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List of forestry universities and colleges

2026-05-18T00:23:39Z

LucileBrownbill: creating a data

{{Short description|None}}
[[File:NLTU in Lviv - administratyvnyi korpus.jpg|thumb|National Forestry University of Ukraine]]

This is a list of [[tertiary education]]al institutions around the world offering [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]], [[Master's degree|master's]] or [[Doctor of philosophy|doctoral]] degrees in [[forestry]], agronomy, animal sciences, or related fields. Where noted, the country's [[Educational accreditation|accreditation board]] standard has been used and cited. They are grouped by colleges.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/educationdb/en/
|title=Forestry education institutions database
|access-date=2008-02-01
|date=11 October 2007
|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625061919/http://www.fao.org/forestry/educationdb/en/
|archive-date=25 June 2008
|quote=The database contains the contact information on 356 forestry education institutions from 78 countries [and was] last updated during 2000-2001.
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

''(For educational institutions with forestry technician or professional certificate programs see: [[List of forestry technical schools]].)''
{{TOC right|limit=4}}

==Africa==
===Algeria===
*[[Abou Bakr Belkaïd University|Abou Bakr Belkaïd University - Tlemcen]]

===Benin===
*Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, [[National University of Benin]]
*National School of wildlife and Protected Areas Management of Kandi, [[University of Parakou]]
*Faculty of Agronomy, [[University of Parakou]]

===Burkina Faso===
*Institute of Rural Development (IDR), [[Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso]]
*Life and Earth Sciences (UFR/SVT), [[University of Ouagadougou]]

===Cameroon===
*The National Forestry School of Cameroon, [[location: Mbalmayo, the centre region of Cameroon]]
French Abbre.: Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forêts de Mbalmayo

===Côte d'Ivoire===

* College of Agronomy, [[Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny|Félix Houphouët-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inphb.edu.ci/ |title=Site Officiel de l'Institut National Polytechnique Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY |website=Inphb.edu.ci |access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref> [[Yamoussoukro]]

===Egypt===
*Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University.

===Ethiopia===
* Burie College of Forestry, [[Debremarkos University]]
* Haramaya College of Forestry, Haramaya University
* Wollo University
* Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[Hawassa University]]

===Ghana===
* Department of Renewable Natural Resources, [[University for Development Studies]]
* [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]]
** Faculty of Forest Resources Technology
** Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources
** Department of Wood Science and Technology
*School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, [https://www.uenr.edu.gh/]

===Guinea===
*[[Institut Supérieur Agronomique et Vétérinaire|Higher Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Studies]], [[Faranah]]

===Kenya===
* Department of Forestry, [[University of Eldoret]]
* [[Kenya Forestry College]] ([[Londiani]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kenyaforestservice.org/kfc/ |title=Kenya Forestry College |website=www.kenyaforestservice.org |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122115053/http://www.kenyaforestservice.org/kfc/ |archive-date=22 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Kenya Forestry Research Institute]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kefri.org/ |title=Kenya Forestry Research Institute |website=Kefri.org |access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>

===Madagascar===
* Department of Water and Forests, School of Agronomy, [[University of Antananarivo]]

===Malawi===
* Malawi College of Forestry and Wildlife (Certificate and Diploma Program) https://sites.google.com/view/malawicollegeforestrywildlife/home
* Bunda College of Agriculture, [[University of Malawi]]
* Department of Forestry, [[Mzuzu University]]

===Morocco===
* National School for Forest Engineers (ENFI Rabat-Salé)

===Mozambique===
*Department of Forestry [[Eduardo Mondlane University]]
*

===Nigeria===

* Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, [[Cross River University of Technology]]
* Department of Forestry and Wildlife, [[Delta State University, Abraka]]
* Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management, [[Ekiti State University]], [[Ado Ekiti]]
* Department of Forestry Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan
* Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, [[Federal University of Technology Akure]]
* Department of and Wildlife Technology, [[Federal University of Technology, Owerri]]
* Department of Forestry and Environmental Management, [[Michael Okpara University of Agriculture]], [[Umudike]]
* Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, [[University of Agriculture, Abeokuta]]
* Department of Forest Production and Products, [[University of Agriculture, Makurdi]]
* Department of Forestry and Wildlife, [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|University of Benin]]
* Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, [[University of Calabar]], [[Calabar]]
* Department of Forest Resources Management, [[University of Ibadan]]
* Department of Forest Resources Management, [[University of Ilorin]]
* Department of Forestry and Wildlife, [[University of Maiduguri]]
* Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, [[University of Port Harcourt]]
* Forestry and Wildlife, [[University of Uyo]]
* Forestry and Wildlife, [[Uthman dan Fodiyo University]], [[Sokoto (city)|Sokoto]]

===Senegal===
*Institute of Environmental Sciences, [[Cheikh Anta Diop University]]
*[[Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agriculture de Thiès]] (ENSA), [[Université de Thiès|University of Thiès]], [[Thiès]]

===South Africa===
* Department of Forest and Wood Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, [[Stellenbosch University|University of Stellenbosch]]
* Department of Forestry, Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute, Middledrift
* Department of Forestry, School of Agriculture, [[University of Venda]], Thohoyandou<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forestry.daff.gov.za/webapp/ResearchDevelopment.aspx |title=DAFF - Research and Development |website=forestry.daff.gov.za |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806045237/http://forestry.daff.gov.za/webapp/ResearchDevelopment.aspx |archive-date=6 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Forest Science Postgraduate Program, [[University of Pretoria]]
* School of Natural Resource Management, [[Nelson Mandela University]], [[George, Western Cape|George (Western Cape)]] campus<ref>[http://snrm.mandela.ac.za/ Nelson Mandela University website]</ref>

===Sudan===
*College of Forestry and Range Science, [[Sudan University of Science and Technology]]
*College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, [[University of Juba]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Khartoum]]
*Faculty of Forestry and Range Science, [[Upper Nile University]]
*Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, [[University of Kordofan]]

===Tanzania===
*Beekeeping Training Institute, Tabora<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bti.ac.tz|title=BTI - Beekeeping Training Institute|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
*Forestry Industries Training Institute<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fiti.ac.tz|title=Forest Industries Training Institute (FITI)|website=Fiti.ac.tz|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
*Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, [[Sokoine University of Agriculture]]
*Forestry Training Institute, Olmotonyi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fti.ac.tz|title=Forestry Training Institute, Olmotonyi|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
*Institute of Resources Assessment, [[University of Dar es Salaam]]

===Tunisia===
*School of Rural Development, Water, and Forests, [[National Agricultural Institute of Tunisia]]
*Silvopastoral Institute of Tabarka

===Uganda===
* Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, [[Makerere University]]
* Nyabyeya Forestry College, [[Masindi District|Masindi]]

===Zambia===
*School of Forestry and Wood Sciences, [[Copperbelt University]]
*[[Zambia Forestry College]]

===Zimbabwe===
* [[Bindura University of Science Education]]
* Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management, [[National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe|National University of Science and Technology]], [[Bulawayo]]
* [[Zimbabwe College of Forestry]], [[Mutare]]

==Asia==
===Afghanistan===
* Department of Forestry, [[Bamyan University]]
* Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[Kabul University]]
* Department of Forest Sciences, Kunar University
* Department of Forestry, [[Paktia University]]
*Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Laghman University
*Department of Forestry and Horticulture Sciences, Balkh University
*Department of Forestry, Badakhshan University,
*Department of Forest Sciences, Herat University

===Bangladesh===
* Department of [[Agroforestry]] and Environment, [[Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University]], [[Dhaka]]
* Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, [[Khulna University]], [[Khulna]]
* Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, [[Shahjalal University of Science and Technology]], [[Sylhet]]
* [[Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences]], [[University of Chittagong]], [[Chittagong]]

===China===
[[File:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.JPG|thumb|[[Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University]]]]

* [[Beijing Forestry University]]
* [[Central South University of Forestry and Technology]]
* College of Forestry, [[Guizhou University]]
* College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, [[Huazhong Agricultural University]], Wuhan, Hubei
* College of Forestry and Horticulture, [[Henan Agricultural University]]
* [[Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University]]
* [[Nanjing Forestry University]]
* [[North West Agriculture and Forestry University|North West A&F University]]
* [[Northeast Forestry University]]
* [[Sichuan Agricultural University]]
* [[Southwest Forestry University]]
* [[Zhejiang Forestry University]]

===India===
{{See also|Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education|Forestry in India|List of agricultural universities in India}}
[[File:F.R.I. a panoramic view.JPG|Forest Research Institute, Dehradun|thumb]]
[[File:PDKV Akola - Agricultural University.png|thumb|PDKV University, Akola]]
* [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]], [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]] [ICFRE (An autonomous government body governed by Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change)].
* Faculty of Forestry, Benhama, Ganderbal, [[SKUAST-K]], Jammu and Kashmir.
* College of Horticulture and Forestry, [[Central Agricultural University, Pasighat]], Arunachal Pradesh
* College of Horticulture and Forestry, [[Punjab Agricultural University]], [[Ludhiana]]
* [[College of Forestry, Dapoli|College of Forestry]], [[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth|Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth University]] (BSKKV), [[Dapoli]], Maharashtra
* College of Forestry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
* College of Forestry, [[Kerala Agricultural University]]
* College of Forestry, Ponnampet, UAHS, Shimoga
* College of Forestry, Sirsi, [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad]]
* College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, Ranichauri, [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]], [[Pantnagar]] now with VCSG University of Horticulture & Forestry, Bharsar, Uttarakhand
* College of Horticulture and Forestry, [[Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology|Maharana Pratap University]], [[Jhalawar]], Rajasthan now with [[Agriculture University, Kota]], Rajasthan
* Department of Applied Science, [[North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology]] (NERIST), Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh
* Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, [[Assam University]], [[Silchar]], Assam
* Department of Forestry, School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management, Tanhril, Aizawl, Mizoram
* Department of Forest Sciences, [[Desh Bhagat University]] (DBU), Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab
* Department of Forestry, [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth|Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth University]] (PDKV), [[Akola]], Maharashtra
* Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Environmental Sciences, [[Guru Ghasidas University]], Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh
* Department of Forestry, [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]], [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], Uttarakhand
* Department of Forestry, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
* Department of Forestry, [[Birsa Agricultural University]], [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand
* Aspee College of Forestry and Horticulture, [[Navsari Agricultural University]], [[Navsari]], Gujarat
* [[Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry]], [[Nauni]], [[Solan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* Forest College and Research Institute, [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], Tamil Nadu
* [[Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad|Forest college and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana]].
* [[Indian Institute of Forest Management]], Bhopal<ref name=mfoe>{{cite web |url=http://ifs.nic.in/rt/institutions/institutions.htm |title=Research & Training Division (Forestry)- Institutions |website=ifs.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040903053135/http://ifs.nic.in/rt/institutions/institutions.htm |archive-date=3 September 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Department of Forestry and Biodiversity, [[Tripura University]], Suryamaninagar, [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]]
* College of Forestry, Banda University of Agriculture and technology Banda Uttar Pradesh India.
* [[Munger Forestry College]], [[Bihar Agricultural University|Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur]], [[Munger]], [[Bihar]], India

===Indonesia===
{{See also|List of Indonesian agricultural universities and colleges}}

*Faculty of Agriculture, [[Khairun University]]
*Faculty of Agriculture, [[Padjadjaran University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Bengkulu University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Bogor Agricultural University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Domuga Kotamubago University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Gadjah Mada University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Haluoleo University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Hasanuddin University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Institut Pertanian Stiper]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Kuningan University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Lambung Mangkurat University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Lampung University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Lancang Kuning Riau University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Merdeka Madiun University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Muhammadiyah Malang University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Mulawarman University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Negeri Papua University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Nusa Bangsa University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Palangkaraya University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Pattimura University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Sam Ratulangi University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Satria University]]
*Faculty of Forestry Engineering, [[Sumatera Institute of Technology]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Tadulako University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Tanjungpura University]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Jambi]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[University of North Sumatra]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Winaya Mukti University]]
*School of Life Sciences and Technology, [[Bandung Institute of Technology]]

===Iran===

* Giulan University
* [[College of Agriculture in Gonbad|College of Agriculture]], [[Gonbad-e Qabus]]
* [[Gorgan University]] of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Forest Sciences
* Islamic Azad University of Chalous
* [[Islamic Azad University of Lahijan]]
* [[Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran]]
* Kalak Natural Resources Training Center
* Kelarabad Natural Resources Training Center
* [[Kordestan University]]
* Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources University
* [[Semnan University]], Natural Resources and Desert Study Faculties, Semnan Province<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.semnan.ac.ir/ |title=Semnan University website |access-date=2017-06-05 |archive-date=2023-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822160031/https://english.semnan.ac.ir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tarbiat Modares University]]
* [[Tehran University]]
* [[Urmia University]]
* [[Yasouj University]], Agricultural and Natural Resources Department, Faculty of Forestry
* [[Zabol University]], Department of Wood and Paper Sci.and Technol, Faculty of Natural Resources
* [[Shahrekord University]], Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences

===Japan===
[[File:Tokyonoukouuniv.JPG|thumb|Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology]]
*Department of Agriculture and Forest Science, [[University of Miyazaki]]
*Department of Forest Science, [[Iwate University]]
*Department of Forest Products, [[Kyushu University]]
*Department of Forest and Environment, [[Shimane University]]
*Department of Forest Sciences, [[Shinshu University]]
*Department of Forest Science, [[University of Tokyo]]
*Department of Forest Science, [[Utsunomiya University]]
*Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, [[Kyoto University]]
*[[Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology]]

===Laos===
*[[Bolikhamxay Agriculture and Forestry School]]
*[[Champasack Agriculture and Forestry School]]
*[[Champasack University]]
*[[Department of Forest Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Resources, Souphanouvong University]]
*[[Dongkhamxang School of Agriculture and Forestry]]
*Faculty of Forest Science, [[National University of Laos]] (NUOL)
*[[Louang Prabang Agriculture and Forestry School]]
*[[Muang Mai School of Forestry]]
*[[Sepone Agroforestry Training Center]]

===Malaysia===

*Forest Resource Technology, [[Universiti Malaysia Kelantan]] (UMK)
*School of International Tropical Forestry, [[Universiti Malaysia Sabah]] (UMS)
*Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, [[Universiti Malaysia Sarawak]] (UNIMAS)
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Universiti Putra Malaysia]] (UPM)
*School of Industrial Technology, [[Universiti Sains Malaysia]] (USM)
*Faculty of Applied Sciences, [[Universiti Teknologi MARA]] (UiTM)

===Mongolia===

*Department of Forestry, [[Mongolian State University of Agriculture]] (MSUA)
*Department of Forest Technology, [[Mongolian University of Science and Technology]] (MUST)
*Department of Forestry, [[National University of Mongolia]] (NUM)

===Myanmar===
*[[University of Forestry (Yezin)]]

===Nepal===
{{Main|List of forestry colleges in Nepal}}
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Agriculture and Forestry University]], Hetauda
* [[Tribhuvan University]]
** [[Institute of Forestry]], Pokhara (Pokhara Campus)
** Institute of Forestry, Hetauda (Hetauda Campus)
** Kathmandu Forestry College, Kathmandu
* Purbanchal University College of Environment and Forestry

===Pakistan===
{{see also|Forestry in Pakistan#Research institutions}}
* [[Agricultural Research Institute, Quetta]]
* Department of Forestry, [[Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University]], Sheringal Dir Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
* Department of Forestry and Range Management, Faculty of Forestry, Range Management and Wildlife, [[Arid Agriculture University|Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University]]
* Department of Forestry and Range Management, [[Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan]]
* Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, [[University of Haripur]], [[Haripur District]]
* Department of Forestry, Range Management, and Wildlife, [[University of Agriculture, Faisalabad]]<ref>[http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/FREE-education/detail.jsp?institution=314]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref>
* Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar<ref>[http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/FREE-education/detail.jsp?institution=313]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Punjab Forest School]], [[Bahawalpur]]<ref>[http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/FREE-education/detail.jsp?institution=312]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref>
* School of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Swat
* [[Sindh Agriculture University]], [[Hyderabad (Pakistan)|Hyderabad]]
* [[University of Agriculture (Peshawar)]]
* [[Institute of Agriculture Sciences and Forestry, University of Swat, Swat]]

===Philippines===
*Bilar Campus, [[Bohol Island State University]] (BISU)
*Cabagan Campus, [[Isabela State University]] (ISU)
*College of Agriculture, Animal Science and Environmental Sciences [[Mindanao State University–Naawan|MSU-Naawan]]
*College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, [[Caraga State University]] (CarSU)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carsu.edu.ph|title=Caraga State University|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
*College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development (CAFSD), [[Mariano Marcos State University]] (MMSU)
*College of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (CAFF), [[Negros Oriental State University]] (NoRSU)
*College of Agriculture, Forestry Department (SLSU-Lucban Quezon)
*College of Forestry, [[Benguet State University]] (BSU)
*College of Forestry, [[Nueva Vizcaya State University]] (NVSU)
*College of Forestry and Environmental Science, [[Central Mindanao University]] (CMU)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cmucfes.edu.ph|title=College of Forestry and Environmental Science, Central Mindanao University|access-date=11 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618174552/http://cmucfes.edu.ph/|archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref>
*College of Forestry and Environmental Studies, [[Mindanao State University System|Mindanao State University]] (MSU)
*College of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[University of the Philippines Los Baños]] (UPLB)
*College of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[Visayas State University]] (VSU)
*College of Forestry and Environmental Studies, [[Western Mindanao State University]] (WMSU)
*Department of Forestry [[University of Southeastern Philippines]] (USeP-, Tagum-Mabini Campus, Tagum City, Davao del Norte)<ref name="facebook.com"/>
*Echague Campus, [[Isabela State University]] (ISU)
*Forestry and Environmental Studuies [[University of Mindanao]] (UM) Davao City<ref name="facebook.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/apet.anora.1 |title=(1) Marjhun Añora |website=www.facebook.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150117211527/https://www.facebook.com/apet.anora.1 |archive-date=17 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Gonzaga Campus, [[Cagayan State University]] (CSU)
*Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, [[Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College]] (ISPSC - Sta. Maria Campus) [[Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur]]
*Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, [[Tarlac College of Agriculture]] (TCA)
*Institute of Agroforestry and Watershed Management, [[Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University]] (DMMMSU)
*Institute of Arts and Sciences, [[Pampanga Agricultural College]] (PAC)
*Tanay Campus, [[University of Rizal System]] (URS)
*College of Forestry, [[Central Philippines State University]] (CPSU)
*College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sciences (Western Philippine University)

===South Korea===
* Department of Forestry, [[Kyungpook National University]]
* Division of Environmental and Forest Sciences, [[Gyeongsang National University]]
* College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, [[Kangwon National University]]
* Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, [[Seoul National University]]
* Division of Forest Resources, [[Chonnam National University]]
* Department of Forest Resources, [[Yeungnam University]]

===Sri Lanka===
*Faculty of Agriculture, [[Rajarata University of Sri Lanka]]
*Faculty of Agriculture, [[University of Peradeniya]]
*Faculty of Agriculture, [[University of Ruhuna]]
*Faculty of Applied science,(Department of Forestry & Environmental science)[[University of Sri Jayewardenepura]]

===Taiwan===
*[[NDHU College of Environmental Studies and Oceanography|College of Environmental Studies and Oceanography, National Dong Hwa University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=國立東華大學自然資源與環境學系 |url=https://ces.ndhu.edu.tw/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=ces.ndhu.edu.tw}}</ref>
*Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[National Chiayi University]]
*Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[National Ilan University]]
*Department of Forestry and Nature Conservation, [[Chinese Culture University]]
*Department of Forestry, [[National Chung Hsing University]]
*Department of Forestry, [[National Pingtung University of Science and Technology]]
*School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, [[National Taiwan University]]

===Thailand===
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Kasetsart University]]
*Agroforestry, [[Maejo University]]
*[FORRU-CMU], [[Chiang Mai University]]

===Vietnam===
* [[Bắc Giang University of Agriculture and Forestry]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y1842E/y1842e28.htm|title=Forestry Curriculum Development and Revision|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
* College of Agriculture and Forestry, [[Huế University]], [[Huế]]
* Department of Agriculture and Forestry, [[Tây Nguyên University]], [[Buôn Ma Thuột]], [[Đắk Lắk Province|Đắk Lắk]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Ho Chi Minh City University of Agriculture and Sylviculture|Ho Chi Minh City University of Agriculture and Forestry]] (Nong Lam University), [[Thủ Đức]]
* [[Thái Nguyên University of Agriculture and Forestry]], [[Thái Nguyên|Thái Nguyên City]]
* [[Vietnam National University of Forestry]] (Formerly Vietnam Forestry University, and before that Xuân Mai Forestry University), Xuan Mai, [[Hanoi]]<ref>[http://www.vfu.edu.vn/sites/english]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref>

==Europe==

===Albania===
* Faculty of Forest Sciences, [[Agricultural University of Tirana]]

===Austria===
* Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, [[University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna]]
* Ossiach forestry training centre, [[Bundesforschungs- und Ausbildungszentrum für Wald, Naturgefahren und Landschaft]]

===Belarus===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Belarusian State Technological University]]
* [[Institute of Forest Science, NASB]] 

===Belgium===
* Department of Forest and Nature Management, [[Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech]], [[University of Liège]] ([[Gembloux]])
* Earth & Life Institute, Departement of Forestry, [[UCLouvain|University of Louvain]] ([[Louvain-la-Neuve]])
* Department of Forest, Nature and Landscape, [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]] ([[Leuven]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forestportal.efi.int/view.php?id=2400&pl=25.20|title=Afdeling Bos, Natuur en Landschap - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven - EUROFOREST Portal|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113134805/http://forestportal.efi.int/view.php?id=2400&pl=25.20|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Laboratory of Forestry, [[Ghent University]] ([[Ghent]])
* Department of Agronomy, [[Haute École de la Province de Liège]] ([[Theux]])

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Banja Luka]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Bihać]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Istočno Sarajevo]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Sarajevo]]

===Bulgaria===
[[File:University of Forestry, Sofia.jpg|thumb|University of Forestry, Sofia]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Forestry, Sofia]]

===Croatia===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Zagreb]]

===Cyprus===
* [[Cyprus Forestry College]]

===Czech Republic===
[[File:Building B of Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology at MENDELU in Brno, Brno-City District.jpg|thumb|Mendel University in Brno]]
* Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, [[Mendel University in Brno]]
* Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, [[Czech University of Life Sciences Prague]]

===Denmark===
* [[Danish Forestry College]]
* Forest and Landscape College, [[University of Copenhagen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ign.ku.dk/english/about/organisation/sections/forest-landscape-college/|title=Forest and Landscape College|first=Ilse|last=Linde|date=23 November 2013|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201203246/http://ign.ku.dk/english/about/organisation/sections/forest-landscape-college/|archive-date=1 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Estonia===
*Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, [[Estonian University of Life Sciences]]

===Finland===
[[File:Borealis.JPG|thumb|Borealis, the home of forestry at the [[University of Eastern Finland]]]]
* Degree Program in Forestry, [[Tampere University of Applied Sciences]]
* Department of Forest Products Technology, [[Helsinki University of Technology]]
* Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, [[University of Helsinki]]
* Faculty of Science and Forestry, [[University of Eastern Finland]]
* Forest and Wood Technology, [[Karelia University of Applied Sciences]]
* Forestry and Wood Technology, [[Pohjois-Savo Polytechnic]]
* Forestry Study Programme, [[Häme Polytechnic]]
* Lab of Pulping Technology, [[Åbo Akademi University]]
* Pieksämäki School of Forestry, [[Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences]]
* [[Swedish Vocational Institute]], Vasa
* Unit of Natural Resources, [[Sodankylä Vocational Institute]] (SKAI)

===France===
* Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural (Dynafor), [[École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse|National University of Agronomy Toulouse]] (ENSAT)
* [[École Forestière de Meymac|Meymac Forestry College]]
* [[École supérieure du bois]] (ESB), Nantes
* Gestion Intégrée des Agrosystèmes et des Forêts, [[École nationale supérieure des sciences agronomiques de Bordeaux Aquitaine]] (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), [[University of Bordeaux]]
* [[École nationale supérieure des technologies et industries du bois]] (ENSTIB), [[Henri Poincaré University|Université Henri Poincaré]]
* [[Javols Rural Families' House|Javols Forestry College]]
* [[Lycée Forestier de Crogny|Crogny Forestry College]]
* National College of Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forestry (ENGREF), [[Agro ParisTech]], Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences
* [[École catholique des arts et métiers|ECAM Lyon]], Formation ingénieur bois<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecam.fr/formation/ingenieur-ecam-alternance/bois-construction-energie-negoce/ |title=Bois, Construction, Energie, Négoce - ECAM Lyon |website=Ecam.fr |date=2014-06-20 |access-date=2017-01-13 |archive-date=2017-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116152956/http://www.ecam.fr/formation/ingenieur-ecam-alternance/bois-construction-energie-negoce/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Germany===
* Department of Forest Sciences, [[Dresden University of Technology]]
* [[Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development]] [[Fachhochschule|(FH)]]
** Faculty of Forest and Environment
** Faculty of Wood Technology and Wood Processing
*Faculty of Wood Technology and [[Wood processing|Wood Processing]], [[Rosenheim University of Applied Sciences]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[Rottenburg University of Applied Forest Sciences]]
*Faculty of Forestry, [[TUM School of Life Sciences|School of Life Sciences]], [[Technical University of Munich]]
*Faculty of Resource Management, [[University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen|HAWK - University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Hildesheim/Holzminden/Goettingen]]
*Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt
*Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, [[University of Freiburg]]
*Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, [[University of Göttingen]]
*Department of Wood and Forestry, [[University of Hamburg]]
*Faculty of Forest Science, [[University of Munich]]

===Greece===
* Department of Forest and Natural Environment Sciences, School of Geosciences, International Hellenic University
* Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management at Karpenisi, [[Agricultural University of Athens]]
* Department of Forestry, Management of the Environment and Natural Resources at Orestiada, [[Democritus University of Thrace]]
* Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, [[Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]]
* [[Technological Educational Institute of Larissa]]
** Department of Forestry and Natural Environmental Management at Karditsa
** Department of Wood & Furniture Design and Technology at Karditsa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wfdt.teilar.gr/en/index_en.php |title=ΤΕΙ ΛΑΡΙΣΑΣ - Τμήμα Σχεδιασμού και Τεχνολογίας Ξύλου και Επίπλου |website=Wfdt.teilar.gr |access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>

===Hungary===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Sopron]], [[Sopron]]

===Italy===
* Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, [[University of Tuscia]]
* Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, [[University of Torino]]
* Faculty of Agriculture, [[University of Ancona]]
* Faculty of Agriculture, [[University of Basilicata]]
* Faculty of Agriculture, [[University of Florence]]
* Faculty of Agriculture, [[University of Molise]]
* Faculty of Agriculture, [[University of Padua]]
* Faculty of Agriculture, [[University of Palermo]]
* Faculty of Agriculture, [[University of Reggio Calabria]]
* Faculty of Agriculture, [[University of Sassari]]
* Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry industry [[University of Milan]]

===Latvia===
* Forest Faculty, [[Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies]]

===Lithuania===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Lithuanian University of Agriculture]]
* Faculty of Forestry and Landscape Planning, Kaunas College of Forestry and Environmental Engineering

===The Netherlands===
* Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, [[Wageningen University and Research Centre|Wageningen University]]
* Tropical Forestry, Department of Environmental Science, [[Van Hall Larenstein|Van Hall Larenstein University]], Velp

===North Macedonia===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje]]

===Norway===
* Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, [[Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150106092139/http://eng.hihm.no/faculty-of-applied-ecology-and-agricultural-sciences Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences - Faculty of Applied Ecology and agriculture]</ref>
* Faculty of Society and Nature, [[Nord-Trøndelag University College]]
* [[Norwegian University College for Agriculture and Rural Development]]
* Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, [[Norwegian University of Life Sciences]]
* Pulp and Paper Technology Group, [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]]
[[File:Akademia Rolnicza RB1.JPG|thumb|University of Life Sciences, Poznań]]

===Poland===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Agricultural University of Cracow]], [[Kraków]]
* Faculty of Forestry [[Bialystok Technical University]]
* [[University of Life Sciences in Poznań]]
** Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn]], [[Olsztyn]]
* [[Warsaw University of Life Science]]
** Faculty of Forestry
** Faculty of Wood Technology

