
|-
|DF ||'''11''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjay Balmuchu]]
|-
|DF ||'''12'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Denzil Franco]]
|-
|DF ||'''13''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dharmaraj Ravanan]]
|-
|DF ||'''18'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thangjam Singh]]
|-
|DF ||'''26'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yumnam Raju]]
|-
|MF ||'''24''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lenny Rodrigues]]
|-
|MF ||'''21''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Alesh Sawant]] || || {{suboff|56}}
|-
|MF ||'''14''' || {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Abdelhamid Shabana]]
|-
|FW ||'''30'''|| {{flagicon|TRI}} [[Anthony Wolfe]]
|-
|FW ||'''17''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK ||'''27'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|-
|DF ||'''2'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} Sudhakaran Kumar
|-
|DF ||'''29'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satish Singh]]
|-
|MF ||'''8'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Micky Fernandes]]
|-
|MF ||'''15'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony Barbosa]]
|-
|MF ||'''19''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Charles Miranda]]
|-
|MF ||'''31'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashley Fernandes]]
|-
|FW ||'''22''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaison Vales]] || || {{subon|56}} || {{suboff|77}}
|-
|FW ||'''35'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} Bineesh Balan || || {{subon|77}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan=4| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mariano Dias]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]
|-
|DF ||'''5'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Keenan Almeida]]
|-
|DF ||'''6''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Gonzalo Hinojal]] || {{yel|37}}
|-
|DF ||'''33'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Joyner Lourenco]]
|-
|DF ||'''24''' || {{flagicon|IND}} Rovan Pereira || || {{suboff|73}}
|-
|MF ||'''7''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mackroy Peixote]] || || {{suboff|59}}
|-
|MF ||'''8'''|| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna]]
|-
|MF ||'''13'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Beevan D'Mello]] || || {{suboff|79}}
|-
|MF ||'''23'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rowllin Borges]]
|-
|FW ||'''30'''|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Boima Karpeh]] || {{yel|25}}
|-
|FW ||'''14''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Victorino Fernandes]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK ||'''25'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} Harshad Meher
|-
|DF ||'''3'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Matthew Gonsalves]] || || {{subon|73}}
|-
|DF ||'''4'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Devrani]]
|-
|DF ||'''18'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rojen Singh]]
|-
|MF ||'''9''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Arturo Navarro]]
|-
|MF ||'''11'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jovel Martins]]
|-
|MF ||'''15'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pratesh Shirodkar]]
|-
|MF ||'''17'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Stephen Barretto]] || || {{subon|59}}
|-
|MF ||'''22'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Joseph Pereira]] || || {{subon|79}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan=4| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Oscar Bruzon]]
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
|}

===Statistics===
;Overall<ref>{{cite web|title=Churchill Brothers vs. Sporting Goa 3 - 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/01/25/india/federation-cup/churchill-brothers-sc/sporting-club-de-goa/1595556/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!width=100|
!width=70 | Churchill Brothers
!width=70 | Sporting Goa
|-
|Goals scored || 3 || 1
|-
|Total shots || 11 || 4
|-
|Shots on target || 5 || 2
|-
|Corner kicks || 4 || 4
|-
|Fouls committed || 9 || 5
|-
|Offsides || 9 || 0
|-
|Yellow cards || 0 || 2
|-
|Red cards || 0 ||0
|-
|Possession || 47% || 53%
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{2013–14 in Indian football}}
{{Churchill Brothers S.C.}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2014 Indian Federation Cup Final}}
[[Category:2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|1]]
[[Category:Indian Federation Cup finals]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC matches]]
[[Category:SC de Goa matches]]

M. V. Kamath

2026-02-08T12:00:04Z

LucretiaGoldhar: expand information for accuracy per standard format

{{Short description|Indian journalist, well-known in print and broadcasting media}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. V. Kamath
| image =
| alt =
| caption = M.V Kamnath
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|9|7|df=y}}<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Veteran-journalist-MV-Kamath-dies-at-93/articleshow/44740910.cms|title=Veteran journalist MV Kamath dies at 93|date=9 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Udupi]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|10|9|1921|9|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Manipal]], [[Karnataka]], India
| other_names =
| known_for =
| years_active = 1940-2014
| occupation = Journalist, broadcasting executive, academic administrator
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|60px]]
| website =
}}

'''Madhav Vittal Kamath''' (7 September 1921 – 9 October 2014)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mv-kamath-dies-veteran-journalist-prasar-bharati-manipal-209182-2014-10-09|title=Veteran journalist MV Kamath dies at 93|date=9 October 2014|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref> was an Indian journalist and broadcasting executive, and the chairman of [[Prasar Bharati]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Govind |first1=Nikhil |title=An independent voice |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/an-independent-voice/article4985332.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=3 August 2013}}</ref> He worked as the editor of ''[[The Sunday Times (India)|The Sunday Times]]'' for two years from 1967 to 1969, as Washington correspondent for ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nireekshak|date=1969|title=Nodding Editors|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=4|issue=25|pages=990–991|issn=0012-9976|jstor=40740097}}</ref> from 1969 to 1978 and also as editor of ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gohain|first=Hiren|date=1980|title=Cudgel of Chauvinism|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=15|issue=8|pages=418–420|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4368393}}</ref> He had also written numerous books<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jason|first1=Heda|last2=Tcherniak|first2=Alexander|date=2004|title=Review of Indian Names: From Classical to Contemporary (For People, Places and Products)|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|volume=63|issue=1|pages=159–161|issn=0385-2342|jstor=30030327}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mankekar|first=D.R.|date=1987|title=Review of Behind the By-line—A Journalist's Memoirs|journal=India Quarterly|volume=43|issue=1|pages=75–77|issn=0974-9284|jstor=45072199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanitkar|first=Ajit|date=2016-08-11|title=Book Reviews : M.V. Kamath, Points and Lines—Charat Ram: A Biography, New Delhi: UBS Publishers' Distributors Ltd., 1994, pp. 272|journal=The Journal of Entrepreneurship|volume=4|pages=120–122|language=en|doi=10.1177/097135579500400112|s2cid=154036886}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Narayan|first=Shyamala A.|date=2016-07-26|title=India|journal=The Journal of Commonwealth Literature|volume=28|issue=3|pages=45–68|language=en|doi=10.1177/002198949302800302|s2cid=220807327}}</ref> and was conferred with the [[Padma Bhushan]] award in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php|title=Shri Madhav Vittal Kamath : Padma Bhusan|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=22 March 2010|archive-date=1 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201045409/http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/02/02/stories/2003020200660300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604222342/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/02/02/stories/2003020200660300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2011|title= Saffron selections |last=Ninan|first=Sevanti|date=2 February 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 March 2010}}</ref> He was born in a [[brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ashraf|first=Syed Firdaus|title='Only Brahmins can defeat Brahminism'|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/only-brahmins-can-defeat-brahminism/20180104.htm|access-date=2022-01-16|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, Mr. Kamath co-authored a biographical sketch of [[Narendra Modi]] book titled ''Narendra Modi: The Architect of a Modern State'', at a time when Modi's reputation was considerably affected as a result of the [[2002 Gujarat riots]]; post his ascent into national politics, a newer version of the book was published as ''The Man of the Moment: Narendra Modi''.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/journalist-mv-kamath-dead/article6483956.ece|title=Veteran journalist MV Kamath |date=9 October 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 December 2014|last1=Prabhu |first1=Ganesh |last2=Reddy |first2=B. Muralidhar }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|chapter=From Holy Sites to Web Sites: Hindu Nationalism, from Sacred Territory to Diasporic Ethnicity|date=2017|pages=153–174|editor-last=Michel|editor-first=Patrick|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-58011-5_8|isbn=9781137580115|editor2-last=Possamai|editor2-first=Adam|editor3-last=Turner|editor3-first=Bryan S.|title=Religions, Nations, and Transnationalism in Multiple Modernities}}</ref> Kamath was a board-member of [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] and was also the Honorary Director of the School of Communication, since its inception in 1997.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Veteran-journalist-MV-Kamath-dies-at-93/articleshow/44740910.cms|title=Veteran journalist MV Kamath dies at 93|date=9 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref>

He died on the morning of October 9, 2014, from a cardiac arrest at [[Kasturba Hospital]];<ref name=":1" /> he was hospitalized since a few days back due to geriatric ailments.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/02/02/stories/2003020200660300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604222342/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/02/02/stories/2003020200660300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2011|title= Saffron selections |last=Ninan|first=Sevanti|date=2 February 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 March 2010}}</ref>

[[Malini Parthasarathy]] notes him to have longstanding sympathies with [[Hindutva]]—one of his columns following the [[Graham Staines#Death and reaction|murder of Graham Staines]] by Hindutva extremists sought to justify the incident as a spontaneous repercussion against conversions, if the government were not willing to step in—in what she deems that as a blatant incitement of hate crimes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pluralism and Democracy in India: Debating the Hindu Right|last=Parthasarathy|first=Malini|date=2015-03-06|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199380947|editor-last=Nussbaum|editor-first=Martha|pages=100|language=en-US|chapter=Legitimating Majoritarian Chauvinism:The Indian Media and the Hindutva Campaign|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394825.001.0001|editor-last2=Doniger|editor-first2=Wendy|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394825.001.0001/acprof-9780195394825-chapter-6}}</ref> Others have shared similar views<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYcTCgAAQBAJ|title=The God Market: How Globalization is Making India More Hindu|last=Nanda|first=Meera|date=October 2011|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9781583672501|pages=1|language=en}}</ref> and he has also extensively written in the official mouthpiece of RSS - [[Organiser (magazine)|''Organiser'']].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=YADAV|first1=YOGENDRA|last2=PALSHIKAR|first2=SUHAS|date=2009|title=Between Fortuna and Virtu: Explaining the Congress' Ambiguous Victory in 2009|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=44|issue=39|pages=33–46|issn=0012-9976|jstor=25663593}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maclean|first=Kama Kellie|date=1999-12-01|title=Embracing the untouchables: the BJP and scheduled caste votes|journal=Asian Studies Review|volume=23|issue=4|pages=488–509|doi=10.1080/10357829908713252|issn=1035-7823}}</ref> Kamath has been noted to be an astute journalist, whose opinions swayed with the tune of the majority; his stance on the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid demolition]] was quite negative in the immediate aftermath ''but'' after about a decade, he deemed that as an act of valiance that restored the self-respect of Hindus and rejoiced about how the state, of Hindu India being under continual siege since the first Islamic invasions, was reversed for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Flåten|first=Lars Tore|date=2012-09-01|title=Hindu Nationalist Conceptions of History: Constructing a Hindu–Muslim Dichotomy|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=35|issue=3|pages=624–647|doi=10.1080/00856401.2011.642794|s2cid=144969016|issn=0085-6401}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEOFAgAAQBAJ|title=Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property|last1=Layton|first1=R.|last2=Stone|first2=P.|last3=Thomas|first3=J.|date=2003-09-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134604982|pages=151–152|language=en|chapter=Ayodhya, Print Media and Communalism}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In the immediate aftermaths of the enactment of Mandal Commission recommendations, when RSS increasingly leaned towards a hardcore Brahmanical approach, Kamath had written of the need to maintain Hindu unity and negate the fall-outs of an impending ''[[Shudra]]'' revolution.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXoQwlyDMFoC|title=Social Movements in India: Poverty, Power, and Politics|last1=Ray|first1=Raka|last2=Katzenstein|first2=Mary Fainsod|author-link2=Mary Fainsod Katzenstein|date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780742538436|pages=73|language=en|chapter=Problems of Social Power}}</ref> [[Alexander Evans (diplomat)|Alexander Evans]] had noted his efforts in racist communalisation of the [[Kashmir conflict]]; Kamath deemed the region to belong solely to the Pandits and not to the Muslims, who were allegedly alone-responsible for the decline of their culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=Alexander|date=2002-03-01|title=A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990-2001|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=11|issue=1|pages=19–37|doi=10.1080/0958493022000000341|s2cid=145573161|issn=0958-4935}}</ref> [[Rajmohan Gandhi]] notes him to be a staunch Hindu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCCDot1w8fUC|title=Understanding the Muslim Mind|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|date=2000-10-14|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780140299052|language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* On Media, Politics and Literature (2009), Prabal Publishing, Bangalore.
* Narendra Modi – The Architect of a Modern State (2009) Co-author Kalindi Randeri, [[Rupa & Co.]], New Delhi.
* Gandhi – A Spiritual Journey (2007), Indus Source Books, Mumbai.
* Reporter at Large (2002), [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. V. Kamath|title=M.V. Kamath, a Journalist at Large|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNOcIIITTYwC&pg=PR8|year=2006|publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House]]|isbn=978-81-7992-577-5}}</ref>
* The Pursuit of Excellence (1982), [[Rupa & Co.]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Reporter at Large |url=http://www.bhavans.info/store/bookdetail.asp?bid=213&bauth=M.V.+Kamath |website=Bhavan's Book University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214053955/http://www.bhavans.info/store/bookdetail.asp?bid=213&bauth=M.V.+Kamath |archive-date=14 December 2010}}</ref>
* The United States and India, 1776-1996: The Bridge over the River Time (1998), [[ICCR]], New Delhi
* Corruption & the Lokpal Bill (2012) : Written & Edited with Gayatri Pagdi, Indus Source Books, Mumbai

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://rupapublications.co.in/authors/m-v-kamath/ M. V. Kamath] at [[Rupa Publications]]
* [http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=62 M V KAMATH : The Coastal Boy Who Made Big in Journalism], [[Daijiworld]]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamath, M V}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Udupi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]

Kamala Krishnaswamy

2026-02-07T23:20:34Z

LucretiaGoldhar: slightly adjust lead for consistency and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Indian scientist in nutrition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kamala Krishnaswamy
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields =
| workplaces = [[National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad|National institute of Nutrition]]
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]], [[Karolinska institute]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards =
}}
'''Kamala Krishnaswamy''' is an Indian scientist in nutrition. She is a former director of the [[National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad|National institute of Nutrition]] from 1997 to 2002, and was the President of the Nutrition Society of [[India]] from 2003 to 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hnfi.org/profile/krishnaswamy.html?keepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=480&width=600 | title=Kamala Krishnaswamy | publisher=Heinz Nutrition Foundation of India | accessdate=16 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812085523/http://www.hnfi.org/profile/krishnaswamy.html?keepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=480&width=600 | archive-date=12 August 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Vir2011">{{cite book|author=Sheila Chander Vir|title=Public Health and Nutrition in Developing Countries (Part I and II)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ykj7CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA956|accessdate=16 July 2016|date=14 August 2011|publisher=WPI India|isbn=978-93-80308-75-3|pages=956–}}</ref><ref name="Bamji2009">{{cite book|author=Bamji|title=Textbook Of Human Nutrition, 3/E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqccfyPUqYUC&pg=PA524|accessdate=16 July 2016|year=2009|publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-204-1742-7|pages=524–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N98-1233 | title=Dr Kamala Krishnaswamy Fellow | publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] | accessdate=16 July 2016}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Born on 4 April 1940 in Hyderabad in India,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Krishnaswamy is a former Emeritus Medical Scientist at the Indian Council of Medical Research, she has been inducted as a fellow in the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2003, and is also a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, the Indian Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Medical Sciences, and the International Union of Nutritional Sciences as well as other societies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences - Dr. (Ms) Kamala Krishnaswamy |url=https://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=240 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The World Academy of Sciences - KRISHNASWAMY Kamala |url=https://twas.org/directory/krishnaswamy-kamala |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref>

== Honors and Awards ==
The recipient of multiple awards, including Dr. VN Patwardhan Prize<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and the Dr. Kamala Menon Medical Research Award from the Indian Council of Medical Research;<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> the Ramachandran Oration Award from the Nutrition Foundation of India in 2011,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Dr. Gopalan Cenetenary Award of Nutrition Society of India in 2018<ref name=":1" /> and many others, Krishnaswamy was most recently honored with the Living Legend Award of International Union of Nutritional Sciences Award in 2022.<ref name=":0" />

==Biography==
She earned her [[MBBS]] and MD in Internal Medicine from [[Osmania University]]. She trained in clinical pharmacology in the [[Karolinska institute]] in [[Sweden]] under a [[World Health Organization]] fellowship. She joined the [[National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad|National institute of Nutrition]] in 1964 and became its director in 1997.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/510206/milk-adulteration-fssai-proposes-norms.html | title=Milk adulteration: FSSAI proposes new norms | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=5 November 2015 | accessdate=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Traditional-oil-best-bet-shows-study/articleshow/16647823.cms | title=Traditional oil best bet, shows study | publisher=[[Times of India]] | work=Pushpa Narayan | date=3 October 2012 | accessdate=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India: Wonder Foods: Spices|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-809645011.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911204805/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-809645011.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 11, 2016|publisher=Women's Feature Service|via=HighBeam|accessdate=16 July 2016|date=March 17, 2003 }}</ref>

== Books ==

* Obesity in the urban middle class in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vadera |first1=Bhavin N |last2=Yadav |first2=Sudha B |last3=Yadav |first3=Babusingh S |last4=Parmar |first4=Dipesh V |last5=Unadkat |first5=Sumit V |date=2010 |title=Study on Obesity and Influence of Dietary Factors on the Weight Status of an Adult Population in Jamnagar City of Gujarat: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study |journal=Indian Journal of Community Medicine |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=482–486 |doi=10.4103/0970-0218.74346 |issn=0970-0218 |pmc=3026124 |pmid=21278866 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics in Malnutrition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krishnaswamy |first=Kamala |date=1983-01-01 |title=Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics in malnutrition |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147%2883%2990411-X |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |language=en |volume=4 |pages=295–299 |doi=10.1016/0165-6147(83)90411-X |s2cid=72535592 |issn=0165-6147|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnaswamy, Kamala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian nutritionists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}

