https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Lucinda30EBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-09T01:57:44ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_Bengali_films_of_1995&diff=512402List of Indian Bengali films of 19952026-05-08T10:24:56Z<p>Lucinda30E: Created a redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1990s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Ganapathy&diff=506865K. Ganapathy2026-05-06T20:04:25Z<p>Lucinda30E: Put Up Initial Article W/ Infobox</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = K. Ganapathy<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 12 May 2021<br />
| term_end = 5 May 2026<br />
| constituency = [[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]<br />
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| predecessor = [[P. Benjamin]]<br />
| successor = [[P. Rhevanth Charan]]<br />
| parents = <br />
| father = Kannan<br />
| spouse = G. Hemalatha<br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''K. Ganapathy''' is an Indian Politician [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222065930/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC007.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC007.pdf|access-date= 26 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maduravoyal Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a007|access-date= 26 Apr 2022}}</ref> He lost to [[P. Rhevanth Charan]] of [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] in [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Maduravoyal Election Results 2026: TVK's Rhevanth Charan wins by 61,509 votes |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/maduravoyal-election-results-2026/articleshow/130576430.cms|access-date= 7 May 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral performance ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Election<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
!Constituency Name<br />
!Result<br />
!Votes gained<br />
!Vote share%<br />
|-<br />
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]&nbsp;<br />
|[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]<br />
|{{Lost}}<br />
|80,216<br />
|27.31<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]&nbsp;<br />
|[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|121,298<br />
|44.64<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganapathy, K.}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{DMK-politician-stub}}<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natabari_Assembly_constituency&diff=520755Natabari Assembly constituency2026-05-06T14:04:48Z<p>Lucinda30E: Created a details w/ infobox</p>
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<div>{{About| the assembly constituency in West Bengal|2. its namesake village|Natabari, Cooch Behar}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Natabari<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Natabari.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Natabari Assembly Constituency<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Girija Shankar Ray]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]<br />
| constituency_no = 8<br />
| established = 1977<br />
| electors = 245,040<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Natabari Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Cooch Behar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 8 Natabari Assembly constituency covers Deoanhat, Dauaguri, Guriahati I, Guriahati II, Jiranpur and Panisala [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Cooch Behar I (Community development block)|Cooch Behar I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Andaran Fulbari II, Balarampur I, Balarampur II, Chilkhana I, Chilkhana II, Deocharai, Dhalpal II, Maruganj, Natabari I, Natabari II gram panchayats of [[Tufanganj I (Community development block)|Tufanganj I]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 20 June 2014| work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission}}</ref><br />
<br />
Natabari Assembly constituency is part of No. 1 [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name =delimitation/><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background-color:#EAECF0;"<br />
! style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | Election<br />Year<br />
! style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | Name of M.L.A.<br />
! style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" Colspan=2| Party Affiliation<br />
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FA;"<br />
| style="color:#0645AD;" | [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | Sibendra Narayan Chowdhury<br />
| rowspan="7" style="background-color:#ff1d15;" | <br />
| rowspan="7" style="color:#0645AD;" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#0645AD;" | [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#202122;" | [[Tamser Ali]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#0645AD;" | [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FA;"<br />
| style="color:#0645AD;" | [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | [[Rabindra Nath Ghosh]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#20c646;" | <br />
| rowspan="2" style="color:#0645AD;" | [[Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#F8F9FA; color:#0645AD;" | [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FA;"<br />
| style="color:#0645AD;" | [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | [[Mihir Goswami]]<br />
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff9933;" | <br />
| rowspan=2 style="color:#0645AD;" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F8F9FA;"<br />
| style="color:#0645AD;" | [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| style="vertical-align:middle; color:#202122;" | [[Girija Shankar Ray]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Natabari}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Girija Shankar Ray]] <br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 126911<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Sailen Barman <br />
|party = Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes = 92298<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Dhananjoy Rava<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) <br />
|votes = 6606<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Biswajit Sarkar<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 2516<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|votes = 1113<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 34613<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 232716<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = BJP<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2021]]: Natabari<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2021.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2021, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=8| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527223734/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=8| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 May 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 |work =Natabari| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Mihir Goswami]]<br />
|votes = 1,11,743<br />
|percentage = 51.45<br />
|change = {{increase}}40.67<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Rabindra Nath Ghosh]]<br />
|votes = 88,303<br />
|percentage = 40.66<br />
|change = {{decrease}}6.06<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Akik Hasan<br />
|votes = 11,839<br />
|percentage = 5.45<br />
|change = {{decrease}}33.18<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 23,440<br />
|percentage = 10.79<br />
|change = {{increase}}2.7<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 2,17,173<br />
|percentage = 88.63<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.58<br />
}} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
In the 2011 election, Rabindra Nath Ghosh of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival [[Tamser Ali]] of CPI(M).<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Natabari constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=8| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527223734/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=8| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 May 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Natabari| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Rabindra Nath Ghosh]]<br />
|votes = 81,951<br />
|percentage = 47.56<br />
|change = +1.80<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = [[Tamser Ali]]<br />
|votes = 74,386<br />
|percentage = 43.17<br />
|change = -5.67<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Utpal Kanti Deb<br />
|votes = 9,923<br />
|percentage = 5.76<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Siddikuddin Bepari<br />
|votes = 2,972<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Republican Party of India<br />
|candidate = Girindra Nath Barman<br />
|votes = 1,867<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Prodyut Kumar Dey<br />
|votes = 1,197<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 172,296<br />
|percentage = 89.17<br />
|change = <br />
}} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|swing = +7.47<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1972-2006===<br />
Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> state assembly elections, [[Tamser Ali]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Rabindra Nath Ghosh of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Sibendra Narayan Chowdhury of CPI(M) defeated Rabindranath Ghosh representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Biimbal Chandra Dhar of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Santosh Kumar Roy of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp08.htm| title =8 - Natabari Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India | access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref> Prior to that the constituency did not exist.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Cooch Behar topics}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Cooch Behar district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sairat&diff=531961Sairat2026-05-05T19:00:07Z<p>Lucinda30E: done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Nagraj Manjule}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sairat<br />
| image = Sairat Marathi Film Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Nagraj Manjule]]<br />
| producer = Nittin Keni<br />Nikhil Sane<br />Nagraj Manjule<br />
| writer = Nagraj Manjule<br>Bharat Manjule<br />
| starring = [[Rinku Rajguru]]<br />[[Akash Thosar]]<br />
| music = [[Ajay–Atul]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]<br />
| editing = [[Kutub Inamdar]]<br />
| studio = [[Zee Studios]]<br>Aatpat Production<br>[[Essel Vision Productions]]<br />
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2016|4|29|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 174 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
| budget = {{INR}}4 [[crore]]<ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36457512 |title=Sairat: Why a doomed love story has become India's sleeper hit |date=7 June 2016 |publisher=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722054307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36457512 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref><br />
| gross = <!--Do not remove-->{{Estimation}}<!--per WT:ICTF consensus--> {{INR}}110 crore<ref name="made">{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/made-in-marathi/1141162/ |title=Made in Marathi |last=Verma |first=Smitha |date=22 April 2018 |work=The Financial Express |access-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422020638/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/made-in-marathi/1141162/ |archive-date=22 April 2018}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sairat''''' ({{translation|Wild}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Romance film|social romantic tragedy]] film directed and co-produced by [[Nagraj Manjule]] under his banner [[Aatpat Production]], along with Nittin Keni and Nikhil Sane under [[Essel Vision Productions]] and [[Zee Studios]]. Starring [[Rinku Rajguru]] and [[Akash Thosar]] in their debuts, it tells the story of two young college students from different [[castes]] who fall in love, sparking conflict between their families.<br />
<br />
Nagraj Manjule conceived the story in 2009, basing it on his experiences of caste discrimination, but scrapped it when he decided that it was boring. After making ''[[Fandry]]'' (2013), he revisited the story and completed its script the following year. The screenplay was written by Manjule, and his brother Bharat penned the dialogues. The film was shot in Manjule's village, [[Jeur]] in [[Karmala Taluka]] of [[Solapur district]] in [[Maharashtra]]. [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]] was the director of photography, and [[Kutub Inamdar]] edited the film.<br />
<br />
''Sairat'' premiered at the [[66th Berlin International Film Festival]], where it received a standing ovation. It was released on 29 April 2016 in [[Maharashtra]] and several other locations in India, receiving positive reviews from critics. The film grossed over ₹110 crore at the box office emerged as [[sleeper hit]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-06 |title=Sairat: Why a doomed love story has become India's sleeper hit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36457512 |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> and became the [[List of highest-grossing Marathi films#Highest-grossing films|highest-grossing Marathi film of all time]]. Rajguru received the [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] at the [[63rd National Film Awards]]. ''Sairat'' received 11 awards at the 2017 [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]], including Best Film, Best Director (Manjule), Best Actress (Rajguru) and Best Music Album. Rajguru and Thosar won in the Best Debut female and male categories. The film was remade in several languages: ''[[Manasu Mallige]]'' (2017) in [[Kannada]], ''[[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]]'' (2017) in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], ''Laila O Laila'' (2017) in [[Odia language|Odia]], ''[[Noor Jahaan]]'' (2018) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and ''[[Dhadak]]'' (2018) in [[Hindi]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Prashant "Parshya" Kale is a backward-caste young boy whose father is a fisherman. He does well in school, and is captain of the local [[cricket]] team. Archana "Archi" Patil is the daughter of a wealthy, forward-caste landlord and politician. Headstrong and also academically proficient, she enjoys driving a [[tractor]] and motorcycle. As they study in college, they fall in love and find ways to spend time with each other.<br />
<br />
At a birthday celebration for Archi's younger brother, Prince, they meet in the backyard and are discovered by Archi's family. Her father, Tatya, beats Parshya and his friends. Realising that there is no way out, Archi and Parshya try to elope; they are discovered by the police, and are taken into custody. Tatya forces the police to register a false complaint that Archi was gang-raped by Parshya and his friends. Archi destroys the complaint, insisting that Parshya and his friends be released. Soon afterwards, Tatya's goons beat Parshya and his friends. Archi grabs a pistol from them, threatening to shoot unless Parshya and his friends are released. She and Parshya jump on a moving train and escape the confines of their small town to [[Hyderabad]].<br />
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In the city, Archi and Parshya are broke and desperate. Surviving with what little they have, they are turned away from a lodge. The lovers sleep at the railway station, contemplating their next move. One night, several men awaken them and insist that they come to the police station. On the way, the men beat Parshya and one tries to rape Archi. A woman from a nearby slum, Suman Akka who lives with her young son, intervenes and saves Archi and Parshya from certain tragedy.<br />
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Akka offers Parshya and Archi a spare shack to live in, and helps Archi find employment in a bottling factory; Parshya begins working as a cook at Akka's [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] stall. Archi slowly learns [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with the help of her coworker, Pooja. She begins to feel [[Homesickness|homesick]], and is uncomfortable living in the slums. Archi and Parshya earn a meager living, trying to make the most of their situation with love, but begin to argue. After a heated argument Archi decides to return home and Parshya almost hangs himself before Archi changes her mind and returns to him. They marry at the registrar's office, and Archi becomes pregnant.<br />
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Several years later, Parshya and Archi are better off financially and living in a better place. Archi phones her mother and hands the phone to her young son, Aakash. After the phone call, Prince and his relatives arrive with gifts from her mother in an apparent reconciliation. Aakash visits a neighbour; Archi and Parshya invite Prince and the other visitors into their flat, and serve them tea. Aakash returns with the neighbour who leaves him at his doorstep where Aakash sees the bodies of his parents on the floor, bloody and [[honor killing|hacked to death]].<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Rinku Rajguru]] as Archana "Archi" Patil<br />
* [[Akash Thosar]] as Prashant "Parshya" Kale <br />
* [[Tanaji Galgunde]] as Pradeep Bansode (Langdya/Balya)<br />
* [[Arbaj Shaikh|Arbaz Shaikh]] as Salim Shaikh (Salya)<br />
* Suresh Vishwakarma as Tatya, Archi's father<br />
* Geeta Chavan as Archi's mother<br />
* [[Jyoti Subhash]] as Saguna Aatya <br />
* [[Chhaya Kadam]] as Suman Akka<br />
* Anuja Muley as Annie<br />
* Rubina Inamdar as Sapna<br />
* Dhananjay Nanavare as Mangesh (Mangya)<br />
* [[Suraj Pawar]] as Prince, Archi's younger brother<br />
* Sambhaji Tangde as Parshya's father<br />
* Vaibhavi Pardeshi as Parshya's mother<br />
* [[Nagraj Manjule]] as a cricket commentator<br />
* Pratik Kore as Parshya's Friend<br />
* Bhushan Manjule as Shahi<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Development===<br />
Writer-director [[Nagraj Manjule]] wrote ''Sairat'' as a "classic love story" and a "story of impossible love", based on his own experiences of caste discrimination. He chose his own village, [[Jeur]] in [[Karmala Taluka]] of [[Solapur district]], [[Maharashtra]] as the setting.<ref name="nagraj">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/discrimination-exists-everywhere-in-india-nagraj-manjule/# |title=Discrimination exists everywhere in India: Nagraj Manjule |last=Sahani |first=Alaka |date=6 March 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=27 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501031955/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/discrimination-exists-everywhere-in-india-nagraj-manjule/ |archive-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> Over two years, Manjule worked on 50 drafts of the screenplay before "intuition took over as the muse".<ref name=bbc/> Manjule said that the film is about "the challenges of an inter-caste romance, but in a mainstream format."<ref name="quint">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/berlin-international-film-festival-loved-director-nagraj-manjules-sairat-excerpts-from-a-touching-interview |title='Sairat' Dir. Nagraj Manjule on Love & Being the Voice of Dalits |last=Shedde |first=Meenakshi |date=29 April 2016 |publisher=The Quint |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132616/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/berlin-international-film-festival-loved-director-nagraj-manjules-sairat-excerpts-from-a-touching-interview |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> He had begun working on the story of ''Sairat'' in 2009, but left it after he found it "boring".<ref name="tft">{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/why-it-is-difficult-to-love-in-india-filmmaker-nagraj-manjule-explains/281868/ |title=Why it is difficult to love in India; filmmaker Nagraj Manjule explains |last=Sahani |first=Alaka |date=12 June 2016 |work=The Financial Express |access-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132627/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/why-it-is-difficult-to-love-in-india-filmmaker-nagraj-manjule-explains/281868/ |archive-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> After writing the script, he read it to his family and friends and saw how it "moved people".<ref name="ht">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/only-movie-villains-have-names-like-mine-sairat-director-nagraj-manjule/story-11sG7GmFBSjblydjwHPhdO.html |title=Only movie villains have names like mine: Sairat director Nagraj Manjule |last=Sharma |first=Kanika |date=22 May 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721191916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/only-movie-villains-have-names-like-mine-sairat-director-nagraj-manjule/story-11sG7GmFBSjblydjwHPhdO.html |archive-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Manjule finished the script in December 2014.<ref name="ardour">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/the-ardour-of-nagraj-manjule/article8016591.ece |title=The ardour of Nagraj Manjule |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=22 December 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192855/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/the-ardour-of-nagraj-manjule/article8016591.ece |archive-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> The dialogue was written by his brother, Bharat.<ref name=ht/><br />
<br />
Manjule then directed ''[[Fandry]]'' (2013), which was also based on caste discrimination. While editing it, he came across the story of ''Sairat'' after he realised that many people did not watch ''Fandry'' because of its lack of songs, and decided to make a more commercial film. He said that he wrote the script after much deliberation: "I will tell my story, but I will tell it your way and then you will watch it."<ref name=tft/> Manjule decided to tell the story from a woman's perspective, since he was "fed up of the male-dominated culture and the films" with a "muscular hero saving the damsel in distress". He added "colour" to the character, making her strong because he also wanted to address gender bias in society.<ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/recliner/you-dont-need-to-have-a-grudge-to-depict-societys-harsh-realities-sairat-director-nagraj-manjule/43327/1 |title=You don't need to have a grudge to depict society's harsh realities: 'Sairat' director Nagraj Manjule |last=Purandare |first=Kunal |date=27 May 2016 |website=Forbes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132729/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/recliner/you-dont-need-to-have-a-grudge-to-depict-societys-harsh-realities-sairat-director-nagraj-manjule/43327/1 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Manjule made Archi do what men do, and made Parshya "sensible and capable", "imbibing good qualities of women in men."<ref name=tft/> Several scenes, such as Parshya jumping into a well, were drawn from Manjule's life.<ref name=tft/> He called the film's title self-explanatory that might imply "freedom of thought, liberation and progressive ideas" for some and "sheer wildness and recklessness" for others.<ref name=ardour/> According to Manjule, the film's "takeaway" is that "lovers shouldn't be subjected to violence."<ref name=tft/><br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
Manjule chose students with no acting background for the lead roles.<ref name=bbc/> 15 year old [[Rinku Rajguru]] went with her mother to see Manjule shoot a film in [[Akluj]], her village in [[Solapur district]]. Her mother knew him, since he is from Solapur.<ref name="tie">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/first-time-lucky-rinku-rajguru-and-akash-thosar-the-young-actors-of-sairat-2823585/ |title=First Time Lucky: Rinku Rajguru and Akash Thosar, the young actors of Sairat |last=Nambiar |first=Nisha |date=29 May 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721191832/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/first-time-lucky-rinku-rajguru-and-akash-thosar-the-young-actors-of-sairat-2823585/ |archive-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Rajguru was introduced to Manjule, and was asked to audition. She auditioned with dialogue and dancing, and was selected as the female lead.<ref name=tie/> Manjule gave her a year to work on her personality.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/sairat-sets-records-in-regional-cinema-meet-15-yr-old-rinku-aka-sairat-archie/107116/7/ |title=Sairat sets records in regional cinema meet 15 yr old rinku aka sairat archie |work=Jansatta |access-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162416/https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/sairat-sets-records-in-regional-cinema-meet-15-yr-old-rinku-aka-sairat-archie/107116/7/ |archive-date=21 July 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref> She played the role of Archana Patil, an upper-caste girl who is the daughter of a wealthy village politician.<ref name=bbc/> Twenty-year-old graduate student [[Akash Thosar]] was cast as Prashant Kale after he met Bharat Manjule at a railway station and showed him some of his photos.<ref name=tft/> It was shown to Nagraj; Thosar was summoned for auditions and eventually selected for the role of a lower-caste fisherman's son.<ref name=bbc/> [[Tanaji Galgunde]] and [[Arbaz Shaikh]] played supporting roles in the film, and Manjule made a cameo appearance as a cricket commentator.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/807345/film-review-in-nagraj-manjules-spellbinding-sairat-hearts-race-but-caste-divides |title=Film review: In Nagraj Manjule's spellbinding 'Sairat', hearts race but caste divides |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=29 April 2016 |publisher=Scroll.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003609/https://scroll.in/article/807345/film-review-in-nagraj-manjules-spellbinding-sairat-hearts-race-but-caste-divides |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[File:Kambar Talav 01.JPG|thumb|250px|alt=Quiet waterfront in Solapur, with a statue in the foreground|''Sairat'' was filmed in Solapur.]]<br />
Filming began in February 2014, and ended in May 2015;<ref name=nagraj/> several portions were shot in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/270616/a-field-day-for-team-sairat-special-screening-in-hyderabad.html |title=A field day for Team Sairat: Special screening in Hyderabad |date=27 January 2016 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721195206/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/270616/a-field-day-for-team-sairat-special-screening-in-hyderabad.html |archive-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> It took nearly 70 days for the entire shoot, unusually long for a Marathi film.<ref name=ardour/> Manjule cited the reasons being a "lot of locations, a huge number of characters and many complicated crowd scenes" in the film.<ref name=ardour/> Thosar had difficulty crying on cue during the audition, and was tense filming the crying scene.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sairat-star-saw-the-dhadak-trailer-and-loved-it/20180628.htm |title=Sairat star: 'Saw the Dhadak trailer and loved it' |last=Kulkarni |first=Ronjita |date=28 June 2018 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721193743/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sairat-star-saw-the-dhadak-trailer-and-loved-it/20180628.htm |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Rajguru and Thosar lived with Manjule at his home in [[Pune]] for two to three months before filming, where they would discuss the script and rehearse scenes daily.<ref name=quint/><ref name=tft/> Manjule said that they did not use [[Glycerol|glycerine]], and actually cried while filming the emotional scenes;<ref name=bbc/> he made them understand the "layers in their characters".<ref name=bbc/><br />
<br />
Manjule occasionally asked the actors what they would say they in a similar situation, prompting improvisation.<ref name=quint/> The [[director of photography]] was Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti and Kutub Inamdar served as the editor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/who-does-nagraj-manjule-think-he-is/20160616.htm |title=Who does Nagraj Manjule think he is? |last=Jagannath |first=J |date=16 June 2016 |publisher=Redifff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116173201/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/who-does-nagraj-manjule-think-he-is/20160616.htm |archive-date=16 November 2017 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> ''Sairat'' was produced by Nagraj Manjule's AatPat Productions and [[Zee Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/sairat-selected-for-berlin-international-film-festival.html |title=Sairat selected for Berlin International Film Festival |date=December 2015 |publisher=Zee Talkies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132741/http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/sairat-selected-for-berlin-international-film-festival.html |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Rajguru, in [[Tenth grade|grade 10]], left school for the duration of filming.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://odishatv.in/entertainment/15-year-old-sairat-star-finds-fame-unnerving-142614 |title=15-Year-Old ''Sairat'' Star Finds Fame 'Unnerving' |date=19 May 2016 |publisher=Odisha TV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132801/http://odishatv.in/entertainment/15-year-old-sairat-star-finds-fame-unnerving-142614 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> About the film's ending, Manjule said that he used silence to demonstrate that "two people who are in love and happy can die suddenly."<ref name=tft/> He shot the ending without dialogue or background score, because he wanted "the violence in the scene to hit the audience."<ref name="mid">{{Cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/no-happily-ever-after-endings-for-sairat-director-nagraj-manjule/articleshow/58790535.cms |title=No happily ever after endings for Sairat director Nagraj Manjule |date=22 May 2017 |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192105/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/no-happily-ever-after-endings-for-sairat-director-nagraj-manjule/articleshow/58790535.cms |archive-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Thosar was a bodybuilder, and had to lose weight for the role.<ref name=tie/> Rajguru lost {{convert|13|kg}}, and worked on her voice for the role.<ref name="today">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sairat-rinku-rajguru-on-winning-the-national-award-and-much-more-322453-2016-05-09 |title=Sairat: Rinku Rajguru on winning the National Award and much more |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=9 May 2016 |work=India Today |access-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721192247/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sairat-rinku-rajguru-on-winning-the-national-award-and-much-more-322453-2016-05-09 |archive-date=21 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=tie/> Thosar said that he was like the character of Prashant.<ref name=tie/> Rajguru admired Archana, and said that she was "inspired to be as dashing as Archie."<ref name=today/><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
''Sairat''{{'s}} songs and background score were composed and written by the [[Ajay–Atul]] duo, who previously associated with Manjule on ''Fandry''.<ref name="times">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Fandry-Ajay-Atul-Nagraj-Manjule-Singham-Bol-Bachchan/articleshow/29811613.cms |title=Ajay-Atul compose theme song for Fandry |last=Bhanage |first=Mihir |date=23 February 2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430140446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Fandry-Ajay-Atul-Nagraj-Manjule-Singham-Bol-Bachchan/articleshow/29811613.cms |archive-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> The four-song soundtrack includes Western [[classical music]] recorded at [[Sony Pictures Studios|Sony Scoring Stage]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], [[California]], a first for an Indian film.<ref name="Pawar">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sairat-first-indian-film-to-record-music-at-hollywood-2194518 |title='Sairat' first Indian film to record music at Hollywood |last=Pawar |first=Yogesh |date=27 March 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=27 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502045335/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sairat-first-indian-film-to-record-music-at-hollywood-2194518 |archive-date=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Bhanage">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sairat-is-maiden-Indian-film-to-record-symphonic-orchestra-in-Hollywood/articleshow/51586577.cms |title='Sairat' is maiden Indian film to record symphonic orchestra in Hollywood |last=Bhanage |first=Mihir |date=29 March 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404102345/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sairat-is-maiden-Indian-film-to-record-symphonic-orchestra-in-Hollywood/articleshow/51586577.cms |archive-date=4 April 2016}}</ref> It was released on 1 April 2016 on the [[Zee Music Company]] label.<ref name="itune">{{Cite web |title=Sairat (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sairat-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1119575075 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152351/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sairat-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1119575075 |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=23 July 2018 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''Sairat'' premiered at the [[66th Berlin International Film Festival]] as a part of the Generation 14plus section, where it received a standing ovation.<ref name="huff">{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/12/21/sairat-berlin-film-festiv_n_8852698.html |title=WATCH: Teasers Of 'Fandry' Director Nagraj Manjule's Next, 'Sairat', Selected To Compete At Berlin Film Festival |last=Chatterjee |first=Suprateek |date=21 December 2015 |website=HuffPost |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015638/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/12/21/sairat-berlin-film-festiv_n_8852698.html |archive-date=21 June 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=bbc/> The jury was composed of teenagers.<ref name="huff" /> The film was released domestically on 29 April 2016 in about 200 screens.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sairat-nagraj-manjules-film-becomes-the-highest-grossing-film-in-marathi-323187-2016-05-12 |title=Sairat: Nagraj Manjule's romantic drama becomes the highest-grossing Marathi film |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=12 May 2016 |website=India Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513112407/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sairat-nagraj-manjules-film-becomes-the-highest-grossing-film-in-marathi/1/666642.html |archive-date=13 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-after-creating-records-worldwide-sairat-release-chennai-kerala-681970 |title=Box office collection: After creating records worldwide, 'Sairat' to release in Chennai and Kerala |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=9 June 2016 |website=International Business Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610144627/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-after-creating-records-worldwide-sairat-release-chennai-kerala-681970 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> It was released with English subtitles in [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bhilai]], [[Raipur]], [[Bhiwadi]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/04/29/sairat-review-interview_n_9803798.html |title='Sairat' Is A Soaring, Gut-Wrenching Melodrama On Young Love And Caste-Based Discrimination |last=Chatterjee |first=Suprateek |date=30 April 2016 |work=HuffPost |access-date=1 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430215202/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/04/29/sairat-review-interview_n_9803798.html |archive-date=30 April 2016}}</ref> The film screened at more than 450 theatres, over 50 of which were outside Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/five-reasons-why-sairat-starring-rinku-rajguru-and-akash-thosar-is-a-must-watch_1882699.html |title=Five reasons why 'Sairat' starring Rinku Rajguru and Akash Thosar is a 'must watch' |publisher=Zee News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508103023/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/five-reasons-why-sairat-starring-rinku-rajguru-and-akash-thosar-is-a-must-watch_1882699.html |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=forbes/> Due to ''Sairat''{{'s}} popularity, additional shows at midnight and 3:00 am were introduced at a theatre in [[Rahimatpur]] in [[Satara district]].<ref name="joshi">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/i-want-a-break-from-this-maledominated-world/article8566426.ece |title=I want a break from this male-dominated world |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=7 May 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507120144/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/i-want-a-break-from-this-maledominated-world/article8566426.ece |archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> The film was also screened at the [[India Habitat Centre]] Film Festival, the [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]], the [[International Film Festival of India]] and the Indian Film Festival in The Hague post its theatrical release.<ref name=mid/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/antardrishti-sairat-to-be-screened-at-brahmaputra-film-fest-2042086.html |title=Antardrishti, Sairat to be screened at Brahmaputra film fest |date=13 September 2017 |publisher=Zee News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722184919/http://zeenews.india.com/regional/antardrishti-sairat-to-be-screened-at-brahmaputra-film-fest-2042086.html |archive-date=22 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sairat-and-violence-nagraj-manjule-discusses-his-marathi-debut-at-the-indian-film-festival-3040790.html |title=Sairat and violence: Nagraj Manjule discusses his Marathi debut at The Indian Film Festival |last=Chintamani |first=Gautam |date=8 October 2016 |website=Firstpost |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721043849/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sairat-and-violence-nagraj-manjule-discusses-his-marathi-debut-at-the-indian-film-festival-3040790.html |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> It was the first Marathi film released in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sairat-releases-in-UAE/articleshow/52451308.cms |title=Sairat gets a cinematic release in UAE |date=26 May 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529131748/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sairat-releases-in-UAE/articleshow/52451308.cms |archive-date=29 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/2016-regional-films-grow-market-share-116123100749_1.html |title=2016: Regional films grow market share |last=Malvania |first=Urvi |date=31 December 2016 |work=Business Standard |access-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101144014/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/2016-regional-films-grow-market-share-116123100749_1.html |archive-date=1 January 2017}}</ref><br />
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In April, Manjule filed a complaint with the [[Mumbai Police]] after the film was leaked online two days before its theatrical release. The film had a watermark indicating that it was a censor copy, intended for censorship-board officials to review before release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/marathi-film-sairat-leaked-online-ahead-its-release-producer-files-case-677450 |title=Marathi film 'Sairat' leaked online ahead of its release; producer files case |work=International Business Times |date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608120128/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/marathi-film-sairat-leaked-online-ahead-its-release-producer-files-case-677450 |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/marathi-movie-sairaat-leaked-online-producer-seeks-police-help/article8559401.ece |title='Sairaat' leaked online, producer seeks police help |date=5 May 2016 |website=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213144603/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/marathi-movie-sairaat-leaked-online-producer-seeks-police-help/article8559401.ece |archive-date=13 February 2017 |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-marathi-film-sairat-director-approaches-police-after-movie-was-leaked-on-internet-2209280 |title=Marathi film Sairat director approaches police after movie was leaked on internet |date=5 May 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=18 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608220247/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-marathi-film-sairat-director-approaches-police-after-movie-was-leaked-on-internet-2209280 |archive-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> In May 2016, a mobile-shop owner in [[Pune]] was arrested for piracy.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/man-held-for-selling-pirated-copies-of-marathi-film-sairat-2786012/ |title=Man held for selling pirated copies of Marathi film 'Sairat' |date=6 May 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=27 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213152619/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/man-held-for-selling-pirated-copies-of-marathi-film-sairat-2786012/ |archive-date=13 February 2017}}</ref> Cybercrime police arrested a [[Byculla]] (Mumbai)-based cable operator for broadcasting the pirated version of ''Sairat'' on his network.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-cable-operator-held-for-broadcasting-pirated-sairat-2209614 |title=Cable operator held for broadcasting pirated Sairat |date=6 May 2016 |work=Daily News & Analysis |access-date=18 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609153457/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-cable-operator-held-for-broadcasting-pirated-sairat-2209614 |archive-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> The film was released on DVD on 1 September 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amazon.in/Sairat-Rinku-Rajguru/dp/B01KO7X528 |title=Sairat |publisher=Amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722184734/https://www.amazon.in/Sairat-Rinku-Rajguru/dp/B01KO7X528 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> and is also available on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/80124313 |title=Sairat |publisher=Netflix |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404032205/https://www.netflix.com/in/title/80124313 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
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The film is set to be re-released on 21 March 2025 in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-release mania takes over Marathi cinema, Sairat to re-release on THIS date |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/mobile/news/bollywood/re-release-mania-takes-marathi-cinema-sairat-re-release-date/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
===Box office===<br />
''Sairat'' earned ₹3.60 crore on its opening day at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-day-wise-breakup-of-sairat-marathi/ |title=Box Office: Day Wise breakup of Sairat (Marathi) |date=3 May 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704124705/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-day-wise-breakup-of-sairat-marathi/ |archive-date=4 July 2018 |access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> It earned ₹3.95 crore on its second day and ₹4.55 crore on its third day, with a total of ₹12.10 crore on its opening weekend. The film earned ₹25.50 crore in its first week.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://abpmajha.abplive.in/mumbai/sairat-box-office-collection-218827 |title=Box office sairata susata, drove 12 crore in three days |last=Bhandari |first=Amit |date=2 May 2016 |access-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503121514/http://abpmajha.abplive.in/mumbai/sairat-box-office-collection-218827 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |publisher=ABP Majha |language=Marathi}}</ref> Its screen count was increased from 400 to 450 in the second week, earning an additional ₹15.61 crore.<ref name="mint">{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/EtQghZ5HlKFfo3NMFDTBzL/Sairat-becomes-Marathi-cinemas-highest-grosser.html |title=Sairat becomes Marathi cinema's highest grosser |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=12 May 2016 |work=Mint |access-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725103000/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/EtQghZ5HlKFfo3NMFDTBzL/Sairat-becomes-Marathi-cinemas-highest-grosser.html?utm_source=scroll&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=scroll |archive-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> It earned a total of ₹41.11 crore in its second weekend.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/253599/sairat-box-office-collections-movie-creates-history-with-collection-of-rs-41-11-crore/ |title='Sairat' box office collections create 'history' with earnings of Rs 41.11 crore |work=The Financial Express |access-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516153106/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/253599/sairat-box-office-collections-movie-creates-history-with-collection-of-rs-41-11-crore/ |archive-date=16 May 2016}}</ref> The film earned more than ₹65 crore in three weeks, and entered its fourth week at more than 525 screens.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sairat-box-office-collections-nagraj-manjule-highest-grossing-marathi-movie-2812740/ |title=Sairat box office collections: The film earns Rs. 65 crore |date=24 May 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207115406/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sairat-box-office-collections-nagraj-manjule-highest-grossing-marathi-movie-2812740/ |archive-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> In addition to Maharashtra, it was released with subtitles in parts of Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi and Goa.<ref name=mint/> ''Sairat'' also did well on the overseas market. It earned a total of {{INRConvert|14.58|l}} at the US box office in four weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-after-creating-records-worldwide-sairat-release-chennai-kerala-681970 |title=Box office collection: After creating records worldwide, 'Sairat' to release in Chennai and Kerala |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=9 June 2016 |website=International Business Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721191853/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-after-creating-records-worldwide-sairat-release-chennai-kerala-681970 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> It grossed ₹80 crore in five weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutar |first=Kamlesh Damodar |date=2016-06-05 |title=How Sairat became the highest-grossing Marathi film ever |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/how-sairat-became-the-highest-grossing-marathi-film-ever-12471-2016-06-05 |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film earned ₹82.95 crore in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/highest-grossing-marathi-movies-of-all-times/photostory/64015683.cms |title=Highest grossing Marathi movies of all times |date=3 May 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725102955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/highest-grossing-marathi-movies-of-all-times/photostory/64015683.cms |archive-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> Made on a budget of ₹4 crore, ''Sairat'' earned a total of ₹110 crore at the end of its theatrical run and is the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Marathi|highest-grossing Marathi film]] to date.<ref name=made/><br />
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===Critical response===<br />
[[File:Rinku Rajguru.jpg|thumb|177px|alt=A smiling Rinku Rajguru, in a multi-coloured top|Rajguru's performance was particularly praised by critics.]]<br />
''Sairat'' received critical acclaim, with particular praise for Rajguru's performance.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/how-sairat-became-the-highest-grossing-marathi-film-ever-12471-2016-06-05 |title=How Sairat became the highest-grossing Marathi film ever |last=Sutar |first=Kamlesh Damodar |date=5 June 2016 |work=India Today |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615065232/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/how-sairat-became-the-highest-grossing-marathi-film-ever-12471-2016-06-05 |archive-date=15 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-did-dhadak-trailer-hold-up-against-sairat-twitter-is-awash-with-hilarious-memes/story-w2YLujbBRsW4A9c8eZcMAP.html |title=How did Dhadak trailer hold up against Sairat? Twitter is awash with hilarious memes |date=13 June 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154028/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-did-dhadak-trailer-hold-up-against-sairat-twitter-is-awash-with-hilarious-memes/story-w2YLujbBRsW4A9c8eZcMAP.html |archive-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> Meenakshi Shedde of ''[[Forbes India]]'' called the film "one of the great triumphs of Indian cinema this year", and a rare example of an "Indian director addressing caste issues from first-hand, lived experience, as distinct from that of a privileged, if empathetic, director."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/think/can-cinema-break-the-caste-barrier-in-society/42945/1 |title=Can cinema break the caste barrier in society? |last=Shedde |first=Meenakshi |date=12 April 2016 |work=Forbes India |access-date=27 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415144554/http://forbesindia.com/article/think/can-cinema-break-the-caste-barrier-in-society/42945/1 |archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> Pratik Ghosh of [[Daily News and Analysis]] called it a "gem" which "enriched Marathi cinema". He praised Rajguru: "''Sairat''{{'s}} remarkable find is the dusky Rinku Rajguru who is sterling as the fearless Archi."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-sairat-an-epic-love-story-cut-short-by-hate-2207823 |title=Sairat — an epic love story cut short by hate |last=Ghosh |first=Pratik |date=2 May 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222235029/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-sairat-an-epic-love-story-cut-short-by-hate-2207823 |archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Mihir Bhanage gave a positive review: "The film can be divided into two parts; the first one, a dream and the second one, reality and both strike a chord. But the masterstroke of Manjule the story-teller and director, is the climax."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sairat/movie-review/52043224.cms |title=Sairat Movie Review |last=Bhanage |first=Mihir |date=29 April 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513165036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sairat/movie-review/52043224.cms |archive-date=13 May 2018}}</ref><br />
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Harish Wankhede in his review in Tehelka called the film 'a radical entry in the populist-fantasy ‘love story’ genre.<ref name="Wankhede 2016">{{cite web |last1=Wankhede |first1=Harish S. |title=Sairat and the Making of a Dalit Hero |url=http://old.tehelka.com/sairat-and-the-making-of-a-dalit-hero/ |website=old.tehelka.com |access-date=13 January 2021 |date=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202005545/http://old.tehelka.com/sairat-and-the-making-of-a-dalit-hero/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However he argues that from the very beginning of the film, the female character takes a dynamic lead and gives the story a feminist-heroic tilt. Archi's courage and power is more male-like, vocal and aggressive than Parshya and his two friends. Her heroic posturing and confident outlook make her the lead hero of the film while pushing others to the periphery as dependent characters. The director allows Archi's character to break the stereotypes of a village girl but on the other hand asserts the power of her feudal-upper caste lineage. However, similar considerations are partially applied to her counterpart Dalit characters.<ref name="Wankhede 2016"/><br />
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Ganesh Matkari of ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' described the film as "significant", and not easy to "make or to grasp". Matkari expressed reservations about its length.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/marathi-reviews/FILM-REVIEW-SAIRAT/articleshow/52029652.cms |title=Film Reviews: EXERCISES IN STYLE |last=Matkari |first=Ganesh |date=29 April 2016 |work=Pune Mirror |access-date=30 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429133058/http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/marathi-reviews/FILM-REVIEW-SAIRAT/articleshow/52029652.cms |archive-date=29 April 2016}}</ref> Divya Unny from [[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]] wrote: "The three-hour-long film draws the audience in with plenty of songs and slow-mos, emotion and drama, and then serves us reality right when we aren’t expecting it."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/sairat-the-end-of-romance |title=Sairat: The End of Romance |last=Unny |first=Divya |date=27 May 2016 |work=OPEN |access-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132625/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/sairat-the-end-of-romance |archive-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Suprateek Chatterjee of ''[[HuffPost]]'' described it as "soaring" and "gut-wrenching", defying convention "even while sticking to established tropes".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/04/29/sairat-review-interview_n_9803798.html |title='Sairat' Is A Soaring, Gut-Wrenching Melodrama On Young Love And Caste-Based Discrimination |last=Chatterjee |first=Suprateek |date=29 April 2016 |website=HuffPost |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221634/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/04/29/sairat-review-interview_n_9803798.html |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> J. Hurtado of [[ScreenAnarchy]] called the film a "singular, astonishing, breathtaking achievement": "You owe it to yourself to experience the beauty, exhaltation, and pain that ''Sairat'' has to offer".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://screenanarchy.com/2016/06/review-sairat-a-singular-astonishing-breathtaking-achievement.html |title=Review: SAIRAT, A Singular, Astonishing, Breathtaking Achievement |last=Hurtado |first=J |date=6 June 2016 |publisher=Screen Anarchy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130124100/http://screenanarchy.com/2016/06/review-sairat-a-singular-astonishing-breathtaking-achievement.html |archive-date=30 November 2017 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of [[The News Minute]] cited it as a "brave film that gets to the root of the matter": "It could have been just another film made on the subject of forbidden teenage love but the maturity with which Nagraj Manjule has crafted his characters and narrative is breath-taking."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sairat-why-doesnt-caste-figure-more-often-our-romantic-movies-43178 |title=Sairat: Why doesn't caste figure more often in our romantic movies? |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=13 May 2016 |publisher=The News Minute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201172402/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sairat-why-doesnt-caste-figure-more-often-our-romantic-movies-43178 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> Uday Bhatia of ''Mint'' compared the film to [[Michael Haneke]]'s ''[[Funny Games (2007 film)|Funny Games]]''; "both derive their sting from the way they play with audience expectations—raising hopes, dashing them, then raising them again."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/bGldgA1sfDdCvFSDO1lhLP/Keeping-it-real.html |title=Keeping it real |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=4 May 2016 |work=Mint |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206032731/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/bGldgA1sfDdCvFSDO1lhLP/Keeping-it-real.html |archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shweta Parande of [[Times Internet|India.com]] called Rajguru's performance "impressive".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/sairat-marathi-movie-review-another-gem-from-nagraj-manjule-newcomer-rinku-rajguru-is-impressive-1146371/ |title=Sairat Marathi movie review: Another gem from Nagraj Manjule; newcomer Rinku Rajguru is impressive! |last=Parande |first=Shweta |date=29 April 2016 |work=Times Internet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724123531/http://www.india.com/showbiz/sairat-marathi-movie-review-another-gem-from-nagraj-manjule-newcomer-rinku-rajguru-is-impressive-1146371/ |archive-date=24 July 2018 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> Rochona Majumdar of ''The Indian Express'' wrote a positive review: "To describe it as a story of inter-caste love that ends brutally would be to do grave injustice to Manjule’s portrayal of a slice of contemporary India."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sairat-peepli-live-inter-caste-love-marriage-new-india-rural-condition-4450949/ |title=Into The Wild |last=Majumdar |first=Rochona |date=30 December 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210204852/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sairat-peepli-live-inter-caste-love-marriage-new-india-rural-condition-4450949/ |archive-date=10 December 2017}}</ref> Suhas Bhasme of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' noted that ''Sairat'' positions the issues of "caste discrimination and caste-based violence centre stage, which have often been denied or overlooked by mainstream Marathi movies."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thewire.in/film/ambedkars-idea-of-india-and-the-marathi-blockbuster-sairat |title=The Marathi Blockbuster 'Sairat' and Ambedkar's Idea of India |last=Bhasme |first=Suhas |date=30 May 2016 |work=The Wire |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725102955/https://thewire.in/film/ambedkars-idea-of-india-and-the-marathi-blockbuster-sairat |archive-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] called the film a master class in "how to make the audience laugh, cry, swoon, eat out of your hand": "''Sairat'' talks not just about the realities of caste and class, but of gender too."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/04/28/sairat-an-epic-reimagining-of-the-typical-love-story-touches-and-crushes-the-heart/ |title="Sairat"… An epic reimagining of the typical love story touches (and crushes) the heart |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=28 April 2016 |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915193208/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2016/04/28/sairat-an-epic-reimagining-of-the-typical-love-story-touches-and-crushes-the-heart/ |archive-date=15 September 2017 |publisher=Baradwaj Rangan Wordpress}}</ref> According to Ranjib Mazumdar of [[The Quint]], the film refreshingly changes gender roles with its strong female character: "[Archie] is like a body of free water, unaware of limits and customs, flowing with a convinced passion we rarely see in our heroines."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/sairat-is-a-reminder-of-how-delusional-we-really-are |title='Sairat' Is a Reminder of How Delusional We Indians Really Are |last=Mazumdar |first=Ranjib |date=4 May 2016 |publisher=The Quint |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725102955/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/sairat-is-a-reminder-of-how-delusional-we-really-are |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> S. Shivakumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a positive review, praising Rajguru's performance and Manjule's direction: "Nagraj excels in making the dramatic scenes look realistic, effortlessly manipulating your emotions."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/old-story-new-twist/article8590448.ece |title=Old story, new twist |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=12 May 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209204428/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/old-story-new-twist/article8590448.ece |archive-date=9 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Awards and nominations===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" |Award<br />
! scope="col" |Category<br />
! scope="col" |Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br />
! scope="col" |Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Ref.}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="22" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]]<br />
|''Sairat''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="22" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2017 |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017 Winners - List of Marathi Filmfare Award Winners |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2017/winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721043841/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2017/winners |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><br/><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 2017 |title=Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017: Complete winners' list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2017-complete-winners-list/articleshow/61280249.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725102955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2017-complete-winners-list/articleshow/61280249.cms |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]]<br />
|[[Nagraj Manjule]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Akash Thosar]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – Marathi|Best Male Debut]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Rinku Rajguru]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Marathi|Best Female Debut]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|[[Tanaji Galgunde]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
|[[Chhaya Kadam]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Marathi|Best Music Director]]<br />
|[[Ajay–Atul]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Marathi|Best Lyricist]]<br />
|[[Ajay–Atul]] – ("[[Yad Lagla]]")<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer – Male]]<br />
|[[Ajay Gogavale]] – ("[[Yad Lagla]]")<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ajay–Atul]] – ("[[Zingaat]]")<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer – Female]]<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripaada|Chinmayi]] – ("[[Sairat Zaala Ji]]")<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Aatach Baya")<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story – Marathi|Best Story]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Nagraj Manjule]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay – Marathi|Best Screenplay]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue – Marathi|Best Dialogue]]<br />
|[[Nagraj Manjule]], Bharat Manjule<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing – Marathi|Best Editing]]<br />
|[[Kutub Inamdar]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – Marathi|Best Choreography]]<br />
|[[Nagraj Manjule]] – ("[[Zingaat]]")<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – Marathi|Best Cinematography]]<br />
|Sudhakar Yekkanti Reddy<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Sound – Marathi|Best Sound Design]]<br />
|Avinash Sonawane<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Marathi|Best Background Score]]<br />
|[[Ajay–Atul]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music Awards Marathi]]<br />
|Album of the Year<br />
|''[[Sairat (soundtrack)|Sairat]]''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="6" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi MMA Mirchi Music Awards |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/marathi-2016/winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204210441/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/marathi-2016/winners/ |archive-date=4 December 2017 |access-date=21 July 2018 |website=[[Mirchi Music Awards]]}}</ref><br/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mirchi Music Awards Marathi: A night of honour for Marathi music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-Marathi-A-night-of-honour-for-Marathi-music/articleshow/19169657.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725102955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-Marathi-A-night-of-honour-for-Marathi-music/articleshow/19169657.cms |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Song of the Year<br />
|"[[Yad Lagla]]"<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Male Vocalist of the Year<br />
|[[Ajay Gogavale]] – ("[[Yad Lagla]]")<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Composer of the Year<br />
|[[Ajay–Atul]] – ("[[Sairat Zaala Ji]]")<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Programmer and Arranger of the Year<br />
|[[Ajay–Atul]] – ("[[Yad Lagla]]")<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Song Recording and Mixing of the Year<br />
|Vijay Dayal – ("[[Sairat Zaala Ji]]")<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]<br />
|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention – Best Actress]]<br />
|[[Rinku Rajguru]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2016 |title=63rd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007194418/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><br/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Atulkar |first=Preeti |date=29 March 2016 |title=I'm enjoying this moment to the fullest: Rinku Rajguru |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Im-enjoying-this-moment-to-the-fullest-Rinku-Rajguru/articleshow/51596264.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405185223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Im-enjoying-this-moment-to-the-fullest-Rinku-Rajguru/articleshow/51596264.cms |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=27 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Home media ==<br />
''Sairat'' was premiered first on [[Zee Marathi]] on the occasion of [[Gandhi Jayanti]] (2 October 2016),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sairat is a hit on TV too |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Sairat-is-a-hit-on-TV-too/articleshow/54836889.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110073731/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Sairat-is-a-hit-on-TV-too/articleshow/54836889.cms |archive-date=10 November 2016 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> that was preceded with a promotional interview ''Chat with Sairat Stars'', featuring the lead cast and director, broadcast before the premiere.<ref name=":0" /> According to the [[Broadcast Audience Research Council]], Sairat garnered a [[Target rating point|TRP]] rating of 13.74 and ranked at the first place for the week of 1{{En dash}}7 October 2016; the promotional television show also ranked on the second place with a rating of 4.31.<ref name=":0" /> It is currently available on ZEE5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Sairat Full HD Movie Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/sairat/0-0-movie_1921832123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130150957/https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/sairat/0-0-movie_1921832123 |archive-date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
After ''Sairat''{{'s}} success, the film was remade in several Indian languages. Its first remake was the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''[[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]]'' (2017), directed by [[Pankaj Batra]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/remake-gone-wrong/436588.html |title=Remake gone wrong |last=Singh |first=Jasmine |date=14 July 2017 |work=The Tribune |access-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722184824/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/remake-gone-wrong/436588.html |archive-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics. Rinku Rajguru reprised her role in the [[Kannada]] version, entitled ''[[Manasu Mallige]]'' (2017).<ref name="remake">{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/do-you-know-janhvi-kapoor-ishaan-khatters-dhadak-isnt-the-first-remake-of-nagraj-manjules-sairat/256400 |title=Do you know Janhvi Kapoor-Ishaan Khatter's Dhadak isn't the first remake of Nagraj Manjule's Sairat? |date=19 July 2018 |website=Times Now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722213541/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/do-you-know-janhvi-kapoor-ishaan-khatters-dhadak-isnt-the-first-remake-of-nagraj-manjules-sairat/256400 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> The [[Odia language|Odia]] version, ''Laila O Laila'' (2017) was directed by [[Susant Mani]].<ref name="remake" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/do-you-know-dhadak-is-not-the-first-remake-of-sairat/articleshow/65050922.cms |title=आपको पता है 'सैराट' की पहली रीमेक नहीं है 'धड़क' |date=19 July 2018 |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |access-date=10 November 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181110162635/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/do-you-know-dhadak-is-not-the-first-remake-of-sairat/articleshow/65050922.cms |archive-date=10 November 2018 |language=Hindi |trans-title=Do you know ''Dhadak'' is not the first remake of ''Sairat''?}}</ref> The film was also remade in Bengali (a [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|Bangladesh-India joint venture]]) as ''[[Noor Jahaan]]'' (2018), directed by Abhimanyu Mukherjee.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/noor-jahan/movie-review/63065003.cms |title=Noor Jahan |last=Sen |first=Debolina |date=25 February 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627212123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/noor-jahan/movie-review/63065003.cms |archive-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> The [[Hindi]] remake, ''[[Dhadak]]'' (directed by [[Shashank Khaitan]] and produced by [[Karan Johar]]), was released on 20 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dhadak-is-shinier-than-sairat-and-there-lies-the-problem/story-hks8YcTBaHoB0p1xCnVv7O.html |title=Dhadak is shinier than Sairat and there lies the problem |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=22 July 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722141919/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dhadak-is-shinier-than-sairat-and-there-lies-the-problem/story-hks8YcTBaHoB0p1xCnVv7O.html |archive-date=22 July 2018}}</ref> As of July 2016, [[Rockline Venkatesh]] held the remake rights for [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]]-language films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/marathi-movie-sairat-to-be-remade-in-tamil-news-tamil-qgoiORgdeicie.html |title=Marathi movie 'Sairat' to be remade in Tamil |date=14 June 2016 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731041931/http://www.sify.com/movies/marathi-movie-sairat-to-be-remade-in-tamil-news-tamil-qgoiORgdeicie.html |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Language<br />
! Cast<br />
! Director<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| ''Sairat''<br />
|[[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]<br />
|[[Akash Thosar]], [[Rinku Rajguru]]<br />
|[[Nagraj Manjule]]<br />
|Original<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2017<br />
| ''[[Manasu Mallige]]''<br />
|[[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]<br />
|[[Rinku Rajguru]], Nishanth<br />
|[[S. Narayan]]<br />
|rowspan=5 | Remake<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]]''<br />
|[[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]]<br />
|[[Ninja]], [[Payal Rajput]], [[Amrit Maan]]<br />
|[[Pankaj Batra]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Laila O Laila''<br />
|[[Odia cinema|Odia]]<br />
|Swaraj Barik, Sunmeera<br />
|[[Sushant Mani]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2018<br />
| ''[[Noor Jahaan|Noor Jahan]]''<br />
|[[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]<br />
|[[Adrit Roy]], [[Puja Cherry]], [[Aparajita Adhya]]<br />
|Abhimanyu Mukherjee<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhadak]]''<br />
|[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
|[[Ishaan Khatter]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]]<br />
|[[Shashank Khaitan]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Impact==<br />
According to Smitha Verma of ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', ''Sairat'' was a turning point for the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]] which restored faith in distributors of regional cinema.<ref name="made" /> Its lead actors, Rinku Rajguru and Akash Thosar, became overnight celebrities;<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 May 2016|title=Akash Thosar is an overnight star after 'Sairat'|work=The Free Press Journal|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/akash-thosar-is-an-overnight-star-after-sairat/853334|url-status=live|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124091022/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/akash-thosar-is-an-overnight-star-after-sairat/853334|archive-date=24 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=17 June 2016|title=Oh no! All's not well between 'Sairat' actors Akash Thosar and Rinku Rajguru|work=Daily News and Analysis|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-oh-no-all-s-not-well-between-sairat-actors-akash-thosar-and-rinku-rajguru-2224857|url-status=live|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206085003/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-oh-no-all-s-not-well-between-sairat-actors-akash-thosar-and-rinku-rajguru-2224857|archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> in January 2017, the [[Election Commission of India]] made them brand ambassadors for [[National Voters' Day]] to encourage citizens to vote.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 January 2017|title=Sairat actors Rinku Rajguru, Akash Thosar are brand ambassadors for Maharashtra election commission|work=Mumbai Mirror|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/sairat-actors-rinku-rajguru-akash-thosar-are-brand-ambassadors-for-maharashtra-election-commission/articleshow/56643192.cms|url-status=live|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405161718/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/sairat-actors-rinku-rajguru-akash-thosar-are-brand-ambassadors-for-maharashtra-election-commission/articleshow/56643192.cms|archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> In addition, [[Karmala Taluka|Karmala]], where the film was shot, was visited by nearly 20,000 tourists within three weeks of its release.<ref name="underdog">{{Cite web|last=Shedde|first=Meenakshi|date=18 August 2016|title=Sairat effect: Looks like the underdog will have his day|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/think/sairat-effect-looks-like-the-underdog-will-have-his-day/44087/1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912173409/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/think/sairat-effect-looks-like-the-underdog-will-have-his-day/44087/1|archive-date=12 September 2017|access-date=25 July 2018|website=Forbes India}}</ref> <br />
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Furthermore, upon release, Sairat caused a major shift in societal values, mainly due to the content of love marriages crossing the lines of caste. Three family reconciliations were reported in Mumbai after the film's release, including that of Sachin Lokhande (who married a Muslim girl and waited 12 years for both families to agree). His parents approved his marriage after watching ''Sairat''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Punwani|first=Jyoti|date=20 May 2016|title=Why Sairat is such an important film|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/special/why-sairat-is-such-an-important-film/20160520.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130233029/http://www.rediff.com/movies/special/why-sairat-is-such-an-important-film/20160520.htm|archive-date=30 November 2017|access-date=25 July 2018|work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Several fans of the film formed the Sairat Marriage Group, an organisation with nearly 100 volunteers across Maharashtra, to help runaway couples.<ref name="underdog" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|5312232}}<br />
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=sairat|title=Sairat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2016 Marathi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]<br />
[[Category:Films about feuds]]<br />
[[Category:Films about fishermen]]<br />
[[Category:Films about homelessness]]<br />
[[Category:Films about honor killing]]<br />
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]<br />
[[Category:Films about maids]]<br />
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]<br />
[[Category:Films about murder]]<br />
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]<br />
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about social class]]<br />
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about students]]<br />
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ajay–Atul]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in slums]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language romance films]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=V._Vaidyanathan&diff=543159V. Vaidyanathan2026-05-02T01:41:52Z<p>Lucinda30E: creating</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian businessman}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|name = V. Vaidyanathan <br />
|image = File:V Vaidyanathan.jpg<br />
|caption = V. Vaidyanathan in 2025<br />
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|01|02}}<br />
|alma_mater = [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]]<br />
|occupation = Chairman of [[Capital First Ltd.]]<br /> MD & CEO of [[IDFC First Bank]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/nN8S5UjphAe4EjLTxmZ0IM/Capital-First-merges-with-IDFC-Bank-to-create-IDFC-First-Ban.html|work=livemint|title=Mr.Vaidyanathan will be the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the merged entity|date=19 December 2018|accessdate=6 January 2019}}</ref><br />
|awards = [[Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year]], 2022<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''V. Vaidyanathan''' (born 2 January 1968) is an Indian banker and entrepreneur, currently serving as the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of [[IDFC First Bank]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kayastha |first=Anshika |date=2023-08-08 |title=Want to stay on the pitch for long, not hit sixes and fours: IDFC First Bank MD |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/want-to-stay-on-the-pitch-for-long-not-hit-sixes-and-fours-idfc-first-bank-md/article67172365.ece |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> formed after the merger of [[IDFC Bank]] and [[Capital First Ltd.|Capital First]]. Prior to assuming this role, he held the position of Chief Executive Officer at [[ICICI Prudential Life Insurance]] and was a member of the Board of Governors at [[ICICI Bank]] since 2006.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Dev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTYIAQAAQBAJ&dq=V.+Vaidyanathan+ICICI&pg=PT43 |title=Pitch It!: Inspirational Stories from the Cricket Dressing Room to the Corporate Boardroom |date=2013-10-15 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-494-6 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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After a decade-long stint at ICICI, Vaidyanathan acquired a stake in Future Capital Holdings (later known as Capital First), a listed [[non-bank financial institution]] which ultimately merged with IDFC Bank to form IDFC First Bank in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sundarajan |first=Priya |date=2018-01-13 |title=IDFC Bank to take over Capital First in share swap deal |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/idfc-bank-capital-first-to-merge-in-share-swap-deal/article64296887.ece |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
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== Early life and education ==<br />
Vaidyanathan was born in [[Chennai]]. As a child, he studied at [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]]'s [[Pathankot]] school.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Shetty |first=Mayur |title=Why is this banker giving away his money? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-is-this-banker-giving-away-his-money/articleshow/90761855.cms |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Subsequently, he chose to enroll in the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and took the Pilot Aptitude Test. As a result, he participated in the [[Services Selection Board]] interview, but his medical examination revealed his disqualification due to an eye-related problem.<ref name=":2" /><br />
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Vaidyanathan enrolled in the [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birla Institute of Technology Mesra Alumni Association |url=https://alumni.bitmesra.ac.in/f/a-banker-with-a-heart-of-gold-6360?source=view |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=alumni.bitmesra.ac.in}}</ref> but ran out of money to buy train tickets. His mathematics teacher then lent him 500 rupees to take a train to help him appear for an interview at [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]].<ref name=":1" /> Vaidyanathan searched for him for over 30 years but could not find him. Later, ICICI staff skip-traced his teacher in Agra<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/india-is-a-land-of-amazing-opportunities-v-vaidyanathan-chairman-capital-first/articleshow/58601910.cms|title=India is a land of amazing opportunities: V Vaidyanathan, Chairman, Capital First|author=|date=10 May 2017|publisher=|accessdate=22 January 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> and Vaidyanathan gifted him one lakh equity shares, amounting to {{INRConvert|30|l}} at the time of transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjea |first=Aparna |date=17 March 2022 |title=IDFC First Bank MD Vaidyanathan gifts 5 lakh shares to kin of deceased colleague |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/idfc-first-bank-md-vaidyanathan-gifts-5-lakh-shares-to-kin-of-deceased-colleague-326428-2022-03-17 |website=businesstoday.in}}</ref><br />
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Later, he attended the Advanced Management Program at [[Harvard Business School]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=V Vaidyanathan, Capital First Ltd: Profile & Biography |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/6865673-v-vaidyanathan |access-date=2016-04-25 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Vaidyanathan began his career at [[Citibank]], where he worked from 1990 to 2000 in consumer banking. During 1999-2000, he transitioned to ICICI to lead their retail lending operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-02/news/27620229_1_double-digit-growth-financial-sector-insurance-industry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508234543/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-02/news/27620229_1_double-digit-growth-financial-sector-insurance-industry|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 May 2016|title=There are risks, but there are opportunities too: V Vaidyanathan|website=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://events.vccircle.com/content/v-vaidyanathan|title=V Vaidyanathan {{!}} VCCircle Events|website=events.vccircle.com|access-date=2016-04-25|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507114846/http://events.vccircle.com/content/v-vaidyanathan|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was appointed MD and CEO of ICICI Personal Financial Services (PFS) Limited. After the merger of ICICI Limited with its subsidiary ICICI Bank, he became the Head of Retail Banking at ICICI Bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.com/v-vaidyanathan/biography-506384.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823053958/http://www.in.com/v-vaidyanathan/biography-506384.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-08-23|title=Celebrity Photo Gallery, Celebrity Wallpapers, Celebrity Videos, Bio, News, Songs, Movies|website=in.com|access-date=2016-05-17}}</ref><br />
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He was later appointed Executive Director on the board of ICICI Bank and became the MD and CEO of ICICI Prudential Life Insurance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Ruchira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pE1tDwAAQBAJ&dq=V+Vaidyanathan+IDFC+First+Bank&pg=PT98 |title=Coaching: The Secret Code to Uncommon Leadership |date=2021-01-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-294-2 |language=en}}</ref> He was also the chairman of [[ICICI Home Finance Company]], and served on the Board of [[ICICI Lombard]] General Insurance Company, credit bureau CIBIL, and SIDBI's credit rating agency called SMERA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiasgreatest.com/V_Vaidyanathan.html|title=V Vaidyanathan - The Strategist|website=IndiasGreatest.com}}</ref><br />
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In 2010, he quit ICICI Bank to acquire a 10% stake in Future Capital Holdings, an NBFC which later became [[Capital First Ltd.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhukalya |first=Anwesha |date=2022-02-22 |title=Meet V Vaidyanathan, who gifted 9 lakh equity shares to his staff |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/meet-v-vaidyanathan-who-gifted-9-lakh-equity-shares-to-his-staff-323502-2022-02-22 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, the company received a funding of Rs. 8.10 billion from [[Warburg Pincus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-03/news/39009409_1_repo-rate-base-rate-rbi-action|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530003956/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-03/news/39009409_1_repo-rate-base-rate-rbi-action|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2013|title=RBI not getting carried away by expectations: V Vaidyanathan, Capital First|website=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/capital-first-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-19384.cms|title=The Economic Times|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/capital-first-brickworks-ratings-upgrades-credit-ratings-of-capital-first-117030700278_1.html|title=:: Brickworks Ratings upgrades credit ratings of Capital First ::|website=www.indiainfoline.com|access-date=2017-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.capitalfirst.com/pdfs/investor-relations/Capital_First_Q1_FY18_Corporate_Presentation.pdf | title=Capital First - Corporate presentation | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921072739/http://www.capitalfirst.com/pdfs/investor-relations/Capital_First_Q1_FY18_Corporate_Presentation.pdf | archive-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><br />
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On 13 January 2018, IDFC Bank and Capital First announced a merger, and Vaidyanathan took over as the MD and CEO of the combined bank.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-rajiv-lall-and-vaidiyanathan-of-idfc-bank-and-capital-first-stitched-up-project-idli-dosa/articleshow/62501032.cms|title=How Rajiv Lall and Vaidyanathan of IDFC Bank and Capital First stitched up project 'Idli-Dosa'|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-04-25|last1=Rangan |first1=MC Govardhana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJSuDwAAQBAJ&dq=V+Vaidyanathan+IDFC+First+Bank&pg=RA1-PA90 |title=Competition Power February 2019 Monthly eBook |publisher=Adda247 Publications |pages=90 |language=en |edition=English }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saha |first=Manojit |date=2018-01-13 |title='Capital First sees high value in bank licence' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/capital-first-sees-high-value-in-bank-licence/article22436951.ece |access-date=2024-04-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Shobhana |date=2024-10-28 |title=Fortune favors the bold: Vaidyanathan transforms IDFC First Bank |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-fortune-favors-the-bold-vaidyanathan-transforms-idfc-first-bank-3626710/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In September 2023, Vaidyanathan sold 5.07 [[crore]] shares of IDFC First Bank for {{INRConvert|478.7|c}} to US-based [[GQG Partners]] through a block trade transaction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Nikhil |date=2023-09-11 |title=GQG picks 5 crore shares of IDFC First Bank from CEO Vaidyanathan |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/gqg-picks-5-crore-shares-of-idfc-first-bank-from-ceo-vaidyanathan/articleshow/103566756.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=GQG buys over 5 crore shares from IDFC First Bank's V Vaidyanathan |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/idfc-first-bank-share-price-block-deal-over-5-crore-shares-gqg-buyer-last-week-17769751.htm |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref> From the revenue generated, {{INRConvert|229|c}} was allocated for the subscription of new shares in IDFC First Bank, {{INRConvert|240.5|c}} designated for personal income tax settlement, and {{INRConvert|9.2|c}} directed towards supporting pre-established charitable causes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Varier |first=Aathira |date=12 September 2023 |title=IDFC First Bank's MD and CEO V Vaidyanathan to raise stake in bank |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/gqg-partners-acquires-shares-of-idfc-first-bank-through-block-deal-123091100608_1.html |access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanathan |first=Ajay |date=2023-09-11 |title=GQG buys nearly 51 million shares from IDFC First Bank's Vaidyanathan |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/gqg-buys-nearly-51-million-shares-from-idfc-first-banks-vaidyanathan-3239763/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
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On 19 September 2024, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] approved his re-appointment as IDFC First Bank’s Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer for three years, effective from 19 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varier |first=Aathira |title=RBI approves re-appointment of V Vaidyanathan as IDFC First Bank's MD & CEO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/people/rbi-approves-re-appointment-of-v-vaidyanathan-as-idfc-first-bank-s-md-ceo-124091901393_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122080811/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/people/rbi-approves-re-appointment-of-v-vaidyanathan-as-idfc-first-bank-s-md-ceo-124091901393_1.html |archive-date=22 November 2024 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Philanthropy ==<br />
In January 2018, he announced that he had donated half a million shares of Capital First, valued at {{INRConvert|40|c}}, to Rukmini Foundation which is a social welfare trust to support activities providing education and healthcare support for economically underprivileged children. Some of the initial beneficiaries of the trust are Genesis Foundation which works on the healthcare of children, Samparc who works on the rehabilitation and education of children, and Apnalaya which works in the area of education of slum children in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/corporates/anndet_new.aspx?newsid=7e411a99-678e-4c08-97fe-11dbad83eb1c|title=Announcements|author=|date=|website=www.bseindia.com|accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref><br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He was born into a family of four siblings. His siblings joined the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Army]] like their father. Vaidyanathan, on the other hand, was the first to join the private sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nazerry |title=Vaidyanathan Vembu |url=https://enterpriseasia.org/apea/india/awards/in-2017/vaidyanathan-vembu/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Asia Pacific Entrepreneurship Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901110500/https://enterpriseasia.org/apea/india/awards/in-2017/vaidyanathan-vembu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
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Vaidyanathan is an active marathoner. He ran 8 marathons and 22 half marathons. In his spare time, he plays the guitar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Tamal |date=2023-01-09 |title=The guitar-strumming CEO: How IDFC First Bank's boss V. Vaidyanathan changed India's NBFC space |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/the-guitar-strumming-ceo-how-idfc-first-banks-boss-v-vaidyanathan-changed-indias-nbfc-space-359421-2023-01-09 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
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He lives in Mumbai with his family, consisting of his father, wife, and three children.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/z6zp3jHNgTYZ4NJFFUbY5K/A-month-to-the-marathon.html|title=A month to the marathon - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|date=15 December 2009 |access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-01-12/news/28466897_1_half-marathon-full-marathon-standard-chartered-mumbai-marathon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509000051/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-01-12/news/28466897_1_half-marathon-full-marathon-standard-chartered-mumbai-marathon|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2016|title=India Inc: Get, set, go|website=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref><br />
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== Awards and recognition ==<br />
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* "CEO of the Year 2018"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/V-Vaidyanathan-A-Big-match-Player-/18-06-2018-152191/|title=V Vaidyanathan, A Big Match Player|access-date=2018-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref> by [[Businessworld]]<br />
* [[CNBC Awaaz]] Entrepreneur of the Year 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=IDFC First Bank Ltd board approves reappointment of Mr. V Vaidyanathan as MD and CEO |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=291384 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=EquityBulls}}</ref><br />
* 2022 [[Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award]] (Financial Services)<ref>{{Cite web |title=EY Entrepreneur Of The Year™ 2022 Winners |url=https://www.ey.com/en_in/entrepreneur-of-the-year/winners-2022 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.ey.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-23 |title=JSW Group chairman Sajjan Jindal wins EY entrepreneur of the year award 2022 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/jsw-group-chairman-sajjan-jindal-wins-ey-entrepreneur-of-the-year-award-2022/articleshow/98187692.cms |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
* 2024 [[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]' Banker of The Year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-28 |title=Finance Minister to give away FE Best Banks awards today |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-finance-minister-to-give-away-fe-best-banks-awards-today-3633119/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Publications ==<br />
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=== Book chapters ===<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bandhopadhya |first=Tamal |author-link=Tamal Bandyopadhyay |date=2023 |title=Roller Coaster: An Affair With Banking |chapter=V Vaidyanathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlKkEAAAQBAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House]] |page=340 |isbn=9789393559586}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* {{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Urvashi |date=3 April 2025 |title=V. Vaidyanathan spills the beans on how IDFC First Bank's digital-first approach is changing modern banking |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/v-vaidyanathan-spills-the-beans-on-how-idfc-first-banks-digital-first-approach-is-changing-modern-banking/121588 |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=[[Fortune India]]}}<br />
<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Karthik |first=Hamsini |date=24 May 2024 |title=IDFC First Bank is being built on strong unit economics: V Vaidyanathan, MD & CEO |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/idfc-first-bank-is-being-built-on-strong-unit-economics-v-vaidyanathan-md-ceo/article68195674.ece |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=[[Business_Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}<br />
* {{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Piyush |date=29 April 2024 |title=Target over 30% deposit growth in FY25: IDFC First Bank's CEO |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-target-over-30-deposit-growth-in-fy25-idfc-first-banks-ceo-3470915/ |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}<br />
* {{Cite web |last1=Ray |first1=Suchetna |last2=Sinha |first2=Nidhi |date=1 March 2024 |title=Awareness, Guidance Key to Retirement Planning: V. Vaidyanathan |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/strategy-4/interview-18/awareness-guidance-key-to-retirement-planning-v-vaidyanathan-6990 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Business]]}}<br />
* {{Cite news |last=Ramanathan |first=Ajay |date=31 October 2023 |title=NPAs in loan against property will reduce meaningfully: IDFC First Bank MD |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-npas-in-loan-against-property-will-reduce-meaningfully-idfc-first-bank-md-3291692/ |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}<br />
* {{Cite news |last=Angre |first=Alekh |date=25 July 2023 |title=IDFC First Bank’s Vaidya is an ‘atomic habit’ in motion. Investors need to trust his instincts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/money-and-markets/idfc-first-banks-vaidya-is-an-atomic-habit-in-motion-investors-need-to-trust-his-instincts-/primearticleshow/102087157.cms |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}<br />
* {{Cite news |date=8 September 2021 |title=RBI approves re-appointment of Vaidyanathan as IDFC FIRST Bank chief |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/rbi-approves-re-appointment-of-vaidyanathan-as-idfc-first-bank-chief/article36354660.ece | access-date=15 August 2024 |work=[[Business Line]]}}<br />
* {{Cite news |last=Kapur |first=Mansi |date=5 November 2010 |title=The School of Bankers |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/investing/the-school-for-bankers/101159 |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=[[Fortune India]]}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidyanathan, V.}}<br />
[[Category:1968 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian bankers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men marathon runners]]<br />
[[Category:IDFC First Bank]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Claridges&diff=540456The Claridges2026-04-26T19:10:58Z<p>Lucinda30E: </p>
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<div>{{short description|5-star hotel in Lutyens Delhi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox hotel<br />
| name = The Claridges, New Delhi<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| location = [[Lutyens' Delhi]], 12 Aurangzeb Road, [[New Delhi]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| opening_date = 1955<br />
| architect = <br />
| operator = <br />
| owner = Suresh Nanda<br />
| floor_area = <br />
| floor_count = 3<br />
| parking = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| height = <br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| pushpin_mapsize = <br />
| closing_date = <br />
| number_of_rooms = 132<br />
| number_of_suites = <br />
| number_of_restaurants = <br />
| website = https://www.claridges.com/<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''The Claridges Delhi''' is a [[Hotel rating|five star]] [[hotel]] in [[New Delhi]] with 132 rooms. It is located in [[Lutyens' Delhi]] on Aurangzeb Road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M/S Claridges Hotel Pvt. Ltd vs Union Of India on 30 May, 2024 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/130522153/ |website=Indiankanoon.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Claridges, New Delhi|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/claridges-new-delhi/|website=Condé Nast Traveller|date=12 February 2014 }}</ref> Built in 1955, the hotel's interior depicts historical artwork of royal India and is surrounded with lush green lawns and has been an important relic of independent India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Claridges, New Delhi, Delhi|work=Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/delhi/new-delhi/hotels/the-claridges-hotel/}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Claridges Delhi is spread across 3 acres of land, the hotel is a low-rise building of 3 floors and is divided into two wings. The hotel has an outdoor swimming pool, seven restaurants, a shopping arcade, health club and art galleries.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Claridges launches art gallery|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/claridges-launches-art-gallery/article7584738.ece}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2003, the hotel's ownership was changed, which was arranged by its Chairman [[Suresh Nanda]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nanda takes the Claridges Cake|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nanda-takes-the-claridges-cake/articleshow/42602669.cms?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Claridges Hotel up for sale; Rs 1,500 crore expected|work=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/claridges-hotel-up-for-sale-rs-1500-crore-expected/articleshow/50274859.cms}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Restaurants ==<br />
<br />
=== Sevilla ===<br />
Sevilla is a Spanish-themed restaurant in Claridges which serves pizzas, tapas, paella and house special sangrias.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sevilla, The Claridges|url=https://food.ndtv.com/reviews/sevilla-the-claridges-692740|website=NDTV Food}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Dhaba By Claridges ===<br />
Dhaba is a Punjabi highway themed restaurant in Claridges serving rustic Indian cuisine.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhaba - The Claridges|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/eating-out/dhaba-the-claridges/as47876289.cms|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Sanjeev Nanda, CEO of The Claridges Delhi sold the restaurant to Azure Hospitality in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sanjeev Nanda sells Dhaba by Claridges to Azure Hospitality|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/sanjeev-nanda-sells-dhaba-by-claridges-to-azure-hospitality-116121300348_1.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Delhi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:New Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Hotels in Delhi]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matcharasa_Matcharaju&diff=516774Matcharasa Matcharaju2026-04-24T19:07:58Z<p>Lucinda30E: Created the article more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian agriculturalist and politician (born 1912)}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_end = March 3, 1967<br />
| term_start = April 2, 1962<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|6|10}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Gangaraju Madugula]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Agriculturalist|politician|judge}}<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| office1 = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| office2 = Justice, [[Madras High Court]]<br />
| term2 = 1938<br />
| term_end1 = 1962<br />
| term_start1 = 1955<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shri Matcharasa Matcharaju''' (born June 10, 1912) was an Indian agriculturalist, politician, and judge,<ref name="Congress 1938 202">{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian National |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJPAIusaMYC&q=%22Matcharasa+Matcharaju%22 |title=Directory of the Madras Legislature |date=1938 |publisher=Madras Legislature Congress Party. |pages=202 |language=en}}</ref> remarked for his service as a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1962 to 1967.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Loksabha members : Matcharaju, Shri Matcharasa - Data is Info: Data is more useful if it is made available in a better format. |url=https://datais.info/loksabha/members/Matcharaju+,+Shri+Matcharasa/d208c12aae4bb4e7188a44ad62c7689f/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=Data is Info |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matcharasa Matcharaju |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/candidates/matcharasa-matcharaju-GEAP16190 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Shri Matcharasa Matcharaju was born on June 10, 1912, in the small town of [[Gangaraju Madugula]] in the [[Visakhapatnam]] district of the [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]). He pursued [[agriculture]] as a profession but is remembered primarily for his contributions to Indian politics— having been elected to the 3rd Lok Sabha,<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Archives/StasticalReports/StatRep_AP_1955.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209040043/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Archives/StasticalReports/StatRep_AP_1955.pdf | archive-date=2022-12-09}}</ref> he channeled his efforts to uplift the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST) communities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-28 |title=Shri Matcharasa Matcharaju political profile {{!}} ENTRANCE INDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/tag/shri-matcharasa-matcharaju-political-profile/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> He also previously served as a justice for the [[Madras High Court]] during the 1930s.<ref name="Congress 1938 202"/><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He married Shrimati M. Chandramma in 1942, and together they raised three sons and three daughters.<ref name=":1" /> His date of death is unknown.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Matcharaju, Matcharasa}}<br />
[[Category:1912 births]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]<br />
<br />
{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amit_Chachan&diff=486001Amit Chachan2026-04-18T21:06:26Z<p>Lucinda30E: New The Article Initial Version - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Amit Chachan<br />
| birth_date =<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Nohar Assembly constituency|Nohar]]<br />
| term_start = 2018<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Abhishek Matoria]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| education = <br />
| profession = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Amit Chachan''' is an Indian politician. He is member of the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Nohar Assembly constituency|Nohar]] constituency. He is member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
=== 15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (2018–2023) ===<br />
Chachan began his political journey by winning the [[Nohar Assembly constituency|Nohar]] constituency seat in the [[15th Rajasthan Assembly]]. In the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he got 93,851 votes out of a total of 202,003 votes polled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अमित चाचाण |url=https://www.aajtak.in/topic/amit-chachan |access-date=2018-02-16 |website=aajtak.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (2023–present) ===<br />
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was re-elected as an MLA from the [[Nohar Assembly constituency|Nohar Assembly]] constituency. In a closely contested race, he defeated the BJP candidate Abhishek Kumar Matoria by a narrow margin of 895 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nohar Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Amit Chachan with 103623 defeats BJP's Abhishek Matoria |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nohar-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470615-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/MemberConstituencyWise.aspx |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=assembly.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress Party |url=https://rajpcc.com/amitchachan |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=rajpcc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nohar Assembly Election Results 2018: Congress' Amit Chachan wins by 13727 votes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/rajasthan-election/article/nohar-assembly-constituency-election-2018-polls-rajasthan-vasundhara-raje-bharatiya-janata-party-bjp-congress-sachin-pilot-abhishek-matoriya-amit/319431 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chachan, Amit}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1984 births]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hanumangarh district]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thounaojam_Strela_Luwang&diff=541167Thounaojam Strela Luwang2026-04-15T15:37:42Z<p>Lucinda30E: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian model}}<br />
{{Meitei name|[[Thounaojam]]|Strela|[[Luwang]]}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}<br />
{{Infobox pageant titleholder<br />
| name = Thounaojam Strela Luwang<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = {{langx|mni|/thou-nāu-jam strã-lā lū-wāng/}}<br />
| native_name_lang = mni<br />
| birth_name = Strela<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|06|05}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India <br />
| other_names = <br />
| alma_mater = {{hlist|[[Manipal University Jaipur]]|Heritage Convent School, Manipur University (MIMS) [[Imphal]]}}<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Thounaojam Strela Luwang |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-india/miss-india-contestants/2023/thounaojam-strela-luwang/contestantprofile/98010264.cms |website=beautypageants.in}}</ref><br />
| occupation = MBA Student {{hlist|Model|actress|television anchor|Writer}}<ref name="auto4"/><br />
| years_active = 2016-present<br />
| height = 5’7<br />
| title = [[Miss Manipur|Miss Manipur 2017]]<br>Femina Miss India Manipur 2023<br />
| spouse = <br />
| domestic_partner = <br />
| children = <br />
| films = <br />
| agency = <br />
| hair_color = Black{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<br />
| eye_color = Hazel Brown<br />
| competitions = {{ubl|Miss Manipur 2017|(Winner)|Mega Miss Northeast 2017 (Winner) | Miss Paradise 2016| Miss Diva Northeast 2016-17|(Top 5)|(Miss Rampwalk)|Femina Miss India Manipur 2023|(Winner)|[[Femina Miss India 2023]]|(2nd Runner-Up)}}<br />
| module = <br />
| website = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
}}<br />
'''Thounaojam Strela Luwang''' ({{langx|mni|/thou-nāu-jam strã-lā lū-wāng/}}) is an Indian television anchor, social activist, model and beauty pageant title holder who was crowned second runner up at [[Femina Miss India 2023]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Devnath |first=Aparupa |date=15 April 2023 |title=Miss India 2023: Rajasthan's Nandini Gupta wins the crown; Shreya Poonja & Thounaojam Strela Luwang runners-up |work=INDIA TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/beauty/miss-india-2023-rajasthan-nandini-gupta-wins-the-crown-shreya-poonja-thounaojam-strela-luwang-runners-up-2023-04-16-863879 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lifestyle Desk |first=TN |date=16 April 2023 |title=Strela Thounaojam Luwang: Meet Femina Miss India 2023's Second Runner-Up |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/strela-thounaojam-luwang-meet-femina-miss-india-2023-second-runner-up-article-99529989 |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> She represented her state [[Manipur]] at Femina Miss India 2023 after winning Femina Miss India Manipur 2023.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Femina Miss India Manipur 2023 Thounaojam Strela Luwang invites the whole of Manipur as she takes the stage to represent the state! |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/femina-miss-india-manipur-2023-thounaojam-strela-luwang-invites-the-whole-of-manipur-as-she-takes-the-stage-to-represent-the-state/articleshow/99031709.cms |website=beautypageants.in}}</ref> She won [[Miss Manipur]] pageant held in 2017.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2017-12-17 |title=Thounaojam Strela crowned Miss Manipur 2017 |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/thounaojam-strela-crowned-miss-manipur-2017.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref> She was also one of the top five finalists at the [[Miss Diva|Miss Diva Northeast 2016-17]].<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |title=Unearthing gems: Northeast Diva 2016-17 – KanglaOnline |date=27 September 2017 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2017/09/unearthing-gems-northeast-diva-2016-17/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> She was featured in 2018 educational film, ''[[Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup?]]'' directed by [[Priyakanta Laishram]], which was the first-ever [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] on [[Gender neutrality|gender-neutral]] [[fashion]] and [[Male cosmetics|men's make-up]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2023 |title=2018 Manipuri film Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup is no less than a revolution |work=Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/pdf/2023/April/16%20April.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Other than her performances in beauty pageants, she works for the social activism in [[mental health]] issues with regard to [[gender equality]] as well as in [[child education|"child-friendly" education system]].<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |title=Femina Miss India Manipur 2023 Thounaojam Strela Luwang's struggle with Epilepsy |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/femina-miss-india-manipur-2023-thounaojam-strela-luwangs-struggle-with-epilepsy/articleshow/98331102.cms |website=beautypageants.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Thounaojam Strela Luwang ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯎꯖꯝ ꯁ꯭ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯂꯥ ꯂꯨꯋꯥꯡ}}|}}) was born on 5 June 2001<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Sorengshangbam |first=Sonia |date=5 March 2023 |title=Strela Luwang seeks love and public support |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=31..060323.mar23 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> to Thounaojam Ratan Luwangcha and Ashalata Chingsubam, and belongs to the [[Thounaojam]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯊꯧꯅꯥꯎꯖꯝ}}|}}) family and the [[Luwang]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯨꯋꯥꯡ}}|}}) clan of [[Meitei ethnicity]]. She is the third child of three siblings.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Miss India : Who is Femina Miss India Manipur 2023 Thounaojam Strela Luwang? |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/who-is-femina-miss-india-manipur-2023-thounaojam-strela-luwang-learn-now/articleshow/98602519.cms |website=beautypageants.in}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |last=Thokchom |first=Khelen |date=19 December 2017 |title=In search of an uninhibited sky |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/in-search-of-an-uninhibited-sky/cid/1425764 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> She is native to Uripok Bachaspati Leikai of [[Uripok]] town in [[Imphal]], Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strela Luwang Thounaojam Representing Manipur for 59th Femina Miss India |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Fashion_Section.Strela_Luwang_Thounaojam_Representing_Manipur_for_59th_Femina_Miss_India |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><br />
Strela studied for [[International Business]] and worked for day and night to build up her future career with strong desire. She loves music, playing guitar, [[Kalimba]], and [[Ukulele]].<ref name="auto2"/><br />
<br />
Thounaojam has had attacks of epilepsy and anxiety in her past, and was diagnosed with depression at an early age. At the age of 8-10, she found the art of writing. She took social activism for creating social awareness of mental health issues.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto5"/><br />
<br />
== Miss Manipur 2017 ==<br />
In 2017, Thounaojam entered and won [[Miss Manipur]] 2017,<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto5"/> at Bheigyachandra Open Air Theatre in [[Imphal]] on December 16, 2017.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |title=Thounaojam Strela is Miss Manipur 2017 – KanglaOnline |date=19 December 2017 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2017/12/thounaojam-strela-is-miss-manipur-2017/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
During the event, she expressed her desire to work for the safety of animals and old aged people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Would like to work for old people, says Miss Manipur 2017 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/beauty/would-like-to-work-for-old-people-says-miss-manipur-2017201712212035240001/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== In Miss Diva Northeast ==<br />
At [[Miss Diva]] Northeast 2016-17,<ref name="auto7"/> Thounaojam was one of the top five finalists, and won the title of "Miss Rampwalk".<ref name="auto7"/><br />
<br />
== Femina Miss India 2023 ==<br />
In 2023, Thounaojam entered and won Femina Miss India Manipur 2023 and represented her home state Manipur<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto6"/> at the Femina Miss India 2023. At the latter, she won two sub-titles, ''Colorbar Miss Glamorous Look'' and ''Trends Miss Style Icon''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strela Luwang bags two subtitles : 24th mar23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp4..240323.mar23 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
Thounaojam faced financial problems regarding her preparations for the pageant. She didn't have enough money to buy expensive dresses to wear during the pageant, unlike other participants do. So, she had collected some second-hand clothes to be used during the event.<ref name="auto1"/> <br />
<br />
Regarding Femina Miss India 2023 being held in Manipur, after its decade long regular venue of [[Mumbai]] to another spot in Manipur, a remote state of [[Northeast India]], for the first time in the history of the pageant, Luwang said the following:<br />
{{Quote|The fact that the whole country is coming to my home, not only for the first time in its history but for the fact that I will also get to be a part of making that history, it just gives me immense happiness and excitement.<ref name="auto2"/>}}<br />
<br />
== Social activism ==<br />
At school she was bullied by classmates, colleagues and even teachers. Therefore, Thounaojam has dedicated herself to encourage [[child education|child-friendly education]] without the discrimination of any [[gender identity]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto6"/> Thounaojam quoted the following regarding her cause of social activism,<br />
<br />
{{Quote|I have always been an active and avid messenger of [[Mental Health]]. Having felt what they feel, seen what they see, and feared what they fear, I must say my words would connect more to those suffering from mental health issues. Thus, I would want to work on advocating its causes that are prominent today and work on encouraging a child-friendly education, no more excessive pressure to the children and no more harsh punishments.<ref name="auto2"/>}}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Director<br />
!Note<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|[[Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup?]]<br />
|Herself<br />
|[[Priyakanta Laishram]]<br />
|[[India|India's]] first film on [[Gender neutrality|gender-neutral]] fashion and [[Male cosmetics|men's makeup]]. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm14763379}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2001 births]]<br />
[[Category:Meitei people]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]<br />
[[Category:Femina Miss India]]<br />
[[Category:Female models from Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Beauty pageants in Manipur]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_India:_Morning_and_Evening_Ragas&diff=519263Music of India: Morning and Evening Ragas2026-04-09T18:16:40Z<p>Lucinda30E: Created new post added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Music of India: Morning and Evening Ragas<br />
| type = studio<br />
| artist = [[Ali Akbar Khan]]<br />
| cover = Cover for Angel Records' edition of Ali Akbar Khan's 1955 album Music of India.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 1955<br />
| recorded = 18 April 1955 <br /> [[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA]] guest house, New York City<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]]<br />
| length = 47:31<br />
| label = [[Angel Records|Angel]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Music of India: Morning and Evening Ragas''''' is the debut album by Indian [[sarod]] master [[Ali Akbar Khan]], released in 1955. Issued on [[Angel Records]], it is considered a landmark recording,<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 1, 3, 5.</ref> being the first album of [[Indian classical music]] ever released.<ref name="Hunt/AAK obit">Ken Hunt, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ustad-ali-akbar-khan-sarod-maestro-who-played-with-ravi-shankar-and-appeared-at-the-concert-for-bangladesh-1717981.html "Ustad Ali Akbar Khan: Sarod maestro who played with Ravi Shankar and appeared at the Concert for Bangladesh"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 25 June 2009 (retrieved 3 December 2013).</ref><ref>''World Music: The Rough Guide'', p. 109.</ref><br />
<br />