===Portugal===
* Department of Forestry, [[Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra|Agrarian School of the Polythecnic Institute of Coimbra]]
* Department of Forestry, [[University of Évora]]
* Forestry Department, [[Instituto Superior de Agronomia|Higher Institute of Agronomy of the University of Lisbon]]
* Forestry Department, [[University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro]]
* Wood Engineering Department, [[Polytechnic Institute of Viseu|School of Technology and Management of the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu]]

===Romania===
* Colegiul Silvic Theodor Pietraru, highschool in Branesti, județul Ilfov<ref>[http://www.colegiulsilvic.ro]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref>
* Department of Forestry and Agritourism, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Engineering and Information Science, [[Vasile Goldiș Western University of Arad|Vasile Goldiş Western University]], [[Arad, Romania|Arad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uvvg.ro/ |title=Universitatea de Vest |website=Uvvg.ro |access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
* Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Horticulture, [[University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca|University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine]], [[Cluj-Napoca]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usamvcluj.ro/ |title=USAMV Cluj-Napoca |website=Usamvcluj.ro |access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
* Faculty of Silviculture, [[Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava|Ştefan cel Mare University]], [[Suceava]]
* [[Transylvania University of Brașov|Transylvania University]], [[Brașov]]
** Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Operations
** Faculty of Wood Industry
* Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest [[USAMV Bucharest]] http://www.agro-bucuresti.ro/english/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210125315/http://www.agro-bucuresti.ro/english/ |date=2023-02-10 }}

===Russia===
[[File:Sukachev Institute of Forest.JPG|Sukachev Institute of Forest, Moscow|thumb]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Arkhangelsk State Technical University]]
* Forest Faculty, [[Moscow State Forest University]]
* [[Research Institute of Forest Genetics and Plant Breeding]], [[Voronezh]]
* [[Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ftacademy.ru/eng/ |title=Saint-Petersburg State Forest-Technical Academy |website=www.ftacademy.ru |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822002325/http://www.ftacademy.ru/eng/ |archive-date=22 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Saint Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers]]
* [[Siberian State Aerospace University]]
* [[Siberian State Technological University]]
* [[Sukachev Institute of Forest]], [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], Moscow
* [[Ural State Forest Engineering University]]
* [[Voronezh State Academy of Forestry Engineering]]
* [[Volga State University of Technology]]
* [[Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy” (FSBEI HE Izhevsk SAA)]]
* [[Institute of Forest Science, RAS]]

===Serbia===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Belgrade]]

===Slovakia===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Technical University in Zvolen]]

===Slovenia===
* Biotechnical Faculty, [[University of Ljubljana]]
[[File:ETSI de Montes UPM Entrada.JPG|thumb|'''School of Forest Engineering and Natural Resources'''|alt=Image of the facade of School of Forest Engineering and Natural Resources]]

===Spain===

* [[Polytechnic University of Valencia]]
* [https://www.montes.upm.es/English School of Forest Engineering and Natural Resource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619175805/https://www.montes.upm.es/English |date=2023-06-19 }}''wichs'' ''belongs to the'' [[Technical University of Madrid|Polytechnic University of Madrid]]<ref>[http://www.montes.upm.es/ETSIMontes Senior Technical College of Forestry Engineering (ETSI Montes)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816060605/http://www.montes.upm.es/ETSIMontes |date=2017-08-16 }} website. Accessed: 16 August 2017.</ref>
* [[Universidad Católica de Ávila]]
* [http://www.uco.es/etsiam/es/ School of Agricultural and Forest Engineering (ETSIAM)] ''wichs'' ''belongs to the'' [[University of Córdoba (Spain)|University of Córdoba]]
* Forestry and [[Environmental engineering|Environmental Engineering]], Universidad de Extremadura (Plasencia)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unex.es/investigacion/grupos/gif|title=Grupo de Investigación — Portal de la UEX - Bienvenido a la Universidad de Extremadura|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926102619/https://www.unex.es/investigacion/grupos/gif|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[University of Huelva|Universidad de Huelva]], [[Huelva]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uhu.es/etsi/ |title=Home - Etsi, Uhu |website=Uhu.es |date=2015-07-29 |access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
* [[Universidad de León]] (Ponferrada)
* School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), [[University of Lleida]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etsea.udl.es/en/|title=ETSEA - Home|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Universidad de Oviedo]], Escuela politécnica de Mieres, Sistemas Forestales Atlánticos (GIS-Forest)
* [[Universidad de Santiago de Compostela]] (Lugo)
* [[Universidad de Valladolid]] (Palencia)
* [[Universidad de Vigo - Forestry Faculty of Pontevedra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forestales.uvigo.es/ |title=Enxeñería Forestal | Escola de Enxeñería Forestal da Universidade de Vigo |language=es|website=Forestales.uvigo.es |access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>

[[File:Campus Skinnskatteberg, SLU.jpg|thumb|School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skinnskatteberg]]

===Sweden===
* Division of Wood Technology and Processing, [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology]], Stockholm
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]], Umeå and Skinnskatteberg
* [[Luleå University of Technology]], Skellefteå

===Switzerland===
* Department of Environmental Sciences, [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich]]
* [[School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL]]

===Turkey===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Artvin Çoruh University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Bartın University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Bursa Technical University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Çankırı Karatekin University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Duzce University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Izmir Katip Celebi University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Karabuk University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Karadeniz Technical University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Kastamonu University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Isparta University of Applied Sciences]]

===Ukraine===
* Faculty of Forestry, [[National Agriculture University of Ukraine]]
* [[:uk::Національний лісотехнічний університет України|National Forestry University of Ukraine]]

===United Kingdom===
* Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Department, [[University of Reading]]
* Centre for Rural Development and Training, [[University of Wolverhampton]]
* Crop and Environment Sciences, [[Harper Adams University]]
* Department of Forestry, [[University of Aberdeen]]
* National School of Forestry, [[University of Cumbria]]
* Oxford Forestry Institute, [[Oxford University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-54emad|title=Forestry related colleges and universities|first=Forestry Commission|last=GB|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109114937/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-54emad|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* School of Forestry, [[University of Edinburgh]]
* School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography (SENRG) [[Bangor University]]
* Scottish School of Forestry, [[University of the Highlands and Islands]]

==North America==
===Canada===
* Faculty of Natural Resources Management, [[Lakehead University]]
* Faculty of Forestry, [[Université de Moncton]], [[New Brunswick]]
* Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, [[Université Laval]], [[Quebec City]]
* Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, [[University of Alberta]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Accredited Baccalaureate Forestry Programs At Canadian Universities |publisher=Canadian Forestry Accreditation Board |url=http://www.cfab.ca/eng/programs.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606192409/http://www.cfab.ca/eng/programs.html |archive-date=2002-06-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=UBC Forestry History|url=http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/general-information/ubc-forestry-history/|publisher=University of British Columbia|access-date=12 May 2013|archive-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509235015/http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/general-information/ubc-forestry-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, [[University of New Brunswick]]
* [[University of Northern British Columbia]]
** Faculty of Natural Resources Management
** Faculty of Forestry
* Faculty of Forestry, [[University of Toronto]]

[[File:Colegio de San Nicolas.jpg|thumb|Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo]]

===Mexico===
* Department of Forestry, [[Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro]]
* Division of Forest Sciences, [[Universidad Autónoma Chapingo]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=El Proceso de Acreditación de la Carrera Forestal en México |publisher=Comisión Nacional Forestal |url=http://www.conafor.gob.mx:8080/conaecaf/docs/publicos/El_Proceso_de_Acreditacion_de_la_Carrera_Forestal_en_Mexico.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401054329/http://www.conafor.gob.mx:8080/conaecaf/docs/publicos/El_Proceso_de_Acreditacion_de_la_Carrera_Forestal_en_Mexico.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-01 |language=es |quote=Estatus de las Instituciones de Enseñanza Forestal en México en Relación a la Acreditación. }}</ref>
* Facultad de Agrobiología "Presidente Juarez"- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo
* Faculty of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, [[Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua]]
* Faculty of Forest Sciences, [[Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]]
* Faculty of Forest Sciences, [[Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango]]
* Faculty of Wood Engineering and Technology, [[Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo]]
* Forestry Program, Colegio de Postgraduados
* Institute of Agricultural Sciences, [[Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo]]
* [[Universidad del Mar]]
* University Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, [[Universidad de Guadalajara]][[File:Kroon Hall interior - 2.jpg|thumb|A wooden [[green building]] at Yale]]

===United States===
====Northeast====
* College of Natural Sciences, Forestry and Agriculture, [[University of Maine]]
* Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, [[State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry|SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry]]
* Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, [[University of New Hampshire]]
* Department of Natural Resources Conservation, [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]
* Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]
* Division of Forestry, [[West Virginia University]]
* Parks and Forest Resources, [[Unity College (Maine)]]
* [[Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources]], [[The University of Vermont]]
* [[Yale School of the Environment|School of the Environment]], [[Yale University]]
* School of Forest Resources, [[Pennsylvania State University]]
* School of Natural Resource Management and Ecology, [[Paul Smith's College]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=SAF Accredited and Candidate Forestry Degree Programs |publisher=Society of American Foresters |date=2008-05-19 |url=http://www.safnet.org/education/forestry_degree_programs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226052726/http://www.safnet.org/education/forestry_degree_programs.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-26|url-status=dead |quote=The Society of American Foresters grants accreditation only to specific educational curricula that lead to a first professional degree in forestry at the bachelor's or master's level. }}</ref>
[[File:Green Hall University of Minnesota.JPG|thumb|Tree details on Green Hall, the home of the forestry department at the [[University of Minnesota]]]]

====Midwest====
* College of Natural Resources, [[University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point]]
* Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]
* Department of Forest Resources, [[University of Minnesota]]
* Department of Forestry, [[Michigan State University]]
* Department of Forestry, [[Southern Illinois University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coas.siu.edu/academics/departments/forestry/|title=Forestry Degree - College of Agricultural Sciences - SIU|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
* Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[Purdue University]]
* Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, [[Iowa State University]]
* Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]
* School of Forest Resources & Environmental Science, [[Michigan Technological University]]
* School of Natural Resources, [[Ohio State University]]
* The School of Natural Resources, [[University of Missouri]]
* School of Natural Resources & Environment, [[University of Michigan]]

====South====
* Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, [[Stephen F. Austin State University]]
* Center for Forestry and Ecology, [[Alabama A & M University|Alabama A&M University]]
* College of Forest Resources, [[Mississippi State University]]
* College of Natural Resources, [[North Carolina State University]]
* Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, [[Texas a&m|Texas A&M University]]
* Department of Forest Resources, [[Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College]]
* Department of Forest Resources, [[Clemson University]]
* Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]]
* Department of Forestry, [[University of Kentucky]]
* Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, [[University of Tennessee]]
* Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, [[Oklahoma State University]]
* Nicholas School of the Environment, [[Duke University]]
* School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, [[University of Florida]]
* School of Forestry, [[Louisiana Tech University]]
* School of Forestry & Natural Resources, [[University of Arkansas at Monticello]]
* School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, [[Auburn University]]
* School of Renewable Natural Resources, [[Louisiana State University]]
* Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[University of Georgia]]

====West====
* College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, [[University of California, Davis]]
* College of Forestry, [[Oregon State University]]
* College of Forestry and Conservation, [[University of Montana]]
* College of Natural Resources, [[University of California, Berkeley]]
* College of Natural Resources, Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, [[University of Idaho]]
* College of Natural Resources, Department of Forest, and Rangeland Stewardship, [[Colorado State University]]
* Department of Forest Sciences, [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]
* Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, [[Humboldt State University|California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt]]
* Department of Natural Resources Management, [[California Polytechnic State University]]
* Department of Wildland Resources, [[Utah State University]]
* School of Environment and Forest Sciences, [[University of Washington]]
* School of Forestry, [[Northern Arizona University]]
* School of the Environment, [[Washington State University]]
* Department of Forestry, [[New Mexico Highlands University]]

==Oceania==
[[File:Linnaeus Way, Canberra (131308881).jpg|thumb|Linnaeus Way at Australian National University, [[Canberra]]]]

===Australia===
* College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, [[Australian National University]]
* Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, [[University of Melbourne]]
* School of Environmental Science and Management, [[Southern Cross University]] (Lismore)

===New Zealand===
* School of Forestry, [[University of Canterbury]] (Christchurch)
* Timber Technology Campus, [[Waiariki Institute of Technology]]

===Papua New Guinea===
* [[Bulolo Forestry College]]
* Forestry Department, [[Papua New Guinea University of Technology]]

==South America and Caribbean==

===Argentina===
* Department of Agronomy, [[National University of the South]]
* Faculty of Agroindustries, [[National University of the Chaco Austral]]
* Faculty of Forest Engineering, [[National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco]]
* Faculty of Forest Sciences, [[National University of Misiones]]
* Institute of Forestry, [[National University of Cuyo]]
* [[National Agricultural Technology Institute]] (INTA)
*Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Science, [[National University of La Plata]]

===Bolivia===
* Faculty of Agronomy, [[Universidad Mayor de San Andrés]] (UMSA)
* Profession of Forest Engineering, [[Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno]]
* Profession of Forest Engineering, [[Universidad Autónoma Juan Misael Saracho]]
* Profession of Forest Engineering, [[Universidad Técnica del Beni Mariscal José Ballivian]]
* Technical School of Forestry, [[Universidad Mayor de San Simón]]

===Brazil===
* Department of Forest Sciences, [[Federal University of Paraná]] (UFPR), Curitiba, PR
* Department of Forest Sciences, [[Universidade Federal de Santa Maria|Federal University of Santa Maria]] (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS
* Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, [[Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo]] (UFES), Alegre, ES
* Department of Forestry Engineering, [[Federal University of The Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri - UFVJM]]
* Department of Forestry Engineering, [[University of Brasília]] (UnB), [[Brasília]], DF
* Department of Forestry Sciences, [[Universidade Federal de Viçosa|Federal University of Viçosa]] (UFV), Viçosa, MG
* Department of Forestry Sciences, [[Federal University of Amazonas]], AM
* Faculty of agricultural sciences (FCA) - Department of Forestry Sciences (DCF), [[Universidade Estadual Paulista]] (UNESP), Botucatu, SP
* Forestry Engineering Course, Campus Universitário Curitibanos, [[Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina|Federal University of Santa Catarina]], UFSC, Curitibanos, SC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://engenhariaflorestal.curitibanos.ufsc.br/|title=Engenharia Florestal – UFSC Curitibanos|last=SeTIC-UFSC|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
* Forestry Engineering Course, [[Federal University of São Carlos]] (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP
* Forestry Engineering Course, [[Federal University of Technology - Paraná]] (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos, PR
* Forestry Engineering Course, [[Universidade Federal de Lavras|Federal University of Lavras]], MG
* Forestry Engineering Course, Forestry Department, [[Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste|State University of Midwestern Paraná - Paraná]] (UNICENTRO), Irati, PR
* Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, [[Federal University of Western Pará]] (UFOPA), Santarém, PA
* Forestry Engineering Course, Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA)
* Forestry Engineering Course, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS)
* Forestry Engineering Course, [[University of São Paulo]], SP
**[[Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz|Superior School of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz]], University of São Paulo, [[Piracicaba]]
* Forestry Institute, Univesidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), RJ
* Institute of Agrarian Sciences, [[Federal University of Minas Gerais]], MG
* School of Agricultural Sciences, [[Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho|São Paulo State University]], [[Botucatu]], SP
* Forestry Engineering Course, [[Federal Rural University of Amazon]] (UFRA), Belém, Paragominas, PA.
* Forest Engineering Program, [[Santa Catarina State University]] (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, SC.
* Forest Engineering Course, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi, TO
[[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|thumb|Teachers and students of [[Austral University of Chile|UACh]] in the [[Valdivian temperate rain forest]]s of San Pablo de Tregua, Chile]]

===Chile===
* Faculty of Forest Sciences, [[Catholic University of the Maule]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Comisión Nacional de Acreditación |publisher=La Comisión Nacional de Acreditación (CNAP) |url=http://www.cifag.cl/_file/file_161_situacion%20acreditacion%20ing%20forestal.pdf |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707005923/http://www.cifag.cl/_file/file_161_situacion%20acreditacion%20ing%20forestal.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-07|url-status=dead |quote=Situación de acreditación de la carrera de Ingeniería Forestal en Universidades Chilenas }}</ref>
* Faculty of Forestry Sciences and Natural Resources, [[Universidad Austral de Chile]] (UACh)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forestal.uach.cl/|title=Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales Universidad Austral de Chile}}</ref>
* Department of Wood Sciences, [[University of the Bío Bío]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dimad.ubiobio.cl/}}</ref>
* Faculty of Forest Sciences, [[University of Chile]]
* Faculty of Forestry Sciences, [[University of Concepción]] (UdeC)<ref>[http://www.forestal.udec.cl Faculty of Forestry Sciences, University of Concepción, Chile.] Website.</ref>
* Faculty of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, [[University of La Frontera]]
* Faculty of Forest Sciences, [[University of Talca]]

===Colombia===
* [[Universidad Nacional de Colombia|National University of Colombia]] (Medellín)<ref>{{cite press release |title=Programas Academicos de Pregrado Que Han Obtenido Acreditacion Voluntaria Mediante Resolucion del Ministerio de Educacion Nacional |publisher=Consejo Nacional de Acreditación - CNA |date=2009-05-01|url=http://www.cna.gov.co/cont/not_eve/noticias/2007/nov.htm |language=es |quote=Los siguientes programas han demostrado altos niveles de qualidad, razón por la cual el Ministerio de Educación Nacional los ha Acreditado.}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>
* [[University of Tolima|Universidad del Tolima]] (Ibagué)
* [[District University of Bogotá|Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas]] (Ingeniería Forestal, Bogotá)

===Costa Rica===
*[[Costa Rica Institute of Technology]] (TEC)
* Regional Program of Silvicultural Management for Mesoamerica and the Caribbean, [[University of Costa Rica]] (UCR)
* Environmental Science School, [[National University of Costa Rica]] (UNA)
* School of Agronomy, [[National Learning Institute]] (INA)

===Ecuador===
* Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, [[Universidad Nacional de Loja]]
* School of Agroforestry, [[Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo]]
* School of Agronomic and Environmental Sciences, [[Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador]]
* School of Forestry Engineering, [[Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo]]

===Guatemala===
*[[Centro Universitario del Petén]] (CUDEP)
*[[Escuela Nacional Central de Agricultura]] (ENCAA)
*Facultad de Agronomía, [[University of San Carlos of Guatemala|Universidad de San Carlos]] (FAUSAC)

===Honduras===
* [[Universidad Nacional de Ciencias Forestales]] (UNACIFOR)
* Department of Biology, [[National Autonomous University of Honduras]]
* [[Universidad José Cecilio del Valle]]

===Nicaragua===
*[[University of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua|Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense (URACCAN)]]
*[[Universidad Nacional Agraria]] (UNAA)

===Panama===
*Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, [[University of Panama]]

===Paraguay===
*Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, [[Universidad Nacional de Asunción|National University]]

===Peru===
*Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, [[La Molina National Agrarian University]]
*Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambientales, [[Universidad de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos]]
*Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambientales, [[Universidad del Centro del Perú, Huancayo]]
*Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambientales, [[Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca]]
*Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambientales, [[Universidad Nacional de Madre de Dios, Puerto Maldonado]]
*Facultad de Ingeniería Forestal, [[Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia, Pucallpa]]
*Facultad de Recursos Naturales, [[Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Tingo María]]

===Trinidad and Tobago===
*Eastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture and Forestry (ECIAF), [[University of Trinidad and Tobago]]

===Uruguay===
* Departamento de Producción Forestal y Tecnología de la Madera, [[University of the Republic, Uruguay|Universidad de la República]]
* Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, [[Universidad de la Empresa]]
* [[Universidad del Trabajo del Uruguay]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Schools|Trees}}
* [[Forest management]]
* [[Institute of technology]]
* [[List of agricultural universities and colleges]]
* [[List of colleges of natural resources]]
* [[List of forest research institutes]]
* [[List of historic schools of forestry]]
* [[List of tagged degrees]]
* [[World Forestry Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Forestry schools}}
* [http://forestportal.efi.int/lists.php?pl=25.20.10&sf=1 Euro Forest Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819234320/http://forestportal.efi.int/lists.php?pl=25.20.10&sf=1 |date=2019-08-19 }}, listing of "institutions, faculties and departments that provide forestry-related higher education in Europe", European Forestry Institute

{{Forestry|state=expanded}}
{{Forestry by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:forestry universities and colleges}}
[[Category:Forestry education| ]]
[[Category:World forestry|List of forestry universities]]
[[Category:Forestry-related lists|Universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Lists of environmental organizations|Forestry]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges| ]]
[[Category:Forestry by country| ]]
[[Category:Types of university or college]]

P. Rhevanth Charan

2026-05-08T09:16:11Z

LucileBrownbill: adding article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Rhevanth Charan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[C. Joseph Vijay]]
| constituency = [[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]
| predecessor = [[K. Ganapathy]]
| successor =
| father = R. Panneer Selvam
| relatives = [[Vinoj P. Selvam]] (brother)
| education = Comparative & International Dispute Resolution in 2019 at [[Queen Mary University of London]] (L.L.M) [[Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University|Dr B.R. Ambedkar Law University, Chennai]] (B.A, L.L.B (Hons.))
| spouse = {{marriage|D. Pooja Harani|2024}}
| occupation = Owner, Rohini SilverScreens and Theater, [[Koyambedu]]
}}

'''P. Rhevanth Charan''' (born 1996) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Maduravoyal Assembly constituency in Chennai district representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Maduravoyal Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's Rhevanth Charan wins Maduravoyal with 141725 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maduravoyal-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905810-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Maduravoyal election results 2026: TVK’s Rhevanth Charan wins by 61,509 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/maduravoyal-election-results-2026/articleshow/130576430.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Charan is from Chennai. He is the youngest son of R. Panneer Selvam and has an elder brother [[Vinoj P. Selvam]], who is associated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] of Tamil Nadu. He is married to Pooja Harani in 2024, with prominent people including [[Rajinikanth]], union minister [[Hardeep Singh Puri]] attending his wedding. He is the owner of Rohini SilverScreens Cinema Theatre at [[Koyambedu]].<ref>{{cite news| date=21 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Rajinikanth attends a theatre owner's wedding in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-attends-a-theatre-owners-wedding-in-chennai/articleshow/107877577.cms|access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref> He also runs a professional consultancy service. He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] & [[Bachelor of Law]] (honours) in 2018 at [[Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University|Dr B.R. Ambedkar Law University, Chennai]]. Later, he did his LLM in Comparative & International Dispute Resolution in 2019 at [[Queen Mary University of London]], [[United Kingdom]]. He declared assets worth Rs.22 crore in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhevanth Charan(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- MADHURAVOYAL(THIRUVALLUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=1032 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Charan became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] rom [[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Maduravoyal election results 2026: TVK’s Rhevanth Charan wins by 61,509 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/maduravoyal-election-results-2026/articleshow/130576430.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He polled 1,41,725 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[K. Ganapathy]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 61,509 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Means |first=Framing or Similar |last2=Consent |first2=Is Expressly Prohibited Without the Prior Written |title=In 4 seats Vijay's TVK polled more votes than DMK-AIADMK combined |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/in-4-seats-vijays-tvk-polled-more-votes-than-dmk-aiadmk-combined/20260506.htm |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Maduravoyal Election Results 2026 Live Updates: TVK holds Maduravoyal Rhevanth Charan wins with 141725 votes |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/elections/tamil-nadu/story/maduravoyal-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-election-polls-results-2026-tnaelb-529351-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Maduravoyal election result LIVE: Rhevanth Charan of TVK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/maduravoyal-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072025.html |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref>

===Electoral performances===
{{transcluded section|source=Maduravoyal Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|2026}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhevanth Charan, P.}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]
[[Category:Alumni of Queen Mary University of London]]

Climate of India

2026-05-05T06:07:06Z

LucileBrownbill: basic expand layout based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}[[File:India-view of shilla.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Daytime view of a chain of snow-capped mountains. They advance diagonally thumb from the far-middle distance at left to the nudge distance at right. In the foreground are high montaine meadows and brushband.|The formation of the Himalayas (pictured) during the [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]] some 52 mya was a key factor in determining India's modern-day climate; global climate and [[ocean chemistry]] may have been affected.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Rowley DB |year=1996 |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/GE277/Rowley96.pdf |title=Age of initiaotion of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=145 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |access-date=2007-03-31 |doi=10.1016/s0012-821x(96)00201-4 |bibcode=1996E&PSL.145....1R |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228205836/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/GE277/Rowley96.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2006}}</ref>]][[File:Valley of flowers uttaranchal full view.JPG|thumb|right|A scene in [[Uttarakhand]]'s [[Valley of Flowers National Park]]. In contrast to the rain shadow region of Tirunelveli, the park receives ample [[orographic lift|orographic precipitation]] due to its location in a mountainous [[windward and leeward|windward]]-facing region wedged between the [[Zanskar Range|Zanskars]] and the [[Great Himalayas|Greater Himalayas]].]]

The climate of India encompasses a wide range of weather conditions due to its large geographic extent and diverse topography. Based on the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen system]], '''[[India]]''' encompasses a diverse array of climatic subtypes. These range from arid and semi-arid regions in the west to highland, sub-arctic, tundra, and ice cap climates in the northern [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] regions, varying with elevation.

The [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|'''Indo-Gangetic Plains''']] in the [[North India|north]] experience a [[humid subtropical climate]] which become more [[Temperate climate|temperate]] at higher altitudes, like the [[Sivalik Hills]], or [[continental climates|continental]] in some areas like [[Gulmarg]]. In contrast, much of the south and the east exhibit [[tropical climate]] conditions, which support lush rainforests in parts of these territories. Many regions have starkly different [[microclimate|microclimates]], making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows four seasons with some local adjustments: winter (December to February), summer (March to May), monsoon or south-west monsoon (June to September) and post-monsoon or north-east monsoon (October to November). Some parts of the country with subtropical, temperate or continental climates also experience spring and autumn.

'''India's''' [[geography of India|geography]] and [[geology of India|geology]] are climatically pivotal: the '''[[Thar Desert]]''' in the northwest and the [[Himalayas]] in the north work in tandem to create a [[culture of India|culturally]] and [[economy of India|economically]] important monsoonal regime. As Earth's highest and most massive mountain range, the Himalayas bar the influx of frigid [[katabatic wind]]s from the icy '''[[Tibetan Plateau]]''' and northerly Central Asia. Most of '''[[North India]]''' is thus kept warm or is only mildly chilly or cold during winter; the same thermal dam keeps most regions in India hot in summer. The climate in [[South India]] is generally warmer, and more humid due to its coastlines. However some hill stations in South India such as [[Ooty]] are well known for their cold climate.