MTV Dark Scroll

2026-02-05T04:37:50Z

LucretiaGoldhar: new new info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = MTV Dark Scroll.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = {{ubl|[[paranormal television|Paranormal]]|[[Reality television|Reality]]}}
| presenter = [[Amit Sadh]] (Host) Sarbajeet Mohanty Pooja Vijay (Paranormal Experts) Nayera Ahuja (Paralogger)
| starring = [[#Contestants|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 21
| list_episodes =
| producer = Celebfame Entertainment
| location = [[Uttarakhand]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 40 mins
| company =
| network = [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] [[JioCinema]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|08|16}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2024|09|29}}
| related =
}}
'''''MTV Dark Scroll – Muqabla Anjaan Se''''' ({{Translation|''MTV Dark Scroll – Competition with the Unknown''}}) is an Indian [[paranormal television|paranormal]] [[reality television]] series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Scroll:પહેલીવાર જોવા મળશે પેરાનોર્મલ રિયાલિટી શો, ભૂતિયા લોકેશન પર સ્પર્ધકો કરશે ભૂતનો સામનો, જોઈ લો એક ઝલક |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/entertainment/paranormal-reality-show-mtv-dark-scroll-contestants-will-face-ghosts-watch-on-jio-cinema-356890 |website=Zee News Gujarati}}</ref> Filmed in [[Uttarakhand]] and hosted by [[Amit Sadh]]. It broadcasts on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] from 16 August to 29 September 2024 and streams digitally on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Amit Sadh to host India's ONLY paranormal reality show Dark Scroll; deets inside : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/amit-sadh-host-indias-paranormal-reality-show-dark-scroll-deets-inside/ |language=en |date=14 August 2024}}</ref> It also features paranormal experts Sarbajeet Mohanty and Pooja Vijay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amit Sadh to host paranormal reality show ‘Dark Scroll – Muqabla Anjaan Se’|url=https://theprint.in/feature/amit-sadh-to-host-paranormal-reality-show-dark-scroll-muqabla-anjaan-se/2223887/ |website=The Print|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Scroll Muqabla Anjaan Se: Amit Sadh To Host India's Only Paranormal Reality Show; Check Release Date |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/dark-scroll-muqabla-anjaan-se-amit-sadh-to-host-indias-only-paranormal-reality-show-check-release-date-10180707 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

== Format ==
Nine seekers will embark on an exploratory adventure across seven of the most haunted locations in Uttarakhand, confronting supernatural challenges and their deepest fears.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=MTV Dark Scroll – Muqabla Anjaan Se: Amit Sadh explodes on Seekers as he questions, “Aap log isko mazaak samaj rahe ho?” : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/mtv-dark-scroll-muqabla-anjaan-se-amit-sadh-explodes-seekers-questions-aap-log-isko-mazaak-samaj-rahe-ho/ |language=en |date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

== Contestants ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |Seekers
! scope="col" | Age
! scope="col" | Hometown
! scope="col" | Status
|-
|Bgcolor=cyan|
| Paarth Idnani
| 21
| [[Mumbai]]
| style="background:green; text-align:center;" |{{white|Winner {{small|29 September}}}}
|-
|Bgcolor=cyan|
| Sahil Shukla
| 24
| [[Dehradun]]
| style="background:silver; text-align:center;" | Runner-up {{small| 29 September}}
|-
|Bgcolor=pink|
| Swati Gahlawat
| 22
| [[Sonipat]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" |Eliminated {{small|28 September}}
|-
|Bgcolor=pink|
| Anubhuti Mehta
| 21
| [[Delhi]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" |Eliminated {{small|28 September}}
|-
|Bgcolor=cyan|
| Aryan Singh
| 19
| [[Noida]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" |Eliminated {{small|28 September}}
|-
|Bgcolor=pink|
| Sanskruti "Sasa" Salunke
| 21
| [[Mumbai]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" |Eliminated {{small|22 September}}
|-
|Bgcolor=pink|
| Shambhavi "Angel" Sharma
| 20
| [[Jaipur]]
| style="background:lightgreen; text-align:center;" |Withdrew {{small|13 September}}
|-
|Bgcolor=pink|
| Mian Mian
| 20
| [[Itanagar]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align:center;" |Eliminated {{small|8 September}}
|-
|Bgcolor=cyan|
| Kartik Rawat
| 21
| [[Dehradun]]
| {{expelled|Ejected}} {{small|25 August}}
|}

== Investigation summary ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:15px; width:100%"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |
! colspan="23" | Week
|-
! colspan="3" | 1
! colspan="3" | 2
! colspan="3" | 3
! colspan="3" | 4
! colspan="3" | 5
! colspan="3" | 6
| colspan="4" bgcolor=gold | '''7'''
|-
! colspan="3" | 16-18 Aug
! colspan="3" | 23-25 Aug
! colspan="3" | {{nowrap|30 Aug-01 Sep}}
! colspan="3" | 06-08 Sep
! colspan="3" | 13-15 Sep
! colspan="3" | 20-22 Sep
| colspan="3" bgcolor=gold | '''27-28 Sep'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor=gold | '''29 Sep'''
|-
! colspan="3" | Lambi Dehar Mines
! colspan="3" | Doonga Haveli
! colspan="3" | Tea Estate
! colspan="3" | Radha Bhavan
! colspan="3" | Hathipaon School
! colspan="3" | Pines Old Cementry
| colspan="4" bgcolor=gold | '''Abbott Hospital'''
|-
! colspan="24" style="background:#000" |
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! Paarth
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan="2" |IN
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| style="background:Orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |SAFE
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan="2" |IN
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan="2" |IN
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
|style="background:#7CFC00;" |'''WINNER'''
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! Sahil
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan="2" |IN
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan=2 |IN
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |{{nowrap|'''RUNNER-UP'''}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! Swati
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan="2" |IN
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan="2" |IN
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| colspan="2" |IN
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| colspan=2 style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| IN
| bgcolor=salmon|ELIM
!
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! Anubhuti
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan=2 style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan=2 style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| colspan=2 |IN
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan=2 |IN
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| style="background:Orange;" |BTM
| style="background:#E6E200;" |SAFE
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan=2 |IN
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| IN
| bgcolor=salmon|ELIM
!
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! Aryan
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| style="background:Orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |SAFE
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan=2 style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan=2 |IN
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| colspan=2 style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| colspan=2 |IN
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| style="background:Orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |SAFE
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| IN
| bgcolor=salmon|ELIM
!
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! Sasa
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| colspan="2" |IN
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| colspan="2" |IN
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan="2" |IN
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| style="background:Orange;" |BTM
| style="background:#E6E200;" |SAFE
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| style="background:Orange;" |BTM
| style="background:mistyrose;" |SAFE
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| style="background:Orange;" |BTM
| bgcolor=salmon|ELIM
! colspan=4 |
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! Angel
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan=2 |IN
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan=2 style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| colspan=2 style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| colspan=2 style="background:cornflowerblue;" |TOP
| colspan="2" style="background:#fcf" |QUIT
! colspan=8 |
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! Mian
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| colspan=2 |IN
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| colspan=2 |IN
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| colspan=2 |IN
| style="background:#FEDF00;" |
| style="background:Orange;" |BTM
| bgcolor=salmon|ELIM
! colspan=10 |
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! Kartik
| style="background:#ED2839;" |
| style="background:Orange;" |BTM
| style="background:#E6E200;" |SAFE
| style="background:#00AD83;" |
| IN
| {{Expelled|EJEC}}
! colspan="16" |
|-
! colspan="24" style="background:#000" |
|-
! colspan="2" | Notes
| colspan="3" | ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| colspan="3" | ''[[#endnote 1|1]]'', ''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
| colspan="3" | ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| colspan="3" | ''[[#endnote 1|1]]'', ''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
| colspan="3" | ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| colspan="3" | ''[[#endnote 1|1]]'', ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
| colspan="3" | ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]''
|-
|}

===Notes===
{{refbegin|}}
* {{note|1|Note 1}}: The seekers were divided into teams.
:{{color box|#ED2839|border=silver}} Team 1
:{{color box|#FEDF00|border=silver}} Team 2
:{{color box|#00AD83|border=silver}} Team 3
* {{note|2|Note 2}}: Team 3 didn't complete their investigation.
* {{note|3|Note 3}}: Mian Mian was eliminated directly without performing the dare.
* {{note|4|Note 4}}: Aryan completed the dare and advanced, resulting in Sasa's elimination.
* {{note|5|Note 5}}: Parth received winning cash prize money ₹5,00,000.
{{refend}}

:{{color box|cornflowerblue|border=silver}} (TOP) The seeker was one of the top entries in the team investigation.
:{{color box|white|border=silver}} (IN) The seeker wasn't a top or bottom entry in the team investigation.
:{{color box|orange|border=silver}} (BTM) The seeker was one of the bottom entries in the team investigation and had to perform a dare in order to stay in the journey.
:{{color box|#E6E200|border=silver}} (SAFE) The seeker was one of the bottom entries in the team investigation but did not perform a dare and was safe.
:{{color box|mistyrose|border=silver}} (SAFE) The seeker performed the dare and advanced.
:{{color box|salmon|border=silver}} (ELIM) The seeker was eliminated.
:{{color box|#FFE08B|border=silver}} (EJEC) The seeker violated major rules and was ejected.

== Production ==
The series was announced on 23 July 2024 on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MTV announces paranormal reality show 'Dark Scroll - Muqabla Anjaan Se' |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/thriller/mtv-announces-paranormal-reality-show-%E2%80%98dark-scroll---muqabla-anjaan-se%E2%80%99-240813 |website=www.indiantelevision.com |language=en |date=13 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MTV launches India's 1st paranormal reality show |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/mtv-launches-indias-1st-paranormal-reality-show-1071517-2024-08-14 |website=India Today NE |language=en |date=14 August 2024}}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 30 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Scroll: एमटीवी लेकर आया पैरानॉर्मल रियलिटी शो, असली लोकेशन पर भूत- प्रेतों से करना होगा सामना - MTV Dark Scroll: Amit Sadh new paranormal reality show trailer released |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-mtv-dark-scroll-amit-sadh-new-paranormal-reality-show-trailer-released-23768726.html |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Scroll Trailer: भूत-प्रेतों की जगहों पर होंगे ऐसे टास्क, इस दिन से रिलीज होने जा रहा है पैरानॉर्मल रियलिटी शो |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/entertainment/mtv-dark-scroll-trailer-watch-here-paranormal-reality-show-hosting-by-amit-sadh/2360463 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi |date=30 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/mtv-dark-scroll/3998852 ''MTV Dark Scroll''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-tv-stub}}
{{Paranormal-stub}}
{{Reality-tv-prog-stub}}

T. D. Ramakrishnan

2026-01-27T15:12:46Z

LucretiaGoldhar: done

{{Short description|Indian novelist and translator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = T. D. Ramakrishnan
| image = T. D. Ramakrishnan at Pedayangode 2018 (3).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ramakrishnan at Pedayangode in 2018
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1961}}
| birth_place = [[Eyyal]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|translator|[[Indian Railways]] Chief Controller (retired)}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Union Christian College, Aluva]]
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| notableworks = ''[[Francis Itty Cora]]'', ''Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki''
| spouse = Anandavalli
| children = 2
| relatives =
| awards =
| years_active =
| website = 
}}

'''Thathamangalam Damodaran Ramakrishnan''' (born 1961) is an Indian novelist, translator, and retired Chief Controller in [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]. He has authored two best-selling [[Malayalam]] novels: ''[[Francis Itty Cora]]'' and ''[[Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki]]''. He is a recipient of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] and [[Vayalar Award]].

==Early life==
He was born at [[Eyyal]] village in [[Thrissur]], India in 1961 to a [[Brahmin]] family as the son of Damodaran Elayathu and Sreedevi Antarjanam.<ref name=Bio>V. Harigovindan (21 February 2016). [http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/interview/interview-with-td-ramakrishnan-malayalam-news-1.879959 "ഇനി എഴുത്തിനായി മാത്രം"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222185710/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/interview/interview-with-td-ramakrishnan-malayalam-news-1.879959 |date=22 February 2016 }}. ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref> He completed his schooling from [[Kunnamkulam]] Boys High School and Erumappetty Government High School,<ref name=Bio/> and his pre-degree and degree from [[Union Christian College, Aluva|UC College, Aluva]].<ref>[http://uccollege.edu.in/news/founders-day-and-alumni-meet-2017/ "Founders Day and Alumni Meet 2017"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801010915/https://uccollege.edu.in/news/founders-day-and-alumni-meet-2017/ |date=1 August 2023 }}. [[Union Christian College, Aluva|UC College, Aluva]]. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref> In 1981, he joined [[Indian Railways]] as a ticket collector in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]].<ref name=Railway>{{cite AV media | date=31 January 2016 | title=Writer T D Ramakrishnan retires from railway | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJfB9sRF9AA | medium=News |work=[[MediaOne TV]] | publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> He worked in [[Kozhikode]] for one and a half years from 1982. In 1983, he worked as a ticket examiner in [[Madras]] and Salem. He moved to [[Palghat]] in 1985.<ref name=Railway/> From 1995 onwards, he became a controller in the Palghat Railway Divisional Office. He served as Southern Railway Chief Controller from January 2006 to 31 January 2016. On 31 January 2016, he retired from service in order to be active in literature.<ref name=Railway/>

==Literary career==
His first novel ''Alpha'' is set in an imaginative island called Alpha which is located somewhere near [[Sri Lanka]] and narrates the story of an experiment on human brain undertaken by an anthropologist.<ref>[https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/bookreview/alpha-novel-by-td-ramakrishnan.html "മനുഷ്യത്വത്തെ പുനർനിർവ്വചിക്കുന്ന ആൽഫ"]. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2018.</ref> His second novel, ''[[Francis Itty Cora]]'', received considerable acclaims from critics for its unprecedented incorporation of many global historical characters and knowledge available to the present Malayalam readers for weaving the story line. The novel deals with the exploration of a merchant named Francis Itty Cora, hailing from the Kerala of 15th century. His third novel, ''[[Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki]]'', is based on the death of Tamil human rights activist [[Rajini Thiranagama]] who was allegedly shot dead by [[Tamil Tigers]] cadres after she criticised them for their atrocities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mixing-myth-and-memory/article7398890.ece |title=Mixing myth and memory |author=Meena T. Pillai |location=[[Trivandrum]] |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 July 2015 |accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref>

Ramakrishnan, who had lived in [[Tamil Nadu]] for the most part of his career, is also deeply associated with [[Tamil literature]]. He introduced several Tamil literary works to Keralites and has won the E. K. Divakaran Potti Award for Best Translator in 2007.<ref name=Bio/>

==Personal life==
He is married to Anandavalli and has two children: Vishnu and Surya .<ref name=Bio/>

==List of works==
* ''Alpha'' (Novel)
* ''[[Francis Itty Cora]]'' (Novel)
* ''[[Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki]]'' (Novel)
* ''Hmm'' (Translation of the Tamil novel ''Hmm'' by [[Antonythasan Jesuthasan|Shobasakthi]])
* ''Thappu Thalangal'' (Translation of the Tamil book ''Thappu Thalangal'' by [[Charu Nivedita]]
* ''[[Mama Africa (novel)|Mama Africa]]'' (Novel)
* ''[[Andhar Badirar Mookar (novel)|Andhar Badirar Mookar]]'' (Novel)
* ''[[Pacha Manja Chuvappu]]'' (Novel)
* ''[[Korappapanu Sthuthiyayirikkatte ( Novel) | Korappapanu Sthuthiyayirikkatte (കോരപ്പാപ്പന് സ്തുതിയായിരിക്കട്ടെ) ]]'' (Novel)

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !!class="sortable" | Notes
|-
|2018 ||''[[Oolu]]''||Screenwriter||[[Shaji N. Karun]]||Debut film <ref>
{{cite news
|title = ഉള്ളിൽ തൊടുന്ന ഓള്; റിവ്യൂ
|url = https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/olu-malayalam-movie-review-shaji-n-karun-ester-anil-shane-nigam-mj-radhakrishnan-td-ramakrishnan-1.4141163
|publisher = mathrubhumi
|date = 22 September 2019
|accessdate = 1 October 2024
|language = Malayalam
}}
</ref>
|-
|2024||''[[Bramayugam]]''||Co-written with [[Rahul Sadasivan]]||Rahul Sadasivan||Dialogues only <ref>
{{cite news
|title = ഇട്ടിക്കോരയല്ല, ഭ്രമയുഗത്തിലെ കൊടുമൺ പോറ്റി, കഥ പഴയതുമല്ല: ടി.ഡി.രാമകൃഷ്ണൻ
|url = https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/interviews/td-ramakrishnan-interview-bramayugam-movie-mammootty-1.9329653
|publisher = mathrubhumi
|date = 16 February 2024
|accessdate = 1 October 2024
|language = Malayalam
}}
</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
* 2016: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] – ''Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki''<ref>{{cite press release |title=2016 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/07-01-2018/Award_2016_new.pdf |location=[[Trichur]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=21 February 2018 |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>
* 2016: Malayattoor Award – ''Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Malayatoor-award-for-T.D.-Ramakrishnan/article14499900.ece |title=Malayatoor award for T.D. Ramakrishnan |location=Trivandrum |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 July 2016 |accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref>
* 2016: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award|Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award for Novel]] – ''Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.puzha.com/blog/abudabi-shakthi-award/ |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ് |publisher=Puzha.com |date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>
* 2017: [[Vayalar Award]] – ''Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala/article19823851.ece |title=T.D. Ramakrishnan bags Vayalar award |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 October 2017 |accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Vayalar Awards}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishnan, T. D.}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Writers from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Writers from Palakkad]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Translators to Malayalam]]
[[Category:Tamil–Malayalam translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]

Shri Vishwanath Mandir

2026-01-24T03:54:14Z

LucretiaGoldhar: improved formatting for consistency per standard format

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{distinguish|Kashi Vishwanath Temple}}
{{other uses|Kashi Vishwanath Temple (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shri Vishwanath Mandir
| image = New Vishwanath Temple (BHU).jpg
| alt =
| caption = from the main gate
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.266034|82.987847|type:landmark_region:BHU|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| location = [[Benaras Hindu University]], [[Varanasi]]
| elevation_m = 77
| deity = [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals= [[Mahashivratri]] [[Nag Panchami]] Shravan [[Navratri]] [[Makar Sankranti]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = Seven
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1966
| creator = [[Birla family]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/UnitHomeTemplate/1_3316_5937_Sri-Vishwanath-Temple-Home|bhu.ac.in/svt}}
|organizational_status=|organisational_status=Administered by [[BHU]]}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Shri Vishwanath Mandir''' also known as '''Vishwanath Mandir''', '''Vishwanath Temple''', '''New Vishwanath Temple''' and '''Birla Temple''' is another prominent [[Hindu]] temple in the holy city of Varanasi. Hindus across India and abroad visit this particular [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] temple to offer prayer to the Lord [[Shiva|Vishwanath]] for the well-being of their families, and eternal peace. Every Hindu must perform a specific ritualistic homage for the departed souls of their ancestors this requires them to undertake pilgrimage to the holy city of Varanasi. The temple is situated near the [[Banaras Hindu University]]. Therefore, the temple site and the neighbourhood is a major attraction among Hindu students and visitors touring [[Varanasi]].
Shri Vishwanath Mandir has the tallest temple tower in the world with the [[List of tallest Gopurams#Tallest Vimana|Shikhara's height]] being around 250 feet.<ref name="Brief description">{{cite news|title=Brief description|publisher=[[Benaras Hindu University]] website|access-date=7 March 2015|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/VT/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526232342/http://www.bhu.ac.in/VT/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="The temples">{{cite news|title=The temples|publisher=[[Benaras Hindu University]] website|access-date=7 March 2015|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/Centre/temples.htm|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184350/http://www.bhu.ac.in/Centre/temples.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Vishwanath Temple">{{cite news|title=Vishwanath Temple|publisher=Wikinapia|access-date=7 March 2015|url=http://wikimapia.org/142627/Vishwanath-Temple-BHU|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114624/http://wikimapia.org/142627/Vishwanath-Temple-BHU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="New Vishwanath Temple">{{cite news|title=New Vishwanath Temple|publisher=[[Varanasi]] city website|access-date=7 March 2015|url=http://www.varanasicity.com/temples/new-vishwanath-temple.html|archive-date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314221734/http://varanasicity.com/temples/new-vishwanath-temple.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Birla Temple">{{cite news|title=Birla Temple|publisher=varanasi.org.in|access-date=7 March 2015|url=http://www.varanasi.org.in/birla-temple|archive-date=15 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315074925/http://www.varanasi.org.in/birla-temple|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite news|title=History|publisher=Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]] Tourism website|access-date=7 March 2015|url=http://www.easternuptourism.com/New-Vishwanath-Temple.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402191101/http://www.easternuptourism.com/New-Vishwanath-Temple.jsp|archive-date=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The temple is colloquially called VT, an acronym of Vishwanath Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-23|title=Vishwanath Temple (VT) opened in "New Normal"|url=https://www.bhuexpress.in/vishwanath-temple-vt-opened-in-new-normal/|access-date=2022-01-24|website=BHU Express|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124135319/https://www.bhuexpress.in/vishwanath-temple-vt-opened-in-new-normal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The temple is under direct administration of the BHU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banaras Hindu University, [BHU], Varanasi-221005, U.P., India. - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/Page/1_3316_5941_Sri-Vishwanath-Temple-The-Committee |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref>