Khan recorded ''Music of India'' on 18 April 1955, while in New York for the Living Arts of India Festival – a cultural program initiated by American classical violinist [[Yehudi Menuhin]] and sponsored by the [[Ford Foundation]].<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 58, 59.</ref> The recording session took place at a guest house attached to the [[Museum of Modern Art]], the day before Khan and his accompanying musicians – [[Chatur Lal]] ([[tabla]]) and Shirish Gor ([[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]]) – played a well-received concert at the museum.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 59, 60.</ref> During the same visit, Khan, Lal and dancer [[Shanta Rao]] performed live on the [[CBS Network]]'s arts show ''[[Omnibus (U.S. TV series)|Omnibus]]'',<ref>Lavezzolli, pp. 5, 59.</ref><ref name="Grimes/AAK obit">William Grimes, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/20/arts/music/22khan.html "Ali Akbar Khan, Sarod Virtuoso, Dies at 87"], ''[[New York Times]]'', 19 June 2009 (retrieved 3 December 2013).</ref> marking the first appearance on US television by an Indian classical musician.<ref name="Hunt/AAK obit" /><ref name="AAK bio Allmusic" /> In another of what music critic Ken Hunt identifies as "three historical firsts" associated with Khan's 1955 visit,<ref name="Hunt/AAK obit" /> his New York and Washington, DC concerts served as debut recitals for Indian classical music in North America.<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 5.</ref><ref>Mark Jenkins, [http://aliakbarkhanlibrary.com/library_site/pages/z_articles/wa_post.html "Ali Akbar Khan: Rajah of Ragas"], ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'', 21 September 1997 (retrieved 3 December 2013).</ref><br />
<br />
As president of the [[Asian Music Circle]] in London, Menuhin had originally invited [[sitarist]] [[Ravi Shankar]] to be the main performer at the festival,<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 57, 58.</ref> having met him in India three years before.<ref>Shankar, p. 135.</ref> Shankar was forced to decline the invitation, hoping to save his marriage to musician and teacher [[Annapurna Devi]],<ref>Shankar, p. 138.</ref> but he recommended that Khan, his brother-in-law, go instead.<ref name="Lavezzoli p 58">Lavezzolli, p. 58.</ref> Menuhin subsequently lauded Khan as "an absolute genius, the greatest musician in the world".<ref name="Hunt/AAK obit" /><ref name="AAK bio Allmusic">Craig Harris, [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ali-akbar-khan-mn0000742673/biography "Ali Akbar Khan"], [[Allmusic]] (retrieved 3 December 2013).</ref><br />
<br />
The success of ''Music of India: Morning and Evening Ragas'' encouraged [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] to start producing [[LP record|LP]]-length classical recordings.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 60, 61.</ref> It also inspired Shankar,<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 61.</ref> who made his concert debut in the West in October 1956 with performances in Britain and Germany, again accompanied by Lal.<ref>Shankar, pp. 141–42.</ref> Also in 1956, having established himself internationally, Khan founded the influential [[Ali Akbar College of Music]] in Calcutta.<ref name="AAK bio Allmusic" /><ref>Massey, p. 142.</ref> ''Music of India'' was reissued in 1995 as disc one of Khan's [[Grammy Award|Grammy]]-nominated<ref>Lavezzolli, p. 3.</ref> ''Then and Now'' album.<ref>Brett Love, [http://www.allmusic.com/album/then-and-now-the-music-of-the-masters-continues-mw0000122009 "Ali Akbar Khan ''Then and Now: The Music of the Masters Continues''"], [[Allmusic]] (retrieved 3 December 2013).</ref><br />
<br />
In 2025, ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'' ranked ''Music of India: Morning and Even Ragas'' at number 426 in their list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of the 1950s", with contributor Jon Dale highlighting the "combination of sarod, tabla and tampura" for remaining "revelatory".<ref name="Uncut500">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Robinson |editor1-first=John |title=The Ultimate Record Collection: The 500 Greatest Albums of the 1950s |journal=Uncut: The Archive Collection |date=April 2025 |issue=8 |page=17}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Content==<br />
As at the festival events, Menuhin acts as host on the recording, providing a brief introduction for each piece.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 1, 5.</ref> Author Peter Lavazzoli writes that Menuhin carries out this role "[w]ith distinct enthusiasm" and serves as "the Western listener's guide" on ''Music of India''.<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 1.</ref> Menuhin asks Khan to play the [[Scale (music)|scale]] to be used in the first [[raga]], and Lal to demonstrate the [[Tala (music)|tala]] (rhythm pattern) on the tabla, before the musicians perform [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]], a popular morning raga.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 1–2, 4.</ref><br />
<br />
At the start of side two of the album, in its original [[LP record|LP]] format, Menuhin again asks Khan and Lal to outline the parameters of the upcoming piece.<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 2.</ref> The musicians then play an evening raga, "[[Pilu (raga)|Pilu Baroowa]]".<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 2–3.</ref><br />
<br />
==Track listing==<br />
All selections by Ali Akbar Khan.<br />
<br />
'''Side one'''<br />
# "Introduction" – 2:07<br />
# "[[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Raga Sindhu Bhairavi]]" – 19:50<br />
<br />
'''Side two'''<br />
#<li value="3">"Introduction" – 1:02<br />
# "[[Pilu (raga)|Raga Pilu Baroowa]]" – 24:32<br />
<br />
==Personnel==<br />
* [[Ali Akbar Khan]] – [[sarod]]<br />
* [[Chatur Lal]] – [[tabla]]<br />
* Shirish Gor – [[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]]<br />
* [[Yehudi Menuhin]] – spoken introductions<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Music}}<br />
*[[Hindustani music]]<br />
<br />
==Citations==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* Peter Lavezzoli, ''The Dawn of Indian Music in the West'', Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; {{ISBN|0-8264-2819-3}}).<br />
* Reginald Massey, ''The Music of India'', Abhinav Publications (New Delhi, NCT, 1996; {{ISBN|81-7017-332-9}}).<br />
* Ravi Shankar, ''Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar'', Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; {{ISBN|1-56649-104-5}}).<br />
* ''World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific)'', Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}).<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1955 debut albums]]<br />
[[Category:Classical albums by Indian artists]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani classical music albums]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marwar_painting&diff=516635Marwar painting2026-04-07T18:42:39Z<p>Lucinda30E: Created a info needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Rajasthani style of Indian painting}} <br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Maharaja Ram singh celebrating Diwali with a companion.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ram singh celebrating Diwali with a companion|333x333px]]'''Marwar painting''' is a traditional form of [[Indian painting]] that originated in the city of [[Jodhpur]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. Even though it emerged under the larger umbrella of [[Rajput painting]], Marwar School created an original style as it was partly influenced by [[Mughal painting|Mughal art]] and showcased many original elements. Marwar school of painting manifested distinct style, content, and techniques of its own that incorporated local knowledge. <br />
<br />
[[Marwar]] state is located on the West of [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]] Mountains. Marwar is a term that has emerged from the word ''marupradesh'' or ''land of the dead''. It signifies the harsh conditions of [[Thar Desert|Thar desert]]. The desert land and the ensuing difficult life is interspersed with cultural art forms to add joy to harsh lives. Marwar has a distinct cultural idiom, and thus had developed a distinct school of painting. The painting tradition is generally traced back to the 17th century, when the rulers of [[Jodhpur]], the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathores]], patronized the art form. It was also influenced by the traditions already existing in the region.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
It is said that the Rathore rulers patronized artists from many parts of India, and their interaction with local artists and art forms led to the development of unique style, which came to be known as Marwar painting.<br />
<br />
=== Early influences ===<br />
The earliest influence on Marwar style can be traced to the murals of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], of which, the door of [[Mandor]] is the finest example. According to Tarachand, this style is related to ''Sringdhar'' which traces the origin of Marwar style to the confluence of local art styles and [[Ajanta Caves#Paintings|Ajanta frescoes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taranath |title=On Buddhist Art |journal=Marg |volume=IV |issue=1 |pages=63}}</ref> Marwar School was initially influenced by Mewar School also but through illustrations of Jain manuscripts, Marwar came to be acknowledged as a separate school (1532{{Dash}}68). As early as 1519, manuscripts of ''Uttradhayayana Sutra'' was painted in this style, which is now in the collection of [[Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery|Baroda Museum]]. It also shows a relationship with [[Gujarat]] as the titles of the paintings are given in [[Gujarati language]] and script.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Museum Ctalogue |url=https://primo.getty.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=GRI&docid=GETTY_ALMA21123330840001551&context=L |journal=Bulletin of Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery |volume=V |pages=43}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Royal patronage and Mughal influence ===<br />
Because of the Mughal influence, the Marwar miniatures were inspired by their art. We can see the influence in the [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagawat]] of 1610 in which [[Arjuna]]'s and [[Krishna]]'s costumes are just like Mughals, but the facial features envision a [[Rajput]] noble. The ''[[Gopi|Gopis]]'' or female companions of Krishna are dressed akin to women of Marwar but the elaborate ornaments adorning them betray [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] imperial grandeur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chitralekha |title=Drawings of Rajasthan |publisher=Aryan Books International |year=1993 |location=Delhi |pages=44}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] (1626{{Dash}}1678) ushered in great activity in the field of painting. Court life, royal portraits, and [[Krishna]] related themes were most popular during his time. The history of royal patronage is reflected in the choice of subjects of the paintings. During the era of [[Aurangzeb]] and [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]], a lot of paintings influenced by Mughal subjects were painted. The mythological and lyrical paintings were made at the time of [[Vijay Singh of Marwar|Vijay Singh]] and [[Man Singh of Marwar|Man Singh]], in which [[Panchatantra]] Suknasika character and [[Nath]] character were frequently put in centerstage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kremrisch |first=Stella |title=Abanindranath Tagore |journal=Journal of Indian Society of Oriental Art |volume=IV |issue=1948 |pages=36}}</ref> Many of these paintings can be now seen in the Maharaja's ''Pustak Prakash'' Library and quite a few are periodically displayed in the [[Mehrangarh]] Fort Museum, Jodhpur. Man Singh was a follower of Nath cult and an illustrated manuscript of ''Nathacharita'' was prepared under his patronage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=Around Town: The magical, telltale brushstrokes of Jodhpur-Marwar in Mumbai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/around-town-the-magical-telltale-brushstrokes-of-jodhpur-marwar-in-mumbai-8197173/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Style ==<br />
The Jodhpur style, which developed in the 18th-century, is characterized by its bold lines and use of primary colors. Due to local influence red and yellow colours were favourably used. The use of costumes and ''jamas'' were the result of Mughal influence. The men wore high [[Turban|turbans]] and ladies using red dotted dresses. In the paintings, artists have used a lot of golden colour because of the influence of Mughal art. Majority of the bodies are short and the hands rounded and flower knob is characteristic feature of female jewellery. They had also done detailed study of different parts of the body.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goetz |first=Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcSfAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajput Art and Architecture |date=1978 |publisher=Steiner |isbn=978-3-515-02982-7 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
[[File:Maharaja Man Singh as a connoisseur of music and dance.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Man Singh as a connoisseur of music and dance]]<br />
<br />
=== Technique ===<br />
Marwar painting is typically done on paper, cloth, or walls using natural colors made from mineral and vegetable sources. The artists use a fine brush made of squirrel hair to create intricate designs, which often depict scenes from [[Hindu mythology]], local folklore, and historical events.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} <br />
<br />
=== Themes ===<br />
Marwar painting is known for its rich iconography, which includes deities, animals, birds, and plants. The paintings often depict scenes from the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], as well as local legends and folktales. The artists also draw inspiration from nature, incorporating images of birds, flowers, and other natural elements into their work. Sociological subjects were quite popular in eighteenth century in this style. Character of [[Panchatantra]] and ''Suknasika'', potter, washerman, labourer, wood-cutter, hunter, barber, waterman, goldsmith, businessman, panibarin, milkman, gardener, farmer and their related lives were painted frequently. The traditional [[Ragamala paintings|Ragamala]] paintings were also commons subjects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=C. |first=A. K. |date=1918 |title=Rajput Painting |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4169664 |journal=Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin |volume=16 |issue=96 |pages=49–62 |jstor=4169664 |issn=0899-0344}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebeling |first=Klaus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_bqAAAAMAAJ |title=Ragamala Painting |date=1973 |publisher=Ravi Kumar |language=en}}</ref> Drawings of places, forts, and majestic buildings catered to the royal taste but the depiction of scenery catered to the taste of Marwari capitalists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Nīraja |first1=Jayasiṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGjTjmL29VIC&q=rajasthani+painting |title=Splendour of Rajasthani Painting |last2=Neeraj |first2=Jai Singh |date=1991 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-267-3 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Contribution to heritage ==<br />
Marwar painting of Jodhpur is an important part of the cultural heritage of Rajasthan. The paintings are highly valued by collectors and art enthusiasts and are an important source of income for the artists and their families.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} Artists trained at the courts of the Mughal emperors introduced the Jodhpur artists to the classical concepts of portraiture and composition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crill |first=Rosemary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBhkQgAACAAJ |title=Marwar Painting: A History of the Jodhpur Style |date=2000 |publisher=India Book House |isbn=978-81-7508-139-0 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Schools and subschools ===<br />
Located near the Marwar border, [[Devgarh, Rajasthan|Devgarh]] Thikana, though situated in Mewar borders, show a deep impact of Marwar style. The grandeur of the Marwar school of painting was well-expressed in Jodhpur style. Alongside this, [[Bikaner style of painting|Bikaner style]] emerged from it as an independent school while [[Kishangarh]] style became world renowned. Substyles of [[Jaisalmer]], [[Nagaur]], [[Sirohi]], [[Ghanerao]], also became distinct.<ref name=":0" /> Many temples of the region have [[mural|murals]] beside the more popular miniature art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art & Architecture: The Treasures Of Marwariland |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/recliner/art-architecture-the-treasures-of-marwariland/37381/1 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Marwar murals are simple in execution as well as in arrangement and have used the [[stucco]] technique as well as [[tempera]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agarwala |first=Ramavatar |date=1977 |title=The Marwar Murals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250168 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=39 |issue=3/4 |pages=268–272 |doi=10.2307/3250168|jstor=3250168 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery mode="nolines"><br />
File:Maharaja Vijai Singh worshipping Krishna.jpg|Maharaja Vijai Singh worshipping Krishna<br />
File:Portrait of Maharaja Ajit Singh.jpg|Portrait of Maharaja Ajit Singh<br />
File:Maharaja Vijai Singh presenting a garland to his son Fateh Singh.jpg|Maharaja Vijai Singh presenting a garland to his son Fateh Singh<br />
File:A celebration in the zenana.jpg|A celebration in the zenana<br />
File:A royal party out on a hunt.jpg|A royal party out on a hunt<br />
File:Parvati and her mother Mena view Kailasha from a Vimana.jpg|Parvati and her mother Mena view Kailasha from a Vimana<br />
File:The City of Kannauj.jpg|The City of Kannauj<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Marwar]]<br />
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rajya_Sabha_elections&diff=512643List of Rajya Sabha elections2026-04-04T14:06:26Z<p>Lucinda30E: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian upper house elections}}<br />
{{One source|date=August 2022}}<br />
[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Members]] of the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) or the upper house of [[Parliament of India]] are indirectly elected by the elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assemblies]] of all the [[States and union territories of India|states]] of India and [[Union territory|union territories]] having a [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assembly]] ([[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]). Rajya Sabha members represent the states of India. Candidates who win the Rajya Sabha elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for six years. The house meets in the Rajya Sabha Chamber of the [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in [[New Delhi]], on matters relating to creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place annually to elect 233 members for the Rajya Sabha, of which one third of the members retire in every two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|title=Terms of the Houses|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[1952 Rajya Sabha elections|first elections to the Rajya Sabha]] took place in 1952.<br />
<br />
==Rajya Sabha elections by year==<br />
<br />
{{sticky header}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+Rajya Sabha Elections<br />
!1950s<br />
!1960s<br />
!1970s<br />
!1980s<br />
!1990s<br />
!2000s<br />
!2010s<br />
!2020s<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Rajya Sabha elections|1952]]<br>[[1953 Rajya Sabha elections|1953]]<br>[[1954 Rajya Sabha elections|1954]]<br>[[1955 Rajya Sabha elections|1955]]<br>[[1956 Rajya Sabha elections|1956]]<br>[[1957 Rajya Sabha elections|1957]]<br>[[1958 Rajya Sabha elections|1958]]<br>[[1959 Rajya Sabha elections|1959]]<br />
<br />
|[[1960 Rajya Sabha elections|1960]]<br>[[1961 Rajya Sabha elections|1961]]<br>[[1962 Rajya Sabha elections|1962]]<br>[[1963 Rajya Sabha elections|1963]]<br>[[1964 Rajya Sabha elections|1964]]<br>[[1965 Rajya Sabha elections|1965]]<br>[[1966 Rajya Sabha elections|1966]]<br>[[1967 Rajya Sabha elections|1967]]<br>[[1968 Rajya Sabha elections|1968]]<br>[[1969 Rajya Sabha elections|1969]]<br />
<br />
|[[1970 Rajya Sabha elections|1970]]<br>[[1971 Rajya Sabha elections|1971]]<br>[[1972 Rajya Sabha elections|1972]]<br>[[1973 Rajya Sabha elections|1973]]<br>[[1974 Rajya Sabha elections|1974]]<br>[[1975 Rajya Sabha elections|1975]]<br>[[1976 Rajya Sabha elections|1976]]<br>[[1977 Rajya Sabha elections|1977]]<br>[[1978 Rajya Sabha elections|1978]]<br>[[1979 Rajya Sabha elections|1979]]<br />
<br />
|[[1980 Rajya Sabha elections|1980]]<br>[[1981 Rajya Sabha elections|1981]]<br>[[1982 Rajya Sabha elections|1982]]<br>[[1983 Rajya Sabha elections|1983]]<br>[[1984 Rajya Sabha elections|1984]]<br>[[1985 Rajya Sabha elections|1985]]<br>[[1986 Rajya Sabha elections|1986]]<br>[[1987 Rajya Sabha elections|1987]]<br>[[1988 Rajya Sabha elections|1988]]<br>[[1989 Rajya Sabha elections|1989]]<br />
<br />
|[[1990 Rajya Sabha elections|1990]]<br>[[1991 Rajya Sabha elections|1991]]<br>[[1992 Rajya Sabha elections|1992]]<br>[[1993 Rajya Sabha elections|1993]]<br>[[1994 Rajya Sabha elections|1994]]<br>[[1995 Rajya Sabha elections|1995]]<br>[[1996 Rajya Sabha elections|1996]]<br>[[1997 Rajya Sabha elections|1997]]<br>[[1998 Rajya Sabha elections|1998]]<br>[[1999 Rajya Sabha elections|1999]]<br />
<br />
|[[2000 Rajya Sabha elections|2000]]<br>[[2001 Rajya Sabha elections|2001]]<br>[[2002 Rajya Sabha elections|2002]]<br>[[2003 Rajya Sabha elections|2003]]<br>[[2004 Rajya Sabha elections|2004]]<br>[[2005 Rajya Sabha elections|2005]]<br>[[2006 Rajya Sabha elections|2006]]<br>[[2007 Rajya Sabha elections|2007]]<br>[[2008 Rajya Sabha elections|2008]]<br>[[2009 Rajya Sabha elections|2009]]<br />
<br />
|[[2010 Rajya Sabha elections|2010]]<br>[[2011 Rajya Sabha elections|2011]]<br>[[2012 Rajya Sabha elections|2012]]<br>[[2013 Rajya Sabha elections|2013]]<br>[[2014 Rajya Sabha elections|2014]]<br>[[2015 Rajya Sabha elections|2015]]<br>[[2016 Rajya Sabha elections|2016]]<br>[[2017 Rajya Sabha elections|2017]]<br>[[2018 Rajya Sabha elections|2018]]<br>[[2019 Rajya Sabha elections|2019]]<br />
<br />
|[[2020 Rajya Sabha elections|2020]]<br>[[2021 Rajya Sabha elections|2021]]<br>[[2022 Rajya Sabha elections|2022]]<br>[[2023 Rajya Sabha elections|2023]]<br>[[2024 Rajya Sabha elections|2024]]<br>[[2025 Rajya Sabha elections|2025]]<br>[[2026 Rajya Sabha elections|2026]]<br>''[[2027 Rajya Sabha elections|2027]]''<br>''[[2028 Rajya Sabha elections|2028]]''<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Elections in India]]<br />
* [[List of Indian presidential elections]]<br />
* [[List of Indian vice presidential elections]]<br />
* [[List of Indian general elections]]<br />
* [[List of Indian state legislative assembly elections]]<br />
* [[Government of India]]<br />
* [[Parliament of India]]<br />
* [[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian elections}}<br />
{{Rajya Sabha}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of elections in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|*]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alok_Kumar_Singh&diff=485687Alok Kumar Singh2026-04-03T03:05:45Z<p>Lucinda30E: New Basic Bio More To Come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = <br />
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| parents = Rameshwar Singh<br />
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]]<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 14 November 2025<br />
| profession = Agriculturist<br />
| constituency = [[Dinara Assembly constituency|Dinara]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Vijay Mandal]]<br />
| term_end = <br />
}}<br />
'''Alok Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician, currently serving as the member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Dinara Assembly constituency|Dinara]]. He is the member of [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Information about Alok Kumar Singh|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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|website=affidavit.eci.gov.in|access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/rohtas/bikramganj/news/nda-candidate-alok-kumar-singh-filed-his-nomination-from-dinara-136200385.html|title=दिनारा से एनडीए प्रत्याशी आलोक कुमार सिंह ने किया नामांकन|website=bhaskar.com|access-date=29 October 2025|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04210.htm|title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies|website=results.eci. gov.in|access-date= 14 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Following the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the Dinara Assembly constituency, defeating Abhishek Ranjan, the candidate from the Independencent, by a margin of 78,338 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar/assembly-election-candidates-list-2025/alok-kumar-singh-04210-6|title=Alok Kumar Singh , RLM Election Results LIVE|publisher=ndtv. com|access-date=2025-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/dinara-election-result-2025-live-bihar-assembly-vidhan-sabha-chunav-parinam-winner-mla-candidate-name/4234964/|title=Dinara Election Result 2025 LIVE|website=jansatta.com|access-date=14 November 2025|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/bihar/candidate-alok-kumar-singh-4045|title=आलोक कुमार सिंह|website=aajtak.in|access-date=14 November 2025|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Dinara">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Dinara|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04210.htm|access-date=2 December 2025|work=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=14 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202110655/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04210.htm|archive-date=2 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dinara Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Dinara Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/dinara|access-date=2 December 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=14 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202110727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/dinara|archive-date=2 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Alok Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:People from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Morcha politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
<br />
{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anagha_J._Kolath&diff=486223Anagha J. Kolath2026-03-27T19:24:25Z<p>Lucinda30E: New First Stub Basic Info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Malayalam language poet}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Anagha J. Kolath<br />
| image = Anagha_J_Kolath.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1994|12}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = poet<br />
| movement = <br />
| notableworks = ''Mezhukuthirikku Swantham Theeppetti''<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| awards = [[Yuva Puraskar]] 2022<br />
| influences = <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
'''Anagha J. Kolath''' is a [[Malayalam language]] poet from [[Kerala]], India. In 2022, she received Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Anagha J. Kolath was born in 1994, at Kolath House in Pala, [[Kottayam district]] of Kerala, the youngest of three daughters of KN Jayachandran, a bank officer, and PG Shyamaladevi, a retired school teacher.<ref name="keralakaumudi">{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=അനഘയുടെ അക്ഷരങ്ങൾ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1352&u=young-writer-1352 |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824183241/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1352&u=young-writer-1352 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has two sisters Anjana and Archana.<ref name="MM">{{Cite web |title=കവിത; ഞാനറിഞ്ഞ കടൽ കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമിയുടെ യുവ പുരസ്കാര ജേതാവ് അനഘ ജെ.കോലത്ത് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kottayam/2022/08/25/kottayam-anagha-j-kolath.html |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
<br />
Anagha done her primary education at Pala Sakthivilasam NSS School.<ref name="keralakaumudi"/> After passing Plus Two from NSSHSS, Kitangur, she graduated in English from Government Women's College, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="keralakaumudi"/> After passing post graduation from NSS Hindu College in Changanassery, Anagha studied at the School of Letters to obtain her Masters in Malayalam.<ref name="keralakaumudi"/><br />
<br />
==Literary career==<br />
Anagha wrote her first poem while in the second grade.<ref name="keralakaumudi"/> She is good not only at writing poetry but also at reciting it. From a young age, she participated in the Narayaniyam and Poonthanam reciting competitions held by the Guruvayoor Devaswom.<ref name="keralakaumudi"/> In 2013, she was awarded the Suvarna mudra (Golden Seal) from Guruvayoor temple.<ref name="keralakaumudi"/> She has also won the third position in a poetry recitation competition on a leading Malayalam channel.<ref name="keralakaumudi"/><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
It was the writer K. Jayakumar who forced Anagha, who was reluctant to compile and publish her poems, to publish the poem and provided the necessary assistance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=കഥാകൃത്ത് സേതുവിനും കവി അനഘ ജെ കോലത്തിനും കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരം » Newsthen |url=https://newsthen.com/2022/08/24/86280.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |language=ml |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825105426/https://newsthen.com/2022/08/24/86280.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Anagha's first collection of poems titled ''Njan Arinja Kadal'', including about 30 poems, was published in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A little wordsmith par excellence - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/a-little-wordsmith-par-excellence/articleshow/43220807.cms |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824183240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/a-little-wordsmith-par-excellence/articleshow/43220807.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A poetry recital CD called Kavyamritham has also been released with 51 poems.<ref name="keralakaumudi"/> She was selected for Sahitya Akademi's online ''Kaviyarang'' (poetry discussion platform) in 2020.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Apart from poetry, Anagha is active in writing stories and articles in periodicals and online.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
Anagha has won many awards including [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] Yuvavani Award for best poetry, received on the International Day of Mother Tongue-2014, Ankanam Kavitha Award (2014) K M Sukumaran Memorial Award for College students (2014) and Punalur Balan Poetry Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=പുനലൂർ ബാലൻ പുരസ്കാരം |url=http://www.librarycouncilkollam.com/%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%a8%e0%b4%b2%e0%b5%82%e0%b5%bc-%e0%b4%ac%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b2%e0%b5%bb-%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%b8%e0%b5%8d%e2%80%8c%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%82/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |language=ml |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122193904/http://www.librarycouncilkollam.com/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC-%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (2020).<ref>{{Cite news|title=On write path|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/oct/10/on-write-path-1883357.html|access-date=2023-04-18|newspaper=The New Indian Express|first=Merin|last=Mariya|date=10 October 2018|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824183354/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/oct/10/on-write-path-1883357.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, she received [[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Yuva Puraskar]] for her poetry collection ''Mezhukuthirikku Swantham Theeppetti''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam writers Sethu, Anagha J Kolath bag Sahitya Akademi awards |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/08/24/sahitya-akademi-award-sethu-anagha-j-kolath.html |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824183240/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/08/24/sahitya-akademi-award-sethu-anagha-j-kolath.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anagha J., Kolath}}<br />
[[Category:1994 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali people]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam district]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vallapuzha&diff=462976Vallapuzha2026-03-26T12:30:28Z<p>Lucinda30E: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Vallapuzha<br />
| native_name = Vallappuzha<br />
| native_name_lang = Malayalam ,English, Arab<br />
| other_name = Kaalapparambu<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Panchayath<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|10|50|0|N|76|15|0|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = 1964<br />
| government_type = Local<br />
| governing_body = Grama Panchayath<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 21.64<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 28018<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.gov.in/resources/villagetown-wise-primary-census-abstract-2011-palakkad-district-kerala/download | title=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India | date=21 January 2022 }}</ref><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = 1295<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 679336<br />
| registration_plate = KL-52<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vallapuzha''' is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in [[Pattambi Taluk]], [[Palakkad district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<br />
<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224751&rlbtype=V |accessdate=31 December 2013}}</ref> Vallpuzha Kalapoot ([[Bull]]-Race) is famous across [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
[[File:Density of Population in Palakkad District.svg|thumb]]<br />
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Vallapuzha had a population of 28,018 with 13,424 males and<br />
14,594 females.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.gov.in/resources/villagetown-wise-primary-census-abstract-2011-palakkad-district-kerala/download | title=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India | date=21 January 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
[[File:Malabar District (1951 Census).svg|thumb]]<br />
Vallappuzha is part of [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Pattambi]] Legislative Assembly Constituency. It was a part of [[Valluvanad Taluk]] in [[Malabar District]] of [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British India]]. Late K T Mohammed was the first elected President of Vallappuzha Panchayath. He died on 16/08/1973.<br />
<br />
'''Land Marks'''<br />
<br />
[[Vallapuzha railway station|Vallappuzha Railway station]]<br />
<br />
Post office Vallappuzha<br />
<br />
Fly Go Tours And Travels Vallapuzha<br />
<br />
HSS VALLAPUZHA<br />
<br />
State bank of India<br />
<br />
Pearl Convention Centre Vallappuzha<br />
<br />
==Schools==<br />
<br />
* Vallapuzha GHS<br />
* Vallappuzha HSS<br />
* Vallapuzha Yatheemkhana HS<br />
* Cherukode GLPS<br />
* Cherukode BVA LPS<br />
* Kuruvattoor AMLPS<br />
* Kuruvattoor KMLPS<br />
* Vallapuzha AMLPS<br />
* Vallapuzha KVLPS<br />
* Vallapuzha OALPS<br />
* Vallapuzha VCMLPS<br />
* Kuravattoor KCMUPS<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/kerala/palakkad/school.php?place=Vallapuzha|title = Schools in Vallapuzha - Palakkad district of Kerala}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Vallapuzha Grama Panchayat standing committee==<br />
<br />
* 1 CHOLAMUKKU NK ABDUL LATHEEF- '''President''' <br />
* 2 THARAKKALPADI <br />
* 3 APPAMKANDAM <br />
* 4 KALAPARAMBU - CK BABU <br />
* 5 MECHERI - ABDUL RAHEEM <br />
* 6 CHOONGAPPILAVU - FOUSIYA IBRAHIM <br />
* 7 KIZHAKKEKARA ([[Kuruvattoor]]) - BINDU SANTHOSH <br />
* 8 ULLAMBUZHA RINISHA UNNI<br />
* 9 MATTAYA <br />
* 10 CHERIKKALLU <br />
* 11 CHOORAKKODE <br />
* 12 PANCHARATHUPADI - <br />
* 13 RAILWAY STATION - PARAKKADAN RAFEEK <br />
* 14 YARAM <br />
* 15 PANNIYAMKUNNU <br />
* 16 MANAKKALPADI <br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2015/819|title=Local Self Government Department &#124; Local Self Government Department}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
<br />
===Rail===<br />
It has a railway station in the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] network. Every passenger and express trains stop here. It is a station between [[Angadipuram]] and [[Shoranur]] in [[Nilambur–Shoranur railway line]]. There are train services to [[Ernakulam]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] cities also.<br />
<br />
===Air===<br />
<br />
[[Calicut International Airport]], [[Cochin International Airport]] and are the nearest airports.<br />
<br />
===Bus===<br />
Pattambi, cherpulassery, shornur are the nearest Bus stands.<br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
{{Weather box/concise_C<br />
| location=Vallapuzha, Kerala<br />
| source=Climate-Data.org<ref name="Climate-Data.org"><br />
"CLIMATE: Vallapuzha",<br />
Climate-Data.org. Web: [http://en.climate-data.org/location/48293/].</ref><br />
| 32.8|34.5|35.8|35.1|33.2|29.5|28.6|29.1|30.2|30.8|31.6|32.0<!--highs--><br />
| 22.3|23.2|24.8|25.7|25.2|23.6|22.9|23.5|23.5|23.7|23.4|22.4<!--lows--><br />
| 2|12|27|103|211|566|687|349|203|264|136|23<!--rain--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links==<br />
{{commons category|Vallapuzha}}<br />
*[http://lsgkerala.in/vallapuzhapanchayat/ വല്ലപ്പുഴ ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത്] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195337/http://lsgkerala.in/vallapuzhapanchayat/ |date=4 March 2016 }}<br />
{{Palakkad district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Palakkad district]]<br />
[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Law_(Amendment)_Act,_2013&diff=465719Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 20132026-03-26T11:57:27Z<p>Lucinda30E: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian legislation}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox legislation<br />
|short_title = Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013<br />
|legislature = [[Parliament of India]]<br />
|image = <br />
|imagesize = 150px<br />
|imagealt = <br />
|caption = <br />
|long_title = An Act further to amend the Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012.<br />
|citation = [http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf Act No. 13 of 2013]<br />
|territorial_extent = [[India]]<br />
|enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
|date_passed = 19 March 2013<br />
|enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
|date_passed2 = 21 March 2013<br />
|date_assented = 2 April 2013<br />
|date_commenced = 3 April 2013<ref name="effect">''vide'' Section 1(2) of the Act</ref><br />
|date_of_expiry = <br />
|date_repealed = <br />
|administered_by = <br />
|bill = <br />
|bill_citation = <br />
|bill_date = <br />
|introduced_by = <br />
|1st_reading = <br />
|2nd_reading = <br />
|3rd_reading = <br />
|conf_committee_passed = <br />
|committee_report = <br />
|bill2 = <br />
|bill_citation2 = <br />
|bill_date2 = <br />
|introduced_by2 = <br />
|1st_reading2 = <br />
|2nd_reading2 = <br />
|3rd_reading2 = <br />
|conf_committee_passed2 = <br />
|committee_report2 = <br />
|date_conf_committee = <br />
|white_paper = <br />
|amendments = <br />
|repeals = <br />
|related_legislation = <br />
|summary = <br />
|keywords = <br />
|status = In force<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013''' (popularly known as '''Nirbhaya Act''') is an [[List of acts of the Parliament of India|Indian legislation]] passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] on 19 March 2013, and by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 21 March 2013, which provides for amendment of provisions of the [[Indian Penal Code]], [[Indian Evidence Act]], and [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]] related to [[Sex and the law|sexual offences]].<ref name="Lok Sabha passes amendments">{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha passes amendments|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/anti-rape-law-passed-by-lok-sabha-many-ministers-mps-missing-344461|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha passes anti-rape bill">{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha passes anti-rape bill|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Lok-Sabha-passes-anti-rape-bill/Article1-1028961.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319233614/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Lok-Sabha-passes-anti-rape-bill/Article1-1028961.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2013|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=19 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Anti-rape Bill passed">{{cite news|title=Anti-rape Bill passed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/antirape-bill-passed/article4534056.ece|access-date=24 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 March 2013|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The Bill received Presidential assent on 2 April 2013 and was deemed to be effective from 3 February 2013. It was originally an [[Ordinance (India)|Ordinance]] promulgated by the [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]], on 3 February 2013, in light of the protests in the [[2012 Delhi gang rape case]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prez Pranab Mukherjee promulgates ordinance on crime against women|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/president-pranab-mukherjee-promulgates-ordinance-on-crime-against-women/1068720/|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=President signs ordinance to effect changes in laws against sexual crimes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/president-signs-ordinance-to-effect-changes-in-laws-against-sexual-crimes-153156-2013-02-02|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=3 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
{{See also|2012 Delhi gang rape case}}<br />
On 16 December 2012 a female [[physical therapy|physiotherapy]] [[internship|intern]]<ref>{{cite news|title=IAP condoles death of Delhi gang-rape victim |location=New Delhi |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |publisher=Zeenews.com |date=29 December 2012 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/iap-condoles-death-of-delhi-gang-rape-victim_819606.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101094611/http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/iap-condoles-death-of-delhi-gang-rape-victim_819606.html |url-status=live |archive-date=1 January 2013 |access-date=30 December 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> was beaten and [[gang rape]]d in [[Delhi]]. She died from her injuries thirteen days later, despite receiving treatment in India and Singapore. The incident generated international coverage and was condemned by the [[UN Women|United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women]], who called on the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Delhi]] "to do everything in their power to take up radical reforms, ensure justice and reach out with robust public services to make women’s lives more safe and secure".<ref>{{cite press release|first=Anne F. |last=Stenhammer |url=http://www.unwomen.org/2012/12/un-women-condemns-gang-rape-of-delhi-student/ |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=21 December 2012 |title=UN Women condemns gang rape of Delhi student |publisher=UN Women |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124235948/http://www.unwomen.org/2012/12/un-women-condemns-gang-rape-of-delhi-student/ |archive-date=24 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Public protests took place in Delhi, where thousands of protesters clashed with security forces. Similar protests took place in major cities throughout the country.<br />
<br />
Six days after the incident, on 22 December 2012, the central government appointed a judicial committee headed by [[J. S. Verma]], a [[List of former judges of the Supreme Court of India|former Judge of Supreme Court]], to suggest amendments to criminal law to sternly deal with [[sexual abuse|sexual assault]] cases. The committee, which also included retired judge [[Leila Seth]] and leading advocate [[Gopal Subramaniam]], was given a month to submit its report. The Committee submitted its report within 29 days, on 23 January 2013, supposedly after considering the 80,000 suggestions and petitions received by them during that same period from the public in general and particularly from jurists, lawyers, NGOs and women's groups.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sandeep |last=Joshi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-verma-committee-begins-work-seeks-public-comments/article4235212.ece |title=Shinde calls meeting of Chief Secretaries, police chiefs to review crime against women |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 December 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Justice J S Verma committee submits report on rape laws|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/india/36504649_1_report-gang-sexual-assault|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216075139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/india/36504649_1_report-gang-sexual-assault|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 January 2013}}</ref> The report indicated that failures on the part of the Government and Police were the root cause behind crimes against women. Major suggestions of the report included the need to review [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|AFSPA]] in conflict areas, maximum punishment for rape as life imprisonment and not death penalty, clear ambiguity over control of Delhi Police etc.<ref name=VermaCommittee_22Jan2013>{{cite news|title=Failure of governance root cause of crimes against women: Verma committee|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/failure-of-governance-root-cause-of-crimes-against-women-verma-committee/article4336046.ece?homepage=true|access-date=23 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 January 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi}}</ref><ref name=VermaCommitteeHighlights_23Jan2013>{{cite news|title=Read: Highlights of Justice Verma Committee report|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/read-highlights-of-justice-verma-committee-report/317376-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127031941/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/read-highlights-of-justice-verma-committee-report/317376-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=23 January 2013|newspaper=CNNIBNLive|date=23 January 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Cabinet of India|Cabinet Ministers]] on 1 February 2013 approved for bringing an ordinance, for giving effect to the changes in law as suggested by the Verma Committee Report.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet clears anti-rape law ordinance, says death sentence for extreme cases|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/cabinet-clears-anti-rape-law-ordinance-says-death-sentence-for-extreme-cases-325349|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=1 February 2013}}</ref> According to former<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UPAs-Black-Friday-Ashwani-Kumar-Pawan-Bansal-resign/articleshow/19992151.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511180114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-10/india/39168399_1_law-minister-ashwani-kumar-cbi-probe-railway-minister | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-05-11 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=UPA's Black Friday: Ashwani Kumar, Pawan Bansal resign}}</ref> Minister of Law and Justice, [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]], 90 percent of the suggestions given by the Verma Committee Report have been incorporated into the Ordinance.<ref>{{cite news|title=We have accepted 90% of Justice Verma panel's recommendations: Law Minister|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/we-have-accepted-90-of-justice-verma-panel-s-recommendations-law-minister-to-ndtv-325775|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=3 February 2013}}</ref> The ordinance was subsequently replaced by a Bill with numerous changes, which was passed by the Lok Sabha on 19 March 2013.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130319233614/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Lok-Sabha-passes-anti-rape-bill/Article1-1028961.aspx Hindustan Times]</ref><br />
<br />
==The Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013==<br />
<br />
===New offences===<br />
This new Act has expressly recognised certain acts as offences which were dealt under related laws. These new offences like, acid attack, sexual harassment, voyeurism, stalking have been incorporated into the Indian Penal Code:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Section!! Offence !! Punishment !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 326A || [[Acid attack]] || Imprisonment not less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and with fine which shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and it shall be paid to the victim || Gender neutral<br />
|-<br />
| 326B || Attempt to Acid attack || Imprisonment not less than five years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine || Gender neutral<br />
|-<br />
|354A || [[Sexual harassment]] || Rigorous imprisonment up to three years, or with fine, or with both in case of offence described in clauses (i), (ii) or (iii)<br />
<br />
Imprisonment up to one year, or with fine, or with both in other cases<br />
||Only protects women. Provisions are:<br />
{{ordered list|type=lower-roman<br />
|1 = physical contact and advances involving unwelcome and explicit sexual overtures; or<br />
|2 = a demand or request for sexual favours; or<br />
|3 = forcibly showing pornographys; or<br />
|4 = making sexually coloured remark; or<br />
|5 = any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| 354B || Act with intent to disrobe a woman || Imprisonment not less than three years but which may extend to seven years and with fine. || Only protects women against anyone who "Assaults or uses criminal force to any woman or abets such act with the intention of disrobing or compelling her to be naked."<br />
|-<br />
| 354C || [[Voyeurism]] || In case of first conviction, imprisonment not less than one year, but which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine, and be punished on a second or subsequent conviction, with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than three years, but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. || Only protects women. The prohibited action is defines thus: "Watching or capturing a woman in “private act”, which includes an act of watching carried out in a place which, in the circumstances, would reasonably be expected to provide privacy, and where the victim's genitals, buttocks or breasts are exposed or covered only in underwear; or the victim is using a lavatory; or the person is doing a sexual act that is not of a kind ordinarily done in public."<br />
|-<br />
| 354D || [[Stalking]] || Imprisonment not less than one year but which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine || Only protects women from being stalked by men. The prohibited action is defined thus: "To follow a woman and contact, or attempt to contact such woman to foster personal interaction repeatedly despite a clear indication of disinterest by such woman; or monitor the use by a woman of the internet, email or any other form of electronic communication. There are exceptions to this section which include such act being in course of preventing or detecting a crime authorised by State or in compliance of certain law or was reasonable and justified."<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Changes in law===<br />
Section 370 of Indian Penal Code (IPC) has been substituted with new sections, 370 and 370A which deals with [[Human trafficking|trafficking of person]] for exploitation. If a person (a) recruits, (b) transports, (c) harbours, (d) transfers, or (e) receives, a person, by using [[threats]], or force, or [[coercion]], or [[Kidnapping|abduction]], or [[fraud]], or [[deception]], or by abuse of power, or inducement for exploitation including prostitution, slavery, forced organ removal, etc. will be punished with imprisonment ranging from at least 7 years to imprisonment for the remainder of that person's natural life depending on the number or category of persons trafficked.<ref name="ReferenceA">Section 7, Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013</ref> Employment of a trafficked person will attract penal provision as well.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
<br />
The most important change that has been made is the change in definition of [[rape]] under IPC. Although the Ordinance sought to change the word ''rape'' to sexual assault, in the Act the word 'rape' has been retained in Section 375, and was extended to include acts in addition to vaginal penetration. The definition is broadly worded with acts like penetration of [[penis]] into the vagina, urethra, anus or mouth; or any object or any part of body to any extent, into the [[vagina]], [[urethra]] or anus of another woman or making another person do so; to apply mouth or [[Groping|touching private parts]] constitutes the offence of sexual assault. The section has also clarified that penetration means "penetration to any extent", and lack of physical resistance is immaterial for constituting an offence. Except in certain aggravated situations the punishment will be imprisonment not less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. In aggravated situations, punishment will be rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.<br />
<br />
A new section, 376A has been added which states that if a person committing the offence of sexual assault, "inflicts an injury which causes the death of the person or causes the person to be in a [[persistent vegetative state]], shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than twenty years, but which may extend to imprisonment for life, which shall mean the remainder of that person’s natural life, or with death."<ref>Section 8, Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013</ref> In case of "gang rape", persons involved regardless of their gender shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than twenty years, but which may extend to life and shall pay compensation to the victim which shall be reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim. The [[age of consent]] in India has been increased to 18 years, which means any sexual activity irrespective of presence of consent with a woman below the age of 18 will constitute [[statutory rape]].<br />
<br />
Certain changes has been introduced in the CrPC and Evidence Act, like the process of recording the statement of the victim has been made more victim friendly and easy but the two critical changes are: <br />
1. the 'character of the victim' is now rendered totally irrelevant, and<br />
2. there is now a presumption of 'no consent' in a case where sexual intercourse is proved and the victim states in the court that she did not consent.<br />
<br />
===Criticisms===<br />
The law has been severely criticized for being gender biased and giving women the legal authority to commit exactly the same crimes (against which they seek protection) against men with impunity. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 has been strongly criticised by several human rights and women's rights organisations for not including certain suggestions recommended by the Verma Committee Report like, [[marital rape]], reduction of age of consent{{failed verification|date=July 2018}}, amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act so that no sanction is needed for prosecuting an armed force personnel accused of a crime against woman.<ref>{{cite news|title=Read: Ordinance vs Verma commission recommendations|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/read-ordinance-vs-verma-commission-recommendations-325436|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=1 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Women groups protest anti-rape ordinance|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_women-groups-protest-anti-rape-ordinance_1796191|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=DNA|date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Despite protest, ordinance on sexual offences promulgated|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/despite-protest-ordinance-on-sexual-offences-promulgated/article4375214.ece|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 February 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=B. Muralidhar|last=Reddy}}</ref> The [[Government of India]], replied that it has not rejected the suggestions fully, but changes can be made after proper discussion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Open to revisions in anti-rape bill: Govt|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Open-to-revisions-in-anti-rape-bill-Govt/articleshow/18313164.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035344/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-03/india/36720889_1_ordinance-route-salman-khurshid-political-parties|url-status=live|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Govt defends ordinance on sexual crimes|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/5PIVOz9oohL1Gy1DwFELIL/None-of-Verma-panel-recommendations-rejected-Chidambaram.html|access-date=5 February 2013|newspaper=LiveMint|date=4 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Amendment, while stating that registration of FIR's and reports is mandatory, does not serve any effect on law enforcement, especially state police forces, as there are cases where police officers ignore and refuse to file reports and starting investigations, while allowing them to indulge in moral policing and victim blaming. In such cases, crucial evidence is lost, which results in botched up investigations, as well as acquittals, or convictions not on the offenses of rape, besides enhancing confidence or rapists getting away with their crime.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://article-14.com/post/a-dalit-minor-was-gang-raped-twice-up-police-ignored-the-first-time--647d4581610d1|title= A Dalit Minor Was Gang Raped Twice, UP Police Ignored The First Time}}</ref> Furthermore, in some cases, police officials do not investigate or take action in-time citing jurisdiction, or dismissing incidents that have not happened yet.<ref name="Today Horror">{{cite news |first1=Amarnath K. |last1=Menon |title=Hyderabad Rape Case: The Horror and the Shame |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20191216-the-horror-and-the-shame-1625366-2019-12-06 |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=India Today |date=6 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Complicating such investigations is an old fashioned Police Act of 1861, which several states continue to use as policing becomes a state issue as per the Constitution of India, and mandatory overtime work for police personnel, especially the constable ranks.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/eight-year-old-lawsuit-by-delhi-police-constable-seeks-reasonable-duty-hours-recognition-of-work/article66851053.ece|title= Eight-year-old lawsuit by Delhi Police constable seeks reasonable duty hours, recognition of work}}</ref> In instances where the victims belong to the marginalized communities, like Dalit or Muslim, or where the culprits belong to the political elite or privileged class, the victims face humiliations at the hands of police officers as well as being put in lock-ups under false cases.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-gangrape-case-sho-transferred-to-police-lines-for-failing-to-act-promptly-1725993-2020-09-27|title=Hathras gangrape case: SHO transferred to police lines for failing to 'act promptly'|date=27 September 2020 |magazine=India Today|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009180959/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hathras-gangrape-case-sho-transferred-to-police-lines-for-failing-to-act-promptly-1725993-2020-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] has been infamous in handling such cases, especially when it required intervention of the [[Allahabad High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]], like the [[2017 Unnao rape case]] and the [[2020 Hathras gang rape and murder]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-minister-gayatri-prajapati-wanted-in-gang-rape-case-arrested/article17465616.ece|title= U.P. Minister Gayatri Prajapati arrested on rape charge |date=15 March 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> In several cases, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] have taken over such investigations following State Government or court orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/unnao-rape-case-live-updates|title=Unnao Rape: FIR Filed Against BJP MLA, Case Transferred to CBI|work=The Quint|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hc-takes-up-unnao-rape-case/article23505711.ece|title=Allahabad HC takes up Unnao rape case|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=11 April 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 April 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Amendment also fails to mandate keeping rape victims and key witnesses under protection, with the exception of Delhi Police and Delhi State Government. Due to the non-provision of witness protection, rape victims and witnesses have been attacked and murdered by the family or kin of the perpetrators, as well as by the perpetrators themselves if granted bail or parole.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thequint.com/videos/unnao-rape-is-another-example-of-how-india-fails-its-rape-survivors#read-more|title= Unnao Is Another Example of How India Fails Its Rape Survivors}}</ref> While the amendment mentions not granting bail or parole to rape convicts, there have been instances where high profile rape convicts, such as [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]] have been granted parole, despite objections and criticism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghazali |first1=Mohammed |date=19 January 2024 |title=Rape Convict Ram Rahim To Leave Jail Again, 9th Parole In 4 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rape-convict-ram-rahim-to-leave-jail-again-9th-parole-in-4-years-4892039 |work=NDTV |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref> The amendment, which also does not grant remissions to rape convicts serving life imprisonment, has not worked for cases which are disposed before the amendment was enacted and enforced - in the 2002 Bilkis Bano case which took place during the [[2002 Gujarat riots]], the rape convicts were erroneously granted parole several times and remission on 15 August 2022, where they threatened the victims and witnesses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bilkis Bano case: Gujarat has set bad precedent by releasing convicts, says judge who sentenced them |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1030820/bilkis-bano-case-on-court-to-decide-if-releasing-convicts-is-right-says-judge-who-sentenced-them |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=19 August 2022}}</ref> The remission was however, overturned by the Supreme Court on 8 January 2024, noting several frauds committed by the convicts requesting remission, as well as mentioning the observations from the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], the magistrate and Superintendent of Police of Dahod, Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://theprint.in/judiciary/sc-quashes-gujarat-govts-remission-order-for-convicts-in-bilkis-bano-case-abuse-of-discretion/1914569/|title ="SC quashes Gujarat govt’s remission order for convicts in Bilkis Bano case — ‘abuse of discretion’"}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Amendment has been termed as an eyewash by several women safety activists, as it neither served any deterrence for crimes against women including rape, nor it solved the core problems of women's safety. Despite the Justice Verma Commission's recommendations of not having capital punishment as there was considerable evidence that it did not serve as a deterrence, the amendment still mandated death penalty in cases of repeat offenses, death of the victim, or if the victim is left in vegetative state, or for minor victims below the age of 12.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|date=2017-03-23|title=Justice Verma Committee Report Summary|url=https://www.prsindia.org/report-summaries/justice-verma-committee-report-summary|access-date=2020-10-08|website=PRSIndia|language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the amendment does not change the general attitudes towards victims, as many view that women are to be blamed for rape, when in fact, the culprits are to be held responsible.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://thewire.in/law/to-solve-violence-against-women-we-need-more-than-just-criminal-law-reforms|title= To Solve Violence Against Women, We Need More Than Just Criminal Law Reforms}}</ref> Furthermore, the changes in the law does nothing with regards to judicial competencies, especially when judges make decisions that deny justice to the victims, despite evidence.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gauhati-high-court-bail-iit-guwahati-student-accused-rape-future-assets-1844246-2021-08-23|title= Future assets: Gauhati HC grants bail to IIT-Guwahati student accused of rape}}</ref> For such decisions, criticism of the judiciary is considered as contempt of court, due to an aristocratic mindset and superiority of judges, that has been in carried forward after Independence.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/criticising-the-courts-1227613.html|title= Criticising the courts}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Amendment recommended imparting of sex education for children, as well as adult literacy programs for gender empowerment.<ref name=":07">{{Cite web |title=Lack of Sex Education in India and Its Growing Importance in The Digital Era - Palak Chakraborty Avantika Mishra {{!}} PDF {{!}} Sex Education {{!}} Adolescence |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/556081047/Lack-of-Sex-Education-in-India-and-its-Growing-Importance-in-the-Digital-Era-Palak-Chakraborty-Avantika-Mishra |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> However, sex education has been opposed by several political leaders and activists, as well as right wing organizations, stating that sex education does not fit in Indian cultural norms, and that it will corrupt the mindsets of school children.<ref name="UPTeacher">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/no-sex-education-say-uttar-pradesh-teachers/story-8zi1Ru3B23jyNRih00zQqN.html|title=No sex education, say Uttar Pradesh teachers|date=9 July 2007|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013==<br />
The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 19 March 2013, and by the Rajya Sabha on 21 March 2013, making certain changes from the provisions in the Ordinance.<ref name="Lok Sabha passes amendments"/><ref name="Lok Sabha passes anti-rape bill"/><ref name="Anti-rape Bill passed"/> The Bill received Presidential assent on 2 April 2013 and came into force retrospectively from 3 February 2013.<ref name="effect"/> The changes made in the Act in comparison with the Ordinance is listed as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Offence !! Changes<br />
|-<br />
| Acid attack || Fine shall be just and reasonable to meet medical expenses for treatment of victim, while in the Ordinance it was fine up to Rupees 10 lakhs.<br />
|-<br />
| Sexual harassment || "Clause (v) any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature" has been removed. Punishment for offence under clause (i) and (ii) has been reduced from five years of imprisonment to three years. The offence is no longer gender-neutral, only a man can commit the offence on a woman. <br />
|-<br />
| Voyeurism || The offence is no longer gender-neutral, only a man can commit the offence on a woman. <br />
|-<br />
| Stalking || The offence is no longer gender-neutral, only a man can commit the offence on a woman. The definition has been reworded and broken down into clauses, The exclusion clause and the following sentence has been removed "or watches or spies on a person in a manner that results in a fear of violence or serious alarm or distress in the mind of such person, or interferes with the mental peace of such person, commits the offence of stalking". Punishment for the offence has been changed; A man committing the offence of stalking would be liable for imprisonment up to three years for the first offence, and shall also be liable to fine and for any subsequent conviction would be liable for imprisonment up to five years and with fine.<br />
|-<br />
| Trafficking of person || "Prostitution" has been removed from the explanation clause<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91979 Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013]<br />
* [http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/132013.pdf Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian criminal law]]<br />
[[Category:Sex laws in India]]<br />
[[Category:2013 in Indian law]]<br />
[[Category:2013 in law]]<br />
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2013]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katrasgarh_Railway_Station&diff=508962Katrasgarh Railway Station2026-03-25T14:19:26Z<p>Lucinda30E: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{one source|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Short description|Railway station in Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Katrasgarh Railway Station<br />
| type = Indian Railways station<br />
| other_name = Katras<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = Katrasgarh.jpg<br />
| address = Katrasgarh, Dhanbad district, Jharkhand<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{!}} coordinates = {{coord|23.7856|N|86.2875|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation = 198m<br />
| line = [[Dhanbad–Chandrapura line]]<br />
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)<br />
| platform = 3<br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| parking = Available<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]<br />
| status = Functioning<br />
| station_code = KTH<br />
| division = [[Dhanbad railway division]]<br />
| map_type = India Jharkhand#India<br />
| map_caption = Location in Jharkhand##Location in India<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Katrasgarh railway station''' (station code: '''KTH''') is a railway station located in [[Dhanbad district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. It is administered by the [[Dhanbad railway division]] of the [[East Central Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. The station serves Katrasgarh town and surrounding coalfield regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katrasgarh Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/katrasgarh-kth/1714 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260106185900/https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/katrasgarh-kth/1714 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The station lies on the [[Dhanbad–Chandrapura line]], which forms an important rail link in the Jharia Coalfield belt. The section connects major industrial and urban centres of Jharkhand and is used by both passenger and freight services.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Katrasgarh railway station developed as part of the coalfield railway network connecting Dhanbad with Chandrapura and nearby mining areas. Train services on the Dhanbad–Chandrapura section were suspended in 2017 due to safety concerns related to underground mine fire and land subsidence risks. Services were restored in 2019 after completion of necessary safety measures and public demand for rail connectivity.<br />
<br />
== Importance ==<br />
The station is an important passenger halt on the Dhanbad–Chandrapura section. It provides connectivity to key cities such as [[Dhanbad]], [[Bokaro Steel City]] and [[Ranchi]]. The station is mainly used by daily commuters, students and workers associated with coalfield and industrial activities in the region.<br />
<br />
== Major trains ==<br />
Some important trains serving Katrasgarh railway station include:<br />
<br />
* [[Dhanbad–Alappuzha Express]]<br />
* [[Podanur – Dhanbad Amrit Bharat Express|Podanur–Dhanbad Amrit Bharat Express]]<br />
* [[Dhanbad - Mumbai LTT Weekly Express]]<br />
* [[Bhopal–Dhanbad Express|Dhanbad - Bhopal Express]]<br />
* [[Dhanbad–Ranchi Intercity Express]]<br />
* [[Shaktipunj Express]]<br />
* [[Kolkata–Madar Express|Kolkata - Madar Express]]<br />
* [[Kolkata - Ahmedabad Express]]<br />
* [[Vasco-da-Gama - Jasidih Express]]<br />
* [[Vananchal Express]]<br />
* [[Patna–Hatia Patliputra Express|Patliputra Express]]<br />
* [[Maurya Express]]<br />
* [[Jhargram - Dhanbad MEMU Express]]<br />
* [[Dhanbad–Chandrapura Passenger|Dhanbad - Chandrapura Passenger]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Dhanbad Junction railway station]]<br />
* [[Chandrapura Junction railway station]]<br />
* [[Dhanbad–Chandrapura line]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Dhanbad district]]<br />
[[Category:Dhanbad railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Jharkhand]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia&diff=453415Russia2026-03-24T19:04:34Z<p>Lucinda30E: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Country in Eastern Europe and North Asia}}<br />
{{About|the country}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{pp-move}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026|cs1-dates=l}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| conventional_long_name = Russian Federation<br />
| common_name = Russia<br />
| linking_name = Russia<br />
| native_name = {{lang|ru|Российская Федерация}}<br />
| image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg<br />
| image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg<br />
| national_anthem = <br />{{nowrap|{{lang|ru|Государственный гимн Российской Федерации}}}}<br />{{tlit|ru|Gosudarstvennyy gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii}}<br />"[[State Anthem of the Russian Federation]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Russia (2000), instrumental, one verse.ogg]]}}<br />
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Russian Federation (orthographic projection) - All Territorial Disputes.svg|frameless]]{{parabr}}{{Legend|#336830|Recognised territory}}<br />
{{Legend|#61E760|Claimed but internationally unrecognised<!--Start of note--------------------------->{{Efn|[[Crimea]], which was [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia]] in 2014, remains [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262|internationally recognised]] as a part of Ukraine.<ref name="Pifer-2020">{{cite web |last=Pifer |first=Steven |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/03/17/crimea-six-years-after-illegal-annexation/ |title=Crimea: Six years after illegal annexation |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414045104/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/03/17/crimea-six-years-after-illegal-annexation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, which were [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexed]]—though are only partially occupied—in 2022, also remain [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4|internationally recognised]] as a part of Ukraine. The southernmost [[Kuril Islands]] have been the subject of a [[Kuril Islands dispute|territorial dispute]] with Japan since their occupation by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II.<ref name="Chapple-2019" />}}<br />
<!--End of note---------------------------->}}|Show globe|[[File:Map of Russia-en.svg|frameless]]|Show region with labels|[[File:Europe-Russia.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|default=1}}<!--End of map switcher template--><br />
| map_caption =<br />
| capital = [[Moscow]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|55|45|21|N|37|37|02|E|type:city}}<br />
| largest_city = capital<br />
| languages_type = Official language<br />{{nobold|and national language}}<br />
| languages = [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Chevalier-2006">{{cite journal |last=Chevalier |first=Joan F. |title=Russian as the National Language: An Overview of Language Planning in the Russian Federation |jstor=43669126 |journal=Russian Language Journal |pages=25–36 |volume=56 |year=2006 |issue=1 |publisher=American Councils for International Education ACTR / ACCELS |doi=10.70163/0036-0252.1233}}</ref><br />
| languages2_type = {{nobold|Recognised regional languages}}<br />
| languages2 = 35 [[Languages of Russia#Official languages|regional official languages]]<ref>{{cite web |title=What Languages Are Spoken in Russia? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-russia.html |website=WorldAtlas |access-date=19 February 2024 |date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219124154/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-russia.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list<br />
| 71.7% [[Russians|Russian]]<br />
| 3.2% [[Tatars|Tatar]]<br />
| 1.1% [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]]<br />
| 1.1% [[Chechens|Chechen]]<br />
| 11.3% [[Ethnic groups in Russia|other]]<br />
| 11.6% not reported<br />
}}<br />
| ethnic_groups_year = 2021; including [[Crimea]]<br />
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live |language=ru}}</ref><br />
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;<br />
|{{Tree list}}<br />
*68% [[Christianity in Russia|Christianity]]<br />
**67% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia|Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br />
**1% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]<br />
{{Tree list/end}}<br />
*14% [[Irreligion in Russia|no religion]]<br />
*7% [[Islam in Russia|Islam]]<br />
*1% [[Buddhism in Russia|Buddhism]]<br />
*4% [[Religion in Russia|other religion]]<br />
*4% unsure<br />
*2% not answered<br />
}}<br />
| religion_year = 2025<br />
| religion_ref = <ref name="wciom">{{cite web |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2025 |title=Религия и общество: мониторинг |trans-title=Religion and Society: Monitoring |url=https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/religija-i-obshchestvo-monitoring-09062025 |access-date=March 24, 2026 |website=[[Russian Public Opinion Research Center|VCIOM]] |language=ru }}</ref><br />
| demonym = Russian<br />
| government_type = Federal [[semi-presidential republic]]<ref name="cia"/> under an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |website=Freedom House |date=9 March 2023 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/russia/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311093511/https://freedomhouse.org/country/russia/freedom-world/2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kuzio-2016"/> dictatorship<ref name="Krzywdzinski">{{cite book |first=Martin |last=Krzywdzinski |year=2020 |title=Consent and Control in the Authoritarian Workplace: Russia and China Compared |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=252 |isbn=978-0-19-252902-2 |url={{GBurl |id=gz5MDwAAQBAJ |p=252}} |quote=''officially a democratic state with the rule of law, in practice an authoritarian dictatorship''}}</ref><ref name="o730">{{cite journal |last=Fischer |first=Sabine |title=Russia on the road to dictatorship |journal=SWP Comment |year=2022 |publisher=Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP), German Institute for International and Security Affairs |doi=10.18449/2022C30 |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2022C30/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |page= |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724183023/https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2022C30/ |url-status=live}}</ref><!--- Before adding [[Dominant-party system]] here, discuss in the talk page, additions before any consensus will be challenged and removed. ---><br />
| leader_title1 = [[President of Russia|President]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Vladimir Putin]]<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]]<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Mikhail Mishustin]]<br />
| legislature = [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Federal Assembly]]<br />
| upper_house = [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]]<br />
| lower_house = [[State Duma]]<br />
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Russia|Formation]]<br />
| established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Kievan Rus']]}}<br />
| established_date1 = 882<br />
| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Vladimir-Suzdal]]}}<br />
| established_date2 = 1157<br />
| established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Principality of Moscow]]}}<br />
| established_date3 = 1282<br />
| established_event4 = [[Tsardom of Russia]]<br />
| established_date4 = 16 January 1547<br />
| established_event5 = [[Russian Empire]]<br />
| established_date5 = 2 November 1721<br />
| established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[February Revolution|Monarchy abolished]]}}<br />
| established_date6 = 15 March 1917<br />
| established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Soviet Union]]}}<br />
| established_date7 = 30 December 1922<br />
| established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Declaration of State<br />Sovereignty]]}}<br />
| established_date8 = 12 June 1990<br />
| established_event9 = {{nowrap|[[Belovezha Accords|Russian Federation]]}}<br />
| established_date9 = 12 December 1991<br />
| established_event10 = [[Constitution of Russia|Current constitution]]<br />
| established_date10 = 12 December 1993<br />
| area_km2 = 17,098,246<br />
| area_footnote = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/pocketbook/files/world-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf#page=182 |title=World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 edition |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804041700/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/pocketbook/files/world-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf#page=182 |url-status=live}}</ref> (within internationally recognised borders)<br />
| percent_water = 13<ref>{{cite web |title=The Russian federation: general characteristics |url=http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1/010000R |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728064121/http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1%2F010000R |archive-date=28 July 2011 |website=Federal State Statistics Service |access-date=5 April 2008}}</ref> (including swamps)<br />
| population_estimate = {{plainlist|<br />
* {{DecreaseNeutral}} 146,028,325<ref>Including 2,459,276 people living on the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed Crimean Peninsula]]</ref><br />
* {{nowrap|(including Crimea)<ref name="gks.ru-popul">{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2025_Site.xlsx |format=XLSX |script-title=ru:Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2025 года |trans-title=Preliminary estimate of the permanent population as of January 1, 2025 |language=ru |work=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=10 March 2025 |archive-date=7 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407172042/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2025_Site.xlsx |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
* {{DecreaseNeutral}} 143,569,049<br />
* (excluding Crimea)}}<br />
| population_estimate_year = 2025<br />
| population_estimate_rank = 9th<br />
| population_density_km2 = 8.4<br />
| population_density_sq_mi = 21.5<br />
| population_density_rank = 187th<br />
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $7.143 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.RU">{{cite web |date=October 2025 |title=IMF DataMapper |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RUS |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=13 November 2025 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022223322/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RUS |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025<br />
| GDP_PPP_rank = 4th<br />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $49,049<ref name="IMFWEO.RU"/><br />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 49th<br />
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.541 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.RU"/><br />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025<br />
| GDP_nominal_rank = 9th<br />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $17,446<ref name="IMFWEO.RU"/><br />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 68th<br />
| Gini = 36.0 <!--number only--><br />
| Gini_year = 2020<br />
| Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RU |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Russian Federation |publisher=World Bank |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420201540/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RU |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| HDI = 0.832<br />
| HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --><br />
| HDI_change = increase<br />
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref><br />
| HDI_rank = 64th<br />
| currency = [[Russian ruble]] ([[₽]])<br />
| currency_code = RUB<br />
| utc_offset = [[Time in Russia|+2 to +12]]<br />
| drives_on = right<br />
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Russia|+7]]<br />
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'''Russia''',{{efn|{{langx|ru|Россия|Rossiya|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|ru|rɐˈsʲijə|}}}} or the '''Russian Federation''',<!-- Both names are equally official - see: [[Talk:Russia/Archive 12#Equality of the names]]. -->{{efn|{{langx|ru|Российская Федерация|Rossiyskaya Federatsiya|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|ru|rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə|IPA}}}} is a country in [[Eastern Europe]] and [[North Asia]]. It is the [[list of countries and dependencies by area|largest country in the world]], spanning [[Time in Russia|eleven time zones]] and sharing [[Borders of Russia|land borders with fourteen countries]].{{efn|The fourteen countries bordering Russia are<ref>{{Citation |title=Russia |year=2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/#geography |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/#geography |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Norway]] and [[Finland]] to the northwest; [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]] to the west, as well as [[Lithuania]] and [[Poland]] (with [[Kaliningrad Oblast]]); [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] to the southwest; [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Mongolia]] to the south; [[China]] and [[North Korea]] to the southeast. Russia also shares [[Maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]] with Japan and the United States. Russia also shares borders with the two [[partially recognized states|partially recognised]] breakaway states of [[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]] that it occupies in Georgia.}} With a population of over 140 million, Russia is the [[List of European countries by population|most populous country in Europe]] and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|ninth-most populous in the world]]. It is a [[Urbanization by sovereign state|highly urbanised country]], with sixteen of its urban areas having more than 1&nbsp;million inhabitants. [[Moscow]], the [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe|most populous metropolitan area in Europe]], is the capital and [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|largest city of Russia]], while [[Saint Petersburg]] is its second-largest city and [[Society and culture in Saint Petersburg|a major cultural centre]].<br />
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Human settlement on modern Russian territory dates back to the [[Lower Paleolithic]]. The emergence of the [[East Slavs]] as a prominent group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD led to the creation of [[Kievan Rus']] in the 9th century. Rus' adopted [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 988. Following its disintegration, the [[Grand Principality of Moscow]] began the [[gathering of the Russian lands|process of unifying Russian lands]] in the late 13th century, leading to the formation of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in 1547. By the early 18th century, the Tsardom had expanded vastly through [[Russian conquest of Siberia|conquest]], annexation, and the [[List of Russian explorers|efforts of Russian explorers]]. It was proclaimed as the [[Russian Empire]] in 1721, which remains the [[List of largest empires|third-largest]] in history. The [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 led to the [[Dissolution of the Russian Empire|abolition]] of [[List of Russian monarchs|monarchic rule]] and the creation of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|first constitutionally socialist state]] in the world. Following the [[Russian Civil War]], Russia established the [[Soviet Union]] as its [[Republics of the Soviet Union|largest and principal constituent]]. Amidst [[Industrialization in the Soviet Union|rapid industrialisation in the 1930s]], the Soviet Union saw [[Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin|deaths of millions]] under the [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)|totalitarianism]] of [[Joseph Stalin]]. It played [[Soviet Union in World War II|a decisive role]] for the [[Allies of World War II|Allies in World War II]] by leading large-scale efforts on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]. During the [[Cold War]], the Soviet Union emerged as a [[superpower]] and competed with the [[United States]] for [[ideological dominance]] and [[Sphere of influence|international influence]]. The 20th-century Soviet era saw some of the most significant [[Timeline of Russian innovation|Russian technological achievements]], including the [[Sputnik 1|first human-made satellite]] and the [[Vostok 1|first human expedition into outer space]]. <br />
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In 1991, Soviet Russia emerged from the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] as the independent Russian Federation. Following [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|a constitutional crisis]] in 1993, the Soviet government structure was abolished and [[Constitution of Russia|a new constitution]] was adopted, which established a [[federation|federal]] [[semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential system]]. Since the turn of the century, the [[Politics of Russia|political system of Russia]] has been dominated by [[Vladimir Putin]], under [[Russia under Vladimir Putin|whose leadership]] it has experienced [[democratic backsliding]] and has been transformed into an [[authoritarianism|authoritarian regime]]. Post-Soviet Russia [[Military history of the Russian Federation|has been militarily involved]] in [[List of wars involving Russia#Russian Federation (1991–present)|numerous conflicts]], including [[Russo-Georgian War|its war with Georgia]] in 2008 and [[Russo-Ukrainian War|its war with Ukraine]] since 2014. The latter has involved the internationally unrecognised [[Russian-occupied territories|annexation and occupation of Ukrainian territories]], including that of [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Crimea in 2014]] and [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|four other regions in 2022]], during [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|an ongoing war]].<br />
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Russia is generally considered a [[great power]] and [[Regional power|wields significant regional influence]] in Europe, [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|possessing the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons]] and having the [[List of countries by military expenditures|third-highest military expenditure]] in the world. [[Economy of Russia|Its advanced economy]] ranks among the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|largest in the world]], relying on its [[Russia as an energy superpower|vast mineral and energy resources]], mainly [[List of countries by oil production|oil]] and [[List of countries by natural gas production|natural gas]]. Russia continues to [[International rankings of Russia|rank very low]] in measurements of [[democracy]], [[Human rights in Russia|human rights]] and [[Media freedom in Russia|media freedom]], while [[Corruption in Russia|having high levels of corruption]]. As the [[Succession of the Soviet Union|successor state of the Soviet Union]], it [[Soviet Union and the United Nations|retains its seat]] as a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member of the United Nations Security Council]] and is a member state of [[Foreign relations of Russia#International membership|several international organisations]]. Russia is also home to [[List of World Heritage Sites in Russia|32]] UNESCO [[World Heritage Sites]].<br />
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==Etymology==<br />
{{Main|Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia}}<br />
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According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the English name ''Russia'' first appeared in the 14th century, borrowed from {{Langx|la-x-medieval|Russia}}, used in the 11th century and frequently in 12th-century British sources, in turn derived from {{Langx|la-x-medieval|Russi|lit=the Russians|label=none}} and the suffix {{Langx|la-x-medieval|[[wikt:-ia#Latin|-ia]]|label=none}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2023 |title=Russia (n.), Etymology |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/russia_n?tab=etymology |website=Oxford English Dictionary |doi=10.1093/OED/2223074989 |access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122215843/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/russia_n?tab=etymology |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuchkin |first=V. A. |title= |publisher=Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ladomir |year=2014 |editor-last=Melnikova |editor-first=E. A. |location=Moscow |pages=700–701 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Древняя Русь в средневековом мире |trans-title=Old Rus' in the medieval world |script-chapter=ru:Русская земля |trans-chapter=Russian land |editor-last2=Petrukhina |editor-first2=V. Ya.}}</ref><br />
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There are several words in Russian which translate to "Russians" in English. The noun and adjective {{Langx|ru|русский |engvar=gb|translit=russkiy|label=none}} refers to ethnic [[Russians]]. The adjective {{Langx|ru|российский|engvar=gb|translit=rossiiskiy|label=none}} denotes [[Russian citizenship law|Russian citizens]] regardless of ethnicity. The same applies to the more recently coined noun {{Langx|ru|россиянин|engvar=gb|translit=rossiianyn|label=none}}, in the sense of citizen of the Russian state.<ref name="Hellberg-Hirn-1998" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Merridale |first=Catherine |title=Redesigning History in Contemporary Russia |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |year=2003 |volume=38 |number=1 |pages=13–28 |doi=10.1177/0022009403038001961 |jstor=3180694}}</ref><br />
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The oldest [[Endonym and exonym|endonyms]] used were ''Rus{{'}}'' ({{langx|ru|Русь|label=none}}) and the "Russian land" ({{Langx|ru|Русская земля|Russkaya zemlya|label=none}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kloss |first1=Boris |author-link1=Boris Kloss |title=О происхождении названия "Россия" |trans-title=About the origin of the name "Russia" |date=2012 |publisher=ИД ЯСК |location=Moskva |isbn=978-5-9551-0527-7 |page=3}}</ref> According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', the word ''Rus{{'}}'' is derived from the [[Rus' people]], who were a [[Swedes|Swedish]] tribe, and from where the three original members of the [[Rurikid]] dynasty came from.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duczko |first=Wladyslaw |title=Viking Rus |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-90-04-13874-2 |pages=10–11}}</ref> The [[Finnish language|Finnish]] word for Swedes, {{lang|fi|ruotsi}}, has the same origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Origin of Rus' |jstor=128848 |last1=Pritsak |first1=Omeljan |journal=The Russian Review |date=5 April 1977 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=249–273 |doi=10.2307/128848}}</ref> In modern historiography, the early medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state is usually referred to as ''[[Kievan Rus']]'', named after its capital city.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Bushkovitch |first1=Paul |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages |date=1 January 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866262-4 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-5118 |language=en |chapter=Rus' |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=6 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217021825/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-5118 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another Medieval Latin name for ''Rus{{'}}'' was ''[[Ruthenia]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nazarenko |first=Aleksandr Vasilevich |author-link=Aleksandr Nazarenko |script-title=ru:Древняя Русь на международных путях: междисциплинарные очерки культурных, торговых, политических связей IX–XII веков |year=2001 |publisher=Languages of the Rus' culture |isbn=978-5-7859-0085-1 |pages=40, 42–45, 49–50 |chapter=1. Имя "Русь" в древнейшей западноевропейской языковой традиции (XI–XII века) |trans-title=Ancient Rus' on international routes: interdisciplinary essays on cultural, trade, and political ties in the 9th–12th centuries |language=ru |trans-chapter=The name Rus' in the old tradition of Western European language (XI-XII centuries) |chapter-url=http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814143443/http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref><br />
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In Russian, the current name of the country, {{Lang|ru|Россия|italic=no}} ({{Lang|ru-latn|Rossiya}}), comes from the [[Byzantine Greek]] name {{Lang|grc|Ρωσία|italic=no}} ({{Lang|grc-latn|Rosía}}).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Russians: The People of Europe |last=Milner-Gulland |first=R. R. |year=1997 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-0-631-21849-4 |pages=1–4}}</ref> The name {{lang|ru|Росия|italic=no}} ({{lang|ru-latn|Rosiya}}) was first attested in 1387.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Obolensky |first1=Dimitri |author-link1=Dimitri Obolensky |title=Byzantium and the Slavs: Collected Studies |date=1971 |isbn=978-0-902089-14-3 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wH4JAQAAIAAJ |language=en |chapter=Commentary on the ninth chapter of Constantine Porphyrogenitus' De Administrando lmperio |publisher=Variorum Reprints |quote=Later, the term ''Ρωσία'' was borrowed by the Russians, in the form ''Rosiya'', from the terminology used by the Byzantine Patriarchate.}}</ref> The name {{transliteration|engvar=gb|ru|Rossiya}} appeared in Russian sources in the 15th century and began to replace the vernacular ''Rus{{'}}'' during the rise of Moscow as the centre of a unified Russian state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bushkovitch |first1=Paul |title=A Concise History of Russia |date=5 December 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50444-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Le-n7ZYjGWkC |language=en |page=37 |quote=Precisely at this time in written usage the modern term ''Rossia'' (a literary expression borrowed from Greek) began to edge out the traditional and vernacular ''Rus''.}}</ref> However, until the end of the 17th century, the country was more often referred to by its inhabitants as ''Rus{{'}}'', the "Russian land" ({{transliteration|engvar=gb|ru|Russkaya zemlya}}), or the "Muscovite state" ({{transliteration|engvar=gb|ru|Moskovskoye gosudarstvo}}), among other variations.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Langer |first1=Lawrence N. |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia |date=2021 |location=Lanham |isbn=978-1-5381-1942-6 |page=182 |edition=2nd |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref><ref name="Hellberg-Hirn-1998">{{cite book |last1=Hellberg-Hirn |first1=Elena |title=Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness |date=1998 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot [Hants, England] |isbn=1-85521-871-2 |page=54}}</ref><br />
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In 1721, [[Peter the Great]] proclaimed the [[Russian Empire]] ({{transliteration|engvar=gb|ru|Rossiyskaya imperiya}}).<ref name=":0" /> The name ''Rossiya'' was used as the common designation for the multinational Russian Empire and then for the modern Russian state.<ref name=":7">{{cite book |last1=Kappeler |first1=Andreas |author1-link=Andreas Kappeler |editor1-last=Barker |editor1-first=Adele Marie |editor2-last=Grant |editor2-first=Bruce |title=The Russia Reader: History, Culture, Politics |date=12 July 2010 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-4648-7 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-jWhJMt_9EC |language=en |chapter="Great Russians" and '"Little Russians"}}</ref> ''Rossiya'' is distinguished from the ethnonym ''russkiy'', as it refers to a supranational identity, including ethnic Russians.<ref name=":7"/> After the [[Russian Revolution]] and the proclamation of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] in 1918, the "Russian" in the title of the state was ''Rossiyskaya'', rather than ''Russkaya'', as the former denoted a multinational state, while the latter had ethnic dimensions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Service |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Service (historian) |title=A History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-First Century, Third Edition |date=30 October 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03493-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZkrAQAAIAAJ |language=en |page=84}}</ref> In modern Russian, the name ''Rus{{'}}'' is still used in poetry or prose to refer to either the older Russia or an imagined essence of Russia.<ref name=":1"/><br />
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== History ==<br />
{{Main|History of Russia}}<br />
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=== Early history ===<br />
{{further|Ancient Greek colonies||Early Slavs|Huns|Turkic expansion|Prehistory of Siberia}}<br />
{{See also|Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Uralic homeland}}<br />
The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the [[Oldowan]] period in the early [[Lower Paleolithic]]. About 2 million years ago, representatives of ''[[Homo erectus]]'' migrated to the [[Taman Peninsula]] in southern Russia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shchelinsky |first1=V.E. |last2=Gurova |first2=M. |last3=Tesakov |first3=A.S. |last4=Titov |first4=V.V. |last5=Frolov |first5=P.D. |last6=Simakova |first6=A.N. |title=The Early Pleistocene site of Kermek in western Ciscaucasia (southern Russia): Stratigraphy, biotic record and lithic industry (preliminary results) |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |volume=393 |pages=51–69 |date=30 January 2016 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.032 |bibcode=2016QuInt.393...51S}}</ref> [[Flint]] tools, some 1.5 million years old, have been discovered in the [[North Caucasus]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chepalyga |first1=A.L. |last2=Amirkhanov |first2=Kh.A. |last3=Trubikhin |first3=V.M. |last4=Sadchikova |first4=T.A. |last5=Pirogov |first5=A.N. |last6=Taimazov |first6=A.I. |year=2011 |title=Geoarchaeology of the earliest paleolithic sites (Oldowan) in the North Caucasus and the East Europe |url=http://paleogeo.org/article3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520090413/http://paleogeo.org/article3.html |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> [[Radiocarbon dated]] specimens from [[Denisova Cave]] in the [[Altai Mountains]] estimate the oldest [[Denisovan]] specimen lived 195–122,700 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Douka |first1=K. |title=Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave |journal=Nature |year=2019 |volume=565 |issue=7741 |pages=640–644 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0870-z |pmid=30700871 |bibcode=2019Natur.565..640D |url=https://amu.hal.science/hal-03207786 |archive-date=10 February 2026 |access-date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210202004/https://amu.hal.science/hal-03207786 |url-status=live }}</ref> Fossils of ''[[Denny (hybrid hominin)|Denny]]'', an [[archaic human]] hybrid that was half [[Neanderthal]] and half Denisovan, and lived some 90,000 years ago, was also found within the latter cave.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Warren |first=Matthew |title=Mum's a Neanderthal, Dad's a Denisovan: First discovery of an ancient-human hybrid |date=22 August 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=560 |issue=7719 |pages=417–418 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-06004-0 |pmid=30135540 |bibcode=2018Natur.560..417W |doi-access=free}}</ref> Russia was home to some of the last surviving Neanderthals, from about 45,000 years ago, found in [[Mezmaiskaya cave]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Igor V. Ovchinnikov |last2=Anders Götherström |last3=Galina P. Romanova |last4=Vitaliy M. Kharitonov |last5=Kerstin Lidén |last6=William Goodwin |date=30 March 2000 |title=Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=404 |issue=6777 |pages=490–493 |bibcode=2000Natur.404..490O |doi=10.1038/35006625 |pmid=10761915}}</ref><br />
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The first trace of an [[Ust'-Ishim man|early modern human]] in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in [[Western Siberia]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fu Q, Li H, Moorjani P, Jay F, Slepchenko SM, Bondarev AA, Johnson PL, Aximu-Petri A, Prüfer K, de Filippo C, Meyer M, Zwyns N, Salazar-García DC, Kuzmin YV, Keates SG, Kosintsev PA, Razhev DI, Richards MP, Peristov NV, Lachmann M, Douka K, Higham TF, Slatkin M, Hublin JJ, Reich D, Kelso J, Viola TB, Pääbo S |title=Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia |journal=Nature |issue=7523 |pages=445–449 |date=23 October 2014 |doi=10.1038/nature13810 |pmid=25341783 |volume=514 |pmc=4753769 |bibcode=2014Natur.514..445F |hdl=10550/42071}}</ref> The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of [[Human|anatomically modern humans]], from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at [[Kostyonki–Borshchyovo]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dinnis |first1=Rob |last2=Bessudnov |first2=Alexander |last3=Reynolds |first3=Natasha |last4=Devièse |first4=Thibaut |last5=Pate |first5=Abi |last6=Sablin |first6=Mikhail |last7=Sinitsyn |first7=Andrei |last8=Higham |first8=Thomas |title=New data for the Early Upper Paleolithic of Kostenki (Russia) |pmid=30777356 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.11.012 |journal=[[Journal of Human Evolution]] |year=2019 |pages=21–40 |volume=127 |bibcode=2019JHumE.127...21D |url=https://hal.science/hal-01982049}}</ref> and at [[Sungir]], dating back to 34,600 years ago—both in [[European Russia|western Russia]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.aao1807 |pmid=28982795 |title=Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=659–662 |year=2017 |vauthors=Sikora, Martin ''et al.'' |bibcode=2017Sci...358..659S |doi-access=free}}</ref> Humans reached [[Far North (Russia)|Arctic Russia]] at least 40,000 years ago, in [[Mamontovaya Kurya]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pavlov |first=Pavel |author2=John Inge Svendsen |author3=Svein Indrelid |date=6 September 2001 |title=Human presence in the European Arctic nearly 40,000 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=413 |pages=64–67 |doi=10.1038/35092552 |pmid=11544525 |issue=6851 |bibcode=2001Natur.413...64P}}</ref> [[Ancient North Eurasian]] populations from Siberia genetically similar to [[Mal'ta–Buret' culture]] and [[Afontova Gora]] were an important genetic contributor to [[Ancient Beringian|Ancient Native Americans]] and [[Eastern Hunter-Gatherer]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balter |first1=M. |title=Ancient DNA Links Native Americans With Europe |journal=Science |date=25 October 2013 |volume=342 |issue=6157 |pages=409–410 |doi=10.1126/science.342.6157.409 |pmid=24159019 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..409B |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists.jpg|thumb|320px|left|Bronze Age spread of [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe pastoralist]] ancestry between 3300 and 1500 BC,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibbons |first1=Ann |title=Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population |journal=Science |date=21 February 2017 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925154535/https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population |url-status=live}}</ref> including the [[Afanasievo culture]] of southern Siberia]]<br />
<br />
The [[Kurgan hypothesis]] places the Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and [[Ukraine]] as the [[urheimat]] of the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anthony |first1=David W. |last2=Ringe |first2=Don |date=1 January 2015 |title=The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives |journal=Annual Review of Linguistics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=199–219 |doi=10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812 |issn=2333-9683 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Early [[Indo-European migrations]] from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] of Ukraine and Russia spread [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] ancestry and [[Indo-European languages]] across large parts of Eurasia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haak |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Llamas |first6=Bastien |last7=Brandt |first7=Guido |last8=Nordenfelt |first8=Susanne |last9=Harney |first9=Eadaoin|last10=Stewardson|first10=Kristin |last11=Fu |first11=Qiaomei |date=11 June 2015 |title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal=Nature |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=207–211 |doi=10.1038/nature14317 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5048219 |pmid=25731166 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H |arxiv=1502.02783}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians |first=Ann |last=Gibbons |date=10 June 2015 |title=Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians |journal=Science |publisher=AAAS |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902191050/https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nomadic pastoralism]] developed in the Pontic–Caspian steppe beginning in the [[Chalcolithic]].<ref name="Belinskij-1999">{{Cite journal |last1=Belinskij |first1=Andrej |last2=Härke |first2=Heinrich |title=The 'Princess' of Ipatovo |journal=Archeology |volume=52 |issue=2 |year=1999 |url=http://cat.he.net/~archaeol/9903/newsbriefs/ipatovo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610043326/http://cat.he.net/~archaeol/9903/newsbriefs/ipatovo.html |archive-date=10 June 2008 |access-date=26 December 2007}}</ref> Remnants of these steppe civilisations were discovered in places such as [[Ipatovo kurgan|Ipatovo]],<ref name="Belinskij-1999"/> [[Sintashta]],<ref name="mounted">{{Cite book |author=Drews, Robert |title=Early Riders: The beginnings of mounted warfare in Asia and Europe |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |page=50 |isbn=978-0-415-32624-7}}</ref> [[Arkaim]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Koryakova, L. |title=Sintashta-Arkaim Culture |publisher=The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN) |url=http://www.csen.org/koryakova2/Korya.Sin.Ark.html |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228104055/http://www.csen.org/koryakova2/Korya.Sin.Ark.html |url-status=usurped}}</ref> and [[Pazyryk burials|Pazyryk]],<ref>{{cite web |title=1998 NOVA documentary: "Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden" |work=Transcript |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2517siberian.html |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416163503/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2517siberian.html |url-status=live}}</ref> which bear the earliest known traces of [[horses in warfare]].<ref name="mounted"/> The genetic makeup of speakers of the [[Uralic language family|Uralic]] language family in northern Europe was shaped by migration from [[Siberia]] that began at least 3,500 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lamnidis |first1=Thiseas C. |last2=Majander |first2=Kerttu |last3=Jeong |first3=Choongwon |last4=Salmela |first4=Elina |last5=Wessman |first5=Anna |last6=Moiseyev |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Khartanovich |first7=Valery |last8=Balanovsky |first8=Oleg |last9=Ongyerth |first9=Matthias |last10=Weihmann |first10=Antje |last11=Sajantila |first11=Antti |last12=Kelso |first12=Janet |last13=Pääbo |first13=Svante |last14=Onkamo |first14=Päivi |last15=Haak |first15=Wolfgang |date=27 November 2018 |title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=5018 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 |pmid=30479341 |pmc=6258758 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L}}</ref><br />
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In the 3rd to 4th centuries AD, the [[Goths|Gothic]] kingdom of [[Oium]] existed in southern Russia, which was later overrun by [[Huns]]. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the [[Bosporan Kingdom]], which was a Hellenistic [[polity]] that succeeded the Greek colonies,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Tsetskhladze, G. R. |title=The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area: Historical Interpretation of Archaeology |publisher=F. Steiner |year=1998 |page=48 |isbn=978-3-515-07302-8}}</ref> was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and [[Pannonian Avars|Eurasian Avars]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Turchin, P. |title=Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |pages=185–186 |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> The [[Khazars]], who were of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic origin]], ruled the steppes between the Caucasus in the south, to the east past the Volga river basin, and west as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper river until the 10th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Weinryb |first=Bernard D. |title=The Khazars: An Annotated Bibliography |journal=Studies in Bibliography and Booklore |publisher=[[Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion]] |volume=6 |number=3 |pages=111–129 |year=1963 |jstor=27943361}}</ref> After them came the [[Pechenegs]] who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the [[Cumans]] and the [[Kipchaks]].<ref>Carter V. Findley, ''The Turks in World History'' (Oxford University Press, 2004) {{ISBN|0-19-517726-6}}</ref><br />
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The ancestors of [[Russians]] are among the [[List of ancient Slavic peoples|Slavic tribes]] that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe {{Circa|1500}} years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhernakova |first1=Daria V. |display-authors=etal |title=Genome-wide sequence analyses of ethnic populations across Russia |volume=112 |number=1 |journal=Genomics |year=2020 |pages=442–458 |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.03.007 |doi-access=free |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |pmid=30902755}}</ref> The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia (approximately between modern [[Moscow]] and [[Saint-Petersburg]]) in two waves: one moving from [[Kyiv|Kiev]] towards present-day [[Suzdal]] and [[Murom]] and another from [[Polotsk]] towards [[Novgorod]] and [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[David Christian (historian)|Christian, D.]] |title=A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=1998 |pages=6–7 |isbn=978-0-631-20814-3}}</ref> Prior to Slavic migration, that territory was populated by [[Finno-Ugrian]] peoples. From the 7th century onwards, the incoming East Slavs slowly assimilated the native Finno-Ugrians.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}<ref>Ed. [[Timothy Reuter]], ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 494-497. {{ISBN|0-521-36447-7}}.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Kievan Rus' ===<br />
{{Main|Rus' Khaganate|Kievan Rus'|List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine}}<br />
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[[File:Kievan-rus-1015-1113-(en).png|thumb|[[Kievan Rus']] after the [[Council of Liubech]] in 1097]]<br />
The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of [[Varangians]], the [[Vikings]] who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic [[From the Varangians to the Greeks|to the Black]] and [[Volga trade route|Caspian]] Seas.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}<ref name="Borrero-p3">{{cite book |surname=Borrero |given=Mauricio |title=Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present |series=European Nations |place=New York |publisher=Facts on File |year=2004 |isbn=0-8160-4454-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC |page=3}}</ref> According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', a Varangian from the [[Rus' people]], named [[Rurik]], was elected ruler of [[Novgorod]] in 862. In 882, his successor [[Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg]] ventured south and conquered [[Kiev]], which had been previously paying tribute to the [[Khazars]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}<ref name="Borrero-p3" /> Rurik's son [[Igor of Kiev|Igor]] and Igor's son [[Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav]] subsequently subdued all local [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate,<ref>{{cite book |last=Plokhy |first=Serhii |author-link=Serhii Plokhy |title=The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |page=13 |isbn=978-0-521-86403-9}}</ref> and launched several military expeditions to [[Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus'|Byzantium]] and [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Persia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Obolensky |first=Dimitri |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumslavs0000obol |title=Byzantium & the Slavs |date=1971 |isbn=978-0-88141-008-2 |pages=75–108 |publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Francis Donald Logan|Logan, Donald F.]] |url=https://archive.org/details/vikingsinhistory00loga |title=The Vikings in History |edition=2nd |date=1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-08396-6 |page=201 |url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
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In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of [[Vladimir the Great]] (980–1015) and his son [[Yaroslav the Wise]] (1019–1054) constitute the [[Golden Age]] of Kiev, which saw [[Christianisation of Kievan Rus'|the acceptance of]] Orthodox Christianity from [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]], and the creation of the first East Slavic written [[legal code]], the ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]''.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} The age of [[feudalism]] and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the [[Rurik dynasty]] that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] in the north-east, the [[Novgorod Republic]] in the north, and [[Galicia-Volhynia]] in the south-west.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} By the 12th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus' had fragmented into different principalities.<ref name="Channon-1995"/> Prince [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]] sacked Kiev in 1169 and made [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] his base,<ref name="Channon-1995">{{cite book |last1=Channon |first1=John |title=The Penguin historical atlas of Russia |date=1995 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=0-14-051326-4 |page=16}}</ref> leading to political power being shifted to the north-east.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}<br />
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Led by Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]], Novgorodians repelled the invading [[Swedes]] in the [[Battle of the Neva]] in 1240,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Battle of the Neva |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Neva |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329054701/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Neva |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the [[Northern Crusades|Germanic crusaders]] in the [[Battle on the Ice]] in 1242.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ostrowski |first=Donald |year=2006 |title=Alexander Nevskii's "Battle on the Ice": The Creation of a Legend |journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]] |volume=33 |pages=289–312 |doi=10.1163/187633106X00186 |jstor=24664446 |number=2/4}}</ref><br />
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Kievan Rus' finally fell to the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasion]] of 1237–1240, which resulted in the [[Siege of Kiev (1240)|sacking of Kiev]] and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} The invaders, later known as [[Tatars]], formed the state of the [[Golden Horde]], which ruled over Russia for the next two centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Halperin |first=Charles J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPwX2dW-V6sC&pg=PA7 |title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History |date=1987 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20445-5 |page=7 |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813152923/https://books.google.com/books?id=kPwX2dW-V6sC&pg=PA7 |url-status=live}}</ref> Only the Novgorod Republic escaped foreign occupation after it agreed to pay tribute to the Mongols.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} Galicia-Volhynia would later be absorbed by [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]], while the Novgorod Republic continued to prosper in the north. In the northeast, the Byzantine-Slavic traditions of Kievan Rus' were adapted to form the Russian autocratic state.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}<br />