Though the '''[[Tropic of Cancer]]'''—the boundary that is between the tropics and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the bulk of the country can be regarded as climatically tropical. As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be strongly variable: epochal droughts, heat waves, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives. Such climatic events are likely to [[climate change in South Asia|change in frequency and severity]] as a consequence of human-induced [[climate change]]. Ongoing and future vegetative changes, [[sea level rise]] and inundation of India's low-lying coastal areas are also attributed to global warming.{{Sfn|Ravindranath|Bala|Sharma|2011}}

==Paleoclimate==
[[File:Kalinagar Floods B.JPG|thumb|Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by [[monsoon]] in [[West Bengal]]]]







===History===
During the [[Triassic]] period of 251–199.6 [[year|Ma]], the Indian subcontinent was the part of a vast [[supercontinent]] known as [[Pangaea]]. Despite its position within a high-latitude belt at 55–75° S—latitudes now occupied by parts of the [[Antarctic Peninsula]], as opposed to India's current position between 8 and 37° N—India likely experienced a humid temperate climate with warm and frost-free weather, though with well-defined seasons.{{Sfn|Chumakov|Zharkov|2003}} India later merged into the southern supercontinent [[Gondwana]], a process beginning some 550–500 Ma. During the Late [[Paleozoic]], Gondwana extended from a point at or near the [[South Pole]] to near the equator, where the [[Indian craton]] (stable [[continental crust]]) was positioned, resulting in a mild climate favorable to hosting high-[[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]] [[ecosystems]]. This is underscored by India's vast coal reserves—much of it from the late Paleozoic sedimentary sequence—the fourth-largest reserves in the world.{{Sfn|CIA World Factbook}} During the [[Mesozoic]], the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today. With the coming of the [[Carboniferous]], [[global cooling]] stoked extensive [[glaciation]], which spread northwards from South Africa towards India; this cool period lasted well into the [[Permian]].{{Sfn|Grossman et al.|2002}}

[[Plate tectonics|'''Tectonic movement''']] by the [[Indian Plate]] caused it to pass over a geologic [[hotspot (geology)|hotspot]]—the [[Réunion hotspot]]—now occupied by the volcanic island of [[Réunion]]. This resulted in a massive [[flood basalt]] event that laid down the [[Deccan Traps]] some 60–68 Ma,{{Sfn|Sheth|2006}}{{Sfn|Iwata|Takahashi|Arai|1997}} at the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period. This may have contributed to the global [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], which caused India to experience significantly reduced [[insolation]]. Elevated atmospheric levels of sulphur gases formed [[aerosol]]s such as [[sulphur dioxide]] and [[sulphuric acid]], similar to those found in the [[atmosphere of Venus]]; these precipitated as [[acid rain]]. Elevated [[carbon dioxide]] emissions also contributed to the [[greenhouse effect]], causing [[climate change|warmer weather]] that lasted long after the atmospheric shroud of dust and aerosols had cleared. Further climatic changes 20 million years ago, long after India had crashed into the [[Laurasia]]n landmass, were severe enough to cause the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.{{Sfn|Karanth|2006}} The formation of the [[Himalayas]] resulted in blockage of frigid Central Asian air, preventing it from reaching India; this made its climate significantly warmer and more tropical in character than it would otherwise have been.{{Sfn|Wolpert|1999|p=4}}

More recently, in the [[Holocene]] epoch (4,800–6,300 years ago), parts of what is now the Thar Desert were wet enough to support perennial lakes; researchers have proposed that this was due to much higher winter precipitation, which coincided with stronger monsoons.{{Sfn|Enzel et al.|1999}} Kashmir's erstwhile subtropical climate dramatically cooled 2.6–3.7 Ma and experienced prolonged cold spells starting 600,000 years ago.{{Sfn|Pant|2003}}

==Regions==
{| align="right"
|-
| style="vertical-align:top;"| [[File:India average annual temperature map en.svg|thumb|upright|alt="India Average Temperature Map": A map of India overlaid with five zones. A violet zone, with ambient temperatures averaging less than 20.0 degrees Celsius, envelops Himalayan and trans-Himalayan India, as well as the Khasi Hills on the Meghalaya Plateau. A transitionary blue zone of between 20.0 and 22.5 degrees, lies just south of the violet areas; another blue area lies in the extreme southwest of the country, focused on the high Western Ghats. Two contiguous green areas (averaging 22.5 to 25.0 degrees) envelop the blue regions, with the northern one snaking into the Vindhya Range of central India. The remaining yellow and red areas, designating average temperatures above 25.0 degrees Celsius, constitute by far the greater part of the country.|Average annual temperatures across India:
{| cellspacing="0" align="center" style="background:#F9F9F9; font-size:100%; width:100%; %border:1pxblack;"
|-
| {{legend|#C6A0F3|< 20.0 °C}}|| (< 68.0 °F)
|-
| {{legend|#80B3F3|20.0–22.5 °C}}|| (68.0–72.5 °F)
|-
| {{legend|#CDDE7B|22.5–25.0 °C}}|| (72.5–77.0 °F)
|-
| {{legend|#FFF2B3|25.0–27.5 °C}}|| (77.0–81.5 °F)
|-
| {{legend|#DE877B|> 27.5 °C}}|| (> 81.5 °F)
|}]]
| style="vertical-align:top;"|
|}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map IND present.svg|thumb|370px|right|India's [[Köppen climate classification]] map<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal | author1=Peel, M. C. | author2=Finlayson B. L. | author3=McMahon, T. A. | name-list-style=amp | year=2007 | title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume=11 | issue=5 | pages=1633–1644 | doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html | issn=1027-5606 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P | access-date=2 October 2015 | archive-date=10 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210144308/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html | url-status=live }} ''(direct: [http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf Final Revised Paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |date=3 February 2012 }})''</ref> is based on temperature, precipitation and their seasonality.]]

India has many different climates, from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north, where higher areas get snowfall in winter. The nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert.{{Sfn|Chang|1967}} The Himalayas, along with the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains in Pakistan, prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar [[latitude]]s.{{Sfn|Posey|1994|p=118}} Simultaneously, the Thar Desert plays a role in attracting moisture-laden south-west monsoon winds between June and October, which provide the majority of India's rainfall.{{Sfn|Chang|1967}}{{Sfn|NCERT|p=28}} Four major climatic groupings predominate, into which fall the seven climatic zones, that as designated by experts, are defined on the basis of such traits as temperature and precipitation.{{Sfn|Heitzman|Worden|1996|p=97}} Groupings are assigned codes (see chart) according to the Köppen climate classification system.

===Tropical===
{{climate chart
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|12.9|25.3|15.8
|16.9|29.2|22.9
|21.9|33.6|31.9
|25.2|35.9|53.4
|26.4|36.1|140.5
|26.8|34.8|247.5
|26.6|33.2|366.5
|26.5|33.0|355.4
|26.2|33.3|282.8
|24.1|32.5|170.2
|19.3|30.1|21.3
|14.3|26.6|6.8
|source=[https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf IMD]
|float=left
|clear=none
}}
A tropical rainy climate governs regions experiencing persistent warm or high temperatures, which normally do not fall below {{Convert|18|°C|°F|0|abbr=out}}. India predominantly hosts two climatic subtypes that fall into this group: [[tropical monsoon climate]] and [[tropical savanna climate]].

The most humid is the tropical wet climate—also known as the [[tropical monsoon climate]]—that covers a strip of southwestern lowlands abutting the [[Malabar Coast]], the [[Western Ghats]], and southern [[Assam]]. India's two island territories, [[Lakshadweep]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], are also subject to this climate. Characterised by moderate to high year-round temperatures, even in the foothills, its rainfall is seasonal but heavy—typically above {{Convert|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=off}} per year.{{Sfn|Chouhan|1992|p=7}} Most rainfall occurs between May and November; this moisture is enough to sustain lush forests, swampy areas and other vegetation for the rest of the mainly dry year. December to March are the driest months, when days with precipitation are rare. The heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the exceptional biodiversity of tropical wet forests in parts of these regions.

In India a [[tropical savanna climate]] is more common. Noticeably drier than areas with a tropical monsoon type of climate, it prevails over most of inland peninsular India except for a semi arid [[rain shadow]] east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above {{Convert|18|°C|°F|0}}. Summer is exceedingly hot; temperatures in low-lying areas may exceed {{Convert|50|°C|°F|0}} during May, leading to heat waves that can each kill hundreds of Indians.{{Sfn|Farooq|2002}} The rainy season lasts from June to September; annual rainfall averages between {{Convert|750|and|1500|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most significant precipitation in India falls on [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] leaving other states comparatively dry.

The [[Ganges Delta]] lies mostly in the tropical wet climate zone: it receives between {{Convert|1500|and|2000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of rainfall each year in the western part, and {{Convert|2000|and|3000|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} in the eastern part. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January; April and May are the warmest months. Average temperatures in January range from {{Convert|14|to|25|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}, and average temperatures in April range from {{Convert|25|to|35|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}. July is on average the coldest and wettest month: over {{Convert|330|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} of rain falls on the delta.{{Sfn|Healy}}

Additionally, [[Nicobar Islands rain forests]] experience a [[Tropical rainforest climate]].<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Nicobar Islands rain forests|id=im0133}}</ref>

===Arid and semi-arid regions===
{{climate chart
|[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|8.4|22.5|5.8
|12.0|26.1|8.4
|17.4|32|1.9
|22.8|37.6|4.8
|27.1|41.1|8.5
|27.9|39.7|47.7
|26.2|34.8|162.0
|24.9|32.7|190.5
|24|34.2|73.6
|20.1|34.1|33.1
|14.4|29.6|3.6
|9.9|25.1|2.4
|source= [https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42348 WMO]
|float=right
|clear=none
}}
[[arid climate|Arid]] and [[semi-arid]] climate dominates regions where the rate of moisture loss through [[evapotranspiration]] exceeds that from precipitation;

A semi-arid steppe climate ([[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]]) predominates over a long stretch of land south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Cardamom Hills]]. The region, which includes [[Karnataka]], inland [[Tamil Nadu]], western [[Andhra Pradesh]], and central [[Maharashtra]], gets between {{Convert|400|and|750|mm|1}} annually. It is drought-prone, as it tends to have less reliable rainfall due to sporadic lateness or failure of the southwest monsoon.{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=124}} Karnataka is divided into three zones—coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the most precipitation, averaging {{convert|3,638.5|mm|in|1|adj=ri0|abbr=on}} per annum, far in excess of the state average of {{convert|1139|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. In contrast to norm, [[Agumbe]] in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India. North of the [[Krishna River]], the summer monsoon is responsible for most rainfall; to the south, significant post-monsoon rainfall also occurs in October and November. In December, the coldest month, temperatures still average around {{Convert|20|–|24|C|F}}. The months between March and May are hot and dry; mean monthly temperatures hover around {{convert|32|C|F|0|abbr=on}}, with {{Convert|320|mm|in|1}} precipitation. Hence, without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for permanent agriculture.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

[[File:Thar Desert Sunset Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|left|alt=View of dunes at sunset. The setting sun hangs low and dim in a sky graded from fiery orange at top to maroon near the horizon. Terrestrial features are difficult to discern in the crepuscular illumination.|The [[Thar Desert]]]]

Most of western [[Rajasthan]] experiences an arid climatic regime ([[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]]). [[Cloudburst]]s are responsible for virtually all of the region's annual precipitation, which totals less than {{Convert|300|mm|in|1}}. Such bursts happen when monsoon winds sweep into the region during July, August, and September. Such rainfall is highly erratic; regions experiencing rainfall one year may not see precipitation for the next couple of years or so. Atmospheric moisture is largely prevented from precipitating due to continuous [[vertical draft|downdrafts]] and other factors.{{Sfn|Singhvi|Kar|2004}} The summer months of May and June are exceptionally hot; mean monthly temperatures in the region hover around {{Convert|35|°C|°F|0}}, with daily maxima occasionally topping {{Convert|50|°C|°F|0}}. During winters, temperatures in some areas can drop below freezing due to waves of cold air from Central Asia. There is a large diurnal range of about {{Convert|14|C-change|F-change|0}} during summer; this widens by several degrees during winter. There is a small desert area in the south near [[Adoni]] in Andhra Pradesh, the only desert in '''[[South India]]''', experiencing maximum [[Temperature|temperatures]] of {{convert|47|C|F|0}} in summers and {{convert|18|C|F|0}} in winters.{{fact|date=November 2024}}
[[File:Dust Strom in India.jpg|thumb|left|Dust storm in the [[Thar Desert]]]]

To the west, in '''[[Gujarat]]''', diverse climate conditions prevail. The winters are mild, pleasant, and dry with average daytime temperatures around {{convert|29|C|F|0|abbr=on}} and nights around {{convert|12|C|F|0|abbr=on}} with virtually full sun and clear nights. Summers are hot and dry with daytime temperatures around {{convert|41|C|F|0|abbr=on}} and nights no lower than {{convert|29|C|F|0|abbr=on}}. In the weeks before the monsoon temperatures are similar to the above, but high humidity makes the air more uncomfortable. Relief comes with the monsoon. Temperatures are around {{convert|35|C|F|0|abbr=on}} but humidity is very high; nights are around {{convert|27|C|F|0|abbr=on}}. Most of the rainfall occurs in this season, and the rain can cause severe floods. The sun is often occluded during the monsoon season.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

East of the '''[[Thar Desert]]''', the Southwest '''[[Punjab]]'''–West [[Haryana]]–[[Kathiawar]] region experiences a tropical and sub-tropical steppe climate. Haryana's climate resembles other states of the northern plains: extreme summer heat of up to {{convert|45|C|F|0|abbr=on}} and winter cold as low as {{convert|0|C|F|0|abbr=on}}. May and June are hottest; December and January are coldest. Rainfall is varied, with the [[Sivalik Hills|'''Shivalik Hills''']] region being the wettest and the [[Bagar (region)|Bagar]] region being the driest. About 80 percent of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season of July–September, which can cause flooding. The Punjabi climate is also governed by extremes of hot and cold. Areas near the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] foothills receive heavy rainfall whereas those eloigned from them are hot and dry. Punjab's three-season climate sees summer months that span from mid-April to the end of June. Temperatures in Punjab typically range from {{convert|-2|to(-)|40|C|F|0|abbr=on}}, but can reach {{convert|47|C|F|0|abbr=on}} in summer and fall to {{convert|-4|C|F|0|abbr=on}} in winter (while most of the nation does not experience temperatures below {{convert|10|C|F|0|abbr=on}} even in winter). The zone, a transitional climatic region separating tropical desert from humid subtropical savanna and forests, experiences temperatures that are less extreme than those of the desert. Although the average annual rainfall is {{Convert|300|–|650|mm|in|1}}, it is very unreliable; like in much of the rest of India, the southwest monsoon accounts for most precipitation. Summer daily maxima are around {{Convert|40|°C|°F|0}}. All t his results in a natural vegetation typically comprising short, coarse grasses.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

===Humid subtropical===
{{Climate chart|[[Chandigarh]]
|6.2|18.93|63.44
|8.81|22.12|52.71
|13.57|27.61|39.17
|19.15|34.08|21.87
|23.38|37.78|28.24
|25.83|37.4|121.8
|25.5|33.52|308.32
|24.9|32.44|262.61
|23.07|32.23|177.0
|17.97|31.14|24.0
|11.52|26.26|14.52
|7.56|21.23|16.65
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=[https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/india/climate-data-historical CRU]
}}
{{Climate chart|[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]|10.8|23.9|11.5|13.0|27.0|18.0|16.5|30.5|52.5|20.3|31.2|182.1|22.9|31.8|253|25.2|32.6|314|25.9|32.8|283.4|25.8|33.2|264.3|24.9|32.5|184.5|22.3|31.3|117.9|17.2|28.5|9.6|12.6|25.4|4.6|float=left|clear=none||source=[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/6.6/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/CSV/GUWAHATI_42410.csv NOAA]}}
Most of [[Northeast India]] and much of North India are subject to a [[humid subtropical climate]] and a [[oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]]. Though they experience warm to hot summers, temperatures during the coldest months generally fall as low as {{Convert|0|°C|°F|0}}. Due to ample monsoon rains, India has two subtropical climate subtypes under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen system: ''Cwa'' and ''Cwb''.]]{{Sfn|Kimmel|2000}} In most of this region, there is very little precipitation during the winter, owing to powerful anticyclonic and [[Katabatic wind|katabatic]] (downward-flowing) winds from Central Asia.

Humid subtropical regions are subject to pronounced dry winters. Spring rainfall is associated with large [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical storms]] known as "[[Western disturbances]]", which are steered by [[westerlies]] towards the Himalayas and the [[Punjab|Punjab-Haryana Plains]] of northwestern India.{{Sfn|Das et al.|2002}} These storms are often accompanied by hail, and can cause crop damage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hailstorm, heavy rain lash Jind, farmers apprehend crop loss|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/hailstorm-heavy-rain-lash-jind-farmers-apprehend-crop-loss/|website=The Tribune|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref> Most summer rainfall occurs during powerful [[Monsoon|monsoonal]] [[Thunderstorm|thunderstorms]] brought by the [[Monsoon of South Asia|South Asian monsoon]] (July-September), caused by the annual oscillation of the [[tropical rain belt]]; occasional [[tropical cyclones]] also contribute. Annual rainfall ranges from less than {{Convert|1000|mm|in|0}} in the west to over {{Convert|2500|mm|in|0}} in parts of the northeast. As most of this region is far from the ocean, the wide temperature swings more characteristic of a [[continental climate]] predominate; the swings are wider than in those in tropical wet regions, ranging from 24 °C (43 °F) in the north to 27 °C (49 °F) in the east.{{fact|date=November 2024}} The primary [[biome]] of this climatic region is [[Subtropics|subtropical broadleaf forest]], which is [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|evergreen]] in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]], and the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Lower Gangetic Plains]] which receive more rainfall, or [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|deciduous]] in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Upper Gangetic Plains]] and [[Punjab|Punjab-Haryana Plains]] which receive comparatively less rainfall. This climate zone is home to many major cities of [[North India|North]] and [[Northeast India|Northeast]] India such as [[New Delhi]] (bordering on semi-arid), [[Lucknow]], [[Ambala]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Patiala]], [[Siliguri]] and [[Guwahati]] (bordering on tropical savanna).

===Montane===
{{climate chart|[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|−1.9|7.1|60.9|−0.7|10.5|82.3|4.3|15.5|104.6|7.9|20.6|89.7|11.2|24.7|62|15.0|28.5|46.3|18.4|30.0|58.5|17.8|29.7|68.1|13.1|27.6|37.8|6.2|23.0|23.3|1.2|15.9|28.3|−1.6|9.9|54|float=right|source=[https://www.data.jma.go.jp/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42027 WMO]}}[[File:Pangong Tso lake.jpg|thumb|alt=Daytime view of a large body of water standing before a prominent peak, which communicates with several others partly out of view and behind. A gravel beach at the far end of the lake gives way to steep slopes leading up to the peaks; The mountains lack trees. Patchy snowcover defines their recesses, and whitish vein-like streaks extend up from the base of the largest.|[[Pangong Tso|Pangong Lake]] in [[Ladakh]], an [[arid]] montane region lying deep within the Himalayas.]]

India's northernmost areas are subject to a montane, or alpine, climate. In the Himalayas, the rate at which an air mass's temperature falls per kilometre (3,281 ft) of altitude gained (the [[lapse rate|dry adiabatic lapse rate]]) is 9.8 °C/km.{{Sfn|Carpenter|2005}} In terms of [[environmental lapse rate]], ambient temperatures fall by {{Convert|6.5|C-change|1}} for every {{Convert|1000|m|ft|0}} rise in altitude. Thus, climates ranging from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra above the [[snow line]] can coexist within several hundred metres of each other. Sharp temperature contrasts between sunny and shady slopes, high diurnal temperature variability, temperature inversions, and altitude-dependent variability in rainfall are also common.

The northern side of the western Himalayas, also known as the trans-Himalayan belt, has a [[Desert climate#Cold desert climates|cold desert climate]]. It is a region of barren, arid, frigid and wind-blown wastelands. Areas south of the Himalayas are largely protected from cold winter winds coming in from the Asian interior. The leeward side (northern face) of the mountains receives less rain.

The southern slopes of the western Himalayas, well-exposed to the monsoon, get heavy rainfall. Areas situated at elevations of 1,070–2,290 metres (3,510–7,510 ft) receive the heaviest rainfall, which decreases rapidly at elevations above {{Convert|2290|m|ft|0}}. Most precipitation occurs as snowfall during the late winter and spring months. The Himalayas experience their heaviest snowfall between December and February and at elevations above {{Convert|1500|m|ft|0}}. Snowfall increases with elevation by up to several dozen millimetres per 100 metre (~2 in; 330 ft) increase. Elevations above {{Convert|6000|m|ft|0}} never experience rain; all precipitation falls as snow.{{Sfn|Singh|Kumar|1997}}

[[File:Fort Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|alt=Daytime view of a small marshy lake surrounded by dry brush in winter. Behind the lake in the far-middle distance, a large stand of trees interposes itself in front of a lone massif in the far distance. The sun is out of view to the left.|A winter scene in [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], Madhya Pradesh.]]

==Seasons==
The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) |url=http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/wxfaq.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=2023-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219114557/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/wxfaq.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Winter''', occurring from December to February. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around {{Convert|10|–|15|C|F}} in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around {{Convert|20|–|25|C|F}} in mainland India's southeast.
* '''Summer''' or '''pre-monsoon''' season, lasting from March to June. In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April and the beginning of May and for northern regions of India, May is the hottest Month. In May, Temperatures average around {{Convert|32|–|40|C|F}} in most of the interior.
* '''Monsoon''' or '''south-west monsoon''' season, lasting from June to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more rainfall.
* '''Post-monsoon''' or '''north-east monsoon''' season, lasting from October to November. In the north of India, October and November are usually cloudless. Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season.

The Himalayan and [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|Upper Gangetic Plains]], being more temperate, experience an additional season, ''spring'', which coincides with the first weeks of summer in southern India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Just Like That: A personal Shalimar Bagh in Delhi’s spring |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/a-personal-shalimar-bagh-in-delhi-s-spring-101742638916258.html |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Traditionally, North Indians note six seasons or ''Ritu'', each about two months long. These are the spring season (''{{Langx|sa|vasanta}}''), summer (''grīṣma''), monsoon season (''varṣā''), autumn (''śarada''), winter (''hemanta''), and prevernal season<ref>{{cite web | author = Michael Allaby | title = A Dictionary of Zoology | year = 1999 | url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html | access-date = 2012-05-30 | archive-date = 2 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602225322/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html | url-status = live }}</ref> (''śiśira''). These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts. The ancient [[Hindu calendar]] also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months.
=== Winter ===
[[File:Gulmarg.JPG|thumb|alt=Daytime view looking down from a snowy ridge onto a mountain valley far below, lost in mist. Continuing into the far distance at right, a series of high snow-covered mountains continue the ridge. The mountains are mostly covered in evergreen forest; dappled sunlight strikes the snow cover.|Inclement conditions in the Indian Himalayas: a view of [[Gulmarg]], a popular tourist destination in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in winter.]]

Once the monsoons subside, average temperatures gradually fall across India. As the Sun's vertical rays move south of the equator, most of the country experiences moderately cool weather. December and January are the coldest months, with the lowest temperatures occurring in the Indian Himalayas. Temperatures are higher in the east and south.

In northwestern India region, virtually cloudless conditions prevail in October and November, resulting in wide diurnal temperature swings; as in much of the Deccan Plateau, they register at {{Convert|16-20|C|F}}. However, from January to February, "western disturbances" bring heavy bursts of rain and snow. These extra-tropical [[low pressure area|low-pressure systems]] originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.{{Sfn|Hatwar|Yadav|Rama Rao|2005}} They are carried towards India by the subtropical [[westerlies]], which are the prevailing winds blowing at North India's range of latitude.{{Sfn|Das et al.|2002}} Once their passage is hindered by the Himalayas, they are unable to proceed further, and they release significant precipitation over the southern Himalayas.

There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude (450–6500 metres). The climate varies from hot and subtropical humid (450–900 metres) in the southern low tracts, warm and temperate (900–1800 metres), cool and temperate (1900–2400 metres) and cold glacial and alpine (2400–4800 metres) in the northern and eastern elevated mountain ranges. By October, nights and mornings are very cold. Snowfall at elevations of nearly 3000 m is about 3 m and lasts from December start to March end. Elevations above 4500 m support perpetual snow. The spring season starts from mid February to mid April. The weather is pleasant and comfortable in the season. The rainy season starts at the end of the month of June. The landscape lushes green and fresh. During the season streams and natural springs are replenished. The heavy rains in July and August cause a lot of damage resulting in erosion, floods and landslides. Out of all the state districts, Dharamshala receives the highest rainfall, nearly about {{Convert|3400|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}. Spiti is the driest area of the state, where annual rainfall is below 50 mm.{{Sfn|Hara|Kimura|Yasunari}} The five Himalayan states (Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir in the extreme north, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh in far east) and Northern West Bengal experience heavy snowfall, Nagaland is not located in the Himalayas but experience occasional snowfall on higher peaks; in Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, [[blizzard]]s occur regularly, disrupting travel and other activities.

The rest of North India, including the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] almost never receives snow. Temperatures in the plains occasionally fall below freezing, though never for more than one or two days. Winter highs in Delhi range from {{Convert|16|to|21|C|F|0|abbr=on}}. Nighttime temperatures average {{Convert|2|–|8|C|F}}. In the plains of Punjab, lows can fall below freezing, dropping to around {{Convert|-3|°C|°F|0}} in [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Amritsar Climate Normals 1971–1990| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42071.TXT| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721090351/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42071.TXT| archive-date = 2020-07-21| url-status = dead| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> Frost sometimes occurs, but the hallmark of the season is the notorious fog, which frequently disrupts daily life; fog grows thick enough to hinder visibility and disrupt air travel 15–20 days annually. In Bihar in middle of the Ganges plain, hot weather sets in and the summer lasts until the middle of June. The highest temperature is often registered in late May or early June which is the hottest time. Like the rest of the north, Bihar also experiences dust-storms, thunderstorms and dust raising winds during the hot season. Dust storms having a velocity of {{Convert|48|–|64|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} are most frequent in May and with second maximum in April and June. The hot winds (loo) of [[Bihar]] plains blow during April and May with an average velocity of {{Convert|8|–|16|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}. These hot winds greatly affect human comfort during this season. Rain follows.{{Sfn|Government of Bihar}} The rainy season begins in June. The rainiest months are July and August. The rains are the gifts of the southwest monsoon. There are in Bihar three distinct areas where rainfall exceeds {{Convert|1800|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}. Two of them are in the northern and northwestern portions of the state; the third lies in the area around [[Netarhat]]. The southwest monsoon normally withdraws from Bihar in the first week of October.{{Sfn|Air India|2003}} Eastern India's climate is milder but gets colder as one moves north west, experiencing moderately warm days to cool days and cool nights to cold nights. Highs ranges from 18 °C to 23 °C (64 °F to 73 °F) in [[Patna]]; to 22 °C to 27 °C (72 °F to 80 °F) in [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta); lows averages from 7 °C to 10 °C (45 °F to 50 °F) in Patna; to 12 °C to 15 °C (54 °F to 59 °F) in Kolkata. In Madhya Pradesh which is towards the south-western side of the Gangetic Plain similar conditions prevail albeit with much less humidity levels. Capital [[Bhopal]] averages low of {{Convert|9|°C|°F|0}} and high of {{Convert|24|°C|°F|0}}.

[[File:Monsoon season beach Tamil Nadu India.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Late daytime view looking far out over an ocean from a beach, which is out of view off the bottom margin. Three-fourths of the shot features a sky marked by heavy cloud cover, which is parting near the middle, revealing a dazzlingly bright cerulean blue sky that darkens near the margins. The ocean is striated with waves coming in parallel to the horizon.|Late-season monsoonal sunset, [[Coromandel Coast]].]]

Frigid winds from the Himalayas can depress temperatures near the [[Brahmaputra River]].{{Sfn|Singh|Ojha|Sharma|2004|p=168}} The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau by preventing frigid and dry Arctic winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|monsoon]] winds, keeping them from travelling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the [[Terai]] region instead. The Himalayas are indeed believed to play an important role in the formation of Central Asian deserts such as the [[Taklamakan]] and [[Gobi]]. The mountain ranges prevent western winter disturbances in Iran from travelling further east, resulting in much snow in Kashmir and rainfall for parts of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and northern India. Despite the Himalayas being a barrier to the cold northerly winter winds, the Brahmaputra valley receives part of the frigid winds, thus lowering the temperature in Northeast India and Bangladesh. The Himalayas contain the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles, and account for the origin of ten of Asia's largest rivers. The two Himalayan states in the east, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, receive substantial snowfall. The extreme north of [[West Bengal]] centred on [[Darjeeling]] experiences snowfall, but only rarely.

In '''[[South India]],''' particularly the hinterlands of Maharashtra, parts of Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, somewhat cooler weather prevails. Minimum temperatures in eastern Maharashtra and [[Chhattisgarh]] hover around {{Convert|10|°C|°F|0}}; in the southern Deccan Plateau, they reach {{Convert|16|°C|°F|0}}. Coastal areas—especially those near the [[Coromandel Coast]] and adjacent low-elevation interior tracts—are warm, with daily high temperatures of {{Convert|30|°C|°F|0}} and lows of around {{Convert|21|°C|°F|0}}. The Western Ghats, including the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiri Range]], are exceptional; lows there can fall below freezing.{{Sfn|Blasco|Bellan|Aizpuru|1996}} This compares with a range of {{Convert|12|–|14|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} on the Malabar Coast; there, as is the case for other coastal areas, the Indian Ocean exerts a strong moderating influence on weather.{{Sfn|Posey|1994|p=118}} The region averages {{Convert|800|mm|in}}

===Summer===
[[File:Khajjiar.jpg|thumb|alt=Daytime sunlit view of a verdant bowl-shaped meadow with a small pond in a valley rimmed by several prominent hills covered in evergreen forest. At centre-left and looking out on the meadow, a small cluster of tourist lodges with pitched roofs, one a bright red. Around them and the pond are small, gaily coloured gazebos and shade-giving umbrellas. Several dozen tourists and sheep mill about the pond and in the meadow.|A summer view of [[Khajjiar]], a hill station in Himachal Pradesh.]]