==History==
In the past 900 years [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir]] was destroyed by multiple invaders, however, the locals supported by their Hindu patrons reconstructed this ancient temple as many times. First reported temple destroyer was the founder of the slave dynasty [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]]. He was obsessed by the fellowship of his master [[Mahmud Ghori]] the tyrant. On 1194 CE [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]] entrusted his nomadic soldiers to ruthlessly kill locals, maraud their city, enslave young girls and boys, torture the wealthy, kill the Hindu priest, damage ancient scriptures, malign sacred idols, and burn the holy temple to ashes and rubbles. Such an extreme show of power and hatred against the locals of Varanasi was just the beginning of the curse which continued for the next 600 more years. Many more notorious invaders followed footsteps of [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]]. Time failed to heal the scars left by the likes of [[Hussain Shah Sharqi]] between 1447 and 1458 CE, and then [[Aurangzeb]] in 1669 CE. Hindus still remember how their ancestors survived centuries of tyranny, religious and social persecutions. Even to this day local poetry, religious texts, preserved Hindu paintings, and anecdotal stories remind people how certain intolerant fanatical individual's used incomprehensible, inhumane military tactics against innocent Hindus, their beloved deities and their holy sanctuaries such as the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir]]. Following the first invasion many eminent Hindus made unconditional efforts to revive the architecture of the destroyed [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir]] to its glory days. All their sacrifices indeed helped preserve the temple history, Hindu faith and the legend of the Lord Vishwanath.
Finally, after a period of 700 years, in 1930s, [[Madan Mohan Malaviya|Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]] planned to replicate [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir]] in the campus of [[Benaras Hindu University]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=12}}</ref> The [[Birla family]] undertook the construction and foundation was laid in March 1931. The temple (Shri Vishwanath Mandir) was finally completed in 1966.<ref name="Brief description"/><ref name="The temples"/><ref name="Vishwanath Temple"/><ref name="New Vishwanath Temple"/><ref name="Birla Temple"/><ref name="History"/>

==Construction==
Shri Vishwanath Mandir's construction took thirty-five years to complete (1931-1966). The temple is one of the tallest in India. Total height of the temple is approximately 77 meters. Temple's design was inspired by [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir]] and is made mostly of [[marble]].

Though the Shri Vishwanath Mandir is primarily dedicated to Shiva, consists of nine shrines within one temple and is open to people from all castes, religions and religious beliefs. The Shiva shrine is in the ground floor and the [[Lakshmi Narayan]] and [[Durga]] shrines are on the first floor. Other shrines within Shri Vishwanath Mandir are [[Nataraj]], [[Parvati]], [[Ganesha]], [[Sadasiva|Panchmukhi Mahadev]], [[Hanuman]], [[Saraswati]] and [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]. Entire text of [[Bhagavad Gita]] and extracts from sacred Hindu scriptures are inscribed with illustrations on the inner marble walls of the temple.<ref name="Brief description"/><ref name="The temples"/><ref name="Vishwanath Temple"/><ref name="New Vishwanath Temple"/><ref name="Birla Temple"/><ref name="History"/>

==Location==

Shri Vishwanath Mandir is situated 1.7 kilometers inside the campus of [[Benaras Hindu University]] (South-West from the main gate). It is 3.3 kilometers South-West of [[Durga Mandir, Varanasi|Durga Mandir]], 7 kilometers South-West of [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Shri Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] and 9 kilometers South of [[Varanasi Railway Station]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir, BHU 01.JPG|As seen from main entrance (East) of the temple
File:New Vishwanath Temple at BHU 2007.jpg|The main entrance (East wall) of the temple
File:Nandi (bull).JPG|Statue of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] in North side of temple
File:Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir, BHU 05.JPG|Place in temple compound to do [[Homa (ritual)|havan]]
File:Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir, BHU 03.JPG|North side of the temple
File:Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir, BHU 04.JPG|Temple's [[Shikhara]]
File:BHU_EVENING_VIEW.jpg|Temple's side view in the evening
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir]]
*[[Banaras Hindu University]]
*[[List of Hindu temples in Varanasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{Banaras Hindu University}}
{{Temples in Varanasi}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Birla Mandir]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1966]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu (soundtrack)

2026-01-21T10:43:11Z

LucretiaGoldhar: details!

{{Short description|2022 film soundtrack}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox album |cover=Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu (soundtrack).jpg
| name = Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| released = 31 August 2022
| recorded = 2021{{ndash}}2022
| studio = [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:37
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Cobra (soundtrack)|Cobra]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Ponniyin Selvan: I (soundtrack)|Ponniyin Selvan: I]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Kaalathukkum Nee Venum
| single1date = 6 May 2022
| single2 = Marakkuma Nenjam
| single2date = 15 August 2022
}}
}}

'''''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the [[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|eponymous 2022 Tamil-language neo-noir gangster film]] directed by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and starring [[Silambarasan]] in the lead role. The film's soundtrack features five songs composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and lyrics written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] & [[Thamarai]]. It is preceded by two singles—"Kaalathukkum Nee Venum" and "Marakkuma Nenjam"—before the album's release on 31 August 2022 through [[Think Music]]. The album, particularly the song "Mallipoo", received positive response from music critics.

== Development ==
''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu'' marked Rahman's third collaboration with Menon after ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010) and ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016); fourth with Silambarasan after the former two films and ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2021 |title=Simbu's next with Gautham Vasudev Menon titled Vendhu Thaninthathu Kaadu, see first look |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/simbu-next-with-gautham-vasudev-menon-titled-vendhu-thaninthathu-kaadu-see-first-look-7441527/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806115026/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/simbu-next-with-gautham-vasudev-menon-titled-vendhu-thaninthathu-kaadu-see-first-look-7441527/ |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> As with Menon's previous films, [[Thamarai]] penned the lyrics for all the songs in the film. Rahman had initially worked on three songs for ''Nadhigalil Neeradum Sooriyan'', a film that was intended before the production of ''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu''. Menon, then requested Rahman to use the same tunes with different lyrics but Rahman composed fresh tunes for the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=1 September 2022 |title=STR at 'Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu' audio launch: 'Gratitude is my new attitude' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/str-at-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-audio-launch-gratitude-is-my-new-attitude/article65844465.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908212953/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/str-at-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-audio-launch-gratitude-is-my-new-attitude/article65844465.ece |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Producer [[Ishari K. Ganesh]] after meeting Rahman multiple times in his studio, described that the songs "have come out very well".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2022 |title=Producer Ishari Ganesh on 'Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu': It is a musical treat for AR Rahman fans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/producer-ishari-ganesh-on-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-it-is-a-musical-treat-for-ar-rahman-fans/articleshow/92568153.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812040130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/producer-ishari-ganesh-on-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-it-is-a-musical-treat-for-ar-rahman-fans/articleshow/92568153.cms |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The track "Mallipoo"—which received huge popularity post the film's release—was shot in a [[Single take|single sequence]], which is about the gangsters dancing in a single room connecting with the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=21 September 2022 |title=Inside Mallipoo: How The Remarkable VTK Song Was Shot |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/vendhu-thanindhadhu-kaadu-songs-mallippo-simbu-inside-mallipoo-how-the-remarkable-vtk-song-was-shot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025702/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/vendhu-thanindhadhu-kaadu-songs-mallippo-simbu-inside-mallipoo-how-the-remarkable-vtk-song-was-shot |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Film Companion South |language=en}}</ref> Menon said "When you listened to the song, you might have thought that it was a number with women. But we didn’t want to do that at all. It is about the guys and their connection with the rest of the world through a phone."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Velicheti |first=Lahari |date=26 September 2022 |title=Gautham Menon On Making A "Low-Lying" Gangster Film With VTK |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/gautham-menon-on-making-a-low-lying-gangster-film-with-vtk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003055738/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/gautham-menon-on-making-a-low-lying-gangster-film-with-vtk |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Film Companion South |language=en}}</ref> Rahman suggested the song "Mallipoo" regarding that particular sequence and composed it entirely which he sent to Menon, and he liked it.<ref name=":1" />

Madhushree recorded vocals for the song; her first since three years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Singer Madhushree: I don't want to be a replica |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/sep/14/singer-madhushree-i-dont-want-to-be-a-replica-34670.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004080336/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/sep/14/singer-madhushree-i-dont-want-to-be-a-replica-34670.html |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=14 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She revealed that, she had received numerous offers for singing in Tamil films during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] but turned down them as she was skeptic on travelling to [[Chennai]] for recording. She accepted her part for "Mallipoo" due to her long-standing collaboration with Rahman.<ref name=":2" /> Besides acting in a prominent role, [[Neeraj Madhav]] wrote and performed a rap number "Porattam" for this film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neeraj Madhav on performing rap in Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu: Dreams come true |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/neeraj-madhav-on-performing-rap-in-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-dreams-come-true/0f762d2cc7537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005213139/https://www.ottplay.com/news/neeraj-madhav-on-performing-rap-in-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-dreams-come-true/0f762d2cc7537 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The audio rights were purchased by [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2021 |title=Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu shooting resumes! Audio rights bagged! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29636/vtk-update-simbu-gautham-menon-ar-rahman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210180235/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29636/vtk-update-simbu-gautham-menon-ar-rahman |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> The first single titled "Kaalathukkum Nee Venum" was released on 6 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2022 |title=First single 'Kaalathukkum Nee Venum' from Simbu's 'Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu' is out now! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-kaalathukkum-nee-venum-from-simbus-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-is-out-now/articleshow/91378104.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527162811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-kaalathukkum-nee-venum-from-simbus-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-is-out-now/articleshow/91378104.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song was performed by Silambarasan and [[Rakshita Suresh]];<ref>{{Cite web |title='காலத்துக்கும் நீ வேணும்' : வெந்து தணிந்தது காடு திரைப்பட பாடல் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/may/06/vendhu-thaninthathu-kaadu-song-released-3839902.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509193011/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/may/06/vendhu-thaninthathu-kaadu-song-released-3839902.html |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Dinamani |date=6 May 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> it was the second time Silambarasan had sung for Rahman, after "Bailamore" from ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2022 |title=மனதை வருடி லைக்ஸை அள்ளும் 'வெந்து தணிந்தது காடு' பட பாடல்… |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-kaalathukkum-nee-venum-vtk-movie-song-became-favourite-of-music-fans-abm-743090.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206102509/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-kaalathukkum-nee-venum-vtk-movie-song-became-favourite-of-music-fans-abm-743090.html |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=News18 தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref> The second single "Marakkuma Nenjam" sung by Rahman, which was featured in the film's teaser, was released on 15 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2022 |title=Marakkuma Nenjam single from Vendhu Thaninthadhu Kaadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/marakkuma-nenjam-single-from-vendhu-thaninthadhu-kaadu/articleshow/93573859.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824080428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/marakkuma-nenjam-single-from-vendhu-thaninthadhu-kaadu/articleshow/93573859.cms |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film's music was launched on 31 August 2022 at the [[Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies]] in Chennai, with the cast and crew in attendance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=Audio launch of STR's Venthu Thaninthathu Kaadu today, AR Rahman to perform live |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/audio-launch-of-strs-venthu-thaninthathu-kaadu-today-ar-rahman-to-perform-live-8126745/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916044513/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/audio-launch-of-strs-venthu-thaninthathu-kaadu-today-ar-rahman-to-perform-live-8126745/ |archive-date=16 September 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] preceded the event as chief guests.<ref name=":3" /> The event's broadcast rights were acquired by [[Star Vijay]] and was premiered on 11 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Pichaimuthu |date=8 September 2022 |title=பிரபல TV சேனலில் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் 'வெந்து தணிந்தது காடு' இசை வெளியீட்டு விழா! எப்போ? எதுல? |url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/venthu-thaninthathu-kaadu-audio-launch-on-star-vijay-tv.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928230103/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/venthu-thaninthathu-kaadu-audio-launch-on-star-vijay-tv.html |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Behindwoods |language=ta}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Original tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing = [[Thamarai]]
| title3 = Muthu's Journey
| length3 = 1:22
| extra3 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| lyrics3 =
| title5 = Kaalathukkum Nee Venum
| length5 = 4:54
| extra5= [[Silambarasan]], [[Rakshita Suresh]]
| lyrics5=
| title1 = Marakuma Nenjam
| length1 = 4:19
| extra1 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| lyrics1 =
| title4 = Unna Nenachadhum
| length4 = 3:56
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Sarthak Kalyani
| title2 = Mallipoo
| length2 = 4:05
| extra2 = [[Madhushree]]
| lyrics2 =
| total_length = 18:37
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Bonus track
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title6 = Porattam
| length6 = 2:03
| lyrics6 = [[Neeraj Madhav]]
| extra6 = Neeraj Madhav
| total_length = 20:44
}}

== Original score ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu (Original Score)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A.R. Rahman]]
| cover = Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu (Original Score).jpeg
| released = 12 February 2023
| recorded = 2021–2022
| studio = [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=19|s=42}}
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[A.R. Rahman]]
}}

The film's background score featuring 19 tracks was released by Think Music on 12 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2023 |title=Original Sound Track of 'Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu' out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/original-sound-track-of-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-out/articleshow/97838620.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214135128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/original-sound-track-of-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-out/articleshow/97838620.cms |archive-date=14 February 2023 |access-date=22 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| title1 = Muthu's Past
| length1 = 2:10
| title2 = The Forbidden Iron
| length2 = 1:02
| title3 = Parotta Shop
| length3 = 1:58
| title4 = Muthu In Love
| length4 = 1:00
| title5 = Idho Arambam
| length5 = 1:00
| title6 = Innocence Lost
| length6 = 0:46
| title7 = The Wild Ferris Wheel
| length7 = 0:56
| title8 = Muthu Forgives
| length8 = 1:13
| title9 = Something Fishy
| length9 = 1:17
| title10 = Stand By Me
| length10 = 2:00
| title11 = I'm Older Than You
| length11 = 3:00
| title12 = Rawther's Theme
| length12 = 1:15
| title13 = Muthu 2.0
| length13 = 1:59
| total_length = 19:42
}}

== Reception ==
Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' said that the album has "a great set of songs, occasionally let down by the vocal choices" and rated three-and-a-half out of five.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=14 September 2022 |title=Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu – Music Review (Tamil Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2022/09/14/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-music-review-tamil-soundtrack/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923100825/https://www.musicaloud.com/2022/09/14/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-music-review-tamil-soundtrack/ |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref> Ramesh S. Kannan of ''Moviecrow'' described it as "a short but wholesome soundtrack" where "each melody shines on its own and is refreshing to listen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. Kannan |first=Ramesh |date=2 September 2022 |title=Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu Music Review |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/31030/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-songs---music-review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004065933/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/31030/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-songs---music-review |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> Soundarya Athimuthu of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote "[Rahman] simply elevates the film with his scintillating music and background score that gives you frissons at periodic intervals".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=15 September 2022 |title='Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu' Review: Simbu, AR Rahman Shine in This Gangster Saga |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/vendhu-thanindhadhu-kaadu-life-of-muthu-movie-review-silambarasan-tr-simbu-gautham-vasudev-menon-ar-rahman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921011747/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/vendhu-thanindhadhu-kaadu-life-of-muthu-movie-review-silambarasan-tr-simbu-gautham-vasudev-menon-ar-rahman |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "AR Rahman’s haunting music and brilliant background score elevate Vendhu Thanindhadhu Kaadu’s mood drastically".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=15 September 2022 |title=Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu Movie Review: Simbu's terrific acting saves GVM's gangster origin film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-movie-review-simbu-s-terrific-acting-saves-gvm-s-gangster-origin-film-2000401-2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930012857/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-movie-review-simbu-s-terrific-acting-saves-gvm-s-gangster-origin-film-2000401-2022-09-15 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Kirubakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called Rahman's score being "restrained" which "lets the silence and dialogue do the job at many places".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |title=Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu review: Gautham Menon-Simbu film is done in by half measures |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-movie-review-gauthama-menon-simbus-film-8152208/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921194437/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-movie-review-gauthama-menon-simbus-film-8152208/ |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' praised the placement of "Marakkuma Nenjam" that was used both "song and refrain".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=15 September 2022 |title=Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu review: Gautham Menon returns to form in Simbu gangster film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-review-gautham-menon-returns-form-simbu-gangster-film-167911 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122071913/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-review-gautham-menon-returns-form-simbu-gangster-film-167911 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |30 March 2023
| Best Music Director
| [[A. R. Rahman]]{{efn|[[A. R. Rahman]] won the award for three films<ref name="avawards2023wins" /> – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'', ''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu'' and [[Cobra (2022 film)|''Cobra'']]}}
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2022 |date=16 March 2023 |website=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319163316/https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="avawards2023wins">{{Cite web |title=Cinema Awards 2022 – Tribute to talent |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2022 |date=23 March 2023 |website=Ananda Vikatan |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327060919/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Best Lyricist
| [[Thamarai]] for "Marakkuma Nenjam" and "Mallipoo"
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Male
| [[A. R. Rahman]] for "Marakkuma Nenjam"
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Madhushree]] for "Mallipoo"
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Choreographer
| [[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]] for "Mallipoo"
| {{Nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| 14 February 2023
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Madhushree]] for "Mallipoo"
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kalaignarseithigal.com/cinema/2023/02/14/14th-norway-tamil-film-festivals-tamilar-awards-winners-list |title=14th Norway Tamil Film Festival Tamilar awards – winners list |date=14 February 2023 |website=[[Kalaignar Seithigal]] |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305184627/https://www.kalaignarseithigal.com/cinema/2023/02/14/14th-norway-tamil-film-festivals-tamilar-awards-winners-list |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|15–16 September 2023]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
|[[Thamarai]] for "Marakkuma Nenjam"
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=2 August 2023 |title=SIIMA 2023 nomination out. 'PS 1', 'RRR', 'KGF 2' and 'Kantara' bag top spots |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2023-nomination-list-out-ps-1-rrr-kantara-bag-top-spots-2415011-2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805103401/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2023-nomination-list-out-ps-1-rrr-kantara-bag-top-spots-2415011-2023-08-02 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2023 |title=SIIMA Awards 2023 Day 2: R Madhavan takes home award for best debutant director; Kamal Haasan best actor; Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan shines |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928181035/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/ |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2023 winners: Ponniyin Selvan I, Nna Thaan Case Kodu, R Madhavan, Trisha, Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928192620/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/ |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]] for "Marakkuma Nenjam"
| {{Nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|[[Madhushree]] for "Mallipoo"
| {{Won}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2022 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

Dr Francisco Luis Gomes District Library

2026-01-20T09:27:23Z

LucretiaGoldhar: brief corrected section per sources and corrected details per sources

[[File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Navelim salcette, Goa.jpg|300px|thumb|upright=0.90|alt=Entrance to the library|Entrance to the library.]]The '''Dr Francisco Luis Gomes District Library''' is the major library in the district of South Goa, [[Goa]], India. It is run and funded by the [[Government of Goa]] and was set up on 21 November 2010. The Library covers area of above 8000 square metres, comprising five floors, providing various services to the users. It is the second-largest library in [[Goa]], after the [[Krishnadas Shama]] [[Goa State Central Library]] at [[Panjim]], the state headquarters. This library is located just outside the city of [[Margao]], which is also the headquarters of the [[South Goa]] district.