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=== Grand Principality of Moscow ===<br />
{{Main|Grand Principality of Moscow}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Lissner TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg|thumb|[[Sergius of Radonezh]] blessing [[Dmitry Donskoy]] in [[Trinity Sergius Lavra]], before the [[Battle of Kulikovo]], depicted in a painting by [[Ernst Lissner]]]]<br />
The destruction of Kievan Rus' saw the eventual rise of the [[Grand Principality of Moscow]], initially a part of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}{{Rp|pages=11–20}} While still under the domain of the [[Mongol]]-[[Tatars]] and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the region in the early 14th century,<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Brian L. |title=Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700 |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |page=4 |url=http://www.reenactor.ru/ARH/PDF/Davies.pdf#page=20 |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009193828/http://www.reenactor.ru/ARH/PDF/Davies.pdf#page=20 |url-status=live}}</ref> gradually becoming the leading force in the "gathering of the Russian lands".{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mackay |first1=Angus |title=Atlas of Medieval Europe |date=11 September 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-80693-5 |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6KIAgAAQBAJ |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2024 |access-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820063434/https://books.google.com/books?id=X6KIAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> When the seat of the Metropolitan of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] moved to Moscow in 1325, its influence increased.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gleason |first1=Abbott |title=A Companion to Russian History |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Chichester |isbn=978-1-4443-0842-6 |page=126}}</ref> Moscow's last rival, the [[Novgorod Republic]], prospered as the chief [[fur trade]] centre and the easternmost port of the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Halperin |first=Charles J. |title=Novgorod and the 'Novgorodian Land' |jstor=20171136 |volume=40 |number=3 |pages=345–363 |date=September 1999 |publisher=EHESS |journal=Cahiers du Monde russe}}</ref><br />
<br />
Led by Prince [[Dmitry Donskoy]] of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted [[List of conflicts in Eastern Europe during Turco-Mongol rule|a milestone defeat]] on the Mongol-Tatars in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]] in 1380.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as [[Principality of Tver|Tver]] and [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}<br />
<br />
[[Ivan III]] ("the Great") threw off the control of the [[Golden Horde]] and gained sovereignty over the ethnically Russian lands;{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} he later adopted the title of [[sovereign of all Russia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Millar |first=James R. |title=Encyclopedia of Russian History |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-KYwQEACAAJ |isbn=978-0-02-865693-9 |page=688 |quote=Ivan III assumed the title of the sovereign of all Russia...}}</ref> After the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, Moscow [[Third Rome|claimed succession to the legacy]] of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. Ivan&nbsp;III married [[Sophia Palaiologina]], the niece of the last [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Constantine&nbsp;XI]], and made the Byzantine [[double-headed eagle]] his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasili III]] united all of Russia by annexing the last few independent [[List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine|Russian states]] in the early 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=M.S. |title=The Origins of the Modern European State System, 1494–1618 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-89275-5 |url={{GBurl |id=smCgBAAAQBAJ |pg=PT281}}}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Tsardom of Russia ===<br />
{{Main|Tsardom of Russia}}<br />
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{{See also|Moscow, third Rome}}<br />
[[File:Ivan grozny frame.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Ivan IV]] was the [[Grand Prince of Moscow]] from 1533 to 1547, then [[Tsar of Russia]] until his death in 1584.]]<br />
In development of the [[Moscow, third Rome|Third Rome]] ideas, the grand prince [[Ivan&nbsp;IV]] ("the Terrible") was officially crowned as the first [[tsar of all Russia]] in 1547. The tsar [[Promulgation|promulgated]] a new code of laws ([[Sudebnik of 1550]]), established the first Russian feudal representative body (the [[Zemsky Sobor]]), revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan]] and [[Astrakhan Khanate|Astrakhan]] along the [[Volga]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perrie |first=Maureen |title=The Popular Image of Ivan the Terrible |jstor=4207642 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=56 |number=2 |date=April 1978 |pages=275–286 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]]}}</ref> and the [[Khanate of Sibir]] in southwestern Siberia. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the [[Ural Mountains]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Skrynnikov |first=R. G. |title=Ermak's Siberian Expedition |journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]] |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=1–39 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |jstor=24655823 |year=1986 |doi=10.1163/187633186X00016}}</ref> However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful [[Livonian War]] against the coalition of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] (later the united [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]), the [[History of Sweden (1523–1611)|Kingdom of Sweden]], and [[Denmark–Norway]] for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Filyushkin |first=Alexander |title=Livonian War in the Context of the European Wars of the 16th Century: Conquest, Borders, Geopolitics |year=2016 |pages=1–21 |volume=43 |number=1 |journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]] |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/18763316-04301004 |jstor=44647035}}</ref> In 1571, the [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean Tatars]], supported by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], [[Fire of Moscow (1571)|burned down Moscow]], destroying everything except the Kremlin. The following year, the Crimeans attempted another raid on Moscow, but this time they were defeated in the crucial [[Battle of Molodi]].<ref>{{cite book |date=2015 |last=Skrynnikov |first=R. G. |title=Reign of Terror: Ivan IV |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-9-004-30401-7 |pages=417–421}}</ref><br />
[[File:Fedor chertezh.jpeg|thumb|left|Feodor Godunov's map of Russia, as published by [[Hessel Gerritsz]] in 1614]]<br />
The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient [[Rurik dynasty]] in 1598, and in combination with the disastrous [[Russian famine of 1601–03|famine of 1601–1603]], led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the [[Time of Troubles]] in the early 17th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dunning |first=Chester |title=Crisis, Conjuncture, and the Causes of the Time of Troubles |jstor=41036998 |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |year=1995 |publisher=[[Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute]] |volume=19 |pages=97–119}}</ref> The [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], taking advantage, occupied parts of Russia, extending into the capital Moscow.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wójcik |first=Zbigniew |title=Russian Endeavors for the Polish Crown in the Seventeenth Century |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |jstor=2496635 |doi=10.2307/2496635 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=41 |number=1 |year=1982 |pages=59–72}}</ref> In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant [[Kuzma Minin]] and prince [[Dmitry Pozharsky]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bogolitsyna |first1=Anna |last2=Pichler |first2=Bernhard |last3=Vendl |first3=Alfred |last4=Mikhailov |first4=Alexander |last5=Sizov |first5=Boris |title=Investigation of the Brass Monument to Minin and Pozharsky, Red Square, Moscow |journal=Studies in Conservation |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2009 |volume=54 |number=1 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1179/sic.2009.54.1.12 |jstor=27867061}}</ref> The [[Romanov dynasty]] acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Orchard |first=G. Edward |title=The Election of Michael Romanov |jstor=4210028 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=67 |number=3 |date=July 1989 |pages=378–402}}</ref><br />
<br />
Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the [[Cossacks]].<ref name="Siberia">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/meeting-of-frontiers/articles-and-essays/exploration/russian-discovery-of-siberia/ |title=The Russian Discovery of Siberia |year=2000 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330122944/https://www.loc.gov/collections/meeting-of-frontiers/articles-and-essays/exploration/russian-discovery-of-siberia/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]], offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, [[Alexis of Russia|Alexis]], whose acceptance of this offer led to another [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]]. Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the [[Dnieper]], leaving the eastern part, ([[Left-bank Ukraine]] and [[Kiev]]) under Russian rule.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frost |first=Robert I. |title=The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558–1721 |date=2000 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-58206-429-4 |page=13}}</ref> In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of vast Siberia continued, hunting for valuable furs and ivory. [[List of Russian explorers|Russian explorers]] pushed eastward primarily along the [[Siberian River Routes]], and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the [[Chukchi Peninsula]], along the [[Amur River]], and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Siberia"/> In 1648, [[Semyon Dezhnyov]] became the first European to navigate through the [[Bering Strait]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Oliver |first=James A. |title=The Bering Strait Crossing: A 21st Century Frontier between East and West |year=2006 |publisher=Information Architects |pages=36–37 |isbn=978-0-9546995-8-1}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Imperial Russia ===<br />
{{Main|Russian Empire}}<br />
<br />
Under [[Peter the Great]], Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the [[Great Northern War]] (1700–1721), securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded [[Saint Petersburg]] as Russia's new capital. Throughout his rule, [[Government reform of Peter the Great|sweeping reforms were made]], which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} He was succeeded by [[Catherine I of Russia|Catherine I]] (1725–1727), followed by [[Peter II of Russia|Peter II]] (1727–1730), and [[Anna of Russia|Anna]]. The reign of Peter&nbsp;I's daughter [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]] in 1741–1762 saw Russia's participation in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). During the conflict, Russian troops overran [[East Prussia]], reaching Berlin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kohn |first=Hans |title=Germany and Russia |journal=Current History |volume=38 |number=221 |pages=1–5 |year=1960 |publisher=U of California Press |doi=10.1525/curh.1960.38.221.1 |jstor=45310370}}</ref> However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] by pro-Prussian [[Peter&nbsp;III of Russia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Raeff |first=Marc |title=The Domestic Policies of Peter III and his Overthrow |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=75 |number=5 |date=June 1970 |pages=1289–1310 |publisher=Oxford University Press |jstor=1844479 |doi=10.2307/1844479}}</ref><br />
[[File:Growth of Russia 1547-1725.png|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)|Expansion]] and [[Territorial evolution of Russia|territorial evolution]] of Russia from the [[Coronation of the Russian monarch|coronation]] of [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV]] to the death of [[Peter the Great|Peter I]]]]<br />
[[Catherine the Great|Catherine&nbsp;II]] ("the Great"), who ruled in 1762–1796, presided over the [[Russian Enlightenment|Russian Age of Enlightenment]]. She extended Russian political control over the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and [[Partitions of Poland|annexed most of its territories into Russia]], making it the most populous country in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perkins |first=James Breck |title=The Partition of Poland |jstor=1833615 |doi=10.2307/1833615 |doi-access=free |volume=2 |number=1 |date=October 1896 |pages=76–92 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> In the south, after the successful [[Russo-Turkish Wars]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]], Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the [[Crimean Khanate]], and [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire|annexing Crimea]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=M.S. |jstor=4205010 |title=The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1783–1784 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |date=December 1958 |volume=37 |number=88 |pages=17–41 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]]}}</ref> As a result of victories over [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Iran]] through the [[Russo-Persian Wars]], by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also [[Russian conquest of the Caucasus|conquered the Caucasus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Behrooz |first=Maziar |title=Revisiting the Second Russo-Iranian War (1826–1828): Causes and Perceptions |jstor=24482847 |journal=[[Iranian Studies (journal)|Iranian Studies]] |year=2013 |volume=46 |number=3 |pages=359–381 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |doi=10.1080/00210862.2012.758502}}</ref> Catherine's successor, her son [[Paul I of Russia|Paul]], was [[Personality and reputation of Paul I of Russia|unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ragsdale |first=Hugh |title=Russia, Prussia, and Europe in the Policy of Paul I |year=1992 |pages=81–118 |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |jstor=41046596 |volume=31 |number=1 |publisher=[[Franz Steiner Verlag]]}}</ref> Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;I]]'s (1801–1825) [[Finnish War|wresting of Finland]] from the weakened Sweden in 1809,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Finland |jstor=1945868 |doi-access=free |doi=10.2307/1945868 |publisher=[[American Political Science Association]] |date=August 1910 |volume=4 |number=3 |pages=350–364 |journal=[[The American Political Science Review]]}}</ref> and of [[Bessarabia]] from the Ottomans in 1812.<ref>{{cite journal |last=King |first=Charles |title=Moldova and the New Bessarabian Questions |jstor=40396520 |journal=[[The World Today (magazine)|The World Today]] |volume=49 |number=7 |pages=135–139 |date=July 1993 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs ([[Chatham House]])}}</ref> In North America, the Russians became the first Europeans to [[Russian America|reach and colonise Alaska]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/harriman/1899/exploration.html |title=Exploration and Settlement on the Alaskan Coast |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319205223/http://www.pbs.org/harriman/1899/exploration.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1803–1806, the [[first Russian circumnavigation]] was made.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McCartan |first=E. F. |title=The Long Voyages-Early Russian Circumnavigation |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |volume=22 |number=1 |year=1963 |pages=30–37 |doi=10.2307/126593 |jstor=126593}}</ref> In 1820, [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen#First Russian Antarctic expedition|a Russian expedition]] discovered the continent of [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |title=Who really discovered Antarctica? Depends who you ask. |date=27 January 2020 |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/who-discovered-antarctica-depends-who-ask |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305011853/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/who-discovered-antarctica-depends-who-ask |archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Great power and development of society, sciences, and arts====<br />
[[File:Napoleons retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen.jpg|thumb|''[[Napoleon]]'s retreat from Moscow'' by [[Albrecht Adam]] (1851)]]<br />
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France. The [[French invasion of Russia]] at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold [[Russian winter]] led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European [[Grande Armée]] faced utter destruction. Led by [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] and [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly]], the [[Imperial Russian Army]] ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]], ultimately entering Paris.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kroll |first1=Mark J. |last2=Toombs |first2=Leslie A. |last3=Wright |first3=Peter |title=Napoleon's Tragic March Home from Moscow: Lessons in Hubris |date=February 2000 |journal=The Academy of Management Executive |jstor=4165613 |pages=117–128 |publisher=[[Academy of Management]] |volume=14 |number=1}}</ref> [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] controlled Russia's delegation at the [[Congress of Vienna]], which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghervas |first=Stella |title=The Long Shadow of the Congress of Vienna |jstor=26266203 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishers]] |journal=Journal of Modern European History |volume=13 |number=4 |pages=458–463 |year=2015 |doi=10.17104/1611-8944-2015-4-458}}</ref><br />
<br />
The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia, and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive [[Decembrist revolt]] of 1825.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grey |first=Ian |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/decembrists-russia%E2%80%99s-first-revolutionaries |title=The Decembrists: Russia's First Revolutionaries |magazine=[[History Today]] |date=9 September 1973 |volume=23 |issue=9 |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330122946/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/decembrists-russia%E2%80%99s-first-revolutionaries |url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of the conservative reign of [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] (1825–1855), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the [[Crimean War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vincent |first=J.R. Vincent |title=The Parliamentary Dimension of the Crimean War |journal=[[Transactions of the Royal Historical Society]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=37–49 |volume=31 |year=1981 |jstor=3679044 |doi=10.2307/3679044}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Great liberal reforms and capitalism====<br />
[[File:The defeat of Shipka Peak, Bulgarian War of Independence.JPG|thumb|The [[Battle of Shipka Pass]] for the control of the vital [[Shipka Pass]] during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War]]]]<br />
Nicholas's successor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;II]] (1855–1881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the [[emancipation reform of 1861]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zenkovsky |first=Serge A. |author-link=Serge Aleksandrovich Zenkovsky |title=The Emancipation of the Serfs in Retrospect |jstor=126692 |doi=10.2307/126692 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=20 |number=4 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |date=October 1961 |pages=280–293}}</ref> These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the [[Balkans]] from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gunter |first=Michael M. |author-link=Michael Gunter |title=War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin |pages=231–233 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2013.0031 |journal=[[Journal of World History]] |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |issn=1527-8050 |date=March 2013 |volume=24 |number=1}}</ref> During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and [[British Empire|Britain]] colluded over [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and its neighbouring territories in [[Central Asia|Central]] and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the [[Great Game]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fromkin |first=David |author-link=David Fromkin |title=The Great Game in Asia |year=1980 |volume=58 |number=4 |pages=936–951 |jstor=20040512 |doi=10.2307/20040512 |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander&nbsp;II was [[Assassination of Alexander II of Russia|assassinated]] in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Frank |first=Goodwin |journal=[[The Slavic and East European Journal]] |jstor=309128 |title=Review: [Untitled] |doi=10.2307/309128 |pages=641–43 |year=1995 |volume=39 |number=4}}</ref> The reign of his son [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;III]] (1881–1894) was less liberal but more peaceful.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Taranovski |first=Theodore |title=Alexander III and his Bureaucracy: The Limitations on Autocratic Power |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |volume=26 |number=2/3 |year=1984 |pages=207–219 |doi=10.1080/00085006.1984.11091776 |jstor=40868293}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Constitutional monarchy and World War====<br />
Under last Russian emperor, [[Nicholas&nbsp;II]] (1894–1917), the [[Revolution of 1905]] was triggered by the humiliating failure of the [[Russo-Japanese War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Esthus |first=Raymond A. |title=Nicholas II and the Russo-Japanese War |jstor=129919 |doi=10.2307/129919 |volume=40 |number=4 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |date=October 1981 |pages=396–411}}</ref> The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms ([[Russian Constitution of 1906]]), including granting [[freedom of speech|freedoms of speech]] and [[freedom of assembly|assembly]], the legalisation of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|State Duma]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Doctorow |first=Gilbert S. |title=The Fundamental State Laws of 23 April 1906 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1976 |jstor=127655 |doi=10.2307/127655 |volume=35 |number=1 |pages=33–52}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Revolution and civil war ===<br />
{{main|Russian Revolution|Russian Civil War|Dissolution of the Russian Empire}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Russian Imperial Family 1913.jpg|thumb|left|Emperor [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and the [[House of Romanov|Romanovs]] were [[Execution of the Romanov family|executed]] by the Bolsheviks in 1918.]]<br />
In 1914, [[Russian entry into World War I|Russia entered World War&nbsp;I]] in response to [[Austria-Hungary]]'s declaration of war on Russia's ally [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Samuel R. Jr. |author-link=Samuel R. Williamson Jr. |title=The Origins of World War I |jstor=204825 |doi=10.2307/204825 |journal=[[The Journal of Interdisciplinary History]] |year=1988 |publisher=The [[MIT Press]] |volume=18 |number=4 |pages=795–818}}</ref> and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its [[Triple Entente]] allies.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, 1902–1914 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |jstor=1836520 |doi-access=free |doi=10.2307/1836520 |volume=29 |number=3 |pages=449–473 |date=April 1924 |last1=Schmitt |first1=Bernadotte E. |author1-link=Bernadotte Everly Schmitt}}</ref> In 1916, the [[Brusilov Offensive]] of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schindler |first=John |year=2003 |title=Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916. |journal=[[War in History]] |volume=10 |number=1 |pages=27–59 |doi=10.1191/0968344503wh260oa |jstor=26061940}}</ref> However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, [[World War I casualties|high casualties]], and rumours of corruption and treason. All this formed the climate for the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917, carried out in two major acts.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} In early 1917, [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] was [[February Revolution|forced to abdicate]]; he and his family were imprisoned and [[Shooting of the Romanov family|later executed]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Walsh |first=Edmund |author-link=Edmund A. Walsh |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1928/03/the-last-days-of-the-romanovs/303877/ |title=The Last Days of the Romanovs |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=March 1928 |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330124604/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1928/03/the-last-days-of-the-romanovs/303877/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mosse |first=W. E. |title=Interlude: The Russian Provisional Government 1917 |journal=Soviet Studies (Europe-Asia Studies) |jstor=149631 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=15 |number=4 |pages=408–419 |date=April 1964}}</ref> and proclaimed the [[Russian Republic]]. On {{OldStyleDateNY|19 January|6 January}}, 1918, the [[Russian Constituent Assembly]] declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the [[All-Russian Central Executive Committee]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}}<br />
<br />
An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the [[Petrograd Soviet]], wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called ''[[Soviet (council)|soviets]]''. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the [[October Revolution]], led by [[Bolshevik]] leader [[Vladimir Lenin]], overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first [[socialist state]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} The [[Russian Civil War]] broke out between the [[anti-communist]] [[White movement]] and the Bolsheviks with its [[Red Army]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Figes |first=Orlando |author-link=Orlando Figes |title=The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918–1920 |jstor=650938 |journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=168–211 |date=November 1990 |number=190 |doi=10.1093/past/129.1.168}}</ref> In the aftermath of signing the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] that concluded hostilities with the [[Central Powers]] of [[World War I|World War&nbsp;I]], Bolshevist Russia surrendered most of its western territories, which hosted 34% of its population, 54% of its industries, 32% of its agricultural land, and roughly 90% of its coal mines.<ref>{{cite web |last=Figes |first=Orlando |author-link=Orlando Figes |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/russian-revolution-history-lenin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415111202/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/russian-revolution-history-lenin |archive-date=15 April 2021 |title=From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=25 October 2017 |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref><br />
[[File:Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Lenin]] speaks in Moscow, 1920, with [[Leon Trotsky]] leaning against the podium.]]<br />
The [[Allies of World War I|Allied powers]] launched an unsuccessful [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|military intervention]] in support of anti-communist forces.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Carley |first=Michael Jabara |date=November 1989 |jstor=40106089 |title=Allied Intervention and the Russian Civil War, 1917–1922 |journal=[[The International History Review]] |volume=11 |number=4 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1989.9640530}}</ref> In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the [[Red Terror]] and [[White Terror (Russia)|White Terror]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/red-terror-set-macabre-course-soviet-union |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222175025/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/red-terror-set-macabre-course-soviet-union |archive-date=22 February 2021 |title=How the Red Terror set a macabre course for the Soviet Union |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |first=Erin |last=Blakemore |date=2 September 2020 |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Civil-War/Foreign-intervention#ref283723 |title=Russian Civil War – Casualties and consequences of the war |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330124604/https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Civil-War/Foreign-intervention#ref283723 |url-status=live}}</ref> Millions became [[White émigré]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schaufuss |first=Tatiana |title=The White Russian Refugees |journal=The Annals of the [[American Academy of Political and Social Science]] |date=May 1939 |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |doi=10.1177/000271623920300106 |jstor=1021884}}</ref> and the [[Russian famine of 1921–1922]] claimed up to five&nbsp;million victims.<ref>{{cite web |last=Haller |first=Francis |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/article/other/5rfhjy.htm |title=Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921 |work=[[Le Temps]] |publisher=[[International Committee of the Red Cross]] |date=8 December 2003 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314134441/https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/article/other/5rfhjy.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Soviet Union ===<br />
{{Main|History of the Soviet Union}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Russian SFSR in Soviet Union (1936).svg|thumb|left|Location of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] (red) within the [[Soviet Union]] in 1936]]<br />
<br />
====Command economy and Soviet society====<br />
On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR|formed]] the [[Soviet Union]], by joining the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] into a single state with the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian]], [[Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic|Transcaucasian]], and [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian]] republics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Szporluk |first=Roman |title=Nationalities and the Russian Problem in the U.S.S.R.: an Historical Outline |jstor=24356607 |publisher=Journal of International Affairs Editorial Board |journal=[[Journal of International Affairs]] |volume=27 |number=1 |pages=22–40 |year=1973}}</ref> Eventually internal border changes and annexations during World War II created a union of [[republics of the Soviet Union|15 republics]], the largest in size and population being the Russian SFSR, which dominated the union politically, culturally, and economically.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brzezinski |first=Zbigniew |author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski |date=1984 |title=The Soviet Union: World Power of a New Type |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science |publisher=[[The Academy of Political Science]] |volume=35 |pages=147–159 |doi=10.2307/1174124 |jstor=1174124 |number=3}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following [[Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin|Lenin's death]] in 1924, a [[List of Troikas in the Soviet Union|troika]] was designated to take charge. Eventually [[Joseph Stalin]], the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary of the Communist Party]], managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Glassman |first=Leo M. |title=Stalin's Rise to Power |date=April 1931 |pages=73–77 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |jstor=45336496 |journal=[[Current History]] |volume=34 |number=1 |doi=10.1525/curh.1931.34.1.73}}</ref> [[Leon Trotsky]], the main proponent of [[world revolution]], was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Getty |first=J Arch. |title=Trotsky in Exile: The Founding of the Fourth International |jstor=151989 |pages=24–35 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=38 |number=1 |date=January 1986 |journal=Soviet Studies (Europe-Asia Studies)}}</ref> and Stalin's idea of [[Socialism in One Country]] became the official line.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47659/1/Socialism%20in%20One%20Country%20Redacted.pdf |title=Socialism in One Country: A Study of Pragmatism and Ideology in the Soviet 1920s |publisher=[[University of Kent]] |last=Bensley |first=Michael |year=2014 |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626142120/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47659/1/Socialism%20in%20One%20Country%20Redacted.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the [[Great Purge]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kuromiya |first=Hirosaki |title=Accounting for the Great Terror |jstor=41051345 |publisher=[[Franz Steiner Verlag]] |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |year=2005 |pages=86–101 |volume=53 |number=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Stalinism and modernisation====<br />
[[File:Telegram Stalin STZ.jpg|thumb|Congratulations sent by [[Joseph Stalin]] on the opening of the [[Volgograd Tractor Plant|Stalingrad Tractor Plant]]]]<br />
Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a [[command economy]], [[Industrialization in the USSR|industrialisation of the largely rural country]], and [[Collectivization in the USSR|collectivisation]] of [[Agriculture in the USSR|its agriculture]]. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to [[Gulag|penal labour camps]], including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosefielde |first=Steven |title=An Assessment of the Sources and Uses of Gulag Forced Labour 1929–1956 |jstor=151474 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |pages=51–87 |volume=33 |number=1 |date=January 1981 |journal=Soviet Studies (Europe-Asia Studies)}}</ref> and millions were [[population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported and exiled]] to remote areas of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kreindler |first=Isabelle |title=The Soviet Deported Nationalities: A Summary and an Update |jstor=151700 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |journal=Soviet Studies (Europe-Asia Studies) |volume=38 |number=3 |date=July 1986 |pages=387–405}}</ref> The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought,<ref>{{cite book |last=Zadoks |first=J.C. |title=On the political economy of plant disease epidemics: Capita selecta in historical epidemiology |publisher=Wageningen Academic Publishers |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-8686-653-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBLTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |access-date=8 December 2022 |page=171 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225095407/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBLTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |url-status=live}}</ref> led to the [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933]], which killed 5.7<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Robert W. |last2=Wheatcroft |first2=Stephen G. |title=The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=415 |doi=10.1057/9780230273979 |isbn=978-0-230-23855-8}}</ref> to 8.7 million, 3.3 million of them in the Russian SFSR.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wolowyna |first=Oleh |date=October 2020 |title=A Demographic Framework for the 1932–1934 Famine in the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |volume=23 |number=4 |pages=501–526 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741}}</ref> The Soviet Union, ultimately, made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse within a short span of time.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rosefielde |first=Steven |title=Excess Deaths and Industrialization: A Realist Theory of Stalinist Economic Development in the 1930s |jstor=260849 |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |year=1988 |volume=23 |number=2 |pages=277–289 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |doi=10.1177/002200948802300207 |pmid=11617302}}</ref><br />
<br />
====World War II and United Nations====<br />
{{main|Soviet Union in World War II}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Ленинград блокадный. Им обеим 30 лет.jpg|thumb|Two teenage girls assemble [[PPD-40]] submachine guns during the [[Siege of Leningrad]] in 1942.]]<br />
[[File:RIAN archive 602161 Center of Stalingrad after liberation.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Stalingrad]], the largest and bloodiest battle in the history of warfare, ended in 1943 with a decisive Soviet victory against the [[German Army (1935–1945)|German army]].]]<br />
The Soviet Union entered [[World War II]] on 17 September 1939 with its [[Soviet invasion of Poland|invasion of Poland]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kornat |first=Marek |title=Choosing Not to Choose in 1939: Poland's Assessment of the Nazi-Soviet Pact |jstor=40647041 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=31 |number=4 |date=December 2009 |journal=[[The International History Review]] |pages=771–797 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2009.9641172}}</ref> in accordance with a secret protocol within the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] with [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |title=The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany |jstor=152247 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=44 |number=1 |year=1992 |journal=Soviet Studies (Europe-Asia Studies) |pages=57–78}}</ref> The Soviet Union later [[Winter War|invaded Finland]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Spring |first=D. W. |title=The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939 |jstor=152247 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=38 |number=2 |date=April 1986 |journal=Soviet Studies (Europe-Asia Studies) |pages=207–226}}</ref> and [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|occupied and annexed the Baltic states]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Saburova |first=Irina |title=The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |volume=14 |number=1 |pages=36–49 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |doi=10.2307/126075 |jstor=126075 |date=January 1955}}</ref> as well as [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|parts of Romania]].<ref>{{cite book |last=King |first=Charles |title=The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture |date=1999 |publisher=[[Hoover Institution Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/moldovansromania00king_0/page/n3/mode/2up |isbn=978-0-817-99791-5}}</ref>{{rp|91–95}} On 22 June 1941, Germany [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stolfi |first=Russel H. S. |title=Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941) |jstor=1906049 |publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] |volume=54 |number=1 |pages=27–46 |journal=[[The Journal of Modern History]] |date=March 1982 |doi=10.1086/244076 |hdl=10945/44218 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> opening the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], the largest theatre of World War&nbsp;II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=David |title=The Eastern Front Campaign: An Operational Level Analysis |publisher=Eschenburg Press |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-789-12193-3}}</ref>{{rp|7}}<br />
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Eventually, some 5 million [[Red Army]] troops were captured by the Nazis;<ref>{{cite book |last=Chapoutot |first=Johann |title=The Law of Blood: Thinking and Acting as a Nazi |date=2018 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-66043-4}}</ref>{{rp|272}} the latter deliberately [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|starved to death or otherwise killed]] 3.3&nbsp;million Soviet [[Prisoner of war|POW]]s, and a vast number of civilians, as the "[[Hunger Plan]]" sought to fulfil [[Generalplan Ost]].<ref>{{cite book |last=D. Snyder |first=Timothy |location=New York |title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin |date=2010 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0-465-00239-9}}</ref>{{rp|175–186}} Although the [[Wehrmacht]] had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the [[Battle of Moscow]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Assmann |first=Kurt |title=The Battle for Moscow, Turning Point of the War |jstor=20030251 |doi=10.2307/20030251 |volume=28 |number=2 |pages=309–326 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |date=January 1950 |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in the winter of 1942–1943,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clairmont |first=Frederic F. |title=Stalingrad: Hitler's Nemesis |jstor=4413752 |volume=38 |number=27 |pages=2819–2823 |date=July 2003 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]}}</ref> and then in the [[Battle of Kursk]] in the summer of 1943.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mulligan |first=Timothy P. |title=Spies, Ciphers and 'Zitadelle': Intelligence and the Battle of Kursk, 1943 |jstor=260932 |pages=235–260 |volume=22 |number=2 |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |date=April 1987 |doi=10.1177/002200948702200203}}</ref> Another German failure was the [[Siege of Leningrad]], in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Krypton |first=Constantin |title=The Siege of Leningrad |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |volume=13 |number=4 |pages=255–265 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |doi=10.2307/125859 |jstor=125859 |date=January 1955}}</ref> Soviet forces steamrolled through Eastern and Central Europe in 1944–1945 and [[Battle of Berlin|captured Berlin]] in May 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/soviet-victory-battle-berlin-finished-nazi-germany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320151932/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/soviet-victory-battle-berlin-finished-nazi-germany |archive-date=20 March 2021 |title=The Soviet victory in the Battle of Berlin finished Nazi Germany |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |first1=Neil |last1=Kagan |first2=Stephen |last2=Hyslop |date=7 May 2020 |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> In August 1945, the Red Army [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invaded Manchuria]] and [[Soviet–Japanese War|ousted the Japanese]] from Northeast Asia, contributing to the Allied victory over Japan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morton |first=Louis |title=Soviet Intervention in the War with Japan |volume=40 |number=4 |date=July 1962 |pages=653–662 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |doi=10.2307/20029588 |jstor=20029588}}</ref><br />
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The 1941–1945 period of World War&nbsp;II is known in Russia as the [[Great Patriotic War (term)|Great Patriotic War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-s-monumental-tribute-to-the-great-patriotic-war-/30599462.html |title=Russia's Monumental Tributes To The 'Great Patriotic War' |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=8 May 2020 |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331102407/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-s-monumental-tribute-to-the-great-patriotic-war-/30599462.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the [[Four Policemen]], which was the foundation of the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gaddis |first=John Lewis |author-link=John Lewis Gaddis |title=The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesorig0000gadd |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |date=1972 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-12239-9}}</ref>{{rp|27}} During the war, [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|Soviet civilian and military death were about 26–27 million]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ellman |first1=Michael |last2=Maksudov |first2=S. |author1-link=Michael Ellman |title=Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |year=1994 |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=671–680 |doi=10.1080/09668139408412190 |pmid=12288331 |jstor=152934}}</ref> accounting for about half of all [[World War&nbsp;II casualties]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cumins |first=Keith |title=Cataclysm: The War on the Eastern Front 1941–45 |publisher=Helion and Company |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-907-67723-6}}</ref>{{rp|295}} The [[Economy of the Soviet Union|Soviet economy]] and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the [[Soviet famine of 1946–1947]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Harrison |first=Mark |date=14 April 2010 |title=The Soviet Union after 1945: Economic Recovery and Political Repression |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/public/pp2011postprint.pdf |website=[[University of Warwick]] |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021204316/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/public/pp2011postprint.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as a superpower.<ref name="Reiman-2016">{{cite book |last=Reiman |first=Michael |title=About Russia, Its Revolutions, Its Development and Its Present |chapter=The USSR as the New World Superpower |date=2016 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |pages=169–176 |jstor=j.ctv2t4dn7.14 |isbn=978-3-631-67136-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Superpower and Cold War====<br />
[[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|The "[[Grand Alliance (World War II)|Big Three]]" at the [[Yalta Conference]] in February 1945, [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Joseph Stalin]]]]<br />
After World War II, according to the [[Potsdam Conference]], the [[Red Army]] occupied parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including [[East Germany]] and the eastern regions of [[Austria]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wills |first=Matthew |url=https://daily.jstor.org/potsdam-origins-cold-war/ |title=Potsdam and the Origins of the Cold War |work=[[JSTOR]] Daily |date=6 August 2015 |access-date=28 January 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407051631/https://daily.jstor.org/potsdam-origins-cold-war/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Dependent communist governments were installed in the [[Eastern Bloc]] satellite states.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bunce |first=Valerie |title=The Empire Strikes Back: The Evolution of the Eastern Bloc from a Soviet Asset to a Soviet Liability |jstor=2706633 |journal=[[International Organization]] |volume=39 |number=1 |year=1985 |pages=1–46 |publisher=The [[MIT Press]] |doi=10.1017/S0020818300004859 |doi-access=free}}</ref> After becoming the world's second [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear power]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Holloway |first=David |title=Entering the Nuclear Arms Race: The Soviet Decision to Build the Atomic Bomb, 1939–1945 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |volume=11 |number=2 |date=May 1981 |pages=159–197 |journal=[[Social Studies of Science]] |doi=10.1177/030631278101100201}}</ref> the Soviet Union established the [[Warsaw Pact]] alliance,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wolfe |first=Thomas W. |title=The Warsaw Pact in Evolution |date=May 1966 |volume=22 |number=5 |pages=191–198 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs ([[Chatham House]]) |journal=[[The World Today (magazine)|The World Today]] |jstor=40393859}}</ref> and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the [[Cold War]], with the rivalling United States and [[NATO]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wagg |first1=Stephen |last2=Andrews |first2=David |title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War |year=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-24167-5 |page=11}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Khrushchev Thaw reforms and economic development====<br />
After [[Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin|Stalin's death]] in 1953 and a short period of [[Collective leadership in the Soviet Union|collective leadership]], the new leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] denounced [[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences|Stalin]] and launched the policy of [[de-Stalinization]], releasing many political prisoners from the [[Gulag]] labour camps.<ref>{{cite book |first=Polly |last=Jones |title=The Dilemmas of De-Stalinization: Negotiating Cultural and Social Change in the Khrushchev Era |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-28347-7 |pages=2–4}}</ref> The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the [[Khrushchev Thaw]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reid |first=Susan E. |year=1997 |title=Destalinization and Taste, 1953–1963 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |jstor=1316131 |volume=10 |number=2 |pages=177–201 |journal=[[Journal of Design History]] |doi=10.1093/jdh/10.2.177}}</ref> At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States [[PGM-19 Jupiter|Jupiter missiles]] in Turkey and Soviet [[Cuban Missile Crisis|missiles in Cuba]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fuelling |first=Cody |url=https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&context=issr |title=To the Brink: Turkish and Cuban Missiles during the Height of the Cold War |journal=International Social Science Review |publisher=[[University of North Georgia]] |volume=93 |number=1 |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313053405/https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&context=issr}}</ref><br />
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In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial [[satellite]], ''[[Sputnik&nbsp;1]]'', thus starting the [[Space Age]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ussr-launches-sputnik/ |title=USSR Launches Sputnik |date=7 July 2021 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606045341/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ussr-launches-sputnik/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Russian [[cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]] became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the ''[[Vostok&nbsp;1]]'' crewed spacecraft on [[Cosmonautics Day|12 April 1961]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210409-yuri-gagarin-the-spaceman-who-came-in-from-the-cold |title=Yuri Gagarin: the spaceman who came in from the cold |last=Dowling |first=Stephen |date=12 April 2021 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407051631/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210409-yuri-gagarin-the-spaceman-who-came-in-from-the-cold |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Period of developed socialism or Era of Stagnation====<br />
Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective leadership ensued, until [[Leonid Brezhnev]] became the leader. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the [[Era of Stagnation]]. The 1965 [[Kosygin reform]] aimed for partial [[decentralisation]] of the [[Soviet economy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kontorovich |first=Vladimir |title=Lessons of the 1965 Soviet Economic Reform |jstor=151112 |date=April 1988 |pages=308–316 |volume=40 |number=2 |journal=Soviet Studies (Europe-Asia Studies) |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref> In 1979, after a [[Saur Revolution|communist-led revolution]] in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Westad |first=Odd Arne |title=Prelude to Invasion: The Soviet Union and the Afghan Communists, 1978–1979 |jstor=40106851 |journal=[[The International History Review]] |volume=16 |number=1 |date=February 1994 |pages=49–69 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |doi=10.1080/07075332.1994.9640668}}</ref> In May 1988, the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan]], due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Daley |first=Tad |title=Afghanistan and Gorbachev's Global Foreign Policy |jstor=2644534 |doi=10.2307/2644534 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=29 |number=5 |date=May 1989 |pages=496–513 |publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Perestroika, democratisation and Russian sovereignty====<br />
[[File:President Ronald Reagan greets a young boy while touring Red Square during the Moscow Summit in the USSR.jpg|thumb|Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and US President [[Ronald Reagan]] in [[Red Square]] during the [[Moscow Summit (1988)|Moscow Summit]], 31 May 1988]]<br />
From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of ''[[glasnost]]'' (openness) and ''[[perestroika]]'' (restructuring) in an attempt to end the [[Era of Stagnation|period of economic stagnation]] and to [[Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)|democratise the government]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=McForan |first=D. W. J. |title=Glasnost, Democracy, and Perestroika |jstor=41881835 |journal=International Social Science Review |volume=63 |year=1988 |number=4 |pages=165–174 |publisher=[[Pi Gamma Mu]]}}</ref> This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beissinger |first1=Mark R. |title=Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism |journal=Contemporary European History |date=2009 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=331–347 |doi=10.1017/S0960777309005074}}</ref> Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shleifer |first1=Andrei |last2=Vishny |first2=Robert W. |title=Reversing the Soviet Economic Collapse |year=1991 |pages=341–360 |journal=[[Brookings Papers on Economic Activity]] |volume=1991 |number=2 |doi=10.2307/2534597 |jstor=2534597}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the [[Baltic states]] chose to secede from the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dahlburg |first1=John-Thor |last2=Marshall |first2=Tyler |title=Independence for Baltic States: Freedom: Moscow formally recognizes Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, ending half a century of control. Soviets to begin talks soon on new relationships with the three nations |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-07-mn-1530-story.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=7 September 1991 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603043522/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-07-mn-1530-story.html?_amp=true |archive-date=3 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 March, a [[1991 Soviet Union referendum|referendum]] was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a [[New Union Treaty|renewed federation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-19-mn-494-story.html |title=Vote Backs Gorbachev but Not Convincingly: Soviet Union: His plan to preserve federal unity is supported—but so is Yeltsin's for a Russian presidency. |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |first=Michael |last=Parks |date=19 March 1991 |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331100735/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-19-mn-494-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 1991, [[Boris Yeltsin]] became the first directly elected [[President of Russia|President]] in Russian history when he was [[1991 Russian presidential election|elected]] President of the Russian SFSR.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/14/yeltsin-elected-president-of-russia/8b0dc76b-752c-4e28-a525-45ba6120ff24/ |title=Yeltsin Elected President of Russia |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=David |last=Remnick |date=14 June 1991 |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130025538/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/14/yeltsin-elected-president-of-russia/8b0dc76b-752c-4e28-a525-45ba6120ff24/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 1991, [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|a coup d'état attempt]] by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite journal |author1-link=James L. Gibson |last=Gibson |first=James L. |title=Mass Opposition to the Soviet Putsch of August 1991: Collective Action, Rational Choice, and Democratic Values in the Former Soviet Union |journal=The American Political Science Review |publisher=[[American Political Science Association]] |date=September 1997 |volume=97 |number=3 |pages=671–684 |doi=10.2307/2952082 |jstor=2952082}}</ref> On 25 December 1991, following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other [[post-Soviet states]] emerged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/soviet-union-collapse-timeline/31487661.html |title=The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |last=Foltynova |first=Kristyna |date=1 October 2021 |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413175407/https://www.rferl.org/a/soviet-union-collapse-timeline/31487661.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Independent Russian Federation ===<br />
{{Main|History of Russia (1991–present)}}<br />
<br />
{{Further|Presidency of Boris Yeltsin|Russia under Vladimir Putin|Presidency of Dmitry Medvedev}}<br />
<br />
====Transition to a market economy and political crises====<br />
[[File:Vladimir Putin taking the Presidential Oath, 7 May 2000.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vladimir Putin]] takes the oath of office as president on his [[First inauguration of Vladimir Putin|first inauguration]], with [[Boris Yeltsin]] looking over, 2000]]<br />
The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including [[Privatization in Russia|privatisation]] and [[free trade|market and trade liberalisation]] were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "[[shock therapy (economics)|shock therapy]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shleifer |first1=Andrei |last2=Treisman |first2=Daniel |year=2005 |title=A Normal Country: Russia After Communism |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/shleifer/files/normal_jep.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=19 |number=1 |pages=151–174 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |doi=10.1257/0895330053147949 |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112210023/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/shleifer/files/normal_jep.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The privatisation largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government, which led to the rise of [[Russian oligarchs]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-02/rich-russians-the-rise-of-the-oligarchs/10626236 |title=The rise of Russia's oligarchs – and their bid for legitimacy |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |first=Joey |last=Watson |date=2 January 2019 |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321211740/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-02/rich-russians-the-rise-of-the-oligarchs/10626236 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous [[capital flight]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tikhomirov |first=Vladimir |title=Capital Flight from Post-Soviet Russia |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=49 |number=4 |pages=591–615 |date=June 1997 |doi=10.1080/09668139708412462 |jstor=153715}}</ref> The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social services—the [[birth rate]] plummeted while the [[death rate]] skyrocketed,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hollander |first=D. |title=In Post-Soviet Russia, Fertility Is on the Decline; Marriage and Childbearing are Occurring Earlier |jstor=2953371 |doi=10.2307/2953371 |pages=92–94 |volume=29 |number=2 |year=1997 |journal=Family Planning Perspectives |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Lincoln C. |last2=Wittgenstein |first2=Friederike |last3=McKeon |first3=Elizabeth |title=The Upsurge of Mortality in Russia: Causes and Policy Implications |jstor=2137719 |doi=10.2307/2137719 |volume=22 |number=3 |pages=517–530 |date=September 1996 |journal=[[Population and Development Review]] |publisher=[[Population Council]]}}</ref> and millions plunged into poverty,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klugman |first1=Jeni |last2=Braithwaite |first2=Jeanine |title=Poverty in Russia during the Transition: An Overview |jstor=3986388 |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=37–58 |date=February 1998 |journal=The World Bank Research Observer |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/wbro/13.1.37}}</ref> while extreme corruption,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shlapentokh |first=Vladimir |title=Corruption, the power of state and big business in Soviet and post-Soviet regimes |journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies |jstor=48610380 |volume=46 |number=1 |date=March 2013 |pages=147–158 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.12.010}}</ref> as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Frisby |first=Tanya |title=The Rise of Organised Crime in Russia: Its Roots and Social Significance |date=January 1998 |volume=50 |number=1 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |pages=27–49 |doi=10.1080/09668139808412522 |jstor=153404}}</ref><br />
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In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|a constitutional crisis]] which ended violently through military force. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goncharenko |first=Roman |date=3 October 2018 |title=Russia's 1993 crisis still shaping Kremlin politics, 25 years on |work=[[DW News]] |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russias-1993-crisis-still-shaping-kremlin-politics-25-years-on/a-45733546 |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414044222/https://www.dw.com/en/russias-1993-crisis-still-shaping-kremlin-politics-25-years-on/a-45733546 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Modern liberal constitution, international cooperation and economic stabilisation ====<br />
In December, a [[1993 Russian constitutional referendum|referendum]] was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-players-1993-crisis/25125000.html |title=Who Was Who? The Key Players In Russia's Dramatic October 1993 Showdown |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=2 October 2018 |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412235932/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-players-1993-crisis/25125000.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the [[North Caucasus]], both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist [[Islamist]] insurrections.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wilhelmsen |first=Julie |year=2005 |title=Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Islamisation of the Chechen Separatist Movement |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=57 |number=1 |pages=35–37 |doi=10.1080/0966813052000314101 |jstor=30043851}}</ref> From the time [[Chechnya|Chechen]] separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an [[First Chechen War|intermittent guerrilla war]] was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/12/12/chechen-war-reveals-weaknesses-in-yeltsin-russias-new-democracy/073047c5-d04e-41bd-a2bc-d5e8e192d919/ |title=Chechen War Reveals Weakness in Yektsubm Russia's New Democracy |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Lee |last=Hockstader |date=12 December 1995 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> [[Terrorism in Russia|Terrorist attacks against civilians]] were carried out by Chechen separatists, claiming the lives of thousands of Russian civilians.{{efn|Most notably the [[Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis]], the [[Russian apartment bombings]], the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis|Moscow theatre hostage crisis]], and the [[Beslan school siege]]}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sinai |first=Joshua |title=The Terrorist Threats Against Russia and its Counterterrorism Response Measures |journal=Connections |jstor=26326421 |volume=14 |number=4 |year=2015 |pages=95–102 |publisher=[[Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes]] |doi=10.11610/Connections.14.4.08 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/26-years-on-russia-set-to-repay-all-soviet-unions-foreign-debt |title=26 years on, Russia set to repay all Soviet Union's foreign debt |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=26 March 2017 |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173420/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/26-years-on-russia-set-to-repay-all-soviet-unions-foreign-debt |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lipton |first1=David |last2=Sachs |first2=Jeffrey D. |last3=Mau |first3=Vladimir |last4=Phelps |first4=Edmund S. |year=1992 |title=Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms |journal=[[Brookings Papers on Economic Activity]] |volume=1992 |issue=2 |page=213 |doi=10.2307/2534584 |issn=0007-2303 |jstor=2534584 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/1992/06/1992b_bpea_lipton_sachs_mau_phelps.pdf |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925170637/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/1992/06/1992b_bpea_lipton_sachs_mau_phelps.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]], which resulted in a further GDP decline.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chiodo |first1=Abbigail J. |last2=Owyang |first2=Michael T. |url=https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/publications/review/02/11/ChiodoOwyang.pdf |title=A Case Study of a Currency Crisis: The Russian Default of 1998 |pages=7–18 |publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]] |journal=[[Canadian Parliamentary Review]] |year=2002 |volume=86 |number=6 |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401061400/https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/publications/review/02/11/ChiodoOwyang.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Movement towards a modernised economy, political centralisation and democratic backsliding====<br />
{{Further|Putinism}}<br />
[[File:Obama and Medvedev sign Prague Treaty 2010.jpeg|thumb|President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] after signing the [[New START]] treaty on [[nuclear disarmament]] in 2010, which was suspended by Putin in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liang |first1=Xiaodon |last2=Kimball |first2=Daryl G. |title=New START on the Brink |year=2026 |publisher=[[Arms Control Association]] (ACA) |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=16 January 2026 |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2026-01/arms-control-today/new-start-brink}}</ref>]]<br />
On 31 December 1999, President Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/dec/31/russia.marktran |title=Yeltsin resigns |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=31 December 1999 |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/dec/31/russia.marktran |url-status=live}}</ref> handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/01/world/yeltsin-resigns-overview-yeltsin-resigns-naming-putin-acting-president-run-march.html |title=Yeltsin Resigns: The Overview; Yeltsin Resigns, Naming Putin as Acting President To Run in March Election |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Celestine |last=Bohlen |date=1 January 2000 |access-date=30 May 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411205641/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/01/world/yeltsin-resigns-overview-yeltsin-resigns-naming-putin-acting-president-run-march.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Putin then won the [[2000 Russian presidential election|2000 presidential election]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/27/world/election-russia-overview-putin-wins-russia-vote-first-round-but-his-majority.html |title=Election in Russia: The Overview; Putin Wins Russia Vote in First Round, But His Majority Is Less Than Expected |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Mark |last=Wines |date=27 March 2000 |access-date=30 May 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715224429/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/27/world/election-russia-overview-putin-wins-russia-vote-first-round-but-his-majority.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the [[Second Chechen War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Loughlin |first1=John |last2=W. Witmer |first2=Frank D. |title=The Localized Geographies of Violence in the North Caucasus of Russia, 1999–2007 |jstor=27980166 |volume=101 |number=1 |date=January 2011 |journal=[[Annals of the Association of American Geographers]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |pages=178–201 |doi=10.1080/00045608.2010.534713 |bibcode=2011AAAG..101..178O}}</ref><br />
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Putin won a [[2004 Russian presidential election|second presidential term]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/world/as-expected-putin-easily-wins-a-second-term-in-russia.html |title=As Expected, Putin Easily Wins a Second Term in Russia |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Seth |last=Mydans |date=15 March 2004 |access-date=30 May 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817223858/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/world/as-expected-putin-easily-wins-a-second-term-in-russia.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Price of petroleum|High oil prices]] and a rise in foreign investment saw the [[Russian economy]] and living standards improve significantly.<ref name="Ellyatt-2021">{{cite web |last=Ellyatt |first=Holly |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/11/russias-economy-under-president-putin-in-charts.html |title=5 charts show Russia's economic highs and lows under Putin |date=11 October 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=[[CNBC]] |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173641/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/11/russias-economy-under-president-putin-in-charts.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Putin's rule increased stability, while transforming Russia into an [[Authoritarianism#Examples|authoritarian state]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kotkin |first=Stephen |title=The Resistible Rise of Vladimir Putin: Russia's Nightmare Dressed Like a Daydream |jstor=24483492 |volume=94 |number=2 |date=2015 |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |pages=140–153}}</ref> In 2008, Putin took the post of prime minister, while [[Dmitry Medvedev]] was [[2008 Russian presidential election|elected President]] for one term, to hold onto power despite legal [[term limit]]s;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/08/russia |title=Putin ever present as Medvedev becomes president |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Luke |last=Harding |date=8 May 2008 |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321211752/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/08/russia |url-status=live}}</ref> this period has been described as a "[[Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy|tandemocracy]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Monaghan |first=Andrew |title=The vertikal: power and authority in Russia |volume=88 |number=1 |date=January 2012 |pages=1–16 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01053.x |jstor=41428537}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following a [[2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis|diplomatic standoff]] with neighboring [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in 2008—Russian forces [[Russo-Georgian War|invaded the country]] from 1–16 August 2008 and [[occupied territories of Georgia|occupied territories]] that it has [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|since considered]] as independent states—[[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harzl |first1=B.C. |last2=Petrov |first2=R. |title=Unrecognized Entities: Perspectives in International, European and Constitutional Law |publisher=Brill |series=Law in Eastern Europe |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-49910-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECBXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 |access-date=18 December 2022 |page=246 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225095408/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECBXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 |url-status=live}}</ref> The conflict marked the [[List of conflicts in Europe|first war in Europe]] in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Emerson |first1=Michael |title=Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century |journal=CEPS Policy Briefs |date=2008 |issue=1–12 |pages=1–8 |id={{CEEOL|7160}} |ssrn=1333553}}</ref> The [[2008 amendments to the Constitution of Russia|2008 constitutional amendments]] saw the terms of the president extend to six years and the lower house (State Duma) to five years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20081119-moscow-edges-towards-six-year-presidential-terms-russia |title=Moscow edges towards six-year presidential terms |work=[[France 24]] |date=19 November 2008 |access-date=5 March 2025 |archive-date=6 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606181520/https://www.france24.com/en/20081119-moscow-edges-towards-six-year-presidential-terms-russia |url-status=live }}</ref> Putin then went on to win the [[2012 Russian presidential election|2012 presidential election]], which fuelled the "[[2011–2013 Russian protests|Snow Revolution]]" protests.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Black |first1=Phil |last2=Doughtery |first2=Jill |title=Observers slam Russian vote as Putin declares victory |work=[[CNN]] |date=5 March 2012 |access-date=5 March 2025 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/05/world/europe/russia-election/index.html |archive-date=1 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401013503/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/05/world/europe/russia-election/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Russo-Ukrainian war and 2022 invasion====<br />
{{Main|Russo-Ukrainian war}}<br />
<br />
[[File:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Map of Ukraine {{As of|2025|December|lc=y}}{{Leftlegend|#FDE182|Continuously controlled by Ukraine}}{{Leftlegend|#EBC0B3|[[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|Currently occupied or controlled by Russia]]}}{{Leftlegend|#ABD4DD|[[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine#Formerly occupied territories|Formerly occupied by Russia]]}}]]<br />
<br />
In 2014, following [[Revolution of Dignity|a pro-Western revolution]] in Ukraine, Russia invaded and [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed Crimea]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Yekelchyk |first=Serhy |title=Ukraine: What Everyone Needs to Know |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-753213-3 |edition=2nd |location=New York |page=117 |oclc=1190722543}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=DeBenedictis |first1=Kent |title=Russian 'Hybrid Warfare' and the Annexation of Crimea: The Modern Application of Soviet Political Warfare |date=2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |pages=1–7 |isbn=978-0-7556-4003-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkaIEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> It also supported [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|an insurgency]] in the [[Donbas]] region of [[eastern Ukraine]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Galeotti |first1=Mark |title=Putin Takes Crimea 2014: Grey-zone Warfare Opens the Russia-Ukraine Conflict |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=4 |isbn=978-1-4728-5385-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmnGEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> and aided pro-Russian separatists waging a [[War in Donbas|war against the Ukrainian government]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1400/RR1498/RAND_RR1498.pdf |title=Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine |last1=Kofman |first1=Michael |last2=Migacheva |first2=Katya |publisher=RAND Corporation |location=Santa Monica |pages=xii, xiii, 33–34, 48 |last3=Nichiporuk |first3=Brian |last4=Radin |first4=Andrew |last5=Tkacheva |first5=Olesya |last6=Oberholtzer |first6=Jenny |year=2017 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091710/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1400/RR1498/RAND_RR1498.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[frozen conflict]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grossman |first1=Erik J. |title=Russia's Frozen Conflicts and the Donbas |volume=48 |number=2 |year=2018 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2944 |journal=[[Parameters (journal)|Parameters]] |publisher=[[United States Army War College]] (AWC)}}</ref> escalated into the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of the remainder of Ukraine]] on 24 February 2022,<ref name="Kofman 101">{{cite book |last1=Kofman |first1=Michael |editor1-last=Brands |editor1-first=Hal |title=War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World |date=2024 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1-4214-4986-9 |page=101 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3881920 |access-date=25 September 2025 |chapter=Chapter Six The Russia-Ukraine War Military Operations and Battlefield Dynamics |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402050635/https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3881920 |url-status=live }}</ref> initiating the largest [[conventional warfare|conventional war]] in Europe since World War&nbsp;II.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herb |first1=Jeremy |last2=Starr |first2=Barbara |author-link2=Barbara Starr |last3=Kaufman |first3=Ellie |date=24 February 2022 |title=US orders 7,000 more troops to Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/24/politics/us-military-ukraine-russia/index.html |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227052443/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/24/politics/us-military-ukraine-russia/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The invasion met with [[Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|international condemnation]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/02/united-nations-russia-ukraine-vote |title=UN votes to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calls for withdrawal |work=[[The Guardian]] |last=Borger |first=Julian |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302171009/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/02/united-nations-russia-ukraine-vote |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|expanded sanctions]] against Russia.<ref name="Walsh-2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/22968949/russia-sanctions-swift-economy-mcdonalds |title=The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=9 March 2022 |last=Walsh |first=Ben |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411000846/https://www.vox.com/22968949/russia-sanctions-swift-economy-mcdonalds |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
Russia was expelled from the [[Council of Europe]] in March 2022,<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/the-russian-federation-is-excluded-from-the-council-of-europe |title=The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe |publisher=Council of Europe |date=16 March 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510214508/https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/the-russian-federation-is-excluded-from-the-council-of-europe |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/3|subsequently suspended]] from the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] the following month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1115782 |title=UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council |website=United Nations |date=7 April 2022 |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164712/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1115782 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Russia initially made rapid advances in the northern and eastern fronts, yet [[Battle of Kyiv (2022)|failed to capture Kyiv]] and overthrow the Ukrainian government, leading to a subsequent [[Northern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|withdrawal from the north]].<ref name=BBC19Dec>{{cite web |website=BBC News |date=19 December 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c0l0k4389g2o |title=Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia |access-date=24 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219063323/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0l0k4389g2o |archive-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref name=BBC13Aug>{{cite web |last=Kirby |first=Paul |website=BBC News |date=13 August 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cj0q964851po |title=Why did Putin's Russia invade Ukraine? |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref> In September 2022, Russia proclaimed the [[Annexation of southeastern Ukraine by the Russian Federation|annexation of four partially-occupied Ukrainian regions]], which was internationally [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4|denounced as illegal]].<ref name="Landay-2022">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-host-kremlin-ceremony-annexing-parts-ukraine-2022-09-29/ |title=Defiant Putin proclaims Ukrainian annexation as military setback looms |website=[[Reuters]] |date=30 September 2022 |access-date=6 October 2022 |last=Landay |first=Jonathan |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006084106/https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-host-kremlin-ceremony-annexing-parts-ukraine-2022-09-29/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the annexations, the conflict has settled into a [[Attrition warfare|war of attrition]] in the [[Southern front of the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|southern]] and [[Eastern front of the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|eastern front]]s, with Russian forces making slow, limited advances and suffering [[Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war|heavy casualties]].<ref name=BBC19Dec/><ref name=BBC13Aug/> Russian forces have been [[War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine|accused of committing war crimes]] during the invasion,<ref name="n377">{{cite web |last=Cumming-Bruce |first=Nick |title='Welcome to Hell': U.N. Panel Says Russian War Crimes Are Widespread |website=The New York Times |date=15 March 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/15/world/europe/russia-war-crimes.html |access-date=30 November 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203214557/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/15/world/europe/russia-war-crimes.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p453">{{cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |title=UN finds further evidence of Russian war crimes in Ukraine |website=The Guardian |date=21 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/21/un-finds-further-evidence-of-russian-war-crimes-in-ukraine |access-date=30 November 2024 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021153206/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/21/un-finds-further-evidence-of-russian-war-crimes-in-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="o970">{{cite web |title=Ukraine: Russian strikes amounting to war crimes continue to kill and injure children |website=Amnesty International |date=18 November 2024 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/11/ukraine-russian-strikes-amounting-to-war-crimes-continue-to-kill-and-injure-children/ |access-date=30 November 2024 |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201101727/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/11/ukraine-russian-strikes-amounting-to-war-crimes-continue-to-kill-and-injure-children/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and occupied about a fifth of Ukraine's territory at the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Dec. 23, 2025 |url=https://www.russiamatters.org/news/russia-ukraine-war-report-card/russia-ukraine-war-report-card-dec-23-2025 |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=Russia Matters |publisher=[[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]] |location=[[Harvard Kennedy School]] |archive-date=24 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224015908/https://www.russiamatters.org/news/russia-ukraine-war-report-card/russia-ukraine-war-report-card-dec-23-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{Main|Geography of Russia}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Russian Federation Relief Map.png|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Topographic map]] of Russia]]<br />
Russia's vast landmass stretches over the easternmost part of Europe and the northernmost part of Asia.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=125–135|loc=Physical Environment}}<ref name="natgeo">{{cite web |url=https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/russia |title=Russia |website=[[National Geographic Kids]] |date=21 March 2014 |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173647/https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/russia |url-status=live}}</ref> It spans the northernmost edge of [[Eurasia]] and has the world's [[List of countries by length of coastline|fourth-longest coastline]], of over {{convert|comma=5|37653|km|mi|abbr=on}}.{{efn|Russia has an additional {{convert|comma=5|850|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline along the [[Caspian Sea]], which is the world's largest inland body of water, and has been variously classified as a sea or a lake.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/16/is-the-caspian-a-sea-or-a-lake |title=Is the Caspian a sea or a lake? |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819221847/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/16/is-the-caspian-a-sea-or-a-lake |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/coastline/ |title=Coastline – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412194038/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/coastline |url-status=dead}}</ref> Russia lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[82nd parallel north|82° N]], and longitudes [[19th meridian east|19° E]] and [[169th meridian west|169° W]], extending some {{convert|9000|km|mi|abbr=on}} east to west, and {{convert|2500 to 4000|km|mi|abbr=on}} north to south.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Russia – Land |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia#ref38573 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605093450/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38602/Russia#ref38573 |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,{{efn|Russia, by land area, is larger than the continents of [[Australia (continent)|Australia]], [[Antarctica]], and Europe, although it covers a large part of the latter itself. Its land area could be roughly compared to that of South America.}} and has the same surface area as [[Pluto]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/across-the-universe/2015/jul/28/pluto-ten-things-we-now-know-about-the-dwarf-planet |title=Pluto: ten things we now know about the dwarf planet |work=The Guardian |first=Stuart |last=Clark |date=28 July 2015 |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329101742/https://www.theguardian.com/science/across-the-universe/2015/jul/28/pluto-ten-things-we-now-know-about-the-dwarf-planet |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the [[Southern Russia|southernmost regions]], which share a significant portion of the [[Caucasus Mountains]] (containing [[Mount Elbrus]], which at {{convert|5642|m|0|abbr=on}} is the [[List of elevation extremes by region|highest peak]] in Russia and Europe);<ref name="cia"/> the [[Altai Mountains|Altai]] and [[Sayan Mountains]] in [[Siberia]]; and in the [[East Siberian Mountains]] and the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] in the [[Russian Far East]] (containing [[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]], which at {{convert|4750|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest [[active volcano]] in Eurasia).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=300260&vtab |title=Klyuchevskoy |work=[[Global Volcanism Program]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326203017/https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=300260&vtab |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=125–135|loc=Physical Environment}} The [[Ural Mountains]], running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the [[Boundary between Europe and Asia|traditional boundary between Europe and Asia]].<ref name="urals">{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/87198/the-ural-mountains |title=The Ural Mountains |work=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030222/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/87198/the-ural-mountains |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Extreme points of Europe#Elevation|lowest point in Russia and Europe]], is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the [[Caspian Depression]] reaches some {{convert|29|m|ft|1}} below sea level.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Europe – Land |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe/Land#ref34534 |access-date=4 April 2022 |quote=The lowest terrain in Europe, virtually lacking relief, stands at the head of the Caspian Sea; there the Caspian Depression reaches some {{convert|95|ft|m |abbr=off}} below sea level. |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315194552/https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe/Land#ref34534 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Lake Baikal in winter.jpg|thumb|left|Frozen [[Lake Baikal]] near [[Olkhon Island]], the [[Lake island#Lists of lake islands|third-largest lake island]] in the world]]<br />
Russia, as one of the world's only three countries [[List of countries bordering on two or more oceans|bordering three oceans]],<ref name="natgeo"/> has links with a great number of seas.{{efn|Russia borders, clockwise, to its southwest: the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], to its west: the [[Baltic Sea]], to its north: the [[Barents Sea]] ([[White Sea]], [[Pechora Sea]]), the [[Kara Sea]], the [[Laptev Sea]], and the [[East Siberian Sea]], to its northeast: the [[Chukchi Sea]] and the [[Bering Sea]], and to its southeast: the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and the [[Sea of Japan]].}}{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=125–135|loc=Physical Environment}} Its major islands and archipelagos include [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Franz Josef Land]], [[Severnaya Zemlya]], the [[New Siberian Islands]], [[Wrangel Island]], the [[Kuril Islands]] (four of which are [[Kuril Islands dispute|disputed with Japan]]), and [[Sakhalin]].<ref name="Arctic">{{cite news |url=https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/countries/russia/ |title=Russia |work=[[The Arctic Institute – Center for Circumpolar Security Studies]] |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326203017/https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/countries/russia/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2021/02/24/island-hopping-in-russia-sakhalin-kuril-islands-and-kamchatka-peninsula |title=Island hopping in Russia: Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula |work=Euronews |first=Ziryan |last=Aziz |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329101742/https://www.euronews.com/travel/2021/02/24/island-hopping-in-russia-sakhalin-kuril-islands-and-kamchatka-peninsula |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Diomede Islands]], administered by Russia and the United States, are just {{convert|3.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} apart;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/diomede-islands |title=Diomede Islands – Russia |work=[[Atlas Obscura]] |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326203017/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/diomede-islands |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kunashir Island]] of the Kuril Islands is merely {{convert|20|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from [[Hokkaido]], Japan.<ref name="Chapple-2019">{{cite web |last=Chapple |first=Amos |title=The Kurile Islands: Why Russia And Japan Never Made Peace After World War II |date=4 January 2019 |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/the-disputed-islands-where-world-war-2-never-ended/28402307.html |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173647/https://www.rferl.org/a/the-disputed-islands-where-world-war-2-never-ended/28402307.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Russia has one of the world's largest surface water resources and is second only to Brazil by [[List of countries by total renewable water resources|total renewable water resources]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/total-renewable-water-resources/ |title=Total renewable water resources |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173647/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/total-renewable-water-resources/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid [[fresh water]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=125–135|loc=Physical Environment}} [[Lake Baikal]], the largest and most prominent among Russia's fresh water bodies, is the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake, containing over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Baikal – A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/baikal/ |access-date=26 December 2007 |archive-date=14 February 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214200542/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/baikal/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Lake Onega|Onega]] in [[Northwest Russia|northwestern Russia]] are two of the [[List of largest lakes of Europe|largest lakes in Europe]].<ref name="natgeo" /> Russia has over 100,000 rivers;<ref name="natgeo" /> the [[Volga]] in western Russia, which is widely regarded as the national river, is the [[List of rivers of Europe#Rivers of Europe by length|longest river]] in Europe and forms the [[Volga Delta]], the largest [[river delta]] in the continent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hartley |first=Janet M. |author-link=Janet M. Hartley |title=The Volga: A History |date=2020 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |url={{GBurl |id=PasKEAAAQBAJ}} |isbn=978-0-300-25604-8 |pages=5, 316}}</ref> The Siberian rivers of [[Ob River|Ob]], [[Yenisey]], [[Lena River|Lena]], and [[Amur River|Amur]] are among the world's [[List of rivers by length|longest rivers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/05/15/russias-largest-rivers-from-the-amur-to-the-volga-a65593 |title=Russia's Largest Rivers From the Amur to the Volga |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=15 May 2019 |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326203011/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/05/15/russias-largest-rivers-from-the-amur-to-the-volga-a65593 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
{{Main|Climate of Russia}}<br />
<br />
The size of Russia and the remoteness of many of its areas from the sea result in the dominance of the [[humid continental climate]] throughout most of the country, except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountain ranges in the south and east obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and Pacific oceans, while the [[European Plain]] spanning its west and north opens it to influence from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=125–135|loc=Physical Environment}} Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a [[subarctic climate]], with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]], where the Northern [[Pole of Cold]] is located with the record low temperature of {{convert|-71.2|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}),<ref name="Arctic"/> and more moderate winters elsewhere. Russia's vast coastline along the Arctic Ocean and the [[Russian Arctic islands]] have a [[polar climate]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=125–135|loc=Physical Environment}}<br />
[[File:Russia Köppen.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Köppen climate classification]] of Russia]]<br />
The coastal part of [[Krasnodar Krai]] on the Black Sea, most notably [[Sochi]], and some coastal and interior strips of the [[North Caucasus]] possess a [[humid subtropical climate]] with mild and wet winters.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=125–135|loc=Physical Environment}} In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer, while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an [[oceanic climate]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=125–135|loc=Physical Environment}} The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some southernmost slivers of Siberia, possess a [[semi-arid climate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |issn=2052-4463 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B}}</ref><br />
<br />
Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons, winter and summer, as spring and autumn are usually brief.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=125–135|loc=Physical Environment}} The coldest month is January (February on the coastline); the warmest is usually July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drozdov |first1=V. A. |title=Ecological and Geographical Characteristics of the Coastal Zone of the Black Sea |journal=GeoJournal |year=1992 |doi=10.1007/BF00717701 |volume=27 |page=169 |issue=2 |last2=Glezer |first2=O. B. |last3=Nefedova |first3=T. G. |last4=Shabdurasulov |first4=I. V. |bibcode=1992GeoJo..27..169D}}</ref> [[Climate change in Russia]] is causing more frequent [[Wildfires in Russia|wildfires]],<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title=Putin urges authorities to take action as wildfires engulf Siberia |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/05/10/as-wildfires-engulf-russian-region-putin-urges-authorities-to-take-stronger-action-to-prev |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612224644/http://www.euronews.com/green/2022/05/10/as-wildfires-engulf-russian-region-putin-urges-authorities-to-take-stronger-action-to-prev |url-status=live}}</ref> and thawing the country's large expanse of [[permafrost]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/22/1075108299/why-russias-thawing-permafrost-is-a-global-problem |title=Why Russia's thawing permafrost is a global problem |work=[[NPR]] |date=22 January 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706124322/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/22/1075108299/why-russias-thawing-permafrost-is-a-global-problem |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Biodiversity ===<br />
{{Main|Wildlife of Russia}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|List of ecoregions in Russia}}<br />
Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including [[polar desert]]s, [[tundra]], [[forest-tundra]], [[taiga]], [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|mixed and broadleaf forest]], [[forest steppe]], [[steppe]], semi-desert, and [[subtropics]].<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ru |title=Russian Federation – Main Details |work=[[Convention on Biological Diversity]] |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173651/https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ru |url-status=live}}</ref> About half of Russia's territory is forested,<ref name="cia"/> and it has the world's largest area of forest.<ref name="Gardiner-2021">{{cite web |last=Gardiner |first=Beth |date=23 March 2021 |title=Will Russia's Forests Be an Asset or an Obstacle in Climate Fight? |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/will-russias-forests-be-an-asset-or-obstacle-in-the-climate-fight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211140422/https://e360.yale.edu/features/will-russias-forests-be-an-asset-or-obstacle-in-the-climate-fight |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=Yale University}}</ref><br />
[[File:Саблинский хребет.jpg|thumb|[[Yugyd Va National Park]] in the [[Komi Republic]] is the largest [[national park]] in Europe.<ref name="urals"/>]]<br />
Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of [[vascular plant]]s, 2,200 species of [[bryophyte]]s, about 3,000 species of [[lichen]]s, 7,000–9,000 species of [[algae]], and 20,000–25,000 species of fungi. Russian [[fauna]] is composed of [[List of mammals of Russia|320 species]] of [[mammals]], over [[List of birds of Russia|732 species]] of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of [[amphibian]]s, [[List of freshwater fish of Russia|343 species]] of [[freshwater fish]] (high [[endemism]]), approximately 1,500 species of [[saltwater fish]]es, 9 species of [[cyclostomata]], and approximately 100–150,000 [[invertebrate]]s (high endemism).<ref name="climate"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.rec.org/ru/en/biodiversity/in_russia/04-04-02.shtml |title=Species richness of Russia |publisher=REC |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509102841/http://education.rec.org/ru/en/biodiversity/in_russia/04-04-02.shtml}}</ref> Approximately 1,100 rare and endangered plant and animal species are included in the [[Red Data Book of the Russian Federation|Russian Red Data Book]].<ref name="climate"/><br />
<br />
Russia's entirely natural ecosystems are conserved in nearly 15,000 specially protected natural territories of various statuses, occupying more than 10% of the country's total area.<ref name="climate"/> They include 45 [[biosphere reserve]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/russian-federation/ |title=Russian Federation |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=June 2017 |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710161647/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/russian-federation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 64 [[National parks of Russia|national parks]], and 101 [[Zapovednik|nature reserves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/russia-nature-reserves-year-ecology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303030416/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/russia%2Dnature%2Dreserves%2Dyear%2Decology |archive-date=3 March 2021 |title=Look Inside Russia's Wildest Nature Reserves – Now Turning 100 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref> Although in decline, the country still has many ecosystems which are still considered [[Intact forest landscape|intact forest]], mainly in the northern taiga areas, and the subarctic tundra of Siberia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Danilov-Danil'yan |first1=V.I. |last2=Reyf |first2=I.E. |title=The Biosphere and Civilization: In the Throes of a Global Crisis |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-67193-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NK9SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |access-date=6 December 2022 |page=234 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225095407/https://books.google.com/books?id=NK9SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia had a [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries, and the first ranked major nation globally.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Grantham HS, ''et al''. |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2020 |page=5978 |issn=2041-1723 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Government and politics ==<br />
{{Main|Politics of Russia}}<br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| perrow = 2<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| align = right<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| image1 = Владимир Путин (2025-09-30).jpg<br />
| caption1 = [[Vladimir Putin]]<br /><small>[[President of the Russian Federation|President]]</small><br />
| image2 = Михаил Мишустин (18-11-2025).jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Mikhail Mishustin]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of the Russian Federation|Prime Minister]]</small><br />
}}<br />
Russia, by constitution, is a [[symmetric federalism|symmetric federal]] republic with a [[semi-presidential system]], wherein the [[President of Russia|president]] is the [[head of state]],<ref name="(Article 80, § 1)">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=(Article 80, §&nbsp;1) |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm |access-date=27 December 2007 |archive-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416081229/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Prime Minister of Russia|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]].<ref name="cia"/>{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=383–428|loc=Chapter 7. Government and Politics}} It is structured as a [[Multi-party system|multi-party]] [[representative democracy]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=383–428|loc=Chapter 7. Government and Politics}} with the federal government composed of three branches:<ref name="DeRouen-2005">{{cite book |first1=Karl R. |last1=DeRouen |first2=Uk |last2=Heo |title=Defense and Security: A Compendium of National Armed Forces and Security Policies |url={{GBurl |id=wdeBgfmZI0cC |p=666}} |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-Clio |isbn=978-1-85109-781-4 |page=666}}</ref><br />
* Legislative: The [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Federal Assembly of Russia]], made up of the 450-member [[State Duma]] and the 170-member [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]],<ref name="DeRouen-2005"/> adopts [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, has the [[power of the purse]] and the power of [[Impeachment in Russia|impeachment]] of the president.<ref name="constitution.ru.ch5">{{cite web |title=Chapter 5. The Federal Assembly {{!}} The Constitution of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.constitution.ru |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074020/http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Executive: The president is the [[Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces|commander-in-chief]] of the [[Russian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], and appoints the [[Government of Russia]] (Cabinet) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.<ref name="(Article 80, § 1)"/> The president may issue [[Decree of the President of Russia|decrees of unlimited scope]], so long as they do not contradict the constitution or federal law.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Remington |first1=Thomas F. |title=Presidential Decrees in Russia: A Comparative Perspective |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-107-04079-3 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TK-BAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22russia%2Bdecree%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpresident%2Binpublisher:university%22&pg=PA48 |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004180304/https://books.google.com/books?id=TK-BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=%22russia+decree+of+the+president+inpublisher:university%22 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Judiciary of Russia|Judiciary]]: The [[Constitutional Court of Russia|Constitutional Court]], [[Supreme Court of Russia|Supreme Court]] and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president,<ref name="DeRouen-2005"/> interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 7. Judicial Power {{!}} The Constitution of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-08.htm |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=www.constitution.ru |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025215135/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-08.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and may be elected no more than twice.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation |website=(Article 81, §&nbsp;3) |url=https://rm.coe.int/constitution-of-the-russian-federation-en/1680a1a237 |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202212008/https://rm.coe.int/constitution-of-the-russian-federation-en/1680a1a237 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|In 2020, [[2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia|constitutional amendments]] were signed into law that limit the president to two terms overall rather than two consecutive terms, with this limit reset for current and previous presidents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53255964 |title=Putin strongly backed in controversial Russian reform vote |publisher=BBC |date=2 July 2020 |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713115630/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53255964 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). [[United Russia]] is the [[dominant-party system#Eurasia|dominant]] [[List of political parties in Russia|political party in Russia]] and has been described as "[[big tent]]" and the "[[party of power]]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Politics of Dominant Party Formation: United Russia and Russia's Governors |last=Reuter |first=Ora John |jstor=27808691 |volume=62 |number=2 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |pages=293–327 |date=March 2010 |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |doi=10.1080/09668130903506847}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Konitzer |first1=Andrew |last2=Wegren |first2=Stephen K. |title=Federalism and Political Recentralization in the Russian Federation: United Russia as the Party of Power |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=36 |number=4 |year=2006 |pages=503–522 |journal=[[Publius (journal)|Publius]] |doi=10.1093/publius/pjl004 |jstor=4624765}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Political history===<br />
[[File:Chart Constitution of Russia EN.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|A chart of the political system in the modern Russian Federation]]<br />
While there is scholarly debate over the significance of the ''[[veche]]'' in the Middle Ages as a representative political body,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sevastyanova |first1=Olga |title=In Quest of the Key Democratic Institution of Medieval Rus': Was the "Veche" an Institution that Represented Novgorod as a City and a Republic? |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |year=2010 |volume=58 |issue=1 |article-number=1 |jstor=41052379 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |doi=10.25162/jgo-2010-0001}}</ref> Russian society has historically been ruled by various forms of [[autocracy]].<ref name="u511">{{cite book |last=White |first=Stephen |title=Political Culture and Political Change in Communist States |chapter=The USSR: Patterns of Autocracy and Industrialism |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |publication-place=London |date=1979 |isbn=978-0-333-25609-1 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-16182-9_2 |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-16182-9_2 |access-date=16 December 2025 |pages=25–65}}</ref> This pattern of a [[centralized government|centralised ruling system]] has its roots in the late Middle Ages, with a unified Russian state being established as an [[absolute monarchy]] in the late 15th century,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Soldat |first=Cornelia |year=2005 |title=The Limits of Muscovite Autocracy. The Relations between the Grand Prince and the boyars in the light of Iosif Volotskii's "Prosvetitel"' |journal=Cahiers du Monde Russe |volume=46 |number=1/2 |pages=265–276 |jstor=20174958 |publisher=[[School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences]] (EHESS) |doi=10.4000/monderusse.8801}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raba |first1=Joel |title=The Authority of the Muscovite Ruler at the Dawn of the Modern Era |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |date=1976 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=321–344 |jstor=41045311}}</ref> a governance structure that was followed until the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ragsdale |first1=Hugh |title=The Russian Tragedy: The Burden of History |date=16 September 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-48079-4 |pages=18–20, 162–163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrYYDQAAQBAJ |language=en |quote=The revolution that Ivan accomplished was the great watershed of Russian political tradition. Ivan's statecraft was the great prototype, a classic Russian system of absolutism and militarism under cautious and scrupulous control... Ivan III laid the foundations of Russian absolutism... In a serious break with tradition, Russia entered the constitutional era... Russian autocracy came to an end, and the Revolution of 1905 soon withered and died—not, however, without fateful consequences.}}</ref> Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, the monarchy was abolished, and the Soviet Union was proclaimed as a [[one-party state|one-party]] [[communist state]] until its collapse.<ref name="u511"/> Brief periods of non-autocratic rule include the short-lived [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]] in 1917 established during the [[February Revolution]], and during the transition of post-Soviet Russia into a [[flawed democracy]] during the [[presidency of Boris Yeltsin]] in the 1990s.<ref name="w330">{{cite book |last1=Quam |first1=Joel |last2=Campbell |first2=G. Scott |title=The Western World: Daily Readings on Geography |publisher=College of DuPage Digital Press |date=2020 |url=https://cod.pressbooks.pub/westernworlddailyreadingsgeography/chapter/russian-domain-political-geography-ii/#:~:text=The%20political%20history%20of%20the,more%20so%20that%20most%20countries |access-date=16 December 2025 |chapter=97}}</ref><ref name="h185">{{cite web |title=Did Russians Ever Hope for Non-Autocratic Rule? |website=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |date=30 November 2018 |url=https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/did-russians-ever-hope-for-non-autocratic-rule |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Croissant">{{cite book |last1=Croissant |first1=Aurel |last2=Tomini |first2=Luca |title=The Routledge Handbook of Autocratization |date=14 May 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-04018-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RAGEQAAQBAJ |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606181612/https://books.google.com/books?id=_RAGEQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page=223}}<br />
<br />
In the 21st century, following the [[Russia under Vladimir Putin|presidencies of Vladimir Putin]] and [[Presidency of Dmitry Medvedev|Dmitry Medvedev]], Russia has experienced significant [[democratic backsliding]].<ref name="Croissant"/>{{rp|page=223}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 |title=Russia and Europe: Building Bridges, Digging Trenches |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-99200-1 |editor1=Kjell Engelbrekt |pages= |editor2=Bertil Nygren |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133217/https://books.google.com/books?id=UhwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kiyan |first=Olga |title=Russia & Democratic Backsliding: The Future of Putinism |date=9 April 2020 |journal=[[Harvard International Review]] |publisher=[[Harvard International Relations Council]] |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/russia-democratic-backsliding-the-future-of-putinism/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213448/https://hir.harvard.edu/russia-democratic-backsliding-the-future-of-putinism/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The political system evolved from [[electoral authoritarianism]] into a consolidated [[authoritarian regime]].<ref name="Croissant"/>{{rp|page=323}}<ref name="t305"/> Some political scientists have characterised Putin as the head of a [[dictatorship]],<ref name="Kuzio-2016">{{cite journal |last=Kuzio |first=Taras |title=Nationalism and authoritarianism in Russia |journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies |year=2016 |volume=49 |number=1 |pages=1–11 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.12.002 |jstor=48610429}}</ref><ref name="Krzywdzinski"/><ref>{{Cite report |last=Fischer |first=Sabine |date=2022 |title=Russia on the road to dictatorship: Internal political repercussions of the attack on Ukraine |journal=SWP Comment |doi=10.18449/2022C30 |url=https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/256753 |hdl=10419/256753 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911191555/https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/256753 |url-status=live}}</ref> or a personalist regime.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Hannah S. |title=Shocks to the System: Electoral Manipulation, Protests and the Evolution of Political Trust in Russia |journal=Government and Opposition |date=29 October 2024 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=496–516 |doi=10.1017/gov.2024.18 |quote=Authoritarian regimes, particularly personalist ones such as Russia, frequently justify their rule based on the views of the leading authority. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Özdamar |first1=Özgür |last2=Yanik |first2=Lerna K |title=Populist hyperpersonalization and politicization of foreign policy institutions |journal=International Affairs |date=9 September 2024 |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=1835–1856 |doi=10.1093/ia/iiae181 |issn=0020-5850 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="t305">{{cite web |last=Kallmer |first=Brent |title=The Putin Myth |website=[[Journal of Democracy]] - [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |date=6 April 2023 |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-putin-myth/#f3-text |access-date=4 January 2025 |archive-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221070113/https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-putin-myth/#f3-text |url-status=live}}</ref> Putin's second tenure as president has led to further autocratization,<ref name="Croissant"/>{{rp|page=512}}<ref name="Mamaev">{{cite book |last1=Mamaev |first1=Bogdan |title=The Evolution of Authoritarianism and Contentious Action in Russia |date=30 June 2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-56066-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXIMEQAAQBAJ |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606181615/https://books.google.com/books?id=yXIMEQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|pages=80–81}} which has been the most significant since the Soviet era,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lindstaedt |first1=Natasha |title=Russia's Descent into Totalitarianism |journal=Political Insight |date=1 June 2024 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=12–15 |doi=10.1177/20419058241260782 |language=en |issn=2041-9058}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Karatnycky |first=Adrian |date=24 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2025 |title=Russia Is Back to the Stalinist Future |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |quote=A recent study by exiled Russian journalists from Proekt Media used data to determine that Russia is more politically repressive today than the Soviet Union under all leaders since Joseph Stalin. |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/03/24/russia-putin-stalin-soviet-election-war-repression-political-prisoners/ |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330185750/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/03/24/russia-putin-stalin-soviet-election-war-repression-political-prisoners/ |url-status=live}}</ref> with some authors suggesting a regeneration of [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] elements.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kolesnikov |first1=Andrei |title=Putin's War Has Moved Russia From Authoritarianism to Hybrid Totalitarianism |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2022/04/putins-war-has-moved-russia-from-authoritarianism-to-hybrid-totalitarianism?lang=en |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-date=7 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307193757/https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2022/04/putins-war-has-moved-russia-from-authoritarianism-to-hybrid-totalitarianism?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lindstaedt |first1=Natasha |title=Russia's Descent into Totalitarianism |journal=Political Insight |date=June 2024 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=12–15 |doi=10.1177/20419058241260782}}</ref> Putin's ruling policies are generally referred to as [[Putinism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Brian D. Taylor |date=2018 |title=The Code of Putinism |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=2–7 |isbn=978-0-19-086731-7 |oclc=1022076734}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Political divisions ===<br />
{{Main|Political divisions of Russia}}<br />
<br />