Summer in northwestern India starts from mid-April and ends in late-June, and in the rest of the country from March to May but sometimes lasts to mid June. The temperatures in the north rise as the vertical rays of the Sun reach the Tropic of Cancer. The hottest month for the western and southern regions of the country is April; for most of North India, it is May and June. Temperatures of {{Convert|50|°C|°F|0}} and higher have been recorded in parts of India during this season. Another striking feature of summer is the [[Loo (wind)|Loo]]. These are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds that blow during the day in India. Direct exposure to the heat that comes with these winds may be fatal.{{Sfn|Farooq|2002}} In many regions of North India, immense pre-monsoon [[squall]]-line thunderstorms, known locally as "[[Kalbaisakhi|Nor'westers]]", commonly drop large hailstones. In Himachal Pradesh, Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in [[Alpine climate|alpine]] zone which experience mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from {{Convert|28|°C|°F|0}} to {{Convert|32|°C|°F|0}}.{{Sfn|Changnon|1971}} Near the coast, the temperature hovers around {{Convert|36|°C|°F|0}}, and the proximity of the sea increases the level of humidity. In southern India, the temperatures are higher on the east coast by a few degrees compared to the west coast.

By May, most of the Indian interior experiences mean temperatures over {{Convert|32|°C|°F|0}}, while maximum temperatures often exceed {{Convert|40|°C|°F|0}}. In the hot months of April and May, western disturbances, with their cooling influence, may still arrive, but rapidly diminish in frequency as summer progresses.{{Sfn|Pisharoty|Desai|1956}} Notably, a higher frequency of such disturbances in April correlates with a delayed monsoon onset (thus extending summer) in northwest India. In eastern India, monsoon onset dates have been steadily advancing over the past several decades, resulting in shorter summers there.{{Sfn|Das et al.|2002}}

Altitude affects the temperature to a large extent, with higher parts of the '''[[Deccan Plateau]]''' and other areas being relatively cooler. [[Hill station]]s, such as [[Ootacamund]] ("Ooty") in the Western Ghats and [[Kalimpong]] in the eastern Himalayas, with average maximum temperatures of around {{Convert|25|°C|°F|0}}, offer some respite from the heat. At lower elevations, in parts of northern and western India, a strong, hot, and dry wind known as the loo blows in from the west during the daytime; with very high temperatures, in some cases up to around {{Convert|45|°C|°F|0}}; it can cause fatal cases of [[Hyperthermia|sunstroke]]. [[Tornado]]es may also occur, concentrated in a corridor stretching from northeastern India towards Pakistan. They are rare, however; only [[List of Indian tornadoes|several dozen]] have been reported since 1835.

===Monsoon===
{{Main|Monsoon in India}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = India southwest summer monsoon onset map en.svg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = India monsoon onset map.
| caption1 = Onset dates and prevailing wind currents of the southwest summer and northeast winter monsoons.
| image2 = India annual rainfall map en.svg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = India average annual rainfall map. A map of India overlaid with various zones of differing shades of blue. Each shade represents a region receiving a similar annual precipitation total. The wettest region comprises the northeastern "Seven Sisters" states centred on Assam; the southwestern littoral in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra is another wet region of over 250 centimetres per annum, depicted in a dark shade of navy blue. The rest of the country in between them is shown in lighter shades; the driest region is seen in the northwest near the borders with Pakistan and China, parts of which, according to the legend, are seen to obtain less than 20 centimetres per annum.
| caption2 = Regional variation in rainfall across India. The monsoon season delivers four-fifths of the country's precipitation.
| footer =
}}
[[File:Parked boats at Anjarle Creek.jpg|thumb|Fishing boats parked in the [[Anjarle]] creek for the monsoon season. Fishing in the coastal areas is not possible now due to the harsh weather conditions.]]
The southwest summer monsoon, a four-month period when massive convective thunderstorms dominate India's weather, is Earth's most productive wet season.{{Sfn|Collier|Webb|2002|p=91}} A product of southeast [[trade wind]]s originating from a high-pressure mass centred over the southern Indian Ocean, the monsoonal torrents supply over 80% of India's annual rainfall.{{Sfn|Bagla|2006}} Attracted by a low-pressure region centred over South Asia, the mass spawns surface winds that ferry humid air into India from the southwest.{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=118}} These inflows ultimately result from a northward shift of the local jet stream, which itself results from rising summer temperatures over [[Tibet]] and the Indian subcontinent. The void left by the jet stream, which switches from a route just south of the Himalayas to one tracking north of Tibet, then attracts warm, humid air.{{Sfn|Burroughs|1999|pp=138–139}}

The main factor behind this shift is the high summer temperature difference between Central Asia and the Indian Ocean.{{Sfn|Burns et al.|2003}} This is accompanied by a seasonal excursion of the normally equatorial [[Intertropical Convergence Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ), a low-pressure belt of highly unstable weather, northward towards India.{{Sfn|Burroughs|1999|pp=138–139}} This system intensified to its present strength as a result of the [[Tibetan Plateau]]'s [[orogeny|uplift]], which accompanied the [[Eocene]]–[[Oligocene]] transition event, a major episode of global cooling and [[aridification]] which occurred 34–49 Ma.{{Sfn|Dupont-Nivet et al.|2007}}

The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches: the '''[[Bay of Bengal]]''' branch and the [[Arabian Sea]] branch. The latter extends towards a low-pressure area over the Thar Desert and is roughly three times stronger than the Bay of Bengal branch. The monsoon typically breaks over Indian territory by around 25 May, when it lashes the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in the Bay of Bengal. It strikes the Indian mainland around 1 June near the [[Malabar Coast]] of Kerala.{{Sfn|India Meteorological Department|A}} By 9 June, it reaches Mumbai; it appears over Delhi by 29 June. The Bay of Bengal branch, which initially tracks the Coromandel Coast northeast from [[Cape Comorin]] to Orissa, swerves to the northwest towards the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. The Arabian Sea branch moves northeast towards the Himalayas. By the first week of July, the entire country experiences monsoon rain; on average, South India receives more rainfall than North India. However, [[North-East India|Northeast India]] receives the most precipitation. Monsoon clouds begin retreating from North India by the end of August; it withdraws from Mumbai by 5 October. As India further cools during September, the southwest monsoon weakens. By the end of November, it has left the country.{{Sfn|Burroughs|1999|pp=138–139}}

[[File:Mumbai india monsoon clouds.jpg|thumb|alt=Daytime view over a city: de-laminating concrete housing blocks surrounded by rough slum tenements. In the middle distance, an expanse of trees: perhaps a park. Near the horizon, the largely concrete structures that compose the city continue. The whole is enveloped by an ominous sky filled with storm clouds promising imminent heavy rain.|Pre-monsoon clouds, as they appear in [[Mumbai]], western Maharashtra.]]

Monsoon rains affect the health of the [[economy of India|Indian economy]]; as [[agriculture in India|Indian agriculture]] employs 600 million people and constitutes 20% of the national GDP,{{Sfn|CIA World Factbook}} good monsoons correlate with a booming economy. Weak or failed monsoons (droughts) result in widespread agricultural losses and substantially hinder overall economic growth.{{Sfn|Vaswani|2006b}}{{Sfn|BBC|2004}}{{Sfn|BBC Weather|A}} Yet such rains reduce temperatures and can replenish groundwater tables and rivers.

===Post-monsoon===
During the post-monsoon or autumn months of October to December, a different monsoon cycle, the northeast (or "retreating") monsoon, brings dry, cool, and dense air masses to large parts of India. Winds spill across the Himalayas and flow to the southwest across the country, resulting in clear, sunny skies.{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=119}} Though the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) and other sources refers to this period as a fourth ("post-monsoon") season,{{Sfn|Parthasarathy|Munot|Kothawale|1994}}{{Sfn|India Meteorological Department|B}}{{Sfn|Library of Congress}} other sources designate only three seasons.{{Sfn|O'Hare|1997}} Depending on location, this period lasts from October to November, after the southwest monsoon has peaked. Less and less precipitation falls, and vegetation begins to dry out. In most parts of India, this period marks the transition from wet to dry seasonal conditions. Average daily maximum temperatures range between {{Convert|25|and|34|C|F}} in the Southern parts.

The northeast monsoon, which begins between September and October, lasts through the post-monsoon seasons, and only ends between December and January. It carries winds that have already lost their moisture out to the ocean (opposite from the summer monsoon). They cross India diagonally from northeast to southwest. However, the large indentation made by the Bay of Bengal into India's eastern coast means that the flows are humidified before reaching [[Cape Comorin]] and rest of Tamil Nadu, meaning that the state, and also some parts of Kerala, experience significant precipitation in the post-monsoon and winter periods.{{Sfn|Healy}} However, parts of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, [[Rainfall in Karnataka|Karnataka]] and Mumbai also receive minor precipitation from the north-east monsoon.

==Statistics==
Shown below are temperature and precipitation data for selected Indian cities; these represent the full variety of major Indian climate types. Figures have been grouped by the four-season classification scheme used by the Indian Meteorological Department;{{refn|IMD-designated post-monsoon season coincides with the northeast monsoon, the effects of which are significant only in some parts of India.|group=N}} year-round averages and totals are also displayed.

===Temperature===
{{see also|List of cities by average temperature}}
{|style="clear:all; width:100%;"
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
{|class="toc" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=2 width=500px style="float:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left; clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:85%"
|+{{big|'''Average temperatures in various Indian cities (°C)'''}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdkolkata.gov.in/|title=Regional Meteorological Department, Kolkata|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205120655/http://www.imdkolkata.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|BBC Weather|B}}{{Sfn|Weatherbase}}{{Sfn|Weather Channel}}{{Sfn|Weather Underground}}
|-align=center style="background:#e9e9e9;"
| colspan=1 abbr="" | '''—'''
! colspan=3 abbr="Cold Weather Season" | Winter (Dec – Feb)
! colspan=3 abbr="Hot Weather Season" | Summer (Mar – May)
! colspan=3 abbr="Advancing Monsoon Season" | Monsoon (Jun – Sep)
! colspan=3 abbr="Retreating Monsoon Season"| Post-monsoon (Oct – Nov)
! colspan=0 abbr="year-round" | Year-round
|-align=center
!City
! abbr="Minimum"| Min
! abbr="Average"| Avg
! abbr="Maximum"| Max
! abbr="Minimum"| Min
! abbr="Average"| Avg
! abbr="Maximum"| Max
! abbr="Minimum"| Min
! abbr="Average"| Avg
! abbr="Maximum"| Max
! abbr="Minimum"| Min
! abbr="Average"| Avg
! abbr="Maximum"| Max
! abbr="Average"| Avg
|-
![[New Delhi]]
!7
!14
!20
!16
!28
!36
!28
!30
!35
!13
!19
!26
!25
|-align="center"
![[Port Blair]]
|23||'''26'''||28||25||'''27'''||29||25||27||27||25||26||28||27
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"
![[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|23||'''26'''||29||24||'''27'''||30||24||26||28||23||29||23||26
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Bangalore]]
|15||'''22'''||28||21||'''27'''||34||20||'''24'''||28||19||'''23'''||28||24
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"
![[Nagpur]]
|14||'''21'''||28||24||'''32'''||40||24||27||30||16||22||28||26
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Bhopal]]
|11||'''17'''||24||23||'''30'''||36||23||26||28||16||22||26||25
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"
![[Guwahati]]
|11||'''17'''||24||19||25||31||25||'''28'''||32||17||22||27||24
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Kolkata]]
|16||'''22'''||27||24||'''30'''||35||26||'''30'''||33||22||'''26'''||31||27
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Lucknow]]
|8||'''14'''||21||23||'''30'''||35||24||29||33||15||20||25||25
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Siliguri]]
|11||'''17'''||24||19||'''25'''||31||24||27||31||18||24||29||24
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Jaisalmer]]
|7||'''14'''||23||24||'''33'''||40||23||29||35||12||19||27||22
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"
![[Dehradun]]
|4||'''12'''||20||14||23||32||22||'''26'''||30||7||15||23||18
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Amritsar]]
|4||'''10'''||18||13||25||34||25||'''28'''||32||10||16||24||21
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Shimla]]
|1||'''5'''||9||10||14||18||15||'''18'''||20||7||10||13||13
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Srinagar]]
|−2||'''4'''||6||7||14||19||16||'''22'''||30||1||8||16||13
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Leh]]
|−13||'''−6'''||0||−1||6||12||10||'''16'''||24||−7||0||7||6
|}
|style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"|
{{Climate chart
|[[Leh]]
|−13|-1|11.8
|−12|0|8.6
|−6|6|11.9
|−1|12|6.9
|2|17|6.5
|6|21|4.3
|10|24|15.1
|10|24|19.5
|5|21|12.2
|0|14|0
|−6|8|2.9
|−10|1|8.0
|source=[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=44534&refer=&units=metric Weatherbase], [http://www.planholidays.com/ladakh/climate.php Plan Holidays]
|float=right
|clear=none
}}
|}

===Precipitation===
{|style="clear:all; width:100%;"
|-
|style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"|
{| class="wikitable toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="width:500px; float:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left; clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:85%"
|+Average precipitation in various Indian cities (mm){{Sfn|BBC Weather|B}}{{Sfn|Weatherbase}}{{Sfn|Weather Channel}}{{Sfn|Weather Underground}}
|-align=center style="background:#e9e9e9;"
| colspan=1 abbr="" | '''—'''
! colspan=3 abbr="winter" | Winter (Jan – Feb)
! colspan=3 abbr="summer" | Summer (Mar – May)
! colspan=3 abbr="monsoon" | Monsoon (Jun – Sep)
! colspan=3 abbr="post-monsoon"| Post-monsoon (Oct – Dec)
! colspan=1 abbr="year-round" | Year-round
|- style="text-align:center;"
!City
! abbr="January" | Jan
! abbr="February" | Feb
! abbr="March" | Mar
! abbr="April" | Apr
! abbr="May" | May
! abbr="June" | Jun
! abbr="July" | Jul
! abbr="August" | Aug
! abbr="September"| Sep
! abbr="October" | Oct
! abbr="November" | Nov
! abbr="December" | Dec
! Total
|-
![[Delhi]]
!19
!21
!17
!16
!31
!74
!210
!233
!124
!15
!6
!8
!774
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Mumbai]]
|1||–||1||–||16||506||'''769'''||472||356||82||9||3||2,213
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Port Blair]]
|40||20||10||60||360||'''480'''||400||400||460||290||220||150||2,890
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|26||21||33||125||202||'''306'''||175||152||179||223||206||65||1,713
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Bangalore]]
|31||20
|61||110||150||212||249||279||'''315'''||291||210||140||1,962
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Nagpur]]
||16||22||15||8||18||168||290||'''291'''||157||73||17||19||1,094
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Bhopal]]
||4||3||1||3||11||136||279||'''360'''||185||52||21||7||1,043
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Guwahati]]
|8||21||47||181||226||309||'''377'''||227||199||92||25||10||1,722
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Lucknow]]
|20||18||8||8||20||114||'''305'''||292||188||33||5||8||1,019
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Jaisalmer]]
|–||–||3||–||7||10||'''90'''||88||15||–||6||–||219
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Dehradun]]
|47||55||52||21||54||230||'''631'''||627||261||32||11||3||2,024
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Amritsar]]
|27||40||33||22||21||81||'''182'''||169||91||12||6||7||689
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Shimla]]
|60||60||60||50||60||170||420||'''430'''||160||30||10||20||1,530
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Srinagar]]
|74||71||91||'''94'''||61||36||58||61||38||31||10||33||658
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Leh]]
|12||9||12||6||7||4||16||'''20'''||12||7||3||8||116
|-
!All India
!17
!23
!30
!39
!61
!165
!280
!255
!167
!75
!30
!16
!1160
|}
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
{{Climate chart
|Bangalore
|16.1|27.9|1.9
|17.5|30.7|5.4
|20.0|33.1|18.5
|22.0|34.0|41.5
|21.7|33.3|107.4|20.4|29.6|106.5
|19.9|28.3|112.9|19.8|27.7|147.0
|19.8|28.6|212.8|19.6|28.2|168.3
|18.0|27.2|48.9|16.2|26.5|15.7
|12|22|1,683
|source=
|float=right
|clear=right
}}
|}

==Disasters==
{{Main|Natural disasters in India}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = India climatic disaster risk map en.svg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 = India climatic disasters risk map.
| caption1 = Disaster-prone regions in India, shaded by type.
| image2 = India wind zone map en.svg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 = India wind zone map. A map of India overlaid with zones of various shades of blue, each representing a region that experiences a similar level of windiness. The entire eastern littoral and the northern half of the country are shaded in relatively dark blues, signifying relatively windy prevailing conditions of between 30 and 50 metres per second. The darkest blue region is in the extreme north, beyond the Himalayas in Ladakh, on the Tibetan Plateau; there, sustained winds average over 50 metres per second. The inland central, south, and especially the southwestern portions are shaded in light blues: they are relatively windless, averaging less than 30 metres per second.
| caption2 = Map showing winds zones, shaded by distribution of average speeds of prevailing winds.
| footer =
}}

Climate-related natural disasters cause massive losses of Indian life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India{{Sfn|Balfour|2003|p=995}} and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat.

===Floods and landslides===
{{See also|Floods in India|2007 South Asian floods|2008 Indian floods|2013 North India floods|2015 South Indian floods|Brahmaputra floods}}
[[File:Indian Navy relief efforts during the 2015 floods in Chennai (04).jpg|thumb|right|Relief efforts by the Indian Navy in Chennai]]

In the Lower Himalayas, landslides are common. The young age of the region's hills result in [[lability|labile]] rock formations, which are susceptible to slippages. Short duration high intensity rainfall events typically trigger small scale landslides while long duration low intensity rainfall periods tend to trigger large scale catastrophic landslides.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dahal|first1=Ranjan Kumar|last2=Hasegawa|first2=Shuichi|date=2008-08-15|title=Representative rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya|journal=Geomorphology|volume=100|issue=3–4|pages=429–443|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.01.014|bibcode=2008Geomo.100..429D}}</ref> Rising population and development pressures, particularly from logging and tourism, cause deforestation. The result, denuded hillsides, exacerbates the severity of landslides, since tree cover impedes the downhill flow of water.{{Sfn|Allaby|2001|p=26}} Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low-intensity landslides. Avalanches occur in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops.{{Sfn|Allaby|1997|pp=15, 42}} Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain.{{Sfn|Goswami et al.|2006}}

===Tropical cyclones===
{{main|Tropical cyclones in India}}

[[File:Vardah 2016-12-12 Animation.gif|thumb|Vardah making landfall at the coast of Chennai, India.]][[File:Cyclone 05B 1999 India Bay of Bengal satellite image NOAA cropped.jpg|thumb|alt=Satellite view looking over the Bay of Bengal, deliminated by India to its west, Bangladesh to its north, and Indochina to its west. Various patches of substantial storm tracts define the southern margins of the shot, but a larger buzzsaw-shaped whorl of clouds sits above the northern Bay, just beginning to impact parts of Orissa, West Bengal and Bangladesh.|Satellite imagery of Cyclone 05B in the [[Bay of Bengal]].]]

[[Tropical cyclone]]s, which are severe storms spun off from the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]], may affect thousands of Indians living in coastal regions. [[Tropical cyclogenesis]] is particularly common in the northern reaches of the Indian Ocean in and around the Bay of Bengal. Cyclones bring with them heavy rains, [[storm surge]]s, and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies. In the North Indian Ocean Basin, the cyclone season runs from April to December, with peak activity between May and November.{{Sfn|AOML FAQ G1}} Each year, an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than {{Convert|63|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} form; of these, two strengthen into true tropical cyclones, which sustain gusts greater than {{Convert|117|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. On average, a major ([[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 3]] or higher) cyclone develops every other year.{{Sfn|AOML FAQ G1}}{{Sfn|AOML FAQ E10}}

During summer, the [[Bay of Bengal]] is subject to intense heating, giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that morph into cyclones. The [[1737 Calcutta Cyclone|1737 Calcutta cyclone]], the [[1970 Bhola cyclone]], and the [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]] rank among the [[list of wettest tropical cyclones by country#India|most powerful cyclones to strike India]], devastating the coasts of eastern India and neighbouring Bangladesh. Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in the exposed coastal states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. India's western coast, bordering the more placid Arabian Sea, experiences cyclones only rarely; these mainly strike Gujarat and Maharashtra, less frequently in Kerala.

The [[1999 Odisha cyclone]] was the most intense tropical cyclone in this basin and also the most powerful tropical cyclone to make landfall in India. With peak winds of {{Convert|260|km/h|0}}, it was the equivalent of a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 5 hurricane]].{{Sfn|Typhoon Warning Centre}} Almost two million people were left homeless;{{Sfn|BAPS|2005}}another 20 million people lives were disrupted by the cyclone.{{Sfn|BAPS|2005}} Officially, 9,803 people died from the storm;{{Sfn|Typhoon Warning Centre}} unofficial estimates place the death toll at over 10,000.{{Sfn|BAPS|2005}}

===Droughts===
{{Main|Drought in India}}

[[File:Niranjana dry river bed bihar india.jpg|thumb|alt=A daytime view of a desiccated, scappled expanse that wholly fills the fore- and middle ground and arcs away to the horizon at left. Of clouds in the sky there are none whatever. At extreme right in the middle distance, a thin bank of trees sits on a slightly higher level, reaching to the middle and rightward horizon; people and livestock mill about before them. Several pink buildings, perhaps a village, sit similarly elevated in front of the trees at middle-right, beyond the dominating dusty expanse.|The dry bed of the Niranjana River, Bihar.]]

Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water. In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoons results in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Western Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. In the past, droughts have periodically led to [[famine in India|major Indian famines]]. These include the [[Bengal famine of 1770]], in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in which over five million people died; the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died; and the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], in which over five million died from starvation and famine-related illnesses.{{Sfn|Nash|2002|pp=22–23}}{{Sfn|Collier|Webb|2002|p=67}}

All such episodes of severe drought correlate with [[El Niño-Southern Oscillation]] (ENSO) events.{{Sfn|Kumar et al.|2006}}{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=121}} El Niño-related droughts have also been implicated in periodic declines in Indian agricultural output.{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=259}} Nevertheless, ENSO events that have coincided with abnormally high sea surfaces temperatures in the Indian Ocean—in one instance during 1997 and 1998 by up to {{Convert|3|°C-change|°F-change|0}}—have resulted in increased oceanic evaporation, resulting in unusually wet weather across India. Such anomalies have occurred during a sustained warm spell that began in the 1990s.{{Sfn|Nash|2002|pp=258–259}} A contrasting phenomenon is that, instead of the usual high pressure air mass over the southern Indian Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic low pressure convergence centre forms; it then continually pulls dry air from Central Asia, desiccating India during what should have been the humid summer monsoon season. This reversed air flow causes India's droughts.{{Sfn|Caviedes|2001|p=117}} The extent that an ENSO event raises [[sea surface temperature]]s in the central Pacific Ocean influences the extent of drought.{{Sfn|Kumar et al.|2006}}

===Heat waves===
A study from 2005 concluded that heat waves significantly increased in frequency, persistence and spatial coverage in the decade 1991–2000, when compared to the period between 1971–80 and 1981–90. A severe heat wave in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] in 1998 resulted in nearly 1300 deaths. Based on observations, heat wave related mortality has increased in India prior to 2005.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf|title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years|journal=Ind. Geophys. Union|author=R.K.Dube and G.S.Prakasa Rao|year=2005|access-date=28 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529054649/http://igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[2015 Indian heat wave]] killed more than 2,500 people. In April 2024, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasted a heat wave spell lasting approximately ten to twenty days longer than normal length of four to eight days during the three-month period between April and June.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Rajendra |title=India braces for heat waves in Q2, impact seen on inflation, election |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-weather-office-forecasts-more-heat-wave-days-during-april-june-2024-04-01/ |access-date=2 April 2024 |date=1 April 2024}}</ref> In [[2024 Indian heat wave|June 2024]], day temperatures reached {{Convert|44.9|C|F}} in [[New Delhi]], which were at their highest in six years. Five people have been reported as dead due to this heatwave.<ref>{{cite news|title=India reports over 40,000 suspected heatstroke cases over summer|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/unrelenting-heatwave-kills-five-indian-capital-2024-06-19/|website=Reuters|first1=Shivam|last1=Patel|first2=Tora|last2=Agarwala|date=19 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India TV News |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2024-06-17 |title=Heatwave: Red alert in Delhi, Check IMD's predictions for upcoming days |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/severe-heatwave-alert-in-delhi-imd-advises-not-to-venture-out-unless-necessary-weather-news-latest-updates-2024-06-17-937290 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

==Extremes==

===Low temperatures===
India's lowest recorded temperature was {{Convert|-45.0|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} in [[Dras]], [[Ladakh]]. However, temperatures on [[Siachen Glacier]] near [[Bilafond La]] ({{Convert|5450|m|ft|0|disp=or}}) and [[Sia La]] ({{Convert|5589|m|ft|0|disp=or}}) have fallen below {{Convert|-55|°C|°F|0}},{{Sfn|McGirk|Adiga|2005}} while blizzards bring wind speeds in excess of {{Convert|250|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}},{{Sfn|Ali|2002}} or [[hurricane]]-force winds ranking at 12—the maximum—on the [[Beaufort scale]]. These conditions, not hostile actions, caused more than 97% of the roughly 15,000 casualties suffered among Indian and Pakistani soldiers during the [[Siachen conflict]].{{Sfn|McGirk|Adiga|2005}}{{Sfn|Ali|2002}}{{Sfn|Desmond|1989}}

===High temperatures===
The highest temperature ever recorded in India occurred on 16 May 2016 in [[Phalodi]], Rajasthan at {{Convert|51.0|°C|°F|0}}. A temperature of up to {{Convert|52.4|°C|°F|0}} has been recorded in Jaisalmer District on 2 May 2016 near the border of Pakistan but the standard conditions are yet to be verified.