==Books==

[[File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Navelim salcette Goa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.90|alt=Literature section. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Navelim|Literature section. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Navelim.]]An estimated 40,000 books in diverse languages—English, [[Marathi language|Marathi]], Hindi, [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Sanskrit]]—besides newspapers and periodicals, are homed in this library.<ref name="Library"/>

Newspapers and periodicals are also available at the library, which has sections for children, Goa, records, a conference and lecture room, cafetaria, [[braille]] section and multi-purpose hall. Internet browsing is available too, and the library is kept open on Saturdays and Sundays.

As of December 2011, the library claimed a membership of 2300.<ref name="Library">{{cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/south-goa-monitor/south-goa-library-launch-website |title=South Goa Library to launch website | iGoa |accessdate=2013-01-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307094302/http://www.navhindtimes.in/south-goa-monitor/south-goa-library-launch-website |archivedate=2012-03-07 }}</ref> The library has two buses to transport students, and a mobile library.

==History==

The District Library located at Navelim, Salcete, Goa—just outside the South Goa headquarters city of [[Margao]]—is named after the [[intellectual]] and former [[Member of Parliament|Parliament]]arian from Navelim, Dr. [[Francisco Luis Gomes]], who was born on May 31, 1829. Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes came to be known as a great Goan [[Member of Parliament|Parliament]]arian, a [[linguist]], thinker, master of several European and Indian languages, medical doctor, writer, orator, economist, campaigner for rights and social worker. The foundation stone for the District Library was laid on February 5, 2007.

==Objectives==

The Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library started with the objective of providing a free public library and information service to the people of South Goa. The library also acts as community centre for informal education. It serves the needs of all members of community without any distinction of class, creed, occupation, race, sex and specially those of neo-literates and children.

==Stacks and Sections==

The Stacks Section is on the ground floor. It spreads over {{convert|7308|sqft}}. It has over 15,000 books which cover all subject areas. This section has a collection of books in four languages viz. English, Hindi, Marathi and Konkani. Books are issued for a maximum period of one month.

==Reference Section==

The Reference Section is located on the second floor. It spreads over 4100 sq.fts. It has over 9,000 books which covers all subject areas. This section has a very good collection of encyclopedias, handbooks and other useful reference sources. This section houses materials which are geared to the needs of students and research scholars.

==Periodicals Section==

The Periodicals section is located on the first floor. Newspapers, magazines and journals are kept in this section. All leading newspapers and magazine are available in this section for readers. At present the library subscribes to 21 leading dailies in different languages and 174 magazines in all categories to serve user needs.

==Braille Section==

The Braille section is on first floor adjacent to Periodical Section. Special care is taken to facilitate visually
handicapped readers in this section. This section has 14 Braille books, sculptures, Braille equipments and appliances, biological charts and geographical maps.

==Own Book Reading Section==

The Own Books Section is on the first floor adjacent to the periodical section. Readers and users are being permitted to carry their personal study books, laptops and notebooks. Students are known to take the maximum benefit of this section.

==Computer Section==

This section is located on the second floor of the library, adjacent to Reference Section. The library users can browse the internet. They can also download the information or take printouts.

==Goa Section==

The Goa Section is on the fourth floor of the library. It has over 3864 collection of rare books among which the Goa section includes 2253 books and the law section includes 1611 books. This section has a good collection of books specifically on Goan history. This section provides reference services, photocopying of documents and information services. It also includes physical and political maps on Indian States.

==Children's Section==

[[File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Navelim salcette goa.jpg|thumb|alt=Children's play section. 2017.|Children's play section. 2017.]]The children’s section is on the third floor and consists of 5000 books and 274 CD/DVD materials, in addition to toys and games. This section comprises Reference Section, Audio-Visual Section, Toys and Games Section, Children’s Periodical Section and Children-Computer Section. Members can borrow books and magazines for a period of one month, after availing of membership.

==Other facilities==

The regional office of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR) in Goa is also located at this venue.<ref name="Library" /> This was launched here in late November 2010.

'''Conference hall''':

'''Lecture Hall''':

'''Multipurpose Hall:'''

==Photo gallery==
<gallery class="center" caption="Dr Francisco Luis Gomes District Library" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 01.JPG|The library, from outside.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 06.jpg|The spacious premises.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 03.JPG|Library by night.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 04.JPG|An author at a book release (Luis Assis Correia).
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 05.JPG|A book release in progress.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 14.JPG|Painting at the library.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 07.JPG|Library timings.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 08.JPG|Details of books.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 09.JPG|Release of Arte de Lingoa Canara.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 10.JPG|Details of the library.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 11.JPG|Books available.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 12.JPG|Lending section.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Navelim.jpg|View of the children's section.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library Navelim.jpg|The ground floor.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Navelim salcette.jpg|The children's section.
File:Dr. Francisco Gomes District Library, Navelim.jpg|Computer lab.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 13.JPG|On the notice board.
File:Dr. Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, Margao, Goa, India 02.JPG|Library at night, another view.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://goanewstoday.blogspot.in/2011/07/south-goa-district-library-at-navelim.html South Goa district library at Navelim Goa -- A readers delight]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120307094302/http://www.navhindtimes.in/south-goa-monitor/south-goa-library-launch-website South Goa Library to launch website]

{{coord|15.25906|73.96829|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Francisco Luis Gomes District Library}}
[[Category:Libraries in Goa]]
[[Category:Library buildings completed in 2007]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Education in South Goa district]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Goa]]

Vijay Kumar (Jammu and Kashmir politician)

2026-01-05T13:20:47Z

LucretiaGoldhar: stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hiranagar Assembly constituency|Hiranagar]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Kuldeep Raj]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Vijay Kumar''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Hiranagar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Hiranagar, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Vijay Kumar wins Hiranagar with 36737 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/hiranagar-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612945-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Hiranagar Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/hiranagar-election-result-2024-live-update-9077453.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Vijay}}
[[Category:People from Kathua district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Dhondutai Kulkarni

2025-12-17T17:19:54Z

LucretiaGoldhar: basic expanded formatting per standard format also and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian classical singer (1927–2014)}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dhondutai Kulkarni
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| birth_name = Dhondu Kulkarni
| Also known as =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|7|23|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2014|6|1|1927|7|23}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], India
| instrument = [[singing]]
| genre = [[Khyal]]
| occupation = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| years_active = 1935 - 2014
| label =
| website =
}}

'''Dhondutai Kulkarni''', (23 July 1927 – 1 June 2014) was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] singer from the [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana]]. She was the last legendary exponent of orthodox Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana.

==Early life==
Dhondutai was born in a [[Brahmin]] family in [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dhondutai-Kulkarni-A-life-steeped-in-simplicity-soaked-in-music/articleshow/35911853.cms |title=Dhondutai Kulkarni: A life steeped in simplicity, soaked in music | Mumbai News |work=The Times of India|date=2014-06-02 |accessdate=2020-01-17}}</ref> Her father initiated her into music. Subsequently, she came under the tutelage of Bhurji Khan of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dhondutai Kulkarni: A life steeped in simplicity, soaked in music|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dhondutai-Kulkarni-A-life-steeped-in-simplicity-soaked-in-music/articleshow/35911853.cms|accessdate=25 March 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Gaining recognition as a child artiste she became an [[All India Radio]] performing artiste at the age of eight{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}. Her training continued under the mentorship of Gaan-Chandrika Laxmibai Jadhav and Ustad Azizuddin Khan, disciple and grandson of Ustad [[Alladiya Khan]], the founder of the gharana. She received most of her repertoire of rare Ragas from Ustad Azizuddin Khan. Thereafter, she spent a long number of years under the tutelage of [[Kesarbai Kerkar]], ending up as her sole disciple.

==Awards and recognition==
Dhondutai has been awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees – Music – Vocal |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |accessdate=21 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331060603/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archivedate=31 March 2016}}</ref> She was regularly featured at the "Surashri Kesarbai Kerkar Sangeet Sammelan" since its beginnings, she sang last at these concerts.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-a-purist-to-the-core-dhondutai-kulkarni-s-legacy-is-in-danger-1993274|title= A purist to the core, Dhondutai Kulkarni's legacy is in danger|date= 4 June 2014|work= Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>

Journalist Namita Devidayal's book ''The Music Room'' chronicles a significant part of Dhondutai's life, music and career. Namita has been one of her students and learned from her over a period of 25 years. The book talks about the life and music of Alladiya Khan, Kesarbai Kerkar and Dhondutai.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070928/asp/opinion/story_8367570.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011155542/http://telegraphindia.com/1070928/asp/opinion/story_8367570.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 October 2007 | title=Of Lost Worlds and Timeless Spaces | publisher=[[Telegraph India]] | date=28 September 2007 | accessdate=2 June 2014 | author=Ghoshal, Somak}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''Sur Sangat'' by Dhondutai Kulkarni, Rajhans Publications, Pune, India, {{ISBN|978-81-7434-694-0}}
* ''The Music Room'' by Namita Devidayal, Random House India, {{ISBN|9788184002362}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article22313.ece Voice from the past]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Dhondutai}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Nazar Na Lag Jaye

2025-12-12T01:32:06Z

LucretiaGoldhar: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|Single by Ramji Gulati ft. Team07}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = September 2019}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Nazar Na Lag Jaye
| cover =
| caption =
| type = single
| artist = [[Ramji Gulati]]
| album =
| language = {{hlist|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]}}
| released = {{Start date|2019|09|21|df=y}}
| format =
| genre =
* [[Indian pop]]
* [[Filmi]]
| length = 3:43
| label = United White Flag
| writer =
* Moody
* Akkhar
| producer = United White Flag Studios
| misc =
{{External music video
| {{YouTube|7NtZy2F7ACE|"Nazar Na Lag Jaye"}}
| type = single
}}
}}
"'''Nazar Na Lag Jaye'''" is a song by Indian singer [[Ramji Gulati]], released as a single by United White Flag on 21 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/india-is-listening-to-ramji-gulati-nazar-na-lag-jaye-6018055/|title=India is listening to Ramji Gulati's "Nazar Na Lag Jaye"|website=The Indian Express|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.talentedindia.co.in/no-notification/download-nazar-na-lag-jaye-song-mister-faisu-jannat-zubair|title=Nazar Na Lag Jaye Song : टिक टोक स्टार Mr Faisu का नया गाना जारी|website=Talented India|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

The song is voiced by [[Ramji Gulati]] and is released under the United White Music label. It features Team07 (Faisal Shaikh, Hasnain Khan, Adnaan Shaikh, Faiz Baloch, and Shadan Farooqui) and [[Ramji Gulati]]. The lyrics were written by MOODY and AKKHAR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/punjabi/video/latest-punjabi-video-song-2019-naye-gane-nazar-na-lag-jaye-ramji-gulati-mr-faisu-hasnain-adnaan-faiz-saddu-team07/261093|title=New Video Song Nazar Na Lag Jaye : यूट्यूब पर टॉप ट्रेंड बना दोस्‍ती पर बेस्‍ड ये गाना|website=www.timesnowhindi.com|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/tiktok-star-faisu-team-07-go-shirtless-new-song/2019/09/20|title=TikTok star Faisu and Team 07 go shirtless for new song|website=www.iwmbuzz.com|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2019 songs]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Naduvil and Kudianmala

2025-11-14T23:54:15Z

LucretiaGoldhar: general cleaned up content for consistency further and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naduvil
| official_name =
| native_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Laksham Deepam at Ayyappa Vanadurga Temple, Naduvil(2).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Light festival at Ayyappa Temple, Naduvil
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt. =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.1216|N|75.4829|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of talukas of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Naduvil Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 49.31
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://elevationmap.net/naduvil-kannur-in-1011554901 |title=Topographic map of Naduvil, Kannur, India}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 159
| population_total = 20,369
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670582
| registration_plate = KL 59
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Dollu Kunitha (3).jpg|thumb|National Folk Festival, Naduvil]]
[[File:Vikas Hotel, Naduvil, Taliparamba, Kannur.jpg|thumb|Lunch at Naduvil]]

'''Naduvil''' is a small town in [[Kannur district]] in the [[India]]n State of [[Kerala]]. The town is the headquarters of Naduvil Grama panchayat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Population data - Villages with population 5000 & above |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Paithalmala is a hill station and tourist attraction near Kudiyanmala and Naduvil. Paithalmala is located at the border of Kerala and Karnataka. The [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] district of [[Karnataka]] is at the eastern side of [[Paithalmala]].

It was one of the major centers of Syrian Christian migration (Malabar migration). Migration of mainly [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] families to Kudiyanmala started in the 1950s and continued until the 1970s.<ref>Logan's Malabar Manual</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Kudiyanmala has a history behind it. The ruler of the Chirakkal Principality had a sister, who was accused of adultery. Accompanied by servants she was sent to Kudiattivalappu. Kudiattivalappu is located in Kudiyanmala, which is near Pottamplavu. Every 12 years Vyazhavattam, the ruler sent soldiers to kill the sons of the princess if any were born during this period. From this legend, the name Kudiyanmala was derived.

Malabar Migration which initially started in the 1920s and reached a peak in the 1950s began changing the demography from the 1950s. [[World War II]] created poverty in [[Travancore]], which caused migration. Central Travancore, especially Kottayam district, was the focus of migration. In 1953, the Holy Mass was said for the first time in the history of this place.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], New naduvil village had a population of 20,369 which includes 9,878 males and 10,491 females. Naduvil village has an area of {{cvt|49.31|km2}} with 4,926 families residing in it. In Naduvil, 10.3% of the population was under 6 years of age. New naduvil had overall literacy of 93.8% which constitutes male literacy of 95.8% and female literacy of 91.9%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=154,155 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
Naduvil is a hilly town on the eastern side of [[Kannur district]]. The terrain is undulating in nature and the extreme eastern side has forests bordering [[Karnataka|Karnataka state]].

==Transportation==
Kerala Hill Highway ([[Hill Highway (Kerala)|SH 59]]) passes through Naduvil town. It connects to nearby towns like [[Alakode, Kannur district|Alakode]], [[Karuvanchal]], [[Chemperi]], [[Payyavoor]], [[Ulikkal]] and [[Iritty]]. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]].
Kerala State Highway ([[SH 36]]) is accessible from [[Sreekandapuram]] town of about 10 km away from Naduvil.
The National Highway ([[NH 66]]) passes through [[Taliparamba]] town. [[Mangalore]], [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. [[Taliparamba]] has a bus station and buses are easily available to all parts of Kannur district.

The nearest railway stations are [[Kannapuram railway station|Kannapuram]] and [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]] on [[Shoranur-Mangalore Section]].

The nearest international airport is [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]] of about 35 km away. [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]] are other nearby options available. Kannur International Airport will be one of the largest airports in India once the runway length gets increased to 4000m. Kannur Airport is now the largest and most advanced airport in Kerala.