Russia, by constitution, is a [[symmetric federalism|symmetric (with the possibility of an asymmetric configuration) federation]]. Unlike the Soviet [[Asymmetric federalism|asymmetric model]] of the RSFSR, where only republics were "subjects of the federation", the current constitution raised the status of other regions to the level of republics and made all regions equal with the title "subject of the federation". The regions of Russia have reserved areas of competence, but regions do not have sovereignty, do not have the status of a sovereign state, do not have the right to indicate any sovereignty in their constitutions and do not have the right to secede from the country. The laws of the regions cannot contradict federal laws.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://base.garant.ru/12119810/ |title=Постановление Конституционного Суда РФ от 07.06.2000 N 10-П "По делу о проверке конституционности отдельных положений Конституции Республики Алтай и Федерального закона "Об общих принципах организации законодательных (представительных) и исполнительных органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации" &#124; ГАРАНТ |website=base.garant.ru |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410082832/https://base.garant.ru/12119810/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]]{{efn|Including bodies on territory disputed between Russia and Ukraine whose annexation has not been internationally recognised: the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]] and the federal city of [[Sevastopol]] since the annexation of Crimea in 2014,<ref name="Pifer-2020"/> and territories set up following the [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts]] in 2022.|name=disputed}} have equal representation—two delegates each—in the [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]], the [[upper house]] of the Federal Assembly.<ref name="constitution.ru.ch5"/> However, they differ in the degree of [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomy]] they enjoy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=KARTASHKIN |first1=V.A. |last2=ABASHIDZE |first2=A.KH. |year=2004 |jstor=24675138 |title=Autonomy in the Russian Federation: Theory and Practice |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights |volume=10 |number=3 |pages=203–220 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |doi=10.1163/1571811031310738}}</ref> The [[federal districts of Russia]] were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Petrov |first=Nikolai |title=Seven Faces of Putin's Russia: Federal Districts as the New Level of State–Territorial Composition |jstor=26298005 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |journal=[[Security Dialogue]] |volume=33 |number=1 |date=March 2002 |pages=73–91 |doi=10.1177/0967010602033001006}}</ref> Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president.<ref>{{cite book |author1=European Parliament. Directorate General for Parliamentary Research Services. |title=Russia's constitutional structure: Federal in form, unitary in function: In depth analysis |date=2015 |publisher=Publications Office |doi=10.2861/664907 |isbn=978-92-823-8022-2}}</ref><br />
[[File:Map of federal subjects of Russia (2022), disputed Crimea and Donbass.svg|center|600px|frameless]]<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Federal subjects<br />
! Governance<br />
|-<br />
| {{legend|#FFEC77|46&nbsp;[[oblasts of Russia|oblast]]s}}<br />
| The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hale |first=Henry E. |title=The Makeup and Breakup of Ethnofederal States: Why Russia Survives Where the USSR Fell |journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |pages=55–70 |volume=3 |number=1 |date=March 2005 |publisher=[[American Political Science Association]] |doi=10.1017/S153759270505005X |jstor=3688110}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{legend|#00C160|22&nbsp;[[Republics of Russia|republics]]}}<br />
| Each is nominally autonomous—home to a specific [[Ethnic groups in Russia|ethnic minority]], and has its own constitution, language, and legislature, but is represented by the federal government in international affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Orttung |first1=Robert |last2=Lussier |first2=Danielle |last3=Paetskaya |first3=Anna |title=The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies, and Leaders |publisher=[[EastWest Institute]] |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-7656-0559-7 |location=New York |pages=523–524}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{legend|#FF9400|9&nbsp;[[krais of Russia|krai]]s}}<br />
| For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shabad |first=Theodore |title=Political-Administrative Divisions of the U.S.S.R., 1945 |journal=[[Geographical Review]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=36 |number=2 |pages=303–311 |date=April 1946 |doi=10.2307/210882 |jstor=210882 |bibcode=1946GeoRv..36..303S}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{legend|#006989|4&nbsp;[[autonomous okrugs of Russia|autonomous okrugs]]}}<br />
| Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharafutdinova |first=Gulnaz |title=When Do Elites Compete? The Determinants of Political Competition in Russian Regions |pages=273–293 |volume=38 |number=3 |date=April 2006 |journal=[[Comparative Politics]] |publisher=Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, [[City University of New York]] |doi=10.2307/20433998 |jstor=20433998}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{legend|#FF0037|3&nbsp;[[federal cities of Russia|federal cities]]}}<br />
| Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as [[Sevastopol]] in Russian-occupied Ukraine).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelesh |first1=Yulia V. |last2=Bessonova |first2=Elena A. |title=Digitalization management system of Russia's federal cities focused on prospective application throughout the country |journal=SHS Web of Conferences |date=2021 |volume=110 |page=05011 |doi=10.1051/shsconf/202111005011}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{legend|#C300FF|1&nbsp;autonomous oblast}}<br />
| The only autonomous oblast is the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alessandro |first=Vitale |title=Ethnopolitics as Co-operation and Coexistence: The Case-Study of the Jewish Autonomous Region in Siberia |journal=Politeja |year=2015 |volume=12 |number=31/2 |pages=123–142 |jstor=24919780 |publisher=Księgarnia Akademicka |doi=10.12797/Politeja.12.2015.31_2.09 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Foreign relations ===<br />
{{Main|Foreign relations of Russia}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|{{legend2|#3F48CC}} Russia <br /> {{legend2|#AA0000}} Countries on Russia's "[[unfriendly countries and territories list]]". <br /> The list includes Russia's geopolitical rivals—member states of the [[Member states of the European Union|European Union]] and [[Member states of NATO|NATO]] and their allies—that have imposed [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|sanctions against it]] for its invasion of Ukraine.]]<br />
Russia has the [[List of countries by number of diplomatic missions|sixth-largest diplomatic network]] in the world {{as of|2024|lc=y}}. It maintains diplomatic relations with 187 [[member states of the United Nations|United Nations member states]], two [[List of states with limited recognition|partially-recognised state]]s,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Peter N. |title=Russia's Tightening Abkhazian Stranglehold Threatens Western and Georgian Interests |date=15 January 2024 |work=[[Harvard International Review]] |publisher=[[Harvard International Relations Council]] |access-date=1 March 2025 |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/washington-must-not-idle-as-russia-tightens-its-abkhazian-stranglehold/}}</ref> and two [[Member states of the United Nations#Observers and non-members|United Nations observer states]], along with [[Russian embassies|143 embassies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/ |title=Lowy Institute Global Diplomacy Index 2024 |publisher=[[Lowy Institute]] |access-date=1 March 2025 |archive-date=26 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826084025/https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As the [[Succession of the Soviet Union|legal successor of the Soviet Union]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=429–486|loc=Chapter 8. Foreign Relations}} Russia [[Soviet Union and the United Nations|retains its seat]] as a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member of the United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kramer |first=Mark |title=The Soviet Legacy in Russian Foreign Policy |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Academy of Political Science]] |volume=134 |number=4 |year=2019 |pages=585–609 |doi=10.1002/polq.12988 |jstor=45284691}}</ref> It is generally described by political analysts as a [[great power]].<ref name="gambit">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Bunde |editor1-first=Tobias |editor2-last=Eisentraut |editor2-first=Sophie |editor3-last=Schütte |editor3-first=Leonard |last=Jintro |first=Pauly |title=Russia: The Czar's Gambit |journal=Munich Security Report 2025: Multipolarization |publisher=[[Munich Security Conference]] |date=February 2025 |pages=79–85 |doi=10.47342/EZUC8623-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sweijs |first1=T. |last2=De Spiegeleire |first2=S. |last3=de Jong |first3=S. |last4=Oosterveld |first4=W. |last5=Roos |first5=H. |last6=Bekkers |first6=F. |last7=Usanov |first7=A. |last8=de Rave |first8=R. |last9=Jans |first9=K. |title=Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation |publisher=The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies |page=43 |year=2017 |isbn=978-94-92102-46-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EonDwAAQBAJ |quote=We qualify the following states as great powers: China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States.}}</ref><ref name="l454">{{cite journal |last=Ellman |first=Michael |title=Russia as a great power: from 1815 to the present day. Part II |journal=Journal of Institutional Economics |volume=19 |issue=2 |date=2023 |issn=1744-1374 |doi=10.1017/S1744137422000388 |pages=159–174 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Neumann |first=Iver B |number=11 |title=Russia as a Great Power, 1815–2007 |date=20 May 2008 |journal=Journal of International Relations and Development |volume=11 |pages=128–151 |doi=10.1057/jird.2008.7 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Russia is also a former [[superpower]] as the leading constituent of the former Soviet Union.<ref name="Reiman-2016"/> In the 21st century, many scholars view its global influence as being in decline.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Brian D. |title=Russian Politics: A Very Short Introduction |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-751602-7 |chapter=Power, status, and greatness |pages=21–40 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780197516027.003.0002 |quote=Although the lines sometimes can be blurry, there are only three countries in the world that international relations experts typically classify as having been a great power for the past 300 years: Britain, France, and Russia... Russia's geographic size, nuclear weapons, and permanent UN Security Council seat guarantee its continuing great power status... Yet the greater economic power of the United States, the European Union, and China, as well as rising countries... meant that Russia's future standing in the world remained in doubt even before the Russo-Ukraine War.}}</ref><ref name="f495">{{cite journal |last=Šćepanović |first=Janko |title=Still a great power? Russia's status dilemmas post-Ukraine war |journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=32 |issue=1 |date=22 March 2023 |issn=1478-2804 |doi=10.1080/14782804.2023.2193878 |pages=80–95 |quote=Drezner, as well as others like Dan Depetris, agrees that, on principle, Russia can still be counted among the great powers... At the same time, scholars rightly wonder what rank within the great power club Russia belongs to...}}</ref> Nevertheless, Russia is a member state of the [[G20]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[BRICS]], [[WTO]], and the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]]; and the leading member state of organisations such as the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fish |first1=M. Steven |author1-link=Steven Fish |last2=Samarin |first2=Melissa |last3=Way |first3=Lucan Ahmad |title=Russia and the CIS in 2016 |year=2017 |jstor=26367728 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |volume=57 |number=1 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |pages=93–102 |doi=10.1525/as.2017.57.1.93}}</ref> the [[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sadri |first=Houman A. |title=Eurasian Economic Union (Eeu): a good idea or a Russian takeover? |jstor=43580687 |pages=553–561 |volume=81 |number=4 |year=2014 |journal=Rivista di studi politici internazionali |publisher=Maria Grazia Melchionni}}</ref> the [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation|CSTO]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/01/06/what-is-the-collective-security-treaty-organisation |title=What is the Collective Security Treaty Organisation? |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=6 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412224018/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/01/06/what-is-the-collective-security-treaty-organisation |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/russias-pivot-to-asia-and-the-sco/ |last=Tiezzi |first=Shannon |title=Russia's 'Pivot to Asia' and the SCO |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=21 July 2015 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704104451/https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/russias-pivot-to-asia-and-the-sco/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was also a member state of the [[G8]] (now the [[G7]]) and part of the [[Russia in the Council of Europe|Council of Europe]] before its expulsion from the two groups in 2014 and 2022, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/index.html |title=U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8 |work=[[CNN]] |date=24 March 2014 |last=Acosta |first=Jim |access-date=30 March 2025 |archive-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429124350/https://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[DW News]] |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |title=Russia leaves the Council of Europe |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-formally-departs-council-of-europe/a-61136962 |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330215810/https://www.dw.com/en/russia-formally-departs-council-of-europe/a-61136962 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Russia maintains close relations [[Belarus–Russia relations|with neighbouring Belarus]], which is a part of the [[Union State]], a supranational confederation of the two states.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Semi-Sovereign State: Belarus and the Russian Neo-Empire |jstor=24907272 |journal=[[Foreign Policy Analysis (journal)|Foreign Policy Analysis]] |first=Kathleen J. |last=Hancock |volume=2 |number=2 |date=April 2006 |pages=117–136 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00023.x |ssrn=1949519}}</ref> [[Serbia]] has been a [[Russia–Serbia relations|historically close ally]] of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1994 |jstor=40202977 |title=Russia and the Balkans: Pan-Slavism, Partnership and Power |journal=[[Canadian International Council|International Journal]] |first=Lenard J. |last=Cohen |volume=49 |number=4 |pages=814–845 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |doi=10.2307/40202977}}</ref> From the 21st century, relations between Russia and China have significantly [[China–Russia relations|strengthened bilaterally and economically]] due to shared political interests.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bolt |first=Paul J. |title=Sino-Russian Relations in a Changing World Order |year=2014 |volume=8 |number=4 |jstor=26270816 |pages=47–69 |publisher=[[Air University Press]] |journal=[[Strategic Studies Quarterly]]}}</ref> [[India]] is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong [[India–Russia relations|strategic and diplomatic relationship]] since the Soviet era.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/08/russia-india-relations/ |title=Why India and Russia Are Going to Stay Friends |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |first=Emily |last=Tamkin |date=8 July 2020 |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112225311/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/08/russia-india-relations/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia wields significant political influence across the [[geopolitics|geopolitically]] important [[South Caucasus]] and Central Asia,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Özkan |first1=Arda |last2=Tüysüzoglu |first2=Göktürk |title=Conflict Areas in the Caucasus and Central Asia |date=April 2024 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |page=312 |isbn=978-1-7936-5127-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxNhEQAAQBAJ |language=en |quote=Russia holds considerable military, economic, and political power over the Central Asia and Caucasus.}}</ref> described in Russia as the "[[near abroad]]",{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=429–486|loc=Chapter 8. Foreign Relations}}<ref name="Kolstø">{{cite journal |last1=Kolstø |first1=Pål |title=Beyond Russia, becoming local: Trajectories of adaption to the fall of the Soviet Union among ethnic Russians in the former Soviet Republics |journal=Journal of Eurasian Studies |date=July 2011 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=153–163 |doi=10.1016/j.euras.2011.03.006 |quote=This is indeed true, Russia does insist that the country has a right and a duty to pose as the protector of all Russians in the so-called 'near abroad'.}}</ref> while foreign political analysts have described the two regions as being part of Russia's "backyard".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nation |first=R Craig. |title=Russia and the Caucasus |journal=Connections |year=2015 |volume=14 |number=2 |pages=1–12 |jstor=26326394 |publisher=[[Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes]] |doi=10.11610/Connections.14.2.01 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Swanström |first=Niklas |title=Central Asia and Russian Relations: Breaking Out of the Russian Orbit? |journal=[[Brown Journal of World Affairs]] |volume=19 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=101–113 |id={{ProQuest|1326331335}} |jstor=24590931 |quote=The Central Asian states have been dependent on Russia since they gained independence in 1991, not just in economic and energy terms, but also militarily and politically.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Russia shares a complex [[Russia–Turkey relations|strategic, energy, and defence relationship]] with [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Baev |first=Pavel |work=Russie.Nei.Reports |publisher=[[Institut français des relations internationales|Ifri]] |url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/baev_turkey_russia_2021.pdf |title=Russia and Turkey: Strategic Partners and Rivals |date=May 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |number=35 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027233151/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/baev_turkey_russia_2021.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> It maintains [[Iran–Russia relations|cordial relations]] with [[Iran]], as it is a strategic and economic ally.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tarock |first=Adam |title=Iran and Russia in 'Strategic Alliance' |volume=18 |number=2 |date=June 1997 |pages=207–223 |journal=[[Third World Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |doi=10.1080/01436599714911 |jstor=3993220}}</ref> Russia has also significantly developed its [[North Korea–Russia relations|relations with North Korea]] following its invasion of Ukraine in 2022, with increased defence co-operation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=Dr Edward |title=North Korea and Russia's dangerous partnership |journal=[[Chatham House]] |location=Westminister, London |date=4 December 2024 |access-date=12 March 2025 |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-12/2024-12-04-north-korea-russia-dangerous-partnership-howell.pdf |isbn=978-1-78413-632-1 |doi=10.55317/9781784136321}}</ref> At the same time, its relations with [[Russia–Ukraine relations|neighbouring Ukraine]] and the Western world—specifically the [[Russia–United States relations|United States]] and the countries of the [[Russia–European Union relations|European Union]] and [[NATO–Russia relations|NATO]]—have collapsed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/ukraine-breaks-diplomatic-ties-with-russia |title=Ukraine cuts diplomatic ties with Russia after invasion |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |quote=Ukraine has cut all diplomatic ties with Russia after President Vladimir Putin authorised an all-out invasion of Ukraine by land, air and sea. |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305163901/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/ukraine-breaks-diplomatic-ties-with-russia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kanerva |first=Ilkka |title=Russia and the West |jstor=48573515 |number=12 |pages=112–119 |year=2018 |publisher=Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development |journal=Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development}}</ref><br />
[[File:2019 Foto de família dos Líderes do G20.jpg|thumb|Putin with G20 counterparts in [[Osaka]], 2019]]<br />
In the 21st century, Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing [[regional power|regional dominance]] in Europe and increasing its international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. It has initiated military interventions in the [[post-Soviet states]] of Georgia and Ukraine, [[Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war|as well as in Syria]] during its [[Syrian civil war|prolonged civil war]] in a bid to increase its influence in the [[Middle East]],<ref>{{cite report |last=Cerulli |first=Rossella |title=Russian Influence in the Middle East: Economics, Energy, and Soft Power |jstor=resrep19825 |date=1 September 2019 |pages=1–21 |publisher=American Security Project}}</ref> and achieve its great power ambitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russias-enduring-grip-syria |title=Russia's Enduring Grip on Syria |last=Kassis |first=Kelly |work=[[Royal United Services Institute]] (RUSI) |date=11 November 2025 |access-date=6 January 2026 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/after-assad-russias-role-and-leverage-in-the-middle-east-224080 |title=After Assad: Russia's Role and Leverage in the Middle East |work=[[Institute for International Political Studies]] (ISPI) |date=8 December 2025 |access-date=6 January 2026 |location=Milan}}</ref> Two-thirds of the global population, specifically the [[developing country|developing countries]] of the [[Global South]], are either neutral or leaning towards Russia politically.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Stengel |first1=Richard |title=Putin May Be Winning the Information War Outside of the U.S. and Europe |url=https://time.com/6179221/putin-information-war-column/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=20 May 2022 |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818141722/https://time.com/6179221/putin-information-war-column/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia can count on support from many developing countries |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/russia-can-count-on-support-from-many-developing-countries/ |website=eiu.com |date=30 March 2022 |publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=28 July 2024 |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714102133/https://www.eiu.com/n/russia-can-count-on-support-from-many-developing-countries/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Russian state-funded [[Wagner Group]] has been [[Wagner Group activities in Africa|deployed in Africa]] ([[Africa Corps (Russia)|Africa Corps]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68322230 |title=Wagner in Africa: How the Russian mercenary group has rebranded |work=[[BBC]] |last1=Inwood |first1=Joe |last2=Tacchi |first2=Jake |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=Russia in Africa: What's behind Moscow's push into the continent? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45035889 |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=[[BBC]] |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413235807/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45035889 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Wagner Group activities in Syria|in Syria]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/how-wagner-group-lost-syria |title=How the Wagner Group Lost Syria |work=[[Royal United Services Institute]] (RUSI) |last=Giustozzi |first=Dr Antonio |date=31 May 2024 |access-date=6 January 2026 |location=London}}</ref> to maintain political stability in [[failed state]]s through military projection and exploit local natural resources.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-wagner-group-ukraine-war-putin-prigozhin-africa-plundering-resources/ |title=How Russia's Wagner Group funds its role in Putin's Ukraine war by plundering Africa's resources |last1=Patta |first1=Debora |last2=Carter |first2=Sarah |date=16 May 2023 |work=[[CBS News]] |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the [[Arctic]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/03/russia-in-the-arctica-critical-examination?lang=en |title=Russia in the Arctic – A Critical Examination |last1=Rumer |first1=Eugene |last2=Sokolsky |first2=Richard |last3=Stronski |first3=Paul |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411145458/https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/03/29/russia-in-arctic-critical-examination-pub-84181 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Asia–Pacific]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Hunt |first=Luke |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/russia-tries-to-boost-asia-ties-to-counter-indo-pacific-alliances/6272006.html |title=Russia Tries to Boost Asia Ties to Counter Indo-Pacific Alliances |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=15 October 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> and [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shuya |first=Mason |title=Russian Influence in Latin America: a Response to NATO |jstor=26696258 |volume=12 |number=2 |year=2019 |pages=17–41 |journal=[[Journal of Strategic Security]] |publisher=[[University of South Florida]] |doi=10.5038/1944-0472.12.2.1727 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It has also continued using subversive tactics in its rival countries to project its geopolitical power,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feinstein |first1=Scott G. |last2=Pirro |first2=Ellen B. |title=Testing the world order: strategic realism in Russian foreign affairs |journal=International Politics |date=22 February 2021 |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=817–834 |doi=10.1057/s41311-021-00285-5 |doi-access=free |pmid=40477225 |pmc=7898250}}</ref><ref name="gambit"/> such as [[Cyberwarfare by Russia|cyberwarfare]], [[Russian disinformation|disinformation campaigns]],<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Cyber Defense Review |last1=Mahairas |first1=Aristedes |last2=Dvilyanski |first2=Mikhail |title=Disinformation – Дезинформация (Dezinformatsiya) |year=2018 |volume=3 |number=3 |pages=21–28 |jstor=26554993}}</ref> [[sabotage]] attacks,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Seth G. |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/russias-shadow-war-against-west |title=Russia's Shadow War Against the West |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS) |date=18 March 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-date=30 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330183516/https://www.csis.org/analysis/russias-shadow-war-against-west |url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of Russian assassinations|assassination attempts]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/germany-russia-threats-report-rheinmetall-plot-2cee42e9f9f6940eb960b0b052e3e670 |title=Russian assassination plots against those supporting Ukraine uncovered in Europe, official says |last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |last2=Moulson |first2=Geir |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |date=13 July 2024 |access-date=30 March 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406230620/https://apnews.com/article/germany-russia-threats-report-rheinmetall-plot-2cee42e9f9f6940eb960b0b052e3e670 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Violations of non-combatant airspaces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|airspace violations]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Morse |first=Jasper Hufschmidt |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/russias-catch-me-if-you-can-over-the-baltic-sea/ |title=Russia's "Catch Me If You Can" over the Baltic Sea |publisher=[[Australian Institute of International Affairs]] (AIIA) |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=30 March 2025 |archive-date=18 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518163853/https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/russias-catch-me-if-you-can-over-the-baltic-sea/ |url-status=live}}</ref> electoral interferences,<ref>{{cite web |last=Popescu-Zamfir |first=Oana |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/europe/strategic-europe/2025/02/russian-interference-coming-soon-to-an-election-near-you?lang=en |title=Russian Interference: Coming Soon to an Election Near You |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] (CEIP) |date=13 February 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-date=1 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401015158/https://carnegieendowment.org/europe/strategic-europe/2025/02/russian-interference-coming-soon-to-an-election-near-you?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref> nuclear saber-rattling,<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Heather |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/why-russia-keeps-rattling-nuclear-saber |title=Why Russia Keeps Rattling the Nuclear Saber |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS) |date=20 May 2024 |access-date=30 March 2025 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-date=1 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401233639/https://www.csis.org/analysis/why-russia-keeps-rattling-nuclear-saber |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Russian hybrid warfare|hybrid warfare]].<ref name="r890">{{cite web |title=A Frog in a Pot – Turning Around Russia's Hybrid War |website=Royal United Services Institute |date=22 October 2025 |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/frog-pot-turning-around-russias-hybrid-war |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Military ===<br />
{{Main|Russian Armed Forces}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Sukhoi Design Bureau, 054, Sukhoi T-50 (Su-57 prototype) (49581303977).jpg|thumb|[[Sukhoi Su-57]], a [[fifth-generation fighter]] of the [[Russian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rand.org/blog/2020/08/russias-su-57-heavy-fighter-bomber-is-it-really-a-5th.html |title=Russia's Su-57 Heavy Fighter Bomber: Is It Really a Fifth-Generation Aircraft? |work=[[RAND Corporation]] |author=Ryan Bauer and Peter A. Wilson |date=17 August 2020 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322102224/https://www.rand.org/blog/2020/08/russias-su-57-heavy-fighter-bomber-is-it-really-a-5th.html |url-status=live}}</ref>]]<br />
The Russian Armed Forces are divided into the [[Russian Ground Forces|Ground Forces]], the [[Russian Navy|Navy]], and the [[Russian Aerospace Force|Aerospace Forces]]—and there are also two independent arms of service: the [[Strategic Missile Troops]] and the [[Russian Airborne Troops|Airborne Troops]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=487–552|loc=Chapter 9. The Armed Forces}}<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |title=Russia – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109173026/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, the military have 1.1 million active-duty personnel, which is the world's [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|fifth-largest]], and about 1.5 million [[Military reserve force|reserve personnel]].<ref>{{cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance |date=2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-041-049-678 |page=180}}</ref> It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 18–27 to be [[conscription|drafted]] for a year of service in the Armed Forces.<ref name="cia"/><br />
<br />
Russia is among the five [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|recognised]] [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-weapons states]], with the world's [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|largest stockpile of nuclear weapons]]; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat |title=Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance |work=[[Arms Control Association]] |date=August 2020 |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124043430/https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia possesses the second-largest fleet of [[ballistic missile submarine]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/data/military-capability/signature-capabilities/ballistic-missile-submarines/ |work=[[Asia Power Index]] |publisher=[[Lowy Institute]] |year=2021 |title=Ballistic missile submarines data |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173840/https://power.lowyinstitute.org/data/military-capability/signature-capabilities/ballistic-missile-submarines/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and is one of the only three countries operating [[strategic bomber]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=T. V. |last2=Wirtz |first2=James J. |last3=Fortmann |first3=Michael |url={{GBurl |id=9jy28vBqscQC |p=332}} |title=Balance of power: theory and practice in the 21st century |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |date=2004 |page=332 |isbn=978-0-8047-5017-2}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, Russia maintains the world's [[List of countries by military expenditures|third-highest military expenditure]], spending $109 billion, corresponding to about 5.9% of its GDP.<ref name="SIPRI">{{Cite web |title=Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/fs_2403_at_2023.pdf |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] (SIPRI) |date=March 2024 |last1=Wezeman |first1=Pieter D. |last2=Djokic |first2=Katarina |last3=George |first3=Mathew |last4=Hussain |first4=Zain |last5=Wezeman |first5=Siemon T. |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311001401/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/fs_2403_at_2023.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> It was also the [[List of countries by arms exports|third-largest arms exporter]] in 2020–2024,<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Pieter D. |last1=Wezeman |first2=Katarina |last2=Djokic |first3=Mathew |last3=George |first4=Zain |last4=Hussain |first5=Siemon T. |last5=Wezeman |title=Trends in international Arms Transfer 2024 |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2025/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2024 |doi=10.55163/XXSZ9056 |date=March 2025 |website=sipri.org |page=2}}</ref> and has a large and indigenous [[Defense industry of Russia|defence industry]], which produces the majority of its military equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Julian |title=Military Production in Russia Before and After the Start of the War With Ukraine |date=29 August 2024 |doi=10.1080/03071847.2024.2392990 |journal=[[RUSI Journal]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] on behalf of the [[Royal United Services Institute]] (RUSI) |volume=169 |number=4 |pages=10–29 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/back-stock-state-russias-defense-industry-after-two-years-war |title=Back in Stock? The State of Russia's Defense Industry after Two Years of the War |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] (CSIS) |location=Washington, D.C. |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=12 March 2025 |last1=Snegovaya |first1=Maria |last2=Bergmann |first2=Max |last3=Dolbaia |first3=Tina |last4=Fenton |first4=Nicholas |last5=Bendett |first5=Samuel |archive-date=10 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310181645/https://www.csis.org/analysis/back-stock-state-russias-defense-industry-after-two-years-war |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Roth |first=Andrew |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/15/rate-of-russian-military-production-worries-european-war-planners |title='A lot higher than we expected': Russian arms production worries Europe's war planners |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 February 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Law, corruption and crime ===<br />
{{Main|Law of Russia|Law enforcement in Russia|Crime in Russia|Corruption in Russia}}<br />
<br />
Post-Soviet Russia under the regime of Vladimir Putin has been governed by a form of [[crony capitalism]].<ref name="crony">{{cite book |last=Åslund |first=Anders |year=2019 |title=Russia's Crony Capitalism: The Path from Market Economy to Kleptocracy |pages=5–7 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-24486-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ledeneva |first=Alena |title=Cronies, Economic Crime and Capitalism in Putin's Sistema |journal=[[International Affairs]] |publisher=[[Chatham House]] |volume=88 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=149–157 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01062.x |jstor=41428546}}</ref> Its political system has been variously described as a [[kleptocracy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fish |first=M. Steven |author-link=Steven Fish |title=What Has Russia Become? |jstor=26532689 |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=50 |number=3 |date=April 2018 |pages=327–346 |publisher=[[City University of New York]] |location=New York City |doi=10.5129/001041518822704872}}</ref> an [[oligarchy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guriev |first1=Sergei |last2=Rachinsky |first2=Andrei |title=The Role of Oligarchs in Russian Capitalism |year=2005 |volume=19 |number=1 |journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives |pages=131–150 |publisher=[[American Economic Association]] |doi=10.1257/0895330053147994 |jstor=4134996 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and a [[plutocracy]].<ref name="crony"/> {{As of|2024}}, it is the lowest rated European country in [[Transparency International]]'s annual [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], ranking 154th out of the 180 countries listed.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=Corruptions Perceptions Index 2024 |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024 |access-date=28 February 2025 |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211084918/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Alexei Navalny marching in 2017.jpg|thumb|Opposition leader [[Alexei Navalny]] leading protestors in Moscow in the nationwide [[2017–2018 Russian protests|anti-corruption protests of 2017–2018]]]]<br />
Corruption has significantly increased following the collapse of the Soviet Union,<ref name="SuharaManabu">{{cite web |author=Suhara, Manabu |title=Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective |url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf |publisher=[[Slavic-Eurasian Research Center]] |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192618/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> and is seen as a significant issue in society.<ref name="markus">{{cite journal |last=Markus |first=Stanislav |title=Oligarchs and Corruption in Putin's Russia: Of Sand Castles and Geopolitical Volunteering |journal=[[Georgetown Journal of International Affairs]] |volume=18 |number=2 |year=2017 |pages=26–32 |doi=10.1353/gia.2017.0017 |jstor=26396016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption |url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/new-reports-highlight-russias-deep-seated-culture-corruption |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=26 January 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127020812/https://www.voanews.com/europe/new-reports-highlight-russias-deep-seated-culture-corruption |url-status=live}}</ref> It affects various sectors, including the economy,<ref name="markus"/> the [[Government of Russia|government]],<ref name="SuharaManabu"/> [[Law enforcement in Russia|law enforcement]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gerber |first1=Theodore P. |last2=Mendelson |first2=Sarah E. |author2-link=Sarah E. Mendelson |title=Public Experiences of Police Violence and Corruption in Contemporary Russia: A Case of Predatory Policing? |jstor=29734103 |journal=[[Law & Society Review]] |volume=42 |number=1 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |date=March 2008 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00333.x}}</ref> [[Healthcare in Russia|healthcare]],<ref>{{cite web |author1=Klara Sabirianova Peter |first2=Tetyana |last2=Zelenska |year=2010 |title=Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery |url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2010/zelenska_t5300.pdf |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075733/http://www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2010/zelenska_t5300.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/corruption-pervades-russias-health-system/ |title=Corruption Pervades Russia's Health System |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=28 June 2007 |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302213758/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/corruption-pervades-russias-health-system/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Education in Russia|education]],<ref>{{cite web |first1=Elena |last1=Denisova-Schmidt |first2=Elvira |last2=Leontyeva |first3=Yaroslav |last3=Prytula |year=2014 |title=Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine |url=http://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/corruption-universities-common-disease-russia-and-ukraine |access-date=4 December 2015 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155403/http://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/corruption-universities-common-disease-russia-and-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref> and the military.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/corruption-russian-armed-forces |title=Corruption in the Russian Armed Forces |last1=Cranny-Evans |first1=Sam |last2=Ivshina |first2=Olga |date=12 May 2022 |publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]] (RUSI) |location=[[Westminster]] |access-date=6 October 2022 |quote=Corruption in the Russian armed forces, and society in general, has been a long-acknowledged truism. |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006212135/https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/corruption-russian-armed-forces/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia's [[informal economy|shadow economy]] was estimated to be about 44% of the total GDP in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sauka |first1=Arnis |last2=Putniņš |first2=Tālis J. |title=Shadow Economy Index for Russia |url=https://www.sseriga.edu/shadow-economy-index-russia |publisher=[[Stockholm School of Economics in Riga]] |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=2 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402024333/https://www.sseriga.edu/shadow-economy-index-russia |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Russian penal military units during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|Penal military units]] have been deployed as [[shock troops|storm troops]] during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War since 2022, such as the [[Storm-Z]] and [[Storm-V]] units.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-recruited-convicts-fierce-assault-units-storm-gladiator-/32806371.html |title=Storm Gladiator: How Russia Uses Recruited Convicts To Fight In 'Fierce' Assault Units In Ukraine |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |last1=Belovodyev |first1=Daniil |last2=Systema |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317042718/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-recruited-convicts-fierce-assault-units-storm-gladiator-/32806371.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67175566 |title=Ukraine war: Russia goes back to prisons to feed its war machine |work=[[BBC]] |last=Shevchenko |first=Vitaly |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=6 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606181758/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67175566 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to estimates by the BBC, around 48,000 prisoners were recruited to fight for the Wagner Group.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1e7vl01gngo |title=Russia's soldiers bringing wartime violence back home |work=[[BBC]] |last=Shevchenko |first=Vitaly |date=17 November 2024 |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322105616/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1e7vl01gngo |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The primary and fundamental statement of laws in Russia is the constitution. Statutes, such as the [[Russian Civil Code]] and the [[Russian Criminal Code]], are the predominant legal sources of Russian law.<ref>{{cite web |last=Partlett |first=William |title=Reclassifying Russian Law: Mechanisms, Outcomes, and Solutions for an Overly Politicized Field |website=Search eLibrary |date=7 July 2010 |ssrn=1197762 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1197762 |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523233257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1197762 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=William E. |title=Criminal Code of the Russian Federation |year=1999 |publisher=Springer}}</ref> Russia has the [[List of countries by incarceration rate|largest incarcerated population]] in Europe, and the fifth-largest incarcerated population in the world.<ref name="icjpr">{{cite web |url=https://www.icpr.org.uk/news-events/2024/prison-populations-continue-rise-many-parts-world-115-million-held-prisons |title=Prison populations continue to rise in many parts of the world, with 11.5 million held in prisons worldwide |work=Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research |publisher=[[Birkbeck, University of London]] |date=1 May 2024 |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109143338/https://icpr.org.uk/news-events/2024/prison-populations-continue-rise-many-parts-world-115-million-held-prisons |url-status=live}}</ref> Its incarceration rate is among the highest in Europe,<ref>{{cite web |last=Adami |first=Marina |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-prison-population-data-incarceration/ |title=Turkey, Russia lead Europe's incarceration rates |work=[[Politico]] |date=8 April 2021 |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=6 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606181806/https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-prison-population-data-incarceration/ |url-status=live}}</ref> although the number has fallen steadily, by 59% since 2000.<ref name="icjpr" /> {{As of|2021}}, Russia's [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate|intentional homicide rate]] stood at 6.8 per 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/vc-ihr-psrc-p5?gender=total |title=Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) |work=[[World Bank]] |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=16 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416202920/https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/indicator/vc-ihr-psrc-p5?gender=total |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, Russia had the world's second-largest illegal arms trade market, after the United States, was described as a key hub for human trafficking, and was ranked first in Europe and 19th globally in the [[Global Organized Crime Index]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Criminality in Russia |website=The Organized Crime Index |date=4 May 2023 |url=https://ocindex.net/country/russia |access-date=16 April 2025 |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424161408/https://ocindex.net/country/russia |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Human rights===<br />
{{Main|Human rights in Russia}}<br />
<br />
Violations of human rights in Russia have been increasingly reported by leading democracy and [[human rights group]]s. In particular, [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] say that Russia is not democratic and allows few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/ |title=Russian Federation |work=Amnesty International |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320043314/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/russia |title=Russia |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413065628/https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/russia |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Since 2004, [[Freedom House]] has ranked Russia as "not free" in its ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' survey.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/russia/freedom-world/2021 |title=Russia: Freedom in the World 2021 |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413204526/https://freedomhouse.org/country/russia/freedom-world/2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2011, the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] has ranked Russia as an "authoritarian regime" in its [[Democracy Index]], ranking it 150th out of 167 countries in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2025 |title=The global democracy index: how did countries perform in 2024? |url=https://www.economist.com/interactive/democracy-index-2024 |access-date=28 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227005622/https://www.economist.com/interactive/democracy-index-2024 |archive-date=27 February 2025}}</ref> In regards to [[media freedom in Russia|media freedom]], Russia was ranked 162nd out of 180 countries in [[Reporters Without Borders]]' [[Press Freedom Index]] for 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rsf.org/en/russia |title=Russia |work=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213163540/https://rsf.org/en/russia |url-status=live}}</ref> The Russian government has been widely criticised by political dissidents and [[Human rights defender|human rights activists]] for [[Elections in Russia|unfair elections]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Simmons |first=Ann M. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russias-opposition-candidates-struggle-to-make-a-mark-in-election-11631886631 |title=In Russia's Election, Putin's Opponents Are Seeing Double |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=18 September 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> crackdowns on [[Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia|opposition political parties and protests]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Kramer |first=Andrew E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/world/europe/putin-navalny-russian-opposition-crackdown.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/world/europe/putin-navalny-russian-opposition-crackdown.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited |title=In Shadow of Navalny Case, What's Left of the Russian Opposition? |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Seddon |first=Max |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e8889644-051c-41f6-a991-6a32091e5c54 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e8889644-051c-41f6-a991-6a32091e5c54 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=13 February 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> [[Russian undesirable organizations law|persecution of non-governmental organisations]] and enforced suppression and [[List of journalists killed in Russia|killings of independent journalists]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Goncharenko |first=Roman |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ngos-in-russia-battered-but-unbowed/a-41459467 |title=NGOs in Russia: Battered, but unbowed |work=[[DW News]] |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 November 2017 |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Yaffa |first=Joshua |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-victims-of-putins-crackdown-on-the-press |title=The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=7 September 2021 |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123224350/http://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-victims-of-putins-crackdown-on-the-press |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Simon |first=Scott |title=Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling? |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/04/21/604497554/why-do-russian-journalists-keep-falling |date=21 April 2018 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003104459/https://www.npr.org/2018/04/21/604497554/why-do-russian-journalists-keep-falling |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Censorship in the Russian Federation|censorship]] of mass media and [[Internet censorship in Russia|internet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/18/russia-growing-internet-isolation-control-censorship |title=Russia: Growing Internet Isolation, Control, Censorship |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412225449/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/18/russia-growing-internet-isolation-control-censorship |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Protest against the invasion of Ukraine (Yekaterinburg, February 24, 2022).jpg|thumb|Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], [[Anti-war protests in Russia (2022–present)|anti-war protests]] broke out across Russia. The protests have been met with widespread repression, leading to about 15,000 people being arrested.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shevchenko |first=Vitaliy |date=15 March 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60749064 |access-date=3 April 2022 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>]]<br />
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Muslims, especially [[Salafi movement|Salafis]], have faced persecution in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |date=1 July 2015 |title=Russia Sees a Threat in Its Converts to Islam |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/02/world/russia-sees-a-threat-in-its-converts-to-islam.html |url-status=live |issn=0362-4331 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703140541/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/02/world/russia-sees-a-threat-in-its-converts-to-islam.html |archive-date=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2021 |title=U.S. Report Says Russia Among 'Worst Violators' Of Religious Freedom |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-worst-violators-religious-freedom-report-iran-turkmenistan/31215737.html |website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |language=en |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307100648/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-worst-violators-religious-freedom-report-iran-turkmenistan/31215737.html |url-status=live}}</ref> To quash the [[insurgency in the North Caucasus]], Russian authorities have been accused of indiscriminate killings,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clancy Chassay |date=19 September 2009 |title=Russian killings and kidnaps extend dirty war in Ingushetia |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/20/ingushetia-dirty-war-russia |url-status=live |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117091935/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/20/ingushetia-dirty-war-russia |archive-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> arrests, forced disappearances, and torture of civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DENIS SOKOLOV |date=20 August 2016 |title=Putin's Savage War Against Russia's 'New Muslims' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/putin-savage-war-against-russia-new-muslims-490783 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117091931/https://www.newsweek.com/putin-savage-war-against-russia-new-muslims-490783 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=🇷🇺Ingushetia: A second Chechnya? l People and Power |date=13 October 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_kHz8bhMFc&t=504s |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117091931/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_kHz8bhMFc&t=504s |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Dagestan]], some Salafis along with facing government harassment based on their appearance, have had their homes blown up in counterinsurgency operations.<ref>{{Citation |title=Russia's Invisible War: Crackdown on Salafi Muslims in Dagestan |date=17 June 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfjsgSiBkZQ |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Associated Press]] |date=25 November 2015 |title=Russian Crackdown on Muslims Fuels Exodus to IS |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/russian-crackdown-on-muslims-fuels-exodus-to-islamic-state/3073139.html |website=[[Voice of America]] |language=en |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117091931/https://www.voanews.com/a/russian-crackdown-on-muslims-fuels-exodus-to-islamic-state/3073139.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Chechens and [[Ingush people|Ingush]] in [[Russian prisons]] reportedly take more abuse than other ethnic groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mairbek Vatchagaev |date=9 April 2015 |title=Abuse of Chechens and Ingush in Russian Prisons Creates Legions of Enemies |url=https://jamestown.org/program/abuse-of-chechens-and-ingush-in-russian-prisons-creates-legions-of-enemies-2/ |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]]}}</ref> During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia has set up [[Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians|filtration camps]] where many Ukrainians are subjected to abuses and forcibly sent to Russia; the camps have been compared to [[Filtration camp system in Chechnya|those used in the Chechen Wars]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marquise Francis |date=7 April 2022 |title=What are Russian 'filtration camps'? |url=https://news.yahoo.com/what-are-russian-filtration-camps-194643731.html |website=[[Yahoo! News]] |language=en-US |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117091931/https://news.yahoo.com/what-are-russian-filtration-camps-194643731.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katie Bo Lillis, Kylie Atwood and Natasha Bertrand |title=Russia is depopulating parts of eastern Ukraine, forcibly removing thousands into remote parts of Russia |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/26/politics/ukraine-filtration-camps-forcibly-remove-russia/index.html |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=[[CNN]] |date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117091931/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/26/politics/ukraine-filtration-camps-forcibly-remove-russia/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Political repression also increased following the start of the invasion, with [[Russian 2022 war censorship laws|laws adopted]] that establish punishments for "discrediting" the armed forces.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weir |first1=Fred |title=In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/1205/In-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison |work=CSMonitor.com |date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602022102/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/1205/In-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Russia has introduced several restrictions on [[LGBTQ rights in Russia|LGBTQ rights]]. In 2013, an [[Russian anti-LGBTQ law|anti-LGBTQ law]] banning "gay propaganda" was unanimously passed by the State Duma and the Federation Council, later being signed into law by Vladimir Putin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/russia-law-banning-gay-propaganda |title=Russia passes law banning gay 'propaganda' |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 June 2013 |last=Elder |first=Miriam |access-date=17 April 2025 |archive-date=10 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410184402/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/russia-law-banning-gay-propaganda |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the Russian parliament legalised a constitutional ban on [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia|same-sex marriage]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/russian-voters-back-referendum-banning-same-sex-marriage-n1232802 |title=Russian voters back referendum banning same-sex marriage |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=17 April 2025 |date=3 July 2020 |last=Venkatraman |first=Sakshi |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709040916/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/russian-voters-back-referendum-banning-same-sex-marriage-n1232802 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2021 the [[Ministry of Justice (Russia)|Ministry of Justice]] designated the LGBTQ rights group [[Russian LGBT Network]] as a "[[foreign agent (Russia)|foreign agent]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/11/russia-frontline-group-lgbt-network-and-human-rights-lawyers-branded-foreign-agents/ |title=Russia: Frontline group LGBT-Network and human rights lawyers branded "foreign agents" |date=9 November 2021 |work=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=17 April 2025 |archive-date=6 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606181757/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/11/russia-frontline-group-lgbt-network-and-human-rights-lawyers-branded-foreign-agents/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, further amendments were made to the 2013 anti-LGBTQ law.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/05/europe/russia-lgbtq-propaganda-law-signed-by-putin-intl/index.html |title=Putin signs expanded anti-LGBTQ laws in Russia, in latest crackdown on rights |work=[[CNN]] |date=5 December 2022 |access-date=17 April 2025 |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Chernova |first2=Anna |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318172700/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/05/europe/russia-lgbtq-propaganda-law-signed-by-putin-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, the Russian parliament passed a bill banning [[gender reassignment surgery]] for [[transgender]] people and the [[Supreme Court of Russia]] banned the [[LGBTQ movements|international LGBTQ movement]] as "extremist", outlawing it in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66200194 |title=Russian parliament bans gender reassignment surgery for trans people |last=Murphy |first=Matt |date=14 July 2023 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=[[BBC]] |archive-date=16 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416100656/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66200194 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/30/russia-supreme-court-bans-lgbt-movement-extremist |title=Russia: Supreme Court Bans LGBT Movement as "Extremist" |work=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=17 April 2025 |archive-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423210144/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/30/russia-supreme-court-bans-lgbt-movement-extremist |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, the Supreme Court issued the first convictions from the latter ruling.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/15/russia-first-convictions-under-lgbt-extremist-ruling |title=Russia: First Convictions Under LGBT 'Extremist' Ruling |date=15 February 2024 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-date=13 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513103618/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/15/russia-first-convictions-under-lgbt-extremist-ruling |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Economy ==<br />
{{Main|Economy of Russia}}<br />
<br />
{{Further|Economic history of the Russian Federation|Taxation in Russia}}<br />
Russia has a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028223324/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |url-status=live}}</ref> industrialised,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100002206 |title=Industrial countries |work=Oxford Reference |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=3 August 2024 |quote="...and the countries of the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe, of which several, including Russia and the Czech Republic, are heavily industrialized." |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803212051/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100002206 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[mixed economy|mixed]] [[Market economy|market-oriented]] economy following a [[Shock therapy (economics)|turbulent transition]] from the [[Planned economy|Soviet planned model]] during the 1990s.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=295–382|loc=The Economy}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rutland |first=Peter |title=Neoliberalism and the Russian Transition |journal=Review of International Political Economy |volume=20 |number=2 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2013 |pages=332–362 |doi=10.1080/09692290.2012.727844 |jstor=42003296}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Neil |title=August 1998 and the Development of Russia's Post-Communist Political Economy |journal=[[Review of International Political Economy]] |volume=16 |number=3 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2009 |pages=433–455 |doi=10.1080/09692290802418161 |jstor=27756169}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Charap |first=Samuel |title=No Obituaries Yet for Capitalism in Russia |journal=[[Current History]] |volume=108 |number=720 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2009 |pages=333–338 |doi=10.1525/curh.2009.108.720.333 |jstor=45319724}}</ref> According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], it has the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|ninth-largest economy]] by nominal GDP and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fourth-largest economy]] by GDP ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]).<ref name="IMFWEO.RU"/> {{As of|2023}}, the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] accounts for roughly 57% of total GDP, followed by the [[industrial sector]] (30%), while the [[agricultural sector]] is the smallest, at 3% of total GDP.<ref name="cia"/> It has a labour force of about 73 million, which is the [[List of countries by labour force|eighth-largest]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=RU |title=Labor force, total - Russian Federation |work=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2025 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328001737/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=RU |url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of the largest trading partners of Russia|Russia's largest trading partner]] is China.<ref name="oec">{{cite web |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/rus |title=Russia (RUS) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners |work=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |access-date=17 April 2025 |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413093848/https://oec.world/en/profile/country/rus |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Moscow-City 2025.jpg|thumb|The [[Moscow International Business Center]]]]<br />
Russia's [[human development (economics)|human development]] is [[List of countries by Human Development Index|ranked as]] "very high" in the annual [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/RUS |title=Russian Federation |work=[[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) |access-date=5 August 2024 |quote=Russian Federation's HDI value for 2022 is 0.821— which put the country in the Very High human development category—positioning it at 56 out of 193 countries and territories. |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812054834/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/RUS |url-status=live}}</ref> Roughly 70% of Russia's total GDP is driven by [[Final consumption expenditure|final consumption]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.TOTL.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=RU |title=Final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) – Russia |work=[[World Bank]] |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805103324/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.TOTL.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=RU |url-status=live}}</ref> and the country has the world's [[List of largest consumer markets|twelfth-largest consumer market]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=true |title=Household final consumption expenditure (current US$) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211439/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia has the [[List of countries by number of billionaires|fifth-highest number of billionaires]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Forbes Billionaires 2021 |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |website=Forbes |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104180124/https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/3/ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, its [[List of countries by income equality|income inequality]] remains comparatively high compared to other developed countries.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/620225/EPRS_ATA(2018)620225_EN.pdf |title=Socioeconomic inequality in Russia |journal=[[European Parliamentary Research Service]] |publisher=[[European Parliament]] |date=April 2018 |last=Russell |first=Martin |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217150505/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/620225/EPRS_ATA(2018)620225_EN.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The variance of natural resources among its federal subjects has also led to [[List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita|regional economic disparities]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Remington |first=Thomas F. |title=Why is interregional inequality in Russia and China not falling? |volume=48 |number=1 |date=March 2015 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |journal=[[Soviet and Communist studies|Communist and Post-Communist Studies]] |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.01.005 |jstor=48610321}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kholodilin |first1=Konstantin A. |last2=Oshchepkov |first2=Aleksey |last3=Siliverstovs |first3=Boriss |title=The Russian Regional Convergence Process: Where Is It Leading? |year=2012 |volume=50 |number=3 |pages=5–26 |journal=Eastern European Economics |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |doi=10.2753/EEE0012-8775500301 |jstor=41719700}}</ref> High [[Corruption in Russia|levels of corruption]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schulze |first1=Günther G. |last2=Sjahrir |first2=Bambang Suharnoko |last3=Zakharov |first3=Nikita |title=Corruption in Russia |journal=[[The Journal of Law and Economics]] |publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] |volume=59 |number=1 |date=February 2016 |pages=135–171 |doi=10.1086/684844 |jstor=26456942}}</ref> declining oil export revenues,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-oil-surcharge-anticipating-benefits-and-challenges |title=The Russia Oil Surcharge: Anticipating the Benefits and Challenges |last=Seigle |first=Clayton |date=26 August 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-date=27 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827115304/https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-oil-surcharge-anticipating-benefits-and-challenges |url-status=live}}</ref> a shrinking labour force,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kapeliushnikov |first=Rostislav I. |title=The Russian labor market: Long-term trends and short-term fluctuations |publisher=Voprosy Ekonomiki |journal=Russian Journal of Economics |volume=9 |number=3 |pages=245–270 |date=3 October 2023 |doi=10.32609/j.ruje.9.113503 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/8409563/files/RUJEC_article_113503.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215195325/https://zenodo.org/records/8409563/files/RUJEC_article_113503.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[human capital flight]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Sor |first=Jennifer |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-economy-outlook-ukraine-war-worker-shortage-population-brain-drain-2024-8 |title=Why Russia's brain drain is the biggest problem facing its economy |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=8 November 2024 |access-date=4 September 2025 |archive-date=25 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725063450/https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-economy-outlook-ukraine-war-worker-shortage-population-brain-drain-2024-8 |url-status=live}}</ref> and an [[Aging of Russia|aging]] and [[Demographics of Russia|declining population]] also remain major barriers to future economic growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mikhailova |first1=Olga |last2=Safarova |first2=Gaiane |last3=Safarova |first3=Anna |title=Population ageing and policy responses in the Russian Federation |journal=International Journal on Ageing in Developing Countries |year=2018 |pages=6–26 |number=1 |volume=3 |url=https://inia.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/3.2-Mikhailova-et-al..pdf |publisher=International Institute on Aging |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219225033/https://inia.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/3.2-Mikhailova-et-al..pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/russia-tomorrow/a-russia-without-russians-putins-disastrous-demographics/ |title=A Russia without Russians? Putin's disastrous demographics |date=7 August 2024 |access-date=9 August 2024 |publisher=[[Atlantic Council]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808073201/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/russia-tomorrow/a-russia-without-russians-putins-disastrous-demographics/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the country has faced [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|extensive sanctions]] and other negative financial actions from the [[Western world]] and its allies which have the aim of isolating the Russian economy from the Western financial system.<ref name="Walsh-2022"/> However, Russia has completed its transition into a [[war economy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2404 |title=As Russia Completes Transition to a Full War Economy, Treasury Takes Sweeping Aim at Foundational Financial Infrastructure and Access to Third Country Support |date=12 June 2024 |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613110004/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2404 |url-status=live}}</ref> and has shown resilience to such measures broadly, maintaining economic stability and growth—driven primarily by high [[List of countries with highest military expenditures|military expenditure]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luzin |first1=Pavel |last2=Prokopenko |first2=Alexandra |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2023/09/russias-2024-budget-shows-its-planning-for-a-long-war-in-ukraine?lang=en |title=Russia's 2024 Budget Shows It's Planning for a Long War in Ukraine |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=3 August 2024 |quote=The war against Ukraine and the West is not only the Kremlin's biggest priority; it is now also the main driver of Russia's economic growth. |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012082647/https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/90753 |url-status=live}}</ref> rising [[Household final consumption expenditure|household consumption]] and [[List of Russian federal subjects by average wage|wages]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kurbangaleeva |first1=Ekaterina |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2024/05/russia-war-income?lang=en |title=Russia's Soaring Wartime Salaries Are Bolstering Working-Class Support for Putin |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=28 May 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008010534/https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2024/05/russia-war-income?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref> low [[unemployment]],<ref name="reutersunem">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/soaring-wages-record-low-unemployment-underscore-russias-labour-squeeze-2024-06-05/ |title=Soaring wages, record-low unemployment underscore Russia's labour squeeze |last1=Marrow |first1=Alexander |last2=Korsunskaya |first2=Darya |work=Reuters |date=5 June 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |quote=Russia's unemployment rate dropped to a record-low 2.6% in April and real wages soared in March, data published by the federal statistics service showed on Wednesday, highlighting the extent of Russia's tight labour market.}}</ref> and increased [[government spending]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4nn7pej9jyo |title=Russia's economy is growing, but can it last? |last=Rosenberg |first=Steve |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803220205/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4nn7pej9jyo |url-status=live}}</ref> Yet, [[inflation]] has remained comparatively high,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Russian inflation is too high. Does that matter? |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2025/02/13/russian-inflation-is-too-high-does-that-matter |access-date=24 February 2025 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226130959/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2025/02/13/russian-inflation-is-too-high-does-that-matter |url-status=live}}</ref> with experts predicting the sanctions will have a long-term negative effect on the Russian economy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gorodnichenko |first1=Yuriy |last2=Korhonen |first2=Likka |last3=Ribakova |first3=Elina |url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/russian-economy-war-footing-new-reality-financed-commodity-exports |title=The Russian economy on a war footing: A new reality financed by commodity exports |publisher=[[Centre for Economic Policy Research]] (CEPR) |location=London |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref><br />
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=== Transport and energy ===<br />
{{Main|Transport in Russia|Energy in Russia}}<br />
<br />
[[Rail transport in Russia|Railway transport in Russia]] is mostly controlled by the state-run [[Russian Railways]]. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's [[List of countries by rail transport network size|third-longest]], exceeding {{convert|87000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |title=Railways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, Russia has the world's [[List of countries by road network size|fifth-largest road network]], with over 1.5 million&nbsp;km of roads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://government.ru/info/22865/ |title=О развитии дорожной инфраструктуры |trans-title=On the development of road infrastructure |work=[[Government of Russia]] |date=29 April 2016 |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901004438/http://government.ru/info/22865/ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, its road density is among the world's lowest, in part to its vast land area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldroadstatistics.org/europe-central-asia-continue-to-report-the-worlds-highest-road-network-density-followed-by-east-asia-and-pacific/ |title=Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific. |work=International Road Federation |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083620/https://worldroadstatistics.org/europe-central-asia-continue-to-report-the-worlds-highest-road-network-density-followed-by-east-asia-and-pacific/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia's inland waterways are the [[List of countries by waterways length|longest in the world]], totalling {{convert|102000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison}}</ref> It has over [[List of airports in Russia|900 airports]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Airports – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403171702/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ranking seventh in the world, of which the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest]] is [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] in Moscow. The largest ports include the [[Port of Novorossiysk]], the [[Great Port of Saint Petersburg]] and the [[Port of Vladivostok]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Korovyakovsky |first1=Eugene |last2=Panova |first2=Yulia |title=Dynamics of Russian dry ports |journal=Research in Transportation Economics |volume=33 |number=1 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |doi=10.1016/j.retrec.2011.08.008 |pages=25–34}}</ref><br />
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{{multiple image<br />
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| image1 = VL 85-022 container train.jpg<br />
| caption1 = {{font|size=100%|text=The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] is the longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to [[Vladivostok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trans-siberian-railway-russia-what-its-like-photos-2019-7 |title=I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world. |work=[[Business Insider]] |first=Katie |last=Warren |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092048/https://www.businessinsider.com/trans-siberian-railway-russia-what-its-like-photos-2019-7 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
| image2 = Airbus A319-112, CSA - Czech Airlines AN2166020.jpg<br />
| caption2 = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] is the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest airport in Russia]]}}.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Russia has one of the world's largest amounts of [[World energy resources|energy resources]] throughout its vast landmass, particularly [[natural gas]] and [[Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification|oil]], which play a crucial role in its energy self-sufficiency and exports.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=295–382|loc=The Economy}} It has been widely described [[Russia as an energy superpower|as an energy superpower]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Elizabeth Buchanan |year=2021 |title=Russian Energy Strategy in the Asia-Pacific: Implications for Australia |publisher=Australian National University |page=86 |isbn=978-1-76046-339-7 |oclc=1246214035 |url={{GBurl |id=bdIwEAAAQBAJ |p=86}}}}</ref> Russia has the world's largest [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|proven gas reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-proved-reserves/country-comparison |title=Natural gas – proved reserves |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174101/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-proved-reserves/country-comparison}}</ref> the second-largest [[List of countries by coal reserves|coal reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=Statistical Review of World Energy 69th edition |url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=bp.com |publisher=[[BP]] |page=45 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919060352/https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> the eighth-largest [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|proven oil reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-proved-reserves/country-comparison/ |title=Crude oil – proved reserves |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013732/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-proved-reserves/country-comparison/}}</ref> and the largest [[oil shale reserves]] in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2010 |title=2010 Survey of Energy Resources |url=https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/ser_2010_report_1.pdf |access-date=8 November 2020 |publisher=[[World Energy Council]] |page=102 |isbn=978-0-946121-02-1 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304064924/http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/ser_2010_report.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, it is also the [[List of countries by natural gas production|second-largest producer]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=10&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false |title=Dry natural gas production 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> and the [[List of countries by natural gas exports|third-largest exporter]] of [[natural gas]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=89&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false |title=Dry natural gas exports 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=6 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606181838/https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false&pa=89 |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the second-largest [[List of countries by oil production|producer]] and [[List of countries by oil exports|exporter]] of [[crude oil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=173&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false |title=Crude oil including lease condensate production 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=16 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416202922/https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=173&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia's large oil and gas sector accounted for 30% of its federal budget revenues in 2024, down from 50% in the mid-2010s, suggesting economic diversification.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yermakov |first=Vitaly |title=Fiscal Flex: Russia's oil and gas revenues in 2024 |date=February 2025 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |url=https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Comment-Fiscal-Flex.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217124932/https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Comment-Fiscal-Flex.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Russia is the world's third-largest energy producer {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=12&u=0&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023 |title=Total energy production 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207002522/https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&pa=12&u=0&f=A |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fossil fuel]]s account for over 64% of energy production and 87% of energy consumption.<ref name="energy">{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |title=Russia: Energy Country Profile |url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy/country/russia |journal=[[Our World in Data]] |date=27 October 2022 |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224230819/https://ourworldindata.org/energy/country/russia |url-status=live}}</ref> Natural gas is by far the largest source of energy, comprising over half of the energy production and 42% of electricity consumption.<ref name="energy"/> Russia was the first country to develop civilian nuclear power, building the world's [[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant|first nuclear power plant]] in 1954, and remains a pioneer in nuclear energy technology and is considered a world leader in [[Fast-neutron reactor|fast neutron reactors]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in Russia |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-power |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> Russia is the world's [[Nuclear power by country|fourth-largest nuclear energy producer]]. Russian energy policy aims to expand the role of nuclear energy and develop new reactor technology.<ref name=":4" /> Russia is the sole country that builds and operates [[nuclear-powered icebreaker]]s,<ref name="icebreaker">{{cite journal |last1=Lysenko |first1=Mikhail N. |last2=Alexander N. |first2=Vylegzhanin |last3=Oran R. |first3=Young |title=Nuclear Safety and Security in the Arctic: Crafting an Effective Regional Governance System |journal=Arctic Review on Law and Politics |volume=13 |year=2022 |pages=191–212 |doi=10.23865/arctic.v13.3820 |jstor=48710665 |doi-access=free}}</ref> which ease navigation along the [[Northern Sea Route]],<ref name="icebreaker"/>{{rp|192}} and aid in utilising its [[Arctic policy of Russia|Arctic policy]] in its [[continental shelf of Russia|continental shelf]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rumer |first1=Eugene |last2=Sokolsky |first2=Richard |last3=Stronski |first3=Paul |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/03/russia-in-the-arctica-critical-examination |title=Russia in the Arctic—A Critical Examination |journal=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=14 March 2025 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211134008/https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/03/russia-in-the-arctica-critical-examination/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Russia joined the [[Paris Agreement]] on [[climate change]] in 2015, and ratified the agreement in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitrova |first=Tatiana |date=27 July 2021 |title=Is Russia Finally Ready to Tackle Climate Change? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2021/07/is-russia-finally-ready-to-tackle-climate-change?lang=en |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-date=24 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324223952/https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2021/07/is-russia-finally-ready-to-tackle-climate-change?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia|Its greenhouse gas emissions]] are the [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|fourth-largest in the world]] {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdfs/news/expert/2018/3/story/20180301STO98928/20180301STO98928_en.pdf |title=Greenhouse gas emissions by country and sector (infographic) |date=12 February 2024 |work=[[European Parliament]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=20 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520054810/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdfs/news/expert/2018/3/story/20180301STO98928/20180301STO98928_en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Coal accounts for over 10% of its energy consumption.<ref name="energy"/> Russia is the [[Hydroelectricity#World hydroelectric capacity|fifth-largest hydroelectric producer]] {{as of|2022|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whiteman |first1=Adrian |last2=Akande |first2=Dennis |last3=Elhassan |first3=Nazik |last4=Escamilla |first4=Gerardo |last5=Lebedys |first5=Arvydas |last6=Arkhipova |first6=Lana |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf |title=Renewable Energy Capacity Statistics 2021 |access-date=3 January 2022 |location=[[Abu Dhabi]] |publisher=[[International Renewable Energy Agency]] |date=2021 |isbn=978-92-9260-342-7 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827043106/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> with hydroelectric power contributing almost a fifth to the total energy generation (17%).<ref name="energy"/> Though it is the [[List of countries by renewable electricity production|eighth-largest renewable energy producer]] {{as of|2023|lc=y}}, the use and development of other [[renewable energy]] resources remain negligible,<ref name="energy"/> as Russia is among the few countries without strong governmental or public support for a [[Energy transition|renewable energy transition]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=October 2020 |title=Nuclear Power Today |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx |access-date=8 November 2020 |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]] |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716094103/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Agriculture and fishery ===<br />
{{Main|Agriculture in Russia|Fishing industry in Russia}}<br />
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[[File:Wheat Tomsk.jpg|thumb|Wheat in [[Tomsk Oblast]], Siberia]]<br />
Agriculture, [[Forestry in Russia|forestry]] and [[Fishing industry in Russia|fishing]] contributes about 3.3% of the country's total GDP {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=RU |title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) - Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> It has the world's [[Land use statistics by country|fourth-largest cultivated area]], at {{convert|1265267|km2}}. However, due to the harshness of its environment, only about 13.1% of its land is [[agricultural land|agricultural]],<ref name="cia"/> with an additional 7.4% being [[arable land|arable]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS?locations=RU |title=Arable land (% of land area) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174313/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS?locations=RU |url-status=live}}</ref> The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "[[breadbasket]]" of Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/system-shock-russias-war-and-global-food-energy-and-mineral-supply-chains |title=System Shock: Russia's War and Global Food, Energy, and Mineral Supply Chains |work=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=13 April 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |quote=Together, Russia and Ukraine—sometimes referred to as the breadbasket of Europe—account for 29% of global wheat exports, 80% of the world's sunflower oil, and 40% of its barley. |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628222413/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/system-shock-russias-war-and-global-food-energy-and-mineral-supply-chains |url-status=live}}</ref> More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is used [[Nonfood crop|industrial crop]]s, vegetables, and fruits.<ref name="agriculturebritannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy |title=Russia – Economy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412055856/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy |url-status=live}}</ref> The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies well over half the cropland.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> Russia is the world's [[List of countries by wheat exports|largest exporter of wheat]] and the [[List of countries by barley production|largest producer of barley]] and [[List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities|buckwheat]].<ref name="oec"/><ref name="fao">{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf |title=The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict |date=25 March 2022 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |location=[[Rome]] |access-date=8 July 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508073130/https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also among the largest exporters of [[maize]] and [[sunflower oil]], as well as the leading producer of [[Fertilizer|fertiliser]].<ref name="fao"/><ref name="oec"/><br />
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Various analysts of [[climate change adaptation]] foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html |title=How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Abrahm |last=Lustgarten |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=15 June 2021 |url-access=limited |quote=Across Eastern Russia, wild forests, swamps and grasslands are slowly being transformed into orderly grids of soybeans, corn and wheat. It's a process that is likely to accelerate: Russia hopes to seize on the warming temperatures and longer growing seasons brought by climate change to refashion itself as one of the planet's largest producers of food |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414034549/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Owing to its large coastline along three oceans and twelve marginal seas, Russia maintains the world's [[Fishing industry by country|sixth-largest fishing industry]], capturing nearly 5 million tons of fish in 2018.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |date=2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |location=[[Rome]] |isbn=978-92-5-130562-1 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211011147/http://www.fao.org/3/I9540EN/i9540en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> It is home to the world's finest caviar, the [[Beluga (sturgeon)|beluga]], and produces about one-third of all canned fish and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/><br />
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=== Science and technology ===<br />
{{Main|Science and technology in Russia}}<br />
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{{See also|Timeline of Russian innovation|List of Russian scientists|List of Russian inventors}}<br />
<!--section full of name spamming see Canada#Science and technology for proper example--><br />
Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on [[research and development]] in 2019, with the world's [[List of countries by research and development spending|tenth-highest budget]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |title=Gross domestic spending on R&D |website=[[OECD]] Data |date=2017 |doi=10.1787/d8b068b4-en |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114013730/https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |url-access=subscription}}</ref> It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers.<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?year=2020 |access-date=3 February 2022 |publisher=[[SCImago Journal Rank]] |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607031448/https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?year=2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1904, [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel Prize]] were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in medicine|medicine]], [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|economy]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|literature]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize|peace]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 December 2019 |script-title=ru:Кто из российских и советских ученых и литераторов становился лауреатом Нобелевской премии |trans-title=Which of the Russian and Soviet scientists and writers became the Nobel Prize laureate |url=https://tass.ru/info/7308739 |access-date=8 November 2020 |script-website=ru:ТАСС |agency=[[TASS]] |language=ru |newspaper=Tacc |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116173301/https://tass.ru/info/7308739 |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia ranked 60th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/russian-federation |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021/ru.pdf |title=RUSSIAN FEDERATION |work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114054921/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021/ru.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Since the times of [[Nikolay Lobachevsky]], who pioneered the [[non-Euclidean geometry]], and [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], a prominent tutor, Russian [[List of Russian mathematicians|mathematicians]] became among the world's most influential.<ref name="math">{{cite journal |last=Vucinich |first=Alexander |title=Mathematics in Russian Culture |jstor=2708192 |doi=10.2307/2708192 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=21 |number=2 |year=1960 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |pages=161–179}}</ref> [[Dmitry Mendeleev]] invented the [[Periodic table]], the main framework of modern [[chemistry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leicester |first=Henry M. |title=Factors Which Led Mendeleev to the Periodic Law |jstor=27757115 |doi=10.2307/27757115 |year=1948 |pages=67–74 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |journal=[[Chymia]] |volume=1}}</ref> Nine Soviet and Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the [[Fields Medal winners|Fields Medal]]. [[Grigori Perelman]] was offered the first ever Clay [[Millennium Prize Problems]] Award for his final proof of the [[Poincaré conjecture]] in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Frank |title=Manifolds with Density and Perelman's Proof of the Poincaré Conjecture |jstor=27642690 |volume=116 |number=2 |pages=134–142 |date=February 2009 |journal=[[The American Mathematical Monthly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |doi=10.1080/00029890.2009.11920920}}</ref><br />
[[File:M.V. Lomonosov by L.Miropolskiy after G.C.Prenner (1787, RAN).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mikhail Lomonosov]] (1711–1765), [[polymath]] scientist, inventor, poet and artist]]<br />
[[Alexander Stepanovich Popov|Alexander Popov]] was among the [[invention of radio|inventors of radio]],<ref>{{cite web |author1-link=Allison Marsh |last=Marsh |first=Allison |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/who-invented-radio-guglielmo-marconi-or-aleksandr-popov |title=Who Invented Radio: Guglielmo Marconi or Aleksandr Popov? |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416082156/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/who-invented-radio-guglielmo-marconi-or-aleksandr-popov |url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Nikolai Basov]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]] were co-inventors of [[laser]] and [[maser]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shampo |first1=Marc A. |last2=Kyle |first2=Robert A. |last3=Steensma |first3=David P. |title=Nikolay Basov – Nobel Prize for Lasers and Masers |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=January 2012 |volume=87 |issue=1 |article-number=e3 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.11.003 |pmid=22212977 |pmc=3498096}}</ref> [[Oleg Losev]] made crucial contributions in the field of [[semiconductor junction]]s, and discovered [[light-emitting diode]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zheludev |first=Nikolay |title=The life and times of the LED – a 100-year history |date=April 2007 |volume=1 |pages=189–192 |doi=10.1038/nphoton.2007.34 |journal=[[Nature Photonics]] |issue=4 |bibcode=2007NaPho...1..189Z}}</ref> [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] is considered one of the founders of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]], and [[Radiometric dating|radiogeology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghilarov |first=Alexej M. |title=Vernadsky's Biosphere Concept: An Historical Perspective |jstor=3036242 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=70 |number=2 |journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] |date=June 1995 |pages=193–203 |doi=10.1086/418982}}</ref> [[Élie Metchnikoff]] is known for his groundbreaking research in [[immunology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Siamon |title=Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth |journal=Journal of Innate Immunity |pmid=26836137 |date=3 February 2016 |volume=8 |number=3 |pages=223–227 |doi=10.1159/000443331 |pmc=6738810 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ivan Pavlov]] is known chiefly for his work in [[classical conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anrep |first=G. V. |title=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849–1936 |jstor=769124 |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |volume=2 |number=5 |date=December 1936 |pages=1–18 |journal=[[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Lev Landau]] made fundamental contributions to many areas of [[theoretical physics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gorelik |first=Gennady |title=The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau |jstor=24995874 |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=277 |number=2 |pages=72–77 |date=August 1997 |publisher=Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72 |bibcode=1997SciAm.277b..72G}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Nikolai Vavilov]] was best known for having identified the [[Vavilov center|centres]] of origin of [[Horticulture|cultivated]] plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science |doi-access=free |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.50.6.772 |date=1 June 2015 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/772.full.pdf |volume=50 |number=6 |journal=HortScience |pages=772–776 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402131158/https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/772.full.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Trofim Lysenko]] was known mainly for [[Lysenkoism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhengrong |last2=Liu |first2=Yongsheng |year=2017 |title=Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view |journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=25 |number=10 |pages=1097–1098 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2017.117 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=5602018 |pmid=28905876}}</ref> Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were [[émigrés]]. [[Igor Sikorsky]] was an [[List of aviation pioneers|aviation pioneer]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hunsaker |first=Jerome C. |title=A Half Century of Aeronautical Development |jstor=3143642 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |volume=98 |number=2 |pages=121–130 |date=15 April 1954 |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref> [[Vladimir Zworykin]] was the inventor of the [[iconoscope]] and [[kinescope]] television systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vladimir-zworykin |title=Vladimir Zworykin |work=[[Lemelson–MIT Prize]] |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329042251/https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vladimir-zworykin |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] was the central figure in the field of [[evolutionary biology]] for his work in shaping the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=Edmund Brisco |author-link=E. B. Ford |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1977.0004 |title=Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 – 18 December 1975 |date=November 1977 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=23 |issue=23 |pages=58–89 |pmid=11615738 |doi-access=free |issn=1748-8494}}</ref> [[George Gamow]] was one of the foremost advocates of the [[Big Bang]] theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow |title=The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow |date=11 May 2016 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195858/https://www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Space exploration ====<br />
[[File:Mir on 12 June 1998edit1.jpg|thumb|[[Mir]], Russian [[space station]] that operated in [[low Earth orbit|LEO]]]]<br />
[[Roscosmos]] is Russia's national space agency. The country's achievements in the field of [[space technology]] and [[space exploration]] can be traced back to [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], the father of theoretical [[astronautics]], whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as [[Sergey Korolyov]], [[Valentin Glushko]], and many others who contributed to the success of the [[Soviet space program]]me in the early stages of the [[Space Race]] and beyond.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif A. |title=Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974 |date=2000 |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |isbn=978-0-160-61305-0}}</ref>{{rp|6–7,333}}<br />
<br />
In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial [[satellite]], ''[[Sputnik&nbsp;1]]'', was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by [[Yuri Gagarin]]. Many other Soviet and Russian [[space exploration records]] ensued. In 1963, [[Valentina Tereshkova]] became the first and youngest [[women in space|woman in space]], having flown a solo mission on [[Vostok 6]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-023A |title=Vostok 6 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429173445/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-023A}}</ref> In 1965, [[Alexei Leonov]] became the first human to conduct a [[spacewalk]], exiting the [[space capsule]] during [[Voskhod 2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html |title=The First Spacewalk |publisher=BBC |first=Paul |last=Rincon |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015060353/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1957, [[Laika]], a [[Soviet space dogs|Soviet space dog]], became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard [[Sputnik 2]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wellerstein |first=Alex |url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/remembering-laika-space-dog-and-soviet-hero |title=Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140755/https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/remembering-laika-space-dog-and-soviet-hero |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1966, [[Luna&nbsp;9]] became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a [[Astronomical object|celestial body]], the [[Moon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A |title=Luna 9 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417154714/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A}}</ref> In 1968, [[Zond 5]] brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Betz |first=Eric |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-first-earthlings-around-the-moon-were-two-soviet-tortoises |title=The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |date=19 September 2018 |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928192410/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2018/09/18/zond-5-soviet-tortises-around-the-moon/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1970, [[Venera&nbsp;7]] became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, [[Venus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avduevsky |first1=V. S. |last2=Ya Marov |first2=M. |last3=Rozhdestvensky |first3=M. K. |last4=Borodin |first4=N. F. |last5=Kerzhanovich |first5=V. V. |date=1 March 1971 |title=Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0263:SLOVOT>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free |pages=263–269 |publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] |location=Moscow |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=28 |issue=2 |bibcode=1971JAtS...28..263A}}</ref> In 1971, [[Mars&nbsp;3]] became the first spacecraft to land on [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Perminov |first=V.G. |title=The Difficult Road to Mars – A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union |date=July 1999 |publisher=[[NASA]] History Division |isbn=0-16-058859-6 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/monograph15.pdf |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714111920/https://history.nasa.gov/monograph15.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|34–60}} During the same period, ''[[Lunokhod-1|Lunokhod 1]]'' became the first [[space exploration rover]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-01/in-depth/ |title=Lunokhod 01 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331072547/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-01/in-depth/}}</ref> while ''[[Salyut&nbsp;1]]'' became the world's first [[space station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-launch-of-salyut-the-world-s-first-space-station |title=50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331115352/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-launch-of-salyut-the-world-s-first-space-station |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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{{As of|2023}}, Russia has 181 active satellites in space, which is the third-highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satellite Database |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]] |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010074218/https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |url-status=live}}</ref> Between the final flight of the [[Space Shuttle]] programme in 2011 and the 2020 [[SpaceX]]'s [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|first crewed mission]], [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz rockets]] were the only launch vehicles capable of transporting astronauts to the [[International Space Station|ISS]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SpaceX successfully launches first crew to orbit, ushering in new era of spaceflight |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/30/21269703/spacex-launch-crew-dragon-nasa-orbit-successful |work=The Verge |date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815134623/https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/30/21269703/spacex-launch-crew-dragon-nasa-orbit-successful |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Luna&nbsp;25]] launched in August 2023, was the first of the [[Luna-Glob]] Moon exploration programme.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia launches Luna-25 moon lander, its 1st lunar probe in 47 years |url=https://www.space.com/russia-luna-25-moon-mission-launch-success |work=Space.com |date=10 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811024205/https://www.space.com/russia-luna-25-moon-mission-launch-success |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Tourism ===<br />
{{Main|Tourism in Russia}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Peterhof Palace, Saint Petersburg, Russia (44408938295).jpg|thumb|[[Peterhof Palace]] in Saint Petersburg, a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]]]<br />
Most foreign tourists come from China.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Inbound Tourism in Russia Recorded Significant Growth |url=https://www.tourism-review.com/russian-inbound-tourism-benefits-from-chinese-and-german-visitors-news14794 |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=Tourism Review |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704110728/https://www.tourism-review.com/russian-inbound-tourism-benefits-from-chinese-and-german-visitors-news14794 |url-status=live}}</ref> Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the [[Golden Ring of Russia]], a [[theme route]] of ancient Russian cities; cruises on large rivers such as the Volga; hikes on mountain ranges such as the [[Caucasus Mountains]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Tomb |first=Howard |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/27/travel/getting-to-the-top-in-the-caucasus.html |title=Getting to the Top In the Caucasus |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 August 1989 |access-date=4 December 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830154850/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/27/travel/getting-to-the-top-in-the-caucasus.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and journeys on the famous [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112082549/http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2015 |title=Tourism Highlights 2014 |publisher=UNWTO (World Tourism Organization) |year=2014 |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include [[Red Square]], the [[Peterhof Palace]], the [[Kazan Kremlin]], the [[Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius]] and Lake Baikal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vlasov |first=Artem |date=17 December 2018 |script-title=ru:Названы самые популярные достопримечательности России |trans-title=The most popular sights of Russia are named |url=https://iz.ru/824446/2018-12-17/nazvany-samye-populiarnye-dostoprimechatelnosti-rossii |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=[[Izvestia]] |language=ru |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217185705/https://iz.ru/824446/2018-12-17/nazvany-samye-populiarnye-dostoprimechatelnosti-rossii |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling modern [[megacity]]; it retains classical and Soviet-era architecture while boasting high art, world class ballet, and [[Moscow International Business Center|modern skyscrapers]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/russia/moscow/articles/moscow-travel-guide/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/russia/moscow/articles/moscow-travel-guide/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=48 hours in... Moscow, an insider guide to Russia's mighty metropolis |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 March 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Saint Petersburg]], the imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, [[White Nights Festival|white nights]], crisscrossing rivers and numerous canals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hammer |first=Joshua |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 June 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/travel/russias-white-nights-in-st-petersburg.html |title=White Nights of St. Petersburg, Russia |access-date=4 December 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407051659/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/travel/russias-white-nights-in-st-petersburg.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the [[Russian Museum|State Russian]], the [[Hermitage Museum|State Hermitage]], and the [[Tretyakov Gallery]], and for theatres such as the [[Bolshoi Theatre|Bolshoi]] and the [[Mariinsky Theatre|Mariinsky]]. The [[Moscow Kremlin]] and the [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] are among the cultural landmarks of Russia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545/ |access-date=20 February 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109165341/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{Main|Demographics of Russia|Russians|List of cities and towns in Russia|List of cities and towns in Russia by population}}<br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| align = right<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| title = <br />
| image1 = Russia Population Density Map 2021.png<br />
| caption1 = Population density of Russian municipalities according to the 2021 census<br />
| image2 = Ethnic groups in Russia of more than 1 million people 2010 Census English.png<br />
| caption2 = {{font|size=100%|text=Ethnic groups in Russia with a population of over one million according to the 2010 census}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Russia had an estimated population of 146.0 million in 2025 (143.6 million excluding Crimea and Sevastopol),<ref name="gks.ru-popul" /> down from 147.2 million in the [[2021 Russian census|2021 census]].<ref name="2021census">{{ru-pop-ref|2021Census}}</ref> It is the [[List of European countries by population|most populous country]] in Europe and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|ninth-most populous country]] in the world. With a [[list of countries by population density|population density]] of {{convert|8.5|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|inhabitants&nbsp;|inhabitants|}},<ref>146,028,325 inhabitants / 17,098,246 km² = 8.5 inhabitants per km²</ref> Russia is one of the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most sparsely populated]] countries,<ref name="cia"/> with the vast majority of its people concentrated within its [[European Russia|western part]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=153–166|loc=Population}} The country is [[Urbanization by country|highly urbanised]], with two-thirds of the population living in [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|urban areas]]. {{As of|2025}}, the [[total fertility rate]] across Russia is estimated to be 1.37 children born per woman,<ref>{{cite web | title=Росстат: Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости продолжил снижаться в 2025 году | url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/articles/2026/01/23/1171174-summarnii-koeffitsient-rozhdaemosti-prodolzhil-snizhatsya }}</ref> which is below the [[replacement rate]] of 2.1 and among [[List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate|the lowest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=Russia's Putin seeks to stimulate birth rate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51120165 |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407051659/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51120165 |url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, it has one of the [[List of countries by median age|oldest populations]] in the world, with a median age of 41.9 years.<ref name="cia" /><br />
<br />