===Rain===
[[File:Jogmonsoon.jpg|thumb|The highest plunge waterfall/ heavy rainfall in Karnataka a state of India]]

The average annual precipitation of {{Convert|11861|mm|in|0}} in the village of [[Mawsynram]], in the hilly northeastern state of Meghalaya, is the highest recorded in Asia, and possibly on Earth.{{Sfn|NCDC|2004}} The village, which sits at an elevation of {{Convert|1401|m|ft|0}}, benefits from its proximity to both the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. However, since the town of [[Cherrapunji]], {{Convert|5|km|mi|1}} to the east, is the nearest town to host a meteorological office—none has ever existed in Mawsynram—it is officially credited as being the world's wettest place.{{Sfn|BBC|Giles}} In recent years the Cherrapunji-Mawsynram region has averaged between {{Convert|9296|and|10820|mm|in|0}}{{Sfn|Wolpert|1999|p=4}} of rain annually, though Cherrapunji has had at least one period of daily rainfall that lasted almost two years.{{Sfn|Kushner|2006}} India's highest recorded one-day rainfall total occurred on 26 July 2005, when Mumbai received {{Convert|944|mm|in|0|abbr=on}};{{Sfn|BBC|2005}} [[Maharashtra floods of 2005|the massive flooding]] that resulted killed over 900 people.{{Sfn|The Hindu|2006}}{{Sfn|Vaswani|2006a}}

===Snow===
Remote regions of Jammu and Kashmir, such as the [[Pir Panjal Range]], experience exceptionally heavy snowfall. Kashmir's highest recorded monthly snowfall occurred in February 1967, when {{Convert|8.4|m|ft|1}} fell in [[Gulmarg]], though the IMD has recorded snowdrifts up to {{Convert|12|m|ft|1}} in several Kashmiri districts. In February 2005, more than 200 people died when, in four days, a western disturbance brought up to {{Convert|2|m|ft|1}} of snowfall to parts of the state.{{Sfn|GOI Ministry of Home Affairs|2005}}

==Climate change==

{{excerpt|Climate change in India|paragraphs=1,2|file=no}}

== Atmospheric pollution ==
{{main|Air pollution in India}}

[[File:Hazesmoke Gangeticbasin.jpg|thumb|alt=Satellite view of the northern portion of South Asia. The arc of a substantial range of mountains, the Himalayas, dips into the shot, then back up out of view. Immediately beneath, a large region of plains is hidden by a continuous cloud-like opaque mass that has collected along the southern margins of the mountains. It proceeds eastward, staying just south of the Himalayas, then bends due south to reach the Bay of Bengal. Two parts of the mass appear particularly dense, showing up as bright white blobs in the shot.|Clouds of thick haze and smoke may form over the Ganges river basin. This image was captured at 10:50 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 17 December 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Haze and smog across Northern India |url=https://lance.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/gallery/?2004352-1217/India.A2004352.0520 |website=NASA |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124001846/https://lance.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/gallery/?2004352-1217/India.A2004352.0520 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Thick haze and smoke originating from burning biomass in northwestern India{{Sfn|Badarinath et al.|2006}} and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India{{Sfn|Lau|2005}} often concentrate over the [[Ganges Basin]]. Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the sheer-faced Tibetan Plateau towards eastern India and the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Dust and [[black carbon]], which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern margins of the Himalayas, can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau. The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and [[convection|convect]] upwards, increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid-[[troposphere]] and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols.{{Sfn|Lau|2005}}

==See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|Environment|India}}}}
* [[Climatological normals of india]]
* [[Geography of India]]
* [[Borders of India]]
* [[Extreme points of India]]
* [[Exclusive economic zone of India]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[Outline of India]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=N}}
{{Clear}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|colwidth=22em}}

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* {{Citation |last=Mago |first=C. |publication-date=20 June 2005 |year=2005 |title=High Water, Heat Wave, Hope Floats |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}
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* {{Citation |last=Vaswani |first=K. |publication-date=27 July 2006 |year=2006 |title=Mumbai Remembers Last Year's Floods |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5219082.stm |access-date=1 October 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|Vaswani|2006b}} |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140116/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5219082.stm |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

'''Other'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
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* {{Citation |title=Country Guide: India |work=[[BBC Weather]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240 |access-date=23 March 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|BBC Weather|B}} |archive-date=25 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525125046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation |title=Soil and Climate of Bihar |publisher=Government of Bihar |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/profile/climate.htm |access-date=13 September 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|Government of Bihar}} |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928224117/http://gov.bih.nic.in/profile/climate.htm |url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation |date=28 February 2005 |title=Snow Fall and Avalanches in Jammu and Kashmir |work=National Disaster Management Division |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, [[Government of India]] |url=http://mha.nic.in/press-release/pr240205.pdf |access-date=24 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042024/http://mha.nic.in/press-release/pr240205.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|GOI Ministry of Home Affairs|2005}}}}
* {{Citation |date=5 July 2006 |title=Rain Brings Mumbai to a Halt, Rescue Teams Deployed |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/05/stories/2006070505741300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707000545/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/05/stories/2006070505741300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2006 |access-date=1 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |ref={{Sfnref|The Hindu|2006}}}}
* {{Citation |title=Southwest Monsoon: Normal Dates of Onset |publisher=India Meteorological Department |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/monsoon-onset.htm |access-date=1 October 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|India Meteorological Department|A}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927001346/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/monsoon-onset.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011}}
* {{Citation |title=Rainfall during pre-monsoon season |work=India Meteorological Department |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/TABLE-1.htm |access-date=26 March 2007 |ref={{Sfnref|India Meteorological Department|B}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219082845/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/TABLE-1.htm |archive-date=19 December 2006}}
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* {{Citation |publication-date=9 August 2004 |year=2004 |title=Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation |publisher=National Climatic Data Centre |url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |access-date=1 October 2011 |ref={{Sfnref|NCDC|2004}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002074300/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |archive-date=2 October 2011}}
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{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last1=Toman |first1=M. A. |last2=Chakravorty |first2=U. |last3=Gupta |first3=S. |publication-date=1 June 2003 |year=2003 |title=India and Global Climate Change: Perspectives on Economics and Policy from a Developing Country |publisher=Resources for the Future Press |isbn=978-1-891853-61-6}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==

{{Refbegin}}
'''General overview'''
* {{Citation |title=Country Guide: India |work=[[BBC Weather]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240 |access-date=24 March 2007 |archive-date=25 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525125046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240 |url-status=dead}}
'''Maps, imagery, and statistics'''
* {{Citation |title=India Meteorological Department |work=[[Government of India]] |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/ |access-date=2 September 2006 |archive-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104130804/http://www.imd.gov.in/ |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |title=Weather Resource System for India |work=[[National Informatics Centre]] |url=http://www.weather.nic.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429135833/http://www.weather.nic.in/ |archive-date=29 April 2007}}
* {{Citation |title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years |work=[[Indian Geophysical Union]] |url=http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}
'''Forecasts'''
* {{Citation |title=India: Current Weather Conditions |work=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/weather/IN_cc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425135805/http://weather.noaa.gov/weather/IN_cc.html |archive-date=25 April 2007}}
{{Refend}}

----
{{Climate of India by state or territory}}
{{Navboxes|title=Articles related to Climate of India
|list=
{{Asia topic|Climate of}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Life in India}}
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{{Subject bar|b=y|commons=y|n=y|q=y|s=y|v=y}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Climate of India}}
[[Category:Climate of India| ]]
[[Category:Climate by country|India]]

Indermit Gill

2026-05-01T14:46:42Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{Short description|Indian-American economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Indermit Gill
| office = [[Chief Economist of the World Bank]]
| president = [[David Malpass]] [[Ajay Banga]]
| term_start = 1 September 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Carmen Reinhart]]
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Delhi University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[University of Chicago]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
}}
'''Indermit Gill''' is an [[Americans|American]] [[economist]] who has worked on economic growth, poverty, institutions, conflict, and climate change.
He is the [[World Bank Group]]'s Chief Economist and also their Senior Vice President for Development Economics. He has previously worked at [[Duke University]], the [[Brookings Institution]], [[Georgetown University]] and the University of Chicago.

== Education ==
He completed his B.A. in economics from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] in 1981, and M.A. in economics from [[Delhi School of Economics]] in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/indermit_gill_cv_2019_web.pdf|title=Indermit Singh Gill CV 2019}}</ref> His Ph.D. was awarded by the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/who-we-are/leadership/indermit-gill|title=Indermit Gill|website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
* Gill, I. S., & Kharas, H. (2015). The middle-income trap turns ten. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7403).
* Gill, I. S., Kharas, H. J., & Bhattasali, D. (2007). An East Asian renaissance: Ideas for economic growth. World Bank Publications.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Carmen Reinhart]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Economist of the World Bank]]|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Indermit}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]

{{India-economist-stub}}

Greater Mumbai Police

2026-04-23T19:57:27Z

LucileBrownbill: Put up initial article from scratch

{{short description|Indian police department}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Greater Mumbai Police
| nativename = Brihanmumbaī Polīs
| nativenamea = बृहन्मुंबई पोलीस
| abbreviation = मुं.पो. (M. P.)
| fictional =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = Mumbai Police logo.png
| logocaption = Current badge of the Greater Mumbai Police
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto = "To protect good and to destroy the evil"
| formedyear = {{start date and age|1864|12|14|df=yes}}
| formedmon =
| country = India
| countryabbr = IN
| divtype = State
| divname = Maharashtra
| subdivtype = City
| subdivname = Mumbai
| subdivdab =
| map = Mumbaicitydistricts.png
| mapcaption = Greater Mumbai Police operational area
| sizearea = {{convert|603.4|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| sizepopulation = 13,662,885
| governingbody = Government of Maharashtra
| legaljuris = [[Mumbai]] City and [[Mumbai Suburban District]], [[Maharashtra|MH]], [[India|IN]]
| police = yes
| local = yes
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Mumbai Police Headquarters, Fort District, Mumbai, India
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocmapwidth =
| hqlocmapheight =
| hqlocmapborder =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype = Police officer
| sworn = 50676
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| minister1name = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| minister1pfo = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Maharashtra)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| chief1name = <ref>Deven Bharti appointed Commissioner of Mumbai Police https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/deven-bharti-1994-batch-ips-officer-appointed-mumbai-police-commissioner-101745994482567.html</ref>
[[Deven Bharti]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Commissioner of Police]]
| parentagency = [[Maharashtra Police]]
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| stationtype =
| stations = 94 (Police Stations) 102 (Traffic Police Stations)
| lockuptype =
| lockups =
| vehicle1type = Patrol vehicles
| vehicles1 = 3,500
| boat1type = Speedboats
| boats1 = 32
| aircraft1type = Helicopters
| aircraft1 = 5
| animal1type = Dogs
| animals1 = 52
| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =
| programme1 =
| activity1name =
| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =
| award1 =
| website = {{URL|https://mumbaipolice.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}
The '''Greater Mumbai Police''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: बृहन्मुंबई पोलीस, [[IAST]]: ''Brihanmumbaī Pulīs'', formerly ''Bombay City Police'') is the [[Police|police department]] of the city of [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is a city police commissionerate under the [[Maharashtra Police]] and has the primary responsibilities of law enforcement in the city of [[Mumbai]]. The force's motto is ''{{IAST|Sadrakṣaṇāya Khalanigrahaṇāya}}'' ({{langx|sa|सद्रक्षणाय खलनिग्रहणाय}}, English: "To protect Good and to destroy Evil").<ref>{{cite news|title=Say hello to the crorepati police constable from Thane|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/say-hello-to-the-crorepati-police-constable-from-thane/15953151|access-date=31 January 2015|issue=Mid-day.com|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

It is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP), an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]]. The force is divided into 12 police districts, called zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP), further subdivided into 94 police stations.

== History ==

=== Early history ===

From 1534 until 1661, [[Mumbai]] (then known as Bombay) was [[History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)|under Portuguese colonial rule]]. The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese authorities]] in Mumbai established a [[police station]] in 1661, the same year it was transferred to the [[English overseas possessions|English colonial empire]].<ref name="History">[http://www.mumbaipolice.org/aboutus/history.htm Mumbai Police – History] at the [http://www.mumbaipolice.org/ Mumbai Police Website]</ref> Now being governed by the [[East India Company]], the new [[Company rule in India|city administration]] established a [[militia]] known as the [[Bhandari Militia]] (which consisted of approximately 600 [[Bhandari (caste)|Bandareen]] men supplied by 100 local landowners) in 1669 to combat [[Gang#Street gang|street gangs]] that targeted sailors. This new force, which was organised by [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|governor of Bombay]] [[Gerald Aungier]], was headquartered at [[Mahim]], [[Sewri|Sevree]] and [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] (with a [[subedar]] stationed in each headquarter) and used primarily for [[law enforcement]] purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/law.html |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers – Greater Bombay District |publisher=Maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=2010-09-01}}</ref> In 1672, the city administration implemented a policy of having all law enforcement decisions to be subject to [[judicial review]] by the [[Judiciary of India|judiciary]], though the East India Company suffered from a lack of trained judges during the first decades of their control over Mumbai.<ref>Edwardes (1923), p 19</ref> The situation remained unchanged for decades.<ref name="TIFR History">[http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/amenities/orgs/police.html Mumbai Police Force] History on [[TIFR]] website.</ref> By 1682, law enforcement in Mumbai remained stagnant, and there was only one [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]], two [[corporal]]s and three [[sergeant]]s in the Bhandari Militia.<ref name="History" /><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DY6FEMoIeqsC&q=Bhandari+Militia&pg=PA20 | title=Criminal Justice India Series, Vol. 4 (HB) | publisher=Allied Publishers | pages=20–21 | isbn=8177643657 |accessdate=2 May 2013}}</ref>

=== Creation and early days ===
On 29 March 1780, the office of the Lieutenant of Police was dissolved and the office of Deputy of Police was created. James Tod, the then Lieutenant of Police was appointed as the first Deputy of Police on 5 April 1780. He was tried and dismissed for corruption in 1790. Subsequently, the designation was changed to "Deputy of Police and High Constable".<ref name="History" />

In 1793, Act XXXIII, Geo. III was promulgated. The post of Deputy of Police was abolished and a post of '''Superintendent of Police''' was created in its place, with a ''Deputy of Superintendent of Police'' assisting him. Mr. Simon Halliday was the first Superintendent of Police, and governed till 1808. During this time, a thorough revision and re-arrangement of policing in the area outside the Fort was carried out. The troublesome area known as "Dungree and the Woods" was split up into 14 Police divisions, each division being staffed by two English constables and a varying number of Peons (not exceeding 130 for the whole area), who were to be stationary in their respective charges and responsible for dealing with all illegal acts committed within their limits.<ref name="History" />

=== Post-1857 ===
[[File:Bombay Police (9777521376) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|A photograph of four members of the Bombay Police {{circa|1855–1862}}]]
[[File:Bombay Policeman.jpg|thumb|right|A member of the Bombay Police photographed during the 19th century]]

Following the establishment of [[British Raj|Crown rule in India]] after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], in 1864 [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioners of Police]] were assigned to the three [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|presidency towns]] of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. On 14 December 1864, [[Frank Souter|Sir Frank Souter]] was appointed as the first [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Police Commissioner of Bombay]]; in the same year, Khan Bahadur Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Imam became the first Indian to be appointed to a senior rank in the Bombay Police, while Souter remained in office for 24 years until 3 July 1888.<ref name="TIFR History" /> In 1896, the Police Commissioner of Bombay's office was moved to an [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic building]], which it still occupies to this day. The building has been designated as a protected heritage site by the [[Government of India|Indian government]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

=== After 1947 ===
After independence, many changes to the Bombay Police were instituted. On 15 August 1947, J.S. Bharucha became the first Indian head of the Bombay Police, taking over from the last British Commissioner, Mr. A.E. Caffin.<ref name="History" /> A dog squad was set up in 1965. Computers were first used by the Bombay police in 1976. A Narcotics Cell and an anti-terrorist special operations squad were created in 1989.

The service was renamed to Mumbai Police in 1995, following [[Renaming of cities in India|the renaming of Bombay to Mumbai]]. In 1995, the control room was computerised, and finally, in 1997, the Mumbai Police went online.<ref name="TIFR History" />

In 2002, the airport police section handed over security to the [[CISF]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/cisf-to-take-over-airport-security-in-mumbai/articleshow/14859895.cms | title=CISF to take over airport security in Mumbai | newspaper=The Times of India | date=3 July 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/cisf-to-take-over-security-at-airports/articleshow/19092161.cms | title=CISF to take over security at airports | newspaper=The Times of India | date=14 August 2002 }}</ref>

A massive modernization of the Mumbai Police took place in 2005. New vehicles, guns and electronic equipment were procured for police use. The Tourist Squad was also created to patrol the beaches of Mumbai. On 30 May 2009 the Maharashtra government in Mumbai set up a police station dedicated to tackling cyber crime. It is the third such facility in India after Bangalore and Hyderabad. The dedicated police station will now register first information reports (FIRs) on its own and investigate offences pertaining to cyberspace. It is not clear how people abroad may report to Mumbai Cybercell. The police station will take care of all cyber cases in the city including that of terror e-mails.
The existing Cyber Crime Investigation Cell of the city police probes cyber offences, but the FIRs are registered in local police stations depending on the site of the offence.
A specially trained team of over 25 policemen, headed by an Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP), were selected for the new job.
The facility will function under the supervision of Deputy Commissioner of Police (Preventive) and Joint Commissioner of Police (Crime).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/cyber_crime_police_station_in_mumbai.php |title=Cyber crime police station in Mumbai |publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=2010-09-01}}</ref>

Following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai]], a [[SWAT]] like unit was created to combat terrorism. Named as [[Force One (police)|Force One]], the unit has been trained in the use of sophisticated arms and explosives, and the personnel are known for their rapid shooting skills. While the [[National Security Guard]] has a regional hub in [[Mumbai]], Force One is expected to be part of the initial response to a terror strike in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=First batch of Force One commando out on job in Maharashtra |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-15/india/28094553_1_first-batch-force-one-intelligence-cadre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-15/india/28094553_1_first-batch-force-one-intelligence-cadre |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |date=15 November 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A smart anti-terror force for Mumbai now |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/25/stories/2009112561591800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128100834/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/25/stories/2009112561591800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2009 |date=25 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maha's elite counter terror unit Force One becomes operational |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/maha%5Cs-elite-counter-terror-unit-force-one-becomes-operational/377563/ |date= 25 November 2009|work=[[Business Standard]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Headquarters==
[[File:Mumbai Police Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Mumbai Police Headquarters, opposite [[Crawford Market]].]]

The Mumbai Police Headquarters are in a [[Heritage structures in Mumbai|Grade II-A listed heritage building]] that was built in 1894 and designed by John Adams, who also designed the [[Royal Bombay Yacht Club]]. It is located opposite [[Crawford Market]] in South Mumbai, a mile away from the [[Victoria Terminus]]. The construction work started on 17 November 1894 and finished two years later on 24 December 1896. The building was formally opened on 1 January 1897.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/ht-exclusive-iconic-mumbai-police-commissioner-s-building-to-undergo-major-repairs/story-aZnbgPwca83xpbXxG23mML.html|title=HT Exclusive: Iconic Mumbai police commissioner's building to undergo major repairs|date=6 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The architectural style of the building is [[Gothic Revival]]. In contrast to the [[Maharashtra Police Headquarters]] in Fort, which uses blue [[basalt]] and was built some two decades earlier, this building uses yellow basalt.<ref name="auto"/> The building underwent a major restoration in 2017 for the first time in its 120-year history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mumbai-polices-over-100-yr-old-office-set-for-a-facelift/articleshow/61391748.cms?from=mdr|title=Mumbai Police's over 100-yr-old office set for a facelift|date=1 November 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> In 2018, it was announced that a police museum funded by [[Tata Trusts]] would open in the building.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/tata-trusts-to-set-up-states-1st-police-museum-in-mumbai/articleshow/64116705.cms|title=Tata Trusts to set up Maharashtra's 1st police museum in Mumbai | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 May 2018 }}</ref> Since then, there have been no further developments.

== Organisation ==
The Mumbai Police Department is headed by a [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Police Commissioner]], who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state home department through [[Maharashtra Police]]. The city is divided into Twelve police zones and Twenty Five [[Mumbai traffic police|traffic police]] zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mumbaipolice.org/ |title=MUMBAI POLICE: CUSTODIANS OF YOUR TRUST |access-date=2008-01-27 |publisher=Mumbai Police}}</ref>

The department holds several programs for the welfare of its officials including Retirement Planning Workshop.

=== Geographical division ===
Mumbai police is broadly divided into five regions namely Central, North, South, East and West. For administrative purposes, each region is subdivided into 3 to 4 zones.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://mumbaipolice.gov.in/Police_map |access-date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Mumbai Police}}</ref> Each zone contains 3 to 4 police stations. Each zone is commanded by a Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP). Apart from the 12 zones, there is also an additional [[Port]] zone. Police stations under the Port zone keep vigil on the Mumbai Port and container terminals in Mumbai. There are a total of 91 police stations in the jurisdiction of Mumbai Police. Every police station has a Police Inspector who is the in-charge officer of the station.

=== Subunits ===

Mumbai Police is divided into the following units:
* Local Police
* Special Unit Service
* Crime Branch
* {{vanchor|Cyber Crime Investigation Cell}} or Cyber Cell <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cybercellmumbai.com/ |title=Indian Cyber Crime Investigation Cell Official Website |publisher=Cybercellmumbai.com |access-date=2013-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530173921/http://cybercellmumbai.com/ |archive-date=2013-05-30 }}</ref> is a wing of Mumbai Police, India, to deal with [[computer crime]]s, and to enforce provisions of India's [[information technology law]], namely, the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]], and various cyber crime related provisions of criminal laws, including the [[Indian Penal Code]], and the Companies Act of India subsection on IT-Sector responsibilities of corporate measures to protect cybersecurity. Cyber Crime Investigation Cell is a part of Crime Branch, Criminal Investigation Department of the Mumbai Police.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyber Crime Investigation Cell, Mumbai|url=http://cybercellmumbai.gov.in/|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516114851/http://cybercellmumbai.gov.in/|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Commando Force
* Detection Unit ([[Mumbai Encounter Squad]])
* [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti Terrorist Squad]]
* [[Mumbai Traffic Police]]
* Administration
* Social Service Cell
* Narcotics Cell
* Wireless Cell
* Local Armed Police
* Anti-Extortion Cell
* Modus Operandi Bureau
* Missing Persons Bureau
* [[Special Branch]]
* Intelligence Unit
* Protection & Security
* Riot Control Police
* Economic Offenses Wing
* Juvenile AID Protection Unit
* Quick Response Team
* [[Force One (Mumbai Police)|Force One]]

Each of these units have a Chief of the rank of Joint Commissioner of Police.

=== Hierarchy ===

*Commissioner of Police (CP) (DGP/ADGP Rank)
*Special Commissioner of Police (Spl.CP) (ADGP Rank)
*Additional
Commissioner of Police (Addl.CP) (IG Rank)
*Joint Commissioner of Police (Jt.CP) (DIG Rank)
*Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) (SP/Addl.SP Rank)
*Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) (ASP/DSP Rank)
*Police Inspector/Senior Police Inspector (PI)
*Assistant Police Inspector (API)
*Police Sub-Inspector (PSI)
*Assistant Sub Inspector of Police (ASI)
*Head Constable (HC)
*Police Naik (PN)
*Police Constable (PC)

==Insignia of Mumbai Police (City Police)==
;Gazetted Officers
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|+ '''Higher officials in Mumbai Police''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaipolice.maharashtra.gov.in/Senior%20Officers.pdf|title=Senior Officers List|website=Mumbai Police|access-date=June 5, 2025}}</ref>
|- align=center
| '''Insignia'''
| [[File:Director General of Police.png|60px]]
| [[File:Director General of Police.png|60px]]
| [[File:Insignia of Inspector General of Police in India- 2013-10-02 16-14.png|60px]]
| [[File:Deputy Inspector General of Police.png|60px]]
| [[File:Senior Superintendent of Police.png|60px]]
| [[File:ASP IPS.png|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| '''Post/Designation'''
| [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Commissioner of Police]]
| [[Special Commissioner of Police]]
| [[Joint Commissioner of Police]]
| [[Additional Commissioner of Police]]
| [[Deputy Commissioner of Police]]
| [[Assistant Commissioner of Police]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| '''Abbreviation'''
| CP
| Spl. CP
| Jt. CP
| Addl. CP
| DCP
| ACP
|- style="text-align:center;"
| '''Rank'''
| [[Director general of police|DG]] / [[Additional director general of police|ADG]]
| [[Additional director general of police|ADG]]
| [[Inspector General of Police#India|IGP]]
| [[Deputy inspector general of police#India|DIG]]
| [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] / [[Additional superintendent of police|Addl. SP]]
| [[Deputy superintendent of police|DySP]] / [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|Asst. SP]]
|-
| colspan="7"|
*{{smaller|These ranks are typically held by officers of the [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] cadre, though some may be occupied by senior state police service officers.}}
*{{smaller|The Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) holds three types of insignia: two stars and state emblem for Selection Grade SP rank; one star and state emblem for SP rank; and state emblem only for Additional SP rank.}}
|}
|}

{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|+ '''Subordinate officers rank insignia''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mahapolice.gov.in/jsp/temp/html/policerank.pdf|title=Police Ranks|website=[[Maharashtra Police]]|access-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odishapolice.gov.in/?q=node/199|title=Police Ranks and Badges|website=[[Odisha Police]]|access-date=August 15, 2017}}</ref>
|- align=center
| '''Insignia'''
| [[File:Inspector.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Assistant Inspector.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Sub-Inspector.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Assistant Sub-Inspector.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Head Constable.png|50px]][[File:Police Head Constable.png|50px]]
| [[File:Police Naik.png|50px]][[File:Senior Police Constable.png|50px]]
| '''''No insignia'''''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| '''Rank'''
| [[Inspector#India|Police Inspector]]{{efn|One-star rank insignia only used in the [[West Bengal Police]]. All other police forces use the three-star with red and blue band rank insignia.}}
| Assistant inspector{{efn|This rank exists only in the [[Maharashtra Police]].}}
| [[Sub-inspector#India|Sub-inspector]]
| [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|Assistant sub-inspector]]
| [[Head constable#India|Head constable]]{{efn|Shoulder insignia rank only used in the [[Maharashtra Police]].}}
| [[Senior Constable]]{{efn|This rank is also known as senior constable, constable grade-I, and exists only in some state police forces.}}
| [[Constable#India|Police constable]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| '''Abbreviation'''
| PI
| API
| PSI
| ASI
| HC
| PN
| PC
|-
| colspan="8"|
*Ranks and Insignia same as [[Maharashtra State Police]].
|}

=== Hierarchy ===
{{Main|Police ranks and insignia of India}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Hierarchy structure of the Mumbai Police<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaipolice.maharashtra.gov.in/Senior%20Officers.pdf|title=Senior Officers List|website=Mumbai Police|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
! Post/Designation
! Abbreviation
! Rank
! Strength
|-
| [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Commissioner of Police]] || CP
|[[Director general of police|DG]]/[[Additional director general of police|ADG]]|| 1
|-
| [[Special Commissioner of Police]] || Spl. CP
|[[Additional director general of police|ADG]]|| 1
|-
| [[Joint Commissioner of Police]] || Jt.CP
| [[Inspector General of Police#India|IGP]]|| 5
|-
| Additional Commissioner of Police || Addl. CP
| [[Deputy inspector general of police#India|DIG]]|| 11
|-
| Deputy Commissioner of Police || DCP
| [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]]/[[Additional superintendent of police|Addl.SP]]|| 41
|-
| [[Assistant Commissioner of Police]] || ACP
| [[Deputy superintendent of police|DySP]]/[[Assistant Superintendent of Police|Asst.SP]]|| 124
|-
| [[Police Inspector]] || PI
| -|| 977
|-
| [[Assistant Police Inspector]] || API
| -|| 756
|-
| [[Sub-Inspector|Police Sub Inspector]] || PSI
| -|| 2850
|-
| Assistant Sub Inspector || ASI
| -|| 3329
|-
| [[Head Constable]] || HC
| -|| 8146
|-
| [[Senior Police Constable|Police Naik]]|| PN
| -|| 60100
|-
| [[Police Constable]] || PC
| -|| 118666
|}

== Recruitment ==
Those who join the police department through the '''subordinate services examination''' of the [[Maharashtra Public Service Commission]] enter the force at the lowest ranks of the force. Their starting rank is that of a Police constable. Those who join the police force through the '''combined competitive examination''' of the [[Maharashtra Public Service Commission]] holds a starting rank of [[Sub Inspector]] or [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] of '''Maharashtra Police Service'''. Civil Servants who join the police force through the [[Civil Services Examination (India)|civil service examination]] conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] holds a starting rank of [[Assistant superintendent of police|Assistant Superintendent of Police]] of [[Indian Police Service]] cadre. Generally the [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officers make it to the highest rank of Director General. The Commissioner of Police of Mumbai, an IPS officer is one of the rank of [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]].