==See also==
* [[Paithalmala]]
* [[Alakode, Kannur district|Alakode]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kudianmala.com Kudianmala website]
* [http://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org/parish-view.php?pid=58 Tellichery Diocese website]
* [https://www.tripadvisor.in/Tourism-g8739011-New_Naduvil_Kerala-Vacations.html tripadvisor]
* [http://naduvilnews.com/ naduvilnews]

{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Villages near Taliparamba]]

Odisha Ikat

2025-10-22T16:11:49Z

LucretiaGoldhar: Made Post - done

{{Short description|Dyeing technique originating in India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Odisha Ikat
| image = Sambalpuri sari DSC 0496.JPG
| image_size =
| alt = Odisha Ikat from Sambalpur, Orissa
| caption = Sambalpuri Bandha (Ikat) from Sambalpur, Odisha
| alternative names =
| description = 
| type = Silk
| area = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 2007
| material =
| official website =
}}

'''Odisha Ikat''', is a kind of {{lang|id|[[ikat]]}} known as ''Bandhakala'' and ''Bandha'', a [[resist dyeing]] technique, originating from Indian state of [[Orissa, India|Odisha]]. Traditionally known as ''"Bandhakala"', ''"Bandha"'', '"Bandha of Odisha"'', it is a [[List of Geographical Indications in India|geographically tagged]] product of Odisha since 2007.<ref name=Textile>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissatourism.org/textiles-of-orissa.html|title= Textiles of Odisha (Orissa)|access-date= 30 January 2016|publisher=Official web site of Tourism Department of Orissa}}</ref> It is made through a process of [[Tie-dye|tie-dyeing]] the [[warp and weft]] threads to create the design on the loom prior to weaving. It is unlike any other {{lang|id|[[ikat]]}} woven in the rest of the country because of its design process, which has been called "poetry on the loom".{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=15}} This design is in vogue only at the western and eastern regions of Odisha; similar designs are produced by community groups called the Bhulia, Kostha Asani, and Patara.<ref name="Textile" />{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=27, 32}} The fabric gives a striking curvilinear appearance. [[Sari]]s made out of this fabric feature bands of [[brocade]] in the borders and also at the ends, called ''anchal'' or ''pallu''. Its forms are purposefully feathered, giving the edges a "hazy and fragile" appearance.<ref name=Univer>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=tsaconf|title= Color and Pattern: Tribal and Contemporary Ikats of India and Laos|date=1 January 2010|access-date=30 January 2016|publisher=University of Nebraska}}</ref> There are different kinds of bandha saris made in Odisha, notably [[Khandua]], [[Sambalpuri sari|Sambalpuri]], [[Pasapali sari|Pasapali]], Kataki and Manibandhi.<ref name="LyntonSingh1995">{{cite book|author1=Linda Lynton|author2=Sanjay K. Singh|title=The sari: styles, patterns, history, techniques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqHpAAAAMAAJ|access-date=27 June 2012|date=October 1995|publisher=H.N. Abrams|isbn=978-0-8109-4461-9}}</ref>

This silk has been registered for protection under the Geographical indication of the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. In 2007, it was listed as "Odisha Ikat" under the GI Act 1999 of the Government of India, with registration confirmed by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under Classes 23, 24 and 25 as Yarn and Threads Tied and Dyed for Textile use, Textile and Textile Goods, and Clothing respectively vide application number 22.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commerce.nic.in/pressrelease/pressrelease_detail.asp?id=1840 |title=28 Products Registered As Geographical Indications |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Commerce and Industry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404204206/http://commerce.nic.in/pressrelease/pressrelease_detail.asp?id=1840 |archive-date=4 April 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Deva>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/29.pdf|title=Journal 29 – Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks|date=19 March 2009|access-date=30 January 2016|publisher=Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks|page=16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003703/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/29.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

== Location ==
The villages where this art is practiced are Mankedia in [[Balasore district|Balasore]] or [[Mayurbhanj district]]. In the [[Western Odisha]], it is woven in [[Barpali]], [[Remunda]], Jhiliminda, Mahalakata, Singhapali, Sonepur, Patabhadi, Sagarpali, [[Tarabha]], [[Birmaharajpur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biramaharajpur]], [[Subalaya]], Kendupali, Jaganathpali, and Kamalapur of [[Bargarh district]] and Sonepur district. In the [[Cuttack district]] it is made in the villages of Badamba, [[Nuapatna]], Maniabadha, Narashinpur, [[Tigiria]].{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=27}}

== History ==
The history of this silk art is linked to the [[Lord Jagannath]] worship practice which is a tradition in Odisha. Every colour used in the fabric reflects a symbolic concept of Jagannath worship: the four primary colours used in keeping with this tradition are white, black, yellow, and red, with green added at a later date. These colours are said to denote the past, present, and future, to the [[Vedas]] and the Gods.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=29}} It is also inferred that the Ikat silk art came into existence by copying the temple architecture which existed much earlier.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=31}}

== Process ==
[[File:Sambalpuri_Ikat_weaving_loom_(Tanta)_from_Odisha.jpg|right|thumb|Double Ikat weaving loom in Sambalpur, Orissa]]
The pattern on the silk fabric evolves through a process of dyeing the warp and weft threads (yarns of very fine quality) prior to the weaving process.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=28}} This differs from other methods in which yarns of various colours are woven, or in which patterns are printed on the fabric. To create the coloured design, other cloth is affixed to the yarns at specific locations on the loom. The dye is absorbed by the cloth which, when it is removed from the loom, leaves the yarn dyed at the places where it touched the yarn. A single dyeing will leave the yarn spotty in colour. More detailed designs are produced through an eight-stage process of tying and dyeing the yarn, which requires a high degree of skill and time. It is also the practice to tie the weft threads and occasionally the warp threads to transfer colour to the untied part. More colours are added by repeating the process of tying and dyeing on previously coloured parts; in this way, many colours are added to give the fabric a very bright and distinctive shade.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=28}}

Another notable feature in this Ikat is that it depicts the same colourful design motif on both its front and back sides. No additional yarn is required to produce this effect. The designs evolve during the tying and dyeing process according to the imagination of the craftsman, who does not follow any predesigned pattern but creates the design as he works.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=28}}

The designs developed on the Ikat are generally of birds, various animals, [[rudraksh]] beads, geometric designs, dice, temple towers, and pinnacles.<ref name=Textile /><ref name=Univer /> The silk fabric made at [[Nuapatna]] in the Cuttack district is woven with Ikat yarn as hymns from the [[Gitagovinda]], and this fabric adorns the idols at the [[Jagannath Temple]] daily.<ref name=Textile />{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=30}} The Ikat produced by Bhullas from Western Odisha is considered superior in both the use of the fabric and pattern (which include double Ikat) compared to the product from Eastern Odisha.{{Sfn|Ghosh|Ghosh|2000|p=32}}

The process of making a sari of Ikat by hand takes about seven months and involves two craftsmen, as the production goes through 14 stages of creation.<ref name=Utsav>{{Cite web|url=http://www.utsavpedia.com/textiles/orissa-ikat-an-expression/|title= Ikat or Ikkat|date= 27 July 2013|access-date=30 January 2016|publisher= utsavpedia.com}}</ref> In addition to saris, Odisha Ikat is used to produce bolts of fabric, bed linens, tablecloths, and [[dupatta]] scarves.<ref name=Univer/>

==See also==
*[[Patola sari|Patola]], Ikat textile from Gujarat
*[[Pochampally sari|Pochampally]], Ikat textile from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
*[[Puttapaka Saree|Puttapaka]], Ikat textile from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
* {{cite book|last1= Ghosh |first1=G. K. |last2= Ghosh |first2=Shukla |title=Ikat Textiles of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOrTw0gPSVYC&pg=PR15|date=1 January 2000|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-167-0}}

{{Odisha}}
{{Odia culture}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in Odisha]]
[[Category:Economy of Odisha]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Ikat]]

Komati (caste)

2025-10-15T14:16:09Z

LucretiaGoldhar: Updated and refined page content

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|Indian trading community}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name =Komati
| subdivisions =Arya Vysya (Ārya Vaiśya), Beeri Komati (Beeri Vaishya), Kalinga Komati (Kaliṅga Vaiśya), Thrivarnika Komati (Trivarṇika Vaiśya), Jaina Komati (Jaina Kōmaṭi),
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| languages = [[Kannada Language | Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia Language| Odia]](amongst Kalinga Komatis), [[Marathi Language|Marathi]](amongst Marathi Komatis), [[Hindi Language|Hindi]](including MP, Chhattisgarh and other Hindi speaking states)
| religions = [[Hinduism]]{{*}}[[Jainism]]
|image=|caption=[[British Raj]]-era, Madras Presidency, 1909|kula_devi=[[Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari|Vāsavi Kanyakā Parameśvari]]|varna=[[Vaishya|Vaiśya]]
| classification = [[Forward caste]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaugier-Chatterjee |first=Anne |editor-last=Jaffrelot |editor-first=Christophe |title=Rise of the Plebeians? The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |page=280 |quote=The Forward Castes comprise the Brahmin, Kapus, Kamma, Reddys, Komati, Kshatriya, Velama...}}</ref>
}}
The '''Gaumati''' ('''Kōmaṭi''', '''Kaūmūti''' or '''Kūmaṭi''') is a trading community which is currently organized as a caste.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Thalapaneni Subramanyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fi1AAAAIAAJ&q=komatis+everywhere+speak+telugu |title=Growth and Development of Tirumala-Tirupati as a Dimension of Indian Civilization |date=1990 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |pages=63 |language=en |quote=The Komati (Vaisyas) is numerically a large trading caste in Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, and Karnataka. The Komatis speak Telugu.}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Murthy |first=B. E. V. V. Narasimha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqpBg02R-50C&dq=komati&pg=PA92 |title=Entrepreneurship in Small Towns |date=1989 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=92 |language=en |quote=The Komatis are the great trading caste found in almost all districts of Madras Presidency. They are further found in Karnataka and Maharastra states. The Komatis everywhere speak Telugu.}}</ref> They are primarily found in the Central and South Indian states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Odisha]], and [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Alpana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtxlCgAAQBAJ&dq=komatis+andhra+migrated&pg=PT77 |title=Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective |date=2015-08-11 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-5017-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> Small communities of Komatis are also present in the neighbouring states of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. The members of the Komati caste are commonly engaged as moneylenders, businessmen, and shopkeepers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiebert |first=Paul G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWhG7o_Uw3oC&dq=Komati+caste&pg=PA19 |title=Konduru: Structure and Integration in a South Indian Village |date=1971-02-08 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=978-0-8166-5787-2 |pages=19 |language=en |quote=Komatis by tradition are moneylenders, bankers, and shopkeepers. |author-link=Paul Hiebert (missiologist)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1NfyIF7r-IC |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1962 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |pages=7 |language=en |quote=For ages, the traditional occupation of Komatis is business and money-lending. The two major sects among the Komati caste are Gavara Komati and Kalinga Komati. The Gavara Komatis are strict vegetarians while the Kalinga Komatis are non-vegetarians.}}</ref> The community consists of many sects who are followers of [[Hinduism]], namely the Gomata (Arya Vysya), the Thrivarnika, and the Kalinga, along with the Jaina Komatis who are followers of [[Jainism]]. Traditionally, most Komatis are vegetarian, due to their belief in ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahimsa]]'' (nonviolence).<ref name="Annals"/>

==Etymology and terminology==
The origin of the word "Komati" is uncertain, and there are several speculative theories about it.<ref>{{cite book |author=B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao |title=Social Mobility in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsPkAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Telugu University |page=176 |quote=No satisfactory origin and meaning of the word Komati could so far be traced. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA340 |year=1920 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |page=340 |quote=The etymology of the word ' Komti ' is uncertain and throws no light upon the origin of the caste. }}</ref><ref name="Journal_1963">{{cite book |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe8VAQAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |page=212 |quote= While attempting to explain its origin, many stories have been invented, but none of them is satisfactory. }}</ref>

The affinity of the word "Komati" to "Gomata" has led to speculation that the word is derived from Gomata ([[Gomateshwara]]), the name of a Jain deity.<ref>{{cite book |author=Śrīpāda Gōpālakr̥ṣṇamūrti |title=Jain Vestiges in Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7NXAAAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |page=88 }}</ref> This theory is supported by scholars such as C. Dwarakanath Gupta,<ref name="CDG_1999"/> and Jaisetty Ramanaiah;<ref name="JR_1989">{{cite book |author=Jaisetty Ramanaiah |title=Temples of South India: A Study of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Monuments of the Deccan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztjVAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-223-1 |page=247 }}</ref> B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao also mentions this as the most reasonable of the theories, noting that it is a "derivation of the word from gomata, the great Jaina saint, which implies that they were followers of Gomata cult or were originally Jains".<ref>{{cite book |title=Social mobility in Medieval Andhra |first=B. S. L. Hanumantha |last=Rao |page=176}}</ref><ref>B. S. L., 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GkNuAAAAMAAJ Socio-cultural history of ancient and medieval Andhra], p. 155. Volume 172 of Telugu Viśvavidyālaya pracuraṇa. Telugu University.</ref> Gupta theorises the Komatis were originally traders from [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] in Bengal, who adopted [[Jainism]] and followed the cult of Gomata. They later gave up Jainism and embraced Vedic Hinduism.<ref name="CDG_1999">{{cite book |author=C. Dwarakanath Gupta |title=Socio-cultural History of an Indian Caste |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJlpWwZkRDAC&pg=PA9 |year=1999 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-726-9 |pages=9–10 }}</ref> Hanumantha Rao noted that the merchant classes preferred Jainism for gaining social status and respectability, and the erstwhile [[Bania (caste)|Bania]]s became Gomati or followers of the Gomata cult in medieval times.<ref>Rao, Hanumantha B. S. L., 1973. Religion in Āndhra: a survey of religious developments in Āndhra from early times upto A.D. 1325, Part 1325, Issue 69 of Archaeological series. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh, p. 175</ref>

An alternative etymology mentioned by Gupta derives the name of the caste from the name of a river. He states that the Komatis are said to have originally lived on the banks of Gomati, a local name for the [[Godavari River]].<ref name="CDG_1999"/> Yet another theory states that the name of the community is derived from the Telugu phrase ''konu-ammu-atti'' ("persons engaged in the exchange of goods").<ref name="Journal_1963"/> Colonial ethnographers [[Edgar Thurston]] and [[Robert Vane Russell|R. V. Russell]] derived "Komati" from the Sanskrit term "Gomathi," believed to have the meaning of possessor or keeper of cows or ''Ko-mati'' ("to be cow minded"), which references their business acumen.<ref name="GuptaBhaskar1992">{{citation |last1=Gupta |first1=C. Dwarakanath |last2=Bhaskar |first2=Sepuri |title=Vysyas: a sociological study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8BGAAAAMAAJ |date=1 December 1992 |publisher=Ashish Pub. House |isbn=978-81-7024-450-9 |page=10}}</ref><ref name="Russell">{{citation |last=Russell |first=R. V. |author-link=R. V. Russell |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume III of IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53qCQY5VzvsC&pg=PT487 |publisher=Library of Alexandria |year=1916 |isbn=978-1-4655-8303-1 |pages=487–}}</ref> An origin story accepted by many in the community is mentioned in the ''[[Puranas|Kanyaka Purana]](the caste-book / book of vaisyas)'' which states that [[Shiva]] gave them the name ''Go-mati'' ("cow-minded").<ref name="CDG_1999"/>

The term "[[Vaishya|Vaisya]]" has been used to refer to Komatis.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jangam |first=Chinnaiah |title=The Story of a Jailed Prince: Feudal Roots of Democratic Politics in Andhra Pradesh |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |issue=25 |date=22 June 2013 |pages=14 |jstor=23527964 |quote=At first, it made Konigeti Rosaiah the chief minister, but he neither had the social backing (he hails from the politically marginal caste of Komati or Vaisya) nor the personal charisma to lead.}}</ref> The term "Komati" also has a denotation of "trader in the north of Madras and corresponded to chetty".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mutual Heritage of the Low Countries and South Asia |first=Bhaswati |last=Bhattacharya |publisher=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |year=2010 |volume=53 |number=4 |page=656}}</ref>

==History==
There is epigraphic evidence that the term ''Komati'' was in use by the 11th century CE.<ref name="MadrasSociety1964">{{citation |last1=Madras |first1=Andhra Historical Research Society, Rajahmundry |last2=Society |first2=Andhra Historical Research |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgDjAAAAMAAJ |year=1964 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |page=212}}</ref> The Komati merchants were associated with the town of [[Penugonda]] in the [[West Godavari district]] of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="RaychaudhuriHabib1982">{{citation |last1=Raychaudhuri |first1=Tapan |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA120 |year=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |pages=120–}}</ref> Also the deity in Penugonda temple "[[Vasavi Kanyaka Parameshvari]]" is considered the Goddess of Komati Caste.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Umesh Ashok Kadam |title=Memory, History, and Culture in Medieval South Asia: 8th to 14th Centuries |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |year=2025 |page=248 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Memory_History_and_Culture_in_Medieval_S/HU9PEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA248}}</ref>

Inscriptions from the erstwhile [[Godavari District|Godavari]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]] and [[Guntur district|Guntur]] districts from 11th century refer to the merchants referred to as the "Lords of Penugonda". These merchants identified as Vaiśyas, and a number of them cited non-Brahmanical gōtras in inscriptions. Historians regard this community as a precursor to the modern Komati community.<ref name="Sundaram1968">{{citation |last=Sundaram |first=K. |title=Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra: A.D. 1000-1600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AgsAAAAIAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Triveni Publishers |page=58}}</ref>{{sfn|Talbot|2001|p=53}} The wealthier sections of the Komatis were addressed as Setti, Chetti or Chettiyar, all derived from the [[Sanskrit]] term ''Sreshthi''.{{sfn|Talbot|2001|p=59}} Their trade associations bore the name ''nagaram''. They also participated in long-distance trade networks called ''pekkandru'' (literally "the many").{{sfn|Talbot|2001|p=81}} During the times of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], they moved to various parts of South India to further their businesses.<ref>{{citation |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |s2cid=162729378 |title=Silk and Weavers of Silk in Medieval Peninsular India |journal=The Medieval History Journal |volume=17 |pages=145–169 |number=1 |year=2014 |doi=10.1177/0971945814528422}}</ref> During the empire's reign, they emerged as prominent merchants in South Indian trade, and sought to be considered as [[Vaishya]]s, the third highest varna in the [[Caste system in India|Hindu caste system]]. During this time, the Komati and [[Balija]] competed for Vaisya status, with their conflict organised according to the right and left hand designation.{{sfn|Price|2000|p=33-34}}

During the pre-colonial period, Komatis migrated "to the [[Malay Peninsula|Malayan peninsula]]".<ref>{{cite journal |title="Birds of Passage": Migration of South Indian Laborers to Southeast Asia |first=Adapa |last=Satyanarayana |publisher=Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group |year=2002 |pages=92}}</ref> Komatis also immigrated to [[Malaysia]] in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite journal |title="Birds of Passage": Migration of South Indian Laborers to Southeast Asia |first=Adapa |last=Satyanarayana |publisher=Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group |year=2002 |pages=109–110}}</ref>

After the arrival of European trading companies, the Komati merchants were among the local traders that partnered with them. The British referred to them as "Committys" and often used the term generically for all merchants on the Coromandel coast. Among the "Committys" that the British dealt with were the bulk sellers of cloth and other export commodities, money lenders and money changers, and the individual shop-keepers.<ref>{{citation |last=Mukund |first=Kanakalatha |title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXdDYChdGsC&pg=PA62 |year=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1661-8 |pages=62–}}</ref> The second Chief Merchant of the British [[East India Company]] in [[Madras]] was a Komati called Kasi Viranna, appointed in 1669.<ref>{{citation |title=Chief Merchants and the European Enclaves of Seventeenth-Century Coromandel |first=Joseph J. |last=Brennig |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=11 |pages=321–340 |number=3 |year=1977 |jstor=311502 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00014177|s2cid=145495867 }}</ref> There was fierce competition in [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] between the Tamil-speaking Beeri merchants, who formed the 'left-hand' caste division and the Komati and [[Balija]] merchants, who were referred to as the 'right-hand' caste division<ref name=":0" /> and who also led the right-hand castes.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=2008 |volume=69 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44147194 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147194|last1=Harijan |first1=Vikram |pages=309–315 }}</ref> Other "right hand" castes included those of washermen, barbers, potters, tank-diggers, [[Yenadis]] (tribals), and outcastes.{{sfn|Price|2000|p=34}} The competition between the divisions gave rise to riots and disputes in 1652 and 1707. The British were able to settle the disputes between left-hand and right-hand caste divisions amicably by resettling members to designated areas in [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] which is a small neighbourhood in the city of Chennai.<ref name=":0">{{citation |title=Individuality and Achievement in South Indian Social History |first=Mattison |last=Mines |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=26 |pages=129–156 |number=1 |year=1992 |jstor=312720 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00015973|s2cid=146390325 }}</ref>