Russia's population peaked at over 148 million in 1993, having subsequently declined due to its [[death rate]] exceeding its [[birth rate]], which some analysts have called a [[Demographic crisis of Russia|demographic crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Koehn |first=Jodi |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russias-demographic-crisis |title=Russia's Demographic Crisis |work=[[Kennan Institute]] |date=7 July 2011 |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705223345/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russias-demographic-crisis |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years, and subsequently experienced annual population growth due to declining [[death rates]], increased [[birth rates]], and increased immigration.<ref>{{cite web |last=Foltynova |first=Kristyna |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/migrants-welcome-is-russia-trying-to-solve-its-demographic-crisis-by-attracting-foreigners-/30677952.html |title=Migrants Welcome: Is Russia Trying To Solve Its Demographic Crisis By Attracting Foreigners? |publisher=Radio Liberty |quote="Russia has been trying to boost fertility rates and reduce death rates for several years now. Special programs for families have been implemented, anti-tobacco campaigns have been organised, and raising the legal age to buy alcohol was considered. However, perhaps the most successful strategy so far has been attracting migrants, whose arrival helps Russia to compensate population losses." |date=19 June 2020 |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620034801/https://www.rferl.org/a/migrants-welcome-is-russia-trying-to-solve-its-demographic-crisis-by-attracting-foreigners-/30677952.html |url-status=live}}</ref> However, these population gains have been reversed since 2020, as excessive deaths from the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Russia|COVID-19 pandemic]] resulted in the largest peacetime decline in its history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saver |first=Pjotr |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/russias-population-undergoes-largest-ever-peacetime-decline |title=Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 October 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |quote=Russia's natural population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history over the last 12 months... |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013112949/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/13/russias-population-undergoes-largest-ever-peacetime-decline |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the demographic crisis has deepened,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://jamestown.org/program/russias-demographic-collapse-is-accelerating/ |title=Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating |last=Goble |first=Paul |volume=19 |issue=127 |date=18 August 2022 |location=Washington, D.C. |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021105942/https://jamestown.org/program/russias-demographic-collapse-is-accelerating/ |url-status=live}}</ref> owing to high military fatalities<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/22/high-russian-death-toll-fails-shift-opinion-ukraine-war |title='End justifies the means': high Russian death toll fails to shift opinion on Ukraine war |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=8 March 2025 |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr}}</ref> and [[Russian emigration during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|renewed emigration]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8c576a9c-ba65-4fb1-967a-fc4fa5457c62 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8c576a9c-ba65-4fb1-967a-fc4fa5457c62 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis |date=4 April 2022 |last1=Cocco |first1=Federica |last2=Ivanonva |first2=Polina |work=Financial Times |access-date=6 October 2022 |location=London}}</ref> Recent studies have shown that between 15-45% of Russian emigrants have returned to Russia, though these numbers are not conclusive.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2024/07/russian-emigration-in-flux?lang=en |title=Should I Stay or Should I Go? Russian Emigration in Flux |work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=11 July 2024 |last1=Kamalov |first1=Emil |last2=Sergeeva |first2=Ivetta |access-date=8 March 2025 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226202210/https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2024/07/russian-emigration-in-flux?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Russia is a [[multinational state]] with many subnational entities associated with different minorities.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=172–201|loc=Ethnic Composition}} There are over [[Ethnic groups in Russia|193 ethnic groups nationwide]]. In the 2010 census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic [[Russians]], and the remaining 19% of the population were ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_etn_10.php |title=EAll- Russian population census 2010 – Population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation |work=Demoscope Weekly |year=2010 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812053430/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_etn_10.php |url-status=live}}</ref> Over four-fifths of Russia's population was of [[Ethnic groups of Europe|European descent]]—of whom the vast majority were [[Slavs]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=172–201|loc=Ethnic Composition}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38597 |title=Russia – The Indo-European Group |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote="East Slavs—mainly Russians but including some Ukrainians and Belarusians—constitute more than four-fifths of the total population and are prevalent throughout the country." |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023228/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38597 |url-status=live}}</ref> with a substantial minority of [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric]] and [[Germanic peoples]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kowalev |first1=Viktor |last2=Neznaika |first2=Pavel |title=Power and Ethnicity in the Finno-Ugric Republics of the Russian Federation: The Examples of Komi, Mordovia, and Udmurtia |jstor=41103741 |volume=30 |number=3 |pages=81–100 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2000 |journal=[[International Journal of Political Economy]] |doi=10.1080/08911916.2000.11644017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bartlett |first=Roger |title=The Russian Germans and Their Neighbours |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=73 |number=3 |pages=499–504 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |date=July 1995 |jstor=4211864}}</ref> Russia has the third-largest [[Immigration to Russia|immigrant population]] in the world, with over 12 million immigrants residing in the country {{as of|2019|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationStock2019_TenKeyFindings.pdf |title=International Migrant Stock 2019 |work=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=September 2019 |access-date=12 March 2025 |archive-date=7 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307164201/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationStock2019_TenKeyFindings.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The vast majority of the Immigrants hail from [[post-Soviet states]], with about half of them being from [[Ukrainians in Russia|Ukraine]] and [[Kazakhs in Russia|Kazakhstan]] {{as of|2020|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seeecadata.iom.int/msite/seeecadata/country/russian-federation |title=Russian Federation |work=[[International Organization for Migration]] |location=Geneva, Switzerland |access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref><br />
{{Largest cities of Russia}}<br />
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=== Language ===<br />
{{Main|Russian language|Languages of Russia}}<br />
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{{multiple image<br />
| perrow = 2<br />
| total_width = 350<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| align = right<br />
| title = Minority languages across Russia<br />
| image1 = Linguistic map of the Altaic, Turkic and Uralic languages (en).png<br />
| caption1 = [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] and [[Uralic languages]] spoken across Russia<br />
| image2 = Caucasus-ethnic en.svg<br />
| caption2 = The [[North Caucasus]] is [[Peoples of the Caucasus|ethno]]-[[North Caucasian languages|linguistically]] diverse.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Lazarev |first1=Vladimir |last2=Pravikova |first2=Ludmila |date=2005 |title=The North Caucasus Bilingualism and Language Identity |url=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/103ISB4.PDF |editor-first1=James |editor-last1=Cohen |editor-first2=Kara T. |editor-last2=McAlister |editor-first3=Kellie |editor-last3=Rolstad |editor-first4=Jeff |editor-last4=MacSwan |page=1325 |book-title=ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism |publisher=Cascadilla Press |location=Somerville, MA |quote=The North Caucasus, inhabited by more than 100 of autochthonous and allochthonous peoples, including Russians, is a unique locus for conducting a large-scale research in the area of bilingualism and multilingualism. |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120213143/http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/103ISB4.PDF |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
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Russian is the [[official language|official]] and the predominantly spoken language in Russia.<ref name="Chevalier-2006"/> It is the most spoken [[first language|native language]] in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken [[Slavic languages|Slavic language]].<ref name="language"/> Russian is one of two official languages aboard the [[International Space Station]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Wakata |first=Koichi |author-link=Koichi Wakata |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html |title=My Long Mission in Space |publisher=[[JAXA]] |quote=The official languages on the ISS are English and Russian... |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232353/https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as one of the six [[official languages of the United Nations]].<ref name="language">{{cite web |url=https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian |title=Russian |publisher=[[University of Toronto]] |quote="Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe. Of great political importance, it is one of the official languages of the United Nations – making it a natural area of study for those interested in geopolitics." |access-date=9 July 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628022427/https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Russia is a [[Multilingualism#Europe|multilingual]] nation: approximately 100–150 minority languages are spoken across the country.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2011 |last=Iryna |first=Ulasiuk |title=Legal protection of linguistic diversity in Russia: past and present |journal=[[Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development]] |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |volume=32 |number=1 |pages=71–83 |doi=10.1080/01434632.2010.536237 |quote=Russia is unique in its size and ethnic composition. There is a further linguistic complexity of more than 150 co-existing languages.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38595 |title=Russia – Ethnic groups and languages |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote="Although ethnic Russians comprise more than four-fifths of the country's total population, Russia is a diverse, multiethnic society. More than 120 ethnic groups, many with their own national territories, speaking some 100 languages live within Russia's borders." |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023228/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Mixed-and-deciduous-forest#ref38595 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Russian Census (2010)|Russian Census of 2010]], 137.5&nbsp;million across the country spoke Russian, 3.1&nbsp;million spoke [[Tatar language|Tatar]], and 1.1&nbsp;million spoke [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |script-title=ru:Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года |trans-title=All-Russian population census 2010 |website=Том 4. Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство |publisher=[[Rosstat]] |language=ru |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307194352/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |archive-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> The constitution gives the country's individual republics the right to [[List of official languages in Russia|establish their own state languages]] in addition to Russian, as well as guarantee its citizens the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm |title=Chapter 3. The Federal Structure |publisher=[[Constitution of Russia]] |quote="2. The Republics shall have the right to establish their own state languages. In the bodies of state authority and local self-government, state institutions of the Republics they shall be used together with the state language of the Russian Federation. 3. The Russian Federation shall guarantee to all of its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development." |access-date=27 December 2007 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225132251/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining due to [[List of endangered languages in Russia|many languages becoming endangered]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jankiewicz |first1=Szymon |last2=Knyaginina |first2=Nadezhda |last3=Prina |first3=Federic |title=Linguistic rights and education in the republics of the Russian Federation: towards unity through uniformity |date=13 March 2020 |volume=45 |number=1 |pages=59–91 |journal=[[Review of Central and East European Law]] |doi=10.1163/15730352-bja10003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bondarenko |first1=Dmitry V. |last2=Nasonkin |first2=Vladimir V. |last3=Shagieva |first3=Rozalina V. |last4=Kiyanova |first4=Olga N. |last5=Barabanova |first5=Svetlana V. |year=2018 |title=Linguistic Diversity In Russia Is A Threat To Sovereignty Or A Condition Of Cohesion? |url=https://mjltm.org/article-1-146-en.pdf |journal=Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods |pages=166–182 |volume=8 |number=5 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174607/https://mjltm.org/article-1-146-en.pdf}}</ref><br />
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=== Religion ===<br />
{{Main|Religion in Russia}}<br />
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[[File:День Святой Троицы. Престольный праздник.jpg|thumb|[[Trinity Sunday]] in Russia; the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] has experienced a great revival since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], a country that had a policy of [[state atheism]].]]<br />
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Russia is constitutionally a [[secular state]] that officially enshrines freedom of religion.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=202–220|loc=Religion}}<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Russia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/russia/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=United States Department of State}}</ref> The largest religion is [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]], chiefly represented by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=202–220|loc=Religion}}<ref name="ArenaAtlas2012">{{cite web |title=Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей |trans-title=Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities |year=2012 |publisher=Среда (Sreda) |url=https://docviewer.yandex.com/view/0/?*=rvAv5PGTc%2Fw%2BBFV6QOUZtaf5gYF7InVybCI6InlhLWRpc2stcHVibGljOi8vMWV1aDl5RDFpcnZKeVZNNSswWWFaZktqRFhoOXZDNWhldUlGTU5uQU4zQT0iLCJ0aXRsZSI6IlNyZWRhX2Jsb2tfcHJlc3Nfc20yLnBkZiIsInVpZCI6IjAiLCJub2lmcmFtZSI6ZmFsc2UsInRzIjoxNTI0NDg3NTUzMTcwfQ%3D%3D&page=1 |format=PDF |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508195328/https://docviewer.yandex.com/view/0/?*=rvAv5PGTc%2Fw%2BBFV6QOUZtaf5gYF7InVybCI6InlhLWRpc2stcHVibGljOi8vMWV1aDl5RDFpcnZKeVZNNSswWWFaZktqRFhoOXZDNWhldUlGTU5uQU4zQT0iLCJ0aXRsZSI6IlNyZWRhX2Jsb2tfcHJlc3Nfc20yLnBkZiIsInVpZCI6IjAiLCJub2lmcmFtZSI6ZmFsc2UsInRzIjoxNTI0NDg3NTUzMTcwfQ%3D%3D&page=1 |url-status=dead}} See also the results' '''[http://sreda.org/arena main interactive mapping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012064011/http://sreda.org/arena |date=12 October 2012 }}''' and the static mappings: {{cite map |title=Religions in Russia by federal subject |journal=Ogonek |volume=34 |issue=5243 |date=27 August 2012 |url=http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg |archive-date=21 April 2017}} The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the [http://sreda.org/arena/maps?mainsection=census All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141924/http://sreda.org/arena/maps?mainsection=census |date=12 June 2018 }}, the [http://sreda.org/arena/maps?mainsection=minust Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163615/http://sreda.org/arena/maps?mainsection=minust |date=12 June 2018 }}, the Public Opinion Foundation (Фонда Общественного Мнения) and presented among others by the Analytical Department of the Synodal Information Department of the Russian Orthodox Church. See: {{cite journal |title=Проект АРЕНА: Атлас религий и национальностей |trans-title=Project ARENA: Atlas of religions and nationalities |url=http://russ.ru/Mirovaya-povestka/Proekt-ARENA-Atlas-religij-i-nacional-nostej |journal=Russian Journal |date=10 December 2012 |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224141716/http://russ.ru/Mirovaya-povestka/Proekt-ARENA-Atlas-religij-i-nacional-nostej}}</ref> which is legally recognised for its "special role" in the country's "history and the formation and development of its spirituality and culture."<ref name=":2" /> [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], and [[Buddhism]] are recognised by Russian law as the "traditional" religions of the country constituting its "historical heritage".<ref>{{cite book |last=Bourdeaux |first=Michael |chapter=Trends in Religious Policy |chapter-url={{GBurl |id=EPP3ti4hysUC |p=46}} |title=Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85743-137-7 |pages=46–52 [47]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fagan |first=Geraldine |title=Believing in Russia: Religious Policy After Communism |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-49002-3}} p. 127.</ref><br />
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Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia and is traditional among the majority of [[peoples of the Caucasus|peoples in the North Caucasus]] and some [[Turkic peoples]] in the [[Idel-Ural|Volga-Ural]] region.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=202–220|loc=Religion}}<ref name="ArenaAtlas2012"/> Large populations of Buddhists are found in [[Kalmykia]], [[Buryatia]], [[Zabaykalsky Krai]], and they are the vast majority of the population in [[Tuva]].<ref name="ArenaAtlas2012"/> A negligible population practices other religions—such as [[Rodnovery]] (Slavic Neopaganism),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beskov |first=Andrey |year=2020 |title=Этнорелигиозное измерение современной русской идентичности: православие vs неоязычество |trans-title=Ethno-Religious Dimension of Modern Russian Identity: Orthodoxy vs Neo-Paganism |journal=Studia Culturae |publisher=ANO DPO |location=Saint Petersburg |volume=3 |number=45 |pages=106–122 |issn=2310-1245 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349573805 |language=ru}}</ref> [[Assianism]] (Scythian Neopaganism),<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Foltz |author-first=Richard |author-link=Richard Foltz |title=Scythian Neo-Paganism in the Caucasus: The Ossetian Uatsdin as a 'Nature Religion' |journal=Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture |volume=13 |number=3 |year=2019 |pages=314–332 |doi=10.1558/jsrnc.39114}}</ref> other ethnic Paganisms, and inter-Pagan movements such as [[Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Andreeva |first=Julia Olegovna |year=2012 |chapter=Представления о народных традициях в движении 'Звенящие кедры России' |trans-chapter=Representations of national traditions in the movement 'Ringing Cedars of Russia' |title=Аспекты будущего по этнографическим и фольклорным материалам: сборник научных статей |trans-title=Prospects of the future in ethnographic and folklore materials: Collection of scientific articles |chapter-url=http://www.kunstkamera.ru/files/lib/978-5-88431-204-3/978-5-88431-204-3_14.pdf |editor=T. B. Shchepanskaya |publisher=[[Kunstkamera]] |location=Saint Petersburg |pages=231–245 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806200229/https://www.kunstkamera.ru/files/lib/978-5-88431-204-3/978-5-88431-204-3_14.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> various movements of [[Hinduism]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tkatcheva |first=Anna |title=Neo-Hindu Movements and Orthodox Christianity in Post-Communist Russia |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=21 |number=2/3 |pages=151–162 |date=1994 |jstor=23003642}}</ref> [[Siberian shamanism]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kharitonova |first=Valentina |title=Revived Shamanism in the Social Life of Russia |journal=Folklore |volume=62 |pages=37–54 |date=2015 |issn=1406-0949 |doi=10.7592/FEJF2015.62.kharitonova |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Tengrism]], various [[Neo-Theosophy|Neo-Theosophical]] movements such as [[Roerichism]]—among other faiths.<ref>{{cite book |year=2006 |editor-surname1=Bourdeaux |editor-given1=Michael |editor-surname2=Filatov |editor-given2=Sergey |title=Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания |trans-title=Contemporary religious life of Russia. Systematic description of experiences |place=Moscow |publisher=[[Keston Institute]]; Logos |volume=4 |language=ru |isbn=5-98704-057-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Menzel |editor-first1=Brigit |editor-last2=Hagemeister |editor-first2=Michael |editor-last3=Glatzer Rosenthal |editor-first3=Bernice |title=The New Age of Russia: Occult and Esoteric Dimensions |publisher=Kubon & Sagner |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-86688-197-6 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/26681/1003383.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903042320/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/26681/1003383.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2021}}</ref> Some religious minorities have faced oppression and some have been banned in the country:<ref>{{cite web |last=Sibireva |first=Olga |url=https://www.sova-center.ru/en/religion/publications/2021/04/d44133/ |title=Freedom of Conscience in Russia: Restrictions and Challenges in 2020 |publisher=[[SOVA Center]] |date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209154706/https://www.sova-center.ru/en/religion/publications/2021/04/d44133 |archive-date=9 February 2022}}</ref> notably, in 2017 the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] were outlawed in Russia, facing persecution ever since, after having been declared an "extremist" and "nontraditional" faith.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knox |first1=Zoe |title=Jehovah's Witnesses as Extremists: The Russian State, Religious Pluralism, and Human Rights |journal=The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review |date=2019 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=128–157 |doi=10.1163/18763324-04602003 |hdl=2381/43756 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the [[Ministry of Justice (Russia)|Ministry of Justice]], published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the 2010 census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. The results showed that 47.3% of Russians declared themselves Christians—including 41% Russian Orthodox, 1.5% simply Orthodox or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 4.1% unaffiliated Christians, and less than 1% [[Old Believers]], [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] or [[Protestants]]—25% were [[spiritual but not religious|believers without affiliation to any specific religion]], 13% were [[atheism|atheists]], 6.5% were Muslims,{{efn|name=ArenaAtlasIslam|The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two federal subjects of Russia where the majority of the population is Muslim, namely [[Chechnya]] and [[Ingushetia]], which together had a population of nearly 2 million, thus the proportion of Muslims was possibly slightly underestimated.<ref name="ArenaAtlas2012"/>}} 1.2% were followers of "traditional religions honouring gods and ancestors" ([[Slavic Native Faith|Rodnovery]], other Paganisms, [[Shamanism in Siberia|Siberian shamanism]] and [[Tengrism]]), 0.5% were Buddhists, 0.1% were [[Judaism|religious Jews]] and 0.1% were Hindus.<ref name="ArenaAtlas2012"/><br />
<br />
=== Education ===<br />
{{Main|Education in Russia}}<br />
<br />
[[File:МГУ, вид с воздуха.jpg|thumb|[[Moscow State University]], the most prestigious educational institution in Russia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/lomonosov-moscow-state-university |title=Lomonosov Moscow State University |work=[[QS World University Rankings]] |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>]]<br />
Russia has a near-universal adult [[literate|literacy rate]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=RU |title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025746/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=RU |url-status=live}}</ref> and has [[compulsory education]] for a duration of 11 years, exclusively for children aged 7 to 17–18.<ref name="Nuffic-2019"/> It grants [[free education]] to its citizens by constitution.<ref name="CEPES">{{cite book |date=1997 |last=Kouptsov |first=Oleg |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129839 |title=Mutual recognition of qualifications: the Russian Federation and the other European countries |location=[[Bucharest]] |publisher=[[UNESCO-CEPES]] |page=25 |isbn=929-0-69146-8 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129839 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Education (Russia)|Ministry of Education of Russia]] is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education, while the [[Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Russia)|Ministry of Education and Science of Russia]] is responsible for science and higher education.<ref name="Nuffic-2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.nuffic.nl/sites/default/files/2020-08/education-system-russia.pdf |title=Education system Russia |publisher=[[Nuffic]] |version=3 |location=The Hague |date=October 2019 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726203317/https://www.nuffic.nl/sites/default/files/2020-08/education-system-russia.pdf}}</ref> Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. {{As of|2021}}, over 41% of the Russian population has a [[bachelor's degree]] or an equivalent—which is among the [[List of countries by tertiary education attainment|highest percentages]] of [[tertiary education|tertiary-level graduates]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.CUAT.BA.ZS?locations=RU |title=Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative) - Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Russia's [[pre-school]] education system is highly developed and optional,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taratukhina |first1=Maria S. |last2=Polyakova |first2=Marina N. |last3=Berezina |first3=Tatyana A. |last4=Notkina |first4=Nina A. |last5=Sheraizina |first5=Roza M. |last6=Borovkov |first6=Mihail I. |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000149142_eng |title=Early childhood care and education in the Russian Federation |year=2006 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710134752/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000149142_eng |url-status=live}}</ref> some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate.<ref name="Nuffic-2019"/> An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level.<ref name="Educationb">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Housing#ref38625 |title=Russia – Education |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Housing#ref38625 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prakhov |first1=Ilya |last2=Yudkevich |first2=Maria |title=University admission in Russia: Do the wealthier benefit from standardized exams? |doi=10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.08.007 |publisher=[[Higher School of Economics]] |location=Moscow |year=2019 |journal=International Journal of Educational Development |volume=65 |pages=98–105 |issn=0738-0593}}</ref> first-degree courses usually take five years.<ref name="Educationb"/> The oldest and largest [[List of institutions of higher education in Russia|universities]] in Russia are [[Moscow State University]] and [[Saint Petersburg State University]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ridder-Symoens |first=Hilde de |title=History of the University in Europe: Volume 2, Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800) |url={{GBurl |id=ZHMjzvAxHF0C}} |date=1996 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |series=[[A History of the University in Europe]] |pages=80–89 |isbn=978-0-521-36106-4}}</ref> There are ten [[Template:Federal universities of Russia|federal universities]] across the country.<br />
<br />
=== Health ===<br />
{{Main|Health in Russia}}<br />
<br />
{{Further|Healthcare in Russia}}<br />
Russia constitutionally guarantees free, [[universal health care]] for all Russian citizens through the [[Health insurance mandate|mandatory medical insurance]] (OMS) funded by the [[Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (Russia)|Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund]] (FFOMS) created in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cook |first=Linda |url=https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3C45C5A972BF063BC1257DF1004C5420/$file/Cook.pdf |date=February 2015 |work=[[United Nations Research Institute for Social Development]] |publisher=United Nations |title=Constraints on Universal Health Care in the Russian Federation |location=Geneva |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930172133/https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/3C45C5A972BF063BC1257DF1004C5420/$file/Cook.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="OECDhealth">{{cite book |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2012/05/oecd-reviews-of-health-systems-russian-federation-2012_g1g1971e/9789264168091-en.pdf |title=OECD Reviews of Health Systems: Russian Federation 2012 |year=2012 |publisher=[[OECD]] |doi=10.1787/9789264168091-en |isbn=978-92-64-16808-4}}</ref><ref name="thompson">{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2007/01/healthcare-reform-in-russia_g17a1924/327014317703.pdf |publisher=[[OECD]] |date=15 January 2007 |last=Thompson |first=William |title=Healthcare Reform in Russia: Problems and Prospects |series=OECD Economics Department Working Papers |doi=10.1787/327014317703 |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Health (Russia)|Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation]] oversees national [[health care|healthcare]]. Its healthcare system has decentralized since the 1990s, with federal entities having local healthcare departments, shifting from the centralized and hierarchical Soviet system.<ref name="OECDhealth"/> Private healthcare has also seen development, created out of the [[Publicly funded health care|public healthcare fund]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skvirskaya |first1=G P |last2=Volnukhin |first2=A P |last3=Reze |first3=A G |title=[The state and private sector of health care system of The Russian Federation: From competition to integration and partnership] |journal=Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine |volume=2 |number=30 |year=2022 |pages=275–280 |doi=10.32687/0869-866X-2022-30-2-275-280 |pmid=35439389}}</ref><ref name="thompson"/><br />
[[File:Metallurg Sochi.jpg|thumb|Metallurg, a Soviet-era [[sanatorium]] in [[Sochi]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Elise |url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/9981/beyond-the-game-sochi-seaside-walking-guide-soviet-sanatoriums-gardens |work=[[Calvert 22 Foundation]] |title=Russian rivieia: from Soviet sanatoriums to lush gardens, your walking guide to seaside Sochi |date=25 May 2018 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>]]<br />
Russia spent 7.39% of its GDP on healthcare in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=RU |title=Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923225003/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=RU |url-status=live}}</ref> Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reshetnikov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Arsentyev |first2=Evgeny |last3=Bolevich |first3=Sergey |last4=Timofeyev |first4=Yuriy |last5=Jakovljević |first5=Mihajlo |date=24 May 2019 |journal=[[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]] |page=1848 |volume=16 |issue=10 |title=Analysis of the Financing of Russian Health Care over the Past 100 Years |doi=10.3390/ijerph16101848 |pmc=6571548 |pmid=31137705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the overall [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy in Russia]] at birth is 73 years,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=RU |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606000827/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=RU |url-status=live}}</ref> an increase of roughly 8 years from 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Federation |url=https://data.who.int/countries/643 |access-date=5 August 2025 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> Russia has among the [[List of countries by life expectancy|highest gender gaps in life expectancy]]—78 for females and 68 for males—a gap of 10 years.<ref name="men">{{cite journal |last1=Zasimova |first1=L. |last2=Sheluntcova |first2=M. |last3=Kolosnitsyna |first3=M. |last4=Kossova |first4=T. |last5=Makshanchikov |first5=K. |last6=Biryukova |first6=A. |title=Unhealthy lifestyles and regional differences in life expectancy in Russia |journal=Public Health |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2023 |volume=225 |pages=66–71 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2023.09.028 |pmid=37922588}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN?locations=RU |title=Life expectancy at birth, female (years) - Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105102136/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN?locations=RU |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN?locations=RU |title=Life expectancy at birth, male (years) - Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=16 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316221604/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN?locations=RU |url-status=live}}</ref> It has one of the most female-biased [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]]s in the world, with 0.859 males to every female,<ref name=cia/> due to its high male [[mortality rate]].<ref name="men"/><ref name="su">{{cite journal |last1=Bellman |first1=Val |last2=Namdev |first2=Vaishalee |title=Suicidality Among Men in Russia: A Review of Recent Epidemiological Data |journal=[[Cureus]] |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |date=9 March 2022 |number=4 |volume=(3):e22990 |article-number=e22990 |doi=10.7759/cureus.22990 |doi-access=free |pmid=35415026 |pmc=8992693}}</ref><ref name="thompson"/> Russia's [[Infant mortality|infant mortality rate]] is very low (4 per 1,000 [[live birth (human)|live birth]]s).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?Locations=RU&locations=RU |title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419225532/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?Locations=RU&locations=RU |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Cardiovascular disease]]s account for more than half of the yearly mortalities in Russia,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kharlamov |first=Alexander N |title=Cardiovascular burden and percutaneous interventions in Russian Federation: systematic epidemiological update |journal=Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy |date=7 February 2017 |volume=7 |number=1 |pages=60–84 |doi=10.21037/cdt.2016.08.10 |doi-access=free |pmid=28164014 |pmc=5253445}}</ref> which is one of the highest percentages in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lakunchykova |first1=Olena |last2=Averina |first2=Maria |last3=Wilsgaard |first3=Tom |last4=Watkins |first4=Hugh |last5=Malyutina |first5=Sofia |last6=Ragino |first6=Yulia |last7=Keogh |first7=Ruth H |last8=Kudryavtsev |first8=Alexander V |last9=Govorun |first9=Vadim|last10=Cook|first10=Sarah |last11=Schirmer |first11=Henrik |last12=Eggen |first12=Anne Elise |last13=Hopstock |first13=Laila Arnesdatter |last14=Leon |first14=David A |doi=10.1136/jech-2020-213885 |doi-access=free |title=Why does Russia have such high cardiovascular mortality rates? Comparisons of blood-based biomarkers with Norway implicate non-ischaemic cardiac damage |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |year=2020 |volume=74 |issue=9 |pages=698–704 |pmid=32414935 |pmc=7577103}}</ref> Its [[Alcohol in Russia|alcohol consumption rate]] was historically seen as the biggest health issue,<ref>{{cite journal |last=McKee |first=Martin |date=1 November 1999 |title=Alcohol in Russia |journal=Alcohol and Alcoholism |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=824–829 |doi=10.1093/alcalc/34.6.824 |pmid=10659717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> but has seen [[List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita|a stark decrease since 2008]] due to restrictive government measures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Radaev |first1=Vadim |last2=Roschina |first2=Yana |title=Declines in alcohol consumption in Russia, 2008–2020, are accompanied by decreases in alcohol harm |journal=[[Alcohol: Clinical & Experimental Research]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |date=7 August 2025 |volume=49 |doi=10.1111/acer.70130 |pmid=40776462 |number=9 |pages=2003–2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=The Lancet |date=5 October 2019 |title=Russia's alcohol policy: a continuing success story |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=394 |issue=10205 |page=1205 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32265-2 |pmid=31591968 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/01-10-2019-alcohol-related-deaths-drop-in-russian-federation-due-to-strict-alcohol-control-measures-new-report-says |title=Alcohol-related deaths drop in Russian Federation due to strict alcohol control measures, new report says |date=1 October 2019 |access-date=2 January 2026 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> [[Obesity]] is a prevalent health issue, with most adults being overweight or obese,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Federation |url=https://data.worldobesity.org/country/russian-federation-179/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=World Obesity Federation Global Obesity Observatory |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127145315/https://data.worldobesity.org/country/russian-federation-179/ |url-status=live}}</ref> alongside [[Smoking in Russia|smoking]]—Russia's tobacco consumption rate is among the [[Prevalence of tobacco use|highest in the world]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shkolnikov |first1=Vladimir M. |display-authors=etal |title=Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources |date=23 March 2020 |journal=BMC Public Health |doi=10.1186/s12889-020-08464-4 |doi-access=free |volume=20 |number=378 |article-number=378 |pmc=7092419 |pmid=32293365}}</ref> The country's [[List of countries by suicide rate|high suicide rate]] also remains a [[Suicide in Russia|significant social issue]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/news/news/2020/9/preventing-suicide-russian-federation-adapts-who-self-harm-monitoring-tool |title=Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |date=9 October 2020 |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174930/https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/news/news/2020/9/preventing-suicide-russian-federation-adapts-who-self-harm-monitoring-tool}}</ref><ref name="su"/><br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
{{Main|Russian culture}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg|thumb|The [[Bolshoi Theatre]] in Moscow, at night]]<br />
Russian culture reflects a long, gradual, and complex amalgamation of various elements that coincided with centuries of development, expansion, and interaction with different peoples, artistic movements, and cultures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2025 |title=Russia - Culture, Traditions, Arts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Cultural-life |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724055522/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Cultural-life |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia has heavily influenced [[classical music]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Swan |first=Alfred J. |title=The Present State of Russian Music |jstor=738554 |publisher=Oxford University Press |journal=[[The Musical Quarterly]] |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=29–38 |date=January 1927 |doi=10.1093/mq/XIII.1.29}}</ref> [[Russian ballet|ballet]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=230–232|loc=Ballet}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lifar |first=Sergei |title=The Russian Ballet in Russia and in the West |date=October 1969 |jstor=127159 |doi=10.2307/127159 |pages=396–402 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |volume=28 |number=4}}</ref> theatre,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Senelick |given=Laurence |author-link=Laurence Senelick |title=Historical Dictionary of Russian Theatre |edition=2nd |year=2015 |orig-date=2007 |place=Lanham, Md |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mx5lCgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-4422-4926-4 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=6 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606181901/https://books.google.com/books?id=mx5lCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of Russian mathematicians|mathematics]],<ref name="math" /> [[Sport in Russia|sport]],<ref name="Riordan-1993">{{cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Jim |title=Rewriting Soviet Sports History |year=1993 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |jstor=43609911 |volume=20 |number=4 |journal=Journal of Sport History |pages=247–258}}</ref> [[List of Russian artists|painting]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Snow |first=Francis Haffkine |title=Ten Centuries of Russian Art |doi-access=free |doi=10.2307/25587683 |jstor=25587683 |volume=1 |number=2 |pages=130–135 |date=November 1916 |journal=The Art World}}</ref> and [[Cinema of Russia|cinema]].<ref name="Bulgakova-2012">{{cite web |last=Bulgakova |first=Oksana |url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=russian_culture |title=The Russian Cinematic Culture |year=2012 |pages=1–37 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=University of Nevada, Las Vegas |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113183731/https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=russian_culture |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Russian literature|Russian writers]] and [[Russian philosophy|philosophers]] have played an important role in the development of [[Western literature|European literature]]{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref name="McLean-1962">{{cite journal |last=McLean |first=Hugh |date=September 1962 |title=The Development of Modern Russian Literature |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=21 |pages=389–410 |doi=10.2307/3000442 |jstor=3000442 |number=3}}</ref> and thought.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Frank |first=S. |date=January 1927 |title=Contemporary Russian Philosophy |journal=[[The Monist]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=37 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.5840/monist192737121 |jstor=27901095 |number=1}}</ref> Russia also made pioneering [[Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records|contributions to science, technology]], and [[space exploration]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hachten |first=Elizabeth A. |title=In Service to Science and Society: Scientists and the Public in Late-Nineteenth-Century Russia |jstor=3655271 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |journal=[[Osiris (journal)|Osiris]] |year=2002 |volume=17 |pages=171–209 |doi=10.1086/649363}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ipatieff |first=V.N. |title=Modern Science in Russia |jstor=125254 |doi=10.2307/125254 |year=1943 |pages=68–80 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=2 |number=2}}</ref><br />
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Russia is home to [[List of World Heritage Sites in Russia|32]] UNESCO [[World Heritage Sites]], 21 of which are cultural, while 31 lie on the tentative list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ru |title=Russian Federation |work=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707173059/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ru/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The large global [[Russian diaspora]] has also played a major role in spreading Russian culture throughout the world. Russia's national symbol, the [[double-headed eagle]], dates back to the Tsardom period and is featured in [[Coat of arms of Russia|its coat of arms]] and [[Russian heraldry|heraldry]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} The [[Russian Bear]] and [[Personification of Russia|Mother Russia]] are often used as [[national personification]]s of the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Platoff |first1=Anne M. |title=The "Forward Russia" Flag: Examining the Changing Use of the Bear as a Symbol of Russia |journal=Raven: A Journal of Vexillology |date=2012 |volume=19 |pages=99–126 |doi=10.5840/raven2012197}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Riabov |first=Oleg |title=The Symbol of the Motherland in the Legitimation and Delegitimation of Power in Contemporary Russia |journal=[[Nationalities Papers]] |issn=0090-5992 |year=2020 |doi=10.1017/nps.2019.14 |pages=752–767 |volume=48 |number=4}}</ref> [[Matryoshka dolls]] are a cultural icon of Russia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture |page=19 |first=Hubbs |last=Joanna |year=1993 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20842-2}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Holidays ===<br />
{{main|Public holidays in Russia}}<br />
<br />
Russia has eight official holidays spanning public, patriotic, and religious commemorations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/other/holidays/ |title=Public Holidays in Russia |publisher=[[Central Bank of Russia]] |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132439/https://www.cbr.ru/eng/other/holidays/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by [[Christmas in Russia|Russian Orthodox Christmas]] on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lagunina |first1=Irina |last2=O'Connor |first2=Coilin |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-christmas-new-near-traditions-food-customs/31010307.html |title=Russian New Year: At The Heart Of A Wide Tapestry Of Winter Traditions |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=30 December 2020 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413102919/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-christmas-new-near-traditions-food-customs/31010307.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Defender of the Fatherland Day]], dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2011 |script-title=ru:День защитника Отечества. История праздника |trans-title=Defender of the Fatherland Day. history of the holiday |url=https://ria.ru/20110223/336868820.html |access-date=19 December 2021 |script-website=ru:РИА Новости |agency=[[RIA Novosti]] |language=ru |newspaper=Риа Новости |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132439/https://ria.ru/20110223/336868820.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[International Women's Day]] on 8 March, gained momentum in Russia during the Soviet era. The annual celebration of women has become so popular, especially among Russian men, that the flower vendors of Moscow often see profits "fifteen times" more compared to other holidays.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190307-russians-splurge-flowers-international-womens-day |title=Russians splurge on flowers for International Women's Day |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=7 March 2019 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132440/https://www.france24.com/en/20190307-russians-splurge-flowers-international-womens-day |url-status=live}}</ref> [[May Day#Russia|Spring and Labour Day]], originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/05/01/in-pictures-may-day-through-history |title=In pictures: May Day through history |work=[[Euronews]] |date=1 May 2020 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132439/https://www.euronews.com/2020/05/01/in-pictures-may-day-through-history |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Алые паруса.jpg|thumb|The [[Scarlet Sails (tradition)|Scarlet Sails]] being celebrated along the [[Neva]] in Saint Petersburg]]<br />
[[Victory Day (Russia)|Victory Day]], which honours Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the [[End of World War II in Europe]], is celebrated on 9 May as an annual [[Moscow Victory Day Parade|large parade]] in Moscow's Red Square<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ilyushina |first1=Maria |last2=Hodge |first2=Nathan |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/24/europe/victory-day-moscow-parade-coronavirus-2020-intl/index.html |title=Russia kicks off lavish Victory Day parade following coronavirus delay |publisher=CNN |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132439/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/24/europe/victory-day-moscow-parade-coronavirus-2020-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and marks the famous [[Immortal Regiment]] civil event.<ref>{{cite web |last=Prokopyeva |first=Svetlana |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-immortal-regiment-grassroots-to-quasi-religious-cult/28482905.html |title=Russia's Immortal Regiment: From Grassroots To 'Quasi-Religious Cult' |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=12 May 2017 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194915/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-immortal-regiment-grassroots-to-quasi-religious-cult/28482905.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Other patriotic holidays include [[Russia Day]] on 12 June, celebrated to commemorate Russia's [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|declaration of sovereignty]] from the collapsing Soviet Union,<ref>{{cite web |last=Yegorov |first=Oleg |url=https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/330502-russia-day-holiday |title=What do Russians celebrate on June 12? |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132440/https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/330502-russia-day-holiday |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Unity Day (Russia)|Unity Day]] on 4 November, commemorating the [[Battle of Moscow (1612)|1612 uprising]] that marked the end of the [[Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)|Polish occupation of Moscow]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tass.com/society/1357591 |title=Russia celebrates National Unity Day |agency=[[TASS]] |date=3 November 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329215330/https://tass.com/society/1357591 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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There are many popular non-public holidays. [[Old New Year]] is celebrated on 14 January.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guzeva |first=Alexandra |url=https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/333267-old-new-year-russia |title=Why Russians celebrate New Year TWICE |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=13 January 2021 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411054149/https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/333267-old-new-year-russia |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maslenitsa]] is an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday.<ref>{{cite web |last=Godoy |first=Maria |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/03/14/174097702/its-russian-mardi-gras-bring-on-the-pancakes-and-butter |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=10 January 2022 |title=It's Russian Mardi Gras: Time For Pancakes, Butter And Fistfights |publisher=[[NPR]] |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132439/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/03/14/174097702/its-russian-mardi-gras-bring-on-the-pancakes-and-butter |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cosmonautics Day]] on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dambach |first=Kai |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-marks-cosmonautics-day-in-pictures/g-57175251 |title=Russia marks Cosmonautics Day – in pictures |work=[[DW News]] |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 April 2020 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132621/https://www.dw.com/en/russia-marks-cosmonautics-day-in-pictures/g-57175251 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two major Christian holidays are [[Easter]] and [[Trinity Sunday]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Leonov |first=Tatyana |title=Celebrate: Russian Orthodox Easter |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2013/04/04/celebrate-russian-orthodox-easter |work=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=5 April 2018 |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132621/https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2013/04/04/celebrate-russian-orthodox-easter |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Art and architecture ===<br />
{{Main|Russian artists|Architecture of Russia|List of Russian architects}}<br />
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Early Russian painting is [[Russian icons|represented in icons]] and vibrant [[fresco]]s. In the early 15th century, master icon painter [[Andrei Rublev]] created some of Russia's most treasured religious art.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} The [[Russian Academy of Arts]], which was established in 1757 to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} In the 18th century, academicians [[Ivan Argunov]], [[Dmitry Levitzky]], [[Vladimir Borovikovsky]] became influential.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grover |first=Stuart R. |title=The World of Art Movement in Russia |jstor=128091 |doi=10.2307/128091 |pages=28–42 |volume=32 |number=1 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |publisher=Wiley |date=January 1973}}</ref> The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by [[Karl Briullov]] and [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov|Alexander Ivanov]], both of whom were known for [[Romanticism|Romantic]] historical canvases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dianina |first1=Katia |title=The Making of an Artist as National Hero: The Great Karl Briullov and His Critical Fortunes |journal=Slavic Review |date=2018 |volume=77 |pages=122–150 |doi=10.1017/slr.2018.13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sibbald |first=Balb |title=If the soul is nourished ... |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=5 February 2002 |volume=166 |number=3 |pages=357–358 |pmc=99322}}</ref> [[Ivan Aivazovsky]], another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of [[marine art]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leek |first=Peter |year=2012 |title=Russian Painting |publisher=Parkstone International |isbn=978-1-780-42975-5 |page=178}}</ref><br />
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In the 1860s, a group of critical [[Realism (arts)|realists]] ([[Peredvizhniki]]), led by [[Ivan Kramskoy]], [[Ilya Repin]] and [[Vasiliy Perov]] broke with the academy, and portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life in paintings.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Valkenier |first=Elizabeth Kridl |title=The Peredvizhniki and the Spirit of the 1860s |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1975 |volume=34 |number=3 |pages=247–265 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.2307/127973 |jstor=127973}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |jstor=10.7591/j.ctv177td37 |title=Russian Realisms |last1=Brunson |first1=Molly |date=2016 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-60909-199-6}}</ref> The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]], represented by [[Mikhail Vrubel]] and [[Nicholas Roerich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeder |first=Roberta |title=Mikhail Vrubel': A Russian Interpretation of "fin de siècle" Art |jstor=4207296 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=54 |number=3 |date=July 1976 |pages=323–334}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Archer |first=Kenneth |title=Nicholas Roerich and His Theatrical Designs: A Research Survey |jstor=1478046 |doi=10.2307/1478046 |volume=18 |number=2 |publisher=Dance Studies Association |journal=[[Congress on Research in Dance#Dance Research Journal|Dance Research Journal]] |pages=3–6 |year=1986}}</ref> The [[Russian avant-garde]] flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; globally influential artists from this era were [[El Lissitzky]],<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=CAA |pages=437–439 |doi=10.2307/3049132 |jstor=3049132 |journal=[[The Art Bulletin]] |date=September 1973 |volume=55 |number=3 |last=Birnholz |first=Alan C. |title=Notes on the Chronology of El Lissitzky's Proun Compositions}}</ref> [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Natalia Goncharova]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], and [[Marc Chagall]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Salmond |first=Wendy |title=The Russian Avant-Garde of the 1890s: The Abramtsevo Circle |journal=The Journal of the Walters Art Museum |volume=60/61 |year=2002 |pages=7–13 |publisher=The [[Walters Art Museum]] |jstor=20168612}}</ref><br />
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The history of [[Architecture of Russia|Russian architecture]] begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs and the [[architecture of Kievan Rus'|church architecture of Kievan Rus']].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Conant |first=Kenneth John |title=Novgorod, Constantinople, and Kiev in Old Russian Church Architecture |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |doi=10.2307/3020237 |jstor=3020237 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=3 |number=2 |date=August 1944 |pages=75–92}}</ref> The [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']] brought centuries [[Byzantine architecture#Legacy|Byzantine architecture]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Voyce |first=Arthur |year=1957 |title=National Elements in Russian Architecture |journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]] |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=6–16 |doi=10.2307/987741 |issn=0037-9808 |jstor=987741}}</ref> Following Mongol occupation, Kievan Rus' cut its ties with the Byzantine Empire, and Russian architecture saw native innovations, such as the invention of the [[iconostasis]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} [[Aristotle Fioravanti]] and other Italian architects brought [[Renaissance]] trends to the [[Grand Principality of Moscow]], which influenced the reconstruction of the [[Moscow Kremlin]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jarzombek |first1=Mark M. |last2=Prakash |first2=Vikramaditya |last3=Ching |first3=Frank |title=A Global History of Architecture |edition=2nd |date=2010 |page=544 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-40257-3}}</ref> The 16th century saw the development of the unique [[tent-like church]]es and the [[onion dome]] design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lidov |first=Alexei |title=The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes |url=https://www.academia.edu/2694753 |journal=[[Academia.edu]] |year=2005 |pages=171–180 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329115442/https://www.academia.edu/2694753 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and [[Yaroslavl]], gradually paving the way for the [[Naryshkin baroque]] of the 1680s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Lindsey A. J. |title=Western European Graphic Material as a Source for Moscow Baroque Architecture |volume=55 |number=4 |date=October 1977 |pages=433–443 |jstor=4207533 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]]}}</ref><br />
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After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} The 18th-century taste for [[Rococo]] architecture led to the [[Elizabethan Baroque|works]] of [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]] and his followers. The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century, [[Vasily Bazhenov]], [[Matvey Kazakov]], and [[Ivan Starov]], created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Most Intentional City: St. Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great |last=Munro |first=George |publisher=Farleigh Dickinson University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8386-4146-0 |location=Cranbury, NJ |page=233}}</ref> Under Alexander I, [[Empire style]] became the ''de facto'' architectural style.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ivask |first=George |title=The "Empire" Period |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1954 |volume=13 |number=3 |pages=167–175 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.2307/125968 |jstor=125968}}</ref> The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the [[Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine]] and [[Russian Revival]] style.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wortman |first1=Richard S. |last2=Marker |first2=Gary |title=Visual Texts, Ceremonial Texts, Texts of Exploration: Collected Articles on the Representation of Russian Monarchy |date=2014 |section=The "Russian Style" in Church Architecture as Imperial Symbol after 1881 |isbn=978-1-618-11347-4 |publisher=[[Academic Studies Press]] |jstor=j.ctt21h4wkb.15 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt21h4wkb.15 |doi-access=free |pages=208–237}}</ref> In the early 20th century, [[Russian neoclassical revival]] became a trend.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brumfield |first=William C. |title=Anti-Modernism and the Neoclassical Revival in Russian Architecture, 1906–1916 |publisher=University of California Press |journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]] |pages=371–386 |volume=48 |number=4 |date=December 1989 |doi=10.2307/990455 |jstor=990455}}</ref> Prevalent styles of the late 20th century were [[Art Nouveau architecture in Russia|Art Nouveau]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brumfield |first=William |title=The Decorative Arts in Russian Architecture: 1900-1907 |jstor=1503933 |doi=10.2307/1503933 |volume=5 |pages=12–27 |journal=The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts |publisher=Florida International University Board of Trustees |year=1987}}</ref> [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fer |first=Briony |title=Metaphor and Modernity: Russian Constructivism |jstor=1360263 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=14–30 |volume=12 |number=1 |year=1989 |journal=Oxford Art Journal |doi=10.1093/oxartj/12.1.14}}</ref> and [[Stalinist architecture|Socialist Classicism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/doc/2013_8-eady.pdf |title=To the New Shore: Soviet Architecture's Journey from Classicism to Standardization |last=Zubovich-Eady |first=Katherine |year=2013 |publisher=University of California |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120150146/https://iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/doc/2013_8-eady.pdf}}</ref><br />
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=== Music ===<br />
{{Main|Music of Russia}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Tchaikovsky by Reutlinger (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] (1840–1893), {{Circa|1888}}]]<br />
Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}} In the 19th century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer [[Mikhail Glinka]] along with other members of [[The Mighty Handful]], who were later succeeded by the [[Belyayev circle]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Ellon D. |year=2002 |title=Review of A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar |jstor=900748 |journal=[[Notes (journal)|Notes]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=74–77 |doi=10.1353/not.2002.0113}}</ref> and the [[Russian Musical Society]] led by composers [[Anton Rubinstein|Anton]] and [[Nikolay Rubinstein]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Garden |first=Edward |title=Classic and Romantic in Russian Music |jstor=732909 |volume=50 |number=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=153–157 |date=January 1969 |journal=[[Music & Letters]] |doi=10.1093/ml/L.1.153}}</ref> The later tradition of [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]. World-renowned composers of the 20th century include [[Alexander Scriabin]], [[Alexander Glazunov]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}} [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]] and [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], and later [[Edison Denisov]], [[Sofia Gubaidulina]],<ref name="music2"/> [[Georgy Sviridov]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gillies |first=Richard Louis |title=Otchalivshaia Rus': Georgii Sviridov and the Soviet Betrayal of Rus' |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=97 |number=2 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |pages=227–265 |date=April 2019 |doi=10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.2.0227}}</ref> and [[Alfred Schnittke]].<ref name="music2"/><br />
<br />
During the Soviet era, [[popular music]] also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two [[Bard (Soviet Union)|balladeers]]—[[Vladimir Vysotsky]] and [[Bulat Okudzhava]],<ref name="music2">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music |title=Russia – Music |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407043936/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music |url-status=live}}</ref> and performers such as [[Alla Pugacheva]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse |title=A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Alison |last=Smale |date=28 February 2000 |access-date=7 July 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231350/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jazz]], even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms.<ref name="music2"/> By the 1980s, [[Rock music in Russia|rock music]] became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as [[Aria (band)|Aria]], [[Aquarium (band)|Aquarium]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia |title=Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia' |publisher=BBC |first=Sally |last=McGrane |date=21 October 2014 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091042/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia |url-status=live}}</ref> [[DDT (band)|DDT]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Pellegrinelli |first=Lara |url=https://www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground |title=DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=6 February 2008 |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331101353/https://www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kino (band)|Kino]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html |title='Crazy Pirates': The Leningrad Rockers Who Rode A Wind Of Change Across The U.S.S.R. |publisher=Radio Liberty |first=Coilin |last=O'Connor |date=23 March 2021 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413053633/https://www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the latter's leader [[Viktor Tsoi]], was in particular, a gigantic figure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-music-kino-tsoi/27185480.html |title=Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi |publisher=Radio Liberty |date=12 August 2015 |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331102434/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-music-kino-tsoi/27185480.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Russian pop|Pop music]] has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as [[t.A.T.u.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html |title=Tatu bad to be true |work=[[The Age]] |date=14 June 2003 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103131/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Literature and philosophy ===<br />
{{Main|Russian literature|Russian philosophy}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Novgorod Codex - colour.jpg|thumb|left|First page of the [[Novgorod Codex]] {{circa|1000}}, the oldest surviving book of Kievan Rus']]<br />
[[Russian literature]] is among the world's most influential and developed.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref name="McLean-1962"/> It can be traced to the [[Early Middle Ages]], when [[Old Church Slavonic]] was introduced as a [[liturgical language]] and came to be used as a [[literary language]], creating a situation of [[diglossia]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|p=222|loc=Literature}}<ref name="Cornwell">{{cite book |last1=Cornwell |first1=Neil |last2=Christian |first2=Nicole |title=Reference Guide to Russian Literature |date=1998 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-10-7 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Reference_Guide_to_Russian_Literature/ehaZrlRY_YgC |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|4}} The Russian vernacular remained in use for [[oral literature]] and chancery writing; it gradually supplanted [[Church Slavonic]] in secular works, contributing to the standardisation of the modern Russian literary language in the 18th and early 19th centuries.<ref name="Cornwell"/>{{rp|5}}<br />
<br />
By the [[Age of Enlightenment]], literature had grown in importance, with works from [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], [[Denis Fonvizin]], [[Gavrila Derzhavin]], and [[Nikolay Karamzin]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} From the early 1830s, during the [[Golden Age of Russian Poetry]], literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prose |first1=Francine |last2=Moser |first2=Benjamin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html |title=What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive? |work=The New York Times |date=25 November 2014 |access-date=19 July 2021 |url-access=limited |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103449/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Romantic literature]] permitted a flowering of poetic talent: [[Vasily Zhukovsky]] and later his protégé [[Alexander Pushkin]] came to the fore.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Emerson |first=Caryl |jstor=20057504 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=29 |number=4 |year=1998 |pages=653–672 |journal=[[New Literary History]] |title=Pushkin, Literary Criticism, and Creativity in Closed Places |doi=10.1353/nlh.1998.0040}}</ref> Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including [[Mikhail Lermontov]], [[Nikolay Nekrasov]], [[Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy]], [[Fyodor Tyutchev]], and [[Afanasy Fet]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<br />
<br />
The first great Russian novelist was [[Nikolai Gogol]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Strakhovsky |first=Leonid I. |title=The Historianism of Gogol |jstor=2491790 |doi=10.2307/2491790 |volume=12 |number=3 |date=October 1953 |pages=360–370 |journal=The American Slavic and East European Review (Slavic Review) |publisher=[[Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies]]}}</ref> Then, during the [[Literary realism|Age of Realism]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} came [[Ivan Turgenev]], who mastered both short stories and novels.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henry Chamberlin |first=William |title=Turgenev: The Eternal Romantic |jstor=125154 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.2307/125154 |volume=5 |number=2 |pages=10–23 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1946}}</ref> [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Fyodor Dostoevsky]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]] soon became internationally renowned.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} [[Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin]] wrote prose [[satire]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Neuhäuser |first=Rudolf |title=The Early Prose of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Dostoevskii: Parallels and Echoes |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |jstor=40867755 |volume=22 |number=3 |year=1980 |pages=372–387 |doi=10.1080/00085006.1980.11091635}}</ref> while [[Nikolai Leskov]] is best remembered for his shorter fiction.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Muckle |first=James |title=Nikolay Leskov: educational journalist and imaginative writer |publisher=Australia and New Zealand Slavists' Association |year=1984 |pages=81–110 |journal=New Zealand Slavonic Journal |jstor=40921231}}</ref> In the second half of the century [[Anton Chekhov]] excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jul/03/classics |title=A Chekhov lexicon |last=Boyd |first=William |date=3 July 2004 |access-date=15 January 2022 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329082810/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jul/03/classics |url-status=live}}</ref> Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist [[Ivan Krylov]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirie |first1=Gordon |last2=Chandler |first2=Robert |title=Eight Tales from Ivan Krylov |journal=[[Translation and Literature]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |jstor=40340118 |volume=18 |number=1 |year=2009 |pages=64–85 |doi=10.3366/E096813610800037X}}</ref> non-fiction writers such as the critic [[Vissarion Belinsky]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gifford |first=Henry |title=Belinsky: One Aspect |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |jstor=4204011 |volume=27 |number=68 |year=1948 |pages=250–258}}</ref> and playwrights such as [[Aleksandr Griboyedov]] and [[Aleksandr Ostrovsky]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brintlinger |first=Angela |title=The Persian Frontier: Griboedov as Orientalist and Literary Hero |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |jstor=40870888 |volume=45 |number=3/4 |year=2003 |pages=371–393 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2003.11092333}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Beasly |first=Ina |title=The Dramatic Art of Ostrovsky. (Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky, 1823–86) |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |jstor=4202212 |volume=6 |number=18 |year=1928 |pages=603–617}}</ref> The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the [[Silver Age of Russian Poetry]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} This era had poets such as [[Alexander Blok]], [[Anna Akhmatova]], [[Boris Pasternak]], [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Helen |first1=Muchnic |title=Vladimir Mayakovsky |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |volume=76 |number=3 |year=1958 |pages=115–127 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |jstor=126027}}</ref> [[Sergei Yesenin]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McVay |first1=Gordon |title=The Centenary of Sergei Esenin: A Survey of Publications |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=17 |number=2 |year=1998 |pages=494–528 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |jstor=4212688}}</ref> and [[Konstantin Balmont]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Markov |first=Vladimir |title=Balmont: A Reappraisal |jstor=2493225 |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=28 |number=2 |year=1969 |pages=221–264 |doi=10.2307/2493225}}</ref> It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as [[Aleksandr Kuprin]], Nobel Prize winner [[Ivan Bunin]], [[Leonid Andreyev]], [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]], [[Dmitry Merezhkovsky]], and [[Andrei Bely]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<br />
<br />
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and [[white émigré]] parts. In the 1930s, [[socialist realism]] became the predominant trend in Russia.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} Its leading figure was [[Maxim Gorky]], who laid the foundations of this style.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tikhonov |first=Nikolay |author-link=Nikolai Tikhonov (writer) |title=Gorky and Soviet Literature |date=November 1946 |pages=28–38 |volume=25 |number=64 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |jstor=4203794 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]]}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bulgakov]] was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=4212557 |last=Lovell |first=Stephen |title=Bulgakov as Soviet Culture |volume=76 |number=1 |pages=28–48 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |year=1998 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]]}}</ref> [[Nikolay Ostrovsky]]'s novel ''[[How the Steel Was Tempered]]'' has been among the most successful works of Russian literature.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} Influential émigré writers include [[Vladimir Nabokov]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grosshans |first=Henry |title=Vladimir Nabokov and the Dream of Old Russia |jstor=40753878 |publisher=University of Texas Press |pages=401–409 |year=1966 |journal=[[Texas Studies in Literature and Language]] |volume=7 |number=4}}</ref> [[Joseph Brodsky]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|p=227|loc=Literature}} and [[Isaac Asimov]], who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Freedman |first=Carl |title=Critical Theory and Science Fiction |author-link=Carl Freedman (writer) |date=2000 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |page=71 |isbn=978-0-819-56399-6}}</ref> Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], who wrote about life in the Gulag camps,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rowley |first=David G. |title=Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Russian Nationalism |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |jstor=260964 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |pages=321–337 |volume=32 |number=3 |date=July 1997 |doi=10.1177/002200949703200303}}</ref> and [[Andrey Sinyavsky]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|p=227|loc=Literature}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| image1 = Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) - Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1887).jpg<br />
| caption1 = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Leo Tolstoy]] (1828–1910) is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time, with works such as ''[[War and Peace]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thirlwell |first=Adam |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/08/classics.leonikolaevichtolstoy |title=A masterpiece in miniature |work=The Guardian |date=8 October 2005 |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109005856/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/08/classics.leonikolaevichtolstoy |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
| image2 = Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg<br />
| caption2 = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] (1821–1881), one of the great novelists of all time, whose masterpieces include ''[[Crime and Punishment]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dahlkvist |first=Tobias |date=October 2015 |title=The Epileptic Genius: The Use of Dostoevsky as Example in the Medical Debate over the Pathology of Genius |jstor=43948762 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |volume=76 |number=4 |pages=587–608 |doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0028 |pmid=26522713}}</ref>}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Russian literature faced rapid and difficult changes during the turbulent 1990s, with writers and publishers struggling to adjust to new economic and political developments.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=227–228|loc=Literature}}<ref name="Cornwell"/>{{rp|65}} Domestic literature subsequently declined in influence among most Russians,{{sfn|Curtis|1998|p=228|loc=Literature}} who now had sudden and rapid access to a wide volume of previously suppressed Western literary movements.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Russian literature - Stalin, Soviet, Realism {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Russian-literature/The-Stalin-era |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=25 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825132028/https://www.britannica.com/art/Russian-literature/The-Stalin-era |url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, this environment fostered experimental and postmodern literature and satire.<ref name="auto"/> At the beginning of the 21st century, the most discussed figures, [[Russian postmodernism|postmodernists]] [[Victor Pelevin]] and [[Vladimir Sorokin]], remained the leading Russian writers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Aslanyan |first=Anna |title=Revolutions and resurrections: How has Russia's literature changed? |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/revolutions-and-resurrections-how-has-russias-literature-changed-2264690.html |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234441/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/revolutions-and-resurrections-how-has-russias-literature-changed-2264690.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cornwell"/>{{rp|65–67}}<br />
<br />
[[Russian philosophy]] has been influential. Religious and spiritual philosophy is represented by [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyov]], [[Nikolai Berdyaev]], [[Pavel Florensky]], [[Semyon Frank]], [[Nikolay Lossky]], [[Vasily Rozanov]], and others.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Lossky |given=N. O. |author-link=Nikolai Lossky |title=History of Russian Philosophy |year=1952 |orig-date=1951 |place=London |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.90432/page/n5/mode/1up}}</ref> Mystic [[Helena Blavatsky]] gained an international following as the leading theoretician of [[Theosophy]] and the co-founder of the [[Theosophical Society]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bevir |first=Mark |title=The West Turns Eastward: Madame Blavatsky and the Transformation of the Occult Tradition |jstor=1465212 |pages=747–767 |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=62 |number=3 |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |date=1994 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXII.3.747}}</ref> [[Alexander Herzen]] is known as one of the fathers of [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] [[populism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Aileen |title=The Destruction of Idols: Alexander Herzen and Francis Bacon |jstor=2709278 |doi=10.2307/2709278 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |year=1980 |volume=41 |number=4 |pages=635–662}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bakunin]] is referred to as the father of [[anarchism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rezneck |first=Samuel |title=The Political and Social Theory of Michael Bakunin |jstor=1945179 |doi=10.2307/1945179 |pages=270–296 |volume=21 |number=2 |journal=[[The American Political Science Review]] |year=1927 |publisher=[[American Political Science Association]]}}</ref> [[Peter Kropotkin]] was the most important theorist of [[anarcho-communism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Matthew S. |title=Rejecting the American Model: Peter Kropotkin's Radical Communalism |jstor=26227268 |pages=147–173 |volume=35 |number=1 |journal=[[History of Political Thought]] |publisher=Imprint Academic |year=2014}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]'s writings have significantly inspired scholars in various fields.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schuster |first=Charles I. |title=Mikhail Bakhtin as Rhetorical Theorist |jstor=377158 |doi=10.2307/377158 |volume=47 |number=6 |pages=594–607 |journal=[[College English]] |year=1985 |publisher=[[National Council of Teachers of English]]}}</ref> [[Vladimir Lenin]], a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as [[Leninism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brinkley |first=George |year=1998 |editor-last=Harding |editor-first=Neil |editor2-last=Pipes |editor2-first=Richard |title=Leninism: What It Was and What It Was Not |journal=The Review of Politics |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=151–164 |doi=10.1017/S0034670500043965 |jstor=1408333}}</ref> [[Leon Trotsky]], Lenin's contemporary and co-revolutionary, founded his own strain of Marxism known as [[Trotskyism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Richard B. |title=Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation |chapter=The myth of Trotskyism |date=1973 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511524028.002 |isbn=978-0-521-20089-9}}</ref> [[Alexander Zinoviev]] was a prominent philosopher and writer in the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brom |first=Libor |title=Dialectical Identity and Destiny: A General Introduction to Alexander Zinoviev's Theory of the Soviet Man |jstor=1347433 |doi=10.2307/1347433 |volume=42 |number=1/2 |year=1988 |pages=15–27 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association |journal=Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Mass media and cinema ===<br />
{{Main|Media of Russia|Cinema of Russia}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Останкинская башня вечером.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ostankino Tower]] in Moscow, the [[List of tallest freestanding structures|tallest freestanding structure]] in Europe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2017/08/08/the-high-life-how-to-get-to-ostankino-tower-and-what-to-do-there_818720 |title=The high life: How to get to Ostankino Tower and what to do there |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |last=Sinelschikova |first=Yekaterina |date=8 August 2017 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>]]<br />
There are 400 news agencies in Russia, among which the largest internationally operating are [[TASS]], [[RIA Novosti]], [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]], and [[Interfax]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/russia#link_312 |title=Russia – Media Landscape |work=[[European Journalism Centre]] |first=Natalya |last=Krasnoboka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320003807/http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/russia#link_312 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> [[Television in Russia|Television]] is the most popular medium in Russia.<ref name="bbcmedia">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17840134 |title=Russia profile – Media |publisher=BBC |date=8 June 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324030150/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17840134 |url-status=live}}</ref> Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include [[Radio Rossii]], [[Vesti FM]], [[Echo of Moscow]], [[Radio Mayak]], and [[Russkoye Radio]]. Of the 16,000 registered newspapers, {{Lang|ru-latn|[[Argumenty i Fakty]]}}, {{lang|ru-latn|[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]}}, {{Lang|ru-latn|[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]}}, ''[[Izvestia]]'', and {{lang|ru-latn|[[Moskovskij Komsomolets]]}} are popular. State-run [[Channel One Russia|Channel One]] and [[Russia-1]] are the leading news channels, while [[RT (TV network)|RT]] is the flagship of Russia's international media operations.<ref name="bbcmedia"/> Russia has the [[Video games in Russia|largest video gaming market]] in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newzoo.com/insights/infographics/russia-games-market-2018/ |title=Russia Games Market 2018 |work=Newzoo |date=11 July 2018 |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923234044/https://newzoo.com/insights/infographics/russia-games-market-2018/}}</ref><br />
<br />
Russian and later [[Soviet cinema]] was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]'', which was named the [[List of films considered the best|greatest film of all time]] at the [[Expo 58|Brussels World's Fair]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Jamie |jstor=20451166 |title=Soviet Cinema, 1929–41: The Development of Industry and Infrastructure |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |volume=58 |number=1 |year=2006 |pages=103–124 |doi=10.1080/09668130500401715}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hodgson |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41 |title=Eisenstein, Sergei – Battleship Potemkin – 1925 Russia |publisher=[[Middlesex University]] |date=4 December 2020 |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329091227/https://www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41 |url-status=live}}</ref> Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably [[Sergei Eisenstein]] and [[Andrei Tarkovsky]], would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/40392-sergei-eisenstein-google-doodle |title=Sergei Eisenstein: How the "Father of Montage" Reinvented Cinema |work=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |first=Mike |last=Brown |date=22 January 2018 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331100137/https://www.inverse.com/article/40392-sergei-eisenstein-google-doodle |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky |title=Where to begin with Andrei Tarkovsky |work=[[British Film Institute]] |quote=He made only seven features, but Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky is widely regarded as one of cinema's true masters. |first=Carmen |last=Gray |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091343/https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky |url-status=live}}</ref> Eisenstein was a student of [[Lev Kuleshov]], who developed the groundbreaking [[Soviet montage theory]] of film editing at the world's first film school, the [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|All-Union Institute of Cinematography]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography |title=All-Union State Institute of Cinematography |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092540/https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dziga Vertov]]'s "[[Kino-Eye]]" theory had a large effect on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/08/12/yale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera |title=Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera |work=[[Yale University]] |first=Kendall |last=Teare |date=12 August 2019 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419004549/https://news.yale.edu/2019/08/12/yale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera |url-status=live}}</ref> Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including ''[[Chapaev (film)|Chapaev]]'', ''[[The Cranes Are Flying]]'', and ''[[Ballad of a Soldier]]''.<ref name="Bulgakova-2012"/><br />
<br />
The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema.<ref name="Bulgakova-2012"/> The comedies of [[Eldar Ryazanov]] and [[Leonid Gaidai]] were immensely popular, with many of their catchphrases still in use today.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html |title=Eldar Ryazanov And His Films |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=30 November 2015 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331102410/https://www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Prokhorova |first1=Elena |last2=Beumers |first2=Birgit |title=A History of Russian Cinema |date=2008 |section=The Man Who Made Them Laugh: Leonid Gaidai, the King of Soviet Comedy |isbn=978-1-84520-215-6 |publisher=[[Berg Publishers]] |pages=519–542}}</ref> In 1961–68 [[Sergey Bondarchuk]] directed an [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning [[War and Peace (film series)|film adaptation]] of Leo Tolstoy's epic ''[[War and Peace]]'', which was [[the most expensive film]] made in the Soviet Union.<ref name="Bulgakova-2012"/> In 1969, [[Vladimir Motyl]]'s ''[[White Sun of the Desert]]'' was released, a very popular film in a genre of [[ostern]]; the film is traditionally watched by [[cosmonauts]] before any trip into space.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905102633/http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html |archive-date=5 September 2008 |publisher=[[Film at Lincoln Center]] |title=White Sun of the Desert |access-date=18 January 2008}}</ref> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian cinema industry suffered large losses; however, since the late 2000s, it has seen growth once again, and continues to expand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197 |title=The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |first=Ben |last=Aris |date=18 January 2019 |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103222/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Obsolete source|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
=== Cuisine ===<br />
{{Main|Russian cuisine}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Mint bread kvas.jpg|thumb|[[Kvass]] is an ancient and traditional Russian beverage.]]<br />
Russian cuisine has been formed by the country's diverse climate, cultural and religious traditions, and vast geography; it shares similarities with neighbouring countries. Crops of [[rye]], wheat, [[barley]], and [[millet]] provide the ingredients for various breads, [[pancake]]s and cereals, as well as for many drinks. [[Bread in Europe#Finland and Russia|Bread]], of many varieties,<ref>{{cite web |last=Azhnina |first=Maria |url=https://www.rbth.com/russian_kitchen/2017/07/13/7-kinds-of-russian-bread-youll-want-to-bite-the-crust-off-of_801997 |title=7 kinds of Russian bread you'll want to bite the crust off of |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=13 July 2017 |access-date=5 December 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132439/https://www.rbth.com/russian_kitchen/2017/07/13/7-kinds-of-russian-bread-youll-want-to-bite-the-crust-off-of_801997 |url-status=live}}</ref> is very popular across Russia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thatcher |first=Gary |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0916/obread.html |title=When it comes to bread, Russians don't loaf |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=16 September 1985 |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329054125/https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0916/obread.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Flavourful soups and stews include [[shchi]], [[borsch]], [[ukha]], [[solyanka]], and [[okroshka]]. [[Smetana (dairy product)|Smetana]] (a heavy [[sour cream]]) and [[mayonnaise]] are often added to soups and salads.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/05/15/spotlight-on-smetana-russias-sour-cream-a73909 |title=Spotlight on Smetana: Russia's Sour Cream |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |first=Jennifer |last=Eremeeva |date=15 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407152416/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/05/15/spotlight-on-smetana-russias-sour-cream-a73909 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Shearlaw |first=Maeve |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/21/-sp-understanding-russias-obsession-with-mayonnaise |title=Understanding Russia's obsession with mayonnaise |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=5 December 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132439/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/21/-sp-understanding-russias-obsession-with-mayonnaise |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pirozhki]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Darra |author-link=Darra Goldstein |title=A Taste of Russia: A Cookbook of Russian Hospitality |date=1999 |edition=2nd |page=54 |publisher=Russian Information Service |isbn=978-1-880-10042-4}}</ref> [[blini]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Curtis |first=Michele |title=In the Kitchen: The New Bible of Home Cooking |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-743-58555-9 |publisher=Hardie Grant Publishing |page=66}}</ref> and [[syrniki]] are native types of [[pancake]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sacharow |first=Alla |title=Classic Russian Cuisine: A Magnificent Selection of More Than 400 Traditional Recipes |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1993 |page=281 |isbn=978-1-628-72079-2}}</ref> [[Beef Stroganoff]],<ref name="Volokh-1983">{{cite book |last1=Volokh |first1=Anne |last2=Manus |first2=Mavis |title=The Art of Russian Cuisine |date=1983 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-026-22090-3}}</ref>{{rp|266}} [[Chicken Kiev]],<ref name="Volokh-1983"/>{{rp|320}} [[pelmeni]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Grigson |first=Jane |author-link=Jane Grigson |title=Jane Grigson's Vegetable Book |date=2007 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |page=144 |isbn=978-0-803-25994-2}}</ref> and [[shashlyk]] are popular meat dishes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Naylor |first=Tony |url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jul/22/from-sizzling-shashlik-to-spicy-seekh-kebabs-barbecue-recipes-from-around-the-world |title=From sizzling shashlik to spicy seekh kebabs: barbecue recipes from around the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 July 2020 |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132439/https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jul/22/from-sizzling-shashlik-to-spicy-seekh-kebabs-barbecue-recipes-from-around-the-world |url-status=live}}</ref> Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls ([[golubtsy]]) usually filled with meat.<ref>{{cite web |last=Eremeeva |first=Jennifer |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/02/06/north-meets-south-in-mini-golubtsy-a72851 |title=North Meets South in Mini Golubtsy |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=10 February 2021 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132439/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/02/06/north-meets-south-in-mini-golubtsy-a72851 |url-status=live}}</ref> Salads include [[Olivier salad]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Cloake |first=Felicity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/aug/05/how-to-make-the-perfect-russian-salad-felicity-cloake |title=How to make the perfect Russian salad |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 August 2020 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132500/https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/aug/05/how-to-make-the-perfect-russian-salad-felicity-cloake |url-status=live}}</ref> [[vinegret]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/326159-russian-vinegret-salad-super-easy |title=Russian Vinegret salad: Super-easy and super-traditional |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=13 September 2017 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413071134/https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/326159-russian-vinegret-salad-super-easy |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[dressed herring]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/global-snack-herring-under-a-fur-coat/av-55811920 |title=Global Snack: Herring under a fur coat |work=[[DW News]] |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 April 2020 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204154653/https://www.dw.com/en/global-snack-herring-under-a-fur-coat/av-55811920 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Russia's [[List of national drinks|national non-alcoholic drink]] is [[kvass]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/07/04/kvas-russias-national-tipple-a70784 |title=Kvas: Russia's National Tipple |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |first=Jennifer |last=Eremeeva |date=4 July 2020 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103222/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/07/04/kvas-russias-national-tipple-a70784 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the national alcoholic drink is [[vodka]]; its production in Russia (and elsewhere) dates back to the 14th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-to-drink-vodka-like-a-russian |title=How To Drink Vodka Like a Russian |work=[[Atlas Obscura]] |first=Dan |last=Nosowitz |date=7 April 2016 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329141007/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-to-drink-vodka-like-a-russian |url-status=live}}</ref> The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/179708/map-where-the-worlds-biggest-vodka-drinkers-are/ |title=Map: Where the world's biggest vodka drinkers are |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |first=Roberto A. |last=Ferdman |date=23 February 2014 |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329091227/https://qz.com/179708/map-where-the-worlds-biggest-vodka-drinkers-are/ |url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Beer in Russia|beer]] is the most popular alcoholic beverage.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://ac.gov.ru/uploads/2-Publications/alcogol/al%D1%81o.2020.4.pdf |script-title=ru:Обзор российского рынка алкогольной продукции. IV квартал 2020 |title=Obzor rossiyskogo rynka alkogol'noy produktsii. IV kvartal 2020 |publisher=Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation |page=11 |lang=ru |date=February 2021 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422110728/http://www.ac.gov.ru/uploads/2-Publications/alcogol/al%D1%81o.2020.4.pdf}}</ref> [[Russian wine|Wine]] has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Russia%20Wine%20Market%20Overview_Moscow%20ATO_Russian%20Federation_04-21-2021 |title=Russia Wine Market Overview |work=[[Foreign Agricultural Service]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=22 April 2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107192624/https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Russia%20Wine%20Market%20Overview_Moscow%20ATO_Russian%20Federation_04-21-2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Russian tea culture|Tea has been popular in Russia]] for centuries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Teslova |first=Elena |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/russian-samovars-make-tea-time-distinctive-tradition/1720329 |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |title=Russian samovars make tea-time distinctive tradition |date=31 January 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132439/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/russian-samovars-make-tea-time-distinctive-tradition/1720329 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sports ===<br />
{{Main|Sport in Russia}}<br />
<br />
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Russia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gorokhov |first=Vitalii Aleksandrovich |title=Forward Russia! Sports Mega-Events as a Venue for Building National Identity |journal=[[Nationalities Papers]] |year=2015 |volume=43 |issue=2 |page=278 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1080/00905992.2014.998043}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union national football team]] became the first European champions by winning [[Euro 1960]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615002408/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/ |archive-date=15 June 2020 |title=EURO 1960: all you need to know |work=[[UEFA Champions League]] |date=13 February 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> and reached the finals of [[Euro 1988]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607134732/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/ |archive-date=7 June 2020 |title=Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988 |work=[[UEFA Champions League]] |date=29 May 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Russian clubs [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]] and [[Zenit Saint Petersburg]] won the [[UEFA Cup]] in 2005 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d806e352f9f-e83f37a18d8b-1000--sporting-cska-moskva-watch-their-2005-final/ |title=Sporting-CSKA Moskva: watch their 2005 final |work=[[UEFA Champions League]] |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/11/18/how-a-brilliant-zenit-saint-petersburg-lifted-the-uefa-cup-in-2008/ |title=How a brilliant Zenit Saint Petersburg lifted the UEFA Cup in 2008 |work=[[These Football Times]] |first=Joe |last=Terry |date=18 November 2019 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132621/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/11/18/how-a-brilliant-zenit-saint-petersburg-lifted-the-uefa-cup-in-2008/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Russian national football team]] reached the semi-finals of [[Euro 2008]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/26/russiaspainlive |title=Euro 2008: Russia v Spain – as it happened |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Sean |last=Ingle |date=26 June 2008 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812004724/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/26/russiaspainlive |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia was the host nation for the [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/ |title=2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312140436/https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/ |title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224033040/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/}}</ref> However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-fifa-world-cup-uefa/ |title=FIFA and UEFA suspend Russian national teams and clubs from all competitions "until further notice" |last=Brito |first=Christopher |work=[[CBS News]] |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609222215/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-fifa-world-cup-uefa/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:Maria Sharapova (18405201199).jpg|thumb|[[Maria Sharapova]], former [[List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players|world No. 1]] tennis player, was the world's highest-paid female athlete for 11 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2016/03/08/how-maria-sharapova-earned-285-mill-during-her-tennis-career/ |title=How Maria Sharapova Earned $285 Million During Her Tennis Career |work=[[Forbes]] |first=Kurt |last=Badenhausen |date=8 March 2016 |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>]]<br />
[[Ice hockey in Russia|Ice hockey]] is very popular in Russia, and the [[Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team|Soviet national ice hockey team]] dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence.<ref name="Riordan-1993"/> [[Bandy]] is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/sport/2013/02/14/bandy_a_concise_history_of_the_extreme_sport_22867.html |title=Bandy: A concise history of the extreme sport |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |first=Ilya |last=Trisvyatsky |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329091226/https://www.rbth.com/arts/sport/2013/02/14/bandy_a_concise_history_of_the_extreme_sport_22867.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Russian national basketball team]] won [[EuroBasket 2007]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euroleague.net/news/i/15364/eurobasket-2007-final-september-16-2007 |title=EuroBasket 2007 final: September 16, 2007 |work=[[EuroLeague]] |first=Javier |last=Gancedo |date=16 September 2007 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116171531/https://www.euroleague.net/news/i/15364/eurobasket-2007-final-september-16-2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the Russian basketball club [[PBC CSKA Moscow]] is among the most successful European basketball teams.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burks |first1=Tosten |last2=Woo |first2=Jeremy |url=http://grantland.com/features/euroleague-basketball-cska-moscow-andrei-kirilenko-sonny-weems-kyle-hines-demetris-nichols/ |title=Follow the Bouncing Ball |work=[[Grantland]] |date=4 August 2015 |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331085523/https://grantland.com/features/euroleague-basketball-cska-moscow-andrei-kirilenko-sonny-weems-kyle-hines-demetris-nichols/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The annual Formula One [[Russian Grand Prix]] was held at the [[Sochi Autodrom]] in the [[Sochi Olympic Park]], until its termination following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/information.russia-sochi-autodrom.3nDdZPizsnPEtlHysv115Y.html |title=Russia – Sochi |publisher=[[Formula One]] |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321211802/https://www.formula1.com/en/information.russia-sochi-autodrom.3nDdZPizsnPEtlHysv115Y.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/60601632 |last=Benson |first=Andrew |title=Formula 1 terminates contract with Russian Grand Prix |work=[[BBC]] |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528020322/https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/60601632 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Historically, [[Russia at the Olympics|Russian athletes]] have been one of the most successful contenders in the [[Olympic Games]].<ref name="Riordan-1993" /> Russia is the leading nation in [[rhythmic gymnastics]], and Russian [[synchronised swimming]] is considered to be the world's best.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/08/19/russian-mastery-in-synchronized-swimming-yields-double-gold/89000222/ |title=Russian mastery in synchronized swimming yields double gold |work=[[USA Today]] |date=19 August 2016 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208003710/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/08/19/russian-mastery-in-synchronized-swimming-yields-double-gold/89000222/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Figure skating]] is another popular sport in Russia, especially [[pair skating]] and [[ice dancing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22276736/figure-skating-olympics-winter-2022-lessons |title=Figure skating is on thin ice. Here's how to fix it. |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |first=Rebecca |last=Jennings |date=18 February 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132621/https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22276736/figure-skating-olympics-winter-2022-lessons |url-status=live}}</ref> Russia has produced numerous prominent tennis players.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewest.com.au/sport/tennis/rublev-dominates-second-round-open-match-ng-s-2049116 |title=Russian domination at the Australian Open |date=11 February 2021 |work=[[The West Australian]] |last=Caffrey |first=Oliver |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408175101/https://thewest.com.au/sport/tennis/rublev-dominates-second-round-open-match-ng-s-2049116 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chess]] is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/09/how-did-russians-get-so-good-at-chess.html |title=Why are the Russians so good at chess? |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |first=Christopher |last=Beam |date=25 September 2009 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331071732/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/09/how-did-russians-get-so-good-at-chess.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[1980 Summer Olympic Games]] were held in Moscow,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/moscow-1980 |title=Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results |newspaper=Olympics.com |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132625/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/moscow-1980 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] and the [[2014 Winter Paralympics]] were hosted in Sochi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014 |title=Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=23 April 2018 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132652/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014 |title=Sochi 2014 |work=International Paralympic Committee |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054846/https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Russia has also had 43 [[Olympic medal]]s stripped from its athletes due to [[Doping in Russia|doping violations]], which is the most of any country, and nearly a third of the global total.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keh |first1=Andrew |last2=Panja |first2=Tariq |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/08/sports/olympics/Wada-Russing-doping.html |title=Will Russia Be Thrown Out of the Olympics on Monday? A Primer |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 December 2019 |access-date=9 January 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407171349/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/08/sports/olympics/Wada-Russing-doping.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portal|Russia|Countries}}<br />
* [[Outline of Russia]]{{-}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
* {{Free-content attribution<br />
| title = Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security<br />
| author = [[International Energy Agency]]<br />
| publisher = the International Energy Agency<br />
| documentURL = https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security<br />
| license statement URL = https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af2ef37e-cbf5-49ce-b05a-ecb5725f9769/ListordescriptionofCC-licensedContent_20220406.pdf<br />
| license = CC BY 4.0<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Curtis |editor1-first=Glenn E. |title=Russia: a country study |series=DA pam ;550-115 |date=1998 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0866-8 |lccn=97007563 |hdl=2027/uc1.31822023563547}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{main|Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'|Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)|Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)}}<br />
<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* Bartlett, Roger P. (2005). ''A history of Russia'' [https://archive.org/details/historyofrussia00bart online]<br />
* {{cite book |editor-surname=Bartlett |editor-given=Rosamund |editor2-surname=Benn |editor2-given=Anna |editor-link=Rosamund Bartlett |year=1997 |title=Literary Russia. A Guide |place=London |publisher=Picador |isbn=0-333-71197-1}}<br />
* {{cite book |surname=Borrero |given=Mauricio |title=Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present |series=European Nations |place=New York |publisher=Facts on File |year=2004 |isbn=0-8160-4454-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC}}<br />
* Breslauer, George W.; Colton, Timothy J. (2017). ''Russia Beyond Putin'' ([[Daedalus (journal)|Daedalus]]) [https://www.amacad.org/daedalus/russia-beyond-putin online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121032944/https://www.amacad.org/daedalus/russia-beyond-putin |date=21 January 2022 }}<br />
* Brown, Archie, ed. (1982). ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union'' [https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00brow online]<br />
* {{cite book |last=Cox |first=Michael |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Cox |title=Ukraine: Russia's War and the Future of the Global Order |year=2023 |publisher=LSE Press |doi=10.31389/lsepress.ukr |isbn=978-1-911712-15-2}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Dutkiewicz |first1=P. |last2=Richard |first2=S. |last3=Vladimir |first3=K. |title=The Social History of Post-Communist Russia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-32846-9 |url={{GBurl |id=vo7DCwAAQBAJ |pg=PP1}} |access-date=11 April 2022}}<br />
* Frye, Timothy. ''Weak Strongman: The Limits of Power in Putin's Russia'' (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Weak-Strongman-Limits-Putins-Russia/dp/0691212465/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331074724/https://www.amazon.com/Weak-Strongman-Limits-Putins-Russia/dp/0691212465 |date=31 March 2022 }}<br />
* Greene, by Samuel A. and Graeme B. Robertson. ''Putin v. the People: the Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia'' (Yale UP, 2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Putin-v-People-Perilous-Politics/dp/0300238398/ excerpt]<br />
* Hosking, Geoffrey A. ''Russia and the Russians: a history'' (2011) [https://archive.org/details/russiarussianshi2ndehosk online]<br />
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Russia | volume= 23 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link=Peter Kropotkin|last2= Bealby |first2=John Thomas|last3=Phillips|first3=Walter Alison |author3-link=Walter Alison Phillips|pages = 869–912}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Pynnöniemi |first=Katri |editor-first1=Katri |editor-last1=Pynnöniemi |title=Nexus of Patriotism and Militarism in Russia: A Quest for Internal Cohesion |year=2021 |isbn=978-952-369-035-6 |url=https://hup.fi/books/e/10.33134/HUP-9 |publisher=Helsinki University Press |doi=10.33134/HUP-9}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Rancour-Laferriere |first=Daniel |title=The Slave Soul of Russia: Moral Masochism and the Cult of Suffering |year=1995 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-6940-9 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814769409/}}<br />
* {{cite book |surname=Reiman |given=Michael |title=About Russia, Its Revolutions, Its Development and Its Present |year=2016 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-631-67136-8 |jstor=j.ctv2t4dn7}}<br />
* Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. ''A History of Russia'' (9th ed. 2018) [https://archive.org/details/historyofrussia0000rias 9th edition 1993 online]<br />
* Rosefielde, Steven. ''Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Putins-Russia-Economy-Defense-Foreign/dp/9811212678/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527160046/https://www.amazon.com/Putins-Russia-Economy-Defense-Foreign/dp/9811212678/ |date=27 May 2021 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Shadrina |first=Anna |title=The Babushka Phenomenon: Older women and the political sociology of ageing in Russia |publisher=UCL Press |year=2025 |isbn=978-1-80008-909-9 |url=https://uclpress.co.uk/book/the-babushka-phenomenon/}}<br />
* Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary Russian Culture'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Contemporary-Russian-Culture-Encyclopedias/dp/0415758629/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330023255/https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Contemporary-Russian-Culture-Encyclopedias/dp/0415758629 |date=30 March 2022 }}; 800 pp covering art, literature, music, film, media, crime, politics, business, and economics.<br />
* Walker, Shauin. ''The Long Hangover: Putin's New Russia and the Ghosts Of the Past'' (2018, Oxford UP) [https://www.amazon.com/Long-Hangover-Putins-Russia-Ghosts/dp/0190659246 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408020656/https://www.amazon.com/Long-Hangover-Putins-Russia-Ghosts/dp/0190659246/ |date=8 April 2022 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
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'''Government'''<br />
* {{Official website|http://gov.ru/index_en.html}}<br />
* [http://en.special.kremlin.ru/structure/administration/members Major staff and key officials]<br />
<br />
'''General information'''<br />
* {{wikiatlas|Russia}}<br />
* {{osmrelation-inline|60189}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260115083458/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/ Russia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<br />
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17839672 Russia] from [[BBC News]]<br />
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=RU Key Development Forecasts for Russia] from [[International Futures]]<br />
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[[Category:Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_15_Raatri&diff=488319August 15 Raatri2026-03-24T00:26:44Z<p>Lucinda30E: New Basic Details From Scratch - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Telugu-language drama film}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = August 15 Raatri<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = [[P. N. Ramachandra Rao]] <br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = P. N. Ramachandra Rao<br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = G. Reddi Sekhar<br />J. Gopal Reddy<br /> P. Parthasarathi Reddy<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]<br />
*[[Sarath Babu]] <br />
*[[Gautami (actress)|Gautami]] <br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Kabeer Lal<br />
| editing = [[B. Lenin]]<br>[[V. T. Vijayan]]<br />
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]<br />
| studio = Susheela Arts<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1988|11|18|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/ACMW/info|title=August 15 Raatri|work=indiancine.ma|access-date=2024-07-20|archive-date=2024-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720162511/https://indiancine.ma/ACMW/info|url-status=live}}</ref>}} <br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''August 15 Raatri''''' ({{Translation|Night of August 15}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language drama film directed by [[P. N. Ramachandra Rao]] and starring [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Sarath Babu]] and [[Gautami]].<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Abhimanyu<br />
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Ravindra<br />
*[[Gautami (actress)|Gautami]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/happy-birthday-gautami-do-you-know-interesting-filmy-facts-about-heroin-gautami-tadimalla-ta-938330-page-6.html|title=HBD Gautami: హ్యాపీ బర్త్ డే గౌతమి.. ఈమె గురించి ఈ నిజాలు తెలుసా..|language=te|work=[[News18]]|date=2 July 2021|first=Kiran Kumar|last=Thanjavur|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref><br />
*[[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]<br />
*[[Giri Babu]] as Vajram<br />
*[[Sudhakar (Telugu actor)|Sudhakar]]<br />
*[[Pradeep Shakthi]]<br />
*[[R. N. Sudarshan]]<br />
*[[P. L. Narayana]] as the doctor<br />
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]<br />
*[[Prasad Babu]] <br />
*[[Hema Sundar]] as a victim's father <br />
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]]<br />
*Bhaktavatsalam<br />
*[[Rajyalakshmi]]<br />
*[[Y. Vijaya]]<br />
*[[Baby Shalini]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1coIrUIY1p5eI5gpfrIbpp|title=August 15 Ratri (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|work=[[Spotify]]|date=2023|access-date=2024-07-03|archive-date=2024-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824095249/https://open.spotify.com/album/1coIrUIY1p5eI5gpfrIbpp|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Idi Madhumasam<br />
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length1 = 4:52<br />
| title2 = Andale Virisina<br />
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length2 = 4:17<br />
| title3 = Bhama Vaddu<br />
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length3 = 4:34<br />
| title4 = Lasku Labo<br />
| extra4 = [[S. Janaki]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length4 = 4:13<br />
| total_length = 17:56<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that "Even with the usual story and the usual fighting, the film runs smoothly thanks to the director".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1988/Nov/25-nov-1988.pdf|title=ఆగష్టు 15 రాత్రి|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|language=te|first=Griddaluru|last=Gopalrao|date=25 November 1998|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=11 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111004236/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1988/Nov/25-nov-1988.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Home media==<br />
The film was telecast on [[ETV Cinema]] on 1 January 2024 at 10 p.m. and on [[Jio TV]] on 2 July 2024 at 2:30 a.m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/viral/monday-01012024-straming-movies-in-tv-srk-49903.html|title=Movies In Tv: సోమవారం నూతన సంవత్సరం రోజున (01.01.2024).. టీవీ ఛానళ్లలో వచ్చే సినిమాలివే|work=[[ABN Andhra Jyothi|Chitrajyothy]]|date=31 December 2023|access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824095247/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/viral/monday-01012024-straming-movies-in-tv-srk-49903.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiotv.com/live-channel/etv-cinema-hd-/1665/august-15-ratri-movie/2407021665007|title=August 15 Raatri|work=[[Jio TV]]|date=2 July 2024}}{{dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0361324}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Films directed by P. N. Ramachandra Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zee_Cine_Critics_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Male&diff=455321Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male2026-03-22T07:40:43Z<p>Lucinda30E: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian acting award}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
<br />
The '''Zee Cine Critics' Choice Award for Best Actor''' is chosen by a jury organized by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]].<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
| name = [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Critics Award]] for Best Actor<br />
| image = Kartik Aaryan in 2025 at 23rd Zee Cine Awards 2025.jpg<br />
| caption = The 2025 recipient<br>'''[[Kartik Aaryan]]'''<br />
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role<br />
| presenter = ''[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]''<br />
| country = India<br />
| year = [[Pankaj Kapur]], <br> [[Maqbool]] (2005)<br />
| holder = [[Kartik Aaryan]],<br> ''[[Chandu Champion]]'' (2025)<br />
| website = <br />
| date = 17 May 2025<br />
| venue = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]]<br />