== High-profile cases ==

=== 2008 Mumbai attacks ===
{{Main|2008 Mumbai attacks}}

[[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti-Terrorism Squad]] Chief [[Hemant Karkare]], Additional Commissioner of Police [[Ashok Kamte]] and [[Encounter specialist]] Vijay Salaskar were among the policemen who fell to the bullets of the terrorists. Then Joint Commissioner of Mumbai Crime Branch Mr. Rakesh Maria under the leadership of Police Commissioner [[Hasan Gafoor]] tackled the abrupt attack by his superb skills.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Mr. Ramesh Mahale, then an officer with crime branch investigated the case and brought the lone arrested militant [[Ajmal Kasab]] to justice. Police Commissioner Hasan Gafoor was shunted out of his office.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gaikwad|first=Shailesh|title=26/11 probe fallout: Top cop Gafoor transferred|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/26-11-probe-fallout-top-cop-gafoor-transferred/article1-421133.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313015538/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/26-11-probe-fallout-top-cop-gafoor-transferred/article1-421133.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2014|access-date=9 February 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=9 February 2014}}</ref> Mahale resigned recently over a murder case investigation which he was leading.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Ahmed S|title=26/11 terror attack case: Chief investigating officer Ramesh Mahale resigns|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/26/11-terror-attack-case-Chief-investigating-officer-Ramesh-Mahale-resigns/articleshow/20236303.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140209054854/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/mumbai/39501139_1_notice-period-ramesh-mahale-terror-attack-case|url-status=live|archive-date=9 February 2014|access-date=9 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 February 2014}}</ref>
In the following year, as a response to these attacks, a specialised counter-terrorism unit, [[Force One (Mumbai Police)|Force One]] was formed and commissioned on 24 November 2009, two days before the anniversary of the [[26/11]] terror attacks. A Committee was appointed to look into the failures of cops pertaining to the terror attack. The [[Ram Pradhan Committee]], as it came to be known, furnished a report recommending a series of improvements & reforms. The State Government of Maharashtra however never had this report tabled in the legislature fearing a fallout over strictures passed in the report. A Public Interest Litigation has been filed by social activist Ketan Tirodkar to demand equal justice for all the police who were killed in the terror attack; especially for the members of the Bomb Disposal Squad of Mumbai Police. During the hearing of the petition, the Government informed the High Court that the Federal Government of India has rejected the proposal to award the Bomb Disposal Squad of the city police for their contribution in defusing grenades in the terror attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bombay-high-court-admits-pil-seeking-bravery-awards-for-officers-during-26/11/articleshow/41807814.cms?from=mdr|title= Bombay High Court admits PIL seeking bravery awards for officers during 26/11|date=5 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/challenge-refusal-of-gallantry-awards-to-mumbai-cops-hc-tells-petitioner_1529575.html|title= Bombay High Court admits PIL seeking bravery awards for officers during 26/11|date=5 September 2014 }}</ref>

===Sheena Bora murder case===

{{Main|Sheena Bora murder case}}

Sheena Bora, an executive working for [[Mumbai Metro|Metro One]] based in Mumbai, went missing on 24 April 2012. In August 2015, the Mumbai Police had received a tip-off from an unknown man claiming that Sheena Bora had been murdered. After they got in touch with their Counterparts in Pune, they arrested her mother, [[Indrani Mukerjea]], her stepfather Sanjeev Khanna, and her mother's chauffeur, Shyamvar Pinturam Rai, for allegedly abducting and killing her and subsequently burning her corpse. They also arrested Indrani's husband, [[Peter Mukerjea]] in connection with the case. Rai has now been allowed to turn approver in the case after he was pardoned by the Bandra Magistrate Court in Mumbai. As of May 2017, Indrani, Peter, and Sanjeev have been lodged in Byculla Women's Prison and [[Arthur Road Jail]] in Mumbai, respectively.

===Shakti Mills Gang Rape===

{{Main|Shakti Mills gang rape}}

In August 2013, several men, including juveniles, were arrested by the Mumbai Police for the gang-rape of a photo journalist and a call center telephone operator.<ref name="intodaymill">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mumbai-shakti-mill-gangrape-cases-verdict-185507-2014-03-20 |title=Mumbai court holds five guilty in two Shakti Mills gangrape cases |magazine=India Today |date=20 March 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mumbai-gang-rape-accused-says-gang-has-done-it-before/articleshow/22056571.cms |title=Mumbai gang rape accused says gang has done it before |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 August 2013 |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref> While they were praised for the swift action in catching the culprits, the department faced scrutiny for making the telephone operator go through the [[Virginity test|two-finger test.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-cops-conduct-crude-degrading-fingertest-on-rape-victim/1180155/ |title=Mumbai cops conduct 'crude, degrading' finger-test on rape victim – Indian Express |newspaper=Indian Express |date=9 October 2013 |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref> The culprits were charged under sections 376(d) for gang rape, [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|377 for unnatural offence]], 120(b) for criminal conspiracy, sections 342 and 343 for wrongful restraint, section 506(2) for criminal intimidation and 34 for common intention and 201 for destruction of evidence under the [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref name="TOI2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1902416/report-mumbai-gang-rape-charges-framed-against-4-accused |title=Mumbai gang-rape: Charges framed against 4 accused |publisher=DNA |date= 12 October 2013|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref> While the juveniles were sentenced to 3 years in a reform home by the [[Juvenile Justice Board]], 3 of the adult culprits were given a death sentence for repeat offence.<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-shakti-mills-gang-rape-case-3-repeat-offenders-get-death-life-term-for-1/article1-1204174.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405053825/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-shakti-mills-gang-rape-case-3-repeat-offenders-get-death-life-term-for-1/article1-1204174.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 April 2014 |title=Shakti Mills gang-rape: 3 get death, another gets life |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=4 April 2014 |accessdate=8 April 2014}}</ref> The death penalty was eventually commuted to life imprisonment without parole or remission in November 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shakti Mills Gangrape Case: Bombay HC Commutes Death Penalty of 3 Convicts |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-shakti-mills-gangrape-case-bombay-hc-commutes-death-penalty-of-3-convicts/402492 |website=Outlook |date=25 November 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Equipment ==
Much of the equipment for the Mumbai Police are manufactured indigenously by the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]] controlled by the [[Ordnance Factories Board]], Ministry of Defence, Government of India.

===Weapons===
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" border="0"
! width="25%" |Name
! width="25%" |Country of origin
! width="25%" |Type
!Notes
|-
|[[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]]
|{{Flag|India}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Semi-automatic pistol]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Glock|Glock 17]]
|{{Flag|Austria}}
|-
|[[Smith & Wesson M&P]]
|{{Flag|United States}}
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MP5]]
|{{Flag|Germany}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Submachine gun]]
|<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite web |date=2008-12-27 |title=No consensus on security plan even a month after Mumbai attacks |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=344449 |access-date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Business-standard.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Joint Venture Protective Carbine]]
|{{Flag|India}}
|
|-
|[[Lee Enfield SMLE#Short Magazine Lee-Enfield Mk III|Lee Enfield SMLE]]
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| rowspan="7" |[[Rifle/Sniper]]
|
|-
|[[Ishapore 2A1]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|India}}
|
|-
|[[INSAS rifle]]
|
|-
|[[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|L1A1 SLR]]
|{{Flag|Belgium}}
|
|-
|[[AK-47]]
|{{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2009-12-24 |title=On 26/11, cops had 247 AK-47s, but they stayed under lock & key – Mumbai – DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_on-26-11-cops-had-247-ak-47s-but-they-stayed-under-lock-and-key_1326945 |access-date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Dnaindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[M4 carbine]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
|[[M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle|M107 Barrett]]
|
|}

===Detail List of Mumbai police's Vehicles===

[[File:MumbaiPoliceSpeedBoat.JPG|thumb|Mumbai Police Speedboat]]
[[File:Mumbai Police Mahindra Bolero Patrol Car.jpg|thumb|[[Mahindra Bolero]] in Mumbai Police service]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ C.P.Pool Mumbai Vehicle Fleet<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mahapolice.gov.in/ |title=Official website|access-date=2010-09-01}}</ref>
|-
! Vehicle Category !! Total Vehicle Fleet
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| Special Purpose Vehicle || 50
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| Transportation Vehicles ( Squad cars ) || 210
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| Patrol Vehicles|| 280
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| Station Vehicles ||960
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| Response Vehicles ||160
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| Motor Cycles ||1405
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| Police Helicopters
|| 5
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| Total || 3070
|}

72 speed boats have been also ordered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/72-speedboats-bought-after-26/11-attacks-lie-unused-in-coastal-police-stations/articleshow/44818639.cms|title=72 speedboats bought after 26/11 attacks lie unused in coastal police stations|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

===Uniform===

[[Peaked cap]]s are worn with an orange band and crown that is less stiff such that it drops downwards. A khaki short sleeve shirt and long pants are worn by most members. The patch of the police force is visible, on the left arm.

== Mumbai police in popular culture ==
Because [[Bollywood]], India's Hindi language film industry, is primarily based in Mumbai, the Mumbai police has been frequently portrayed in films. Some of the prominent ones are listed below:

* ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Aan: Men at Work]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' (2007)
* ''[[A Wednesday]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' (2008)
*''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Department (film)|Department]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Talaash (2012 film)|Talaash]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'' (2013)
* ''[[The Attacks of 26/11]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan 2]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Simmba]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Mumbai Saga]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Singham Again]]'' (2024)
Most of these films are based on the operational groups most commonly known as Encounter Squads. Officers like [[Pradeep Sharma]], Vijay Salaskar, Praful Bhosale, Ravindra Angre etc. have previously headed these squads. Junior officers Hemant Desai, Ashok Khot, Sachin Waze, Daya Nayak, Uttam Bhosale etc. assisted them.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

The popular television show [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]] starring [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Dayanand Shetty]], [[Aditya Srivastava]], [[Dinesh Phadnis]] and produced by [[B. P. Singh]], which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony Channel]], has been based on the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]] of Mumbai Police. The show was aired from 21 January 1998(pilot episode aired on 29 April 1997), until it concluded on 27 October 2018, and the show has consistently had top ratings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Just What Makes CID So Popular?|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-what-makes-cid-so-popular-tv/20120320.htm|access-date=20 March 2012|newspaper=Rediff|author=Rahul Hegde|archive-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323000735/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-what-makes-cid-so-popular-tv/20120320.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> CID also had been featured in the [[Guinness World Records]] for having an episode of 111 minutes shot in October 2004 without a single cut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/when-cid-created-world-record-with-111-minute-single-shot-episode-was-aired-without-break-on-tuesday-trivia-2322808-2023-01-17|title=When CID created world record with 111-minute single-shot episode, was aired without break|website=India Today|access-date=12 February 2023|date=17 January 2023}}</ref> The second season of the show featuring the same cast(except Phadnis), returned to be telecasted starting from 21 December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sominder |first1=Aadrika |date=25 October 2024 |title=Crime show CID returns with original cast after 6 years: Fans say 'itni khushi mujhe aaj tak nahi hui' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/crime-show-cid-returns-with-original-cast-after-6-years-fans-say-itni-khushi-mujhe-aaj-tak-nahi-hui-101729844055100.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref>

== Honours ==
The [[Ashok Chakra]], India's highest civilian honour during peace time, was conferred posthumously upon two Mumbai Police officers – [[Hemant Karkare]] and [[Ashok Kamte]] who were killed in the line of duty during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/karkare-ombale-sharma-among-ashok-chakra-awardees/articleshow/4031707.cms?from=mdr|title=Karkare, Ombale & Sharma among Ashok Chakra awardees|date=2009-01-26|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> Junior officers like [[Vijay Salaskar]] and [[Tukaram Omble]] were also posthumously awarded the [[Ashok Chakra]].

== Notable achievements ==
The Cyber Crime App launched by Mumbai Police in 2019 registered 140,000 incidents within one year whereby 132,000 suspicious phone numbers were tracked.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/how-a-2019-portal-is-now-helping-mumbai-police-solve-cyber-crime-cases-8135246/|title= 2019 App helps Mumbai Police solve Cyber Crimes |date=2022-09-18|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref>

During the monsoon periods, several officers of Mumbai Police have been involved in filling potholes that were not filled by [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]], in order to facilitate a smooth traffic flow and to prevent road accidents/wrecks. The officers who fill the potholes have received praise, who themselves have criticized the BMC for inaction.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-kurla-traffic-police-fill-potholes-on-lbs-marg-after-repeated-bmc-requests-go-unanswered|title= Mumbai: Kurla Traffic Police Fill Potholes On LBS Marg After Repeated BMC Requests Go Unanswered}}</ref>

=== Other Initiatives ===
The Mumbai Police features a star studded show called Umang, which is organized to raise funds for welfare of their personnel, mostly lower-ranked ones. Several celebrities appear on the show every year to support the cause.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/shah-rukh-khan-salman-khan-aamir-khan-other-bwood-biggies-dont-charge-a-penny-for-mumbai-police-event-umang-12th-fails-manoj-sharma-makes-interesting/|title= Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan, Aamir Khan & Other B'Wood Biggies Don't Charge A Penny For Mumbai Police Event 'Umang'? 12th Fail's Manoj Sharma Makes Interesting Revelation|date= 10 January 2024}}</ref>

Every year on the [[World Environment Day]], the Mumbai Police organizes a mass cycling event on the [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]] for awareness of clean environment and reducing pollution.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pedalandtringtring.com/2022/06/17/ride-on-the-bandra-worli-sea-link/#:~:text=On%20a%20normal%20day%2C%20only,prohibited%20to%20use%20the%20bridge.|title="RIDE ON THE BANDRA WORLI SEA-LINK"|date=17 June 2022 }}</ref> However, due to safety reasons and for smoother traffic flow, bicycles are prohibited on the rest of the days of the year, and can be seized or impounded if riders disobey the norms or fail to pay the traffic penalties.

On 10 October 2024, at the funeral of [[Ratan Tata]], Mumbai Police delivered a ceremonial guard of honour and his body was wrapped in the Indian flag.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=Ratan Tata's last rites: Wrapped in Indian flag, mortal remains arrive at Worli Parsi Crematorium {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ratan-tatas-last-rites-wrapped-in-indian-flag-mortal-remains-arrive-at-worli-parsi-crematorium-watch-11728560336621.html |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Livemint}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
The Mumbai Police has a history of corruption, [[police brutality]], refusal to file reports, aligning with political entities, professional incompetence, as well as moral policing. The department has also been criticized for overworking and underworking of personnel, especially the constable and Sub-Inspector rank officials. However, in recent times, while situations have been changing, they have not been effective enough and still fall well below international standards, due to the lack of reforms and amendments in the Bombay Police Act of 1951, which is mostly based on the beyond outdated and colonial [[Police Act, 1861]].<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-police-introduces-8-hour-shifts-for-subordinate-ranks-from-may-17-101651752121320.html |title= Mumbai Police introduces 8-hour shifts for subordinate ranks from May 17|date= 5 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/javeed-ahmad-india-police-service-reform-political-corruption-news-15261/#|title= India's Police: An Instrument of Injustice|date= 19 November 2020}}</ref>

The Mumbai Police has been long accused of taking bribes or in local lingo, 'hafta' from any person trying to run a business in lieu of turning a blind eye to various illegalities that the person is committing whether it is encroaching on public property or trying to get off the hook of a drug case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-01 |title=Hafta for hawkers can vary from Rs 1,500 to Rs 25,000 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hafta-for-hawkers-can-vary-from-rs-1500-to-rs-25000/articleshow/91227911.cms |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 13 January 1982, dreaded gangster [[Manya Surve]] was killed in a shootout with Inspector Raja Tambat and ACP Isaque Bagwan, who fired five bullets into his chest and shoulder.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-real-story-behind-Shootout-At-Wadala/articleshow/17967381.cms|title=The real story behind Shootout At Wadala|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Surve's death became known as Mumbai's first recorded [[encounter killing]].<ref name="Bagwan">{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/may/300509-ACP-Isaque-Bagwan-Manya-Surve-police-encounter-terror-metropolis.htm|title=Bagwan dada|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=30 May 2009|access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="expressindia.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970726/20750653.html|title=Decorated cops parked aside as seniors pass the buck|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 July 1997|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-date=1 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001160029/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970726/20750653.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The rate of encounter killings increased in the late 1980s and further rose after the [[1993 Mumbai bombings]]; a total of 622 alleged criminals were killed in police encounters from 1982 to 2004.<ref name="Rise And Fall of the Killer Cops">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Rise-And-Fall-Of-The-Killer-Cops/articleshow/746737.cms? | title=Rise And Fall of the Killer Cops | work=The Times of India| date=19 June 2004 | access-date=4 September 2016 | author=Anil Singh}}</ref><ref name="Encounter Specialists">{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=12767 | title=Encounter Specialists | newspaper=The Indian Express | date=10 November 2002 | access-date=4 September 2016 | author=J. Dey}}</ref>

On [[1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout|16 November 1991]], the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]], led by Additional Commissioner of Police [[Aftab Ahmed Khan]], laid siege on Lokhandwala Complex to capture gangster [[Maya Dolas]], and 6 others. Khan and his squad were criticized for firing 450 bullets which killed the gangsters, who refused to surrender.<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603154021/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=237186|title="450 rounds were fired ... like bullets were doing the talking" |date=2007-05-20 |website=cities.expressindia.com |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=237186 |archive-date=2007-06-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the ATS officers were exonerated following an inquiry.

Right before the [[1993 Bombay bombings]], Gul Mohammad, a small-time criminal, confessed to his role in the 1992 riots, his training in Pakistan, and a conspiracy underway to bomb major locations around the city, including the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Sahar International Airport]] and the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena Bhavan]]. However, his conspiracy claim was dismissed by the police as a "mere bluff".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061001/asp/look/story_6780087.asp|title= The man who knew too much|access-date= 18 February 2024|archive-date= 21 November 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091121074848/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061001/asp/look/story_6780087.asp|url-status= bot: unknown}}</ref>

The [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai]] have been ascribed to a large scale intelligence failure by Mumbai Police.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-mumbai-navy-sb-idUKTRE4B13NB20081202|title= Systemic failures led to Mumbai attacks |date=2008-12-02|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref> The attack also exposed several other weaknesses, such as using antiquated weaponry from [[World War II]], poor marksmanship training, lack of a commando style force like the [[SWAT]] in the United States, as well as bureaucratic inefficiency when coordinating with the [[National Security Guard]].<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/26/11-poor-training-not-weaponry-let-mumbai-cops-down/articleshow/3990603.cms?from=mdr|title= 26/11: Poor training, not weaponry let Mumbai cops down|newspaper= The Economic Times|date= 16 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/01/opinion/sunday/years-of-mourning-the-losses-in-mumbai.html|title= Years of Mourning the Losses in Mumbai|work= The New York Times|date= 30 November 2013|last1= Kamdar|first1= Mira}}</ref> Despite not having sophisticated weapons and body armor, the Mumbai Police was able to capture the lone gunman [[Ajmal Kasab]] at a roadblock near Girgaum Chowpatty. Another gunman, Ismail Khan was killed the shootout.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-26|title=Remembering Tukaram Omble, Policeman Who Took 40 Bullets From Kasab's Gun But Caught Him Alive|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/tukaram-omble-26-11-mumbai-terrorist-attack-501153.html|access-date=2021-03-17|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 2003-04 Telgi scam also known as fake-stamp scam broke out in which Mumbai's police commissioner R.S. Sharma came to be arrested along with many other senior officers. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/sharmas-pride-caused-his-fall/articleshow/911354.cms]
Another former police commissioner of Mumbai police Sanjay Pande came to be arrested in stock-exchange scam involving tapping of telephone lines of investors. [https://www.news18.com/news/india/former-mumbai-cp-sanjay-pande-arrested-by-ed-5586541.html]
[[Encounter specialist]] Pradeep Sharma came to be arrested in Antilia bomb scare case involving murder of Mansukh Hiren. [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-encounter-specialist-pradeep-sharma-was-paid-cash-to-kill-mansukh-hiran-cbi-101631037002093.html]

Another encounter specialist [[Daya Nayak]] absconded while anti-corruption bureau of Mumbai was seeking his custody. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/daya-nayak-on-run-after-acb-files-case/articleshow/1380392.cms] Nayak is now facing a criminal accusation of planting drugs upon some youngsters during his tenure with the Anti-terrorist Squad of Maharashtra Police.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in//law/story/serious-allegation-against-encounter-specialist-cop-daya-nayak-bombay-hc-asks-him-to-be-made-party-to-the-petition-1980291-2022-07-26?onetap=true|title=Serious allegation against encounter specialist cop Daya Nayak; Bombay HC asks him to be made party to the petition|date=26 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/plea-in-hc-seeks-sit-probe-against-encounter-specialist-daya-nayak-101658856869477.html|title= Plea in HC seeks SIT probe against 'encounter specialist' Daya Nayak|date=26 July 2022 }}</ref>

A reply filed by Director General of Police Housing Corporation (former Police Commissioner of Mumbai) Arup Patnaik has exposed land-grabbing offence by IASs, IPSs & Bombay High Court Judges wherein six prime plots
of land reserved for service quarters of constabulary were usurped by private housing societies of the land-grabbing bureaucrats and judges of Bombay High Court. Three plots of land are located at Worli Sea Face while three are Western-Mumbai suburb Andheri west. This disclosure exposing the biggest organised land-grab operation by bureaucrats & judges was made by Director General of Police Housing Corporation Shri Arupji Patnaiksaheb in his reply to a Public Interest Litigation filed by former journalist Ketan Tirodkar. [https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/maharashtra-govt-took-away-6-of-17-plots-reserved-for-police-housing/story-EbcxNqmReDL78cBT4gZygL.html] [https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mumbai-hc-seeks-police-housing-board-s-reply-to-pil-114080101290_1.html] [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/need-panel-to-monitor-cop-housing-projects/articleshow/47661114.cms]

In October 2019, it was reported that the non-gazette police officials, mostly the constable rank personnel, who are the lowest ranked and least paid, did not have decent housing, and many of them who were allotted an official accommodation were not satisfied with it due to poor quality and insufficient maintenance.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://scroll.in/article/939727/in-mumbai-much-of-the-police-force-lives-in-tiny-crumbling-apartments|title= In Mumbai, much of the police force lives in tiny crumbling apartments|date= 8 October 2019}}</ref> Following complaints and dissatisfaction by the constables and their families, the [[Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority]] began to redevelop police colonies to improve living conditions in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mhada-to-redevelop-17-police-colonies-in-mumbai-101702493346964.html|title= MHADA to redevelop 17 police colonies in Mumbai|work= Hindustan Times|date= 14 December 2023}}</ref>

On 13 March 2021, Senior Inspector [[Sachin Vaze]], an encounter specialist, was arrested for his involvement in the [[Antilia bomb scare]]. Through an investigation, Vaze revealed that he was acting at the behest of [[Anil Deshmukh]], who was then minister of Home Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/anil-deshmukh-minister-in-eye-of-storm-7237706/|title=Anil Deshmukh: Rise and slow eclipse of leader who helmed ministry in many a govt|date=21 March 2021}}</ref> Vaze was also involved in collecting extortion money in December 2020 from members of the Indian Hotel and Restaurant Association (AHAR). He would call from his office in the Commissioner of Police compound for monthly amounts and, if paid, would ensure that the Social Service Branch would not conduct raids. ''Mid-Day'' reported that a source said, "SSB carried out raids at hotels and bars and filed cases against them. The last SSB raid was in early February. After that, no raid was conducted as everybody agreed to pay the money to be able to operate."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/sharad-pawar-to-meet-uddhav-thackeray-decision-on-anil-deshmukh-today-23164814|title=Sharad Pawar to meet Uddhav Thackeray, decision on Anil Deshmukh today|date=22 March 2021|website=Mid-day}}</ref> Vaze was previously involved in the custodial torture and death of Khwaja Yunus in 2004, a suspect in the 2002 [[2002 Mumbai bus bombing|Ghatkopar bombing]] case.<ref name="HIndustan Times">{{cite news |last= Sahay|first= Abhinav|date=6 June 2020|title=Khwaja Yunus murder case: Accused cop Sachin Vaze, 3 constables reinstated in Mumbai police|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/khwaja-yunus-murder-case-accused-cop-sachin-vaze-3-constables-reinstated-in-mumbai-police/story-W25k7ggw8gpvvfO1tLPXcK.html|newspaper=HIndustan Times}}</ref>

The Traffic Branch of Mumbai Police has faced criticism for hefty penalties on bicyclists for riding on [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]], as well as for obstructing traffic on other roads due to slow speeds of riders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/travel/rajiv-gandhi-setu-bandra-worli-sea-lin|title=Rajiv Gandhi setu (Bandra-Worli sea link) & Bandra Fort {{!}} My India|website=www.mapsofindia.com|date=19 March 2014|language=en|access-date=2018-03-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130445/https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/travel/rajiv-gandhi-setu-bandra-worli-sea-lin|archive-date=21 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The fines for bicyclists riding on the Sea Link, as well as on the [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link|Trans Harbour Link]], [[Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)|Eastern Freeway]], the [[Sahar Elevated Access Road]], the BKC-Chunabhatti flyover, and the [[Coastal Road (Mumbai)|Coastal Road]] is Rs 1200(US$15), which has been steeply set and does not conform to the standards of [[Motor Vehicles Act]] due to non requirement of license, registration, insurance, and road tax; furthermore, refusal to pay and non-compliance has led to seizure of bicycles, detaining and assaulting of riders, deflating the tires, or towing away bicycles, which constitutes a misconduct by police personnel and violation of rights of those owning non-motorized/self-propelled vehicles.{{cn|date=January 2026}} The penalties charged against bicyclists for riding on the prohibited areas as well as various other offenses under sections of the Motor Vehicles Act is unconstitutional and not authorized, as the Act is neither applicable to bicyclists, nor does it mandate any penalties against bicyclists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cyclingguru.in/can-a-cyclist-run-a-red-light-in-india/#:~:text=As%20the%20Motor%20Vehicle%20Act,considered%20a%20vehicle%20in%20India.|title="Can a Cyclist Run a Red Light in India? [10 Basic Rules Explained]"|date=21 November 2021 }}</ref> While penalties against motor vehicles such as two-wheelers, cars and heavy vehicles are mentioned for various offenses on Mumbai Police website as per the Motor Vehicles Act, they explicitly do not state any penalties against bicyclists for certain offenses.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.team-bhp.com/news/can-cops-fine-cyclists-even-though-bicycles-are-exempt-mva|title= Can cops fine cyclists even though bicycles are exempt from the MVA?}}</ref>

The Mumbai Police has also slammed for incidents of [[Moral police|moral policing]], which have resulted in serious protests, as well as intervention of judiciary and senior officers -

* In September 2000, the officials banned kissing in the Marine Drive area. They cited the Section 110 of Mumbai Police Act, 1951 which allows the police to interfere in "disorderly behaviour." The decree was later withdrawn after protests.<ref name=KillingCupid>{{cite news|title=Killing cupid: Thanks to Mumbai Police, Marine Drive no longer a lovers' point|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20000925-thanks-to-mumbai-police-marine-drive-no-longer-a-lovers-point-778881-2000-09-24|access-date=11 December 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=25 September 2000}}</ref>
* In 2012, Assistant Commissioner of Police [[Vasant Dhoble]] carried out a series of raids on bars and clubs in and around Mumbai, claiming to rescue prostitutes.<ref name=MumbaiParty>{{cite news|title=Mumbai partygoers fear police chief on moral crusade|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/19/mumbai-police-chief-moral-crusade|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[The Guardian (UK)]]|date=19 July 2012}}</ref> In one instance, he labelled four German women wrongly as sex workers in front of cameras when he arrested them on 30 March 2014 from the Voodoo pub.<ref name=DetainedGerman>{{cite news|title=Dhoble wrongly detained German women from pub|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/dhoble-wrongly-detained-german-women-from-pub-2/|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2012}}</ref> On 5 June 2012, Dhoble raided Masala Curry restaurant after he felt suspicious of women being allowed free entry.<ref name=NightRaider>{{cite news|title=Mumbai's Night Raider|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20120625-mumbai-acp-dhoble-raids-nightclubs-lables-girls-as-prostitutes-758788-2012-06-16|access-date=7 December 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=16 June 2012}}</ref> Two cousins who were picked up in the raid later filed a defamation case against Dhoble.<ref name=DhobleHC>{{cite news|title=Defamation case against Mumbai top cop Vasant Dhoble: High Court order expected today|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/defamation-case-against-mumbai-top-cop-vasant-dhoble-high-court-order-expected-today-233305|accessdate=7 December 2014|work=[[NDTV]]|date=19 June 2012}}</ref> Due to intense criticism from several civilians, lawyers and activists, and following pressure on the department with lawsuits, Dhoble was fired from the Social Service Branch and transferred.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.firstpost.com/mumbai/moral-cop-dhoble-transferred-from-mumbai-social-service-branch-457762.html|title= 'Moral cop' Dhoble transferred from Mumbai social service branch|work= Firstpost|date= 17 September 2012}}</ref>
* On 6 August 2015, [[Malvan region|Malwani]] police in [[Mumbai]], raided hotels and guest houses near [[Aksa Beach]] and [[Madh Island]], and detained about 40 couples. Most of them were consenting couples in private rooms, but they were charged under Section 110 (Indecent behaviour in public) of the Bombay Police Act and fined {{INRConvert|1200}}.<ref name=Malwani2015>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Couples picked up from hotel rooms, charged with 'public indecency'|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-couples-picked-up-from-hotel-rooms-charged-with-public-indecency/16437186|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=8 August 2015}}</ref> Only three cases were filed under [[Prostitution in India#Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act|Prevention of Immoral Traffic Act]]. Due to protests and criticism, then Commissioner [[Rakesh Maria]] order an investigation into the raids.<ref name=ProbeOrdered>{{cite news|title=Mumbai Police Hotel Raid: Commissioner Rakesh Maria orders probe into alleged moral policing|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-police-hotel-raid-commissioner-rakesh-maria-orders-probe-into-alleged-moral-policing-2112723|accessdate=10 August 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=9 August 2015}}</ref> Following a thorough investigation, Maria sent an order department wide not to use the Section 110 of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 as well as sections 292 to 294 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], which is an offense of Public Indecency to harass citizens and moral police them.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/end-to-moral-policing-in-mumbai-cops-wont-use-section-110-of-bombay-police-act-anymore_1826173.html|title= End to 'moral policing' in Mumbai: Cops won't use Section 110 of Bombay Police Act anymore|date= 25 November 2015}}</ref>
* On 27 December 2015, a senior police inspector along with constable were caught moral policing and thrashing a youth, besides verbally abusing his female friend in Ulhasnagar. The act of moral policing was heavily criticized after a video of the thrashing went viral.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.india.com/news/cities/moral-policing-in-ulhasnagar-police-assaults-youth-abuses-his-female-friend-video-goes-viral-818298/|title= Moral Policing In Ulhasnagar? Police Assaults Youth, Abuses His Female Friend, Video Goes Viral}}</ref>
* On 11 February 2024, 3 days before Valentines Day, several personnel from Mumbai police were accused of heckling and extorting money from the couples kissing or hugging in the gardens. Police personnel were keeping an eye on couples and harassed them if the couples were caught kissing or holding hands.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-news-police-ambush-couples-on-valentines-day-week|title= Mumbai News: Police Ambush Couples On Valentine's Day Week}}</ref>