[[Niyogi|Niyogi Brahmins]] and the Maha-nad opposed the attempts of Komatis to designate themselves as Vaishyas. The Maha-nad was a multi-caste secret assembly that was created to exact retribution for breaking the rules and rights of castes. The Maha-nad was led by Niyogi Brahmins, [[Chettiar]]s, and [[Telaga]]s. Whenever the Komatis attempted to perform orthodox rites (especially the [[Upanayana]] ceremony), the Maha-nad would disrupt the ceremonies. The leaders of the Maha-nad would invade the house of Komatis and disrupt the sacrificial fire, rendering the ceremony useless. The Maha-nad would hire throngs of untouchables to attack the houses of Komatis and vandalise them with cattle bones, [[blood]], [[human feces]], and cattle feces mixed with water. The [[Vaidiki Velanadu|Vaidiki Brahmin]]s who served as family priests for the Komatis were, unlike their Niyogi Brahmin counterparts, unconcerned with the idea that Komatis were infringing the boundaries between lower once-born and upper [[Dvija|twice born]] castes. From 1784–1825, the majority of Komatis conducted the Upanayana ceremonies according to the Kanyaki Purana, a late medieval Telugu text sacred to the Komatis. These Upanayana ceremonies were completely in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and conducted right before a Komati man's marriage, however a few wealthier Komati families were able to afford the orthodox [[Sanskrit]] Upanayana for younger bachelor men. The orthodox Sanskrit version allowed Komatis to perform further orthodox rites, and Vaidiki Brahmins were fine in officiating them. By 1825, the two versions had mixed into a part-Telugu, part-Sanskrit ceremony. By the 1830s, the Komatis began to phase out their native Telugu Komati elements of their rituals.<ref name="Price">{{cite book |last=Price |first=Pamela G. |title=Religion and public culture: encounters and identities in modern South India |publisher=Curzon Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780700711017 |editor1=John Jeya Paul |location=Richmond, Surrey |pages=33–55 |chapter=Conflict Processing and Political Mobilization in Nineteenth Century South India |editor2=Keith E. Yandell |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3GuKnZTGG4C&pg=PA36}}</ref>

Lengthy legal battles ensued between the Vaidiki and Niyogi Brahmins on whether the Komatis were allowed to perform orthodox Vaishya rites. The Vaidikis argued that there was nothing in the [[Vedas]] that prohibited the Komatis from performing their own Telugu versions of the Upanayana. They stated that since it was a well known fact that Komatis called themselves Vaishyas and their men wore the sacred thread, there was no reason prohibiting them from moving on to the orthodox Sanskrit versions of the Upanayana ceremony. The Niyogis argued that while they did indeed call themselves Vaishyas, they could not be real Vaishyas due to [[Puranic chronology|Hindu chronology]]. According to Hindu chronology, Vaishyas had become extinct in [[Kali Yuga]], the final time period in Hindu cosmology. Additionally, the Niyogis stated that the Komatis performed the Upanayana incorrectly due to the fact that the majority of them had it performed right before an man's marriage, rather than at age 24 which the orthodox texts state a Vaishya bachelor should have the ceremony conducted. They argued that since the Komatis could not be real Vaishyas and performed the Upanayana incorrectly, they had renounced their right to do so and that there was nothing they could do to atone for it. Legal battles ensued for decades, with British officials being unable to resolve the conflict and agitation between Komatis and Niyogis.<ref name="Price" />

In the 1800s, Komatis were involved with the indigo and cotton trade.<ref name="Lewandowski p.170" /> Komatis were "founding import-export firms, particularly in timber, sugar and liquor, construction and engineering companies, and western style banks" by the late 1800s.<ref name="Lewandowski p.170">{{cite journal |first=Susan J. |last=Lewandowski |title=Merchants and Kingship: An Interpretation of Indian Urban History |publisher=Journal of Urban History |year=1985 |page=170}}</ref> Komatis were involved with modernizing the commercial activity in Madras.<ref name="Lewandowski p.170" /> Most Komatis were involved with the trade of oil, salt, grains, fruits and vegetables or were moneylenders or textile merchants.<ref name="Lewandowski p.170" /> The Komati community during the colonial period changed their name to the Arya Vaisya Community.<ref name="Lewandowski p.172">{{cite journal |first=Susan J. |last=Lewandowski |title=Merchants and Kingship: An Interpretation of Indian Urban History|publisher=Journal of Urban History |year=1985 |page= 172}},</ref>

By the 20th century, the Komatis had begun calling themselves according to the orthodox rishi gotras, rather than their native 102 gotras, which were inappropriate in accordance with the rules for Vaishya gotras. Over the 19th century, many Komatis became wealthy and in the 1901 census, were the only Telugu caste to be ranked as Vaishya. Spurred by this recognition, in 1905, prominent Komatis formed the Southern India Vysya Association, and in the 1921 census, tens of thousands of Komatis were recorded as Vaishyas.<ref name="Price" />

==Practices==
[[Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari|Vasavi Mata]] is considered the [[Kuladevata]] of Komatis.<ref name="NeveDonner2007"/> ''Kanyaki Purana'' – a late medieval sacred text in Telugu – is their key religious text.{{sfn|Price|2000|p=35}} The Kanyaka Purana is an oral epic, and today the [[Skanda Purana]] is associated with a written [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] version of the Kanyaka Purana off of which the Kanyaka Purana is performed.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism |first=W. J. |last=Johnson |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009}}</ref> Records are available for a Kanyaka Parameswari temple built on a garden owned by the Komati community in [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], [[Madras]] in the early 18th century.<ref name="NeveDonner2007">{{citation |last1=Neve |first1=Geert de |last2=Donner |first2=Henrike |title=The Meaning of the Local: Politics of Place in Urban India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E196AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |date=24 January 2007 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-135-39216-1 |pages=102–}}</ref>

Komatis regard themselves as a `twice-born' caste, meaning that they are allowed to wear a sacred thread following an initiation ceremony (the ''[[upanayana]]'').{{sfn|Price|2000|p=35}}

== Komati sub-groups ==

=== Arya Vysya ===
'''Arya Vysya''' (or Arya Vyshya) is a subset of the Komati caste. Arya Vysyas are traditionally vegetarian;<ref name="subpop">{{cite journal |title=Opportunity for natural selection among three endogamous subpopulations of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Indian Journal of Human Genetics |volume=11 |number=1 |date=January–June 2005 }}</ref> ahimsa is important to Arya Vysyas. Orthodox Arya Vysyas follow rituals prescribed in the ''Vasavi Puranam'', a religious text written in the late [[Middle Ages]]. The community were formerly known as Komati Chettiars but now prefer to be referred to as Arya Vysyas.<ref>{{cite book |title=Patronage as Politics in South Asia |editor-first=Anastasia |editor-last=Piliavsky |first=Mattison |last=Mines |chapter=The Political Economy of Patronage, Preeminence and the State in Chennai |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9781107056084 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SILRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42}}</ref>

Some sources say that "Vysyas" are also called Arya Vysyas.<ref>{{cite book |title=Socio-Cultural History of an Indian Caste |first= Dwarakanath |last=Gupta |page=12 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1999}}</ref>

Arya Vysyas worship deities that belong to "both Vaishnavite and Saivite sects".<ref name="Annals">
{{cite journal |author1=N. Lakshmiy |author2=D. A. Demarchi |author3=P. Veerrajuy |author4=T. V. Raoy |year=2002 |title=Population structure and genetic differentiation among the substructured Vysya caste population in comparison to the other populations of Andhra Pradesh, India |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=29 |page=539 |doi=10.1080/03014460110114707 |pmid=12396373 |s2cid=32414548 |number=5}}
</ref>

The Komati merchants along with Balijas became notable as trading communities during the period of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1325-1565 CE), and desired [[Vaishya]] status.<ref name=Price />

The [[Colin Mackenzie|Mackenzie]] manuscripts provide a record of a copper plate grant of guru Bhaskaracharya (16th century CE), given by the 102 gotras which formed the Gavara grouping. According to the ''Vasavi Purana'', the Vaisyas of Penugonda and 17 other towns belonged to a group of Vaisyas of 714 gotras. However, the 102 gotras of Gavaras separated out, and formed the Gavara Komati community.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Keith E. Yandell Keith E. Yandell, John J. Paul |author2=|title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India
|volume= |publisher=Routledge |year=1980|page=23|isbn=9781136818080|quote=According to the myth of origin of the Gavara Komatis, they contained 102 gotras ( clan or sibs ), descendents of the heads of 102 gotras who immolated themselves in a sacrificial fire, with the intention of thwarting a king during the early medieval period. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucMeAgAAQBAJ }}</ref><ref name=AHRS>Andhra Historical Research Society, 1964. Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 30, Parts 1-4, Pages 207-209.</ref>

=== Kalinga Vysya ===
Kalinga Vysyas are a group claim to be Komatis residing in Kalinga, Odia speaking regions of ancient India was a flux of kingdoms and territories that made communities to constantly change and adapt to the social and religious currents of the time. Kalinga Komatis were patrons of [[Buddhism]] and later to Lord [[Jaganath]]. Kalinga Vaishyas worship Kanyaka as Parameshwari (Shiva's Consort) along with Lord Jaganath.<ref name ="Annals" /> Kalinga Vaishyas being from Odisha consume a variety of Sea Food and Meat. Some festivals in Odisha offer meat to Gods and Godesses which aren't refused by Kalinga Vaishyas. Kalinga Vysyas are found in the old Kalinga country, extending into erstwhile Bengal (including 24 paraganas in present day Bangladesh) . <ref name ="Annals" />

Castes from Kalinga (now Odisha, parts of West Bengal and other states) are classified as Forward Class.

=== Thrivarnika Vysya ===
Thrivarnika Vysyas call themselves Thrivarnika Vaishnavites.<ref name ="Annals" /> They say that their community started in the 11th century at the time of Ramanuja.<ref name ="Annals" />

=== Jain Komati ===
Followers of [[Gommateshvara|Gommateshwara]] were traditionally Komati merchants spread across [[Central India|central]] and [[south India]]. Komatis still practice many aspects of Jainism like [[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahimsa]], [[Lacto vegetarianism|Lacto-vegetarian]] diet and engaging in trade. They venerate the princess Shanthi Matha [[Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari|Vasavi]] for upholding Ahimsa and avoiding wars. Komatis were patrons of Jainism and built many [[Basadi|Basadis]] for monks and temples for Santhi Matha Vasavi throughout Central and South India in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] style of architecture. Many temple grants, charities were done by wealthy Komati merchants, the discovery of the last [[Jainism|Jain]] temple of the Komati era in present [[Telangana]] stands testament to the Komati patronage of Jainism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-19 |title=Inscription on last Jain temple in Telangana found |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Inscription-on-last-Jain-temple-in-Telangana-found/article14433774.ece |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

Arya Vysyas are the largest subsect of Komatis, with Kalinga Vysyas being the second largest subsect.<ref name ="Annals" /> The Thrivarnika Vysyas are lesser in number than both Arya Vysyas and Kalinga Vysyas.<ref name ="Annals" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
; Sources
*{{citation |title=Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |first=Cynthia |last=Talbot |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C}}
*{{citation |last=Yandell |first=Keith E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8UeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA |title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India |editor1-last=Paul |editor1-first=John J. |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81801-1 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |title=Political Emblems of Caste Identity: An Interpretation of Tamil Caste Titles |date=October 1983 |volume=56 |number=4 |publisher=The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research |journal=Anthropological Quarterly |jstor=3317621|last1=Pandian |first1=J. |pages=190–197 |doi=10.2307/3317621 }}
*{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=2008 |volume=69 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44147194 |last1=Harijan |first1=Vikram |title=Disputes Among Labourer Castes in Madras in the Early Eighteenth Century |pages=309–315 }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles |series=People of India: National series |volume=8 |first=Kumar Suresh |last=Singh |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India/Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780195633573 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |title=All India anthropometric survey: analysis of data. South Zone |volume=1 |first1=J. |last1=Sreenath |first2=S. H. |last2=Ahmad |others=Anthropological Survey of India |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India/Oxford University Press |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0uAAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |title=Konduru: Structure and Integration in a South Indian Village |first=Paul G. |last=Hiebert |author-link=Paul Hiebert (missiologist) |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=1971 |isbn=9780816657872 |url=https://archive.org/details/kondurustructure00hieb |url-access=registration }}
*{{cite book |title=Caste & Class Articulation of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/livelihoodoptions/papers/wp179.pdf#search='caste%2C%20class%2C%20and%20social%20articulation |first=K. |last=Srinivasulu |publisher=Overseas Development Institute |location=London |date=September 2002 |isbn=0-85003-612-7 |pages=Glossary of castes, 4 |access-date=20 December 2011 |archive-date=20 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720172106/http://www.odi.org.uk/Livelihoodoptions/papers/wp179.pdf#search='caste%2C%20class%2C%20and%20social%20articulation |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Komati caste}}
*[http://www.jainsamaj.org/content.php?url=Jain_Culture_In_Telugu_Literature Jain Culture in Telugu Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230730/http://www.jainsamaj.org/content.php?url=Jain_Culture_In_Telugu_Literature |date=29 July 2018 }}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Bomraspeta mandal

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LucretiaGoldhar: {{unreferenced|date=October 2025}} Replaced tag

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bomraspeta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Vikarabad
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP22
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kodangal
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bomraspeta''' is a [[Tehsil|Mandal]] in [[Vikarabad district]], Telangana.

==Institutions==
* Zilla Parishad High School

==Villages==
The villages in Bomraspeta mandal include:
* Amsanpalle
* Bapally Tanda
* Bomraspeta
* Burhanpur
* Chilmalmailwar
* Chowdapalle
* Dudyal
* Dupcherla
* Erlapally
* Erpumalla
* Gouraram
* Hakimpeta
* Janakampally
* Kothur
* Lagcherla
* Lingampalle
* Madanapally
* Mahanthipur
* Metlakunta
* Nagereddipalle
* Namdapur
* Polepalle
* Regadimailwar
* Salimdapur
* Thunkumetla
* Wadcherla
* Yenkepally
*Suryanaik tanda
{{Vikarabad district}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Mandals in Vikarabad district]]

{{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}

Darbar (title)

2025-09-22T16:53:24Z

LucretiaGoldhar: refine layout to improve readability after review

{{pp-semi-indef}}{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian title in Gujarat and Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
'''Darbar''' or '''Durbar''' or '''Darbar Sahib''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: [[ISO 15919]]: ''Darbār'') is a title of honor or respect used mainly in the [[India|Indian]] states of [[Gujarat]] and Rajasthan. [[Chieftain]] or Lord of small petty princely states, which existed in the pre-independence era, who used title as together with honorific [[Saheb]], to be referred as '''Darbar Saheb'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Pratyusha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJxY9IWzGewC&dq=Term+Darbar+koli&pg=PA235 |title=Villages, Women, and the Success of Dairy Cooperatives in India: Making Place for Rural Development |date=2009 |publisher=Cambria Press |isbn=978-1-60497-625-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&dq=Palavi+Darbars+Koli&pg=PT354 |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of north Gujarat: a caste in the village and the region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Pub. Corp. |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Traditionally, it was used to refer to persons belonging to the [[Landed nobility|landed-nobility]], who may also be from the communities of [[Charan|Charans]], [[Kathi people|Kathis]], and [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |title=Power, Profit and Poetry Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India |publisher=Manohar |year=1997 |isbn=81-7304-176-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=97}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of north Gujarat: a caste in the village and the region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Pub. Corp. |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&dq=Palavi+Darbars+Koli&pg=PT354 |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOsrDwAAQBAJ |title=Transaction and Hierarchy: Elements for a Theory of Caste |date=2017-08-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-39396-6 |language=en |quote=Charans received lands in jagir for their services, and in parts of Marwar, certain Charan families were effectively Darbars.}}</ref>

As such, many dominant caste or hereditary chieftain of an erstwhile [[Princely state|princely states]] may be referred to as Darbar in the general use of the word. The title was mostly in use in areas now covered by [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy Burman |first1=J. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VemsIky3QzEC&dq=darbar+caste&pg=PA140 |title=Gujarat Unknown: Hindu-Muslim Syncretism and Humanistic Forays By J. J. Roy Burma |year=2005 |isbn=9788183240529 |page=140 |publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref> However, there is no separate notified caste called Darbar. It was a title of honor more in use during [[Princely states|princely]] India, which was used to refer to chieftains and is prevalent in use even today mainly in rural [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Charles |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Sharada |title=Lives of the Indian Princes |date=June 1998 |publisher=BPI Publishing |isbn=978-81-86982-05-1 |pages=170–171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSNtEAAAQBAJ&dq=Darbar+SahEB+PRINCELY+TITLE&pg=PA170 |access-date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jagirdar]]
* [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]
* [[Feudalism in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Men's social titles]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]
[[Category:Honorifics]]
[[Category:Prefixes]]

Jai Tulunad

2025-09-12T03:09:30Z

LucretiaGoldhar: done

{{short description|Tulu organization}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Jai Tulunad
| logo =
| founding_location = [[Mulki, India]]
| leader_title = [[President (corporate title)|President]]
| leader_name =
| website =
}}
'''Jai Tulunad''' is a [[Tulu language|Tulu]] organisation of [[Tulu people]] which works for growth of culture, language and script of [[Tulunadu|Tulunad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=The Jai Tulunadu Organisation - Preserving Everything That Is Tulu|url=https://mangaloremerijaan.com/the-jai-tulunadu-organisation-preserving-everything-that-is-tulu/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Mangalore Meri Jaan®|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=For the love of Tulu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/2021/jul/11/for-the-love-of-tulu-2328501.html|access-date=2021-11-22|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The organisation was started in [[Mulki, India|Mulki]] on Aug 10, 2014. It was registered on 10 Aug 2015. The organisation also teaches Tulu script for free in both mediums online and offline.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

==Presidents==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Year
|-
| Jai Tulunad, founder committee || August 2014 to May 2015
|-
| Prasanth Saliyan ||May 2015 to August 2016
|-
| Ashwath Tuluve || August 2016 to September 2017
|-
|Arun Tuluve ||September 2017 to February 2020
|-
| Sudarshan Surathkal || February 2020 to October 2021
|-
|Jai Tulunad, founder committee || October 2021 to February 2022
|-
|Ashwath Tuluve || February 2022 to May 2023
|-
|Vishu shrikera||May 2023 to May 2024
|-
|Uday poonja||May 2024 to present {{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
|}

== Works ==
[[File:TuluBaravTuluScript.jpg|thumb|Tulu script chart]]
* '''Campaign against the Abused Worshipping of divine spiritual energy ([[Buta Kola|Bootharadhane/Daivaradhane]]''')
The organization has fought against the abused worship of the divine spiritual energy (Daivaradhane/Bootharadhane) according to the law and creates awareness among the people about the actions taken against the abuse.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Apr 14, 2017|title=Tulu organization to fight against modern depiction of local rituals, customs {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/tulu-organization-to-fight-against-modern-depiction-of-local-rituals-customs/articleshow/58171273.cms|access-date=2021-11-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Tulu as the official language of the state'''
The organization has worked for many years towards recognition of the Tulu language as the state language. By creating awareness in social media, for the first time, #TuluOfficialinKA_KL twitter campaign got trended and reached up to 4 lakh tweets just in a day and got a sensational reach throughout the nation. The organization has also stressed the MLAs of [[Tulu Nadu|Tulunad]] and Home Minister for the official recognition of Tulu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-13|title=Twitter campaign for Tulu as official language gets good response|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/twitter-campaign-for-tulu-as-official-language-gets-good-response-997084.html|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Jun 14, 2021|title=Twitter campaign for Tulu gets support from politicians {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/twitter-campaign-for-tulu-gets-support-from-politicians/articleshow/83508492.cms|access-date=2021-11-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jai Tulunad organization appeals Kasargod MLA to make Tulu official language|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=847742|access-date=2021-11-28|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Constitutional recognition of [[Tulu language]]'''
Many awareness campaigns like #TuluTo8thSchedule were conducted in social medias and stressing the political leaders regarding the same were done by the organization.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-08-10|title=Twitter campaign to include Tulu in Eighth Schedule of Constitution|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/twitter-campaign-to-include-tulu-in-eighth-schedule-of-constitution/article19459992.ece|access-date=2021-11-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Paniyadi|first=Gururaj A.|date=2017-08-10|title=Karnataka: Twitter campaign to include Tulu in 8th schedule gains momentum|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100817/karnataka-twitter-campaign-to-include-tulu-in-8th-schedule-gains-momentum.html|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Teaching Tulu language'''
From past many years, Jai Tulunad has been teaching interested people, to speak Tulu with an intention that not only people from Tulunad, but also people from other places should learn to speak Tulu. Good news is that many people outside Tulunad are individually coming forward to learn Tulu.