| holder_label = Currently<br> held by<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Multiple wins==<br />
*'''2 Wins''' : [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Ranveer Singh]]<br />
<br />
==Winners==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#bebebe;"<br />
!style="width:10%;"| Year<br />
!style="width:30%;"| Winner<br />
!style="width:30%;"| Film<br />
!style="width:30%;"| Character<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || [[Pankaj Kapur]] || ''[[Maqbool]]'' || Jahangir Khan (Abbaji)<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || [[Shreyas Talpade]] || ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]'' || Iqbal<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || [[Sanjay Dutt]] || ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' || Murli Prasad Sharma ([[Munna Bhai]]) <br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || [[Darsheel Safary]] || ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' || Ishaan Awasthi a.k.a. Inu <br />
|- <br />
| 2009<br />
! align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#ff9a9a;| No Award Ceremony<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
! align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#ff9a9a;| No Award Ceremony<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || [[Hrithik Roshan]] || ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' || Ethan Mascarenhas <br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || [[Shah Rukh Khan]] || ''[[Don 2]]'' || Don <br />
|-<br />
| 2013 ||[[Ranbir Kapoor]]|| ''[[Barfi!]] '' || Murphy "Barfi" Johnson<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2014<br />
| [[Farhan Akhtar]] || ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''|| [[Subedar]] [[Milkha Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ranveer Singh]] || ''[[Lootera]]'' || Varun Srivastava/Atmanand Tripathi<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
! align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#ff9a9a;| No Award Ceremony<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2016<br />
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]] || ''[[Piku]]'' || Bhashkor Banerjee<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ranveer Singh]] || ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' || [[Bajirao I|Bajirao]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || [[Amitabh Bachchan]] || ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' || Deepak Sehgal <br />
|- <br />
| 2018 || [[Varun Dhawan]] || ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]'' || Badrinath "Badri" Bansal<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || [[Ranbir Kapoor]] || ''[[Sanju]]'' || [[Sanjay Dutt]] <br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || [[Hrithik Roshan]]|| ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]'' || [[Anand Kumar]] <br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
! align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#ff9a9a;| No Award Ceremony<br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
! align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#ff9a9a;| No Award Ceremony<br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || [[Kartik Aaryan]]|| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]'' || Ruhan Randhawa / Rooh Baba<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || [[Shah Rukh Khan]]|| ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' || Vikram Rathod & Aazad<br />
|- bgcolor="#FAEB86"<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''2025''' || '''[[Kartik Aaryan]]'''|| '''''[[Chandu Champion]]''''' || '''[[Murlikant Petkar]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Vikrant Massey]]'''<br />
|'''''[[Sector 36]]'''''<br />
|'''Prem Singh'''<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|[[Akshay Kumar]]<br />
|''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''<br />
|Justice Chettoor Sankaran Nair<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
* [[Bollywood]]<br />
* [[Cinema of India]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://sifymax.com/zca/winners/ Winners of the 2007 Zee Cine Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212011415/http://sifymax.com/zca/winners/ |date=12 February 2008 }}<br />
<br />
{{Zee Cine Awards}}<br />
{{ZeeCineAwardBestActorMale}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:ZeeCineCriticsAwardBest ActorMale}}<br />
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devan_(actor)&diff=451610Devan (actor)2026-03-21T18:42:42Z<p>Lucinda30E: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor and politician (born 1952)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Devan<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Devan Sreenivasan<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|1|8|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Trichur]], [[Travancore-Cochin]], India<br />
| other names = S. Devan<br />
| alma_mater = [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|politician}}<br />
| years_active = 1983–present<br />
| spouse = Suma<br />
| children = 1<br />
| relatives = [[Ramu Kariat]] (uncle and father-in-law)<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Devan Sreenivasan''' (born 8 January 1952) is an Indian film and television actor and politician. He is known for his character roles, mostly as villain, in [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and a few [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] films. He has starred in over 380 films.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
<br />
He began his film career as a producer with ''[[Vellam (1985 film)|Vellam]]'' (1985). Before its release, he turned into an actor. He made his breakthrough in the 1987 film ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]''. He played lead roles in films like ''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]'' (1987), ''Oozham'' (1988), ''Simon Peter Ninakku Vendi'' (1988) and ''[[Aranyakam]]'' (1988). In his later career, he mostly played prominent supporting roles, mostly as villain. His well-known such films include ''[[Vietnam Colony]]'' (1992), ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]'' (1993), ''[[Honest Raj]]'' (1994), ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995) and ''[[Indraprastham (film)|Indraprasdham]]'' (1996).<br />
<br />
Devan founded the political party Kerala People's Party in 2004. He relaunched the party as Nava Kerala People's Party in 2020, which was merged with the [[Bharatiya Janatha Party]] (BJP) in 2021. In 2023, he was made the state vice-president of BJP in [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Devan was born on 8th January 1952 in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Devan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Devan |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> His father, Sreenivasan, was a [[public prosecutor]], and his mother, Lalitha, was a doctor. He has three siblings: Shobha, Sheela, and Sureshbabu. Malayalam filmmaker [[Ramu Kariat]] was his uncle. <br />
<br />
Devan did his schooling at the [[Government Model Higher Secondary School|Government Model School, Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=നന്മ തിരിച്ചറിയുന്ന കൂട്ടുകാരന് |url=https://standude.com/trending-news/murdock-and-nelson-in-spider-man-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026201315/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/202617 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> He then completed his [[B.Sc.]] degree from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]. During his college time, he was a member of the [[Kerala Students Union]] (KSU), and his parents were [[Indian National Congress]]-leaning. <br />
<br />
Devan's father wanted him to be a police officer, but he wanted to be in the army. After graduation, he tried at the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] but was not selected. He went to [[Madras]] (now Chennai) in search of a job and later took post-graduation in [[Master of Business Administration]].<ref name=mangalam1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/177258|title=കോണ്ഗ്രസ് നേതാക്കള് എന്നെ ഭയപ്പെടുന്നു|work=Mangalam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503081131/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/177258|archive-date=3 May 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> He was engaged in several business ventures before starting his career in movies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/03/16/stories/2004031600900200.htm|title=In the thick of real action|date=16 March 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701235839/https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/03/16/stories/2004031600900200.htm|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=dead|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
During his time in college, he used to read books a lot. He found possibility for a film in [[N. N. Pisharody]]'s novel ''Vellam'', he approached director [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]], who agreed with him, [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] wrote the screenplay, it was the first and last screenplay of his not based on his own story. Devan produced the film, filming was halted midway due to financial crisis. He made his acting debut in ''Ashatapathi'' to raise fund to resume filming, it was followed by a number of acting projects. After which, shooting resumed, but upon release, the film failed at the box office. In an interview, he said that ''[[Vellam (1985 film)|Vellam]]'' (1985) is the best film come out from Hariharan-M. T. Vasudevan Nair combination. It was in the 1987 film ''New Delhi'' that he first appeared as a villain, since then he was [[Typecasting|typecast]] as a villain in Malayalam cinema. However, in Telugu cinema, he is known for [[character role]]s. Devan recalled in an interview that his best roles were in Telugu and Tamil cinema.<ref name=mangalam1/><br />
<br />
Devan started his acting career in supporting roles, after being approached by a producer at [[Spencer Plaza]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/developing-the-negative/article2503429.ece|title=Developing the negative|first=Vishnupriya|last=Bhandaram|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 October 2011|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=22 September 2018|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106131139/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/developing-the-negative/article2503429.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His most notable movies are ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]'', ''[[Baasha (film)|Baasha]]'' and ''[[Indraprastham (film)|Indraprasdham]]''. He has also acted in several TV series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2010/sathi-passed-away-020910.html|title=Sathi Karyat passes away|date=2 September 2010|website=Oneindia|access-date=12 January 2018|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222030458/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2010/sathi-passed-away-020910.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
<br />
He was married to his uncle [[Ramu Kariat]]'s daughter, Suma. The couple has a daughter named Lakshmi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/profile/0801/07/1080107067_1.htm |script-title=ml:വേഷങ്ങളിലെ ദേവസ്പര്ശം |language=ml |trans-title=The touch of god in the roles |website=Malayalam.webdunia.com |access-date=12 January 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904153119/http://malayalam.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/profile/0801/07/1080107067_1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His wife Suma died on 12 July 2019 due to [[H1N1 infection]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
<br />
===Politics===<br />
Devan was active in [[Kerala Students Union]] (KSU) in his college days. In 2004, he founded the [[Kerala People's Party]], a political party in [[Kerala]].<ref name="vice"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-peoples-party-launches-website/article1-398742.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150416221233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-peoples-party-launches-website/article1-398742.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2015|title=Kerala Peoples' Party launches website|date=10 April 2009|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref> He contested and lost in the [[Wadakkanchery Assembly constituency]] by-election in the same year as an independent candidate. He contested in the 2006 assembly election from [[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram West]] as an independent candidate, but lost. In a 2014 interview, Devan revealed his admiration for politician [[Ramakrishna Hegde]].<ref name=mangalam1/> In 2020, he formed a new party named Nava Kerala People's Party.<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service |title=Nava Kerala People's Party unveils official flag |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/nov/12/nava-kerala-peoples-party-unveils-official-flag-2222588.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 November 2020}}</ref> In 2021, it was merged with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in the presence of [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister of India]] [[Amit Shah]]. In 2023, Devan was made the state vice-president of BJP in Kerala.<ref name="vice">{{cite news |title=Actor Devan made Kerala BJP vice president |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/dec/13/actor-devan-made-kerala-bjpvice-president-2641196.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=13 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Malayalam===<br />
==== 1980s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1983 || ''Naadam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ashtapadi (film)|Ashtapadi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sairandri'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 1984 || ''[[Aagraham (1984 film)|Aagraham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Aashamsakalode'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vellam (1985 film)|Vellam]]'' || || Producer<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paavam Krooran]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 1985 || ''Jwalanam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shathru (1985 film)|Shathru]]'' || Rajasekharan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kiraatham]]'' || Artist ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaiyum Thlayum Purathidaruthe]]'' || Mahadevan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Madhuvidhu Theerum Mumbe]]'' || Sunny ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6 | 1986 || ''[[Oru Yugasandhya]]'' || Balachandran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Padayani (film)|Padayani]]'' || SI Rajashekaran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Niramulla Ravulkal]]'' || Soman ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Panchagni]]'' || Prabhakaran Nair ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vartha]]'' || Revenue Minister Philip ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ithu Oru Thudakkom Mathram]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=9 | 1987 || ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' || Vijayan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Aadhya Rathrikku Munbu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vrutham]]'' || Devadas ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Amrutham Gamaya]]'' || Raghu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal]]'' || Josephkutty ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]'' || Ravi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Chanthayil Choodi Nilkkunna Pennu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naalkavala]]'' || Dr. Devadas ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]'' || Shankar ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=18 | 1988 || ''Ormayil Ennum'' || Suku ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Innaleyude Baakki]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Rajasekharan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mattoru Pranaya Kadha'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Simon Peter Ninakku Vendi'' || Simon Peter ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vida Parayaan Mathrem'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mrithyunjayam'' || Issac ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vaisali (film)|Vaisali]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Oozham'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Athirthikal]]'' || || Guest appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''Uyaran Omanikkan'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mattoru Pranayakatha'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Onninu Purake Mattonnu]]'' || Inspector Mohandas ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Oru Vivaada Vishayam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aranyakam]]'' || Naxal activist ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[David David Mr. David]]'' || Mohan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhinarathrangal]]'' || Unni ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Theerthinariyam Thirayude Vedhana'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Abkari]]'' || Excise officer Jayaprakash ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=12 | 1989 || ''[[Bhadrachitta]]'' || Haridasan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Jeevitham Oru Raagam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adhipan]]'' || Mohan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ulsavapittennu]]'' || Balan Master ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ashokante Aswathikuttikku'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]'' || Urumees Thampan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nair Saab]]'' || Kumar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naduvazhikal]]'' || Mathukutty ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jagratha]]'' || Actor Viswam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unnikrishnante Adyathe Christmas]]'' || Jameskutty ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' || Unnikonnar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maharajavu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 1990s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=10 | 1990 || ''[[Iyer the Great]]'' || Gabria ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Brahmmarakshassu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Marupuram]]'' || Francis ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Judgement'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Shesham Screenil'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Keli Kottu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vyooham (1990 film)|Vyooham]]'' || Raveendranath ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]]'' || Rosario Fernandez ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Randaam Varavu'' || DYSP Balu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Malootty]]'' || Wilson Cherian ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1991 || ''[[Thudar Katha]]'' || Prince Ravi Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kilukkam]]'' || Kannan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anaswaram]]'' || Police officer ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=7 | 1992 || ''Police Diary'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Poochakkaru Mani Kettum]]'' || H/o Kunjukutti Amma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Grihapravesam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Manthrikacheppu'' || John Samuel ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ponnaramthottathe Rajavu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaazhchakkappuram'' || Harikumar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kauravar]]'' || George Mathew MLA ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=8 | 1993 || ''[[O' Faby]]'' || John ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aalavattam (film)|Aalavattam]]'' || Dr. Narayankutty ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ghoshayaathra]]'' || Jamal ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gandharvam]]'' || Meleveetil Vishnu Menon ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vietnam Colony]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Thomas ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]'' || Mahesh Nair ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaadhavam]]'' || Mohan Thampi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]]'' || Jayan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 1994 || ''[[Chief Minister K. R. Gowthami]]'' || K.V Chakko ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ezhuthachan'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rudraksham]]'' || Patel ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pingami]]'' || Vijay's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Cabinet'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6 | 1995 || ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sundarimaare Sookshikkuka'' || Raju ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Hijack'' || Swami/Ravindra Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chantha]]'' || Alexander ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Agnidevan]]'' || Rama "Appan" Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]]'' || Dr. Menon ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 1996 || ''[[Mahathma]]'' || James Kutty ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indraprastham (film)|Indraprastham]]'' || Paul B. Issac ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dominic Presentation (film)|Dominic Presentation]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sulthan Hyderali'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aayiram Naavulla Ananthan]]'' || Idikkula Abraham ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=10 | 1997 || ''[[Janathipathyam]]'' || Vishakom Thirunal Prathapa Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Poomarathanalil'' || Narendran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ranger'' || Professor Devan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gangothri (film)|Gangothri]]'' || DCP Alexander IPS ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhoopathi (1997 film)|Bhoopathi]]'' || Lawrence ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Masmaram]]'' || Munna Bhaai ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kannur'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Snehasindooram'' || Rajeevan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sankeerthanam Pole]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Five Star Hospital]]'' || Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 1998 || ''Harthaal'' || Dharam Pal Yadav / Vincent Cavelli ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sooryaputhran]]'' || Deva Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Chitrashalabham'' || Dr. Raveendranath ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Achaammakkuttiyude Achaayan]]'' || Dr. John Zecharia ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]]'' || Mohanan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=7 | 1999 || ''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]'' || Brahmadattan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Captain (1999 film)|Captain]]'' || John Samuel ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Jananayakan'' || Sathyapalan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Niram]]'' || Er. Jacob / Job ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Garshom]]'' || Hakkim ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Red Indians (film)|Red Indians]]'' || CI Harisankar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[F. I. R. (1999 film)|F. I. R.]]'' || Brigadier Giridhar Baruva ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 2000s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=10 | 2000 || ''[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]'' || Rajendranath Menon ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Millennium Stars]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indriyam]]'' || Rajaraja Varma Thirumanas ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nisheedhini'' || Madhu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Rapid Action Force'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''The Judgement'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sradha]]'' || Dr. Balachandran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''The Warrant'' || Mohan Gandhi Raman ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Priyam (2000 film)|Priyam]]'' || Joshua ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Summer Palace'' || Raveendran ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=11 | 2001 || ''[[Akashathile Paravakal]]'' || Karunan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Onnam Raagam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nee Enikkayi Mathrem'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ee Raavil'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Praja]]'' || DGP || Guest Appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sraavu'' || Captain Napoleon ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sathyameva Jayathe]]'' || DCP Mathew Tharakan IPS ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Goa'' || Sam Alex ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Achaneyanenikkishtam]]'' || Andrews Issac ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Jwalanam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=9 | 2002 || ''Khakhi Nakshatram'' || George ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kalachakram'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kanmashi'' || Chandramohan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha]]'' || [[Chandu Chekavar]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vaanibham'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Niramulla Swapnagal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Desam'' || Unni ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Akhila'' || Balan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''India Gate'' || Vishwanadhan ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Mr. Brahmachari]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''Priyam Priyankaram'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nirappakittu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ennittum]]'' || Chandu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Udayam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2005 || ''December'' || Issac ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Finger Print]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Murali Mohan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Bunglavil Outha'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bus Conductor (film)|Bus Conductor]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=8 | 2006 || ''[[Pathaaka]]'' || Rajan Nadar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Highway Police'' || DSP Somanathan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Red Salute (2006 film)|Red Salute]]'' || Kolappalli Govindan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Narakasuran]]'' || Badri ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bada Dosth]]'' || Minister K.D ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Balram vs. Tharadas]]'' || DGP Madhavadas IPS ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vargam]]'' || Ummen Chacko ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thuruppugulan]]'' || Chandrasekhara Menon ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6 | 2007 || ''[[Paranju Theeratha Visheshangal]]'' || Ashok ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Detective (2007 film)|Detective]]'' || DGP ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mauryan'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Athisayan]]'' || Kuwait Nazar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || Thampan Joseph ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]'' || Viswanathan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2008 || ''[[Bullet (2008 film)|Bullet]]'' || Yamuna Prasad ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parunthu]]'' || Mahesh ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Novel (film)|Novel]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cycle (2008 film)|Cycle]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=10 | 2009 || ''[[My Big Father]]'' || Colonel Varghese ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[I. G. – Inspector General]]'' || DGP Varghese Philip IPS ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gulumaal: The Escape]]'' || Emir Harish Rahman ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ivar Vivahitharayal]]'' || Treesa's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''The Trigger'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pathaam Adyaayam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Banaras (2009 film)|Banaras]]'' || Balakrishnan Nair ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nizhal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' || Kannavathu Nambiar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Black Dalia]]'' || Raveendren ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 2010s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=9 | 2010 || ''[[Yugapurushan]]'' || Madhavan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Koottukar (2010 film)|Koottukar]]'' || Krishnan Nair ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nizhal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[24 Hrs (film)|24 Hrs]]'' || Vikramaditya Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaanakazchakal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nanthuni'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Naale'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Arayan'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Drona 2010]]'' || DIG Beeran Sahib IPS ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=9 | 2011 || ''[[Avan (2010 film)|Avan]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manushyamrugam]]'' || Olikkal Kochupaulose ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Filmstaar]]'' || Minister Thamban ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manikyakkallu]]'' || Ramachandran Master ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' || Home Minister Sudhakaran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mohabbath (2011 film)|Mohabbath]]'' || Kabeer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' || Vijayarakhavan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Janapriyan]]'' || Meera's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Veeraputhran]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Krishnan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=9 | 2012 || ''Yaathrakkoduvil'' || David ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Aakasmikam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Doctor Innocentanu|Doctor Innocent Aanu]]'' || Dr. James ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Namukku Parkkan]]'' || Varghese ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yakshi – Faithfully Yours]]'' || Appan Thampuran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grand Master]]'' || ADGP Vijayan IPS ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'' || IG Shankar Ramadas IPS ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manthrikan]]'' || Shenoy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]'' || Bhargavanunni ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=10 | 2013 || ''Weeping Boy'' || Jail Superintendent ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]'' || Kuwait Kumaran || Cameo<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aan Piranna Veedu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Red Rain (2013 film)|Red Rain]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pakaram'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Manikya Thampurattiyum Christmas Carolum'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Blackberry'' || Minister Ramachandran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Breaking News Live]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''3 G'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Last Bus 8:30 PM'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=13 | 2014 || ''[[Law Point]]'' || Mohan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking 2]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' || Setharaman Iyer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mammiyude Swantham Achoos'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Dial 1091'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Gamer'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Uthara Chemmeen'' || Kunjaayi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Solar Swapnam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'' || Dr. Mathew Philip ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Asha Black]]'' || Srinivas ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ettekaal Second]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mr. Fraud]]'' || Sri Krishna Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=13 | 2015 || ''Wonderful Journey'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Raag Rangeela'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Female Unnikrishnan]]'' || Madhavan Nair ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Namasthe Bali]]'' || Anto Chakkalakyal ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Samrajyam II: Son of Alexander]]'' || Surya Das ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rudra Simhasanam]]'' || Neelakanda Raja ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Oru New Generation Pani'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rasam (film)|Rasam]]'' || Shekhar Menon ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Calling Bell'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Plus Or Minus'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Just Married'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Marutha'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Village Guys'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 2016 || ''[[Marupadi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Daffedar]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Angane Thanne Nethave Anjettanam Pinnale'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pretham]]'' || Principal of National Law College ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ore Mukham]]'' || Older Aravindan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2017 || ''[[1971: Beyond Borders]]'' || IB Director Nair IPS ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vishwa Vikhyatharaya Payyanmar]]'' || Fa.Baby John ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Hello Dubaikkaran'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pranayatheertham'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 2018 || ''Marubhoomiyile Mazhathullikal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ippozhum Eppozhum Sthuthiyayirikkatte'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Koodasha'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]'' || Geethalakshmi's husband ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Koode]]'' || Ouseppachan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=9 | 2019 || ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' || Kanaran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pattabhiraman]]'' || Rajasekhara Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' || Sivadasan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''1948 Kaalam Paranjathu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mangalath Vasundhara'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jack & Daniel]]'' || GK Nair ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[A for Apple]]'' || Ahmed Haji ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Caribbean Udayippu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Munthiri Monchan]]'' || Madhavan Kutty ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== 2020s ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''Love FM'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]'' || ADGP Prathapachandra Menon ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Kshanam (2021 film)|Kshanam]]'' || Vincent ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''Kalachekon'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mahi'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Bad Boyz (film)|Bad Boyz]]'' || Antappan's father ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-10 |title=Devan on wife Suma’s death: Ice cream allergy turned fatal; 'She began to struggle for breath' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/devan-on-wife-sumas-death-ice-cream-allergy-turned-fatal-she-began-to-struggle-for-breath/articleshow/123801454.cms |access-date=2026-01-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''[[Bha Bha Ba]]'' || [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] Dev G. ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-12-24 |title=Bha Bha Ba co-writer: Doing 'Vijay fan scenes' in film excited Mohanlal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Dec/24/bha-bha-ba-co-writer-doing-vijay-fan-scenes-in-film-excited-mohanlal |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tamil===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''[[Pratap (1993 film)|Prathap]]'' || Michael Raj ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1994 || ''[[Captain (1994 film)|Captain]]'' || Jaya ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Honest Raj]]'' || Varadharajan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jaihind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]'' || Sriram ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1995 || ''[[Baashha]]'' || Kesavan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nandhavana Theru]]'' || Adhiseshan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ragasiya Police]]'' || ACP Dinesh ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 1997 || ''[[Mannava (film)|Mannava]]'' || Suriya ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ullaasam]]'' || Chatterjee ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thadayam]]'' || Pandian ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Veerapandi Kottayiley'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''My India'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''[[Iniyavale]]'' || Meena and Manju's uncle ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=7 | 1999 || ''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]'' || ACP ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Siragugal]]'' || Viswa || Sun TV telefilm<br />
|- <br />
| ''[[Rajasthan (film)|Rajasthan]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Periyanna]]'' || Varadharajan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nenjinile]]'' || Samraj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manam Virumbuthe Unnai]]'' || Ramesh ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Time (1999 film)|Time]]'' || Seetharaman ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2000 || ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' || Dharmalingam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ennamma Kannu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vaanavil]]'' || Major Saravanan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2001 || ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' || Minister Devaraj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Citizen (film)|Citizen]]'' || DGP Devasagayam IPS ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' || Mahee's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 2002 || ''[[Punnagai Desam]]'' || Rajarathinam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Roja Kootam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]'' || Priya's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' || Central Minister ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[April Maadhathil]]'' || Shwetha's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2003 || ''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]'' || Ashok ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thithikudhe]]'' || Anu's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indru]]'' || Ramprasad ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=9 | 2004 || ''[[Campus (film)|Campus]]'' || R. K. Devaraj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]'' || Nandhini's uncle ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adi Thadi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Perazhagan]]'' || DSP Nair ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shock (2004 film)|Shock]]'' || Dr. Shyam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arivumani]]'' || Mariyanayagam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arasatchi]]'' || Karunakaran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bose (film)|Bose]]'' || Col. Sharma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gomathi Nayagam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' || Rathnavelu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 2006 || ''[[Aathi]]'' || Shankar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aacharya (2006 film)|Aacharya]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vanjagan]]'' || Arunachalam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vathiyar]]'' || Factory Owner ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Manasukkule'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2008 || ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Satyam]]'' || Police Inspector ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aegan]]'' || Ram Prasad ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Thairiyam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' || Joseph ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]'' || MLA Shankar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Konjam Sirippu Konjam Kobam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' || Dr. Senthil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Masani (film)|Masani]]'' || Swami ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''Nee Naan Nizhal'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Appavi Katteri'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''Ennam Pudhu Vannam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]'' || CBI Officer Narayan Gowda ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Telugu===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1992 || ''[[Dharma Kshetram]]'' || Pandu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1993 || ''[[Aasayam]]'' || Reddappa ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Rowdy Mogudu'' || Sarvarayudu ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-AuiXIH5AA |title=ROWDY MOGUDU {{!}} EXCLUSIVE TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} MOHAN BABU {{!}} VIJAYASHANTI {{!}} VANISREE {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |date=2024-05-04 |last=v9 Videos |access-date=2024-06-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Ratha Sarathi'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1994 || ''[[Police Brothers]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''Street Fighter'' || Sagar ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Street Fighter (1995) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AOWQ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1996 || ''Sampradayam'' || Bhupathi Raja ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Sampradayam (1996) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sampradayam-1996-telugu-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Akka! Bagunnava?]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1997 || ''[[Subhakankshalu]]'' || Balaramaiah ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pelli Chesukundam]]'' || Krishna Prasad ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Maa Annayya]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || ''[[Mounamelanoyi]]'' || Mounika's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Okariki Okaru]]'' || Swapna Rao's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 2004 || ''Sivaram'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]'' || Judge Ravi Reddy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anandamanandamaye]]'' || Bhuvana's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaasi (2004 film)|Kaasi]]'' || GK ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kushi Kushiga]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''[[Desamuduru]]'' || Narayan Patwari ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''Vareva'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]'' || Joseph ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Dhamarukam]]'' || Vishwanath ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarocharu]]'' || Vasudha's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|Heart Attack]]'' || Madhusudhan ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Soukhyam]]'' || Shailu's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]'' || Vice Chancellor Chandra Shekar ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Saaho]]'' || [[Inspector-general of police#India|IG]] Devan Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Kannada===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''[[Deergha Sumangali]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || ''Rough and Tough'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Hindi===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1988 || ''[[New Delhi (1988 Hindi film)|New Delhi]]'' || Shankar ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Saaho]]'' || [[Inspector-general of police#India|IG]] Devan Varma ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!Year !! Title !! Channel !! Role !! Language !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1995||Chinna Chinna Aasai - Uravu ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Suresh||Tamil||Television debut<br />
|-<br />
|2001||Porutham||[[Sun Surya]]|| ||Malayalam||{{Won}}, Social Organisation for Media and Arts (SOMA)-Best Actor<br />
|-<br />
|2002||Sarada||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2004|| Orma ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Nandan Menon||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2005|| Kudumbini ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Nandakumar||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2005-2006||Krishnakripasagaram||[[Amrita TV]]||[[Kamsa]]||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2006||Lakshyam||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2006||Kaliveedu||Sun Surya||||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2006-2008||[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swamy Ayyappan]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Raja Rajasekhara Pandiyan/Pandhalam Rajavu||Malayalam||{{Won}}, Asianet Television Award 2008-Best Supporting Actor<br />
|-<br />
|2006-2008||Kalyani||Sun Surya||||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2007||Manasariyathe||Sun Surya||||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2006|| Daya ||[[Kairali TV]]||Major||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2007|| Mounam Nombaram ||[[Kairali TV]]||||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2008||Srikrishnaleela||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||[[Vilwamangalam Swamiyar]]||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2008-2009||[[Kalasam (TV series)|Kalasam]] ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| ||Tamil||<br />
|-<br />
|2009||Dream City||[[Surya TV]] ||Mulkattil group CEO Menon||Malayalam ||<br />
|-<br />
|2009||[[Swami Ayyappan (2012 film)|Swamy ayyappan Sharanam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| Raja Rajasekhara Pandiyan/Pandhalam Rajavu||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2009-2010||''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Principal P.Sethuramayyer||Malayalam ||<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|2010||Ponnum poovum||[[Amrita TV]]||Devan||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2010||Indhraneelam||[[Sun Surya]] ||||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2010-2011||Veera Marthanda Varma||[[Sun Surya]]||[[Travancore royal family|Thiruvithamkoor Rajavu]]||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2012||[[Ramayanam]]||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||[[Dasharatha]]||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2013||Sri Padmanabham||[[Amrita TV]]||[[Travancore royal family|Thiruvithamkoor Rajavu]]||Malayalam||<br />
|-<br />
|2021–Present||[[Kanyadanam (Malayalam TV series)|Kanyadanam]]||[[Sun Surya]]||Ananthan||Malayalam||Come back to television<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kerala Peoples Party]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0222181|name=Devan}}<br />
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Devan&limit=138 Devan at MSI]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Devan}}<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zubeen_Garg&diff=447099Zubeen Garg2026-03-16T11:15:44Z<p>Lucinda30E: content fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian musician and actor (1972–2025)}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Zubeen Garg<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| image = Zubin Garg Live performance (cropped).jpg<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| landscape = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Garg performing in 2025<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1972|11|18}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Tura, Meghalaya]], India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2025|9|19|1972|11|18}}<br />
| death_place = [[Singapore]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Garima Saikia Garg|2002}}<br />
| parents = <br />
| website = <br />
| embed = <br />
| embed_title =<br />
| background = Solo_singer<br />
| origin = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|percussionist|composer|music director|music producer|lyricist|[[multi-instrumentalist]]|actor|film director|film producer|screenwriter|poet}}<br />
| genre = {{hlist| ([[Borgeet]], [[Ojapali]] etc)|[[Indian folk music|Indian folk]] ([[Bihu]], [[Kamrupi lokgeet|Kamrupi]], [[Goalpariya Lokogeet|Goalparia]], [[Tokari geet|Tokari]] etc)|[[Indian pop music|Indian pop]]|[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]]|[[Sufi music|sufi]]|[[filmi]]|[[Rock music|rock]]|[[blues]]}}<br />
| discography = {{hlist|[[Zubeen Garg discography|Discography]]|[[#Filmography|filmography]]|[[#Bibliography|bibliography]]}}<br />
| years_active = 1992–2025<br />
| label = {{hlist|NK Production|[[Sony Music]]|[[Magnasound Records]]|[[Universal Music Group]]|[[Times Music]]|[[Virgin Records]]|[[EMI Records]]|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|[[Zee Music Company]]|[[Eros Now]]|[[Saregama]]|[[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]|[[Surinder Films]]|[[Eskay Movies]]|Echo Music|Dhwani Records|Zubeen Garg Music |Apon Records |AC Multimedia|Jollywood Now Music}}<br />
| current_member_of = <br />
| past_member_of = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Zubeen Garg''' ({{IPA|as|zubin ɡaɹɡ}}; 18 November 1972 – 19 September 2025) was an Indian musician, composer, singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, actor, director, filmmaker, poet and [[philanthropist]] who primarily worked and sang in the [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Hindi]]-language films and music industries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Zubeen-Garg-on-a-different-track/articleshow/7791874.cms|title=Zubeen Garg on a different track|last=Ganguly|first=Ruman|date=26 March 2011|work=[[Indiatimes]]|access-date=2 July 2012|archive-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308021824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-26/news-interviews/29191918_1_zubeen-garg-bengali-films-bengali-version|url-status=live}}</ref> He also sang in 40 other languages and [[dialect]]s, including [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Adi languages|Adi]], [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]], [[English language|English]], [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Karbi language|Karbi]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Mising language|Mising]], [[Rabha language|Rabha]], [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Sadri language|Sadri]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zubeen's arrived|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/zubeens-arrived.html|access-date=10 January 2021|work=The Pioneer|language=en|date=26 May 2013|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404000432/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/zubeens-arrived.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday to Zubeen Garg, Assam's singing Legend and heartthrob of millions of fans turns 50 today |url=https://pragnews.com/Happy-Birthday-to-Zubeen-Garg-Assam-s-singing-Legend-and-heartthrob-of-millions-of-fans-turns-fifty-today |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=pragnews.com |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327154132/https://pragnews.com/Happy-Birthday-to-Zubeen-Garg-Assam-s-singing-Legend-and-heartthrob-of-millions-of-fans-turns-fifty-today |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Singer Zubeen Garg hospitalised after head injury |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-garg-hospitalised-in-assam-after-head-injury-8041184/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 July 2022 |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327154132/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-garg-hospitalised-in-assam-after-head-injury-8041184/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Garg was a [[multi-instrumentalist]] and played many instruments including [[anandalahari]], [[dhol]], [[dotara]], [[drum]]s, [[guitar]], [[harmonica]], [[Pump organ|harmonium]], [[mandolin]], [[Electronic keyboard|keyboard]], [[tabla]], and various [[percussion instrument]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.assamspider.com/resources/2469-Profile-Zubin-Garg-Singer-Music-composer.aspx|title=Profile of Zubeen Garg – Singer, Music composer of Assam|work=assamspider.com|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704073945/http://www.assamspider.com/resources/2469-Profile-Zubin-Garg-Singer-Music-composer.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was regarded as one of the most influential musicians in Assam, and was reportedly the highest-paid singer in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2017 |title=Barred from singing in Hindi, Assam singer leaves Bihu stage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/guwahati/zubeen-garg-noonmati-bihu-sanmilan-stopped-from-singing-hindi-song-assam-top-singer-quits-bihu-stage-with-an-abuse-4614435/ |url-access=limited |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404063814/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/guwahati/zubeen-garg-noonmati-bihu-sanmilan-stopped-from-singing-hindi-song-assam-top-singer-quits-bihu-stage-with-an-abuse-4614435/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2025 |title=Zubeen Garg, Assamese superstar and voice of a generation, dies in Singapore scuba diving accident |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/zubeen-garg-assamese-singer-dies-in-singapore-during-seizure-while-swimming-accident-10259381/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Over a career spanning 33 years, he recorded over 40,000 songs.{{efn|Credited to multiple sources which claim he recorded over 38,000 or 40,000 songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zubeen Garg: The Song That Stayed Home |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/zubeen-garg-the-song-that-stayed-home-1283507-2025-09-27 |website=India Today NE |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of fans bid adieu to Zubeen at Guwahati stadium |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-gargs-body-arrives-at-guwahati-airport-thousands-gather-to-get-last-glimpse/article70076293.ece |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 September 2025 |language=en-IN |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921172437/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-gargs-body-arrives-at-guwahati-airport-thousands-gather-to-get-last-glimpse/article70076293.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Abhijit |title=From 'Anamika' to 'Ya Ali': Zubeen Garg, a man of many emotions, bids farewell |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/from-anamika-to-ya-ali-zubeen-garg-a-man-of-many-emotions-bids-farewell-1503488612.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=19 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Citation |title=He is a young man who has preserved 35,000 songs of Zubeen Garg from 'Anamika' to 'Maya' | date=18 November 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdwhYtMoJuc |language=en |access-date=20 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title='After singing 35,000 songs, I don't need to take the Best Singer award' |date=13 March 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJWoPZknc0w |access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313173241/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJWoPZknc0w |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Early life and family==<br />
Zubeen was born on 18 November 1972,<ref name="Birthday">{{cite news |last1=Borkotoky |first1=Tonmoy |title=Zubeen Garg turns 48; fans shower him with birthday wishes |url=https://www.newslivetv.com/assam/zubeen-garg-turns-48-fans-shower-him-with-birthday-wishes/ |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=News Live TV |date=18 November 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011231758/https://newslivetv.com/zubeen-garg-turns-48-fans-shower-him-with-birthday-wishes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rockstar with a humane heart – Zubeen Garg turns 48 today |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/rockstar-with-a-humane-heart-zubeen-garg-turns-48-today-512140 |access-date=18 November 2020 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)]] |date=18 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118051439/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/rockstar-with-a-humane-heart-zubeen-garg-turns-48-today-512140 |url-status=live }}</ref> into an [[Assamese Brahmin]] family in [[Tura, Meghalaya]], to Mohini Mohon Borthakur and Ily Borthakur.<ref name="Apr2022">{{cite news |last1=Parashar |first1=Utpal |date=29 July 2019 |title='These Brahmins should be killed,' says Assam singer Zubeen Garg; cases filed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/these-brahmins-should-be-killed-says-assam-singer-zubeen-garg-cases-filed/story-QgaKOmiMcqiCEhzOc8K29O.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115111218/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/these-brahmins-should-be-killed-says-assam-singer-zubeen-garg-cases-filed/story-QgaKOmiMcqiCEhzOc8K29O.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Dristi |title=How Singer Zubeen Garg Got His Name |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/how-singer-zubeen-garg-got-his-name-9307155 |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Ya Ali' singer Zubeen Garg provided security after ULFA threat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/ya-ali-singer-zubeen-garg-provided-security-after-ulfa-threat/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2013 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227233959/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/ya-ali-singer-zubeen-garg-provided-security-after-ulfa-threat/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Jibon Borthakur Chose to Become Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/why-zubeen-borthakur-chose-to-become-zubeen-garg-10481588 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[Pratidin Time]] |date=20 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005162156/https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/why-zubeen-borthakur-chose-to-become-zubeen-garg-10481588 |url-status=live }}</ref> His first name was chosen in homage to [[Zubin Mehta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zubeen Garg, Popular Assamese Singer Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.indiaonline.in/about/personalities/singers/zubeen-garg |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=www.indiaonline.in |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820091745/https://www.indiaonline.in/about/personalities/singers/zubeen-garg |url-status=live }}</ref> His given last name was initially "Borthakur" but later instead of continuing with it, he chose "Garg", the title of his [[Brahmin]] [[gotra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Jibon Borthakur Chose to Become Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/why-zubeen-borthakur-chose-to-become-zubeen-garg-10481588 |website=[[Pratidin Time]] |access-date=26 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005162156/https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/why-zubeen-borthakur-chose-to-become-zubeen-garg-10481588 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Zubeen's father was a [[magistrate]],<ref name=":1" /> and is also known as a lyricist and poet under the pen name Kapil Thakur.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} As a magistrate, his father was frequently transferred due to which Zubeen spent parts of his childhood moving with the family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Barman |first=Rini |date=14 May 2017 |title=The Language of Music |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/the-language-of-music-4654378/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515190432/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/the-language-of-music-4654378/ |archive-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> His mother, Ily Borthakur, was a singer.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='I am still not a big name' |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/07sd2.htm |date=7 August 2006 |website=Rediff |access-date=21 September 2025 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403222807/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/07sd2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His sister Jonkie Borthakur, a singer and actress, died in a car accident in February 2002 in [[Sonitpur district]]. She was travelling to perform a stage show along with her co-artists. Zubeen's 2002 album ''Xixhu'' is dedicated to her.<ref name="Jongki">{{cite news | url=http://www.nenanews.com/NEE%20Feb.7-21,%2002/oh11.htm | title=Jongki Barthakur dies in car mishap | work=North East News Agency | date=21 February 2002 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313031027/http://www.nenanews.com/NEE%20Feb.7-21,%2002/oh11.htm |archive-date=13 March 2013 | url-status=usurped |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> His younger sister Palme Borthakur{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} is an assistant professor of geography at the [[University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya]] and [[Royal Global University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palme Borthakur |url=https://www.rgu.ac/faculty-palme-borthakur |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=www.rgu.ac}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palme Borthakur |url=https://ustm.ac.in/32359-2/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=USTM |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Education===<br />
Garg pursued his primary education at Carmel School, [[Jorhat]], and later attended Karimganj High School and Bijni Bandhab High School. He passed his matriculation exam (class 10th) from Tamulpur Higher Secondary School, [[Nalbari]] in 1989. In the same year, he returned to Bongal Pukhuri, [[Jorhat]], for his higher secondary education in science at the [[Jagannath Barooah University|Jagannath Barooah College]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Saikia|first=Montu|title=Zubeen Garg: Jibanar Para Ganaloi|publisher=Chandra Prakash|location=Guwahati|year=2009|page=114|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452684|language=Assamese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Expression of profound grief and mourning on the demise of Zubeen Garg |url=https://jbu.ac.in/index.php/main/e-notice/2372-expression-of-profound-grief-and-mourning |website=Jagannath Barooah University |date=19 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2025 |title=From Jorhat's Roots to Assam's Soul: Remembering Zubeen Garg's Formative Years |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/from-jorhats-roots-to-assams-soul-remembering-zubeen-gargs-formative-years-10481803 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en-US |archive-date=8 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008195720/https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/from-jorhats-roots-to-assams-soul-remembering-zubeen-gargs-formative-years-10481803 |url-status=live }}</ref> After that, he went to pursue [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[B. Borooah College]] in 1991 after passing his HS Final Exam, but [[Dropping out|dropped out]] to concentrate on his singing career.<ref>{{cite web |title=USTM confers Hon. D.Litt. degree to Zubeen Garg at 10th convocation |url=https://ustm.ac.in/event/ustm-confers-hon-d-litt-degree-to-zubeen-garg-at-10th-convocation/ |website=USTM |access-date=16 September 2025 |archive-date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919143205/https://ustm.ac.in/event/ustm-confers-hon-d-litt-degree-to-zubeen-garg-at-10th-convocation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |first=Ankan |date=10 October 2019 |title=Zubeen's 'Kanchanjangha': A rebel without a cause |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/zubeens-kanchanjangha-a-rebel-without-a-cause.html |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Introduction to music===<br />
Garg started to sing from the age of three.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Zubeen is a born singer – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zubeen-is-a-born-singer/articleshow/2480292.cms |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=23 October 2007 |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024140702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zubeen-is-a-born-singer/articleshow/2480292.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> His first [[guru]] was his mother from whom he learnt to sing and he learnt playing the [[tabla]] from Pandit Robin Banerjee for 11 years.<ref name=":0" /> Guru Ramani Rai introduced him to Assamese folk music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – The Tribune Lifestyle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120725/ttlife1.htm |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=www.tribuneindia.com |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327154203/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120725/ttlife1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Garg had been composing songs since his school days.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Singing career==<br />
===Beginning of singing career (1992–1995)===<br />
Garg made his debut in 1992 with his Assamese solo album, ''Anamika'' under the record label NK Production. In the same year, he had won a gold medal for his western solo performance in a youth festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=A tribute to Assam's soul, Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/a-tribute-to-assams-soul-zubeen-garg |website=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |access-date=24 September 2025 |language=en |date=24 September 2025|last=Nishat|first=Sabir}}</ref><ref name="futuresounds">{{cite web | url=http://www.futuresounds.in/store/anamika/ | title=About Zubeen's debut album Anamika(অনামিকা) at futuresounds.com | publisher=futuresounds.com | access-date=4 September 2015 | archive-date=5 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005084005/http://www.futuresounds.in/store/anamika/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=Ya Ali singer Zubeen Garg hospitalised in Dibrugarh after head injury |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-garg-hospitalised-in-dibrugarh-after-head-injury-101658304241201.html |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> His first recorded songs were "Tumi Janu Pariba Hun"<ref>{{Citation |work=Hungama |title=Tumi Jana Pariba Sun |url=https://www.hungama.com/song/tumi-jana-pariba-sun/2391720/ |language=en |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205171604/https://www.hungama.com/song/tumi-jana-pariba-sun/2391720/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and "Tumi Junaki Hubakh"<ref>{{Citation |work=Hungama |title=Tumi Junaki Subhash |url=https://www.hungama.com/song/tumi-junaki-subhash/2391722/ |language=en |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205171603/https://www.hungama.com/song/tumi-junaki-subhash/2391722/ |url-status=live }}</ref> for the album ''Ritu,'' but it was not released until 1993''.'' He released many other albums such as ''Xopunor Xur'' (1992), ''Junaki Mon'' (1993), ''Maya'' (1994), ''Asha'' (1995) and more.<ref>{{Citation |title=Xopunor Xur - Zubeen Garg - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=6 November 2023 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/xopunor-xur/0VAyq8SQg0Q_ |access-date=21 September 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Junaki Mon - Zubeen Garg, Jonki - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=18 July 2009 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/junaki-mon/ovJnC-NY70c_ |access-date=21 September 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Maya (Original) by Zubeen Garg on Apple Music |date=8 May 2021 |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/maya-original/1580812170 |access-date=21 September 2025 |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asha • Future Sounds |url=https://www.futuresounds.in/store/asha/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Future Sounds |language=en-US |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413001123/https://www.futuresounds.in/store/asha/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Before he moved to Mumbai in 1995, he released his first [[Bihu]] album ''Ujan Piriti'' which was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saikia|first=Montu|title=Zubeen Garg: Jibanar Para Ganaloi|publisher=Chandra Prakash|location=Guwahati|year=2009|page=97|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452684|language=Assamese}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bollywood singing career (1995–2024)===<br />
In the mid-1990s, Garg moved to [[Mumbai]] to work in the [[Bollywood]] music industry where he debuted his first Indipop solo album ''Chandni Raat''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Chandni Raat by Zubeen Garg |date=9 October 2015 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/chandni-raat/1048576498 |language=en-US |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024073042/https://music.apple.com/us/album/chandni-raat/1048576498 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, he recorded Hindi albums and remixes including ''Chanda'' (1996), ''Shradhaanjali Vol. 1'' (1996), ''Shradhaanjali Vol. 2 and 3'' (1997), ''Jalwa'' (1998), ''Yuhi Kabhi'' (1998), ''Jadoo'' (1999), ''Sparsh'' (2000), and others.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2025 |title=Who Was Singer Zubeen Garg? All About His Popular Songs, Family, Achievements |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/who-was-singer-zubeen-garg-who-died-at-52-all-about-his-popular-songs-family-achievements-article-152855099 |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=Times Now |archive-date=20 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920172000/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/who-was-singer-zubeen-garg-who-died-at-52-all-about-his-popular-songs-family-achievements-article-152855099 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
He sang for films including ''[[Gaddaar (1995 film)|Gaddaar (1995)]]'', ''[[Dil Se..|Dil Se (1998)]]'', ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna|Doli Saja Ke Rakhna (1998)]]'', ''[[Fiza|Fiza (2000)]]'', ''[[Kaante|Kaante (2002)]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/biography/zubeen-garg/792|title=About Zubeen Garg|website=bollywoodmdb.com|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083834/http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/biography/zubeen-garg/792|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003, he sang "Sapne Saare" and "Khwabon Ki" from the movie ''[[Mudda – The Issue|Mudda-The Issue]]'', "Maango Agar Dil Se Toh Khuda" from the movie ''[[Chupke Se]]'', "Holi Re" from the movie [[Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost|''Mumbai se Aiya Mera Dost'']] and "Jo Pyar Tumne" from the movie ''[[Jaal: The Trap]]''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Array|title=Jo Pyar Tumne (Jaal – The Trap / Soundtrack Version) (Full Song) – KK, K. S. Chithra – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn|date=14 August 2008|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/jo-pyar-tumne-jaal---the-trap--soundtrack-version/MQcBSA1RBgI|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220181601/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/jo-pyar-tumne-jaal---the-trap--soundtrack-version/MQcBSA1RBgI|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Garg got his biggest breakthrough in Bollywood from the movie ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]'' where he sang the song ''"''Ya Ali".<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |website=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=30 April 2017 |date=22 January 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122120910/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-date=22 January 2009 }}</ref> The song won him the best playback singer [[2nd Global Indian Film Awards|Global Indian Film Awards]] (GIFA) in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yang |first1=Angela |author1-link=Angela Yang |title=Zubeen Garg, singer of 'Ya Ali,' dies in scuba diving incident |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/india/zubeen-garg-singer-ya-ali-dies-scuba-diving-incident-rcna232815 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=21 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926235209/https://www.nbcnews.com/world/india/zubeen-garg-singer-ya-ali-dies-scuba-diving-incident-rcna232815 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Tanisha |title=When Zubeen Garg Reacted To Why Pritam And He Didn't Deliver "Another Ya Ali " |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/when-zubeen-garg-reacted-to-why-pritam-and-he-didnt-deliver-another-ya-ali-9307786 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=19 September 2025 |archive-date=4 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004130008/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/when-zubeen-garg-reacted-to-why-pritam-and-he-didnt-deliver-another-ya-ali-9307786 |url-status=live }}</ref> His next Hindi album ''[[Zindagi (album)|Zindagi]]'' was released in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zubeen Garg launches new album |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/zubeen-garg-launches-new-album |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212211611/https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/zubeen-garg-launches-new-album |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007, he collaborated with [[Ustad]] [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Sultan Khan]] to sing ''"Jag Lal Lal Lal"'' for the movie ''[[Big Brother (2007 film)|Big Brother]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jag Lal Lal Lal (Ustad Sultan Khan and Zubeen Garg Version) by Sultan Khan & Zubeen Garg on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/jag-lal-lal-lal-ustad-sultan-khan-and-zubeen-garg-version/1547274646 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=26 September 2025 |date=30 January 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bengali singing career (1997–2025)===<br />
Apart from singing in the Bollywood and [[Assamese cinema|Assamese film]] and [[Music of Assam|music industries]], he debuted in the Bengali music industry in 2003 where he sang two songs in the movie ''Mon''. In the next year, he sang three songs in the movie ''[[Shudhu Tumi]]'' and was the film's music director. In 2005 he sang "O Bondhure''"'' and "Lagena Bhalo" in the film ''[[Premi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pait Chowdhury |first1=Madhumanti |title="Zubeen Garg Lived Life King-Sized": Composer Jeet Gannguli To NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zubeen-garg-lived-life-kingsize-composer-jeet-gannguli-to-ndtv-9307960 |access-date=24 September 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=19 September 2025 |archive-date=20 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920140151/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zubeen-garg-lived-life-kingsize-composer-jeet-gannguli-to-ndtv-9307960 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anurupa |title=Zubeen Garg Top 5 Songs: গোটা বাংলাকে কাঁদিয়েছেন, জুবিন গর্গের এই ৫টি গান আজও প্রিয় দর্শকের.. |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zubeen-garg-death-singer-top-5-songs-fan-remembered-10479600 |access-date=24 September 2025 |work=[[Indian Express|Indian Express Baengali]] |date=19 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> In 2008, he recorded several Bengali songs like "Mon mane Na" from the movie [[Mon Mane Na (2008 film)|''Mon Mane Na'']], "Piya re Piya re" from the movie ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar|Chirodini Tumi je Amaar]]'', and "Mon Jete Chay Shudhu" from the movie ''[[Love Story (2008 film)|Love story]]''.<br />
<br />
==Acting career==<br />
<br />
Apart from singing, Garg also made his debut as an actor and director for the film ''[[Tumi Mor Matho Mor]],'' which was released in early 2000 under NK Production. He acted some films like ''Prem Aru Prem'' (2002), ''Dinabandhu'' (2004), ''[[Mon Jaai]]'' (2008), ''Bhal Pabo Najanilu'' (2013), ''[[Gaane Ki Aane]]'' (2016), ''[[Mission China]]'' (2017), ''[[Priyaar Priyo]]'' (2017), ''The Underworld'' (2018), ''[[Kanchanjangha]]'' (2019), ''Rajneeti'' (2022), ''[[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]]'' (2023), ''[[Roi Roi Binale]]'' (2025) and more.<ref>{{Cite news<br />
|title=Zubeen Garg filmography<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Zubeen-Garg/movies<br />
|work=The Times of India<br />
|access-date=1 February 2026<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Artistry==<br />
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=== Musical styles ===<br />
Garg's music has been described as soulful, rooted in folk rather than classical traditions. His work spanned genres from folk to pop, often intertwined with [[Sufi music|Sufi]] tunes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond entertainment: Zubeen Garg and spirituality of soulful music |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2025/09/beyond-entertainment-zubeen-garg-and-spirituality-of-soulful-music.html |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005171928/https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2025/09/beyond-entertainment-zubeen-garg-and-spirituality-of-soulful-music.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His early musical style was marked by a fusion of [[Rock music|rock]], [[Indian classical music]], and [[Music of Assam|Assamese folk]] elements that helped broaden the Assamese music, parallelling the Sufi trend that emerged in [[Bollywood]] during the early 2000s.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Chennai / Cinema : For the sound of music |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/03/stories/2007110351381400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308131647/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/03/stories/2007110351381400.htm |archive-date=8 March 2008 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=www.hindu.com |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since the release of his breakthrough album ''Anamika'' in 1992, he was recognised as a trendsetter in Assam for blending Western and regional influences while also contributing to the revival of traditional Assamese music.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Development of modern music in Assam: Guwahati (GMC), a mosaic of cultural fusion and diffusion. |url=https://www.ijariit.com/manuscripts/v4i6/V4I6-1321.pdf |journal=International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology |issn=2454-132X |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520002340/https://www.ijariit.com/manuscripts/v4i6/V4I6-1321.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the years, he has collaborated with nearly 250 tribal communities across [[Assam]] learning and preserving more than five thousand traditional folk songs.<ref name=":3" /> He has often described himself primarily as a folk singer.<ref name=":2" /><br />
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A multilingual [[vocalist]], Garg recorded in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], Bengali, Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Punjabi, and several tribal dialects of Northeast India. His musical versatility was reflected in his ability to perform a wide range of styles from romantic and devotional to [[Bihu]]-tuned and modern songs. He has sung many ''Bihu songs, [[Borgeet]]'', ''[[Kamrupi lokgeet|lukogeets]]'', tribal folk songs like ''[[Oi Nitom|oi ni:toms]]'' of the [[Mising People|Misings]], and ''[[Dhikr|Zikir]]'' (Sufi devotional songs).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding Zubeen Garg: When grief met sorrow in anguished Assam |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/09/24/understanding-zubeen-garg-when-grief-met-sorrow-in-anguished-assam.html |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924133650/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/09/24/understanding-zubeen-garg-when-grief-met-sorrow-in-anguished-assam.html |url-status=live |date=24 September 2025|last=Baruah|first=Sanjib Kr}}</ref><br />
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Several of Garg's albums, such as ''Xixhu'' and ''Mukti'', expressed themes of dissent and opposition toward the socio-political elite. Over time, he faced criticism for what some perceive as moral ambiguity, social irresponsibility, and an excessive inclination toward Western musical styles. In response to debates concerning the definition of folk music in Assam, Garg said, "I made my songs in the way in which I feel comfortable. Art is all about freedom."<ref name=":1" /><br />
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Garg gained national recognition in [[Bollywood]] with the 2006 song "Ya Ali" from ''Gangster'', composed by [[Pritam]]. Despite the song's success, Garg did not fully transition into mainstream Bollywood playback singing. In an interview with PTI, he said: <blockquote>Bollywood music is changing with a slow pace. No doubt that new genres are coming to play but at the same time we are clinging to the formula of previous hit numbers. Even I was getting typecast after 'Ya Ali' in 2006, so I rejected many offers. I had a bad name in the industry for that. But I don't think about it because I am not in a hurry to take up projects.<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Zubeen Garg spoke about rejecting offers after Ya Ali became a superhit, "I had a bad name in the industry for that, Bollywood is..." |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/when-zubeen-garg-spoke-about-rejecting-offers-after-ya-ali-became-a-superhit-i-had-a-bad-name-in-the-industry-for-that-bollywood-is-article-13562485.html?|date=20 September 2025}}</ref> </blockquote><br />
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=== Cinematic styles ===<br />
Beyond music, Garg explored filmmaking as an extension of his artistic vision. He wrote, directed, and starred many Assamese Films. He preferred realism and political themes over conventional song-and-dance narratives. His cinematic themes often centered on Assamese identity, youth idealism, conflict, and social change, consistent with his musical activism.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Beats of a Bong connection |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/beats-of-a-bong-connection/cid/1552258 |access-date=7 October 2025 |publisher=The Telegraph Online |archive-date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129231721/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/beats-of-a-bong-connection/cid/1552258 |url-status=live }}</ref> When asked about shifting his focus from music to films—particularly while writing and directing his film ''Chakra''—He explained that he viewed the two art forms as interconnected: <blockquote>I had been in terms with films since long as my mother, Illy Borthakur, was an Assamese actress, so I think I am quite experienced now to move into films or direct one, also I want to create a different personality of mine; neither as a performer nor as a singer but as an all-rounder.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2008 |title=I am a super-confident person: Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/04/22/i-am-a-super-confident-person-zubeen-garg-1208849715.html |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=One India |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209212841/https://www.oneindia.com/2008/04/22/i-am-a-super-confident-person-zubeen-garg-1208849715.html |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>In another interview, when asked if singers can act, he answered:<blockquote> [[Kishore Kumar]] has shown us that it is possible. I prefer serious roles, though I like to dance in music videos. These days, composers are turning singers. That is a problem for us. None of them can pull it off, except [[Himesh Reshammiya|Himesh]] [Reshammiya].<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><br />
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===Influences===<br />
Garg grew up listening to his father's collection of old classics, including country, rock, and blues and said he was a fan of ethnic music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zubeen Garg: Voice of inspiration |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/zubeen-garg-voice-of-inspiration |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> He has been inspired by many artists from Assam, Bollywood and beyond. He has mentioned [[Bhupen Hazarika]], [[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]] and poet [[Hiren Bhattacharya]] as major influences from Assam.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Tribute to Zubeen Garg, rebel artist of Assam {{!}} Peoples Democracy |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2025/1005_pd/tribute-zubeen-garg-rebel-artist-assam |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref> He also admired singers like [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] and [[Begum Akhtar]], and composers [[S. D. Burman]], [[R. D. Burman]], [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. Among his western influences, he admired [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Kenny G]] and expressed his desire for composing a song for them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Week |url=http://www.the-week.com/25jan02/currentevents_article10.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230013855/http://www.the-week.com/25jan02/currentevents_article10.htm |archive-date=30 December 2004 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=www.the-week.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: The voice behind Gangster's Ya Ali |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/07sd5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712103958/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/07sd5.htm |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref><br />
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Garg had mentioned [[Charlie Chaplin]] as one his favourite icons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saikia|first=Montu|title=Zubeen Garg: Jibanar Para Ganaloi|publisher=Chandra Prakash|location=Guwahati|year=2009|page=112|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452684|language=Assamese}}</ref> He once had a tattoo of Chaplin with the phrase "I can fall but never fail"<ref name=":5" /><br />
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==Public image==<br />
Garg was known for his bold and outspoken statements. His remarks on social, religious, and cultural issues drew both support and criticism, often making public remarks on politicians and ministers. On one occasion, he publicly made a humorous statement on chief minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], who had been photographed [[leaping]] on stage like him, questioning why Sarma was "imitating" him and said "that's my style, and you can't copy my style" <ref>{{cite news |title=Assam seeks justice for its Zubeen |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/assam-seeks-justice-for-its-zubeen/ |work=The Tribune |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025 |archive-date=28 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928191820/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/assam-seeks-justice-for-its-zubeen/ |url-status=live |last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|author-link=Sanjoy Hazarika}}</ref> He also spoke openly about [[alcohol beverage|alcohol use]], once saying that some of his songs were made while he was drunk.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zubeen Garg once said 'most of my biggest songs were made when I was drunk called himself the George Best of music |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/zubeen-garg-once-said-most-of-my-biggest-songs-were-made-when-i-was-drunk-called-himself-the-george-best-of-music-1801266 |work=ABP Live |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> Despite advice from well-wishers to avoid making controversial statements, Garg said he could not restrain his opinions. He is known for the phrase "Moi ghenta kaku khatir nokoru, you can't dictate me" (translated as: "I don't give a damn to anyone, you can't dictate me").<ref>{{cite news |title=Farewell Zubeen Garg: A larger-than-life persona, enigma and icon across generations |work=NDTV |date=23 September 2025 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/farewell-zubeen-garg-a-larger-than-life-persona-enigma-and-icon-across-generations-9326687|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><br />
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Garg was one of the non-political figures in the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Bill protests|Anti-CAA]] protests in Assam. His song ''"Politics Nokoriba Bandhu"'' (translated as ''"Don’t do politics, my friend"'') was released as an expression of his disillusionment with the state's corrupt politics. The song was widely adopted as an anthem of dissent during various protests against political corruption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/music-art-tie-them-as-zubeen-garg-and-a-host-of-assamese-artistes-lead-anti-caa-stir-from-the-front-2432069.html|title=Music, Art Tie Them as Zubeen Garg and a Host of Assamese Artistes Lead Anti-CAA Stir from the Front|website=News18|access-date=13 March 2020|date=21 December 2019|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114054315/https://www.news18.com/news/india/music-art-tie-them-as-zubeen-garg-and-a-host-of-assamese-artistes-lead-anti-caa-stir-from-the-front-2432069.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Aditi |title='Don't mess with Assam': Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/dont-mess-with-assam-zubeen-garg/article30404699.ece |access-date=13 March 2020 |work=@businessline |date=26 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417192412/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/dont-mess-with-assam-zubeen-garg/article30404699.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CAA 'not forgotten': Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/caa-not-forgotten-zubeen-garg/cid/1801261 |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024122510/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/caa-not-forgotten-zubeen-garg/cid/1801261 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Controversies and criticism===<br />
In 2015, Garg in a live performance at [[Khanapara]] of [[Guwahati]], wielded a gun threatening the audience not to leave otherwise he would shoot them. He said "I'll sing with this gun now. It's not fake, it's real. Don't go away or I'll shoot you." Later police arrived and found that it was a toy gun.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Rituparna |title=Assamese Singer Points Toy Gun At Audience, Threatens To Shoot If They Leave His Show |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/assamese-singer-zubeen-garg-points-toy-gun-at-audience-threaten_n_7009560 |access-date=14 October 2025 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=6 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Popular singer Zubeen Garg threatens to shoot audience if they leave his show {{!}} Popular singer Zubeen Garg threatens to shoot audience if they leave his show |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150406/entertainment-bollywood/article/popular-singer-zubeen-garg-points-toy-gun-audience-threatens |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=14 October 2025 |language=en |date=6 April 2015 |archive-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213060057/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150406/entertainment-bollywood/article/popular-singer-zubeen-garg-points-toy-gun-audience-threatens |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zubeen stirs controversy - this time with gun |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/zubeen-stirs-controversy-this-time-with-gun-115040600475_1.html |access-date=14 October 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=6 April 2015 |language=en-us |archive-date=20 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120011000/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/zubeen-stirs-controversy-this-time-with-gun-115040600475_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 2017, he was sentenced to three months in jail and fined ₹5,000 in connection with a 2013 assault case. The case involved allegations that he had slapped a minor, for smoking in public. The boy was the son of senior advocate Arup Chandra Borbora and grandson of former chief minister of Assam [[Golap Borbora]]. Garg was acquitted under Section 341 of the Indian Penal Code but found guilty under Sections 323 (voluntarily causing hurt) and 506 (criminal intimidation). His legal team accepted the judgement and announced plans to appeal before the Sessions Judge Court.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Free Press Journal |title=Singer Zubeen Garg sentenced to three months jail, Rs 5,000 fine |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/singer-zubeen-garg-sentenced-to-three-months-jail-rs-5000-fine-for-this-reason |access-date=4 October 2025 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228002309/https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/singer-zubeen-garg-sentenced-to-three-months-jail-rs-5000-fine-for-this-reason |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zubeen convicted, gets bail |website=Telegraph India |date=7 October 2017 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/zubeen-convicted-gets-bail/cid/1655824 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><br />
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In 2018, Garg publicly advised athlete [[Hima Das]] to consume [[beef]] rather than [[chicken]] or [[pigeon meat]], claiming that beef would help her gain greater strength for national and international competitions. He argued that when it comes to sports, factors such as religion, caste, and creed should be put aside in favour of what benefits athletic performance. The statement generated controversy within Assam.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Arshad |title='Zubeen was for all': Singer's death unites India's religiously torn Assam |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/3/zubeen-was-for-all-singers-death-unites-indias-religiously-torn-assam |access-date=14 October 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=3 October 2025 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005062415/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/3/zubeen-was-for-all-singers-death-unites-indias-religiously-torn-assam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Assam: Zubeen tells Hima Das to consume beef for 'real strength'!| date=15 July 2018 |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-zubeen-tells-hima-das-consume-beef-real-strength.html}}</ref><br />
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In January 2019, a short audio clip circulated on social media in which Garg appeared to use "unparliamentary" language to criticise the posthumous conferral of the [[Bharat Ratna]] on [[Bhupen Hazarika]]. An FIR was filed at the Lanka Police Station in [[Hojai]] district by Satya Ranjan Borah (of the Assam Kisan Morcha, affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) alleging that the remarks defamed the Bharat Ratna, insulted Hazarika and hurt public sentiment. Garg acknowledged that the voice in the clip was his and published a social media post stating that his objection was not to Bhupen Hazarika personally, but to what he described as the political appropriation and timing of the award.<ref>{{cite news |title=FIR registered against Zubeen Garg for alleged 'unconstitutional' remark on Bharat Ratna |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/fir-registered-against-zubeen-garg-for-alleged-unconstitutional-remark-on-bharat-ratna-5556293/ |work=The Indian Express |date=26 January 2019 |access-date=5 October 2025 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527043031/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/fir-registered-against-zubeen-garg-for-alleged-unconstitutional-remark-on-bharat-ratna-5556293/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 2019, the artist faced a controversy when he said, "I am [[Brahmin]], but I have snapped my ''[[Upanayana|lagun]]'' (a sacred thread worn by Brahmins) in the movie. I had removed the thread earlier, and still don't wear it. These Brahmins should be killed".<ref>{{cite web | title=Assam singer Zubeen Garg says,'These Brahmins should be killed'; case registered | date=30 July 2019 | url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/assam-singer-zubeen-garg-says-these-brahmins-should-be-killed-case-registered-2926237.html | access-date=20 September 2025 | archive-date=1 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801090953/https://www.oneindia.com/india/assam-singer-zubeen-garg-says-these-brahmins-should-be-killed-case-registered-2926237.html | url-status=live }}</ref> But, later he clarified that he did not mean that way. He said-'' "I told it jokingly, so people have misinterpreted it. I meant that-the system of high caste-low caste should be eliminated. I believe in that concept. In that attempt, the word 'Bamun' was a slip of tongue. Therefore, I apologise in front of Brahmin Society since that was not my intent. I am a brahmin boy too. People have seen-what I have been doing all these years. I have worked for all sections of people."'' Additionally, Garg said- ''"I was also exhausted at that time as I was continuously performing for the last 3-4 nights. That might be also a reason. I am sorry. This won't happen in the future.''<ref name="Prag News">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2sTTsZQ7rg |title=Zubeen-Brahmin controversy: Zubeen Garg seeks apology for the brahmin controversy |access-date=5 October 2025 |archive-date=8 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008083955/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2sTTsZQ7rg |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In April 2024, during [[Bihu]] concert, he said to the crowd that [[Krishna]] was not a God but a man.<ref>{{cite news |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |last1=Walker |first1=Mark |author2-link=Suhasini Raj |title=Zubeen Garg, Singer Who Charmed India With a Bollywood Hit, Dies at 52 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/22/world/asia/zubeen-garg-dead.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 September 2025 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923005306/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/22/world/asia/zubeen-garg-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was subsequently banned from [[Majuli District]] Satra Mahasabha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Zubeen Garg Faces Ban From Majuli District Satra Mahasabha |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-zubeen-garg-faces-ban-from-majuli-district-satra-mahasabha |work=Sentinel Assam |date=26 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426180129/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-zubeen-garg-faces-ban-from-majuli-district-satra-mahasabha |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Philanthropy===<br />
Garg ran a charity, the Kalaguru Artiste Foundation, which donates money for various causes. He urged people to donate clothes, medicines and contributions when devastating floods hit Assam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beyond Bollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20181105-beyond-bollywood-1374988-2018-10-27 |access-date=18 September 2019 |work=India Today |date=5 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102154758/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20181105-beyond-bollywood-1374988-2018-10-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> He took on the issue over corruption in [[Assam Public Service Commission|APSC]] recruitment in his movie [[Kanchanjangha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/daily-news/zubeen-s-next-film-kanchenjunga-to-be-based-on-apsc-scam|title=Zubeen's next film 'Kanchenjunga' to be based on APSC scam|website=G Plus|language=en|access-date=18 September 2019|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209092909/http://www.guwahatiplus.com/daily-news/zubeen-s-next-film-kanchenjunga-to-be-based-on-apsc-scam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/singing-sensation-zubeen-garg-and-team-visits-dhemaji-for-kanchanjangha-promotion/|title=Singing sensation Zubeen Garg and Team visits Dhemaji for Kanchanjangha Promotion|date=29 October 2018|website=The Sentinel|language=en-US|access-date=18 September 2019|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831065523/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/singing-sensation-zubeen-garg-and-team-visits-dhemaji-for-kanchanjangha-promotion/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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He was a [[Association football|football]] fan and has played matches to collect funds for flood-affected people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sports/2015-10-05/Soccer-for-charity-in-Assam/179263|title=Soccer for charity in Assam|website=The Hans India|date=5 October 2015|access-date=14 May 2019|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514063145/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sports/2015-10-05/Soccer-for-charity-in-Assam/179263|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In May 2021, during a [[COVID-19 pandemic in India#2021: Second wave|surge in COVID-19 cases]], Garg offered his two-storey house in [[Guwahati]] to be converted into a COVID Care Centre. This act aimed to address the rising demand for beds for patients at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=Zubeen Garg offers his house to convert as Covid care centre |url=https://assamtribune.com/guwahati/zubeen-garg-offers-his-house-to-convert-as-covid-care-centre-1091844 |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=The Assam Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Personal life==<br />
[[File:Zubin with wife Garima Garg.jpg|thumb|Zubeen with his wife Garima.]]Garg met his wife, Garima Saikia, a [[fashion designer]] from [[Golaghat]], after she wrote him a letter expressing admiration for his albums ''Anamika'' and ''Maya''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} They got married on 4 February 2002.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/assam-zubeen-to-celebrate-his-birthday-by-releasing-music-album-of-mission-china/| title=Assam: Zubeen Garg to celebrate his birthday by releasing music album of 'Mission China'!| work=The North East Today| date=18 November 2016| access-date=8 September 2017| archive-date=23 May 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523122714/http://thenortheasttoday.com/assam-zubeen-to-celebrate-his-birthday-by-releasing-music-album-of-mission-china/| url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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He considered himself [[irreligious]] and said that he did not have any [[caste system in Hinduism|caste]] or [[god]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I Don't Have Any Caste, Religion Or God: Zubeen Garg |url=https://m.guwahatiplus.com/article/i-don-t-have-any-caste-religion-or-god-zubeen-garg/5862/amp#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17141538671889&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com |work=Guwahati Plus |date=29 July 2019 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426180152/https://m.guwahatiplus.com/article/i-don-t-have-any-caste-religion-or-god-zubeen-garg/5862/amp#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17141538671889&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phukan |first1=Sandeep |last2=Karmakar |first2=Rahul |date=29 September 2025 |title=Zubeen Garg: The atheist who became god |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/zubeen-garg-the-atheist-who-became-god/article70105627.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=1 October 2025 |archive-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930210040/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/zubeen-garg-the-atheist-who-became-god/article70105627.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Death ==<br />
On 19 September 2025, Garg died in [[Singapore]], at the age of 52. He died while swimming in a sea without a life jacket<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2025 |title=Not scuba diving, singer Zubeen Garg was swimming without life jacket: Assam CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/not-scuba-diving-zubeen-garg-was-swimming-without-life-jacket-assam-cm-10261615/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921095105/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/not-scuba-diving-zubeen-garg-was-swimming-without-life-jacket-assam-cm-10261615/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zubeen Garg Death in Singapore: What We Know So Far |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/zubeen-garg-death-in-singapore-everything-we-know-so-far-3737714 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921142448/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/zubeen-garg-death-in-singapore-everything-we-know-so-far-3737714 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Zubeen Garg's cause of death revealed: Death certificate states singer died due to 'drowning' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zubeen-gargs-cause-of-death-revealed-death-certificate-states-singer-died-due-to-drowning/articleshow/124030064.cms |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921233749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zubeen-gargs-cause-of-death-revealed-death-certificate-states-singer-died-due-to-drowning/articleshow/124030064.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> off the coast of [[Saint John's Island]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2025 |title=A beloved Indian singer drowned in Singapore. Now fans want answers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cewn9gdjwdgo |work=BBC |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010173058/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cewn9gdjwdgo |url-status=live }}</ref> He was administered [[CPR]] and rushed to [[Singapore General Hospital]], where he was pronounced dead in the [[intensive care unit]] around 2:30&nbsp;pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Assamese cultural icon Zubeen Garg passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/assams-popular-singer-zubeen-garg-dies-while-scuba-diving-in-singapore/article70069446.ece |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 September 2025 |language=en-IN |archive-date=20 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920033416/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/assams-popular-singer-zubeen-garg-dies-while-scuba-diving-in-singapore/article70069446.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Bhaswati |title=Zubeen Garg Passes Away: Remembering Singer's Timeless Bollywood Hits |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/zubeen-garg-passes-away-remembering-singers-timeless-bollywood-hits-ws-l-9583825.html |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=19 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919123515/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/zubeen-garg-passes-away-remembering-singers-timeless-bollywood-hits-ws-l-9583825.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Funeral===<br />
The cremation ground, spanning 3.3 acres of government-allotted land in [[Kamarkuchi N. C.|Kamarkuchi]], Sonapur NC village near [[Guwahati]], was volunteered by local villagers; it accommodates up to 5,000 mourners. Garg's body lay in state at the [[Arjuna Bhogeswar Baruah Sports Complex]], Guwahati, until the morning of 23 September for the public to pay tributes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zubeen Garg's body to be kept at Guwahati sports complex before cremation |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/zubeen-gargs-mortal-remains-to-be-kept-at-sarusajai-till-monday-assam-cm/cid/2124200 |work=The Telegraph |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zubeen Garg to be cremated with full state honours near Guwahati on September 23 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/zubeen-garg-to-be-cremated-with-full-state-honours-near-guwahati-on-september-23/cid/2124279 |work=The Telegraph |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam CM: Family's wish to perform Zubeen Garg's last rites near Guwahati prioritised; memorials planned in both Guwahati and Jorhat |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/zubeen-garg-to-be-cremated-with-full-state-honours-near-guwahati-on-september-23/cid/2124279 |work=The Telegraph |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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Garg was cremated with full state honours on 23 September with a [[21-gun salute]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Abhishek |title=Zubeen Garg: Fans gather in large numbers to mourn iconic Indian singer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8exxep4n00o |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[BBC]] |date=23 September 2025 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923051948/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8exxep4n00o |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Kieran |title=Mourners in India celebrate the life of Zubeen Garg – DW – 09/23/2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/mourners-in-india-celebrate-the-life-of-zubeen-garg/a-74108148 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=23 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924002334/https://www.dw.com/en/mourners-in-india-celebrate-the-life-of-zubeen-garg/a-74108148 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 30 September 2025, Garg's ashes were brought to [[Jorhat]] for the traditional 13th-day ''Adyashraddha'' ceremony on 1 October. It was attended by his family and thousands of fans. The Assam government announced plans to construct a memorial in Jorhat to honour his legacy, in addition to a memorial in Guwahati. The ashes remained at a public venue in Jorhat for a few days, allowing fans and well-wishers to pay their final tributes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam's oldest stadium in Jorhat to host Zubeen Garg's Shraddha on October 1 |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/assams-oldest-stadium-in-jorhat-to-host-zubeen-gargs-shraddha-on-october-1-1592790 |newspaper=Assam Tribune |date=1 October 2025 |archive-date=28 September 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928113042/https://assamtribune.com/assam/assams-oldest-stadium-in-jorhat-to-host-zubeen-gargs-shraddha-on-october-1-1592790 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands gather at Jorhat Stadium for Zubeen Garg's 13th-day Adyashraddha |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/thousands-gather-at-jorhat-stadium-for-zubeen-gargs-13th-day-adyashraddha |newspaper=Sentinel Assam |date=1 October 2025 |archive-date=2 October 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002125417/https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/thousands-gather-at-jorhat-stadium-for-zubeen-gargs-13th-day-adyashraddha |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands pay emotional tribute to Zubeen Garg amid rain at Jorhat |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/jorhat/thousands-pay-emotional-tribute-to-zubeen-garg-amid-rain-at-jorhat-10519076 |newspaper=Pratidin Time |date=4 October 2025 |archive-date=5 October 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005162105/https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/jorhat/thousands-pay-emotional-tribute-to-zubeen-garg-amid-rain-at-jorhat-10519076 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 29 October 2025, Garg's ashes were immersed in the [[Brahmaputra River]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zubeen Garg's ashes immersed in Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/zubeen-gargs-ashes-immersed-in-brahmaputra/article70216703.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI |date=29 October 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref><br />
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===Tributes===<br />
Garg's death prompted widespread tributes across India. Many high-profile individuals, including Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], leader of the opposition [[Rahul Gandhi]], and the Chief Minister of Assam, [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], expressed their condolences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Condolences pour in over death of singer Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/condolences-pour-in-over-death-of-singer-zubeen-garg/article70069962.ece |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 September 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2025 |title=Singer Zubeen Garg passes away at 52: PM Modi expresses grief; Rahul Gandhi, Kharge pay tribute |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-mourns-zubeen-gargs-death-calls-him-assams-favourite-rockstar/articleshow/123996813.cms |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919104955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-mourns-zubeen-gargs-death-calls-him-assams-favourite-rockstar/articleshow/123996813.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As a tribute, the Government of Assam declared a three-day state mourning from 20 to 22 September and later it was extended to 23 September to cover the day of his funeral and cremation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zubeen Garg cremation: Mourning period extended by one day |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/zubeen-garg-to-be-cremated-with-full-state-honours-near-guwahati-on-september-23/cid/2124279 |work=The Telegraph |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam declares three-day State mourning over singer Zubeen Garg's death |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/zubeen-garg-death-singapore-assam-state-mourning-three-days/article70073216.ece |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 September 2025 |language=en-IN |archive-date=20 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920093851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/zubeen-garg-death-singapore-assam-state-mourning-three-days/article70073216.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] also expressed grief, describing Garg as her "dear brother" and praising his "mellifluous voice and indomitable spirit," adding that his songs will remain "immortal forever."<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee mourns singer Zubeen Garg's death |url=https://theprint.in/india/bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-mourns-singer-zubeen-gargs-death/2747044/ |work=ThePrint |agency=PTI |date=19 September 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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In addition to political leaders, numerous figures from the Indian film and music industries expressed grief over Garg's death. Fellow Assamese singer [[Papon (singer)|Papon]] described the loss as comparable to losing a brother, calling Garg "the voice of a generation." Music director [[Pritam Chakraborty]], who had collaborated with him on ''Gangster'' (2006), stated that he was "shocked and devastated" and conveyed condolences to Garg's family.<br />
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Musician [[A. R. Rahman]], veteran singer [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], composer [[Jeet Ganguly]], lyricist [[Sameer Anjaan]], rapper [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], pop band [[A Band of Boys]], [[Viva (band)|Viva]], singers [[Alisha Chinai]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Debojit Saha]], [[Kalpana Patowary]], [[Neha Bhasin]], [[Raageshwari Loomba Swaroop]], [[Shilpa Rao]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sagarika]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Tarali Sarma]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], and actors [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Jatin Bora]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Ravi Sarma]] also shared tributes on social media, recalling Garg's cross‑genre contributions from Assamese folk to Bollywood.<ref>{{cite news |last1=P |first1=Devadasan K. |title=Zubeen Garg's final journey: India bids tearful goodbye |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/zubeen-gargs-final-journey-india-bids-tearful-goodbye-1.500277469 |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=21 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Lubna |title=Hariharan Pays Tribute After 'True Soul' Zubeen Garg's Death: 'He Belonged To People' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/hariharan-pays-tribute-after-true-soul-zubeen-gargs-death-he-belonged-to-people-aa-9588636.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=22 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Tanisha |title=Zubeen Garg Death: Tributes From Shaan, Papon And Others - "Devastated And Shocked" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zubeen-garg-death-tributes-from-pritam-armaan-malik-and-others-devastated-and-shocked-9307008 |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=19 September 2025 |archive-date=28 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928140329/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zubeen-garg-death-tributes-from-pritam-armaan-malik-and-others-devastated-and-shocked-9307008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sangbadpratidin">{{cite news |title='ভাইকে হারালাম', জুবিনের মৃত্যুতে বাকরুদ্ধ পাপন, শোকপ্রকাশ প্রীতম ও দেবের |trans-title='Lost a brother': Papon speechless, tributes from Pritam and Dev after Zubeen's death |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/zubeen-garg-death-pritam-papon-dev-jeet-ganguly-are-devastated-by-news/ |work=Sangbad Pratidin |date=19 September 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025 |language=bn |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921063703/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/zubeen-garg-death-pritam-papon-dev-jeet-ganguly-are-devastated-by-news/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Assamese actor [[Adil Hussain]] called the news "shocking and heartbreaking," emphasising Garg's cultural importance in Assamese music and cinema.<ref name="sangbadpratidin" /><br />
On 21 September 2025, at the trailer launch of ''[[Raghu Dakat]]'', a 30‑second silence was observed at Netaji Indoor Stadium in Kolkata in Garg's memory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raghu Dakat trailer launch, Dev's 20 years in Tollywood: Event pays tribute to Zubeen Garg with silence |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/himanta-biswa-sarma-shared-raghu-dakat-trailer-launch-video-as-they-paid-tribute-to-zubeen-garg-entertainment-news-bollywood-1153347 |work=ABP Ananda |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=23 September 2025 |language=bn |archive-date=8 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008195705/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/himanta-biswa-sarma-shared-raghu-dakat-trailer-launch-video-as-they-paid-tribute-to-zubeen-garg-entertainment-news-bollywood-1153347 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Bollywood actor [[Aamir Khan]] wrote "A true legend, his voice touched millions, and his music shaped generations."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sehgal |first1=Chirag |title=Aamir Khan Pays Emotional Tribute To Zubeen Garg: 'We Are Deeply Saddened' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/aamir-khan-pays-emotional-tribute-to-zubeen-garg-we-are-deeply-saddened-ws-l-9597147.html |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=26 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926030700/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/aamir-khan-pays-emotional-tribute-to-zubeen-garg-we-are-deeply-saddened-ws-l-9597147.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Simran |title=Aamir Khan becomes emotional on Zubeen Garg's demise, pens heartfelt note for 'Ya Ali' singer: 'His voice will remain unmatched' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-aamir-khan-becomes-emotional-on-zubeen-garg-s-demise-pens-heartfelt-note-for-ya-ali-singer-his-voice-will-remain-unmatched-3181698 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=26 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926045241/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-aamir-khan-becomes-emotional-on-zubeen-garg-s-demise-pens-heartfelt-note-for-ya-ali-singer-his-voice-will-remain-unmatched-3181698 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Randeep Hooda]] wrote "Legends never die, they live on through their art."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Hrijoy |title=Zubeen Garg funeral Highlights: Singer cremated with full state honours, 21-gun salute |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/music/story/zubeen-garg-funeral-2791728-2025-09-23 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Randeep Hooda |author-link=Randeep Hooda |user=RandeepHooda |number=1970050534208946451 |title=#ZubeenGarg will always be with us through his songs.}}</ref> [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] [[Kangana Ranaut]] who debuted in Bollywood with the movie ''[[Gangster: A Love Story]]'', for which Garg sang the song ''"Ya Ali"'', paid her heartfelt tribute and wrote "#Zubeenda No one like you!"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Shreyanka |title='No One Like You': Kangana Ranaut On Zubeen Garg, Singer Of Ya Ali From Her Debut Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-remembers-ya-ali-singer-zubeen-garg-no-one-like-you-aa-ws-l-9596313.html |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=25 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925144917/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-remembers-ya-ali-singer-zubeen-garg-no-one-like-you-aa-ws-l-9596313.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kangana Ranaut Remembers Zubeen Garg, Shares Gangster Poster With Emotional Tribute |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/kangana-ranaut-remembers-zubeen-garg-shares-gangster-poster-with-emotional-tribute-2964621.html |website=[[Zee News]] |access-date=26 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Film critic [[Utpal Borpujari]] recalled Garg's benevolence saying "There are countless stories of how he helped those who needed medical treatment and children at orphanages."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhowal |first1=Tiasa |title=Sorry Zubeen da, I misunderstood you |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/society/story/zubeen-garg-songs-sorry-zubeen-da-i-misunderstood-you-2793735-2025-09-26 |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=26 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926121325/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/society/story/zubeen-garg-songs-sorry-zubeen-da-i-misunderstood-you-2793735-2025-09-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Writer and activist [[Taslima Nasrin]] posted in social media [[Twitter|X]] saying "Unlike many Bengali artists, he never tried to act like a refined gentleman. He was never arrogant."<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Taslima Nasrin |author-link=Taslima Nasrin |user=taslimanasreen |number=1971285080061641130 |title=Fifteen lakh people of Assam walked the streets of Guwahati with Zubeen Garg's coffin, weeping, wiping their tears as they went.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taslima Nasrin on Zubeen Garg: 'জুবিন বাঙালি শিল্পীদের মতো ভদ্রলোক সাজার চেষ্টা করেননি', বিস্ফোরক পোস্ট তসলিমার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/desh/story/explosive-post-by-taslima-nasrin-on-zubeen-garg-he-didnt-try-to-pose-as-a-gentleman-like-bengali-artists-1282391-2025-09-25 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak|AajTak Bangla]] |date=25 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><br />