The Mumbai Police has also faced condemnation from the judiciary, [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]], leaders of opposition, besides the general public for taking actions on the orders of political leaders. Additionally, the department has faced criticism for inaction against political leaders for offensive statements and those who have serious criminal charges against them. -

* On 18 November 2012, following the death of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] founder [[Bal Thackeray]], Mumbai Police, under the pressure of Shiv Sena workers and activists, arrested a 21-year-old woman who posted a Facebook comment against him, as well as her friend who "liked" the comment.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Anup |last=Kaphle |title=Who was Bal Thackeray and why did Mumbai come to a standstill this weekend? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/19/who-is-bal-thackeray-and-why-did-mumbai-come-to-a-standstill-this-weekend/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=19 November 2012 |issn=0190-8286 |language=en-US |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223062700/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/19/who-is-bal-thackeray-and-why-did-mumbai-come-to-a-standstill-this-weekend/ |archive-date=23 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/facebook-post-on-shiv-sena-chief-bal-thackeray-girl-says-she-will-not-visit-fb-9-held-for-vandalism/articleshow/17295862.cms?from=mdr|title= Facebook post on Shiv Sena Chief Bal Thackeray: Girl says she will not visit FB, 9 held for vandalism|newspaper= The Economic Times|date= 20 November 2012}}</ref> The charges were subsequently dropped in January 2013, and in July 2014, the Government of Maharashtra was ordered to pay compensation of Rs 50,000 to each victim after the National Human Rights Commission noted that the detention was illegal and violated rights to freedom of speech and expression.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.news18.com/news/politics/maharashtra-government-to-pay-rs-50000-to-girls-arrested-over-fb-row-on-bal-thackerays-death-702011.html|title= Maharashtra government to pay Rs.50,000 to girls arrested over FB row on Bal Thackeray's death|work= News18|date= 15 July 2014}}</ref>
* On 14 May 2022, Marathi television actress Ketaki Chitale was arrested by Mumbai Police for allegedly sharing an objectionable post about Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) chief Sharad Pawar.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/who-is-ketaki-chitale-marathi-actor-arrested-sharad-pawar-derogatory-post-7917548/|title= Who is Ketaki Chitale? The Marathi actor arrested for posting derogatory remarks against Sharad Pawar|date= 14 May 2022}}</ref> Chitale, who was molested, and her modesty was outraged by the NCP workers, and was later granted bail, was booked under IPC sections 500 (defamation), 501 (printing or engraving defamatory matter) and 153A (promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony) of the Indian Penal Code.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ketaki-chitale-actor-to-ndtv-on-free-speech-22-cases-for-just-1-post-3124508#:~:text=Actor%20Ketaki%20Chitale%2C%20who%20was,uploading%20it%20on%20her%20profile.|title= "Pawar Is Not A Religion": Actor Ketaki Chitale Who Was Jailed For Post}}</ref>
* On 10 February 2025, the Mumbai Police issued summons and paid a visit to YouTuber Ranveer Allahbadia, popularly known as BeerBiceps, for offensive and vulgar remarks on an episode of [[India's Got Latent]], along with the host and comedian [[Samay Raina]], and social media influencers Ashish Chanchlani, Apoorva Mukhija and Jaspreet Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/ranveer-allahbadia-police-visit-1.10332989|title= More trouble for Beer Biceps: Police visit Ranveer Allahbadia's house amid vulgar remark controversy|date= 11 February 2025}}</ref> While Allahbadia faced severe public criticism and issued a public apology, the department faced backlash for swift action against the show hosts and judges, as several critics and public figures stated that such quick action is not taken against political leaders who make such offensive, vulgar, and insensitive comments, and that law enforcement and judiciary acts quickly against such events, but not against crimes as serious as rape.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/samay-raina-ranveer-allahbadia-india-got-latent-episode-everything-to-know-about-viral-controversial-episode-1750696|title= YouTube Takedown To Political Outrage: Fallout Of Samay Raina & Ranveer Allahbadia's India's Got Latent Episode|date= 11 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Ranveer Allahbadia controversy: When does a joke stop being funny? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/society/story/ranveer-allahbadia-samay-raina-indias-got-latent-controversy-vulgar-joke-gone-too-far-2677721-2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/akansha-ranjan-kapoor-defends-samay-raina-amid-ranveer-allahbadias-controversial-indias-got-latent-episode-article-118182945|title= /Akansha Ranjan Kapoor Defends Samay Raina amid Ranveer Allahbadia's controversial India's Got Latent episode|date= 12 February 2025}}</ref>
* On 31 March 2025, the Mumbai Police faced criticism by comedian [[Kunal Kamra]] questioning the priorities of law enforcement, after some officers visited his old house following summons.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/kunal-kamra-takes-jibe-at-mumbai-police-for-visiting-his-residence-its-a-waste-of-your-time-article-151324263|title= Kunal Kamra Takes Jibe At Mumbai Police For Visiting His Residence: It's A Waste Of Your Time|date= 31 March 2025}}</ref> Kamra posted on social media about the visit days after his video of his show calling Deputy Chief Minister [[Eknath Shinde]] a traitor went viral.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Kunal Kamra Eknath Shinde Controversy LIVE Update: Cops summon comedian over 'traitor' jibe; Shinde says 'action causes reaction' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/kunal-karma-eknath-shinde-maharashtra-traitor-shiv-sena-vandalism-studio-9904486/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As a result of his comment, the club where he made the comment was vandalized by [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] party workers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2025-03-24 |title=Mumbai comedy club ransacked after performer's joke about local politician |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/24/mumbai-comedy-club-ransacked-after-kunal-kamra-joke-about-local-politician |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> While Kamra faced charges under multiple sections of the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]], including 353(1)(b), 353(2) (statements conducive to public mischief), and 356(2) (defamation), he refused to apologize for his comments.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 24, 2025 |title=Kunal Kamra refuses to apologise for Eknath Shinde remark: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kunal-kamra-refuses-to-apologise-for-eknath-shinde-remark-report-101742817222260.html |access-date=March 26, 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 28 March 2025, he was granted interim anticipatory bail by the [[Madras High Court]], despite summons issued by the Mumbai Police and [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel |first=Meera |date=2025-03-28 |title=Madras High Court grants interim anticipatory bail to Kunal Kamra |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/madras-high-court-grants-interim-anticipatory-bail-to-kunal-kamra |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== Reforms and Major Overhauls ==
Due to several events that have caused negative reception of the Mumbai Police, the department has initiated several reforms for last several years to ensure better safety and security of the city. However, the core police functioning under the colonial Police Act of 1861 remains the same, which effectively negates accountability against personnel for misconduct. Furthermore, while the Mumbai Police has a police-to-population ratio of 270 per 100,000 population, which above the state and national ratio of 172 and 153 respectively and meets the UN standards of 222, most of the personnel are deployed for VIP duties and for other tasks, which has caused a work overload.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://looknewsindia.com/the-pressure-on-the-police-is-increasing-only-172-employees-on-a-population-of-one-lakh/|title= The pressure on the police is increasing; Only 172 employees on a population of one lakh}}</ref>

As a result of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|November 2008 terrorist attacks]], the Mumbai Police began to replace their [[World War 2]] era [[Lee–Enfield]] self loading rifles with modern weapons.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=344449 |title=No consensus on security plan even a month after Mumbai attacks |first=Sapna |last=Agarwal |date=27 December 2008 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607145849/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=344449 |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> A new unit called [[Force One (police)|Force One]] was also created on the lines of [[SWAT]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 November 2009 |title=Maha's elite counter terror unit Force One becomes operational |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/maha%5Cs-elite-counter-terror-unit-force-one-becomes-operational/377563/ |access-date=2010-07-05 |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

Following an incident of [[Moral police|moral policing]] committed by personnel of the Malwani Police station in June 2015, which caused major backlash and protests, then Commissioner [[Rakesh Maria]] passed an order to all police officers not to use the Section 110 of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 which is an offense of Public Indecency to harass citizens and moral police them.<ref name=Malwani2015/><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/end-to-moral-policing-in-mumbai-cops-wont-use-section-110-of-bombay-police-act-anymore_1826173.html|title= End to 'moral policing' in Mumbai: Cops won't use Section 110 of Bombay Police Act anymore}}</ref>

In September 2021, the Mumbai Police launched the Nirbhaya Squad, for women's safety throughout the city.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theswaddle.com/why-mumbai-polices-nirbhaya-squad-wont-help-correct-rape-culture|title= Why Mumbai Police's 'Nirbhaya Squad' Won't Help Correct Rape Culture}}</ref> The department also launched a helpline for immediate assistance at the number 103.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/be-fearless-be-nirbhaya-mumbai-police-video-as-special-nirbhaya-squad-launched-2730829|title= "Be Fearless, Be Nirbhaya": Mumbai Police Video As Special Squad Launched}}</ref>

In May 2022, the Mumbai Police implemented an 8-hour shift system for the constable rank officers and assistant sub-inspectors, and 16 hours of rest, after complaints of overworking without breaks caused a major toll on their health.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> Originally started as a pilot proposal in May 2016 by then Commissioner [[Dattatray Padsalgikar]], it was made permanent, with several subordinate personnel appreciating the initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/8-hour-shift-for-cops-under-threat/articleshow/64848435.cms|title= 8-hour shift for cops under threat?}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Mumbai]]
* [[History of Mumbai]]
* [[Mumbai Fire Brigade]]
* [[Maharashtra Police]]
* [[Sheriff of Mumbai]]

==Literature==
* Kadam, B. S. Sri; ''Socio-Historical Study Of Police Administration in Bombay Presidency (1861 to 1947);'' Kolhapur 1993 (Diss. Shivaji University)
* Kennedy, M. ''Notes On Criminal Classes in the Bombay Presidency Appendices regarding some Foreign Criminals who occasionally visit the Presidency: Including Hints on the Detection of Counterfeit Coin;'' Bombay 1908
* Edwardes, Stephen M. (Commissioner of Police); ''The Bombay City Police: A Historical Sketch, 1672–1916; '' Bombay u.a. 1923
* Edwardes, Stephen M.; ''Crime in India: Brief Review of the more Important Offences included in the Annual Criminal Returns with Chapters on Prostitution & Miscellaneous Matters;'' Oxford u.a. 1924
* Statistiken: gedruckt im: ''Annual Report of Police for the Town and Island of Bombay,'' laufende Monatsstatistiken auf [http://www.mumbaipolice.org/ Mumbai Police]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://mumbaipolice.maharashtra.gov.in/ Official website of the Mumbai Police]
* [https://trafficpolicemumbai.maharashtra.gov.in Mumbai Traffic Police, Official website]

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

[[Category:Mumbai Police| ]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1864 establishments in British India]]

[[de:Bombay City Police#Mumbai Police]]

K. R. N. Rajeshkumar

2026-04-19T22:10:43Z

LucileBrownbill: started a bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. R. N. Rajeshkumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 27 September 2021
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''K. R. N. Rajeshkumar''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], upper house of the Parliament of India from [[Tamil Nadu]] as a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shri-krn-rajeshkumar | title=Shri K.R.N. Rajeshkumar | publisher=National Portal of India | accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/dmk-leaders-cadre-unhappy-rajeshkumars-candidature-rs-1503007384.html | title=DMK leaders, cadre unhappy over Rajeshkumar's candidature to RS | publisher=The Statesman | date=15 September 2021 | accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dmk-announces-kanimozhi-somu-and-krn-rajeshkumar-candidates-rajya-sabha-155271 | title=DMK announces Kanimozhi Somu and KRN Rajeshkumar as candidates to Rajya Sabha | publisher=The Newsminute | date=14 September 2021 | accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajeshkumar, K. R. N.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mukto Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:48Z

LucileBrownbill: starting the data basic info.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Mukto
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type = SLA
|constituency_no = 3
|map_image = Mukto Assembly constituency map.svg
|district = [[Tawang district|Tawang]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
|established = 1990
|reservation = ST
|incumbent_image = Pema Khandu in July 2016.jpg
|mla = [[Pema Khandu]] {{Small|[[List of chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]]}}
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 7,995
}}

'''Mukto Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=apceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> It is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=6, 33–41}}</ref> and is part of [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency]] along with 32 other Legislative Assembly segments.<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/Information/ACwiseDistrictwisePCwise.htm|title=Assembly Constituencies allocation w.r.t District and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Arunachal Pradesh website|accessdate=21 March 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085549/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/Information/ACwiseDistrictwisePCwise.htm|archivedate=13 August 2011}}</ref>

Mukto is one of the 3 constituencies located in [[Tawang district]]. It covers the entire Thingbu and Mukto circles and parts of Tawang and [[Lumla]] circles.<ref name="eci1"/>Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=5|[[Dorjee Khandu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|2011{{efn|by-election}}
|rowspan=4|[[Pema Khandu]]
|-
|[[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2 {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan=2 |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mukto<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Pema Khandu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,995 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,995 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mukto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pema Khandu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,304 |percentage=70.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thupten Kunphen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,685 |percentage=27.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=95 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,619 |percentage=43.05% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,084 |percentage=82.87% |change= {{increase}}82.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,342 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 elections in India#Arunachal Pradesh|2011 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Mukto}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Pema Khandu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,783 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,783 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mukto<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Pema Khandu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,181 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,181 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mukto<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Khandu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,916 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,916 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mukto<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Khandu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,915 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,915 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mukto<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Khandu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,777 |percentage=56.88% |change={{decrease}}17.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Theg Tse Rinpoche |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,105 |percentage=43.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=672 |percentage=13.76% |change= {{decrease}}35.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,882 |percentage=88.90% |change= {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,559 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mukto<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Khandu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,532 |percentage=74.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchen Dorjee |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,215 |percentage=25.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,317 |percentage=48.81% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,747 |percentage=90.37% |change= {{increase}}89.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,326 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mukto<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Khandu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,965 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,965 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tawang district]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.66|92.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tawang district]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Indian American Muslim Council

2026-04-18T22:42:05Z

LucileBrownbill: started new post

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=January 2025}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2025}}

{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{short description|Organization in the United States}}
__NOTOC__
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian American Muslim Council
| full_name = Indian American Muslim Council
| image = Indian_American_Muslim_Council_logo.png
| image_size =
| purpose =
| abbreviation = IAMC
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2002}}
| founder =
| headquarters =
| location =
| region_served = [[United States]]
| status = [[501(c)(3)]] [[nonprofit organization|non-profit]]
| tax_id = 05-0532361<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - IAMC |url=https://iamc.com/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=iamc.com}}</ref>
| language = [[English language|English]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

The '''Indian American Muslim Council''' ('''IAMC''', formerly '''Indian Muslim Council-USA''') is an advocacy organization of [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=NH Web |date=2022-01-29 |title=Indian American Muslim Council rebuts Indian govt's "false allegations" of terror links |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/international/indian-american-muslim-council-rebuts-indian-govts-false-allegations-of-terror-links |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=USCIRF flags India for violations of religious freedom |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2022/04/26/uscirf-flags-india-for-violations-of-religious-freedom-449395/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US}}</ref> It is a member of the [[Coalition Against Genocide]].<ref name="Kurien">{{cite journal |last1=Kurien |first1=Prema |title=Majority versus minority religious status and diasporic nationalism: Indian American advocacy organisations |journal=Nations and Nationalism |date=2017 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=109–128 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nana.12255 |doi=10.1111/nana.12255 |issn=1469-8129|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hindu American Foundation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Sangay K. |last=Mishra |title=Desis Divided: The Political Lives of South Asian Americans |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781452949918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zB0DwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Mishra, Desis Divided|2016}}}}{{COI source|sure=y|date=February 2025}}
* {{citation |first=Sangay K. |last=Mishra |chapter=Hindu nationalism and Indian American diasporic mobilizations |pages=59–77 |title=New Perspectives on the Indian Diaspora |editor=Ruben Gowricharn |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |isbn=9781000412574 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_h8wEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |ref={{sfnref|Mishra, Hindu nationalism and Indian American diasporic mobilizations|2021}}}}{{COI source|sure=y|date=February 2025}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://iamc.com/}}

[[Category:2002 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations established in 2002]]

Naultha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:12Z

LucileBrownbill: starting basic pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Naultha Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,27,220
|mla = Parsanni Devi
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Naultha Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Jai Singh
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Mansa Ram
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Satbir S/O Arjan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Parsanni Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Satbir S/O Gaje Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Satbir Singh Kadiyan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Bijender || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Satbir Singh Kadiyan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Parsanni Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naultha<ref name=results2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsanni Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,396 |percentage=39.55% |change={{increase}}25.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramrati Jaglan |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=34,906 |percentage=36.92% |change={{decrease}}17.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Singh Malik |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=9,195 |percentage=9.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagvir Arya |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,318 |percentage=7.74% |change={{decrease}}15.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,050 |percentage=5.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=677 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,490 |percentage=2.63% |change= {{decrease}}28.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,553 |percentage=74.32% |change= {{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,220 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}14.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naultha<ref name=results2000>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Singh Kadiyan |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=44,882 |percentage=54.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=19,401 |percentage=23.54% |change={{increase}}11.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsanni Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,539 |percentage=14.00% |change={{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagvir Arya |party=Independent politician |votes=3,154 |percentage=3.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,017 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=995 |percentage=1.21% |change={{decrease}}30.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarup Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=722 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Bhagwan |party=Independent politician |votes=704 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,481 |percentage=30.92% |change= {{increase}}29.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,414 |percentage=72.93% |change= {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,005 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}23.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naultha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijender |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=24,790 |percentage=31.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Singh Kadiyan |party=Samata Party |votes=23,667 |percentage=29.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,113 |percentage=15.26% |change={{decrease}}20.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Bala |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,938 |percentage=12.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,420 |percentage=4.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,214 |percentage=1.53% |change={{decrease}}17.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nafe Singh |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,212 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maman Chand Bijlan |party=Independent politician |votes=834 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=634 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sita Ram |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=456 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,123 |percentage=1.42% |change= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,357 |percentage=74.13% |change= {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,756 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naultha<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Singh Kadiyan |party=Janata Party |votes=24,582 |percentage=37.62% |change={{increase}}33.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Singh Malik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,634 |percentage=36.17% |change={{increase}}17.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Singh Kundu |party=Janata Dal |votes=12,427 |percentage=19.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,816 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh Chasgar |party=Independent politician |votes=513 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeet Ram Lohar |party=Independent politician |votes=478 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=346 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=948 |percentage=1.45% |change= {{decrease}}42.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,341 |percentage=70.21% |change= {{decrease}}6.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,704 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}25.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naultha<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir S/O Gaje Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=41,808 |percentage=62.75% |change={{increase}}31.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsanni Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,528 |percentage=18.80% |change={{decrease}}13.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,454 |percentage=6.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir S/O Arjan |party=Janata Party |votes=2,555 |percentage=3.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=2,468 |percentage=3.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chand Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=672 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeet Ram Lohar |party=Independent politician |votes=518 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Phal |party=Independent politician |votes=516 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishni Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=450 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,280 |percentage=43.94% |change= {{increase}}43.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,630 |percentage=74.53% |change= {{increase}}3.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,434 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}30.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naultha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsanni Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,152 |percentage=32.49% |change={{increase}}10.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir S/O Gaje Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=16,713 |percentage=31.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,887 |percentage=11.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=5,298 |percentage=10.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,041 |percentage=7.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surat Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,366 |percentage=4.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=444 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=428 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=439 |percentage=0.83% |change= {{decrease}}32.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,796 |percentage=71.83% |change= {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,787 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}22.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naultha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir S/O Arjan |party=Janata Party |votes=22,023 |percentage=54.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mansa Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,662 |percentage=21.61% |change={{decrease}}30.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,531 |percentage=16.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manphool Singh Alias Manphoola |party=Independent politician |votes=1,046 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abha |party=Independent politician |votes=708 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabha Ram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=693 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Wati |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,361 |percentage=33.33% |change= {{increase}}23.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,087 |percentage=66.57% |change= {{decrease}}6.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,047 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naultha<ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis & Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mansa Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,760 |percentage=52.21% |change={{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=17,042 |percentage=42.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes=1,961 |percentage=4.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,718 |percentage=9.35% |change= {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,763 |percentage=73.73% |change= {{increase}}12.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,457 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naultha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968 |archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,130 |percentage=53.97% |change={{increase}}17.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=13,264 |percentage=44.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=275 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=220 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,866 |percentage=9.59% |change= {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,889 |percentage=60.96% |change= {{decrease}}13.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,124 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}17.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naultha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,943 |percentage=36.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,504 |percentage=26.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,461 |percentage=9.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,915 |percentage=8.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=2,272 |percentage=6.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,932 |percentage=5.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Ram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,391 |percentage=3.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=898 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=303 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,439 |percentage=9.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,619 |percentage=77.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,723 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}
{{coords|29.31|76.90|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Girraj Singh Malinga

2026-04-15T03:36:59Z

LucileBrownbill: Put up basic biography initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office1 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = Daljeet Singh
| successor1 = [[Jaswant Singh Gurjar]]
| constituency1 = [[Bari, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Bari, Rajasthan]]
| party =
| alma_mater =
| other_party = {{plainlist|
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}}
}}

'''Girraj Singh Malinga''' is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]] who has served in the [[Bari, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Bari]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] since 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giriraj Singh Malinga(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BARI(DHOLPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=117 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He previously served in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from 2008 to 2018.<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=धौलपुर Dholpur News: SC-ST कोर्ट में पहुंचे पूर्व विधायक गिर्राज सिंह मलिंगा, सुनवाई के बाद भेजा जेल |url=https://firstindianews.com/news/former-mla-girraj-singh-malinga-reached-sc-st-court-sent-to-jail-after-hearing |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=firstindianews.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:MalingaGiriraj Singh,}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]

Ganesh Marandi

2026-04-08T01:15:29Z

LucileBrownbill: Put up the article from scratch

{{Short description|Indian Santali poet and teacher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ganesh Marandi
| image =File:Ganesh Marandi.jpg
| caption =Ganesh Marandi in 2022
| birth_place = West Bengal, India
| occupation = Teacher, poet
| language = Santali
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Children's poetry
| notable_works = ''Hapan Mai''
| awards = [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] (2022)
}}

'''Ganesh Marandi''' is an Indian poet. He received the [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] in 2022 from the [[Sahitya Akademi]] for his poetry collection ''Hapan Mai''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2022 |url=https://culture.gov.in/files/press_release_document/English_Press_Release_19_09_2022_20092022.pdf
|publisher=Government of India |date=19 September 2022 |access-date=6 March 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2022 in Santali announced |url=https://livevns.news/National/Sahitya-Akademi-Baal-Sahitya-award-in-Santhaliphp/cid8556058.htm
|publisher=LiveVNS |access-date=6 March 2026 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Santali literature]]
* [[Ol Chiki script]]
* [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in Official website of Sahitya Akademi]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marandi, Ganesh}}
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sundari (Malayalam TV series)

2026-04-05T22:49:22Z

LucileBrownbill: page...

{{short description|Indian Malayalam television soap opera}}
{{About|2021 Malayalam soap opera|2021 Tamil soap opera|Sundari (Tamil TV series)|2021 Marathi soap opera|Sundari (Marathi TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sundari Malayalam.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on = [[Gopurangal Saivathillai]]
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay = Sinoj Nedungolam
| story =
| director = Sudheer Babu Faisal Adimali / [[Divyadarshan]]
| creative_director = Ganesh
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| music =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 915
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Prakash C. Menon
* E. A Rajendran
* [[Divyadarshan]]
}}
| location =
| cinematography = Suneesh Palodu/ Prijith
| editor = Anandhu Sheena/ Amal Sreenu/ Sangeetha Thripalavaloor
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-25 minutes
| company = PM Productions [[Divyadarshan|Kalidasa Video Division]]
| budget =
| network = [[Surya TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|15|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|07|21|df=y}}
| related = Sundari
}}

'''''Sundari''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language soap opera which has two seasons. It airs on [[Surya TV]] and digitally through [[Sun NXT]]. The show portrays the life of a village belle who faces discrimination and abuse based on skin colour and aspires to assert that character is important than skin colour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pranayavarnangal-to-valkkannadi-heres-a-quick-look-at-upcoming-malayalam-tv-shows-set-to-entertain-soon/etphotostory/87021713.cms|title=Pranayavarnangal to Valkkannadi: Here's a quick look at upcoming Malayalam TV shows set to entertain soon|work=The Times of India|date=14 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> The first season aired from 15 November 2021 to 11 February 2024. The second season aired from 12 February 2024 to 21 July 2024. It began as a remake of the [[Kannada language|Kannada]] language series ''Sundari''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/sundari-serial-latest-episode-promo-out/articleshow/93295414.cms|title=സുന്ദരി ഇതൊന്നും മനപൂർവം ചെയ്യുന്നതല്ലല്ലോ, ഇങ്ങനെ കുറ്റപ്പെടുത്തിയാൽ എങ്ങനെയാ ശരിയാകുന്നത്!!! |language=ml|work=Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/from-vanathai-pola-to-sundari-tamil-tv-shows-with-plots-similar-to-blockbuster-films/photostory/90928258.cms?picid=90928833|title=From Vanathai Pola to Sundari, Tamil TV shows with plots similar to blockbuster films|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{series overview

| color1 = #FEA530 
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 756
| start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2021|11|15}}
| end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2024|02|11}}

| color2 = #30B39F 
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 159
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|02|12}}
| end2 = {{End date|2024|07|21|df=y}}
}}

==Plot==
===Season 1===
The plot of the story revolves around a lower middle-class girl, Sundari, who lives in a village and is often judged and treated by other villagers with inequality due to her dark skin tone. She is academically bright and aspires to become an IAS officer. Unfortunately, Sundari's father's close friend whom she considers as her own maternal uncle, Krishnan bring her an alliance in order to protect her name from the villager's accusation that she has eloped with a guy. But in a contradiction, she was admitted in hospital due to an accident while attending her examination.

Sundari's prospective groom is Karthik, Krishnan's brother-in-law, who runs his own advertising agency. Karthik believes that Sundari is not a compatible partner to him and is also in love with another woman named Vaiga, but agrees to the marriage due to his respect for Krishnan. But he does lot of tricks behind his family's back to stop the marriage but eventually fails.

After marriage, Karthik unwillingly brings Sundari with him to the city. Karthik always degrades Sundari's qualification and insults her intelligence without knowing the fact that she's a school and college topper. He thinks she knows nothing about the world as she comes from rural area. Soon Karthik leave Sundari alone and goes to Vaiga and marry her. Few months later, Karthik decides to create one plot to stay with Vaiga forever without any troubles. So he lied to his whole family that he has a dream to earn money working abroad. His friend and elder sister knows the truth, but they agreed to protect Karthik because of his manipulative nature.