* '''Tulu script classes'''
With an intention of teaching Tulu script to all [[Tulu people|Tuluvas]], free online Tulu script classes were conducted during the time of covid pandemic<ref>{{Cite web|author=Deepthi Sanjiv|date=Aug 9, 2021|title=Tulu being taught through 120 WhatsApp groups {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/tulu-being-taught-through-120-whatsapp-groups/articleshow/85159364.cms|access-date=2021-11-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-29|title=Tulu script to be taught online|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/tulu-script-to-be-taught-online-879807.html|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> and after the pandemic around 35 offline classes were conducted.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Bale Tulu Lipi Kalpuga: 'Jai Tulunad' offers free online Tulu script learning class|url=https://beta.udayavani.com/english-news/bale-tulu-lipi-kalpuga-jai-tulunad-offers-free-online-tulu-script-learning-class|access-date=2021-11-22|website=beta.udayavani.com|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122051703/https://beta.udayavani.com/english-news/bale-tulu-lipi-kalpuga-jai-tulunad-offers-free-online-tulu-script-learning-class/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangaluru: 'Jai Tulunad' holds free online Tulu script learning class|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=745457|access-date=2021-11-22|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-10 |title=This Initiative By Jai Tulunadu Organisation Is Popularizing Tulu Script: Check Out How |url=https://mangalorecity.in/this-initiative-by-jai-tulunadu-organisation-is-popularizing-tulu-script-check-out-how/ |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=Mangalore City News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Many requests for conducting script classes in the future days are also being received. Along with this, around 10000 people have registered online for learning Tulu script and more than 2000 people have already written script exams.

* '''Training Tulu script Teachers'''
The organisation has been teaching Tulu script from many years and from past one year, the organization has prepared more than 150 Tulu script teachers. The organization has successfully created a large number of platforms for teaching Tulu script throughout Tulunad.

* '''Tulu Baravu Font'''
The organization has developed a Tulu Font called "Tulu Baravu". It was brought up so that people could type Tulu in their mobile and computer. This Baravu Font was prepared from the model of [[Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy|Tulu academy's]] Unicode script. This has enabled people to use Tulu script in many boards, banners, social media posters, invitation cards, and many other.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=ತುಳು ಭಾಷೆಯ 'ತುಳು ಬರವು' ಯೂನಿಕೋಡ್ ಲಿಪಿ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ!|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/whats-new-technology/tulu-academy-launch-tulu-baravu-unicode-font-in-mangalore-qfrxuw|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}</ref>

* '''"''KOPPARIGE''" Online Tulu Dictionary'''
On 2 July 2021 the organization released "'''KOPPARIGE'''", an online Tulu dictionary, so that people could search the meaning of some words, reuse the endangered Tulu words and grab their interest towards Tulu literature.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=Kopparige, Tulu online dictionary released|url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/coastal/mangaluru/kopparige-tulu-online-dictionary-released/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=News Karnataka|language=en-US}}</ref> In this dictionary, users can get the meaning along with the details of any Tulu word in English, Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada. The specialty of this dictionary is that the words are written in Tulu script and the pronunciation of each word is available in the form of recorded audio. This dictionary is one of the biggest achievements of Jai Tulunad (R) organization.

* '''Tulu Mandara Font'''

On 9 July 2021, the organization released a Tulu Font "Mandara". It was developed by Prahlad Tantry and launched by Udupi MLA [[K. Raghupati Bhat|Raghupathi Bhat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-21 |title=Mandara - Tulu Font Launched: Another Interesting Step to Recognize & Standardise The Language |url=https://mangalorecity.in/mandara-tulu-font-launched-another-interesting-step-to-recognize-standardise-the-language/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Mangalore City News – Mangalore News – latest Mangalore News Headlines – Information, Headlines, Updates, Live Coverage – Mangalore crime news |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title=Udupi: MLA Bhat launches Tulu font 'Mandara;' announces all MLAs from Udupi, DK will speak in Tulu in Assembly |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/udupi-mla-bhat-launches-tulu-font-mandara-announces-all-mlas-from-udupi-dk-will-speak-in-tulu-in-assembly |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=Tulu font launched, Udupi and DK MLAs to talk in Tulu in Karnataka Assembly |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tulu-font-launched-udupi-and-dk-mlas-talk-tulu-karnataka-assembly-152664 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* '''"GenaSiri" Tulu Transcriptor'''

On 2 July 2022,"'''GenaSiri"'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary |url=https://jaitulunad.in/genasiri |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=jaitulunad.in |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190915/https://jaitulunad.in/genasiri |url-status=dead }}</ref>,which will allow users to transcript from [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] texts to Tulu was released. This was developed by Jnanesh Derlakatte and released through the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2022 |first=Deepthi |last=Sanjiv |title=Tulu transcription application launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/tulu-transcription-application-launched/articleshow/92639007.cms |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title=Tulu Transcription App Launched: Click to Know More |url=https://mangalorecity.in/tulu-transcription-app-launched-click-to-know-more/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Mangalore City News – Mangalore News – latest Mangalore News Headlines – Information, Headlines, Updates, Live Coverage – Mangalore crime news |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tulu language]]
* [[Tulu Nadu]]
* [[Tulu Nadu state movement]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official}}
* [https://jaitulunad.in/ Kopparige Online Tulu Dictionary]

[[Category:Tulu Nadu]]

Chandgi Ram

2025-06-26T03:13:00Z

LucretiaGoldhar: started stub...

{{Short description|Indian wrestler (1937–2010)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Chandgi Ram
| image = Chandgiram.jpg
| caption = Chandgi Ram in 1969
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| residence =
| birth_name = Chandgi Ram Kaliraman
| birth_date = 9 November 1937
| birth_place = [[Sisai, Hisar|Sisai village]], [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[British India]] (now in [[Sisai, Hisar|Sisai village]], [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|6|29|1937|11|9}}<ref name="HT, June 2010" />
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| height = 6 ft 4 in<ref name="Sports Reference">{{cite web |title=Chandgi Ram |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ra/chandgi-ram-1.html |website=[[Sports Reference]] |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213182837/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ra/chandgi-ram-1.html |archive-date=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| weight = 198 lbs<ref name="Sports Reference" />
| country = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|http://masterchandgiram.in/}}
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| spouse =
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling]]
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| show-medals =
| updated =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Freestyle wrestling]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[1970 Asian Games|1970 Bangkok]] | [[Wrestling at the 1970 Asian Games|100 kg]]}}
}}

'''Chandgi Ram Kaliraman''' (9 November 1937 – 29 June 2010), often referred to as Master Chandgi Ram, was a [[freestyle wrestler]] from [[India]]. He won gold medal in the [[1970 Asian Games]] and represented India in the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]. Along with amateur wrestling, he was very active in the [[Pehlwani|traditional Indian wrestling]], where he had won all major titles, including [[Hind Kesari]], ''Bharat Kesari'', ''Bharat Bhim'', ''Rustom-e-Hind'' and ''Maha Bharat Kesari''.

He is remembered for the work that he has done for the introduction, acceptance and popularisation of the women's wrestling in India. Some of his trainees went on to become prominent women's wrestling coaches of the country.

In 1969, [[Government of India]] (GoI) conferred the [[Arjuna Award]] on him for his achievements in the tradition wrestling. And two years later, he was conferred with the country's fourth highest civilian award – [[Padma Shri]].

==Early and personal life==
Chandgi Ram Kaliraman<ref>{{cite news |title=Wrestling for livelihood |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/wrestling-for-livelihood-408592.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=6 August 2014 |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> was born on 9 November 1937 in [[Sisai, Hisar|Sisai village]] of [[British India]]'s [[Hisar district|Hisar]], which is located in the present-day [[Hisar district]] of [[Haryana]], India. He took up wrestling at a comparatively older age of 21 and became national champion three years later in 1961.<ref name="HT, June 2010">{{cite news |title=Asian games medallist Chandgi Ram passes away |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/other/asian-games-medallist-chandgi-ram-passes-away/story-sx9bWSVzesPax3KcIqu2UI.html |access-date=2 September 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628210524/http://www.hindustantimes.com/other/asian-games-medallist-chandgi-ram-passes-away/story-sx9bWSVzesPax3KcIqu2UI.html |archive-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Duggal, June 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Duggal |first1=Saurabh |title=Haryana: In the service of the nation |journal=Haryana Review|date=June 2010 |volume=24 |issue=6 |page=36 |url=http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/haryana_review_JUNE-2010.pdf |access-date=2 September 2016 |publisher=[[Government of Haryana]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411031911/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/haryana_review_JUNE-2010.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> He married three times and had three daughters and three sons.<ref name="Sengupta, Sept 2014" />

Ram, who was popularly known as Master Chandgi Ram, served in [[Indian army]]'s [[Jat Regiment]], along with working as a teacher in his early life. He later on served as Haryana's Additional Director of Sports.<ref name="Zee, June 2010">{{cite news |title=Kalmadi condoles death of wrestler Chandgi Ram |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/kalmadi-condoles-death-of-wrestler-chandgi-ram_637432.html |access-date=2 September 2016 |work=[[Zee News]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=29 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814084154/http://zeenews.india.com/home/kalmadi-condoles-death-of-wrestler-chandgi-ram_637432.html|archive-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ram was a lifelong [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]]. In 1969, he was described as being "ninety kilograms of vegetarian muscle".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alter |first1=Joseph S. |title=The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India |date=3 August 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07697-6 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMolDQAAQBAJ&q=The+Wrestler%27s+Body:+Identity+and+Ideology+in+North+India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Ram became national champion for the first time in 1961 at [[Ajmer]], regaining his title two years later at [[Jalandhar]].<ref name="Duggal, June 2010" /> Although he represented India in [[amateur wrestling]], he remained very active in the [[Pehlwani|traditional Indian wrestling]] in 1960s, where he had won all major titles, including [[Hind Kesari]], ''Bharat Kesari'', ''Bharat Bhim'', ''Rustom-e-Hind'' and ''Maha Bharat Kesari''. In 1969, [[Government of India]] (GoI) conferred the [[Arjuna Award]] on him for his achievements in the tradition wrestling.<ref name="ToI, June 2010" />

In the [[1970 Asian Games]], he represented India in the [[Wrestling at the 1970 Asian Games|100 kg freestyle event]]. He reached to the final defeating en route the world championships medallist Abolfazl Anvari of Iran. In the final, he defeated Japan's [[Shizuo Yada]], there by winning gold medal.<ref name="ToI, June 2010">{{cite news |title=1970 Asian Games champion wrestler Chandgi Ram passes away |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/1970-Asian-Games-champion-wrestler-Chandgi-Ram-passes-away/articleshow/6106505.cms |access-date=2 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=29 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628204952/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/wrestling/1970-Asian-Games-champion-wrestler-Chandgi-Ram-passes-away/articleshow/6106505.cms |archive-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Asian Games: Freestyle Seniors: 1970-12-10 Bangkok (THA): 100.0 kg |url=https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=6F45914D7C084378A5C559B8AB68C9A8&gkl=9 |website=iat.uni-leipzig.de |publisher=[[United World Wrestling]] |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814085418/https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?wkid=6F45914D7C084378A5C559B8AB68C9A8&gkl=9 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

For the [[1972 Summer Olympics]], he shifted to lower weight category and represented India in the [[Wrestling at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 90 kg|90 kg freestyle event]].<ref name="Sports Reference" /> He lost his first bout to Canada's [[George Saunders (Canadian wrestler)|George Saunders]]. He was eliminated after losing his next bout to the eventual silver medallist [[Gennady Strakhov]].<ref name="Die Spiele">{{cite web |title=Die Spiele: Volume 3: The competitions |page=138 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/1972s3.pdf |publisher=[[LA84 Foundation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106160153/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/1972s3.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 September 2016 }}</ref>

After participating in the 1972 Olympics, he shifted from Haryana to Delhi, where he opened up his wrestling training centre in 1975 – ''Chandgi Ram Vyayamshala''.<ref name="Sengupta, Sept 2014" /><ref name="Arora, Feb 2015">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Bhanvi |title=Chandgi Ram Akhara promoting women wrestling since 40 years |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/chandni-chowk/chandgi-ram-akhara-promoting-women-wrestling-40-years-53722 |access-date=2 September 2016 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728045901/http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/chandni-chowk/chandgi-ram-akhara-promoting-women-wrestling-40-years-53722 |archive-date=28 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Work for the women's wrestling in India==
Ram's struggle to introduce women's wrestling in India begun in 1997, which was the year of its inclusion in the Olympics. To start with, he persuaded both of his daughters – [[Sonika Kaliraman]] and Deepika Kaliraman – to join wrestling. His wrestling training center, which is commonly known as the ''Chandgi Ram Akhara'', became India's first training center for women's wrestling. He also started to persuade coaches and wrestlers around the country to introduce women's exhibition matches in the traditional wrestling tournaments. All these efforts resulted in severe opposition both from the outsiders and the insiders of his training center. At one of the instances, when Ram's two daughters went to the wrestling pit during a village tournament of Haryana, they, along with Ram, were stoned and chased by the villagers. But, in spite of all the opposition, he kept on his efforts. Sonika went on to win country's highest wrestling title – Bharat Kesri – along with becoming Asian Junior Wrestling Champion.<ref name="Sengupta, Sept 2014">{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Rudraneil |title=Six Ways to Break the Shackles |url=https://unitedworldwrestling.org/article/six-ways-to-break-the-shackles |access-date=2 September 2016 |work=[[United World Wrestling]] |date=29 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105091508/http://unitedworldwrestling.org/article/six-ways-to-break-the-shackles |archive-date=5 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khurana |first1=Suanshu |title=Fight the Good Fight |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/fight-the-good-fight/959180/0 |access-date=2 September 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811190538/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/fight-the-good-fight/959180/0 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ram also influenced future women's wrestling coaches. One of his wards, [[Mahavir Singh Phogat]] – who trained at Ram's center since the age of 16 – was persuaded by Ram to introduce his daughters to wrestling. Phogat went on to train his daughters [[Geeta Phogat|Geeta]] and [[Babita Kumari|Babita]], along with their cousin [[Vinesh Phogat|Vinesh]], all of whom became international wrestlers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Norris |first1=Pritam |title=Vinesh and Sakshi's Olympics berth a new page in the story of female wrestling in India |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/vinesh-phogat-sakshi-malik-rio-olympics-2016-india-female-wrestling-master-changdi-ram-2771416.html |access-date=2 September 2016 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=10 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815235208/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/vinesh-phogat-sakshi-malik-rio-olympics-2016-india-female-wrestling-master-changdi-ram-2771416.html |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jabbar, who got inclined toward women's wrestling during his training stint under Ram, went on to train [[Alka Tomar]]. Jagroop Rathi, Ram's co-coach, was also convinced by him to introduce his daughter [[Neha Rathi]] into wrestling.<ref name="Sengupta, Sept 2014" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Uthra G. |title=He helped women storm a male bastion |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/he-helped-women-storm-a-male-bastion/640134/0 |access-date=2 September 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=30 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814062712/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/he-helped-women-storm-a-male-bastion/640134/0|archive-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
Ram died on 29 June 2010 from a heart attack, aged 72.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Selvaraj |first1=Jonathan |title=Guruji is gone, but at his akhada training will go on like always - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/guruji-is-gone-but-at-his-akhada-training-will-go-on-like-always/640189/ |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=Indian Express |date=30 June 2010}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Arjuna Award]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Arjun Award Winners for "Wrestling" |url=http://yas.nic.in/arjun-award-winners-wrestling|website=yas.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123043137/http://yas.nic.in/en/yas2/winner-list-arjun-award-wrestling |archive-date=23 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Shri Awardees |url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1910 |website=[[India.gov.in]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075142/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1910 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Legacy==
* A sports stadium in [[Uttar Pradesh]] is named after him – [[Master Chandgiram Sports Stadium, Saifai]].
* ''All India Chandgi Ram Gold Cup Wrestling Tournament'' is annually organised in his remembrance.<ref name="Chandgi tourney">{{cite news |title=Citybriefs: Wrestling tourney from 7th |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/citybriefs-wrestling-tourney-from-7th/ |access-date=2 September 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |date=3 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828045330/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/citybriefs-wrestling-tourney-from-7th/ |archive-date=28 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ra/chandgi-ram-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418090800/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ra/chandgi-ram-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Chandgi Ram}}
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080810/spectrum/main3.htm Wrestling for fame]
*The Physical Body 2 [http://www.thephysicalbody2.com] a visit with Guru Chandi-ram is included in the documentary

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Physical culture}}
{{Asian Games Champions Wrestling Freestyle Heavyweight Men}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Chandgi}}
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1970 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Olympic wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1972 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Sport wrestlers from Haryana]]
[[Category:People associated with physical culture]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1970 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in wrestling]]

Sachin

2025-06-05T04:17:18Z

LucretiaGoldhar: new

'''Sachin''' may refer to:

* [[Sachin (given name)]], an Indian given name, including a list of people with the name
** [[Sachin (actor)]] (born 1957), Indian actor and filmmaker
** [[Sachin (boxer)]], Indian boxer
** [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (born 1973), Indian cricketer

==Films==
* ''[[Sachein]]'', a 2005 Tamil film directed by John Mahendran, sometimes spelled "''Sachin''"
* ''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]'', a 2017 Indian biographical film of Sachin Tendulkar
* [[Sachin (film)|''Sachin'' (film)]], a 2018 Malayalam film directed by Santhosh Nair
* ''[[Sachin: The Ultimate Winner]]'', a 2023 Indian film based on the cricketer