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[[Alisha Chinai]] said "He was not politically correct. He hated Bombay, you know, he hated the Bollywood scene. He said what he felt, and that was something I really admired about him. But when I look back, I feel like I wish I had sat and talked to him a little more. He came and he left. He came like the wind and left like the wind."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Murtuza |title='He Arrived Two Hours Late Like A Real Star': Alisha Chinai Talks About Working With Zubeen Garg On Song Dil Tu Hi Bataa - Exclusive |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/he-arrived-two-hours-late-like-a-real-star-alisha-chinai-talks-about-working-with-zubeen-garg-on-song-dil-tu-hi-bataa-exclusive |access-date=3 November 2025 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=29 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Garg had expressed in a 2019 concert at [[B. Borooah College]], Guwahati, that his song "[[Mayabini Ratir Bukut|Mayabini Raatir Bukut]]" should be played when he died. Following his death, the song was performed not only at his funeral but also widely across Assam, in homes, and public events, becoming a collective anthem of ''shraddhanjali'' (tribute).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Das |first=Yudhajit Shankar |date=22 September 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/zubeen-garg-funeral-song-mayabini-ratir-bukut-song-anthem-procession-guwahati-fans-grief-2791423-2025-09-22 |title=Zubeen Garg funeral: The phenomenon called Zubeen Garg and how Mayabini became an anthem |magazine=India Today |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Investigation and aftermath===<br />
The [[death certificate]] issued by the Singapore authorities listed the [[cause of death]] as [[drowning]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zubeen Garg's cause of death revealed: Death certificate states singer died due to drowning |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zubeen-gargs-cause-of-death-revealed-death-certificate-states-singer-died-due-to-drowning/articleshow/124030064.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921233749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zubeen-gargs-cause-of-death-revealed-death-certificate-states-singer-died-due-to-drowning/articleshow/124030064.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Several [[First information report|FIRs]] were filed against his manager and the festival organiser alleging negligence and lack of safety measures, including reports that Garg had declined to wear a [[life jacket]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zubeen Garg death: Assam Police file FIR against event organiser, controversy angle to be probed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/zubeen-garg-death-assam-police-file-fir-against-event-organiser-controversy-angle-to-be-probed-101758350955318.html|work=Hindustan Times |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=No life jacket? Controversy angle under scanner in Zubeen Garg death probe so far |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-life-jacket-controversy-angle-under-scanner-zubeen-garg-death-probe-so-far-101758362390294.html|work=Hindustan Times |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> His wife later appealed for withdrawal of cases against his manager.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Withdraw FIRs against Siddhartha, says Garima |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/withdraw-firs-against-siddhartha-says-garima/articleshow/124019732.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921073917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/withdraw-firs-against-siddhartha-says-garima/articleshow/124019732.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Following public demand, the Assam government ordered a second [[post-mortem]] in [[GMCH]] with the consent of Garg's family members.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalita |first=Kangkan |title=Second post-mortem on Garg on Tuesday after demands from people, says Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/story/second-post-mortem-on-zubeen-garg-on-tuesday-after-demands-from-people-says-assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-2791537-2025-09-22 |work=[[India Today]] |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922162147/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/story/second-post-mortem-on-zubeen-garg-on-tuesday-after-demands-from-people-says-assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-2791537-2025-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> The official post-mortem report of Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH) has confirmed that Zubeen Garg's death was "not caused by poisoning."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Sanjoy |date=14 October 2025 |title=No poison found in Zubeen Garg's 2nd autopsy; GMCH confirms death by drowning |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/no-poison-found-in-zubeen-gargs-2nd-autopsy-gmch-confirms-death-by-drowning-1594434 |work=[[Assam Tribune]] |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
A [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) was formed to probe the investigation following public demand and Assamese artists' pressure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Purkayastha |first1=Biswa Kalyan |title=Assam: SIT formed to probe Zubeen Garg's death; Congress demands CBI inquiry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-sit-formed-to-probe-zubeen-garg-s-death-congress-demands-cbi-inquiry-101758724645343.html |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Sumir |title=Assam Police form SIT to probe Zubeen Garg's death following suspicion of foul play |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/assam/assam-police-form-sit-to-probe-zubeen-gargs-death-following-suspicion-of-foul-play-3741754 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=24 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Son |first1=Mallika |title=Assam CM Himanta Sarma Orders SIT Probe Into Singer Zubeen Garg's Death |url=https://www.news18.com/india/assam-cm-himanta-sarma-orders-sit-probe-into-singer-zubeen-gargs-death-ws-l-9594331.html |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=24 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The SIT was led by [[Special director general of police|Special DGP]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] M. P. Gupta of [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] and was assisted by nine other police officers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Varma |first1=Ananya |title=Assam Police Form 10-Member SIT To Probe 'Suspicious' Demise Of Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/assam-police-form-10-member-sit-to-probe-suspicious-demise-of-zubeen-garg-article-152888057 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=24 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924185251/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/assam-police-form-10-member-sit-to-probe-suspicious-demise-of-zubeen-garg-article-152888057 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Following CM's order Assam DGP forms10-member SIT to probe into Zubeen Garg's death- The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/09/24/cal55-as-zubeen-ld-sit.html |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=24 September 2025 |archive-date=8 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008195658/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/09/24/cal55-as-zubeen-ld-sit.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Following SIT's assistance, the CID registered a case (Case no 18 of 2025) under Section 61(2), 105, and 106(1) of [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023|BNS]] in connection with the suspicious death of Garg.<ref>{{cite news |title=SIT, CID raids organiser's home amid probe into singer Zubeen Garg's demise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sit-cid-raids-organiser-shyamkanu-mahantas-home-amid-probe-into-singer-zubeen-gargs-demise-101758894850541.html |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=26 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Raids were carried out at the residences of festival organiser, Shyamkanu Mahanta and Garg's manager, Siddhartha Sharma, during which electronic records and documents were seized.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Khushi |title=Zubeen Garg Death: SIT Team Raids Houses Of Festival Organiser, His Manager |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/nation/zubeen-garg-death-sit-team-raids-houses-of-festival-organiser-his-manager |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=25 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: SIT raids homes of singer Zubeen Garg's manager, event organiser |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1087010/assam-sit-raids-homes-of-singer-zubeen-gargs-manager-event-organiser |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=26 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926104908/https://scroll.in/latest/1087010/assam-sit-raids-homes-of-singer-zubeen-gargs-manager-event-organiser |url-status=live }}</ref> The SIT also questioned and detained musician Shekhar Jyoti Goswami, who had accompanied Garg during the diving trip in Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Musician Shekharjyoti Goswami Arrested in Zubeen Garg Death Probe |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/breaking-shekharjyoti-goswami-arrested-by-sit-in-zubeen-garg-death-case |work=The Sentinel Assam |date=25 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025 |archive-date=25 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925095410/https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/breaking-shekharjyoti-goswami-arrested-by-sit-in-zubeen-garg-death-case |url-status=live }}</ref> Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma remarked that if the SIT failed to produce conclusive results, the case would be handed over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI).<ref>{{cite news |title=SIT questions musician in Zubeen Garg death case; CM warns probe may go to CBI if no results |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/sit-questions-musician-in-zubeen-garg-death-case-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-warns-probe-may-go-to-cbi-if-no-results/articleshow/124118501.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=23 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> Witnessing public anger, the All Assam Lawyers’ Association urged their members not to represent persons accused in the case of the death of Garg.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lawyers urged not to represent accused in Zubeen Garg death case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/lawyers-urged-not-to-represent-accused-in-zubeen-garg-death-case/article70098339.ece |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 September 2025 |language=en-IN |archive-date=27 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250927062402/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/lawyers-urged-not-to-represent-accused-in-zubeen-garg-death-case/article70098339.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zubeen Garg's death: Assam lawyers' association urged not to represent accused; CID issues notices to witnesses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/26/zubeen-gargs-death-assam-lawyers-association-urged-not-to-represent-accused-cid-issues-notices-to-witnesses |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250927062405/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/26/zubeen-gargs-death-assam-lawyers-association-urged-not-to-represent-accused-cid-issues-notices-to-witnesses |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 1 October 2025, Singaporean authorities provided a copy of the autopsy report of Zubeen was given to the High Commission of India upon its request, as well as a report of their preliminary investigations. The investigations would take about three months before Singapore's State Coroner can determine if a coroner's inquiry is to be held.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Death of Indian singer Zubeen Garg in S'pore under probe; do not speculate, spread false news: Police |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/death-of-indian-singer-zubeen-garg-under-probe-do-not-to-speculate-spread-false-news-police |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> The Indian SIT team separately detained and arrested Shyamkanu Mahanta and Siddharth Sharma on the same day to have their statements recorded.<ref name="PratidinTime2025">{{cite web | title=BREAKING: Shyamkanu Mahanta, Siddharth Sharma Arrested, Brought To Guwahati | website=Pratidin Time | date=1 October 2025 | url=https://www.pratidintime.com/guwahati-news-breaking-latest/breaking-shyamkanu-mahanta-siddharth-sharma-arrested-brought-to-guwahati-10518028 | access-date=1 October 2025 | archive-date=5 October 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005162420/https://www.pratidintime.com/guwahati-news-breaking-latest/breaking-shyamkanu-mahanta-siddharth-sharma-arrested-brought-to-guwahati-10518028 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In connection to Garg's death, the SIT arrested total seven persons including Shyamkanu Mahanta, Siddharth Sharma, Shekhar Jyoti Goswami, co-singer Amritprabha Mahanta, DSP Sandipan Garg, and Garg's personal security officers (PSO) Nandeswar Bora and Paresh Baishya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Zubeen Garg's PSOs arrested; 7 persons in custody so far |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-zubeen-gargs-psos-arrested-7-persons-in-custody-so-far |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=11 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Murtuza |title=Zubeen Garg Death Case: Personal Security Officers Of Late Singer Arrested |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/zubeen-garg-death-case-personal-security-officers-of-late-singer-arrested |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=10 October 2025 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010072125/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/zubeen-garg-death-case-personal-security-officers-of-late-singer-arrested |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore Police to provide evidence in Zubeen Garg case in 10 days: SIT |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/singapore-police-to-provide-evidence-in-zubeen-garg-case-in-10-days-sit-125102400539_1.html |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=24 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shekhar Jyoti Goswami alleged that Garg's manager Siddharth Sharma and festival organiser Shyamkanu Mahanta may have [[poisoning|poisoned]] him. Goswami claimed that Sharma dismissed visible signs such as frothing from Garg's mouth and nose as acid reflux and delayed seeking medical assistance. He also alleged that Sharma had taken control of the [[yacht]] from its sailor and was heard saying "Jabo De, Jabo De" (translation: "Let him go, Let him go") as Garg was struggling in the water. Goswami emphasised that Garg was an expert swimmer who had trained both him and Sharma, making accidental drowning highly unlikely.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zubeen Garg's bandmate claims his manager may have poisoned him |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/zubeen-garg-s-bandmate-claims-his-manager-may-have-poisoned-him-2025-10-04-1011305 |website=India TV News |date=4 October 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025 |archive-date=6 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006025911/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/zubeen-garg-s-bandmate-claims-his-manager-may-have-poisoned-him-2025-10-04-1011305 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident or murder? Zubeen Garg's bandmate alleges manager, festival organiser may have poisoned him |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/accident-or-murder-zubeen-gargs-bandmate-shekhar-jyoti-goswami-alleges-manager-festival-organiser-may-have-poisoned-him-report/articleshow/124301735.cms |website=The Times of India |date=4 October 2025 |access-date=5 October 2025 |archive-date=4 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004134620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/accident-or-murder-zubeen-gargs-bandmate-shekhar-jyoti-goswami-alleges-manager-festival-organiser-may-have-poisoned-him-report/articleshow/124301735.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Chief Minister of Assam, Himanta Biswa Sarma repeatedly stated that "Zubeen Garg was murdered''Zu''and''urdered''" was stated that the SIT would submit the [[chargesheet]] before 17 December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ratnadip |title=Zubeen Garg Murdered, Chargesheet By December 17, Says Himanta Sarma |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/zubeen-garg-murdered-chargesheet-by-december-17-says-himanta-sarma-9567209 |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Sukrita |title='I will not call it a mishap': Assam CM Himanta calls Zubeen Garg's death a 'murder' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/assam-cm-himanta-zubeen-garg-death-murder-10343601/ |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zubeen death case: Post-mortem, toxicology reports from Singapore received by Assam Police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/zubeen-death-case-post-mortem-toxicology-reports-from-singapore-received-by-assam-police/article70228481.ece |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=1 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
The SIT submitted 3,500-page charge sheet in the court of the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Guwahati on 12 December 2025. SIT have charged with murder against accused Shyamkanu Mahanta, Siddharth Sharma, Amritprava Mahanta, and Shekhar Jyoti Goswami. Sandipan Garg, Nandeswar Bora, and Paresh Baishya were also came under various charges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zubeen Garg death case: Four accused charged with murder in SIT charge sheet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/zubeen-garg-death-case-sit-submits-charge-sheet-in-at-cjm-court-in-guwahati/article70387790.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Sukrita |title=Zubeen death: SIT chargesheets seven, murder charges pressed against four |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/zubeen-garg-death-case-assam-police-sit-files-chargesheet-guwahati-10416421/ |access-date=31 December 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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A coroner's enquiry into his death was opened on 14 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore to Open Coroner's Inquiry into Singer Zubeen Garg's Death on January 14 |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/singapore-court-opens-coroner-inquiry-into-zubeens-death |access-date=31 December 2025 |website=dailypioneer.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore to open coroner's inquiry into death of Indian singer Zubeen Garg on Jan 14 |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/zubeen-garg-death-coroner-inquiry-jan-14-2026-5744946 |access-date=31 December 2025 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 14 January 2026, [[the Straits Times]] reported that the [[Assistant Superintendent of Police]] (ASI) David Linn testified on the first day of the coroner's inquiry that Zubeen was intoxicated and refused a life vest before jumping off a yacht. He also added that as his friends tried to convince him to swim back to the yacht, Garg suddenly became motionless and began floating face down.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2026 |title=Indian singer Zubeen Garg swam without life vest, drowned near Lazarus Island: Coroner's court |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/indian-singer-zubeen-garg-swam-without-life-vest-drowned-near-lazarus-island-coroners-court |access-date=16 January 2026 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> Toxicology analysis found a blood alcohol concentration of 333-milligrams per 100-milliliters of blood which can result in impaired coordination and reflexes.{{efn|For comparison, Singapore's legal drink driving limit is 80 milligrams per 100ml of blood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festive Drinking: How Much Alcohol Can I Have Before Driving? |url=https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/festive-drinking-driving |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106234524/https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/festive-drinking-driving |archive-date=6 November 2025 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=MEH |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore signals tougher stance on drink driving with review of alcohol limits |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-signals-tougher-stance-drink-driving-review-alcohol-limits-5371921 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian singer Zubeen Garg drowned near Lazarus Island after declining life jacket: Coroner's court |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/zubeen-garg-singapore-coroner-inquiry-drunk-drown-life-jacket-5857566 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
<br />
[[File:Zubeen EUphuism.JPG|thumb|Zubeen Garg performing at a concert in 2011]]<br />
Garg was a regular performer at [[Bihu]] functions and other cultural festivals across Assam, often singing not only Assamese songs but also in Hindi, Bengali, and other languages. Internationally, he has represented Assamese and Indian music abroad. Notably, he performed in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], where he sang several of his Hindi and Assamese hits, becoming the first Assamese entertainer to headline a concert there.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zubeen Garg enthralls Trinidad audience |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/zubeen-garg-enthralls-trinidad-audience/story-sfcF1kZq2wnEi32VcF2ukO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=20 September 2025 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811140316/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/zubeen-garg-enthralls-trinidad-audience/story-sfcF1kZq2wnEi32VcF2ukO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Vishal Kalita of Guwahati's Hatigaon has reportedly collected an archive of over 35,000 [[cassette tape|cassettes]] and [[CDs]] of Garg's recordings.<ref>{{Cite news |title=35,000-song archive vows to keep Zubeen's voice alive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/35000-songs-archive-vows-to-keep-zubeens-voice-alive/articleshow/124019744.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 September 2025 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921123750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/35000-songs-archive-vows-to-keep-zubeens-voice-alive/articleshow/124019744.cms |url-status=live |last=Bhattacharjee|first=Tathagata|date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zubeen Garg felt like his 'birthday' on visit to fan's rare library before Singapore tour |url=https://assamtribune.com/guwahati/zubeen-garg-felt-like-his-birthday-on-visit-to-fans-rare-library-before-singapore-tour-1592584 |website=The Assam Tribune |date=26 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025|last=Borthakur|first=Rituraj}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Honorary statue===<br />
<br />
On 2 December 2022, a 20-foot statue was unveiled by the singer during the Nazirating Tamuli Tourism Festival in [[Digboi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Zubeen Garg's Statue Unveiled in Digboi |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/zubeen-gargs-statue-unveiled-in-digboi-631273 |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107092136/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/zubeen-gargs-statue-unveiled-in-digboi-631273 |url-status=live }}</ref> A Bamboo bridge built across the Na Dihing river by villagers of Tengapani and named after Zubeen Garg was inaugurated by the singer at Tengapani-Thepabari on 29 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2020 |title='Zubeen Garg Bridge' in Kakopathar to be inaugurated by the star himself on 29 Feb |url=https://newslivetv.com/zubeen-garg-bridge-in-kakopathar-to-be-inaugurated-by-the-star-himself-on-29-feb/ |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108051351/https://newslivetv.com/zubeen-garg-bridge-in-kakopathar-to-be-inaugurated-by-the-star-himself-on-29-feb/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ojha |first1=Manoj Kumar |date=29 May 2020 |title=Zubeen Garg to open namesake bridge in Assam |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/zubeen-garg-to-open-namesake-bridge-in-assam/cid/1749568 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120140913/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/zubeen-garg-to-open-namesake-bridge-in-assam/cid/1749568 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{{Main|Zubeen Garg discography}}<br />
<br />
===As a music director===<br />
'''Assamese film'''<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|<br />
* [[Hiya Diya Niya]] (2000)<br />
* [[Tumi Mur Mathu Mur]] (2000)<br />
* Morome Morom Jane (2000)<br />
* Daag (2001)<br />
* Sesh Upahar (2001)<br />
* [[Nayak (2001 Assamese film)|Nayak]] (2001)<br />
* Prem Aru Prem (2002)<br />
* [[Kanyadaan (2002 film)|Kanyadaan]] (2002)<br />
* [[Jonaki Mon]] (2002)<br />
* Jibon Nodir Duti Par (2002)<br />
* Agnishakshi (2003)<br />
* Priya Milan (2003)<br />
* Bidhata (2003)<br />
* Juman-Suman (2003)<br />
* Barud (2004)<br />
* Rong (2004)<br />
* Dinabandhu (2004)<br />
* [[Adhinayak]] (2006)<br />
* Aami Asomiya (2006)<br />
* [[Mon Jaai]] (2008)<br />
* Ekhon Nedekha Nodir Hkhipare (2012)<br />
* Rodor Sithi (2014)<br />
* Gane Ki Aane (2016)<br />
* Antarin (2017)<br />
* [[Mission China]] (2017)<br />
* [[Priyar Priyo]] (2017)<br />
* The Underworld (2018)<br />
* [[Kanchanjangha]] (2019)<br />
* [[Ratnakar (film)|Ratnakar]] (2019)<br />
* [[Pratighat]] (2019)<br />
* [[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]] (2023)<br />
* The Slam Book (2023)<br />
* Raghav (2023)<br />
* Sikar (2024)<br />
* [[Bhaimon Da]] (2025)<br />
* Rudra (2025)<br />
* Joddha (2025)<br />
* Homework (2025)<br />
* [[Roi Roi Binale]] (2025)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bengali Film'''<br />
* [[Shudhu Tumi]] (2004)<br />
* Mon Niye (2010)<br />
* Kachhe Achho Tumi (2010)<br />
* Samsara (2019)<br />
<br />
''' Hindi film'''<br />
* Strings – Bound By Faith (2006)<br />
* Dil Toh Deewana Hai (2016)<br />
* Homework (2025)<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===As an actor===<br />
====Films====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role(s)<br />
!Language<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''[[Tumi Mur Matho Mur]]''<br />
|Hrishi<br />
| rowspan="3" |Assamese<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|''Prem Aru Prem''<br />
|Special appearance in the song "Sokuwe Sokuwe"<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|''Dinabandhu''<br />
|Bipul<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2006<br />
|''[[Gangster: A Love Story|Gangster]]''<br />
|Special appearance in the song "Ya Ali"<br />
| rowspan="3" |Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|''Strings''<br />
|Special appearance in the song "Mantra (Om)"<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|''[[Big Brother (2007 film)|Big Brother]]''<br />
|Special appearance in the song "Jag Lal Lal"<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''[[Mon Jaai]]''<br />
|Manab<br />
| rowspan="21" |Assamese<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''[[Raamdhenu]]''<br />
|Special appearance in the song "Tupi"<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|''Bhal Pabo Najanilu''<br />
|Indranil<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2014<br />
|''Suma Porokhote''<br />
|Special appearance in the song "Suma Porokhote"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rodor Sithi]]''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''[[Ahetuk]]''<br />
|Special appearance in the song "Ahetuk"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2016<br />
|''[[Gaane Ki Aane]]''<br />
|Nilabh Jonak Baruah<br />
|-<br />
|''Xat Nomboror Xondhanot''<br />
|Sibu<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2017<br />
|''[[Mission China]]'' <br />
|Colonel Goswami<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Tumi Aahibaane]]''<br />
|Special appearance <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Priyaar Priyo]]''<br />
|Priyobrot Kakoti & Bishnujyoti Bezbaruah<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[The Underworld (film)|The Underworld]]''<br />
|Don<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2019<br />
|''[[Kanchanjangha]]''<br />
|Anirban<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pratighaat (2019 film)|''Pratighaat'']]<br />
|Special appearance in the song "Pratighaat"<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Rajneeti – Part 1''<br />
|Arindam<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''[[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]]''<br />
|DSP Mahadev Borbarua<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" | 2024<br />
|''[[Wide Angle (film)|Wide Angle]]''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Sikaar ''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zubeen Garg to star in action-thriller 'Sikaar' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/zubeen-garg-to-star-in-action-thriller-sikaar/articleshow/90933338.cms |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=19 April 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512125850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/zubeen-garg-to-star-in-action-thriller-sikaar/articleshow/90933338.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|Shankar<br />
|-<br />
|''Abhimannyu''<br />
|Colonel Goswami<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" |2025<br />
|''Joddha''<br />
|Special appearance in the song "Ei Mayabi Raati"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Roi Roi Binale]]''<br />
|Raul<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#ffc;"|''Homework'' {{dagger}}<ref>{{cite news|title=After a long hiatus, Gayatri Mahanta is back on the silver screen, You can see in this movie – GAYATRI MAHANTA'S MOVIE HOMEWORK|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!entertainment/actress-gayatri-mahanta-to-share-screen-with-son-in-upcoming-assamese-movie-homework-release-date-12th-september-assam-news-ass25081800985|work=ETV Bharat|date = 18 August 2025|access-date = 21 August 2025}}</ref><br />
|Special appearance in the song "Jantra"<br />
|Assamese, Hindi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Television====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Serial(s)<br />
!Role<br />
!Language<br />
|-<br />
|2010–11<br />
|''Anuradha''<ref name="daijiworld">{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/printArticles.aspx?sectionID=71524&sectionName=news|title=Singer Zubeen Garg's Ponytail Cut off by Fan|access-date=5 December 2020|website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref><br />
|Anirudha<br />
|Assamese<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Music videos====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Song(s)<br />
!Album(s)<br />
!Language<br />
!Music Composer<br />
!Lyrics<br />
!Co-actor(s)<br />
!Note/Ref(s)<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|"Meghor Boron"<br />
|''Mukti''<br />
|Assamese<br />
|colspan="2"; style="text-align:center;|Zubeen Garg<br />
|<br />
|First Assamese Music Video<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|"Yuhi Kabhi Mila Karo"<br />
|''Yuhi Kabhi''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Miko<br />
|Anant Joshi<br />
|[[Bhumika Chawla]], Jonkey Borthakur<br />
|His First Bollywood Music Video<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="11" |2007<br />
|"Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai"<br />
|rowspan="2" |''[[Zindagi (album)|Zindagi]]''<br />
|rowspan="2" |Hindi<br />
|rowspan="2" |Alaap Dudul Saikia<br />
|rowspan="2" |Ravi Basnet<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Jia Re Jia Re<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Mukha"<br />
|rowspan="9" |Mukha<br />
|rowspan="17" |Assamese<br />
|rowspan="9" |Zubeen Garg<br />
|rowspan="6" |Zubeen Garg<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Sweet Love"<br />
|[[Rimpi Das]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Baby Buli Lahekoi"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Sadiya"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Dusakure Nilare"<br />
|[[Rimpi Das]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Pamne Moi Ghurai"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Aahe Ba Nahe"<br />
|Diganta Bharati<br />
|[[Nishita Goswami]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Tumi Suwa Jetiya"<br />
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg<br />
|Gayatri Mahanta<br />
|-<br />
|"Maya Mathu Maya"<br />
|Rimpi Das<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6" |2009<br />
|"Rumaal"<br />
|rowspan="6" |''Rumaal''<br />
|rowspan="8" |Zubeen Garg<br />
|rowspan="8" |Zubeen Garg<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Hai Hai Hai Mari Dila"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Amanikha"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Tumi Subhash"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Tumar Mitha Sawoni"<br />
|Megharanjani Medhi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Duporot Muhanaat"<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |2012<br />
|"Runjun"<br />
|''Runjun''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Gaan Diyaa"<br />
|''Rock''<br />
|<br />
|This song is dedicated to Late [[Hiren Bhattacharya]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As a director===<br />
====Films====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Language<br />
!Note<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''[[Tumi Mur Mathu Mur]]''<br />
| rowspan="3" |Assamese<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''[[Mission China]]''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Kanchanjangha]]''<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As a producer and screenwriter===<br />
====Producer====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Language<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|''Dinabandhu''<br />
| rowspan="4" |Assamese<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''[[Mission China]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Kanchanjangha]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Roi Roi Binale]]'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Screenwriter====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Language<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''Tumi Mur Mathu Mur''<br />
| rowspan="4" |Assamese<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''[[Mission China]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Kanchanjangha]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Roi Roi Binale]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As a judge===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!TV Channel<br />
!Show(s)<br />
!Language<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[Zee TV]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]''<br />
|rowspan="2" |Hindi<br />
|rowspan="2" |Guest judge<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|-<br />
|2007–08<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Bangla]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beats of a Bong connection|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/beats-of-a-bong-connection/cid/1552258|access-date=11 December 2020|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506225346/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/beats-of-a-bong-connection/cid/1552258|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
| rowspan="2" |Bengali<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|Guest judge<br />
|-<br />
|2013–14<br />
|[[Rengoni]]<br />
|''Moi Zubeen Garg Hobo Bisaru''<br />
|Assamese<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
He got Seuji-Seuji award for his poetry book in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam: Seuji-Seuji Award conferred upon singer Zubeen Garg|url=https://www.thenortheasttoday.com/current-affairs/states/assam-seuji-seuji-award-conferred-upon-singer-zubeen-garg|access-date=19 December 2020|website=The Northeast Today|date=22 December 2017}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Book<br />
!Language<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''Xabda Anubhuti''<br />
| rowspan="3" |Assamese<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''Zubeenor Podyo''<ref>{{Cite web|title=With over Rs 4.5 crores in sales and 4 lakh visitors, 20th Northeast Book Fair breaks all past records|url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/article-detail/with-over-rs-4-5-crores-in-sales-and-4-lakh-visitors-20th-northeast-book-fair-breaks-all-past-records|access-date=23 September 2020|website=G Plus|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131072942/http://www.guwahatiplus.com/article-detail/with-over-rs-4-5-crores-in-sales-and-4-lakh-visitors-20th-northeast-book-fair-breaks-all-past-records|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''Zubeenor Podyo (2nd Edition)''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
[[File:Zubeen Garg receiving National Award.jpg|thumb|Best Music Direction Award to Mr. Zubeen Garg for Non-feature Film Echoes Of Silence, at the 55th National Film Awards, 2009.]]<br />
In 1996 Garg was selected as Best Indian pop album for his album "Chandni Raat" at Channel V Music Awards and Screen Awards which was nominated and lost to [[Daler Mehndi]]'s album ''[[Bolo Ta Ra Ra]]'' and [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]]'s album ''Dole Dole'' respectively.<br />
<br />
In 2011 he was honoured as a guest artist of the year by the Assam Convention, at [[Oak Brook, Illinois]], United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koch |first1=Lars-Christian |last2=Klotz |first2=Sebastian |last3=Bohlman |first3=Philip V |title=Sounding Cities : Auditory Transformations in Berlin, Chicago, and Kolkata |date=2018 |publisher=LIT |location=Zürich |isbn=978-3-643-90555-0 |pages=213 |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 27 May 2024 he was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Letters|Doctor of Literature]] degree by the [[University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. D.Litt. to Zubeen Garg and Lou Majaw at 10th USTM Convocation |work=USTM |url=https://ustm.ac.in/event/hon-d-litt-to-zubeen-garg-and-lou-majaw-at-10th-ustm-convocation/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827145852/https://ustm.ac.in/event/hon-d-litt-to-zubeen-garg-and-lou-majaw-at-10th-ustm-convocation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2024 |title=USTM Holds 10th Convocation, Honors Zubeen Garg and Lou Majaw |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/north-east/meghalaya/ustm-holds-10th-convocation-honors-zubeen-garg-and-lou-majaw |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827145852/https://www.pratidintime.com/north-east/meghalaya/ustm-holds-10th-convocation-honors-zubeen-garg-and-lou-majaw |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
He has also received Best Music Direction Award for Non-feature Film Echoes Of Silence, at the 55th National Film Awards, 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern cinema scores big at National Awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/Oct/21/southern-cinema-scores-big-at-national-awards-96783.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=23 October 2025 |language=en |date=16 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 9 December 2025 he was posthumously awarded an honorary Doctor of Literature (D.Litt.) degree by [[Cotton University]] which was received by his sister, Palme Borthakur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2025 |title=Cotton awards D.Litt. to Zubeen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/cotton-awards-d-litt-to-zubeen/articleshow/125875383.cms |access-date=10 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2026, a newly discovered plant species, ''[[Osbeckia zubeengargiana]]'', a flowering plant in the family [[Melastomataceae]] discovered in the grassland ecosystems of [[Manas National Park]] in the Indian state of Assam, was named after him.<ref name="phytotaxa">{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Das<br />
|first1=Barnali<br />
|last2=Pulpra<br />
|first2=Prashob<br />
|last3=Nath<br />
|first3=Namita<br />
|title=Osbeckia zubeengargiana (Melastomataceae), a new species from Assam, Northeast India<br />
|journal=Phytotaxa<br />
|volume=747<br />
|issue=1<br />
|year=2026<br />
|publisher=Magnolia Press<br />
|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.747.1.1<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year|| Award|| Movie/Theatre/Album|| Category|| Result<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |1996<br />
|[[Screen Awards]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |''Chandni Raat''<br />
|rowspan="2" |Best Indian Pop Album<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Channel V Music Awards<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2005<br />
|[[BFJA Awards]]|| ''[[Shudhu Tumi]]''|| Best Music Director|| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Prag Cine Awards|Prag Cine Awards 2005]]<br />
|''Rong''<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – "Chaya Dore Thaka Tumi"<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2021|title=Northeast's Sensation Zubeen Garg: Early Life, Career, Awards & Controversies – Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/entertainment/Bharatpedia-of-northeasts-singing-sensation-zubeen-garg-527402|access-date=9 March 2021|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017200643/https://www.sentinelassam.com/entertainment/Bharatpedia-of-northeasts-singing-sensation-zubeen-garg-527402|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|[[GIFA Awards|Global Indian Film Awards]]<ref name="GIFA List Of Winners">{{cite web|title=G.I.F.A. Awards 2006: winners|date=10 December 2006|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/12/10/1918/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121175701/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/12/10/1918/index.html|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="6" |''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]''<br />
| rowspan="4" |Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Ya Ali"''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2007<br />
|[[Filmfare Awards]]{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Awards]]<ref name=altfg>{{cite web |author=Andre Soares |url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/indian-film-academy-awards-2007/ |title=Indian Film Academy Awards 2007 |publisher=Altfg.com |date=2 June 2007 |access-date=13 June 2012 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208180559/http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/indian-film-academy-awards-2007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Stardust Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Stardust Awards Winners for 2006|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/stardust-awards-winners-for-2006/|publisher=indicine.com|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717184206/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/stardust-awards-winners-for-2006/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|New Musical Sensation (Male) – ''"Ya Ali"''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Screen Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2022 |title=Screen Award for Best Male Playback Singer |url=https://bollywoodproduct.in/screen-award-for-best-male-playback-singer/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Bollywood Product |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118075803/https://bollywoodproduct.in/screen-award-for-best-male-playback-singer/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|''Best Male Playback – "Ya Ali"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2008<br />
| rowspan="2" |Kalakaar Award<br />
|''[[Zindagi (album)|Zindagi]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" |Best Music Album<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Tumi''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 ||[[55th National Film Awards]] || ''Echoes of Silence'' || [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction]] || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|Prag Cine Awards 2011<br />
|''[[Jetuka Pator Dore]]''<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Puwar Hahit"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
||[[Prag Cine Awards|Prag Cine Awards 2012]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Prag Cine Awards 2015 to be held in Assam |date=24 January 2015 |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/prag-cine-awards-2015-to-be-held-in-assam-150124 |publisher=indiantelevision.com |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=1 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501001923/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/prag-cine-awards-2015-to-be-held-in-assam-150124 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prag Cine Award on March 21, 22|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan2815/city053|publisher=assamtribune.com|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402195918/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan2815%2Fcity053|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|''[[Raamdhenu]]''<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Rang Dia Morom"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|[[Prag Cine Awards 2013]]<br />
|''Me and My Sister''<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Thunuk Thanak"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|[[Prag Cine Awards 2014]]<br />
|''Shinyor''<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Kaalor Aasur"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2015 <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Prag Cine Awards North-East 2015|Prag Cine Awards 2015]]||''[[Ahetuk]]''<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Ahetuk"''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rodor Sithi]]''<br />
|Best Music Direction<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2016<br />
| rowspan="2" |Gup-Shup Music Awards<br />
|''Boliya Krishna (Hengool Treatre)''<br />
|Title Song of the Year – "''Boliya Krishna''"<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Gaane Ki Aane]]''<br />
|Best Music Composer – ''"Janu Janu"''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2017<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Prag Cine Awards North-East 2017|Prag Cine Awards 2017]]<br />
|Best Music Direction<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Janu Janu"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Bhraymaman Mobile Theatre Awards<br />
|''Kohinoor Theater''<br />
|Red FM Best Playback Singer (Male) – "''Janam Janam"''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dalmia Bharat : First Mobile Theatre Awards presented by Dalmia Cement {{!}} MarketScreener|url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/DALMIA-BHARAT-LTD-9743873/news/Dalmia-Bharat-First-Mobile-Theatre-Awards-presented-by-Dalmia-Cement-24725283/|access-date=13 February 2021|website=www.marketscreener.com|date=10 July 2017|language=en|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425085849/https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/DALMIA-BHARAT-LTD-9743873/news/Dalmia-Bharat-First-Mobile-Theatre-Awards-presented-by-Dalmia-Cement-24725283/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2018 <br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Prag Cine Awards|Prag Cine Awards 2018]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2018 |title=Prag Cine Awards North-East 2018: Best director award for Utpal Barpujari |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/prag-cine-awards-north-east-2018-best-director-award-for-utpal-barpujari.html |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024064459/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/prag-cine-awards-north-east-2018-best-director-award-for-utpal-barpujari.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|| rowspan="3" | ''[[Mission China]]'' || Best Actor (Popular) || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Film (Popular) || {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Din Jwole Raati Jwole"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Priyaar Priyo]]''<br />
|Best Actor<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Bhraymaman Mobile Theatre Awards<br />
|''Abahan Theater''<br />
|Red FM Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Oo Maa"''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam's Mobile theater industry gets due recognition; Artists, writers and personalities awarded|url=https://www.thenortheasttoday.com/current-affairs/states/assams-mobile-theater-industry-gets-due-recognition-artists-writers-and-personalities-awarded|access-date=13 February 2021|website=TheNortheastToday – Read From North East (TNT)|date=22 June 2018|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|Bhraymaman Mobile Theatre Awards<br />
|''Deuta (Chiranjeeb Theatre)''<br />
|Red FM Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"O Deuta"''<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 July 2019|title=Tapan Das Bags Best Theatre Actor Award|url=https://www.pratidintime.com/tapan-das-bags-best-theatre-actor-award/|access-date=13 February 2021|website=Pratidin Time|language=en-US|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502130727/https://www.pratidintime.com/tapan-das-bags-best-theatre-actor-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |2021<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[Prag Cine Awards|Prag Cine Awards 2021]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=20th Prag Cine Awards on Jan 30 |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/20th-prag-cine-awards-on-jan-30 |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Pratidin Time |date=24 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820095827/https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/20th-prag-cine-awards-on-jan-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kanchanjangha]]''<br />
|Best Film (Popular)<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actor (Popular)<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Panchana"''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Ratnakar (film)|''Ratnakar'']]<br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Lyrics – ''"Rati Rati"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pratighaat (2019 film)|Pratighaat]]''<br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bornodi Bhotiai]]''<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Bornodi Bhotiai"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2022<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Prag Cine Awards|Prag Cine Awards 2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galaxy of Stars Gathered at the 'Prag Cine Awards 2022', Check the Winners List |url=https://pragnews.com/en/galaxy-of-stars-gathered-at-the-prag-cine-awards-2022-check-the-winners-list |access-date=31 October 2022 | website=pragnews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|The Firing range<br />
|Best Singer Male (2020)<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Chandrawali<br />
|Best Singer Male (2021)<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2023<br />
|8th Assam State Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=8th Assam State Film Awards announced, Jonaki Porua—Fireflies, Bulbul Can Sing win best film award |url=http://nenow.in/top-news/8th-assam-state-film-awards-announced-jonaki-porua-fireflies-bulbul-can-sing-win-best-film-award.html |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=Northeast Now |language=en-US |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313173242/https://nenow.in/top-news/8th-assam-state-film-awards-announced-jonaki-porua-fireflies-bulbul-can-sing-win-best-film-award.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title='৩৫ হাজাৰ গান গোৱাৰ পিছত এতিয়া আৰু শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কণ্ঠশিল্পীৰ বঁটা লৈ থাকিবলৈ দিন নাই' |date=13 March 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJWoPZknc0w |access-date=13 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313173241/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJWoPZknc0w |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|[[Kanchanjangha]]<br />
|Best Playback Singer (Male) – ''"Panchana"''<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |Rajasthan Film Festival ''<small>(In other regional films)</small>''<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]]<br />
|Best Singer Male – ''"Ki Naam Di Maatim"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Music Director – "''Ki Naam Di Maatim"''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Supporting Character<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|Filmfare Awards Assamese<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Assamese 2024 Winners – Complete List Out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-assamese-2024/winners |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405092424/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-assamese-2024/winners |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
|The Slam Book<br />
|Best Music Album<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|Bhupen Hazarika Award<br />
|Conferred by Beltola Bohagi Utsav Committee. Presented by Kavita Baruah, younger sister of Bhupen Hazarika.<br />
|Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zubeen Garg conferred the Bhupen Hazarika Award 2025 |url=https://dainikjanambhumi.com/news/dr-bhupen-hazarika-award-has-been-presented-to-zubeen-garg |work=Dainik Janambhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Zubeen Garg to be conferred with Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Award |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-singer-zubeen-garg-to-be-conferred-with-dr-bhupen-hazarika-award |work=The Sentinel |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311061350/https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-singer-zubeen-garg-to-be-conferred-with-dr-bhupen-hazarika-award |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|Conferred<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]<br />
* [[List of Indian male film actors]]<br />
* [[List of Indian music directors]]<br />
* [[List of largest funerals]]<br />
* [[Roi Roi Binale]]<br />
* [[Zubeen Garg discography]]<br />
<br />
== Footnotes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Cited literature===<br />
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em|indent=yes}} <br />
* {{cite journal |last=Borthakur |first=Palme |last2=Kalita |first2=Bhaben Ch. |title=Development of modern music in Assam: Guwahati (GMC), a mosaic of cultural fusion and diffusion |journal=International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology (IJARIIT) |volume=4 |issue=6 |year=2018 |pages=523 |issn=2454-132X |url=https://www.ijariit.com/manuscripts/v4i6/V4I6-1321.pdf |access-date=18 November 2025}} <br />
* {{cite book |last=Saikia |first=Montu |title=Zubeen Garg Jibanar Para Ganaloi |publisher=Chandra Prakash, Guwahati |year=2009 |language=Assamese |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452684/mode/2up |access-date=18 November 2025}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Zubeen Garg}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|0958276}}<br />
* {{Facebook|ZUBEENsOFFICIAL}}<br />
* {{discogs artist|Zubeen Garg}}<br />
* [https://zubeengarg.com/ Zubeen Garg] at [https://zubeengarg.com/ Zubeengarg.com]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Zubeen}}<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]<br />
[[Category:Assamese actors]]<br />
[[Category:Assamese-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Assamese-language lyricists]]<br />
[[Category:Assamese film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian rock singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]<br />
[[Category:Accidental deaths in Singapore]]<br />
[[Category:Assamese-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Assamese singers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by drowning]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in Singapore]]<br />
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Guwahati]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tura, Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Underwater diving deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Zubeen Garg]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tabo,_Himachal_Pradesh&diff=539246Tabo, Himachal Pradesh2026-03-16T11:03:37Z<p>Lucinda30E: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Town and village in Himachal Pradesh, India}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Tabo<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = taboco<br />
| nickname =tabaco<br />
| settlement_type = town<br />
| image_skyline = Tabo Gompa, Spiti.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Tabo Gompa, Spiti<br />
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|32.0937|N|78.3829|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]] <br />
| | governing_body = [[Nagar Palika]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 3280<br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]- <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Painting at Tabo Monastery.jpg|thumb|Painting inside Tabo Monastery]]<br />
[[File:Connection (66175179).jpeg|thumb|left|Tabo Bridge. Tabo, Spiti, HP]]<br />
'''Tabo''' is a small town in the [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] on the banks of the [[Spiti River]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. The town lies on the road between [[Rekong Peo]] and [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]] (alternative spelling: Kaja), the sub-divisional headquarters of Spiti. The town surrounds a Buddhist monastery which, according to legend, is said to be over a thousand years old. The [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] has expressed his desire to retire to Tabo, since he maintains that the [[Tabo Monastery]] is one of the holiest. In 1996, the Dalai Lama conducted the [[Kalachakra]] initiation ceremony in Tabo, which coincided with the millennium anniversary celebrations of the Tabo monastery. The ceremony was attended by thousands of Buddhists from across the world. Tabo Monastery's spiritual head is Tsenshap Serkong Rinpoche.<br />
<br />
==Geography and climate==<br />
The village is situated at an altitude of 10,760&nbsp;ft (3,280 metres). Climate in Tabo is very unpredictable as it ranges from cloudy to sunny and from snow to heavy snowfall. Summers are short from May to August and winters are longer from mid-September to April. Winter temperatures in Tabo can range from {{cvt|-15|C|F}} in the day to {{cvt|-45|C|F}} overnight. In summers, temperature ranges from {{cvt|-5|C|F}} at night to {{cvt|20|C|F}} celsius in daytime.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}<br />
<br />
==Places of interest==<br />
<br />
[[File:Tabo Monastery -Tabo Spiti -Himachal Pradesh -D72 6869.jpg|200px|thumb|Tabo village as seen from Tabo Caves]]<br />
The temples within the monastery complex in Tabo have a plethora of wall paintings and mud statues. The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) attempted to restore some paintings that were ravaged by time, but were not very successful. Photography, however, is not permitted inside the monastery. Near the monastery there is a souvenir shop.<br />
<br />
==Tourism==<br />
There are a few hotels in Tabo, of which the Banjara Camps retreat is the most luxurious. The temperatures here plummet at night. There are other hotels and hostels like Dekit Norphel Tiger Den Restaurant, Tashi Gangsar, Menthok Dumra at Tabo, including the monastery's own guest houses.<br />
[[File:Another View of Tabo Monastery Guest House.jpg|thumb|right|Tabo Monastery Guest House]]<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Mobile phone networks do not work well in Tabo in Spiti Valley, except BSNL & Jio network.<br />
<br />
Tabo is connected to other major towns like Kaza and Kalpa with Himachal Pradesh Road Transport Network.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Deepak Sanan & Dhanu Swadi. 2002. ''Exploring Kinnaur & Spiti in the Trans-Himalaya''. 2nd edition. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7387-131-0}}, pp.&nbsp;147–153<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081004231945/http://www.pandeyji.com/lahulspiti/day5.cfm Practical Info about Tabo on the Net]<br />
<br />
{{Lahaul and Spiti}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lahaul and Spiti district]]<br />
[[Category:Caves of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Lahaul and Spiti district]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_ancient_Tamil_country&diff=484895Agriculture in ancient Tamil country2026-03-13T07:18:01Z<p>Lucinda30E: New New Data W/ Sources - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
During the [[Sangam period|Sangam]] age, 700 BCE – 100 CE, agriculture was the main vocation of the [[Tamil people|Tamil]].<ref name="Venkata Subramanian 26">Venkata Subramanian. p. 26.</ref> It was considered a necessity for life, and hence was treated as the foremost among all occupations. The farmers or the ''Ulavar'' were placed right at the top of the social classification. As they were the producers of food grains, they lived with self-respect. Agriculture during the early stages of Sangam period was primitive,<ref name="Venkata Subramanian 26"/> but it progressively got more efficient with improvements in irrigation, ploughing, manuring, storage and distribution.<br />
The ancient Tamils were aware of the different varieties of soil, the kinds of crops that can be grown on them and the various irrigation schemes suitable for a given region. These were also in Madras, Thanjore (now as Chennai, Thanjavur respectively).<br />
<br />
==Land classification==<br />
[[File:Gopichettypalayampaddy.jpg|thumb|Paddy fields in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]]]<br />
Among the [[Sangam landscape#Poetic Attributes of the Landscapes|five geographical divisions]] of the Tamil country in [[Sangam literature]], the [[Sangam landscape#Marutham .E2.80.93 Cropland|Marutam]] region was the most fit for cultivation, as it had the most fertile lands.<ref name="Balambal_classification">Balambal. p. 60.</ref> The prosperity of a farmer depended on getting the necessary sunlight, seasonal rains and the fertility of the soil. Among these elements of nature, sunlight was considered indispensable by the ancient Tamils, because if rains fail other methods of irrigation could be put to use and if the soil wasn't naturally fertile, artificial manuring would enrich the soil. They differentiated the lands on the basis of fertility and accordingly cultivated the crops that were best suited for the kind of soil. They were ''Vanpulam'' (hardland), ''Menpulam'' (fertile land), ''Pinpulam'' (dry land) and ''Kalarnilam'' or ''Uvarnilam'' (salty land). ''Vanpulam'' in [[Sangam landscape#Mullai .E2.80.93 Forests|Mullai]] and [[Sangam landscape#Kurinji .E2.80.93 Mountainous Region|Kurinji]] regions did not yield rich produce, whereas in ''Menpulam'' the yield was very good. Dry crops were cultivated on ''Pinpulam'', because of the limited irrigation facilities. The ''Kalarnilam'' was unfit for cultivation.<ref name="Balambal_classification" /> Some of the types of soil known to the people of this age were the [[alluvial soil]], [[red soil]], [[Vertisol|black soil]], [[laterite soil]] and [[sandy soil]] and they knew what crops could be grown on each type of soil.<ref name="Balambal_classification" /><br />
<br />
==Land ownership==<br />
[[File:PaddyFieldKerala.jpg|thumb|left|Paddy fields in present-day [[Kerala]] ]]<br />
The king owned a lot of land, but was not the sole landlord, as he had donated lands to poets, [[brahmins]], schools, hospitals and temples. The bulk of the agriculturists were cultivators of their own plots of land. They were the tillers of the soil and were known by different names - ''Ulutunbar'' or ''Yerinvalnar'', because they subsisted through the end of the plough, ''[[Vellalar]]'' because they were considered proprietors of water and ''Karalar'' or ''Kalamar'' which meant ruler of the clouds. Women cultivators were called ''Ulathiar''. Among the ''Vellalars'', the higher class people subsisted on the produce from the lands they owned whereas the lower-class people had to work on the lands to earn their livelihood. The higher class ''Vellalars'', besides holding the land, held high offices under the king, discharging civil and military duties, and assumed titles of ''Vel'', ''Arasu'', ''Kavidi'' and had matrimonial alliances with the royal family.<ref name="Balambal_ownership">Balambal. pp. 61–62.</ref><br />
<br />
Apart from the traditional landlords and cultivators, there were [[absentee landlords]] too. There are various instances in which the kings donated tax-free lands to poets, brahmins, educational institutions and hospitals. Lands given to brahmins was known ''Brahmateya''. When lands were given to brahmins and poets, these donees quite often left the donated lands in the hands of tenants or farm laborers. The terms of tenancy in respect of such cultivation are not known. Sometimes independent laborers were engaged for specific purposes and were known as ''Adiyor''. Regardless of the nature of ownership, ranging from great landlords who owned vast stretches of land to an ordinary cultivator who owned a tiny piece of land, there was a feeling of pride in the fact that they were the producers of food.<ref name="Balambal_ownership" /><br />
<br />
Land, the immobile property, and its produce were both taxable, as the king was owed a share for being the administrator of the land. Landlords and [[Peasants]] paid the tax - the land tax was known as ''Irai'' or ''Karai'' and the tax on produce was called ''Vari''. It is believed that one-sixth of the produce was collected as tax. During times of floods and famines, cultivation was much affected and the kings were known to be kind enough to make remissions.<ref name="Balambal_administration">Balambal. p. 67.</ref> Taxes were collected by revenue officials known as ''Variya'' and ''Kavidi'' and they were assisted by accountants called ''Ayakanakkar''. There were granaries, known as ''Kalanjiyam'',<ref>Venkata Subramanian. p. 37.</ref> in public places as well as in the houses of the farmers to store excess grain so that people did not suffer in times of floods or famines. The ''Manram'' (council) of the village took necessary decisions to safeguard the interests of the people.{{fact|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
For surveys and taxation purposes, various measurements were used to measure the land and its produce. The small land was known as ''Ma'' and bigger one as ''Veli''. One ''Veli'' was equal to a hundred ''Kuli''. The produce was measured using cubic-measures such as ''Tuni'', ''Nali'', ''Cher'' and ''Kalam'' and weight-measures such as ''Tulam'' and ''Kalanju''. Common vessels used for measuring grains were ''Ambanam'', ''Nazhi'' and ''Padakku'', which was equivalent to two ''Marakkal''s. The cubic measurements were of the shape of a [[Wine barrel|wine cask]] with a broader waist and slightly narrow bottom and top. They were tightened and fixed by metallic bands. A [[Weighing scale#Balance|balance]] known as ''Tulakkol'' was also in vogue.<ref name="Balambal_administration"/><br />
<br />
==Produce==<br />
[[File:Grain millet, early grain fill, Tifton, 7-3-02.jpg|thumb|Pearl millet]]<br />
The ancient Tamils cultivated a wide range of crops such as [[rice]], [[sugarcane]], [[millet]]s, [[Black pepper|pepper]], various grams, [[coconut]]s, [[beans]], [[cotton]], [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]], [[tamarind]] and [[sandalwood]]. Paddy was the main crop and different varieties of paddy such as ''Vennel'', ''Sennel'', ''Pudunel'', ''Aivananel'' and ''Torai'' were grown in the wet land of [[Sangam landscape#Marutham .E2.80.93 Cropland|Marutam]]. ''Sennel'' and ''pudunel'' were the more refined varieties. In a very fertile land, a ''Veli'' of land yielded 1000 ''Kalam'' of paddy. The peasants lived under the shady groves beyond the Marutam land. Each house had [[jackfruit|jack]], coconut, [[palmyra palm|palm]], [[arecanut|areca]] and plantain trees. [[Turmeric]] plants were grown in front of the houses and flower gardens were laid in between the houses. The [[Sangam landscape#Mullai .E2.80.93 Forests|Mullai]] people undertook the cultivation of fruit trees and crops for cattle. The sugarcane producers even employed mechanical contrivances to extract juices from it. In some plots, rotation of crops was followed – cotton and millet were grown simultaneously on a plot and after that, beans were cultivated on the same land. <br />
There, generally, was surplus from the produce. Each village was almost self-sufficient and if necessary people bought additional commodities from neighboring villages. Such trade happened under the [[barter|barter system]], with paddy and salt being used as the medium of buying and selling. The agricultural surplus produced by the villages is one of the reasons for the growth of urban centers in ancient Tamilakam. According to Dr. Venkata Subramanian, "''Towns can emerge precisely at the moment when the agriculturists start producing a surplus that can sustain basically 'Non-productive urban residents' ''".<ref>Venkata Subramanian. p. 7.</ref> The king also depended on this surplus, since the soldiers and workers were paid in kind, i.e. grains. These factors ensured adequate demand for the produce, which in turn accelerated cultivation.{{fact|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
==Techniques and tools==<br />
The Tamil people practiced a very systematic method of cultivation during the Sangam age. It was known that [[plough]]ing, [[manure|manuring]], [[weeding]], [[irrigation]] and [[crop protection]] need to be followed in a proper way for the yield to be rich.<ref>Pillay, P.G. pp. 50–51.</ref> [[Tiruvalluvar]], in his ''[[Tirukkural]]'', emphasizes the need for all of these steps to be undertaken in a careful manner in order to get a good yield. A paddy field was also known as ''Kalam'' and was ploughed with the help of oxen. Ploughed lands were leveled by the peasants using their feet, followed by the planting of the paddy seeds. Once the seeds grew into saplings, they were transplanted and when the crop was mature, it was harvested. Weeds were removed periodically. Paddy was removed from the harvested stalks by beating on the ground or by getting bullocks to tread on them. Cleared paddy was collected, measured and stored in proper containers. Millets were grown on the ''Pinpulam'' or the dry lands and in the [[Sangam landscape#Kurinji .E2.80.93 Mountainous Region|Kurinji]] region. [[Crop rotation]] was followed – for instance, cotton and millets were grown simultaneously on the same plot and after that, beans were cultivated on it.<br />
<br />
A wide range of tools needed for agriculture, from ploughing to harvesting, were manufactured. The basic tool was a [[plough]] also known as ''meli'', ''nanchil'' and ''kalappai''. It consists of a wooden plank to tie the oxen and an iron bar attached to the plank, that tilled the land. This tool helped to bring the low-lying soil to the upper layer and send the top layer to the bottom, thereby aerating the land. For digging earth, a [[spade]] with wooden handle and a sharp terminal was used. A wooden leveler known as ''palli'' or ''maram'' was used to level the ploughed land. ''Palliyadutal'' refers to the process of removing weeds by means of a toothed implement attached to a plank and drawn by oxen. Farmers used a bullock-propelled contrivance called ''Kapilai'' for [[Bucket|bailing out]] water from deep wells and a manual setup called ''Erram'', for shallow wells. Water bales were also known as ''ampi'' and ''kilar''. Protecting the standing crops from stray animals and birds was an important activity and was carried out by young girls<ref name="Pillay 51">Pillay, J.K. p. 51.</ref> and lower-class peasants. While the young girls used [[rattle (percussion instrument)|rattle]]s to scare birds away, the ''Kuravan'' and ''Kurathi'' used a [[sling shot|stone-sling]] device called ''Kavan'' to drive away elephants and birds. It is said that an accurate shot from the sling could even kill an animal. [[Bugle (instrument)|Bugle]]s and burning torches were other mechanisms used to keep wild animals away from the fields. [[Sickle]]s were used for harvesting fully grown paddy and reaping the ripe [[Ear (botany)|ears]] of [[Maize|corn]]{{Citation needed|reason=maize is native to the New World|date=November 2024}}. The paddy grain was separated by thrashing the sheaths on the ground. Ears of millets were stamped on by farm workers and that of black gram were beaten by a stick.<br />
<br />
==Irrigation==<br />
[[File:Grand Anicut kallanai.JPG|thumb|left|Kallanai, built around 1st century CE, is considered the oldest water-regulation structure in the world]]<br />
During the early phases of the Sangam period, people depended heavily on rains as the primary source of water for agriculture. But, increasing demand stemming from a growing population led to the development of better methods of irrigation. Since the rivers of the region were not perennial, the primary goal was to procure an adequate and continuous supply of water. Tanks, lakes and dams were important water storage systems that were developed for this purpose. [[Sluice]]s and shutters were constructed for regulating water for irrigation.<ref name="Pillay 51"/> Sometimes, buckets made of [[Reed (plant)|reed]]s were used for watering the lands. In order to control the flooding of rivers, sand mounds were raised so that water could be diverted for irrigation. Direct irrigation from canals was possible on the basins of the Kaveri, the Periyar and the Tamaraparani. [[Kallanai]], a dam built on river Kaveri during this period, is considered the oldest water-regulation structure in the world.<ref>Balambal. p. 64.</ref><ref name="kallanai_googlebook">{{cite book<br />
| last = Singh<br />
| first = Vijay P.<br />
|author2= Ram Narayan Yadava<br />
| title = Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment<br />
| publisher = Allied Publishers<br />
| year = 2003<br />
| pages = 508<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bge-0XX6ip8C&dq=kallanai&pg=PA508<br />
| isbn = 81-7764-548-X}}</ref><ref name="kallanai_oldest">{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf <br />
|title=''This is the oldest stone water-diversion or water-regulator structure in the world'' <br />
|accessdate=2007-05-27 <br />
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206130842/http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/traditionwater.pdf <br />
|archivedate=2007-02-06 <br />
|url-status=dead <br />
}}</ref> Kaveri, Pennai, Palaru, Vaigai and the Tamaraparani were the major rivers spreading their fertilizing water on the fields of Tamilakam. Water stored in tanks and reservoirs was delivered to the fields through channels. There is a considerable amount of spring channel irrigation in the Palar, Kaveri and Vaigai beds. To raise a second crop, well water was very useful. People of this era knew how to divine the spots where there was flow of underground water and dug wells there. Men and oxen were used to irrigate the lands from well water. When water supply was limited and demand was more, it became the duty of the village authorities to distribute the available water in a proper way. Day and night watchmen were employed to guard the tanks and reservoirs and regulate the water supply.<ref name="Pillay 51"/> Surface irrigation, sprinkler mechanism and [[drip irrigation]] methods were followed to prevent wastage of water.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Balambal<br />
| first = V<br />
| title = Studies in the History of the Sangam Age<br />
| year = 1998<br />
| publisher = Kalinga Publications, Delhi}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Pillay<br />
| first = J.K.<br />
| title = Educational system of the ancient Tamils<br />
| year = 1972<br />
| publisher = South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Pub. Society, Madras}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Venkata Subramanian<br />
| first = T.K.<br />
| title = Environment and urbanisation in early Tamilakam<br />
| year = 1988<br />
| publisher = Tamil University, Thanjavur}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Srinivasan<br />
| first = T.M.<br />
| title = Agricultural Practices as gleaned from the Tamil Literature of the Sangam Age<br />
| year = 2016<br />
| publisher = Indian Journal of History of Science<br />
| url =http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol51_2016_2_1_Art01.pdf}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Agriculture in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sangam period]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil economics]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]<br />
[[Category:Economic history of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:History of agriculture in India]]<br />
[[Category:Agriculture in Tamil Nadu]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naandi_(film)&diff=519675Naandi (film)2026-03-03T22:29:26Z<p>Lucinda30E: Created some pg more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Naandi<br />
| image = Naandi (1964).jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = N. Lakshminarayan<br />
| writer = N. Lakshminarayan<br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar]] <br /> [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]] <br /> [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] <br /> [[Udaykumar]]<br />
| producer = Vadiraj <br /> Jawahar<br />
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]<br />
| cinematography = [[R. N. K. Prasad]]<br />
| editing = P. S. Murthy<br />
| studio = Sri Bharathi Chitra<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1964}}<br />
| runtime = 154 minutes<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| country = India<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Naandi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ನಾಂದಿ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Prologue}}) is a 1964 [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed and written by N. Lakshminarayan, making his directional debut.<ref>[http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/n-lakshminarayan-movies.htm N.Lakshminarayan movies list]</ref> The film was produced by actor Vadiraj and Jawahar for ''Sri Bharathi Chitra'' studio. It stars [[Dr. Rajkumar]] and [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]] along with [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] and [[Udaykumar]] in guest roles. Actor [[Dinesh (Kannada Actor)|Dinesh]] made his debut in a supporting role.<br />
<br />
Upon its release, the film garnered wide appreciation and recognition for being the first to depict real-time struggles of individuals with hearing impairments in commercial cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/culture/international-mother-language-day-films-in-bengali-gujarati-kannada-kashmiri-assamese-marathi-maithili-and-odia/cid/1747332|title = 'Movie' over the subtitle barrier with these must-watch films in 8 Indian languages}}</ref><ref>[http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3857-history-44-naandi-gets-international-recognition.html History 44 - Naandi Gets International Recognition]</ref> The film also set a landmark by becoming the first Kannada film to be screened at an International film festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Kannada-cinema-makes-its-presence-felt-at-Bengaluru-film-fest/article17102789.ece|title = Kannada cinema makes its presence felt at Bengaluru film fest|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 27 January 2017|last1 = Khajane|first1 = Muralidhara|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230910104826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Kannada-cinema-makes-its-presence-felt-at-Bengaluru-film-fest/article17102789.ece|archive-date=10 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/kannada-films-for-all-time-700916.html|title = Kannada films for all time|date = 31 October 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040316075610/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/07/stories/2004020701180400.htm Comedian Vadiraj is dead]</ref> It was featured in the 1992 [[Kannada cinema]] Retrospective at the International Film Festival of India (IFFI).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/celebration-of-kannada-power-at-biffes/article22860036.ece|title=Celebration of Kannada 'power' at BIFFes|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 February 2018|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230910105341/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/celebration-of-kannada-power-at-biffes/article22860036.ece|archive-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> One critic has called it the first "offbeat" movie in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/kannada-films-for-all-time-700916.html | title=Kannada films for all time | date=31 October 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] as Murthy<br />
* [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]] as Ganga<br />
* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] as Nirmala<br />
* [[Udaykumar]] (cameo)<br />
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Sitapathi<br />
* Sorat Ashwath as Ramayya<br />
* Ganapathi Bhat<br />
* B. Hanumanthachar<br />
* [[Dinesh (Kannada Actor)|Dinesh]] as Gopal Rao<br />
* H. R. Hanumantha Rao<br />
* Sridhar<br />
* Narayana<br />
* P. Vadiraj as Pranesha<br />
* [[M. Jayashree]] as Savitri<br />
* [[R. T. Rama]] as Murthy's neighbour<br />
* [[Shanthamma]] as Seetha<br />
* Suma (credited as Baby Suma)<br />
* Anitha (credited as Baby Anitha)<br />
* Makeup Subbanna<br />
* Mary Bosh as herself (credited as Sister Mary Bosh)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] with lyrics by [[R. N. Jayagopal]].<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/album/K0001063.html Naandi songs]</ref> All the songs from the film were widely appreciated and are considered evergreen classics. <br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Namma Thayi Bharathi<br />
| extra1 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]<br />
| length1 = 03:16<br />
| title2 = Chandramukhi Pranasakhi<br />
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]], [[Bangalore Latha]]<br />
| lyrics2 = R. N. Jayagopal<br />
| length2 = 03:35<br />
| title3 = Haadonda Haaduve<br />
| extra3 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]]<br />
| lyrics3 = R. N. Jayagopal<br />
| length3 = 03:24<br />
| title4 = Udugoreyonda Thanda<br />
| extra4 = [[S. Janaki]]<br />
| lyrics4 = R. N. Jayagopal<br />
| length4 = 03:12<br />
| title5 = Sathyakke Endigu Jayavemba<br />
| extra5 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[S. Janaki]]<br />
| lyrics5 = R. N. Jayagopal<br />
| length5 = <br />
| title6 = Namma Papa Muddu Papa<br />
| extra6 = [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
| lyrics6 = R. N. Jayagopal<br />
| length6 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0234303}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Naandi}}<br />
[[Category:1964 films]]<br />
[[Category:1964 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]<br />
[[Category:1964 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1964 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by N. Lakshminarayan]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language romantic drama films]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okate_Life&diff=522820Okate Life2026-03-03T21:48:52Z<p>Lucinda30E: Starting info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Okate Life<br />
| image = Okate Life.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = M. Venkat<br />
| writer = Satish Bandoji<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Narayan Ram <br /> Dwarakanth Reddy<br />
| starring = [[Jithan Ramesh|Ramesh Choudary]]<br />Shruti Yugal <br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = D. Yadhagiri<br />Romti Vijay Kumar<br />
| editing = <br />
| music = <small>'''Songs:'''</small><br />[[Amresh Ganesh]]<br /><small>'''Score:'''</small><br />[[Sunil Kashyap]]<br />
| studio = Lord Venkateswara Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|5|3}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Okate Life''''' ({{Translation|Only one life}}) is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[thriller film]] directed by M. Venkat and starring [[Jithan Ramesh|Ramesh Choudary]] and Shruti Yugal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-jiiva-unveils-the-first-look-of-okate-life/articleshow/63429667.cms|title=Actor Jiiva unveils the first look of 'Okate Life'|date=23 March 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228210631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-jiiva-unveils-the-first-look-of-okate-life/articleshow/63429667.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Premise==<br />
The film is about [[Blue Whale Challenge|Blue Whale]] and how youngsters are addicted to technology and care less for human emotions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2019-02-28/Jiiva-unveils-Okate-Life-poster/503610?infinitescroll=1|title=Jiiva unveils 'Okate Life' poster|date=28 February 2019|work=[[The Hans India]]|accessdate=29 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228210634/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2019-02-28/Jiiva-unveils-Okate-Life-poster/503610?infinitescroll=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/okate-life-movie-1039591|title=హ్యాండిల్ విత్ కేర్|date=3 February 2018|language=te|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|accessdate=26 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Jithan Ramesh|Ramesh Choudary]] as Ram<br />
*Shruti Yugal as Charu<br />
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as ACP Mahindar<br />
*Rishi as Prem<br />
*Disha as Priya<br />
*[[Venu Yeldandi]] as Vicky<br />
*Jabardasth Bobby as Suresh<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film began production in 2018. The film marks [[Jithan Ramesh|Ramesh Choudary]]'s return to Telugu cinema after a fourteen-year gap.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/030219/jithan-ramesh-to-debut-in-tollywood.html |title=Jithan Ramesh to debut in Tollywood |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=3 February 2019 |accessdate=29 December 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301062733/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/030219/jithan-ramesh-to-debut-in-tollywood.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The trailer was released in the presence of Minister [[T. Harish Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/okate-life-trailer-launched-minister-t-harish-rao-1109159|title=ఉన్నది ఒకటే జీవితం|date=20 August 2018|language=te|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|accessdate=29 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228210659/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/okate-life-trailer-launched-minister-t-harish-rao-1109159|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Okate Life<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Amresh Ganesh]] <br /><small>'''Background Score:'''</small><br />[[Sunil Kashyap]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 2018<br />
| recorded = 2018<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 17:54<br />
| language = Telugu <br />
| label = iDream Music<br />
| producer = <br />
| chronology = [[Amresh Ganesh]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Sathru (2019 film)|Sathru]]<br />
| prev_year = 2019<br />
| next_title = [[En Kaadhali Scene Podura]]<br />
| next_year = 2019<br />
| misc = {{Extra chronology<br />
| artist = [[Sunil Kashyap]]<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| prev_title = [[Rogue (2017 film)|Rogue]]<br />
| prev_year = 2017<br />
| title = Okate Life<br />
| year = 2018<br />
| next_title = [[Bewars]]<br />
| next_year = 2018<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
The songs were composed by [[Amresh Ganesh]] in his Telugu debut,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/oct/17/charlie-chaplin-2-music-director-amrish-thrilled-with-adulation-for-chinna-machan-sevatha-machan-son-1886387.html|title=Charlie Chaplin 2 music director Amrish thrilled with adulation for Chinna Machan Sevatha Machan song|date=17 October 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712055735/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/oct/17/charlie-chaplin-2-music-director-amrish-thrilled-with-adulation-for-chinna-machan-sevatha-machan-son-1886387.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the score was composed by [[Sunil Kashyap]].<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moviegq.com/movie/okate-life-9900/songs|title=OKATE LIFE (2019) SONGS|work=MovieGQ|access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref><br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Dub Dub Dabbu <br />
| lyrics1 = Viswa<br />
| extra1 = Sarath Santhosh<br />
| length1 = 4:09<br />
| title2 = Em Maya Chesave<br />
| lyrics2 = Sathish Bandoji<br />
| extra2 = Manasa, Amresh<br />
| length2 = 5:47<br />
| title3 = Whatsapp Baby<br />
| lyrics3 = Bhashya Sree<br />
| extra3 = [[Suchitra]]<br />
| length3 = 4:21<br />
| title4 = Ohh Meri Dhimtak Nari<br />
| lyrics4 = Sathish Bandoji<br />
| extra4 = Suchitra, [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br />
| length4 = 3:37<br />
| total_length = 17:54<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film was initially scheduled to release on 22 August 2018 and later 8 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/okate-life-releasing-august-22-1101929|title=టెక్నాలజీ పేరుతో పరుగులు|date=20 August 2018|language=te|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|accessdate=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2019-02-02/Youngsters-lost-in-virtual-world/486435|title=Youngsters lost in virtual world|date=2 February 2019|work=[[The Hans India]]|accessdate=26 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|10300302}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Amresh Ganesh]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akasha_Gange&diff=485223Akasha Gange2026-03-03T21:39:22Z<p>Lucinda30E: New Initial Data Basic Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Akasha Gange<br />
| image = Akasha Gange 2008 poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Official poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = [[Dinesh Baboo]]<br />
| writer = Dinesh Baboo<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Sudhakar<br /> Srinath <br />Prakash<br />
| starring = [[Mithun Tejasvi]] <br />[[Chaya Singh]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Ravi Suvarna<br />
| editing = <br />
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|6|13}} <br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Akasha Gange''''' is a 2008 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by [[Dinesh Baboo]] and starring [[Mithun Tejasvi]] and [[Chaya Singh]]. The film was released after a two year delay.<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/im-not-bothered-about-my-image/articleshow/262691.cms|title='I'm not bothered about my image'|date=31 October 2006|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628120413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/Im-not-bothered-about-my-image/articleshow/262691.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was reportedly produced under fraud and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/nov/07/five-held-for-fraud-200895.html|title=Five held for fraud|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 November 2010|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424050803/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/nov/07/five-held-for-fraud-200895.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Mithun Tejasvi]] as Sonu <br />
* [[Chaya Singh]] as Lakshmi alias Beena<br />
* [[Vanitha Vasu]] as Lakshmi's foster mother<br />
* [[Nivedhitha|Smitha]]<br />
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]<br />
* [[Doddanna]]<br />
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film began production in 2006. In the film, [[Chaya Singh]] plays an unwed mother, which was different from her previous [[girl next door]] roles.<ref name="T"/><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] with lyrics by [[K. Kalyan]].<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Tracklist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/akasha-gange/xQOBdGLXEno_|title=Akasha Gange|work=[[JioSaavn]]|date=2020|access-date=2023-04-23|archive-date=2023-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424050804/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/akasha-gange/xQOBdGLXEno_|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 29:12<br />
| title1 = Belagutide<br />
| extra1 =[[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Gange Gange<br />
| extra2 =[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Kuhu Kogile <br />
| extra3 =K. S. Chithra<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Lalli Lalli<br />
| extra4 =K. S. Chithra<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Malli Malli<br />
| extra5 =S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, &nbsp;K. S. Chithra<br />
| length5 = <br />
| title6 = Manase Prithiya Manase<br />
| extra6 =S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length6 =<br />
| title7 = Nanagagi Ninagagi<br />
| extra7 =K. S. Chithra<br />
| length7 =<br />
| title8 = Ninna Kannu Neenu<br />
| extra8 =K. S. Chithra<br />
| length8 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "In a nutshell, a neatly packaged film worth watching".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/13ssag.htm|title=''Akasha Gange'', a clean entertainer|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=13 June 2008|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913082237/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/13ssag.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "At a time when all action packed superstar films are bombing big time in Kannada, ''Akasha Gange'' comes as a whiff of fresh air".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akasha-gange-a-whiff-of-fresh-air/articleshow/3142481.cms|title=Akasha Gange: A whiff of fresh air|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 June 2008|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025003430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akasha-Gange-A-whiff-of-fresh-air/articleshow/3142481.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*{{IMDb title|id=tt9130628}}<br />
<br />
{{Dinesh Baboo}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2008 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ormayundo_Ee_Mukham&diff=461636Ormayundo Ee Mukham2026-03-03T20:42:10Z<p>Lucinda30E: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Ormayundo Ee Mukham<br />
| image = Ormayundo Ee Mugham (2014) - Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| director = Anvar Sadik<br />
| producer = Jaison Elamgulam<br />
Biju Thoranathel (co-producer)<br />
Jose Meladoor (co-producer)<br />
Jacob Koyepuram (co-producer)<br />
| writer = Anvar Sadik<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]|[[Namitha Pramod]]|[[Aju Varghese]]}}<br />
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]<br />
| cinematography = Jithu Damodar<br />
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]<br />
| studio = RJ Creations<br />
| distributor = RJ Creations (India)<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|11|14}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = {{INR}}3.5[[crore]]<br />
| gross = {{INR}}10[[crore]] net<br />
}}<br />
'''''Ormayundo Ee Mukham''''' ({{translation|Do You Remember This Face?}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic musical film]] written and directed by Anvar Sadik, starring [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] and [[Namitha Pramod]].<ref name = in>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Of-Love-and-Other-Emotions/2014/10/28/article2496281.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117144343/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Of-Love-and-Other-Emotions/2014/10/28/article2496281.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2014|title=Of Love and Other Emotions|publisher=}}</ref> The film's music was composed by [[Shaan Rahman]].<ref name = hi>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/on-location-notes-on-romance/article6376220.ece|title=On location: Notes on romance|first=Vijay|last=George|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 September 2014|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The film was released on 14 November 2014.<ref name = in /> It is inspired by the 2004 American film ''[[50 First Dates]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/ormayundo-ee-mugham-critics-review-roundup-vineeth-namitha-starrer-gains-positive-response-614071|title='Ormayundo Ee Mugham' Critics Review Roundup: Vineeth-Namitha Starrer Gains Positive Response|first=Nicy|last=V.P|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=15 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The story first shows Nithya, a sand artist doing her program. When she is on her way home, she gets into an accident, which leads to memory loss that can only allow her to remember anything for just 24 hours. She keeps a diary where she jots down all her memories.<br />
<br />
Then we meet Gautham, a young businessman, who also suffers from temporary memory problems. His mother gets annoyed with him and asks him to marry a girl, Hema, whom he doesn't like. Angry with his mother, he and his grandmother make a plan. The plan is that he will say that he is in love with another girl, and the next day they are going to have a date.<br />
<br />
The next morning he goes for a walk around the city looking for a date. He then meets Nithya and watches her sand art and memory show. They fall in love. Nithya does not write her memories of Gautham in her memory book, as she thinks if they are real soul mates then this magic will happen.<br />
<br />
The next day they meet, but Nithya does not recognize Gautham. Then Gautham, his friend Apoorva, and Nithya's sister Neetu make up plans to meet Nithya again, and at last, he succeeds. He tells his mother that he loves Nithya and then brings her to his house. There they realize their love for each Other.<br />
<br />
The next day Nithya forgets him but reminds herself about him after reading her memory book. She then says that they can never stay together and hence, tears his memories from her book. They go their separate ways. Later, Gautham is traveling to the US for a meeting, and he meets Neetu at the airport. She says that Nithya is doing well and shows him the video of Nithya's program.<br />
<br />
He sees that the pictures drawn are related to him and abandons his trip to watch Nithya's show. When she sees him there, she draws his image. But when he asks her whether she remembers him, she says no. Gautham returns and then sees his mother in the auditorium. His mother asks him to turn back. When he looks at the screen he sees Nithya drawing his face. Gautham runs back to the stage and asks her "whether she really does not know him." She replies that "even without knowing who you are I used to draw your pictures." Then they understand that even though she forgets everything after 24 hours, she will never be able to forget him as she loves him.<br />
<br />
They marry and live happily ever after.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as Gautham, Young businessman<br />
* [[Namitha Pramod]] as Nithya/Nithya Gautam, Sand animation artist<br />
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Nithya's Doctor/ Uncle James Kuruvilla<br />
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Apoorva, Gautham's best pal<br />
* [[Soumya Sadanandan]] as Neethu, Nithya's Sister<br />
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Vasundhara Devi, Gautham's mother<br />
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Gautham's grandmother<br />
* [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]] as Hema<br />
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Ashokan, Hema's Father<br />
* [[Anju Aravind]] as Latha, Hema's Mother<br />
* [[Reena Basheer]]<br />
* [[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] as Hari, Gautham's Father<br />
* [[Bhagath Manuel]]<br />
* [[Shalini Thomas]] as Gouri, Gautham's sister<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Filming commenced in August 2014 in Kochi <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shooting-ormayundo-ee-mukham-starring-vineeth-namitha-begins-607047|title=Shooting of 'Ormayundo Ee Mukham' Starring Vineeth and Namitha Begins|first=Nicy|last=V.P|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=18 August 2014|publisher=}}</ref> and later took place at various locations including [[Pune]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ormayundo-ee-mugam-starts-rolling-news-malayalam-ojqlMtcicgcaj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916195553/http://www.sify.com/movies/ormayundo-ee-mugam-starts-rolling-news-malayalam-ojqlMtcicgcaj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2014|title='Ormayundo Ee Mugam' Starts Rolling|website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}</ref> [[Angamaly]]<ref name = hi /> and [[Alappuzha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ormayundo-ee-mugham-shooting-progresses/articleshow/41785679.cms|title=Ormayundo ee mugham shooting progresses|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|last1=Pillai |first1=Radhika C. }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Ormayundo Ee Mukham<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Shaan Rahman<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| released = 24 October 2014<br />
| recorded = 2014<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| label = [[Muzik 247]]<br />
| producer = Shaan Rahman<br />
| prev_title = [[Saheba Subramanyam]]<br />
| prev_year = 2014<br />
| next_title = [[Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeevi Aanu]]<br />
| next_year = 2015<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Shaan Rahman]], Vineeth Sreenivasan's usual associate. The lyrics of these songs were penned by [[Manu Manjith]] (Chayunnuvo, Doore Doore, Payye Payye) and Vineeth Sreenivasan. The album, which was launched in late October 2014 in Kochi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ormayundo-ee-mugham-audio-launched-news-malayalam-okylggjbgaddc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025100220/http://www.sify.com/movies/ormayundo-ee-mugham-audio-launched-news-malayalam-okylggjbgaddc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2014|title='Ormayundo Ee Mugham' audio launched|website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}</ref> features six tracks including one [[reprise]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/There-are-six-songs-in-Ormayundo-Ee-Mugham/articleshow/43893261.cms|title=There are six songs in Ormayundo Ee Mugham|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref><br />
<br />
The album was well received by critics and public alike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2014/10/25/ormayundo-ee-mukham-music-review-malayalam-shaan-rahman/|title=Ormayundo ee Mukham (Music review), Malayalam – Shaan Rahman by Milliblog!|date=25 October 2014}}</ref><br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline =<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| total_length =<br />
| title1 = Aaromale<br />
| extra1 = [[Shaan Rahman]]<br />
| length1 = {{Duration|3:54}}<br />
| title2 = Chayunnuvo<br />
| extra2 = Shaan Rahman<br />
| length2 = {{Duration|4:58}}<br />
| title3 = Doore Doore<br />
| extra3 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]<br />
| length3 = {{Duration|3:02}}<br />
| title4 = Doore Doore<br />
| note4 = Reprise<br />
| extra4 = [[Rinu Razak]]<br />
| length4 = {{Duration|2:59}}<br />
| title5 = Ee Mizhikalin<br />
| extra5 = Vineeth Sreenivasan, [[Mridula Warrier]]<br />
| length5 = {{Duration|3:41}}<br />
| title6 = Payye Payye<br />
| extra6 = [[K. S. Harisankar]]<br />
| length6 = {{Duration|3:47}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Akhila Menon of filmiBeat rated the film 3.5/5 and described it as "a pleasant superficial love story."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2014/ormayundo-ee-mukham-movie-review-a-musical-love-story-164364.html|title=Ormayundo Ee Mukham Movie Review: A Flimsy Love Story|date=14 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref><br />
India glitz rated it 6/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ormayundo-ee-mukham-malayalam-movie-review-19099.html|title=Ormayundo Ee Mukham review. Ormayundo Ee Mukham Malayalam movie review, story, rating – IndiaGlitz.com|publisher=}}</ref> Onlookersmedia said "The newcomer Anvar had done a terrific job as a writer and director and all in all this film has become a very good entertainer for all kind of spectators."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlookersmedia.in/reviews/ormayundo-ee-mugham-review|title=Ormayundo ee Mugham Review|date=14 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* ''[[Mithya (film)|Mithya]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romance films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:2014 romance films]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Party&diff=454417Cochin Party2026-02-27T21:32:23Z<p>Lucinda30E: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former Indian political party}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
The '''Cochin Party''' was a [[political party]] in [[Cochin]], [[India]]. The party was founded in 1949 by C.V. Iyyu, Kunhirama Menon and others.<ref name="Sadasivan2005">{{cite book|author=S. N. Sadasivan|title=Political and Administrative Integration of Princely States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWptYbzpXE8C&pg=PA61|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-968-3|pages=61–62}}</ref> Although the party had no links as such with the Cochin Praja Mandal, some of its leaders had been members of that group.<ref name="Kumar1986">{{cite book|author=G. Gopa Kumar|title=Regional political parties and state politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuuJAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|page=113|isbn=9780836419108}}</ref> The party opposed integration of Cochin into a joint state with [[Travancore]], and raised the slogan 'Cochin for Cochinites'.<ref name="Sadasivan2005"/> It sought to maintain a separate Cochin state.<ref name="Sadasivan2005"/><ref name="College1957">{{cite book|author=University of Chicago. College|title=Introduction to the civilization of India: emergence of India and Pakistan into the modern world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6so6AAAAIAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Syllabus Division, University of Chicago Press|page=387}}</ref> The party had a right-wing profile.<ref name="Ghosh1954"/><br />
<br />
The election symbol of the party was a flower.<ref name="Lal1978">{{cite book|author=Shiv Lal|title=Elections in India: an introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSFbAAAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Election Archives|page=48}}</ref> The party presented twelve candidates in the [[1951 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]. In total the candidates of the party obtained 59,535 votes (1.75% of the votes in the state). One candidate of the party was elected, [[C.C. Ayyappan|Ayyappan]] from the Wadankancherry constituency (which had two seats, the other being won by the [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_TRAV-COCH.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF TRAVANCORE COCHIN]''</ref> The party fielded one candidate in the [[1951 Indian general election|1951 Lok Sabha election]], Ephrahim Moovamby in the Crangannur seat. He obtained 8,947 votes (3.74% of the votes in the constituency).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1951 TO THE FIRST LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008000000/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |date=October 8, 2014 }}''</ref> By the 1954 elections the party had disappeared.<ref name="Ghosh1954">{{cite book|author=Ajoy Ghosh|title=Miscellaneous writings: Communist Party of India, 1954-1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUA5AQAAIAAJ|year=1954|page=46}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political parties in Travancore–Cochin]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1949]]<br />
[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]<br />
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1954]]<br />
[[Category:1954 disestablishments in India]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yogesh_Kumar_Joshi&diff=456243Yogesh Kumar Joshi2026-02-24T21:49:55Z<p>Lucinda30E: quick update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian army officer (born 1962)}}<br />
{{For|other people with the same name|Yogesh Joshi (disambiguation){{!}}Yogesh Joshi}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]<br />
| name = Yogesh Kumar Joshi<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|VrC|SM|ADC}}<br />
| image = Lieutenant General Yogesh Kumar Joshi UYSM AVSM VrC SM, General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command, Indian Army.jpg<br />
| image_size = 230px<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Official portrait, 2020<br />
| office = [[Northern Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command]]<br />
| term_start = 1 February 2020<br />
| term_end = 31 January 2022<br />
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]]<br />
| 1namedata = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Ranbir Singh (general)|Ranbir Singh]]<br />
| successor = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| nickname = Joe<br>Chanakya<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1962|01|05}}<ref>{{cite web | title = Lt Col Yogesh kumar Joshi, VrC | publisher = THE WAR DECORATED INDIA| url = http://twdi.in/node/2669|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} death date first, then birth date --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| placeofburial = <br />
| allegiance = {{flagcountry|India}}<br />
| branch = {{army|India}}<br />
| serviceyears = 12 June 1982 – 31 January 2022<br />
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]<br />
| military_blank1 = Service number<br />
| military_data1 = IC-40500A <ref>{{Cite web| title=Honours and awards: Republic day 2022 | url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc20221259101.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125121326/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc20221259101.pdf | archive-date=2022-01-25}}</ref><br />
| unit = [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|13 JAK RIF]]<br />
| commands = [[File:Northern Command (India).svg|20px]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]<br> [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]]<br>[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|13 JAK RIF]]<br />
| battles = [[Kargil War]]<br />
* [[Battle of point 5140]]<br />
* [[Battle of Point 4875]]<br />
* [[Battle of Tiger Hill]]<br />
| battles_label = <br />
| military_blank2 = Awards<br />
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
* [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]<br />
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
* [[File:Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px]] [[Vir Chakra]]<br />
* [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]]<br />
* [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
}}<br />
| memorials = <br />
| spouse = <!-- Add spouse if reliably sourced --><br />
| relations = <br />
| laterwork = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = <br />
| module = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Yogesh Kumar Joshi''', [[PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] (born 5 January 1962) is a retired [[General Officer]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He was the [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]], assuming office from Lt Gen [[Ranbir Singh (general)|Ranbir Singh]] on 1 February 2020.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=PRO Udhampur, Ministry of Defence |user=proudhampur |number=1223259730954481664 |date=31 January 2020 |title=Lt Gen YK Joshi, UYSM, AVSM, VrC, SM will assume the appointment of #ArmyCdrNC on 01 Feb 2020. The General officer caught the attention of the nation during Kargil war with his outstanding leadership under the nickname 'Joe' & led his unit 13 JAK RIF to unprecedented success. https://t.co/Lr54A5JapD |language=en |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827100822/https://twitter.com/proudhampur/status/1223259730954481664 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Negi, Manjeet Singh |title=Kargil fame Lt Gen YK Joshi appointed Northern Army Commander |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kargil-fame-lt-gen-yk-joshi-appointed-northern-army-commander-1639616-2020-01-24 |work=India Today |location=London |date=24 January 2020 |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref><br />
He last served as the Chief of staff of the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]], assuming the office from Lt Gen SK Sharma.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=PRO Udhampur, Ministry of Defence |user=proudhampur |number=1187652310081490944 |date=25 October 2019 |title=Lt Gen YK Joshi assumed the appointment of Chief of Staff, Northern Commandat Udhampur today. He relieves Lt Gen SK Sharma. In a solemn ceremony Lt Gen SK Sharma and the incoming Chief of Staff paid tributes to the martyrs at Dhruva Shahid Samarak, Udhampur. https://t.co/iXRaI0ayRS |language=en |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025090020/https://twitter.com/proudhampur/status/1187652310081490944 |archive-date=25 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, he was the commander of [[Leh]] based [[XIV Corps (India)|Fire & Fury Corps]]. As Army Commander he is credited with spearheading the Indian response to PLA's attempt to alter the status quo on [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) by use of force. He is the only war decorated Army Commander who has to his credit successes against both Indian adversaries China and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=17 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwTxyE4LK_c |title=Lt Gen YK Joshi Speaks On The Pangong Tso Pullback {{!}} Exclusive Interview {{!}} CNN News18 |publisher=[[CNN-News18]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207081623/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwTxyE4LK_c |archive-date=7 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Gen Joshi hails from [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]. He has done his schooling from [[Jhansi]] and Faridabad. He is the son of B P Joshi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/yogesh-kumar-joshi|title=YOGESH KUMAR JOSHI {{!}} Gallantry Awards|website=gallantryawards.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref> He is a graduate of the 60th course and was allotted Kilo "K" squadron at the [[National Defence Academy]], [[Khadakwasla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khadakwasla]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nda.nic.in/Vir-chakra.html|title=Vir Chakra |website=nda.nic.in}}</ref> Then he attended [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]].<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
He was commissioned into [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.catchnews.com/national-news/kargil-war-hero-lieutenant-general-yk-joshi-takes-charge-of-ladakh-s-defence-130488.html|title=Kargil war hero Lieutenant General YK Joshi takes charge of Ladakh's defence|work=CatchNews.com|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/jul/150709-Colonel-YK-Joshi-LOC-Kargil-Sanjay-Dutt-War-Heroes-39-honours-Delhi-news.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141120182319/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/jul/150709-Colonel-YK-Joshi-LOC-Kargil-Sanjay-Dutt-War-Heroes-39-honours-Delhi-news.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2014|title=Back in the barracks, I'm Sanju Baba|date=15 July 2009|newspaper=Mid-Day Infomedia Ltd.|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/boundary-tensions-challenge-li-keqiangs-visit/article4702099.ece|title=Boundary tensions challenge Li Keqiang's visit|last=KRISHNAN|first=ANANTH|date=11 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref> His instructional tenure was at Infantry School Mhow where he was responsible to impart training on Anti Tank Weapon Systems. Being an epitome of a 'scholar warrior' he attended Defense Services Staff College, Wellington and was posted to Military Operations Directorate for the first time, since then he has served in Military Operations directorate thrice in various capacities which have enriched his professional competencies in the operational paradigm to include both putative adversaries of India, namely China and Pakistan. He had the distinction to command his Brigade in Eastern Ladakh and also the Division in the same area, thus giving him first hand ground knowledge which held him in good stead during Operation SNOW LEOPARD. He has also served as the ADG of Military Operations Branch in the Army HQ during the critical period of Surgical Strikes against Pakistan in 2016 and was responsible for the planning of the operations at the Military Operations Branch. Prior to his appointment as GOC of XIV Corp he was DG Infantry and spearheaded the modernization drive of the infantry with missionary zeal and a large number of weapon systems and equipment like the Sig Saur Rifle were procured under his tutelage. He is the colonel of the regiment of [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]] & the [[Ladakh Scouts]] and has been deeply involved with welfare and development of people of the remote region of Ladakh. He was the 17th Commander, [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]] of the [[Indian Army]] and assumed the post on 31 August 2018, This was General Joshi's fourth tenure dealing with Chinese troops.<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/jammu-and-kashmir/kargil-war-hero-lieutenant-general-yk-joshi-takes-charge-of-ladakhs-defence-2137768.html|title=Kargil War hero Lieutenant General YK Joshi takes charge of Ladakh's defence|website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> He assumed the post from Lt General Santosh Kumar Upadhya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kargil-hero-lt-gen-joshi-takes-charge-of-14-corps/articleshow/65633825.cms|title=Kargil hero Lt-Gen Joshi takes charge of 14 corps - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Kargil War ===<br />
He was a [[Lieutenant Colonel|Lt Colonel]] during [[Kargil War]]. He led 13th [[Battalion]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|JAK Rif]] in [[Dras]]. His battalion launched four attacks, most successful of which was on Pt 4875 which is now called Batra Top after [[Vikram Batra|Capt. Vikram Batra]] who was martyred in action and was awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]]. The Battalion was also conferred with the title of the 'Bravest Of the Brave'<ref name="zeenews.india.com"/> His battalion was awarded a total more than twenty five [[Gallantry award|Gallantry medals]] during Kargil War including two Param Vir Chakras, eight [[Vir Chakra]]s (including him) and fourteen [[Sena Medal]]s. He was the commanding officer of [[Param Vir Chakra]] awardees [[Vikram Batra|Captain Vikram Batra]] and [[Sanjay Kumar (soldier)|Rifleman Sanjay Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/captain-vikram-batra-brave-stories-update--41716.html|title=Legendary tale of 'Captain Vikram Batra': The 'Sher Shah' of Indian Army|date=11 September 2014|newspaper=India TV Buzz|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> His role during the Kargil War was essayed by Sanjay Datt in the movie LOC Kargil directed by JP Datta. As an officer and a gentleman his gesture of giving an honourable burial to troops of Pakistan Army who had perished on the icy heights of Kargil<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Aroor |first=Shiv |author-link=Shiv Aroor |user=ShivAroor |number=1157877141091971072 |date=4 August 2019 |title=20 years ago after the Kargil War, the Indian Army's 13 JAK RIF buried Pakistani soldiers with all rituals because the Pakistan Army wouldn't take them back. That's Pakistan. 'No man left behind' means nothing to them. A military that can never be moral rules that country. https://t.co/m21IyvUhye |language=en |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207084906/https://twitter.com/shivaroor/status/1157877141091971072 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> fetched him praise and also a sobriquet of a 'humane warrior'. His professional acumen and personal bravery was a beacon of inspiration for the soldiers of his unit who displayed bravery and courage beyond the call of duty to achieve victory under most trying circumstances. His CODE WORD during the battle was 'CHANAKYA' and instilled fear amongst the Pakistani soldiers who were fighting in Kargil.<br />