==Places==
* [[Sachin, Pas-de-Calais]], a town in northern France
* [[Sachin, Gujarat]], a suburban area of Surat in India
**[[Sachin INA]], a town and an industrial notified area
** [[Sachin railway station]], a small railway station in Surat district, Gujarat
* [[Sachin State]], a princely state of India from 1791 to 1948

==See also==
* {{look from}}

{{Disambiguation|geo}}

Johnson Lifts

2025-05-17T19:51:38Z

LucretiaGoldhar: made

{{Short description|Indian manufacturer of lifts and escalators}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Johnson Lifts Private Limited
| logo = Johnson Lifts logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_upright = 
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1963}}<ref name=":0"/>
| founder = K.J. John<ref name=":0"/>
| hq_location = 1 East Main Road, [[Anna Nagar]]
| hq_location_city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://www.johnsonliftsltd.com/johnson-lifts-customer-care-number/ |website=Johnson Lifts |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref>
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| areas_served = [[South Asia]], [[West Asia]] and [[Tanzania]]
| key_people = Yohan K. John ([[Managing Director|MD]])<ref name="thehindu3"/>
| products = {{flatlist|[[elevator|Lifts]]{{•}}[[Escalators]]}}
| production =
| production_year = 
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3000|c}}<ref name="thehindu3"/>
| revenue_year = FY2019
| owner = 
| num_employees = 9,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://johnsonliftsltd.com/ |title=Johnson Lifts and Escalators |accessdate=2024-06-29 }}</ref>
| num_employees_year = FY2024
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|https://www.johnsonliftsltd.com/}}
}}

'''Johnson Lifts Private Limited''' is an Indian manufacturer of [[elevator|lifts]] and [[escalators]]. Established in 1963, the company is headquartered in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

Johnson Lifts also sells its products in Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and the United Arab Emirates. Exports accounted for about 6% of the company's revenue in the 2018-19 fiscal year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-01 |title=Johnson Lifts eyes overseas acquisition |url=https://www.asianage.com/business/in-other-news/011119/johnson-lifts-eyes-overseas-acquisition.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Ritwik |date=31 October 2019 |title=Johnson Lifts eyes overseas acquisition |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/011119/johnson-lifts-eyes-overseas-acquisition.html |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-12-04 |title=Johnson Lifts becomes Rs 2,000 cr company, to open regional hub in Delhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/johnson-lifts-becomes-rs-2-000-cr-company-119120401459_1.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Johnson Lifts was founded in [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]) by K.J. John in 1963.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Johnson Lifts Pvt Ltd |url=https://hostmaster.johnsonliftsltd.com/about-johnson-lifts/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> He had been working at Best & Co., a lift manufacturing company in Chennai, when he decided to start his own company. Johnson Lifts started out doing lift maintenance.<ref name="mint" /> The company installed its first lift at the [[New Woodlands Hotel]] in Chennai in 1966.<ref name=":0" /> It began manufacturing lifts in 1970.<ref name="mint" /> Johnson Lifts started out with a small manufacturing unit at [[Vyasarpadi]], before moving to a larger facility in [[Ambattur]] in 1988.<ref name="thehindu2" /> K.J. John died in 2002.<ref name="mint">{{Cite web |date=2012-08-23 |title=Dreams from the Deccan: Johnson Lifts |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/dtCJBuo8CTOLOUwfDinJuN/Dreams-from-the-Deccan-Johnson-Lifts.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded as managing director by his son John K. John, popularly known as [[Junior (name)|Jr.]] John, who had joined the company as a technician in 1978.<ref name="NewAge">{{cite book |last1=Authors |first1=Various |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJt2s0laXssC |title=The New Age Entrepreneurs |date=17 May 2012 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-120-4 |language=en |chapter=10}}</ref>

Johnson Lifts established a production facility at [[Poonamallee]] in 1997.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="thehindu2" /> The facility was more advanced than the previous two units as the company was able to access better technology following [[economic liberalisation in India]] in the early 1990s.<ref name="thehindu2" /> Since its founding, Johnson Lifts has faced strong competition from foreign multinational brands. According to Jr. John, the company placed an emphasis on product quality and customer service to compete. He noted, "For example, our [[unique selling proposition]] was that we looked into a customer complaint the same day it was received, which was unheard of 30 years ago [the 1980s]."<ref name="NewAge" />

The company initially sold its products in [[South India]] and expanded nationwide in 1999, benefiting from rapid urbanisation in India during the 1990s and 2000s.<ref name="NewAge" /> The company established a manufacturing plant in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]] in 2003 to serve [[Western India|West]] and [[North India]].<ref name="thehindu2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-02 |title=Johnson Lifts upbeat on growth; eyes ₹2,200-crore revenues by 2019 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/johnson-lifts-upbeat-on-growth-eyes-2200crore-revenues-by-2019/article9407506.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> Johnson Lifts began expanding overseas in 2006, establishing subsidiaries in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Nepal]].<ref name="NewAge" /> The company sold 5,200 lifts and recorded a revenue of {{INRConvert|419|c|year=2009}} in [[Fiscal year|FY]]09.<ref name="thehindu3" />

During the 1990s, most of the company's sales were to residential apartments. The growth in commercial real estate development and public infrastructure projects during the 2000s spurred the company to expand into the escalator market. These properties typically required escalators in addition to lifts, and many developers preferred to award contracts to a single supplier for both lifts and escalators, making it difficult for Johnson Lifts to compete.<ref name="NewAge" /> The company established a [[joint venture]] with Chinese escalator manufacturer SJEC Corporation in 2009 to sell light duty commercial escalators.<ref name = "thehindu">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-31 |title=Johnson Lifts launches heavy duty escalator unit |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/johnson-lifts-launches-heavy-duty-escalator-unit/article64306969.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> The escalators were initially manufactured by SJEC and sold by Johnson Lifts.<ref name="NewAge" /> The consortium won a {{INRConvert|198|c|year=2011}} contract to supply 122 lifts and 296 escalators for Phase I of the [[Chennai Metro]] in February 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-02 |title=Johnson Lifts bags Rs 198 cr order from Chennai Metro |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/johnson-lifts-bags-rs-198-cr-order-from-chennai-metro-111020200077_1.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-02 |title=Metro Rail awards contract for lifts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/metro-rail-awards-contract-for-lifts/articleshow/7407942.cms |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It has also won contracts for the [[Delhi Metro]], [[Namma Metro|Bangalore Metro]] and other metro rail projects in India.<ref name="NewAge" />

Johnson Lifts invested {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2012}} to open a heavy duty escalator manufacturing facility at [[Oragadam]], near Chennai, in May 2012. It is the first escalator manufacturing facility in India. The factory was established with [[technology transfer]] from SJEC.<ref name = "thehindu"/> Johnson Lifts now manufactures all its escalators at the Oragadam plant and the partnership with SJEC only involves sharing technical [[Procedural knowledge|know-how]].<ref name="NewAge" /> Johnson Lifts established a joint venture with Japanese company Toshiba Elevator and Building Systems Corporation (a subsidiary of [[Toshiba]]) called Toshiba Johnson Elevators (India) Pvt. Ltd. on 27 October 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TOSHIBA sharing equity with Johnson Lifts in India |url=https://www.toshiba-elevator.co.jp/elv/infoeng/newsrelease/2012/20121027.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Toshiba Elevator and Building Systems Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-24 |title='We have successfully secured over 700 units in India' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/we-have-successfully-secured-over-700-units-in-india/articleshow/51117274.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2012-10-28 |title=Toshiba partners with Johnson Lifts in India |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/toshiba-partners-with-johnson-lifts-in-india |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=Construction Week}}</ref> Johnson Lifts stated that it entered into the partnership as it lacked the technology to produce high-speed lifts. The company holds a 49% stake in the joint venture, with Toshiba holding the remaining 51% stake.<ref name="thehindu2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-28 |title=Toshiba, partner to 'lift' focus on India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/toshiba-partner-to-lift-focus-on-india/article20520528.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

Johnson Lifts was the top lift supplier in each of the South Indian states, and had a 20% market share nationwide by 2012.<ref name="NewAge" /> The company produced about 7,000 lifts annually as of August 2012.<ref name="mint" /> In the 2015-16 fiscal year, the company sold 9,500 lifts, recorded revenue of {{INRConvert|1200|c|year=2016}}<ref name="thehindu3" /> and had 6,000 employees.<ref name="thehindu2" /> Johnson Lifts held an 18% and 36% market share in the Indian lift and escalator markets respectively as of January 2017.<ref name="thehindu2">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-25 |title=Johnson Lifts targets 20% share |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Johnson-Lifts-targets-20-share/article17093698.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The company sold over 10,000 lifts and recorded revenue of around {{INRConvert|2000|c|year=2009}} in FY19.<ref name="thehindu3">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-25 |title=Johnson Lifts aims high with new capacity & strong orders |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/johnson-lifts-aims-high-with-new-capacity-strong-orders/article29510630.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

Johnson Lifts invested {{INRConvert|125|c|year=2012}} to open a new production facility at [[Sengadu]], Tamil Nadu in September 2019, with a capacity to produce 6,000 lifts a year. The company now has a total production capacity of 18,000 lifts a year. The company also announced that it had invested {{INRConvert|13|c|year=2012}} to add a second [[production line]] at its Oragadam plant. The expansion increases the plant's escalator production capacity by 500 units a year, giving it a total capacity to produce 1,100 escalators annually.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-25 |title=Johnson Lifts sets up ₹125 crore unit |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/johnson-lifts-sets-up-125-cr-unit/article29511928.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 21 September 2022, the company launched an [[internet of things]]-based [[wireless]] device named WATCH (Wireless Assessment to Troubleshoot Channelize & Host). WATCH enables real-time monitoring of the lift's performance, including sending out alerts when a passenger is trapped inside.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-21 |title=Johnson lifts launches an IoT based technological feature in its lifts named "WATCH" |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/johnson-lifts-launches-an-iot-based-technological-feature-in-its-lifts-named-watch/1137423/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Johnson Lifts launches IoT based feature named "Watch" in its lifts |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/transportation/johnson-lifts-launches-iot-based-feature-named-watch-in-its-lifts |website=Construction Week |access-date=23 May 2023 |date=22 September 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Elevator manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1963]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1963]]

Adi, Chikkodi

2025-03-12T02:44:06Z

LucretiaGoldhar: Made new stub

{{refimprove|date=March 2025}}
{{About|the village in [[Belgaum]] district|the term used by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]|Adi Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|16.4949|74.3721|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Chikodi]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

''' Adi (Karnataka)''' is a village in [[Belgaum district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Adi Population - Belgaum, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/597129-adi-karnataka.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=March 10, 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Chikodi-geo-stub}}

Amrit Keshav Nayak

2025-02-06T03:55:04Z

LucretiaGoldhar: Made data

{{Short description|Indian Parsi theatre actor and director (1877–1907)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Amrit Keshav Nayak
| image = Amrit Keshav Nayak 2.png
| image_size =
| caption = Amrit Keshav Nayak
| pseudonym = Shivsambhu Sharmano Chiko
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1877|4|14}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1907|7|18|1877|4|14}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]]
| occupation = actor, director, poet, writer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genres =
| movement =
| notableworks = [[M. A. Banake Kyon Meri Mitti Kharab Ki?]] (1908)
| spouse = Parvati
| partner = [[Gauhar Jaan]]
| children = Saroj
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
}}
'''Amrit Keshav Nayak''' (14 April 1877 – 18 July 1907) was a [[Parsi theatre]] actor-director, lyricist and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] author. He joined theatre at early age and later directed several plays including adaptations of plays of [[Shakespeare]]. He wrote plays and novels also.

==Biography==

===Early life===
Nayak was born in [[Ahmedabad]] on 14 April 1877 (Vaishakh Shukla 1 [[Vikram Samvat]] 1933) to Nayak family. He lived in [[Kalupur]] area of the city. He studied only four grades and two grades in [[Urdu]]. Nayak moved to [[Bombay]] with his father.<ref name="Sampath"/><ref name="gsp"/><ref name="toi"/><ref name="oxf"/>

===Theatre and lyricist career===

In 1888, he joined Alfred Company at the age of eleven at the salary of forty rupees a month.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=પારસી રંગભૂમિ|last=Shastri|first=Dr. Gopal|publisher=Sadhna Shastri|year=1995|location=[[Vadodara]]|pages=71–72|language=gu|trans-title=Parsi Theatre}}</ref><ref name="Choksi 2004">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી રંગભૂમિ: રિદ્ધિ અને રોનક (Gujarati Rangbhoomi: Riddhi Ane Ronak)|publisher=Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|year=2004|editor-last=Choksi|editor-first=Mahesh|location=Ahmedabad|pages=43|trans-title=Compilation of Information regarding professional theatre of Gujarat|editor-last2=Somani|editor-first2=Dhirendra|oclc=55679037}}</ref> After his successful roles of Baheram Irani and Pumba in Bamanji Kabraji's ''Gamde ni Gori'' (Village Nymph, 1890) and ''Bimar-e-Bulbul'' respectively,<ref name="Choksi 2004"/><ref name=":2" /> he went to [[Lucknow]] to study theatre under Bindadin Maharaj. He learned music there. After his return in 1891, he directed ''Allauddin'' and played Laila himself whose success elevated him to post of Assistant Manager at the age of 15. He pioneered the adaptation of plays of [[Shakespeare]] in Urdu. He directed Mehdi Hasan Ahsan's ''Khun-e-Nahaq'' (Unjustified Murder, 1898, based on ''[[Hamlet]]'') and ''Bazum-e-Fani'' (Fatal Union, 1898, based on ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'') for [[Kavasji Palanji Khatau]]'s Alfred Theatre Company. He directed several plays of Urdu dramatist [[Agha Hashar Kashmiri]] including his adaptation of Shakespeare's play, ''Murid-e-Shaque'' (Victim of Suspicion, 1899, based on ''[[A Winter's Tale]]'') and ''Shahid-e-Naaz'' (''[[Measure for Measure]]'', 1904) . Following differences with Khatau in 1904, he left the Alfred Company joined Framji Apu's Parsi Natak Mandali as a director.<ref name="Choksi 2004"/><ref name=":2" /> He produced Shakespeare's ''[[Cymbeline]]'' in Urdu as ''Meetha Zahar'' ('Sweet Poison').<ref name="Choksi 2004"/><ref name="Sampath"/> He was married to Parvati, an illiterate girl from [[Kadi, India|Kadi]] at an early age. They had a daughter named Saroj.<ref name="Sampath"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Nayak |first=Ratilal S.|script-title=gu:અભિનય-સમ્રાટ અને સાક્ષર અમૃત કેશવ નાયક|trans-title=Amrut Keshav Nayak - A Monograph of an allround actor & Director of Parsi-Urdu Professional Theatre|language=gu|date=January 2003|edition=1st|location=Unjha|publisher=Asait Sahitya Sabha|pages=11–12}}</ref> He had a brief relationship with singer and dancer [[Gauhar Jaan]] whom he met around 1904–05 in Bombay and together they wrote and composed several hit songs like ''Pardesi Saiyyan Nena Lagake Dukh De Gaye'', ''Sar Par Gagar Dhar Kar'', ''Dilenadaan Ko Hum Samjhate Jayenge'', ''Aan Baan Jiya Mein Laagi''. He was working on his new production [[Narayan Prasad Betab]]'s ''Zahari Saanp'' before he died on 18 July 1907 (Ashadh Sukla 8 Vikram Samvat 1963) in Bombay following heart attack.<ref name="Choksi 2004"/><ref name="Sampath">{{cite book|first=Vikram | last=Sampath|title=My Name is Gauhar Jaan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpSaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|publisher=Rupa Publications|isbn=978-81-291-2233-9|pages=120–122}}</ref><ref name=gsp>{{cite web|url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Amrut-Nayak.html|title=Amrit Nayak |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|language =gu |access-date =17 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite news
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6TOgftpIP?url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=2&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=31-05-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00200&format=&publabel=TOI
|archive-date = 17 October 2014
|url = http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=2&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=31-05-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00200&format=&publabel=TOI
|title = Bombays nightingale of 1900s had lover in city pol!
|first = Ashish
|last = Vashi
|work = The Times of India
|date = 31 May 2010
|access-date = 17 October 2014
|url-status=dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/recording-gauhar-jaan/article429071.ece/|title=Recording Gauhar Jaan - My Name is Gauhar Jaan - Vikram Sampath - Book Review|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 May 2010|first=Savitha|last=Gautam|access-date =17 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="oxf">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0430|title=Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre|last=Baradi|first=Hasmukh|author-link=Hasmukh Baradi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780195644463|editor-last=Lal|editor-first=Ananda|language=en|chapter=Nayak, Amrit Keshav|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001|via=Oxford Reference}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

===Literary career===
[[File:Ghazal of Amrit Keshav Nayak.jpg|thumb|''Aankho Thi Vahe Chhe Dhara'', a [[ghazal]] by Nayak]]
Nayak's pen-name was Shivsambhu Sharmano Chiko ({{langx|gu|શિવશંભુ શર્માનો ચિકો}}).<ref name=gsp/>

Nayak wrote a column for ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' and ''[[Gujarati (magazine)|Gujarati]]'' periodicals. ''Chiththa Lekhanmala'' column in ''Gujarati'' has some influence on the [[Indian independence movement]]. He wrote a play, ''Bharat Durdasha Natak'' (1909) about prevalent condition of India. His novel ''[[M. A. Banake Kyon Meri Mitti Kharab Ki?]]'' (1908) was about shortcomings of education system. His another novel, ''Mariyam'' was about a Muslim life. His incomplete and unpublished works are ''Sanskrit ane Farsi Bhasha no Paraspar Sambandh'' (''Relationship of Sanskrit and Persian languages'') and ''Nadirshah''. Apart from lyrics for songs for his plays, he wrote [[Ghazal|Gazals]] in Gujarati too.<ref name="Choksi 2004"/><ref name="Sampath"/><ref name=gsp/><ref name=toi/><ref name="Dattavarious2006">{{cite book|first1=Amaresh|last1=Datta|author2=various|title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1389|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1389}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The Amrit Keshav Nayak Road behind Khadi Bhandar in [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort area]] of [[Mumbai]] is named after Nayak.<ref name="Choksi 2004"/><ref name="Thaker1998">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|last=Nayak|first=Chinubhai|publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust]]|year=1998|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|edition=1st|volume=X|location=Ahmedabad|pages=92|language=gu|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia|oclc=165832685}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Nayak |first=Ratilal S.|script-title=gu:અભિનય-સમ્રાટ અને સાક્ષર અમૃત કેશવ નાયક|trans-title=Amrut Keshav Nayak - A Monograph of an allround actor & Director of Parsi-Urdu Professional Theatre|language=gu|date=January 2003|edition=1st|location=Unjha|publisher=Asait Sahitya Sabha}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Amrit Keshav}}
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1907 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Male actors from British India]]