<br />
=== An expert on China ===<br />
Gen Joshi was very unique since of his knowledge of the [[Chinese language]] but also the fact that he had served thrice before in the eastern [[Ladakh]] sector and has commanded a [[Brigade]] and a [[Division (military)|Division]] before taking over as commander of [[XIV Corps (India)|Fire & Fury Corps]]. He also served as a [[Defence Attache]] to China (2005-2008) and negotiated the technicalities of the first India-China joint exercise “Hand-in-Hand” in [[Kunming]] in 2007 and led Army talks with China.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/amid-ladakh-tensions-india-china-discuss-joint-military-exercises/article4659161.ece|title=Amid Ladakh tensions, India, China discuss joint military exercises|last=KRISHNAN|first=ANANTH|date=27 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/defence/new-appointee-lt-gen-joshi-is-the-perfect-man-to-lead-armys-fire-and-fury-corps/110370/|title=Why Modi govt & Army picked this general to protect borders with China & Pakistan |date=3 September 2018|website=theprint.in}}</ref><ref name="zeenews.india.com"/> The PLA holds him in great esteem and are in awe of his capacities as a soldier and diplomat. During the various meetings held after the Galwan incident the Chinese generals had displayed great reverence and were always cognizant of his presence as the Theatre Commander.<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Gokhale |first=Nitin |user=nitingokhale |number=1362006053148188674 |date=17 February 2021 |title=Most detailed insight straight from the man who led Op Snow Leopard against China in Eastern Ladakh in the past 10 months. https://t.co/w0waRzLqgU |language=en |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206172017/https://twitter.com/nitingokhale/status/1362006053148188674 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> His valuable insights on China, PLA and their capacities were banked upon by the highest decision-making body in military matters in India.<br />
<br />
== Vir Chakra Citation ==<br />
The citation for the [[Vir Chakra]] reads as follows<ref name=Vir>{{cite web | title = Vir Chakra (VrC) Awardee: Lt Col Yogesh kumar Joshi, VrC | publisher = THE WAR DECORATED INDIA| url = http://twdi.in/node/3988|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><br />
{{Quotation|Gazette Notification: 18 Pres/2000,15-8-99<br />
Operation: -<br />
Date of Award: 15 Aug 1999<br />
<br />
{{center|'''CITATION'''<br /><br />
'''LIEUTENANT COLONEL YOGESH KUMAR JOSHI'''<br /><br />
'''13 JAMMU AND KASHMIR RIFLES'''}}<br />
Lieutenant Colonel Yogesh Kumar Joshi, 13 Jammu & Kashmir Rifles, was tasked to capture the strategically vital Point 5140 in Drass Sector during "Operation Vijay". Lieutenant Colonel Joshi conceived a brilliant plan catering for coordinated action to achieve total surprise and psychological dominance over the tactically better positioned enemy. He also personally supervised all preliminary actions before the attack. During the attack on 20 June 1999, Lieutenant Colonel Joshi kept motivating his company commanders and kept staging himself forward with utter disregard to his personal safety. Displaying exceptional presence of mind, he responded to changing battle situations in a most competent manner, his leading from the front and being well forward in battle acted as a morale booster to the attacking troops. Drawing inspiration from him, the attacking companies surmounted the heavy odds, rugged in-hospitable terrain and enemy fire to close in and capture the objective, important peak of Point 5140.<br />
<br />
Lieutenant Colonel Yogesh Kumar Joshi displayed exemplary leadership, outstanding command and control and valour beyond the call of duty, leading to killing of six enemy intruders and recapturing of the strategically vital Point 5140 in Drass Sector.|sign=|source=}}<br />
<br />
==Awards and decorations==<br />
During his career, he has been awarded with [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |title=HONOURS AND AWARDS : REPUBLIC DAY 2022 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc20221259101.pdf |website=PIB}}</ref> [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] for commanding the [[XIV Corps (India)|Fire & Fury Corps]] ([[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] 2020), [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] ([[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] 2016), the [[Vir Chakra]] ([[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] 1999) for his part in the [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] and the [[Sena Medal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1600543#.Xi0Av-oZiss.twitter|title=President approves 409 Gallantry and other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day (2020)|work=PIB India}}</ref><ref name="Vir" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2016-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102732|title=Press Information Bureau Government of India Republic Day Gallantry|date=2014-01-25|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2016-01-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|colspan="4" align="centre" |[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] <br />
|[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|105px]] <br />
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay star.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND Siachen Glacier Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]<br />
|[[File:UN UNAVEM Medal ribbon.svg|104px]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="1"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|Uttam Yuddh Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
| colspan="1" |[[Vir Chakra]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sena Medal]]<br />
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]<br />
|[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]<br />
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[United Nations Angola Verification Mission III|UNAVEM III Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dates of rank==<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"<br />
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank<br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 12 June 1982<ref name="commission">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1667 |date=29 September 1984|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1984/O-0834-1984-0039-36639.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 12 June 1984<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=780 |date=8 June 1985|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1985/O-0780-1985-0023-34602.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 12 June 1987<br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 12 June 1993<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1685 |date=10 September 1994|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1994/O-0363-1994-0037-14340.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 25 May 1999<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1894 |date=15 October 2005|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_42_2012_119.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 March 2006<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=635 |date=21 April 2007|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2007/W_16_2011_060.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 1 February 2010 (substantive, with seniority from 17 January 2009)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=273 |date=16 February 2013|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/W_7_2013_196.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 1 April 2015 (substantive, with seniority from 8 June 2012)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1309 |date=21 May 2016|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/169742.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 20 May 2017<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=393 |date=9 February 2019|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/197165.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
Gen Joshi has been portrayed twice in films, first by actor [[Sanjay Dutt]] in ''[[LOC: Kargil]]'' (2003) and second by actor [[Shataf Figar]] in ''[[Shershaah]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/kargil-war-hero-lt-gen-yk-joshi-hangs-his-uniform-after-40-years-of-distinguished-career-365899|title=Kargil War hero Lt Gen YK Joshi hangs his uniform after 40 years of distinguished career|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><br />
<br />
His autobiography ''Who Dares Wins'' seamlessly blends his personal experiences with accounts of military events, actions, and operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who Dares Wins|url=https://www.amazon.in/Who-Dares-Wins-Soldiers-General/dp/0143467638|publisher=Penguin Veer|year=2025|isbn=9780143467632}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Anuj Nayyar]]<br />
* [[Yeh Dil Maange More!]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}<br />
{{Succession box<br />
| title = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]<br />
| years = 1 February 2020 - 31 January 2022<br />
| before = [[Ranbir Singh (general)|Ranbir Singh]]<br />
| after = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Succession box<br />
| title = Chief of Staff [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]<br />
| years = 25 October 2019 - N/A<br />
| before = SK Sharma<br />
| after = <br />
}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]]<br />
| years = 31 August 2018 - 10 October 2019<br />
| before = Santosh Kumar Upadhya<br />
| after = Harinder Singh<br />
}}<br />
{{Succession box<br />
| title = Director General of Infantry<br />
| years = 2017 - 30 August 2018<br />
| before = <br />
| after = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zImHyTyYhM8 Video] about Captain Vikram Batra showing a reenactment of his final battle during [[Kargil War]], narrated by his then-commanding officer, Yogesh Kumar Joshi.<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Yogesh Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Vir Chakra]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Military attachés for India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian generals]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chowk_Ke_Masjid&diff=494475Chowk Ke Masjid2026-02-24T20:45:55Z<p>Lucinda30E: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Mosque in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| name = Masjid-e-chowk<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = Mahbub Chowk Clock Tower.jpg<br />
| image_upright = 1.4<br />
| alt = Black and white image of clock town in 1898<br />
| caption = The mosque, located to the left of the [[Mahboob Chowk Clock Tower]], in 1898<br />
| map_type = India Hyderabad<br />
| map_size = 250<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_relief = 1<br />
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Hyderabad]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.443811|78.472616|region:IN-TE_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title,inline}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]<br />
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]]<br />
| functional_status = Active<br />
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]], [[Telangana]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| deity = <br />
| rite = <br />
| sect = <br />
| tradition = <br />
| festival = <!-- or | festivals = --> <br />
| administration = <br />
| consecration_year = <br />
| heritage_designation = <br />
| ownership = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leadership = <br />
| bhattaraka = <br />
| patron = <br />
| religious_features_label = <br />
| religious_features = <br />
| architect = <br />
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}<br />
| architecture_style =<br />
| founded_by = Khaja Abdullah Khan<br />
| creator = <br />
| funded_by = <br />
| general_contractor = <br />
| established = <br />
| groundbreaking = <br />
| year_completed = 1817<br />
| construction_cost = <br />
| date_demolished = <!-- or | date_destroyed = --><br />
| facade_direction = <br />
| capacity = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| width_nave = <br />
| interior_area = <br />
| height_max = <br />
| dome_quantity = <br />
| dome_height_outer = <br />
| dome_height_inner = <br />
| dome_dia_outer = <br />
| dome_dia_inner = <br />
| minaret_quantity = Two<br />
| minaret_height = <br />
| spire_quantity = <br />
| spire_height = <br />
| site_area = <br />
| temple_quantity = <br />
| monument_quantity = <br />
| shrine_quantity = <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| materials = <br />
| elevation_m = <!-- or | elevation_ft = --><br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| nrhp = <br />
| designated = <br />
| added = <br />
| refnum = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Masjid-e-chowk''', also known as ''Chowk Ke Masjid'' or ''Jama Masjid Chowk'', is a [[mosque]] located in the [[Mahboob Chowk Clock Tower]], in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] of the state of [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-19 |title=Hyderabad: 73 years on, Urdu discourse back in Jama Masjid Chowk |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/73-years-on-urdu-discourse-back-in-jama-masjid-chowk/articleshow/86331490.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The mosque was constructed in 1817 by Khaja Abdullah Khan. The mosque was initially constructed with a three-arched façade. Later four arches were added by extending the structure and the two [[minaret]]s in the front of rectangular hall.<ref name="news">{{cite news|title=Hyderabad: Mosques offer free education, skill development amid school closure|url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-mosques-offer-free-education-skill-development-amid-school-closure-2108001/|last=Fatima|first=Sakina|newspaper=[[The Siasat Daily]]|date=11 March 2021|access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Bilgrami">{{cite book|title=Landmarks of the Deccan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgo97XF0XuYC|first=Syed Ali Asgar|last=Bilgrami|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|year=1992|isbn=9788120605435|access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>{{rp|107}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|Hyderabad}}}}<br />
* [[Islam in India]]<br />
* [[List of mosques in Telangana]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Mosques in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:19th-century mosques in India]]<br />
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]<br />
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1810s]]<br />
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1817]]<br />
<br />
{{India-mosque-stub}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sailessh_Gulabani&diff=531932Sailessh Gulabani2026-02-10T03:15:56Z<p>Lucinda30E: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian television actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sailessh Gulabani<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Sailessh Gulabani<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|04|13|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| alma_mater = [[Smt. M.M.K College of Commerce & Economics]]<br />
| years active = 2001{{ndash}}present<br />
| height = 1.73 m <br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ashita Dhawan]]|2010}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sailessh Gulabani''' is an Indian television actor. He is known for portraying the role of [[Vibhishana|Vibhishan]] in ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sailesh-gulabani-to-play-vibhishan-in-siya-ke-ram/|title=Sailesh Gulabani to play Vibhishan in 'Siya Ke Ram' |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 February 2016}}</ref> and Deepak in ''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]'' that aired on [[Zee TV]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Gulabani began his career in 2001 when he appeared in the music video "''Dekha Hai Teri Aankhon Ko''" by the Aryans.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/hindi-song-dekha-hai-teri-aankhon-ko-sung-by-aryans/videoshow/65035306.cms</ref> Following [[Pankaj Udhas]]'s "''Khuda Bachaye''" music video. In 2008, he was cast in the TV serial ''[[Jeevan Saathi]]'' as Ishaan Solanki and in ''[[Kkavyanjali]]'' as Nihaal Nanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kavyanjali-heres-how-the-cast-of-the-show-looks-like-now/shailesh-gulabani/photostory/63515486.cms|title=Kavyanjali: Here's how the cast of the show looks like now|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 March 2018}}</ref> A year later, he bagged the role of Abhay on Sony TV's ''[[Ladies Special]]''. In 2012, he was cast in ''[[Sajda Tere Pyaar Mein]]'' as Sameer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/New-entrant-in-Sajda-Tere-Pyar-Mein/articleshow/13136938.cms|title=New entrant in Sajda Tere Pyar Mein|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2012}}</ref> In 2013, he starred in an episode of ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''. In 2013 and 2015, he guest-starred in the episodic roles of Namit and Gautam in ''[[Savdhaan India]]''. In 2014, he was cast in the serial ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]'' as Pratap.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ashita-dhawan-shailesh-gulabani-married-couple-plays-the-same-onscreen-1944160|title=Ashita Dhawan-Shailesh Gulabani: Married couple plays the same onscreen!|work=[[DNA India]]|date=2 January 2014}}</ref> In 2016, he joined the mythological show ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'' as Vibhishan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Playing-Vibhishan-in-Siya-Ke-Ram-gives-me-a-different-high-Sailesh-Gulabani/articleshow/53384125.cms|title=Playing Vibhishan in Siya Ke Ram gives me a different high: Sailesh Gulabani|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2016}}</ref> In late 2017, he joined [[Zee TV]]'s new show ''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]'' as the recurring character of Deepak. He portrayed the role of [[Indra|Devraj Indra]] in the mythological TV serial ''Shaktipeeth Ke Bhairav''. He also made appearance in [[Sab TV|SAB TV]]'s show ''[[Baalveer Returns]]'' as Parikshak, a negative character.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
He married his longtime girlfriend, actress [[Ashita Dhawan]], on 20 January 2010. They have 2 kids together, twins named Arhmaan and Amaira.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shailesh-and-Ashitas-twins-make-an-appearance/articleshow/19893315.cms|title=Shailesh and Ashita's twins make an appearance|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year(s)<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Show<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role<br />
!style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2005<br />
| ''[[Kkavyanjali]]''<br />
| Nihal Nanda<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
| 2008<br />
| ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]''<br />
| Rocky<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2008–2009<br />
| ''[[Jeevan Saathi]]''<br />
| Ishaan Solanki<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2009<br />
| ''[[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|Naaginn]]'' <br />
| Agni<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2009 <br />
| ''[[Ladies Special]]''<br />
| Abhay<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2011–2012<br />
| [[Sawaare Sabke Sapne... Preeto]]<br />
| Pankaj Ambrela<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2012 <br />
| ''[[Sajda Tere Pyaar Mein]]''<br />
| Sameer<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2013<br />
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''<br />
| Namit<br />
| Episodic role<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''<br />
|<br />
| Episodic Role <br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
| ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]''<br />
| Harish Oberoi<br />
| Episodic Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 <br />
| ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]''<br />
| Pratap<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2015<br />
| ''[[Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane]]''<br />
| Manav<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''<br />
| Gautam<br />
| Episodic role<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|2016 <br />
| ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''<br />
| [[Vibhishana]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tamanna (TV series)|Tamanna]]''<br />
| Sameer<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2017–2018<br />
| ''Shaktipeeth Ke Bhairav''<br />
| Devraj [[Indra]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2018–2019<br />
| ''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]''<br />
| Deepak<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''<br />
| Maharaj [[Satyavrata]]<br />
| Episodic Role <br />
|-<br />
| 2019–2020<br />
| ''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki]]''<br />
| Devraj [[Indra]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''[[Baalveer Returns]]''<br />
| Parikshak<br />
| Cameo <br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]''<br />
| Vengudu Swami<br />
| Episodic role<br />
|-<br />
| 2020{{ndash}}2021<br />
| ''[[Aye Mere Humsafar]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2020{{ndash}}2021<br />
| ''[[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]]''<br />
| Samarth Aneja<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 2021<br />
| ''[[Imlie ]]''<br />
| Pranav<br />
| rowspan=2| Cameo<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]''<br />
| Rahul<br />
|-<br />
| 2021–2022<br />
| ''Iss Mod Se Jaate Hain''<br />
| Pramod Pathak<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| ''[[Baalveer 3]]''<br />
| Babel<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|2023–2024<br />
|''[[Teri Meri Doriyaann]]''<br />
|Hansraj Singh Sandhu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Manpasand Ki Shaadi]]''<br />
|Kundan Dewan<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags, these references will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|5561651}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulabani, Shailesh}}<br />
<!--- Categories ---><br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male models]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:1974 births]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Govardhanam&diff=527654R. Govardhanam2026-02-10T02:39:51Z<p>Lucinda30E: Starting new post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian music composer}}<br />
{{Indian patronymic|Govardhanam|Ramakrishna}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = R. Govardhanam<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = R. Govardhanam<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|02|21|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|09|18|1918|02|21|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = Chennai<br />
| occupation = [[Music director]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
| children = <br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ramakrishna Govardhanam''' (21 February 1928 – 18 September 2017) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Music Director R.Govardhanam death - தமிழர் உலகம்|url=https://tamizharulagam.in/tag/gova637558263869556207/|access-date=2021-08-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815171133/https://tamizharulagam.in/tag/gova637558263869556207/|url-status=live}}</ref> was an Indian composer who worked in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Bollywood|Hindi]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Sinhala Cinema|Sinhala]] film industry. He sometimes collaborated with his brother, composer [[R. Sudarsanam]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-25|title=R.Govardhanam [Music Director]|url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2016/05/25/r-govardhanam-music-director/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Antru Kanda Mugam|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Vamanan|date=19 September 2017|title=Kollywood's unsung hero whose limpid melodies melted hearts {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kollywoods-unsung-hero-whose-limpid-melodies-melted-hearts/articleshow/60739048.cms|access-date=2021-08-15|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921132356/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kollywoods-unsung-hero-whose-limpid-melodies-melted-hearts/articleshow/60739048.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Heritage - Old Thamizh film songs - Music Director - R.Govardhanam|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/flmmusic/rgovrdn.html|access-date=2021-08-15|website=www.indian-heritage.org|archive-date=2024-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718101800/http://www.indian-heritage.org/flmmusic/rgovrdn.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Banner !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1953 || ''[[Jatakam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[R. Nagendra Rao]] || R. N. R. Pictures || <br />
|-<br />
|1953 || ''Jataka Phala'' || [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || [[R. Nagendra Rao]] || R. N. R. Pictures || <br />
|-<br />
|1953 || ''Jatakaphalam'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[R. Nagendra Rao]] || R. N. R. Pictures || <br />
|-<br />
|1954 || ''[[Kalahasti Mahatyam]]'' || Telugu || H. L. N. Simha|| [[AVM Productions]] || along with [[R. Sudarsanam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1955 || ''Aadarshasathi'' || Kannada || [[Chitrapu Narayana Murthy]] || [[AVM Productions]] || along with [[R. Sudarsanam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Nagula Chavithi|Naga Devathai]]'' || Tamil || [[Chitrapu Narayana Murthy]] || [[AVM Productions]] || along with [[R. Sudarsanam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''[[Nagula Chavithi]]'' || Telugu || [[Chitrapu Narayana Murthy]] || [[AVM Productions]] || along with [[R. Sudarsanam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1956 || ''Sadaarama'' || Telugu || [[K. R. Seetharama Sastry]] || Shankar Production || along with [[R. Sudarsanam]]<br />
|-<br />
|1956 || ''[[Sadaarame]]'' || Kannada || [[K. R. Seetharama Sastry]] || Shankar Production || along with [[R. Sudarsanam]]<br />
|-<br />
|1958 || ''[[Bhookailas (1958 film)|Bhaktha Ravana]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || [[AVM Productions]] || along with [[R. Sudarsanam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Bhookailas (1958 film)|Bhookailas]]'' || Telugu || [[K. Shankar]] || [[AVM Productions]] || along with [[R. Sudarsanam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1958 || ''[[Bhookailasa (film)|Bhookailasa]]'' || Kannada || [[K. Shankar]] || [[AVM Productions]] || along with [[R. Sudarsanam]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1959 || ''[[Orey Vazhi]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || Vasu Films || <br />
|-<br />
| 1960 || ''[[Kairasi]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || Vasu Films || <br />
|-<br />
| 1963 || ''[[Constable Koothuru]]'' || Telugu || [[Tapi Chanakya]] || Chitrakala || <br />
|-<br />
| 1964 || ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karna]]'' || Telugu || [[B. R. Panthulu]] || Padmini Pictures || with [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1967 || ''[[Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' || Tamil || [[M. V. Raman]] || Sharada Productions ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1968 || ''[[Pattanathil Bhootham|Basti Lo Bhootham]]'' || Telugu || [[M. V. Raman]] || Sharada Productions ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1968 || ''[[Poovum Pottum]]'' || Tamil|| Dada Mirasi || Vasu Films ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1968 || ''[[Ramu (1968 film)|Ramu]]'' || Telugu || [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] || [[AVM Productions]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1969 || ''[[Anjal Petti 520]]'' || Tamil || [[T. N. Balu]] || Bharath Movies ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1969 || ''[[Mooga Nomu]]'' || Telugu || [[D. Yoganand]] || [[AVM Productions]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1969 || ''Porchilai'' || Tamil || A. V. Francis || Agathiyam Productions || <br />
|-<br />
| 1970 || ''[[Anjal Petti 520|Singapoor Hantakulu]]'' || Telugu || [[T. N. Balu]] || Bharath Movies ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1971 || ''[[Bomma Borusa]]'' || Telugu || [[K. Balachander]] || [[AVM Productions]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 1971 || ''[[Shanti Nilayam|Thallini Minchina Thalli]]'' || Telugu || G. S. Mani || [[Gemini Studios]] || with [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1972 || ''Maa Inti Kodalu'' || Telugu || Srikanth || RR Pictures || <br />
|-<br />
| 1976 || ''[[Varaprasadham]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Narayanan]] || Cine Chithra Combines ||<br />
|-<br />
|1981 || ''Kadavulin Theerpu'' || Tamil || C. N. Shanmugam || Senthil Sevarkodiyaan Creations || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags, these references will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Govardhanam, R.}}<br />
[[Category:Indian musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]<br />
[[Category:2017 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1928 births]]<br />
<br />
{{India-musician-stub}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juhi_Babbar&diff=456504Juhi Babbar2026-02-07T23:08:38Z<p>Lucinda30E: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film and television actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Juhi Babbar<br />
| image = Juhi Babbar at wedding reception of Prateik Babbar 2019.jpg<br />
| caption = Babbar in 2019<br />
| birth_date = <!-- please provide reliable source for birth date --><br />
| birth_place= [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2003–present| spouse = {{plainlist|<br />
* {{marriage|[[Bejoy Nambiar]]|2007|2009|reason=divorce}}<br />
* {{marriage|[[Anup Soni]]|2011}}<br />
}}<br />
| children = 1<br />
| parents = [[Raj Babbar]]<br/>[[Nadira Babbar]]<br />
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film clans#Babbar family|Babbar family]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Juhi Babbar Soni''' ([[née]] '''Babbar''') is an Indian film and television actress. She has contributed to theatre both as an actor and director. She is the daughter of the actor [[Raj Babbar]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Dilip. |first=Soni, Anoop. Babbar, Raj. Sheen. Arora, Tarun. Shravan, Nadeem. Sameer. Kumar, Raman. Khan, Nadeem. Pandit, Ashok. Day |title=Sheen : a refuge in my own country |year=2004 |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/56516753 |publisher=Eros International |oclc=56516753 |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
[[File:Juhi Babbar and Anup Soni.jpg|thumb|right|Juhi Babbar and Anup Soni in Jan 2013]]<br />
Juhi's first husband was [[Bejoy Nambiar]], a screenplay writer. She married Bejoy on 27 June 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/jan/220109-Nadira-Babbar-Raj-Juhi-Babbar-Bejoy-Nambiar-TV-show-Gateway-To-Hollywood-Ashok-Amritraj-honey.htm |title=Bejoy and Juhi are now formally divorced |publisher=Mid Day |date=22 January 2009 |access-date=13 February 2013 |author=Sonal Chawla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Is-Juhis-marriage-in-trouble/etarticleshow/3264577.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917140538/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-23/news-interviews/27891735_1_juhi-babbar-rumours-young-couple |url-status=live |archive-date=17 September 2011 |title=Is Juhi's marriage in trouble? |date=23 July 2008<!--, 12.00am IST --> |access-date=13 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Nimisha Tiwari}}</ref> The couple divorced in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chawla |first=Sonal |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/jan/220109-Nadira-Babbar-Raj-Juhi-Babbar-Bejoy-Nambiar-TV-show-Gateway-To-Hollywood-Ashok-Amritraj-honey.htm |title=Juhi Babbar is formally divorced |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=22 January 2009 |access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> She then fell in love with the TV actor [[Anup Soni]]. She met Anup while working in a play produced by Juhi's mother Nadira Babbar. Soni was then married to Ritu, with whom he had two daughters. Juhi and Anup Soni got married on 14 March 2011, after finalizing his divorce.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/What-lead-to-Anup-Soni-Ritu-split/etarticleshow/7718985.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716051716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-16/tv/29141064_1_juhi-babbar-anup-and-ritu-anup-soni |url-status=live |archive-date=16 July 2013 |title=What lead &#91;sic&#93; to Anup Soni – Ritu split? |date=16 March 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] <!--, 06.24pm IST --> |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> Juhi and Soni have a son, born in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Babbar grandson |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/babbar-grandson-1527.html |date=23 October 2012 |website=Filmfare |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Juhi made her film debut in ''[[Kash Aap Hamare Hote]]'' opposite [[Sonu Nigam]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927110141/http://www.indiaexpress.com/news/entertainment/20030208-1.html Movies don't offer solutions to social problems: Raj Babbar]}}</ref> In 2005, she did a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film with [[Jimmy Shergill]], ''Yaara Naal Baharan''. The film did well in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and with the overseas Punjabi audience. Juhi then did a silent film with [[Malayalam]] actor [[Mohanlal]]. In 2006, she was seen in the film ''Unns'' with actor [[Sanjay Kapoor]] and [[Rituparna Sengupta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Unns/movie-review/463064.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411045137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-18/hindi/27823300_1_rituparna-sengupta-sanjay-kapoor-tantrums |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=''Uns'' movie |date=18 November 2006<!--, 01.17am IST --> |access-date=13 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Nikhat Kazmi}}</ref> She appeared in her next film ''It's My Life'' as Sonia Jaisingh opposite actors [[Harman Baweja]], [[Genelia D'Souza]] and [[Nana Patekar]]. In 2009, Juhi played the role of a house wife in the TV comedy ''[[Ghar Ki Baat Hai]]'' produced by [[Shah Rukh Khan]].<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''[[Kash Aap Hamare Hote]]'' || Amrita Singh || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Yaaran Naal Baharan]]'' || Harman Kaur || Punjabi film<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Reflections (2005 film)|Reflections]]'' || Female lead || Silent short film<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''Unns: Love... Forever'' || Advocate Natasha Patel || <br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''It's My Life'' || Sonia Jaisingh || <br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Aiyaary]]'' || Wife of Colonel Abhay Singh ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Faraaz (film)|Faraaz]]'' || Simeen ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/faraaz-hansal-mehta-shares-poster-of-his-next-film-about-our-polarised-times-101673262727109.html|title=Faraaz: Hansal Mehta shares poster of his next film, based on our 'polarised times'| date=9 January 2023 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Farrey]]'' || Zoya ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2025<br />
|''[[Tu Meri Poori Kahani]]''<br />
|Swara<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Great Shamsuddin Family]]''<br />
| Humaira<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Ghar Ki Baat Hai]]'' || Hindi || Radhika Yagnik ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Theatre==<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Theatre<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|2012 || ''Begum Jaan'' || English / Hindi || Granddaughter || Prithvi Theatre <br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news-and-gossip/Shashank-Vyas-new-found-love/articleshow/17142835.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426155453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-08/tv/34993086_1_juhi-babbar-prithvi-theatre-begum-jaan |url-status=live |archive-date=26 April 2013 |title=Juhi in Begum Jaan at Prithvi theatre |date=8 November 2012 |access-date=13 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Purva Desai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hindi-English-classics-to-enthral-drama-lovers-at-Prithvi/articleshow/17070501.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034534/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/mumbai/34893116_1_juhi-babbar-begum-jaan-classics |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Juhi in ''Begum Jaan'' classics |date=3 November 2012 |access-date=13 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Manoj Badgeri}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2012 || ''Pencil Se Brush Tak''|| English / Hindi || MF Hussain's wife<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-parties/regional/An-ode-to-theatre/articleshow/10727406.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033014/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-15/regional/30398049_1_juhi-babbar-mf-hussain-anup-soni |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Juhi plays MF hussain's wife with Anup |date=15 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> || <br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Juhi-Babbar-is-a-fantastic-co-actor-Anup-Soni/articleshow/12836974.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-24/tv/31387518_1_juhi-babbar-anup-soni-reality-show |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Anup interview on reality show |date=24 April 2012 |access-date=13 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Roshni Olivera}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Director===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''Pukar''|| English / Hindi || Play created for CRY (Child Rights and You) that is based on child labour<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Juhi-turns-director-for-a-play/articleshow/2434794.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411064910/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-07/news-interviews/27954246_1_child-labour-juhi-babbar-child-rights |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Juhi directs Pukar |date=7 October 2007<!--, 12.00am IST --> |access-date=13 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Raul Dias}}</ref> <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Award<br />
! scope="col" | Category<br />
! scope="col" | Work<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
!References<br />
|-<br />
|2010 || ''Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Rashtriya Puraskar'' || Under-35 || Contribution towards Indian arts and theatre ||<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Theatre-gives-me-a-high-Juhi/articleshow/6512233.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411053947/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-08/news-interviews/28215234_1_juhi-babbar-theatre-group-nadira-babbar |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Juhi won Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Rashtriya Puraskar |date=8 September 2010<!--, 12.00am IST --> |access-date=13 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Shilpa Bansal}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=1318320}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Babbar, Juhi}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagar_Cantonment&diff=469595Sagar Cantonment2026-02-06T13:43:59Z<p>Lucinda30E: slightly cleaned up lead after review and updated info to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sagar Cantonment<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Cantonment town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23|51|17|N|78|44|23|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 35872<br />
| population_as_of = 2001<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]] <br />
| website = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sagar Cantonment''' is a [[cantonment]] town in [[Sagar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sagar Cantonment had a population of 35,872. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Sagar Cantonment has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 66%. In Sagar Cantonment, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Sagar Division}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Cantonments of India]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]<br />
<br />
{{Sagar-geo-stub}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malda_Town%E2%80%93Kiul_Intercity_Express&diff=515402Malda Town–Kiul Intercity Express2026-02-05T04:36:00Z<p>Lucinda30E: Created first place basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Malda Town-Jamalpur Intercity Express<br />
| image = <br />
| caption =<br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]]<br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2005|07|01}}<br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = {{rws|Malda Town}}<br />
| stops = 15<br />
| end = {{rws|Jamalpur Junction}}<br />
| distance = {{convert|235|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 5 hours 57 mins<br />
| frequency = Daily<br />
| class = Chair Car, General Unreserved <br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = No<br />
| observation = Large windows <br />
| entertainment =<br />
| baggage = No <br />
| otherfacilities = Below the seats <br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br />
| electrification = <br />
| trainnumber = 13409 / 13410<br />
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br />
| map = <br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
The 13409 / 13410 '''Malda Town-Jamalpur Junction Intercity Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]] express train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Malda Town}} and {{rws|Jamalpur Junction}} in [[India]].<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-12617673.html], ''jagran.com'', 19 July 2015</ref><br />
<br />
It operates as train number 13409 from {{rws|Malda Town}} to {{rws|Jamalpur Junction}} and as train number 13410 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] & [[Bihar]].<br />
<br />
==Coaches==<br />
The 13409 / 10 Malda Town - Jamalpur Junction Intercity Express has 17 general unreserved and 1 chaircar and 2 EOG coaches . It does not carry a [[Dining car|pantry car coach]].<br />
<br />
As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<br />
<br />
==Service==<br />
The 13409 {{rws|Malda Town}} - {{rws|Jamalpur Junction}} Intercity Express covers the distance of {{convert|235|km|0|abbr=on}} in 5 hours 30&nbsp;mins (43&nbsp;km/h) and in 5 hours 45&nbsp;mins as the 13410 {{rws|Jamalpur Junction}} - {{rws|Malda Town}} Intercity Express (41&nbsp;km/h).<br />
<br />
As the average speed of the train is less than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't include a Superfast surcharge.<br />
<br />
==Routing==<br />
The 13409 / 10 Malda Town - Jamalpur Junction Intercity Express runs from {{rws|Malda Town}} via [[Sahebganj]], {{rws|Bhagalpur Junction}} to {{rws|Jamalpur Junction}}.<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
As the route is fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/malda-town-jamalpur-intercity-express-13409/723/441/1155 13409 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info<br />
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/jamalpur-malda-town-intercity-express-13410/724/1155/441 13410 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info<br />
<br />
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malda Town - GJamalpur Intercity Express}}<br />
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Maldah]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_War_College,_Mhow&diff=453306Army War College, Mhow2026-01-26T19:33:28Z<p>Lucinda30E: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian military institution}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Army War College<br />
| image_name = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| motto = {{lang|sa|युध्दाय कृत निश्चयः}} ([[Sanskrit]])<br />
| motto_lang = Sanskrit<br />
| mottoeng = Enter into Battle with Resolve<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1709148|title=Army War College, Mhow celebrates Golden Jubilee|date=2021-04-02|access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref><br />
| established = {{start date and age|1 April 1971}}<ref name=mod-training>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.nic.in/rec%26training/|title=Recruitment and Training|publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India|access-date=2011-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120204200/http://www.mod.nic.in/rec%26training/|archive-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| type = [[National security|Defence Service]] Training Institute<BR>[[War college]]<br />
| Carnegie Class = <br />
| head_label = Commandant<br />
| head = [[Lieutenant General]] Harjeet Singh Sahi, [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]]<br />
| deputy head = <br />
| city = [[Mhow]] (Dr. Ambedkar Nagar)<br />
| District = <br />
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| undergrad = <br />
<br />
| staff = <br />
| affiliations = [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Indore]]<br />
| campus = {{convert|533.5|acre|km2}}<br />
| mascot = <br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| colors = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Army War College, Mhow''' (AWC) is a defence service training and research institution of the [[Indian Army]] located in [[Mhow]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is a premier training institute of warfare and carries out research in tactics, logistics, contemporary military studies and improvement in military doctrine. The college trains about 2500-3000 officers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], as well as paramilitary forces each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://governoruk.gov.in/07-05-2022governor-reached-army-war-college-mhow-madhya-pradesh-on-monday/|title=Governor reached Army War College, Mhow, Madhya Pradesh on Monday.|date=2022-03-07|access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The college was originally established as the '''College of Combat''' at Mhow on 1 April 1971 following the merger of the Senior Officers' and Tactical Wings of the Infantry School, Mhow. Once the Junior Command Course was also started at the College, it was decided to separate the College of Combat from the Infantry School. The foundation stone of the new college campus was laid on 6 January 1983 by the then Chief of Army Staff, General [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]. The institution continued to function from the campus of Infantry School till the college moved into its new abode in August 1988. On 1 January 2003, the college was renamed as the ''Army War College, Mhow''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/college-of-combat-gets-a-new-name/articleshow/34348749.cms|title=College of Combat gets a new name|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2003-01-15|access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Training==<br />
AWC develops doctrines and trains Army personnel for operations in existing environments to which the Indian Army forces are typically deployed, keeping in mind the modern technology and systems they encounter.<ref name=cisco-awc>{{cite web|url=http://www.cisco.com/web/IN/about/files/awcarmy.pdf|title=A Combat-Ready Network: Army War College deploys campus-wide network|publisher=Cisco Systems|access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> AWC aims to train forces for synchronised operation with other services of the [[Indian Armed Forces|armed forces]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Army to shift its wargaming centre to Mhow in Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/oct/11/indian-army-to-shift-its-wargaming-centre-to-mhow-in-madhya-pradesh-2045950.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
It develops and validates new operational and logistic concepts through conceptual studies, war games, discussions and seminars.<br />
<br />
The courses offered at AWC include the Higher Command Course (HC), the Senior Command Course (SC) , the Junior Command Course (JC) and the Defence Management Course. The Higher Command course (HCC) is a part of a [[Master of Philosophy]] programme in Defence Management, affiliated with the [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]] (also known as Indore University). The HCC is aimed at officers of the rank of [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]], [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] and [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] who have completed their command tenure.<br />
<br />
About 2500-3000 officers of the Indian Army and Indian paramilitary forces undergo training at A.W.C. each year. In addition, about 100 officers of foreign armies also go through A.W.C. courses annually.<ref name=mod-training/><br />
<br />
==Journal==<br />
The college publishes the ''War College Journal'', which was previously known as the ''Combat Journal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/War-College-journal/oclc/54948872|title=War College journal|access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
The College was awarded the GOC-in-C ([[Army Training Command]])'s unit citation in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/2014-03-02-42376.html|title=Unit Citation Award|date=2014-03-02|access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/awcsummer20216.pdf|title=War College Journal, July 2014|date=2014-07-01|access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref><br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Naval War College, Goa]]<br />
* [[College of Air Warfare]]<br />
* [[Indian National Defence University]]<br />
* [[Military academies in India|Military Academies in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Indian Army}}<br />
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military academies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Military education and training in India]]<br />
[[Category:Education in Mhow]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mhow]]<br />
[[Category:1971 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1971]]<br />
[[Category:Army War College, Mhow| ]]<br />
[[Category:War colleges]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masooma_Ranalvi&diff=516694Masooma Ranalvi2026-01-04T03:50:04Z<p>Lucinda30E: Created the stub added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian activist against female genital mutilation}}<br />
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2021}}<br />
<br />
'''Masooma Ranalvi''' is an activist for the ending of [[female genital mutilation]] (FGM) in India.<br />
<br />
She is the founder of We Speak Out,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Masooma Ranalvi – Fighting The Odds Of Female Genital Cutting In India|url=https://lifebeyondnumbers.com/masooma-ranalvi-fighting-the-odds-of-female-genital-cutting-in-india/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Life Beyond Numbers|date=28 April 2020 }}</ref> an organization dedicated to helping [[Dawoodi Bohra]] women escape or heal from female genital mutilation. Ranalvi is a part of the Dawoodi Bohra [[Shia Islam|Shi'a Muslim]] community in western India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Opinion: I Was Circumcised When I Was a Girl of 7|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/i-was-circumcised-when-i-was-a-girl-of-7-1238068|access-date=2021-03-31|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> She shares her personal experience with FGM to open discourse on violence against women, sexual harassment, and sexism within traditional norms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sahiyo|date=2018-11-05|title=Aarefa Johari and Masooma Ranalvi discuss FGC at We the Women Bangalore|url=https://sahiyo.com/2018/11/05/aarefa-johari-and-masooma-ranalvi-discuss-fgc-at-we-the-women-bangalore/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=SAHIYO|language=en}}</ref> Her agenda is to create and expand a platform for other women to openly discuss, and politically fight against, female genital mutilation.<br />
<br />
== Her Story ==<br />
In 2015, Ranalvi shared her story on WhatsApp, soon after starting the We Speak Out movement. Ranalvi was cut at the age of seven in her village in India.<ref name=":1" /> One day, Ranalvi's grandmother took her to an old building where a woman performed female genital mutilation on her. In this community, FGM is a traditional custom based in the egalitarianism within the Muslim religion.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Activism ==<br />
Ranalvi is the founder of We Speak Out.<ref name=":0" /> Working with the group, [[Sahiyo]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=SAHIYO|url=https://sahiyo.com/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=SAHIYO|language=en}}</ref> Ranalvi created an online petition to stop female genital mutilation in the Bohra community that received over one hundred thousand signatures.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Muslim Women and the Challenge of Religion in Contemporary Mumbai|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/42-43/review-womens-studies/muslim-women-and-challenge-religion-contemporary-mumbai|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=52|issue=42–43|pages=7–8}}</ref> Ranalvi's work also focuses on the mental health of FGM survivors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cousins|first=Sophie|date=2016-05-17|title=Health workers should reverse FGM procedures by deinfibulation, WHO says|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/353/bmj.i2788|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=353|article-number=i2788|doi=10.1136/bmj.i2788|issn=1756-1833|pmid=27189752|s2cid=40699140|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The organization's mission is to outwardly address India's government for a policy ban on FGM in the Bohra community, and extend this nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WeSpeakOut: For Women's Rights|url=https://www.wespeakout.org/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=www.wespeakout.org|archive-date=2021-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325212855/http://www.wespeakout.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranalvi, Masooma}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women activists]]<br />
[[Category:Activists against female genital mutilation]]<br />
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra people]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biswanath_Das&diff=459013Biswanath Das2026-01-02T20:07:25Z<p>Lucinda30E: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Biswanath Das<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| smallimage = <br />
| smallimage_alt = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Biswanath Das<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|10|03|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jaynagar Majilpur]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = {{start date|2016}}<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| constituency1 = [[Jaynagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]]<br />
| majority1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = Tarun Kanti Naskar<br />
| successor1 = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| mother = <br />
| father = Satish Chandra Das<br />
| relatives = <br />
| residence = [[Kolkata]]<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| profession = School Teacher<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Biswanath Das''' (born 3 October 1965) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician who has been a [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Jaynagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] since [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]. He is a member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1682|title= Biswanath Das (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|publisher= myneta.info|accessdate= 12 June 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/mlas-list.html List of sitting members of West Bengal Legislative Assembly (MLAs)]</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Biswanath Das was born on 3 October 1965, to a [[Bengali Hindu]] family in [[Jaynagar Majilpur]]. He is a postgraduate of the [[University of Calcutta]]. He was a school teacher before entering politics.<br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 Vidhan Sabha election]], the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] nominated Biswanath Das from the [[Jaynagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] Vidhan Sabha constituency. In this election, he defeated his nearest rival Sujit Patwari of the [[Indian National Congress]] by 15,051 votes.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Biswanath}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1966 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jaynagar Majilpur]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian anti-communists]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
<br />
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhija_Sivakala&diff=484303Abhija Sivakala2025-12-18T07:14:15Z<p>Lucinda30E: New Initial Stub Added Tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Abhija Sivakala<br />
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| birth_place = [[Vannappuram]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
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| education = [[Bachelor of Fine Arts#India|Bachelor of Fine Arts]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[College of Fine Arts Trivandrum]]<br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
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<br />
'''Abhija Sivakala''' is an Indian actress in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref>Express News Service, "[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/jul/02/more-actresses-and-south-indian-film-bodies-support-wcc-stand-1836699.html More actresses and South Indian film bodies support WCC stand]", The New Indian Express, July 2, 2018.</ref><ref>TNM Staff, "[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/8-things-make-us-reject-you-15-wcc-members-slam-amma-strong-statement-83998 8 things that make us reject you: 15 WCC members slam AMMA in a strong statement]", The News Minute, July 1, 2018.</ref> She is also a notable theatre artist and a dancer.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Abhija was born in [[Vannappuram|Vannapuram]], a small town near [[Thodupuzha]], [[Idukki district]], [[Kerala]]. Her father, KR Sivadas and mother, KK Rugmini were both Government employees. She has a younger sister, Atmaja Manidas, who is also an artist and actress.<br />
<br />
She completed her schooling from SNMHS, Vannapuram. She joined St Joseph's College, Moolamattam in the science stream only to realize that art was her passion. She then enrolled in [[College of Fine Arts Trivandrum]] and graduated in Applied Arts.<br />
<br />
Abhija started her career as an [[animator]] in [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]], [[Coimbatore]]. She later moved to [[Bangalore]] and worked in various IT companies in the field of animation and visual designing.<br />
<br />
== Dance ==<br />
<br />
Bangalore opened up a lot of dance avenues for Abhija. She is trained in [[Kathak]] by Guru Murali Mohan Kalvakalva of [[Nadam]] and [[Odissi]] by Guru Sharmila Mukherjee of Sanjali Centre for Odissi Dance. She is also trained in folk and contemporary dance forms.<br />
<br />
She has also attended dance workshops by [[Pandit Birju Maharaj]], [[Saswati Sen]]; [[Surupa Sen]], Bijayini Satpathy, Pavithra Reddy of [[Nrityagram]]; Bhriga Bessel to name a few.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/270316/the-midukki-girl.html|title=Deccan Chronicle article|last1=Article|first1=Deccan|date=March 28, 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Theatre ==<br />
A couple of years of professional life made Abhija realize that acting is her calling. Playing the lead role in Abhinaya Theatre Research Centre's Macbeth kick started her career in theatre. And since then, she has worked with many Indian and international directors like Elias Cohen (Chile), David Berga (Catalonia), Francoise Calvel (France), Alexandra (La Patriotico Interesante, a street theatre production group, Chile) etc.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! Details<br />
|-<br />
| Macbeth || An independent adaptation of William Shakespeare's Macbeth directed by Jyothish MG of Abhinaya Theatre Research Centre, Thiruvananthapuram. Abhija played the lead role of Lady Macbeth.<br />
|-<br />
| Saree Rosa || Devised and performed at International Theatre Festival, Kerala by La Patriotico Interesante, a street theatre production group from Chile<br />
|-<br />
|Automatarium<br />
|Directed by David Berga, Catalonia<br />
|-<br />
| Once Upon a Time || An English clown theatre production directed by Francoise Calvel from France<br />
|-<br />
| Pacha || A Malayalam theatre production directed by Surjith Gopinath of School of Drama & Fine Arts, Thrissur<br />
|-<br />
| Invisible Cities || A Malayalam adaptation of Italo Calvino's novel, directed by Firos Khan, National School of Drama<br />
|-<br />
| Tsunami Express || A multilingual production, in collaboration with Indian and Latin American artists, directed by Elias Cohen from Chile<br />
|-<br />
| Las Indias || A multilingual, multicultural community dance and music theatre project, directed by Elias Cohen from Chile<br />
|-<br />
| Karuna || A dance drama directed by veteran film maker Lenin Rajendran. Abhija portrayed the lead character of Vasavadatta in this adaptation of Kumaranasan's ''Karuna'' and performed extensively in Kerala<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' || Uncredited ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2013 || ''Last Puff'' || Shailaja || Short film<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' || Paaru ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mazhayodoppam Mayunnathu'' || God || Short film Version<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[Seconds (2014 film)|Seconds]]'' || Thampi's wife ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]'' || Anjali ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Love 24x7]]'' || Shweta Pillai ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lukka Chuppi]]'' || Renuka ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ozhivudivasathe Kali|Ozhivu Divasathe Kali]]'' || Maid||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Mundrothuruth (film)|Mundrothuruth]]'' || Servant ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[School Bus (film)|School Bus]]'' || Servant||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' || Sindhu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2017 || ''Sakhisona'' || Heera Malini || Bengali Short film<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]'' || Thulasi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Catharsis'' || Sreeja || Short film<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''[[Aabhaasam]]'' || Maoist ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kinar (film)|Kinar/Keni]]'' || ACP Uma Maheshwari || Tamil<br />
|-<br />
| ''Murippadukal'' || Shantha || Short film <br> Social awareness film by Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Kerala<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''Idam'' || Soumya || Screened at - PickurFlick Indie Film Festival 2020, India <br> South Film and Arts Academy Festival 2020, Chili <br> International Film Festival 2020, New Delhi <br> Festival Cinematografico de Mérida 2020, Mexico <br> Darbhanga International Film Festival 2020, India <br> New York Indian Film Festival 2019<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''Error'' || Chinnu || Short film<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2021 || ''[[Confessions of a Cuckoo]]'' || Shobha Vincent ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarcas Circa 2020]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite news |author=Anandha MB|title=അബദ്ധങ്ങൾക്കിടയിലെ അഭ്യാസങ്ങൾ, 'സർക്കാസ് സിർക 2020'ന്റെ ടീസർ പുറത്തിറക്കി മിഥുൻ രമേശ്; ചിത്രം നാളെ തീയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്!|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/vinu-kolichal-directorial-sarcas-circa-2020-malayalam-movie-is-all-set-to-release-on-2021-april-1st-teaser-goes-viral/articleshow/81775238.cms|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[Samayam Malayalam]]|language=ml|date=31 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title='സര്ക്കാസ് സിര്ക 2020' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റര് പുറത്തിറങ്ങി|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-movie-circas-circa-2020-first-look-poster-out-1.5432856|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=ml|date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Web Desk|title=ബിലാത്തിക്കുഴലിന് ശേഷം വിനു കോളിച്ചാൽ; ‘സർക്കാസ് സിർക 2020' ടീസർ നടന് മിഥുൻ രമേശ് പുറത്തിറക്കി|url=https://www.mediaonetv.in/entertainment/2021/04/01/2020-actor-mithun-ramesh-has-released-the-teaser-of-sarcas-circa-2020|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[MediaOne TV]]|language=ml|date=1 April 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Krishnankutty Pani Thudangi]]'' || Tamil servant ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Pada (film)|Pada]]'' || CK Leela ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Heaven (2022 film)|Heaven]]'' || SP Revathi Subramaniam IPS ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Bharatha Circus'' || SP Sarah Simon ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2023 ||''[[Charles Enterprises]]''|| Parvatham ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Enterprises gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/10/charles-enterprises-gets-a-release-date-42123.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Neeraja]]''|| Chitra ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of Shruti Ramachandran's Neeraja out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/08/first-look-of-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-40784.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
|''[[Family (2023 film)|Family]]''|| Jaya ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don Palathara's Family wins Best Film award at Halicarnassus Film Festival, Turkey |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/26/don-palatharasfamily-wins-best-film-award-at-halicarnassus-film-festival-turkey-45993.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|5939215|Abhija Sivakala}}<br />
* https://www.azhimukham.com/actor-abhija-interview-by-lisha/amp/<br />
* https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/270316/the-midukki-girl.html<br />
* https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-abhija-on-her-journey-in-theatre-and-cinema/article24410489.ece<br />
* https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/once-upon-a-fairy-tale/article4077554.ece<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivakala, Abhija}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manoj_Kumar_Singh&diff=469541Manoj Kumar Singh2025-10-29T09:28:08Z<p>Lucinda30E: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}<br />
'''Manoj Kumar Singh''' may refer to:<br />
* [[Manoj Kumar Singh (Indian politician)]]<br />
* [[Manoj Kumar Singh (Nepalese politician)]]<br />
* [[Manoj Kumar Singh (civil servant)]], India<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Manoj Kumar (disambiguation)]]<br />
<br />
{{hndis|Singh, Manoj Kumar}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suryanarayana_Swamy_Temple,_Gollala_Mamidada&diff=538688Suryanarayana Swamy Temple, Gollala Mamidada2025-10-22T07:24:31Z<p>Lucinda30E: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Surya temple in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Sri Suryanarayana Swamy Temple<br />
| image = Suryanarayana Temple G.Mamidada East Godavari.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| native_name = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]<br />
| locale = Gollala Mamidada<br />
| established = 1920<br />
| temple_board = <br />
| website =https://srisuryanarayanaswamydevasthanamgmamidada.org/index.html<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sri Suryanarayana Swami Temple''' is a [[Surya#Temples and worship|Sun temple]] situated in Gollala Mamidada village in [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Gollalamamidada Sun temple and other Temples are built by Peddapuram Kings of Vatsavayi Dynasty. river amongst 16 acres of grass fields and [[coconut palms]]. The temple is {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} from [[Kakinada]] and {{convert|58|km|abbr=on}} away from [[Rajahmundry]]. Some of the rites and festivals performed include [[Archana (Hinduism)|Archanas]], [[Abhisheka]]ms, [[Ratha Saptami]], and [[ekadashi|Ekadasi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inkakinada.com/topstories/g-mamidada-gollala-mamidada |title=Gollala Mamidada: The Gopurala Mamidada |last= |first= |date= 2017 |website=In Kakinada |publisher= City Information Services |access-date=17 July 2017 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/east-godavari-tourism/attachment/2017103187/|title= Sri Suryanarayana Swamy Temple, G. Mamidada |last= |first= |date= 17 July 2017 |website=East Godavari District Webportal |publisher=National Informatics Centre(East Godavari District Centre)|access-date=17 July 2017 |quote=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{Sun temples}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kakinada district]]<br />
[[Category:1920 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1920]]<br />
[[Category:Surya temples]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Hindu temples]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sri Suryanarayana Swamy Temple, Gollala Mamidada, Near Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh<br />
www.visittemples.com<br />
https://www.visittemples.com/hindu/srisuryanarayanaswamytemplegollalamamidadanearkakinadaandhrapradesh</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borsad&diff=474613Borsad2025-10-05T17:59:31Z<p>Lucinda30E: further cleaned up information as per guidelines and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Borsad<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = Borsad stepwell - inside view.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Borsad Stepwell<br />
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India,Asia.<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.42|N|72.9|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anand district|Anand]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Nagarpalika<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 30<br />
| population_total = 63377<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = GJ-23<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Borsad''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Anand district]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is located around 17&nbsp;km from [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]. It is surrounded by the fertile [[Charotar]] region which largely produces tobacco, bananas, cotton, barley and other agricultural crops. Borsad was the seat of the Borsad satyagraha in 1922–23.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sardar Patel : Chronology of events|url=http://www.sardarpatelaward.com/chronology.htm|website=www.sardarpatelaward.com|accessdate=15 April 2015|archive-date=30 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530202342/http://www.sardarpatelaward.com/chronology.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
According to a legend Borsad was established as a hamlet by the efforts of a monk in 2nd Century A.D. and remained an important place ever since. It was declared a municipality in 1888 and in 1925, Indian political leader [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] and his allies uncovered evidence suggesting that the police were in league with local dacoits in the Borsad taluka even as the government prepared to levy a major tax for fighting dacoity in the area. More than 6,000 villagers assembled to hear Patel speak and supported the proposed agitation against the tax, which was deemed immoral and unnecessary. Patel organized hundreds of Congressmen, sent instructions and received information from across the district. Every village in the ''[[taluka]]'' resisted payment of the tax, and through cohesion, also prevented the seizure of property and lands. After a protracted struggle, the government withdrew the tax. Historians believe that one of Patel's key achievements was the building of cohesion and trust amongst the different castes and communities which were divided on socio-economic lines.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Borsad is located at {{Coord|22.42|N|72.9|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Borsad.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Borsad]</ref> It has an average elevation of 30&nbsp;metres (98&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
==Places of interest==<br />
The [[Borsad Stepwell]] was built in 1497 by Vasu Soma and his family. It is seven story stepwell and has 13 arches. The water is reached by flight of steps.<ref name="Burgess1885">{{cite book|author=James Burgess|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency: With an Appendix of Inscriptions from Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xScXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA266|year=1885|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=133, 266}}</ref><br />
<br />
Napa Wanto tank was built by [[Mahmud Begada]] which has a house in the middle of it. Mahakaleshwar Mahadev temple has enormous ''Shiva linga''.<ref name="Burgess1885"/><br />
<br />
===List of Villages in Borsad Taluka===<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2011}}<br />
There are 64 villages in Borsad Taluka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Borsad Taluka of Anand, Gujarat - Population Census 201 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/3687-borsad-anand-gujarat.html}}</ref>{{div col}}<br />
* Alarsa<br />
* Amiyad<br />
* Badalpur<br />
* Banejda<br />
* [[Bhadran, Gujarat|Bhadran]]<br />
* Bhadraniya<br />
* [[Bochasan]]<br />
* [[Bodal]]<br />
* Chuva<br />
* [[Dabhasi]]<br />
* Dahemi<br />
* Dahewan<br />
* Dali<br />
* Davol<br />
* Dedarda<br />
* Dhanavasi<br />
* Dhobihui<br />
* Dhundakuva<br />
* Divel<br />
* Gajana<br />
* Gorel<br />
* Gorva<br />
* Harkhapura<br />
* Jantral<br />
* Kalu<br />
* Kanbha<br />
* Kandhroti<br />
* Kankapura<br />
* Kasari<br />
* Kasumbad<br />
* Kathana<br />
* Kathol<br />
* Kavitha<br />
* Khanpur<br />
* Khedasa<br />
* Kinkhlod<br />
* Kothiya Khad<br />
* Moti Sherdi<br />
* Naman<br />
* Nani Sherdi<br />
* Napa Talpad<br />
* Napa Vanto<br />
* Nisaraya<br />
* Pamol<br />
* Pipli<br />
* Ranoli<br />
* Ras<br />
* Rudel<br />
* Saijpur<br />
* Salol<br />
* Santokpara<br />
* Singlav<br />
* Sisva<br />
* Sur Kuva<br />
* Umlav<br />
* Uneli<br />
* Vachhiyel<br />
* Vadeli<br />
* Vahera<br />
* Valvod<br />
* Vansa<br />
* Vansa (These are different)<br />
* Visad<br />
* Zarola<br />
<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|website= |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Borsad had a population of 63,377. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Borsad has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 75% and female literacy of 60%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
== People ==<br />
* [[Ashokpuri Goswami]], a Gujarati writer is born here.<br />
* Babar Deva, Gujarati dacoit<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [http://wikimapia.org/country/India/Gujarat/Borsad/ List of Interesting Places in Borsad]<br />
Suryamandir<br />
<br />
{{Anand district}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Anand district]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Rajya_Sabha_elections&diff=4701651964 Rajya Sabha elections2025-10-05T17:48:13Z<p>Lucinda30E: enhance lead further and improved wording as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
'''Rajya Sabha elections''' were held in 1964, to elect members of the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Indian Parliament]]'s [[upper chamber]]. <ref name="alist">{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|accessdate=13 September 2017|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214083532/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Elections==<br />
Elections were held in 1964 to elect members from various states.<br />
''The list is incomplete.''<br />
===Members elected===<br />
The following members are elected in the elections held in 1964. They are members for the term 1964-70 and retire in year 1970, except in case of the resignation or death before the term.<br />
<br />
State - Member - Party<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Rajya Sabha members for term 1964-1970<br />
! State !! Member Name !! Party !! Remark<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Andhra || [[N Venkateshwara Rao]] || INC <br />
|-<br />
| Andhra Pradesh || [[Adinarayan Reddy]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Andhra || [[D Sanjivayya]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Andhra || [[Yudhvir Seeta]] || INC <br />
|-<br />
| Andhra Pradesh || [[Mary Naidu | M L Mary Naidu]] || OTH<br />
|-<br />
| Andhra Pradesh || Yella Reddy || CPI<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Assam || [[ A Thanglura]] || INC || res 02/02/1967<br />
|-<br />
| Assam || Purnanand Chetia || INC<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Bihar || [[Anand Chand]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Bihar || [[Jahanara Jaipal Singh]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Bihar || [[Awadeshwar Prasad Sinha]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Bihar || [[Mohammad Chaudhary A]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Bihar || [[Braj Kishore Prasad Sinha]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Bihar || [[Rama Bahadur Sinha]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Bihar || [[Shishir Kumar]] || OTH<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Bilaspur & Himachal Pradesh || [[Chiranji Lal Verma]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Bombay || [[Abid Ali Jaferbhai|Abid Ali]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Bombay || [[Dahyabhai V Patel]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Gujarat || Gulam H V Momin || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Gujarat || Maniben Vallabhbhai Patel || OTH<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Haryana || Jagat Narain || OTH<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Jammu & Kashmir || [[Om Mehta]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Jammu & Kashmir || Gulam M Mir || INC || res 13/03/1967<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Karnataka || [[Mulka Govind Reddy]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Kerala || K Damodaran || OTH<br />
|-<br />
| Kerala || C K Govindan Nair || INC || dea 27/06/1964<br />
|-<br />
| Kerala || S M Sait || IND<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Madhya Pradesh || [[P C Sethi]] || INC || 20/02/1967<br />
|-<br />
| Madhya Pradesh || [[Dayaldas Kurre]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Madhya Pradesh || [[Niranjan Singh]] || INC <br />
|-<br />
| Madhya Pradesh || Dr K C Baghel || INC || Dea. 22/02/1969<br />
|-<br />
| Madhya Pradesh || Giriraj Kishore Kapoor || OTH || Dea. 29/08/1965<br />
|-<br />
| Madhya Pradesh || [[Bhawani Prasad Tiwary]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Maharashtra || [[Abid Ali Jaferbhai|Abid Ali]] || C-O<br />
|-<br />
| Maharashtra || [[Shakarao B Bobdey]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Maharashtra || [[Babubhai M Chinai]] || C-O<br />
|-<br />
| Maharashtra || [[S K Vaishampayen]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Maharashtra || [[Dahyabhai Patel|Dahyabhai V. Patel]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Maharashtra || [[Mohan Dharia]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Maharashtra || [[Khandubhai K Desai]] || INC || res 31/03/1968<br />
|-<br />
| Maharashtra || [[Udhavrao S Patil]] || OTH || res 02/03/1967<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Madras || [[T V Anandan]] || C-O<br />
|-<br />
| Madras || [[A K A Abdul Samad]] || ML<br />
|-<br />
| Madras || Dr S Chadrasekhar || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Madras || S S Vasan || INC || dea 28/08/1969<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Meghalaya || [[G Rajagopalan]] || INC || dea 16/11/1964<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Mysore || [[M Sherkhan]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Mysore || [[Annapurna Devi Thihmareddy ]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Mysore || [[C M Pooncha]] || INC || res 25/02/1967<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Nominated || [[Jairamdas Daulatram]] || NOM<br />
|-<br />
| Nominated || [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]] || NOM<br />
|-<br />
| Nominated || Dr [[Badri Nath Prasad]] || NOM || dea 18/01/1966<br />
|-<br />
| Nominated || [[G Ramachandran]] || NOM<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Orissa || [[Binoy Kumar Mahanti]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Orissa || Shankar Pratap Singh Deb || INC || dea 03/08/1965<br />
|-<br />
| Orissa || Narayan Patra || OTH<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Punjab || Dr [[Anup Singh (politician)|Anup Singh]] || INC || Dea 28/01/1969<br />
|-<br />
| Punjab || [[Mohinder Kaur]] || INC || res 24/02/1967<br />
|-<br />
| Punjab || [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Punjab || Uttam Singh Duggal || INC || Dea 20/04/1968<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Rajashtan || [[Sadiq Ali]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Rajashtan || Devi Singh || OTH<br />
|-<br />
| Rajashtan || Prof Shantilal Kothari || INC<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Tamil Nadu || A K A Abdul Samad || ML<br />
|-<br />
| Tamil Nadu || [[T V Anandan]] || CO<br />
|-<br />
| Tamil Nadu || [[S S Mariswamy]] || DMK<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || [[F H Ansari]] || OTH || Dea 04/04/1966<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || Sarla Bhadauria || OTH<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || [[Mahabir Prasad Bhargava]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || [[Indira Gandhi]] || INC || res 23/02/1967 4LS<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || [[Uma Shankar Dikshit]]|| INC<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || [[Mahavir Prasad Shukla]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || Pandit [[Sham Sundar Narain Tankha]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || [[Dattopant Thengadi]] || JS<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || [[A C Gilbert]]|| INC<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || Col [[B H Zaidi]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || [[Tarkeshwar Pande]] || INC || res 15/12/1964<br />
|-<br />
| Uttar Pradesh || Sardar Ram Singh || OTH || dea 20/08/1969<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| West Bengal || [[Bhupesh Gupta]] || CPI<br />
|-<br />
| West Bengal || [[Dwijendralal Sen Gupta]] || IND<br />
|-<br />
| West Bengal || [[Satyendra Prosad Ray]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| West Bengal || [[M Ishaque]] || INC<br />
|-<br />
| West Bengal || Dr Phulrenu Guha || INC<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Bye-elections==<br />
The following bye elections were held in the year 1964.<br />
<br />
State - Member - Party<br />
<br />
# Bihar - [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]] - INC ( ele 18/02/1964 term till 1966 )<br />
# Maharashtra - [[M C Chagla]] - INC ( ele 02/03/1964 term till 1966 )<br />
# Nagaland - [[Melhupra Vero]] - INC ( ele 18/03/1964 term till 1968 )<br />
# Nominated - [[M Amjal Khan]] - INC ( ele 31/03/1964 term till 1966 )<br />
# Madras - P Thanulingam - INC ( ele 09/07/1964 term till 1968 )<br />
# Rajasthan - [[Dalpat Singh (Rajasthan politician)|Dalpat Singh]] - OTH ( ele 26/08/1964 term till 1966 )<br />
# Andhra - [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] - INC ( ele 20/11/1964 term till 1966 )<br />
# Nominated - Prof Siddhantalankar Satyavrata - NOM ( ele 25/11/1964 term till 1968 )<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Rajya Sabha}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1964 elections in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|1964]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Mohi_Uddin_Mir&diff=500455Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir2025-09-14T05:18:32Z<p>Lucinda30E: created.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]<br />
| term_start = 8 October 2024<br />
| term_end = <br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| predecessor = [[Haseeb Drabu]]<br />
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir''' from Murran Pulwama is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Rajpora Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-08 |title=Rajpora Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajpora-election-result-2024-live-update-9077420.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Rajpora, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir defeats JKPDP's Syed Bashir Ahmad with 10139 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rajpora-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612903-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
== Electoral performance ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||47.93%||Syed Bashir Ahmad||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||21.16%||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Rajpora |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0835.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709153822/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0835.htm |archive-date=9 July 2025 |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Lost}}||28.23%||[[Haseeb Drabu]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||36.95%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Lost}}||22.79%||Syed Bashir Ahmad Shah||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||25.12%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Lost}}||24.62%||Syed Bashir Ahmad||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||58.60%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||[[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||61.20%||Naba Mir||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||24.09%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mir, Ghulam Mohi Uddin}}<br />
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:People from Pulwama district]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayaprakash&diff=450237Jayaprakash2025-09-01T19:38:58Z<p>Lucinda30E: Article updated with improved flow</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Jayaprakash''' may refer to:<br />
<br />
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)]], Indian actor and producer<br />
* [[Jayaprakash (name)]], an Indian masculine given name and surname<br />
<br />
{{dab}}</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anuj_Nayyar&diff=455908Anuj Nayyar2025-07-04T01:34:48Z<p>Lucinda30E: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian army captain; Maha vir chakra recipient}}<br />
{{obituary|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]<br />
| name = Anuj Nayyar<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]<br />
| image = Captain Anuj Nayyar.jpg<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1975|8|28}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1999|07|07|1975|08|28}}<br />
| death_place = 2nd Pimple Complex, [[Kargil district|Kargil]], <br />[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India<br />
| branch = {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Indian Army]]<br />
| allegiance = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]<br />
| rank = [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|15px]] [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]<br />
|servicenumber = IC-57111W<br />
| unit = [[File:Rgt-jat.gif|20px]] [[Jat Regiment|17 JAT]]<br />
| serviceyears = 1997–1999<br />
| battles = [[Kargil War]]{{KIA}}<br />
| awards = [[File:Maha Vir Chakra ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Maha Vir Chakra]]<br />
}}<br />
[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] '''Anuj Nayyar''', [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] (28 August 1975 – 7 July 1999) was an [[Indian Army]] officer of 17 [[Jat Regiment]] who was posthumously awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]], India's second highest [[gallantry award]], for exemplary valour in combat during operations in the [[Kargil War]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2021 |title=VIDEO: Know about Captain Anuj Nayyar who was honoured with Mahavir Chakra for his bravery |language=en |work=[[India TV]] |publisher=[[India TV]] |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/news/know-about-captain-anuj-nayyar-who-was-honoured-with-mahavir-chakra-for-his-bravery-722054 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-26|title=#KargilHeroes: Anuj Nayyar, The Braveheart For Whom Nation Always Came First|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/152033/kargil-anuj-nayyar-maha-vir-chakra-vijay-diwas-news/|access-date=2020-06-23|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early years and career==<br />
Anuj Nayyar was born and grew up in [[Delhi]], India. His father, Satish Kumar Nayyar,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnan |first1=Raghu |title=Seven years after |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/raghu-krishnan/seven-years-after/articleshow/1823609.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=The Economic Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=30 July 2006}}</ref> worked as a visiting professor in [[Delhi School of Economics]] while his mother, Meena Nayyar, worked for the South Campus library of [[Delhi University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Captain Anuj Nayyar MVC {{!}} Honourpoint|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/captain-anuj-nayyar-mvc/|access-date=2020-06-23|language=en-US}}</ref> He was a bright student who consistently performed well in academics and sports.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Neha |date=7 May 2012 |title='He was on a mission...I only channelised it' |language=en |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/247655/he-missioni-only-channelised-it.html |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nayyar received his high-school education from [[Army Public School, Dhaula Kuan]] (1993 batch).<ref name="India TV">{{Cite web|author= Sidhant Mamtany|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kargil-vijay-diwas-army-public-school-dhaulakuan-students-pay-tribute-indian-army-tapsite-aps-dk-638155|title=With Tapsites, JOSH is always HIGH: Students of Army Public School Dhaula kuan pay tribute to the Indian Army|date=29 July 2020 |publisher=India TV}}</ref> He graduated from the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and later was commissioned into the 17th battalion, [[Jat Regiment]] (17 Jat) in June 1997 from the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Kargil War==<br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
In 1999, the Indian Army detected a massive infiltration by [[Pakistan]]i military and paramilitary forces in the [[Kargil district|Kargil]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu Kashmir]]. The army quickly mobilized its forces to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators from Indian territory. 17 Jat was one of the battalions deployed in the region. Nayyar's first major operation involved securing Pimple II, a peak within the Pimple Complex, on the western slopes of Point 4875, a strategic peak in the [[Mushkoh Valley]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India remembers Kargil War hero Captain Anuj Nayyar who died in 1999 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/india/india-remembers-kargil-war-hero-captain-anuj-nayyar-who-died-in-1999_1923434.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=28 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Due to its strategic location, securing Point 4875 was a top priority for the Indian Army. The peak, which stood at 15,990 feet above sea level, had extremely steep slopes and capturing the peak without aerial support was considered near impossible. In a last-ditch attempt, C Coy, 17 Jat, of which Nayyar was the second-in-command, decided to secure the peak without waiting for any aerial support on 6 July.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Krishna |first1=Ashok |title=Kargil: The Tables Turned |last2=Chari |first2=P. R |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |year=2001 |isbn=9788173043680 |location=New Delhi |pages=309 |language=English |oclc=47863740}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Operation===<br />
During the initial phase of C Coy's assault on Pimple II, Nayyar's company commander was injured, and command devolved upon him. As the unit advanced under heavy enemy artillery and mortar fire, the lead section reported the location of 3-4 enemy bunkers. Nayyar moved forward and destroyed the first bunker with a rocket launcher and grenades. Still under heavy fire, he then proceeded with the lead section, which consisted of 7 personnel, and destroyed two more bunkers. During the battle, Nayyar killed 9 Pakistani soldiers and destroyed three medium machine gun bunkers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Puri |first1=Lt Gen Mohinder |title=Recalling Young India's Kargil triumph |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/recalling-young-indias-kargil-triumph-288278 |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]] |date=26 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Anuj>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/Nayyar.html Captain Anuj Nayyar – Bharat-Rakshak] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503030232/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/Nayyar.html |date=3 May 2006 }}</ref> The company then began its assault on the last remaining bunker, but while clearing it, an enemy RPG directly hit Nayyar and killed him instantly.<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/jul/220709-Anuj-Nayyar-Operation-Vijay-matryr-Kargil-war-Prof-SK-Nayyar-Mahavir-Chakra-proud-father.htm 'Did he die fighting?']</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gokhale |first1=Nitin A |last2=Bahal |first2=Aniruddha |date=2013-06-15 |title=Leading From The Front |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?207810 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615022804/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?207810 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]}}</ref> Pimple II was captured on 8 July, but Anuj Nayyar had to pay his supreme sacrifice on the mission.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandar |first=Col(Retd) Y Udaya |title=Independent India's All the Seven Wars |publisher=[[Notion Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1948473217 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Jats: Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |author=Vīrasiṃha, Rajendra Kumar |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-88629-16-9 |volume=2 |location=Delhi |pages=467 |language=English, Hindi |oclc=54758579}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the entire battle for Pimple Complex, 46 regular members of the Pakistan Army, an unknown number of Pakistani paramilitary troopers, militants were killed and 11 Indian Army troops, including Capt. Nayyar, were killed. The securing of Pimple Complex paved the way for the recapture of Tiger Hill which finally forced Pakistan to retreat back across the Line of Control.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nayyar |first1=Meena |title=Tiger of Drass: Capt. Anuj Nayyar, 23, Kargil Hero |last2=Shekhawat |first2=Himmat Singh |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] India |year=2022 |isbn=9789354228445}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/08iype.htm Fighting gets bloodier in Drass, Batalik]</ref><br />
<br />
== Recognition and legacy ==<br />
Nayyar was posthumously awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] for his bravery and leadership in combat.<br />
<br />
Nayyar's father, S.K. Nayyar, was allotted a [[gas station]] in Delhi by the [[Government of India]] in recognition of the services of his son.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sagar |first1=Pradip R |title=Resolve conflicts politically, treat soldiers better: Families of Kargil War veterans to govt |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/07/24/resolve-conflicts-politically-treat-soldiers-better-families-kargil-war-veterans-govt.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=24 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Tejbir Singh, a fellow soldier of the Jat Regiment, named his son Anuj in honour of Nayyar.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990729/ige29056.html Connecting to Kargil with Express-Iridium ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219002107/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990729/ige29056.html |date=19 February 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
School in Janakpuri area of Delhi, was named as "Shaheed Captain Anuj Nayyar Sarvodaya Bal Vidyalaya".{{fact|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
A road in [[Janakpuri]] area of Delhi, was named as "Captain Anuj Nayyar Marg."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=PWD to strengthen roads along ten key stretches in West Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/pwd-road-safety-west-delhi-7677261/ |access-date=5 April 2022 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Public Works Department, Govt. of NCT of Delhi |url=https://www.pwddelhi.gov.in/Home/RoadCSR?pwd=4yPuFQxjKDgTbwdg5KeT+Q== |website=Public Works Department, New Delhi |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the 76th Republic Day (26 Jan 2025), India paid tribute to Kargil hero as Southern Railway dedicated a locomotive in his name "Captain Anuj Nayyar".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/anuj-s-sacrifice-was-for-the-nation-kargil-heros-mother-on-his-legacy-893954 |title=Video {{!}} "Anuj's Sacrifice Was For The Nation": Kargil Hero’s Mother On His Legacy |language=en |access-date=2025-01-26 |via=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/southernrailway_sr/p/DFPsnygJiS5/?img_index=1 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Maha Vir Chakra citation===<br />
{{Blockquote|{{center|'''Gazette Notification: 17 Pres/2000,15.8.99'''}}<br />
{{center|'''Operation: Vijay – Kargil'''}}<br />
{{center|'''Date of Award: 1999'''}}<br />
<br />
'''Citation:'''<br />
On 06 July 1999, Charlie Company was tasked to capture an objective, which was a part of the Pimple Complex on the Western Slopes of Point 4875, in the Mushkoh Valley. At the beginning of the attack, the Company Commander got injured and the command of the company devolved on Captain Anuj Nayyar. Captain Nayyar continued to command his leading platoon into the attack under heavy enemy artillery and mortar fire. As the platoon advanced, the leading section reported the location of 3 to 4 enemy positions. Captain Nayyar moved forward towards the first enemy position and fired a rocket launcher and lobbed grenades into it.<br />
<br />
Thereafter, the section, along with Captain Nayyar, physically assaulted and cleared the position. The enemy, which was well entrenched, brought a heavy volume of automatic fire. Captain Anuj Nayyar, unmindful of his personal safety, motivated his men and cleared two more enemy positions. While clearing the fourth position an enemy rocket-propelled grenade hit the officer and martyred him on the spot. This action led by Captain Anuj Nayyar resulted in the killing of nine enemy soldiers and the destruction of three medium machine gun positions of the enemy. The success of this operation after a brief setback was largely due to the outstanding personal bravery and exemplary junior leadership of this daring officer. Captain Anuj Nayyar displayed indomitable resolve, grit, and determination and motivated his command by personal example acting beyond the call of duty and made the supreme sacrifice in true traditions of the Indian Army.}}<br />
<br />
=== In Media ===<br />
Following Nayyar's death, his heroics during the war were widely covered by Delhi's [[print media]] with editorials like [[Times of India]] and [[Hindustan Times]] running full-page descriptions of his Kargil mission. The plight and ill-treatment of his parents by Indian government officials after his death became the subject of several short [[telefilms]] and was widely reported in the Indian news media.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/284080.cms No dhoop for Kargil martyr's kin-Delhi Times-Cities-The Times of India<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Several books and Indian films were made to depict Anuj's life and glorify his contribution to the Indian Army.<br />
* In 2003 the Hindi film ''[[LOC Kargil]]'', directed by [[J.P. Dutta]], which depicted the endeavours of the Indian Army during the Kargil War, was released in which [[Saif Ali Khan]] played the role of Anuj Nayyar.<br />
* In 2003, the Hindi film ''[[Dhoop]]'' directed by national award winner Ashwini Chaudhary, was released which depicted the life of Anuj's parents after his death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Dr. Nitin |title=Changes in India's foreign policy towards Pakistan. |date=2017 |publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-86367-79-2 |location=New Delhi |language=English |oclc=1039348690}}</ref> [[Om Puri]] played the role of Prof. Kapoor that was based on Prof S.K. Nayyar, Anuj's father.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lal |first1=Niharika |title='Dhoop' director Ashwini Chaudhary: Even after 17 years, families of Army personnel get in touch with me after watching the film - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dhoop-director-ashwini-chaudhary-even-after-17-years-families-of-army-personnel-get-in-touch-with-me-after-watching-the-film/articleshow/77172074.cms |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiksha |first=Shruti |date=26 July 2019 |title=Kargil Vijay Diwas: When 'Dhoop', a 2003 film, brought back the struggles Captain Anuj Nayyar's parents faced to keep his name alive |work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/kargil-vijay-diwas-when-dhoop-a-2003-film-brought-back-the-struggles-captain-anuj-nayyars-parents-faced-to-keep-his-name-alive-2222121.html}}</ref> Revathi played the role of Mrs. Kapoor, Capt Rohit Kapoor's mother.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060503030232/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/Nayyar.html Bharat Rakshak biography on Anuj]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090106211700/http://kargil.myiris.com/Gallantry/galstory.html List of Kargil heroes]<br />
*[http://www.ikashmir.net/kargilheroes/anuj.html S.K. Nayyar's viewpoint on Kargil]<br />
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/02diary.htm An article on Anuj by Lokesh Sopre]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayyar, Anuj}}<br />
[[Category:1999 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]<br />
[[Category:People of the Kargil War]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra]]<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:Military personnel from Delhi]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parveen_Rana&diff=524637Parveen Rana2025-06-23T08:01:54Z<p>Lucinda30E: Starting a details!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian freestyle wrestler}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Parveen Rana<br />
| image = Parveen Rana.jpg<br />
| image_size = <!-- Use only when absolutely necessary --><br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Rana during a training session in 2019<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| citizenship = Indian<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|11|12}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Delhi]]<br />
| occupation = Wrestler<br />
| height = {{convert|5|ft|7|in|cm|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} <br />
| weight = 74 kg<br />
| <br />
| other_interests =<br />
<br />
| country = India<br />
| sport = [[Wrestling]]<br />
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]<br />
<br />
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br />
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Freestyle Wrestling]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championship]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[2012 Asian Wrestling Championships|2012 Gumi]]|}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 Asian Wrestling Championships|2019 Xi'an]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Cadet Asian Wrestling Championship]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2008 Cadet Asian Wrestling Championships|2008 Tashkent, Uzbekistan]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Youth Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|2008 Pune, India]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Wrestling Championship]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|2013 Johannesburg<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 - COMMONWEALTH WRESTLING CHAMPIONSHIPS|url=http://commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com/Pages/2013CommonwealthChampionships.aspx|publisher=Commonwealth Amateur Wrestling Association (CAWA)|accessdate=21 February 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321120914/http://commonwealthwrestling.sharepoint.com/Pages/2013CommonwealthChampionships.aspx|archivedate=21 March 2016}}</ref>|74 kg}}<br />
{{MedalBronze | 2017 Johannesburg<ref name="2017 CWC gold">{{cite news |title=Sushil Kumar wins gold at Commonwealth Wrestling Championship |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/sushil-kumar-wins-gold-at-commonwealth-wrestling-championship/story-tFcHlEiaJ2gV47f6u2p5UN.html |accessdate=26 February 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) |date=17 December 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171222220622/http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/sushil-kumar-wins-gold-at-commonwealth-wrestling-championship/story-tFcHlEiaJ2gV47f6u2p5UN.html |archivedate=22 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> | 74 kg Freestyle}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|Dave Schultz Memorial<ref>{{cite web|url=https://usawevents.sportngin.com/page/show/974545-dave-schultz-memorial-international|title=Dave Schultz Memorial|publisher=}}</ref>|}}<br />
{{MedalGold|2014 USA|}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Parveen Rana''' (born 12 November 1992) is an Indian [[Freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]]. He gained recognition after winning a gold medal at the [[Commonwealth Youth Games|Youth Commonwealth Games]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/sports/parveen-rana-all-you-want-to-know-about-wrestler/156611.html|title=2008 Commonwealth Youth|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> In 2019, he won the silver medal in the men's 79&nbsp;kg event at the [[2019 Asian Wrestling Championships]] held in [[Xi'an, China]].<ref name="asian_championships_2019">{{cite web|url=https://unitedworldwrestling.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/results_04_xian.pdf|title=2019 Asian Wrestling Championships Results|work=United World Wrestling|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518232029/https://unitedworldwrestling.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/results_04_xian.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Parveen, son of Udaybhan Rana and Rajbala, was born in the village of Qutubgarh, [[Delhi]]. His father identified his skills at an early age. He started wrestling at the age of five, under the guidance of his elder brother.<br />
<br />
He currently trains in [[Philadelphia]] in [[United States]] under the guidance of Olympian medalist [[Yogeshwar Dutt]]. Yogeshwar Dutt is role model of Parveen Rana. <br />
His wrestling relies primarily on swift counter-attacks.<br />
<br />
== Wrestling career ==<br />
Rana first gained international attention when he won a gold medal at the 3rd [[Commonwealth Youth Games|Youth Commonwealth Games]] in 2008. He went on to win a bronze medal in the 2011 Junior Wrestling World Championship in [[Bucharest]], followed by the 66&nbsp;kg freestyle title at the 2012 Hari Ram Indian Grand Prix Wrestling Championships, when he was 20 years old. In 2013, he won gold medals at the Senior National Wrestling Championship in [[Kolkata]] and the Commonwealth Wrestling Championship in [[Johannesburg]].<br />
<br />
In June 2014, Rana sustained a career-threatening neck injury, but made a remarkable comeback to win the gold medal at the Senior National Games and represent India in the 70&nbsp;kg category at the [[2014 Asian Games]]. The following year, he was the first Indian male wrestler acquired by the Punjab Royals franchise of the [[Pro Wrestling League]].<br />
<br />
Rana was chosen to represent India at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] in Rio de Janeiro after the earlier qualifier, [[Narsingh Pancham Yadav|Narsingh Pancham]], failed a [[doping in sport|doping]] test.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/narsingh-yadav-sushil-kumar-parveen-rana-74kg-wrestling-dope-test-2937464/ |title=Parveen Rana provisionally replaces Narsingh Yadav in the Rio 2016 Olympics team |date=2016-07-28 |accessdate=2016-08-02 |website= |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|last= |first=}}</ref> However, the decision was reversed after Pancham was cleared by the National Anti-Doping Agency.<br />
<br />
== Achievements ==<br />
<br />
* Silver medal, Asian Wrestling Championship, Xian, China, 2019<br />
* Silver medal, Commonwealth Wrestling Championship, [[Johannesburg, South Africa]], 2017<br />
* Gold medal, Commonwealth Wrestling Championship, [[Johannesburg]], 2013<br />
* Gold medal, Dave Schultz Memorial, [[United States]], 2014<br />
* Gold medal, Senior Nationals, [[Kolkata]] 2013<br />
* Gold medal, 1st Hari Ram Indian Grand Prix Tournament, [[New Delhi]], 2012<br />
* Bronze medal, [[Junior Asian Wrestling Championship]], [[Almaty]], 2012<br />
* Bronze medal, [[Asian Senior Wrestling Championship]], [[Korea]], 2012<br />
* Bronze medal, Dave Schultz Memorial International, USA, 2012<br />
* Bronze medal, Junior Wrestling World Championship, [[Bucharest]], 2011<br />
* Silver medal, 55th Senior National Wrestling Championship, [[Ranchi]], 2010<br />
* Gold medal, Cadet Asian Wrestling Championship, [[Tashkent]], 2008<br />
* Gold medal, 3rd Commonwealth Youth Games, [[Pune district|Pune]], 2008<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IWD|name=Parveen Rana}}<br />
* {{UWW|id=rana-parveen}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Parveen}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]<br />
[[Category:1992 births]]<br />
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2014 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games wrestlers for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Wrestling Championships medalists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009_Delhi_Daredevils_season&diff=4822702009 Delhi Daredevils season2025-04-14T21:13:29Z<p>Lucinda30E: New First Bio W/ Infobox - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket club season<br />
| club =[[Delhi Daredevils]]<br />
| season =2009<br />
| coach = [[Greg Shipperd]]<br />
| captain = [[Virender Sehwag]]<br />
| ground = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], Delhi<br />
| comp1 = [[2009 Indian Premier League|IPL]]<br />
| comp1 result = 3rd<br />
| comp2 = [[2009 Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]<br />
| comp2 result = Second round<br />
| most runs = [[AB de Villiers]] (465)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=4801;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2009/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510061019/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=4801%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=10 May 2012 }}</ref><br />
| most wickets =[[Ashish Nehra]] (19)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4801;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2009/ Records / Most runs|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 June 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102231133/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4801%3Btype%3Dtournament|archivedate=2 November 2015}}</ref><br />
| prevseason = [[Delhi Daredevils in 2008|2008]]<br />
| nextseason = [[Delhi Daredevils in 2010|2010]]<br />
}}<br />
[[Delhi Daredevils]] (DD) are a franchise cricket team based in Delhi, India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2009 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Virender Sehwag]]. Delhi Daredevils finished 3rd in the IPL and qualified for the Champions League T20.<br />
<br />
==Indian Premier League==<br />
===Standings===<br />
Delhi Daredevils finished first in the league stage of IPL 2009.<br />
{{:2009 Indian Premier League|team=DD}}<br />
<br />
===Match log===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:5%;"| No<br />
! style="width:5%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:10%;"| Opponent<br />
! style="width:10%;"| Venue<br />
! style="width:35%;"| Result<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 1 || 19 April|| [[Kings XI Punjab]] || Cape Town || Won by 10 wickets (D/L Method), MoM- [[Daniel Vettori]] – 3/15 (3 overs)<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 2 || 23 April|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Durban]] || Won by 9 runs, MoM- [[AB de Villiers]] – 105*<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 3 || 26 April|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Port Elizabeth]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM- [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] – 67*<br />
|- style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| 4 || 28 April|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] ||Lost by 5 wickets<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 5 || 30 April|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || Centurion|| Won by 6 wickets, MoM- [[Dirk Nannes]] – 2/16 (4 overs)<br />
|- style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| 6 || 2 May|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || Johannesburg || Lost by 1 run<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 7 || 5 May|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Durban]] || Won by 9 wickets, MoM- [[Gautam Gambhir]] – 71* (57)<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 8 || 8 May|| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[East London, South Africa|East London]] || Won by 7 wickets<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"MoM- [[Virender Sehwag]] – 50(27)<br />
| 9 || 10 May|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || Johannesburg || Won by 7 wickets, MoM- [[Amit Mishra]] – 3/14 (4 overs)<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 10 || 13 May|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Durban]] || Won by 12 runs, MoM- [[Rajat Bhatia]] – 4/15 (2.4 overs)<br />
|- style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| 11 || 15 May|| [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Bloemfontein]] || Lost by 6 wickets<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 12 || 17 May|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || Bloemfontein || Won by 14 runs, MoM- [[AB de Villiers]] – 79* (55)<br />
|- style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| 13 || 19 May|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Johannesburg || Lost by 7 wickets<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 14 || 21 May|| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] || Won by 4 wickets, MoM- [[Virender Sehwag]] – 50(27)<br />
|- style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| 15 || 22 May|| [[Deccan Chargers]](semi-final #1) || Centurion || Lost by 6 wickets<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Most runs<br />
!Player<br />
!Runs<br />
|-<br />
|[[AB de Villiers]]<br />
|465<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]<br />
|418<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dinesh Karthik]]<br />
|288<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Most wickets<br />
!Player<br />
!Wickets<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ashish Nehra]]<br />
|19<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dirk Nannes]]<br />
|15<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pradeep Sangwan]]<br />
|15<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Champions League Twenty20==<br />
===Group standings===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!Team<br />
!{{Tooltip | Pld | Played}}<br />
!{{Tooltip | W | Won}}<br />
!{{Tooltip | L | Lost}}<br />
!{{Tooltip | NR | No result}}<br />
!{{Tooltip | Pts | Points}}<br />
!{{Tooltip | NRR | Net Run Rate}}<br />
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"<br />
|align=left| [[Delhi Daredevils]]<br />
|2||1||1||0||2||+0.700<br />
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"<br />
|align=left| [[Victoria cricket team|Victorian Bushrangers]] <br />
|2||1||1||0||2||+0.136<br />
|-<br />
|align=left| [[Wayamba cricket team|Wayamba]]<br />
|2||1||1||0||2||−0.875<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Second round standings===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!Team<br />
!{{Tooltip | Pld | Played}}<br />
!{{Tooltip | W | Won}}<br />
!{{Tooltip | L | Lost}}<br />
!{{Tooltip | NR | No result}}<br />
!{{Tooltip | Pts | Points}}<br />
!{{Tooltip | NRR | Net Run Rate}}<br />
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"<br />
| align=left| [[Victoria cricket team|Victorian Bushrangers]]<br />
|3||2||1||0||4||+0.911<br />
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"<br />
|align=left| [[Cape Cobras]]<br />
|3||2||1||0||4||−0.219<br />
|-<br />
| align=left| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]<br />
|3||1||2||0||2||−0.114<br />
|-<br />
| align=left| [[Delhi Daredevils]]<br />
|3||1||2||0||2||−0.398<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Match log===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Date<br />
!Opponent<br />
!Venue<br />
!Result<br />
!Scorecard<br />
|- style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| 9 October || [[Victoria cricket team|Victorian Bushrangers]] || Delhi || Lost by 7 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/match/416926.html Scorecard]<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 11 October || [[Wayamba cricket team|Wayamba Elevens]] || Delhi || Won by 50 runs, MoM&nbsp;– [[Virender Sehwag]] 66 (42) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/match/416930.html Scorecard]<br />
|- style="background:#fbb;"<br />
| 17 October || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Bangalore || Lost by 8 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/match/416940.html Scorecard]<br />
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"<br />
| 19 October || [[Cape Cobras]] || Delhi || Won by 30 runs, MoM&nbsp;– [[Owais Shah]] 39* (38) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/t20champions2009/engine/match/416943.html Scorecard]<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Overall record":2–2. Did not advance.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Delhi Daredevils}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2009 Indian Premier League]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi Capitals seasons]]</div>Lucinda30Ehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peeplya&diff=525066Peeplya2025-04-06T12:11:27Z<p>Lucinda30E: Starting new info!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
|name = Peeplya<br />
|other_name =<br />
|nickname =<br />
|settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
|subdivision_name2 = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]<br />
|population_as_of = 2011<br />
|population_total = 1,312<br />
|population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=88795| title = Name Census 2011, Rajasthan data|access-date =4 Jan 2022|year = 2022| publisher = censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
|demographics_type1 = Demographics<br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = 53.41<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br />
| demographics1_info2 = 915<br />
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]] <br />
| leader_title = [[sarpanch]]<br />
| leader_name = Chanda Devi<br />
| demographics_type2 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title3 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info3 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
|postal_code = 322704<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|26.223359|N|76.0089603|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
|pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Peeplya''' village is located in Chouth ka Barwara tehsil of [[Sawai Madhopur district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Murder of a young man sleeping in the enclosure due to old enmity|url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/murder-of-a-young-man-sleeping-in-the-enclosure-due-to-old-enmity-7232254/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Negligence: handpump bad in villages and dhanis of Isarda and Tapur|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/shiwar/news/hand-pumps-in-israda-and-tapur-villages-127932575.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Sawai Madhopur district]]<br />
<br />
{{Bharatpurdivision-geo-stub}}</div>Lucinda30E