Sundari also gets attached to her land lady and her granddaughter who lost her parents at a young age looks up to Sundari as her mother. Few months later, Sundari and Vaiga gets closer after Sundari saves Vaiga's mother, Vaidehi from Asphyxiation after being locked in the car. Vaiga brings Sundari home as a caretaker for her mother who got paralyzed while finding some hunch about Karthik. Vaidehi is always suspicious about Karthik and acts sick to find the truth about him along with Sundari's help. Time passes through like this, Vaiga comes up with job offer for Sundari at her office noticing her intellectual skills and knowledge. Sundari works for Vaiga and has become very close to Vaidehi. She is being lovingly called as Collector Amma by her office colleagues and Vaiga. Karthick does not know that "Collector Amma", who Vaiga always talks about is actually Sundari.

Sundari goes to her IAS coaching classes as well and there she meets a new friend named Siddarth. He is like a well wisher for her and a good friend too. Siddharth is a very kind and helping nature person as he always drops Sundari home and sometimes he motivates her whenever she seems so down.

===Season 2===
Years Later, Sundari became IAS officer and she lives with her grandmother and Mazha. She tries to destroy all inequalities and problems in the society.

==Cast==
===Lead===
*Anjali Vinod (2021-2022) / Mariya Shilji (2022–2024) / [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]] (2024) as Sundari IAS
*Yuva Krishna (2021-2024)/Unnikrishnan (2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/heres-how-mridhula-vijai-reacted-to-hubby-yuva-krishnas-on-screen-wedding/articleshow/88386106.cms|title=Here's how Mridhula Vijai reacted to hubby Yuva Krishna's on-screen wedding|website=Times of India|access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> as Karthik
*Sruthika Suresh as Vaiga (2021–2024)

===Recurring===
;season 2
*Jain as Sarath
*Nihas Khan as Vineeth
*[[Seema G. Nair]] as Mallika, Sundari's mother
*Cherthala Lalitha as Eshwari amma, Sundari's grandmother
*Baby Daksha as Mazha, Karthik and Vaiga's daughter adopted by Sundari
*Vishnu K Vijayan as Thangaserry Christy Fernandez
*Kiran as Uthaman Mukhathala
*Ishani as Diana
*Jagan Guruvayoor
*Sajith Sagar
*Godson Saji
; Season 1
*Sanif ali as Sidhu
*Rhea George/ Ann Mariya as Vaidehi, Vaiga's mother
*[[Seema G. Nair]] as Mallika, Sundari's mother
*Cherthala Lalitha as Achamma, Sundari's grandmother
*Krishnathulasi Bayi as Sreedevi, Karthik's sister
*Devendranath / Dileep Shankar as Krishnan, Karthik's brother-in-law
*Shilpa Martin as Malini, Karthik's niece and Sundari's best friend
*Sachin Joseph as Chotu
*Nihas Khan as Vineeth
*Jolly Easo/[[Roslin (Malayalam actress)|Roslin]] as Janaki
*Shilpa shaji as Malini
*Maya Viswanath
*Maneesh Krishnan as Mike set aju
*Della George as gouri
*Kalabhavan Rahman as kumaran
*Parvathy Rajan Shankarady as Archana
*Arun MJ mohan as unni
*KPAC Rajakumar as Madhavan
*Priya sobha as Laksmi
*Clinton nixon
*[[Parvathi T.]]

===Guest===
*[[Santhosh Pandit]]

==Production==
Debutant Anjali was cast as the protagonist, while Yuva Krishna played the male lead. Veteran [[Seema G. Nair]] was also part of the cast.<ref>{{cite web|title=എന്നെ ചതിച്ചു, കല്യാണം കഴിഞ്ഞതോടെ ഒരു കാരണവും പറയാതെ സുന്ദരിയില്‍ നിന്നും പുറത്താക്കി, രണ്ട് ലക്ഷം രൂപ തരാനുണ്ട്, പൊട്ടിത്തെറിച്ച് അഞ്ജലി|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/actress-anjali-says-that-she-was-even-expelled-from-the-series-sundari/articleshow/89317355.cms?story=1|language=ml|work=Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> Anjali was replaced post her marriage. She later accused that she wasn't informed of her replacement and that her remuneration was still pending.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/anjali-serial-actress-sarath-open-up-about-why-she-quit-from-sundari-serial/|title=എന്നെ ചതിച്ചതാണ് , 2 ലക്ഷം രൂപ തരാനുണ്ട്; കല്യാണം കഴിഞ്ഞതോടെയാണ് സുന്ദരി സീരിയലിൽനിന്ന് പുറത്താവുന്നത്: അഞ്ജലി|work=Indian Express|access-date=1 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/sundari-serial-actress-anjali-sarath-recent-issues-reviled-with-actor-anand-narayanan-r7k88h|title=എന്താണ് സുന്ദരിക്ക് പറ്റിയത് ? അഞ്ജലിക്കും ശരത്തിനുമൊപ്പം ആനന്ദ്|work=Asianet News|access-date=1 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Original Songs

| total_length = 1:48
| all_music =

| title1 = Aashamalayerum Cholamalarkatte
| length1 = 1:48

}}

==Adaptations==
===Season 1===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Yellow; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:Yellow; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:Yellow; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:Yellow; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Yellow; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Yellow; width:42%;"| Notes
! style="background:Yellow; width:42%;"| Ref.
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Sundari'' ಸುಂದರಿ
| 11 January 2021
| [[Udaya TV]]
| 12 August 2023
| Original
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-sundari-goes-off-air-after-three-years-of-successful-run-team-wraps-the-shoot/articleshow/102300221.cms|title=Daily Soap Sundari Goes Off-Air After Three Years Of Successful Run; Team Wraps The Shoot|date=5 August 2023|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Sundari (Tamil TV series)|Sundari]]'' சுந்தரி
| 22 February 2021
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 26 August 2023
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/newly-launched-kannada-show-sundari-to-have-its-tamil-remake-soon/articleshow/80645057.cms|title=Newly Launched Kannada Show 'Sundari' To Have Its Tamil Remake Soon - Times of India|date=2 February 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Sundari'' সুন্দরী
| 19 July 2021
| [[Sun Bangla]]
| 11 June 2023
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-show-sundari-to-have-its-bengali-remake-soon/articleshow/84136946.cms|title=Kannada show 'Sundari' to have its Bengali remake soon - Times of India|date=1 July 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Sundari'' సుందరి
| 23 August 2021
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 17 August 2024
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-show-sundari-to-have-its-telugu-remake-soon/articleshow/84606155.cms|title=Kannada show 'Sundari' to have its Telugu remake soon - Times of India|date=21 July 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Sundari (Marathi TV series)|Sundari]]'' सुंदरी
| 17 October 2021
| [[Sun Marathi]]
| 29 June 2024
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-kannada-tv-show-sundari-to-be-remade-in-marathi/articleshow/86986801.cms|title=Popular Kannada TV show Sundari to be remade in Marathi - Times of India|date=13 October 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Sundari'' സുന്ദരി
| 15 November 2021
| [[Surya TV]]
| 11 February 2024
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/sundari-serial-latest-episode-promo-out/articleshow/93295414.cms|title=സുന്ദരി ഇതൊന്നും മനപൂർവം ചെയ്യുന്നതല്ലല്ലോ, ഇങ്ങനെ കുറ്റപ്പെടുത്തിയാൽ എങ്ങനെയാ ശരിയാകുന്നത്!!!|language=ml|work=Samayam|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Season 2===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Violet; "| Language(s)
! style="background:Violet; "| Title(s)
! style="background:Violet; "| Original release
! style="background:Violet; "| Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; "| Last aired
! style="background:Violet; "| Notes
! style="background:Violet; "| Ref.
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Sundari (Tamil TV series)|Sundari 2]]'' சுந்தரி
|28 August 2023
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|1 December 2024
|Original
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tamil-tv-show-sundari-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/114507624.cms|title=Popular Tamil TV show 'Sundari 2' to go off-air soon|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Sundari 2'' സുന്ദരി
|12 February 2024
|[[Surya TV]]
|21 July 2024
|Rowspan=2|Remake
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/sundari-serial-latest-episode-promo-out/articleshow/93295414.cms|title=സുന്ദരി ഇതൊന്നും മനപൂർവം ചെയ്യുന്നതല്ലല്ലോ, ഇങ്ങനെ കുറ്റപ്പെടുത്തിയാൽ എങ്ങനെയാ ശരിയാകുന്നത്!!! |language=ml|work=Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Anu Pallavi'' ಅನು ಪಲ್ಲವಿ
|16 February 2025
|[[Udaya TV]]
|Ongoing
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.southmoviez.com/kannada/kannada-tv/anupallavi-new-kannada-serial-promo-cast-story/|title="Anupallavi" – A Tale of a Mother's Duty and Love|website=southmoviez.com|date=22 January 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com Official website] {{in lang|en}}

{{Surya TV programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final

2026-04-01T23:24:37Z

LucileBrownbill: adding new data more to come - done

{{Short description|Field hockey tournament in Bhubaneswar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox field hockey
| tournament = 2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final
| other_titles =
| image = 2017 FIH Hockey World League Final Bhubaneswar Logo.png
| size =
| caption =
| dates = 1–10 December
| country = India
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| venues = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| teams = 8
| confederations = 4
| champions = {{fh|AUS}}
| count = 2
| second = {{fh|ARG}}
| third = {{fh|IND}}
| matches = 22
| goals = 80
| top_scorer = {{fhicon|BEL}} [[Loïck Luypaert]]
| top_scorer_goals = 8
| best_player = {{fhicon|GER}} [[Mats Grambusch]]
}}
The '''2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final''' was the final stage of the [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2016–17 edition]] of the [[Men's FIH Hockey World League]]. It took place between 1 and 10 December 2017 in [[Bhubaneswar]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=FIH unveils event hosts for 2015-2018 cycle|url=http://www.fih.ch/news/fih-unveils-event-hosts-for-2015-2018-cycle|publisher=FIH|accessdate=2013-11-08|date=2013-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bhubaneswar, India to host Men's Hockey World League Final 2017 and Hockey Men's World Cup 2018|url=http://www.fih.ch/news/bhubaneswar-india-to-host-men-s-hockey-world-league-final-2017-and-hockey-men-s-world-cup-2018/|publisher=FIH|accessdate=2017-04-11|date=2017-03-27}}</ref>

[[Australia men's national field hockey team|Australia]] won the tournament for a record second time after defeating [[Argentina men's national field hockey team|Argentina]] 2–1 in the final match. [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] won the third place match by defeating [[Germany men's national field hockey team|Germany]] 2–1.<ref name=Final>{{cite news|url=http://fih.ch/events/hockey-world-league/odisha-mens-hockey-world-league-final-bhubaneswar-2017/news/australia-s-kookaburras-claim-odisha-men-s-hockey-world-league-final-bhubaneswar-2017/|title=Australia's Kookaburras claim Odisha Men's Hockey World League Final Bhubaneswar 2017|date=10 December 2017|work=FIH|accessdate=11 December 2017}}</ref>

==Qualification==
[[File:Trophy of Men's hockey world cup.jpg|thumb|Odisha's Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] Unveiling the Trophy]]
The host nation qualified automatically in addition to 7 teams qualified from the [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|Semifinals]]. The following eight teams, shown with final pre-tournament rankings, competed in this round of the tournament.

{| class=wikitable
!Dates
!Event
!Location
!Quotas
!Qualifier(s)
|-
|
|colspan=2|Host nation
|align=center|1
|{{fh|IND}} (6)
|-
|15–25 June 2017
|rowspan=2| [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|2016–17 FIH Hockey World League Semifinals]]
|[[London]], England
|rowspan=2 align=center|7
|{{fh|NED}} (4) {{fh|ARG}} (1) {{fh|ENG}} (7)
|-
|8–23 July 2017
|[[Johannesburg]], South Africa
|{{fh|BEL}} (3) {{fh|GER}} (5) {{fh|AUS}} (2) {{fh|ESP}} (9)
|-
!colspan="3"|Total
!8
!
|}

==Results==
''All times are local ([[Time in India|UTC+5:30]]).''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/events/hockey-world-league/odisha-mens-hockey-world-league-final-bhubaneswar-2017/news/fih-confirms-odisha-men-s-hockey-world-league-final-bhubaneswar-2017-schedule/|title=FIH confirms Odisha Men's Hockey World League Final, Bhubaneswar 2017 schedule|date=7 September 2017|work=fih.ch}}</ref>

===First round===
====Pool A====
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.fih.ch/events/hockey-world-league/odisha-mens-hockey-world-league-final-bhubaneswar-2017/pools-matches/pools/ FIH]

|team1=BEL |team2=ESP |team3=ARG |team4=NED

|win_ARG=0 |draw_ARG=1 |loss_ARG=2 |gf_ARG=6 |ga_ARG=8
|win_BEL=3 |draw_BEL=0 |loss_BEL=0 |gf_BEL=11|ga_BEL=2
|win_NED=0 |draw_NED=1 |loss_NED=2 |gf_NED=5 |ga_NED=9
|win_ESP=2 |draw_ESP=0 |loss_ESP=1 |gf_ESP=5 |ga_ESP=8

|name_ARG={{fh|ARG}}
|name_BEL={{fh|BEL}}
|name_NED={{fh|NED}}
|name_ESP={{fh|ESP}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name= "Regulations">[http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Event%20Management/FIH%20Tournament%20Regulations%20-%20January%202015.pdf Regulations]</ref>

|result1=QF |result2=QF |result3=QF |result4=QF

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=green1 |text_QF=[[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
}}

{{fieldhockeybox
|date=2 December 2017
|time=12:00
|team1={{fh-rt|ARG}}
|score=2–3
|team2={{fh|BEL}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10449/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Maico Casella|Casella]] {{fhgoal|FG|52}} [[Gonzalo Peillat|Peillat]] {{fhgoal|PC|57}}
|goals2=[[Loïck Luypaert|Luypaert]] {{fhgoal|PC|9}} [[Amaury Keusters|Keusters]] {{fhgoal|FG|51}} [[Tom Boon|Boon]] {{fhgoal|PC|56}}
|umpires=Dan Barstow (ENG) Ben de Young (AUS)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=2 December 2017
|time=14:00
|team1={{fh-rt|NED}}
|score=2–3
|team2={{fh|ESP}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10450/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Lars Balk|Balk]] {{fhgoal|PC|37}} [[Mirco Pruyser|Pruyser]] {{fhgoal|FG|55}}
|goals2=[[Pau Quemada|Quemada]] {{fhgoal|PC|15+}} [[Enrique González (field hockey)|González]] {{fhgoal|FG|35}} [[Diego Arana|Arana]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}
|umpires=Javed Shaikh (IND) Ben Göntgen (GER)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=3 December 2017
|time=17:30
|team1={{fh-rt|BEL}}
|score=5–0
|team2={{fh|ESP}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10453/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Florent van Aubel|Van Aubel]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}} [[Loïck Luypaert|Luypaert]] {{fhgoal|PC|38|PC|57|PS|59}} [[Cédric Charlier|Charlier]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}
|goals2=
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Rana Anbanathan (MAS)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=3 December 2017
|time=19:30
|team1={{fh-rt|NED}}
|score=3–3
|team2={{fh|ARG}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10454/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Thierry Brinkman|Brinkman]] {{fhgoal|FG|12}} [[Valentin Verga|Verga]] {{fhgoal|FG|37}} [[Mirco Pruyser|Pruyser]] {{fhgoal|PC|55}}
|goals2=[[Matías Rey|Rey]] {{fhgoal|PC|45}} [[Lucas Vila|Vila]] {{fhgoal|PC|50}} [[Gonzalo Peillat|Peillat]] {{fhgoal|PC|59}}
|umpires=Martin Madden (SCO) Chen Dekang (CHN)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=5 December 2017
|time=17:30
|team1={{fh-rt|ARG}}
|score=1–2
|team2={{fh|ESP}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10457/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Matías Paredes|Paredes]] {{fhgoal|FG|21}}
|goals2=[[Pau Quemada|Quemada]] {{fhgoal|PC|50}} [[Josep Romeu|Romeu]] {{fhgoal|PS|59}}
|umpires=Ben de Young (AUS) Ben Göntgen (GER)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=5 December 2017
|time=19:30
|team1={{fh-rt|BEL}}
|score=3–0
|team2={{fh|NED}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10458/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Loïck Luypaert|Luypaert]] {{fhgoal|PC|19|PC|30+}} [[Tom Boon|Boon]] {{fhgoal|PC|32}}
|goals2=
|umpires=Javed Shaikh (IND) Dan Barstow (ENG)
}}

====Pool B====
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[http://www.fih.ch/events/hockey-world-league/odisha-mens-hockey-world-league-final-bhubaneswar-2017/pools-matches/pools/ FIH]

|team1=GER |team2=ENG |team3=AUS |team4=IND

|win_AUS=0 |draw_AUS=3 |loss_AUS=0 |gf_AUS=5 |ga_AUS=5
|win_ENG=1 |draw_ENG=1 |loss_ENG=1 |gf_ENG=5 |ga_ENG=6
|win_GER=2 |draw_GER=1 |loss_GER=0 |gf_GER=6 |ga_GER=2
|win_IND=0 |draw_IND=1 |loss_IND=2 |gf_IND=3 |ga_IND=6 |status_IND=H

|name_AUS={{fh|AUS}}
|name_ENG={{fh|ENG}}
|name_GER={{fh|GER}}
|name_IND={{fh|IND}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name= "Regulations" />

|result1=QF |result2=QF |result3=QF |result4=QF

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=green1 |text_QF=[[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
}}

{{fieldhockeybox
|date=1 December 2017
|time=16:45
|team1={{fh-rt|GER}}
|score=2–0
|team2={{fh|ENG}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10447/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Mats Grambusch|Grambusch]] {{fhgoal|FG|19}} [[Christopher Rühr|Rühr]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}}
|goals2=
|umpires=Rana Anbanathan (MAS) Eduardo Lizana (ESP)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=1 December 2017
|time=19:30
|team1={{fh-rt|AUS}}
|score=1–1
|team2={{fh|IND}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10448/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|21}}
|goals2=[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|20}}
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Diego Barbas (ARG)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=2 December 2017
|time=17:30
|team1={{fh-rt|GER}}
|score=2–2
|team2={{fh|AUS}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10451/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Marco Miltkau|Miltkau]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}} [[Martin Häner|Häner]] {{fhgoal|PC|58}}
|goals2=[[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhgoal|PC|39}} [[Aaron Kleinschmidt|Kleinschmidt]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}}
|umpires=Sean Rapaport (RSA) Martin Madden (SCO)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=2 December 2017
|time=19:30
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|score=2–3
|team2={{fh|ENG}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10452/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Akashdeep Singh|Akashdeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|47}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|Rupinder]] {{fhgoal|FG|50}}
|goals2=[[David Goodfield|Goodfield]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}} [[Samuel Ward (field hockey)|Ward]] {{fhgoal|FG|43|FG|57}}
|umpires=Diego Barbas (ARG) Chen Dekang (CHN)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=4 December 2017
|time=17:30
|team1={{fh-rt|AUS}}
|score=2–2
|team2={{fh|ENG}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10455/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Dylan Wotherspoon|Wotherspoon]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhgoal|PC|41}}
|goals2=[[Liam Ansell|Ansell]] {{fhgoal|FG|4}} [[Phil Roper|Roper]] {{fhgoal|FG|54}}
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Sean Rapaport (RSA)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=4 December 2017
|time=19:30
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|score=0–2
|team2={{fh|GER}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10456/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Martin Häner|Häner]] {{fhgoal|PC|17}} [[Mats Grambusch|Grambusch]] {{fhgoal|FG|20}}
|umpires=Eduardo Lizana (ESP) Martin Madden (SCO)
}}

===Second round===
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
|widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
|3rdplace=yes


|6 December|{{fh|BEL}}|3 (2)|{{fh|IND}} ([[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|p.s.o.]])|3 (3)
|7 December|{{fh|ENG}}|2|{{fh|ARG}}|3
|6 December|{{fh|ESP}}|1|{{fh|AUS}}|4
|7 December|{{fh|GER}} ([[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|p.s.o.]])|3 (4)|{{fh|NED}}|3 (3)

|8 December|{{fh|IND}}|0|{{fh|ARG}}|1
|9 December|{{fh|AUS}}|3|{{fh|GER}}|0

|10 December|{{fh|ARG}}|1|{{fh|AUS}}|2

|10 December|{{fh|IND}}|2|{{fh|GER}}|1
}}

====Quarter-finals====
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=6 December 2017
|time=17:15
|team1={{fh-rt|ESP}}
|score=1–4
|team2={{fh|AUS}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10459/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Marc Garcia (field hockey)|Garcia]] {{fhgoal|FG|20}}
|goals2=[[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|28}} [[Aaron Kleinschmidt|Kleinschmidt]] {{fhgoal|PC|48}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhgoal|PC|50|PC|50}}
|umpires=Diego Barbas (ARG) Chen Dekang (CHN)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=6 December 2017
|time=19:30
|team1={{fh-rt|BEL}}
|score=3–3
|team2={{fh|IND}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10460/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Loïck Luypaert|Luypaert]] {{fhgoal|PC|39|PC|46}} [[Amaury Keusters|Keusters]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}}
|goals2=[[Gurjant Singh|Gurjant]] {{fhgoal|FG|31}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|35}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|Rupinder]] {{fhgoal|PC|46}}
|umpires=Ben Göntgen (GER) Rana Anbanathan (MAS)
|penalties1=[[Gauthier Boccard|Boccard]] {{fhps|m}} [[Emmanuel Stockbroekx|Stockbroekx]] {{fhps|m}} [[Victor Wegnez|Wegnez]] {{fhps|m}} [[Arthur Van Doren|Van Doren]] {{fhps|g}} [[Florent van Aubel|Van Aubel]] {{fhps|g}} [[Arthur Van Doren|Van Doren]] {{fhps|m}}
|penaltyscore=2–3
|penalties2={{fhps|m}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]] {{fhps|g}} [[Lalit Upadhyay|Lalit]] {{fhps|g}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh|Rupinder]] {{fhps|m}} [[Sumit (field hockey)|Sumit]] {{fhps|m}} [[Akashdeep Singh|Akashdeep]] {{fhps|g}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=7 December 2017
|time=17:15
|team1={{fh-rt|ENG}}
|score=2–3
|team2={{fh|ARG}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10461/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[David Condon (field hockey)|Condon]] {{fhgoal|FG|29}} [[Adam Dixon (field hockey)|Dixon]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}
|goals2=[[Lucas Vila|Vila]] {{fhgoal|FG|21}} [[Matias Paredes|Paredes]] {{fhgoal|FG|29}} [[Juan Ignacio Gilardi|Gilardi]] {{fhgoal|PS|34}}
|umpires=Javed Shaikh (IND) Eduardo Lizana (ESP)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=7 December 2017
|time=19:30
|team1={{fh-rt|GER}}
|score=3–3
|team2={{fh|NED}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10462/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Julius Meyer (field hockey)|Meyer]] {{fhgoal|FG|12}} [[Florian Fuchs|Fuchs]] {{fhgoal|FG|34}} [[Constantin Staib|Staib]] {{fhgoal|FG|41}}
|goals2=[[Mirco Pruyser|Pruyser]] {{fhgoal|FG|21|FG|60}} [[Bjorn Kellerman|Kellerman]] {{fhgoal|FG|27}}
|umpires=Marcin Grochal (POL) Dan Barstow (ENG)
|penalties1=[[Florian Fuchs|Fuchs]] {{fhps|m}} [[Mats Grambusch|Grambusch]] {{fhps|g}} [[Marco Miltkau|Miltkau]] {{fhps|g}} [[Dieter Linnekogel|Linnekogel]] {{fhps|g}} [[Christopher Rühr|Rühr]] {{fhps|g}}
|penaltyscore=4–3
|penalties2={{fhps|m}} [[Billy Bakker|Bakker]] {{fhps|g}} [[Mirco Pruyser|Pruyser]] {{fhps|m}} [[Robbert Kemperman|Kemperman]] {{fhps|g}} [[Seve van Ass|Van Ass]] {{fhps|g}} [[Bjorn Kellerman|Kellerman]]
}}

====Fifth to eighth place classification====
The losing quarterfinalists are ranked according to their first-round results to determine the fixtures for the fifth to eighth place classification matches.

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
| update=complete
| source=

|team1=BEL |team2=ESP |team3=ENG |team4=NED

|name_BEL={{fh|BEL}} |win_BEL=3 |draw_BEL=0 |loss_BEL=0 |gf_BEL=11|ga_BEL=2
|name_ESP={{fh|ESP}} |win_ESP=2 |draw_ESP=0 |loss_ESP=1 |gf_ESP=5 |ga_ESP=8
|name_ENG={{fh|ENG}} |win_ENG=1 |draw_ENG=1 |loss_ENG=1 |gf_ENG=5 |ga_ENG=5
|name_NED={{fh|NED}} |win_NED=0 |draw_NED=1 |loss_NED=2 |gf_NED=5 |ga_NED=9

| split2=yes

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored.
}}

=====Seventh place game=====
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=8 December 2017
|time=17:15
|team1={{fh-rt|ENG}}
|score=0–1
|team2={{fh|NED}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10463/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Mirco Pruyser|Pruyser]] {{fhgoal|FG|42}}
|umpires=Sean Rapaport (RSA) Chen Dekang (CHN)
}}

=====Fifth place game=====
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=9 December 2017
|time=17:15
|team1={{fh-rt|BEL}}
|score=1–0
|team2={{fh|ESP}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10465/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Sébastien Dockier|Dockier]] {{fhgoal|FG|4}}
|goals2=
|umpires=Ben de Young (AUS) Javed Shaikh (IND)
}}

====First to fourth place classification====
=====Semi-finals=====
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=8 December 2017
|time=19:30
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|score=0–1
|team2={{fh|ARG}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10464/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=
|goals2=[[Gonzalo Peillat|Peillat]] {{fhgoal|PC|17}}
|umpires=Rana Anbanathan (MAS) Ben Göntgen (GER)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=9 December 2017
|time=19:30
|team1={{fh-rt|AUS}}
|score=3–0
|team2={{fh|GER}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10466/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Dylan Wotherspoon|Wothersoon]] {{fhgoal|FG|42}} [[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|48}} [[Tom Wickham|Wickham]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}
|goals2=
|umpires=Martin Madden (SCO) Diego Barbas (ARG)
}}

=====Third place game=====
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=10 December 2017
|time=17:15
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|score=2–1
|team2={{fh|GER}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10467/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[S. V. Sunil|Sunil]] {{fhgoal|FG|21}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|54}}
|goals2=[[Mark Appel (field hockey)|Appel]] {{fhgoal|FG|36}}
|umpires=Dan Barstow (ENG) Eduardo Lizana (ESP)
}}

=====Final=====
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=10 December 2017
|time=19:30
|team1={{fh-rt|ARG}}
|score=1–2
|team2={{fh|AUS}}
|report=[https://tms.fih.ch/matches/10468/reports/matchreport Report]
|goals1=[[Agustín Bugallo|Bugallo]] {{fhgoal|FG|17}}
|goals2=[[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|17}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhgoal|PC|58}}
|umpires=Martin Madden (SCO) Marcin Grochal (POL)
}}

==Statistics==
===Final ranking===
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Team
|-
|align=center|{{gold1}}|| {{fh|AUS}}
|-
|align=center|{{silver2}}|| {{fh|ARG}}
|-
|align=center|{{bronze3}}|| {{fh|IND}}
|-
|align=center|4|| {{fh|GER}}
|-
|align=center|5|| {{fh|BEL}}
|-
|align=center|6|| {{fh|ESP}}
|-
|align=center|7|| {{fh|NED}}
|-
|align=center|8|| {{fh|ENG}}
|}

===Awards===
The following individual awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament.<ref name=Final />
{| class=wikitable style="margin:auto; text-align:center"
|-
!Top Goalscorer
!Player of the Tournament
!Goalkeeper of the Tournament
!Young Player of the Tournament
|-
|{{fhicon|BEL}} [[Loïck Luypaert]]
|{{fhicon|GER}} [[Mats Grambusch]]
|{{fhicon|ARG}} [[Juan Manuel Vivaldi]]
|{{fhicon|BEL}} [[Victor Wegnez]]
|}

===Goalscorers===
{{Goalscorers
|goals=80 |matches=22
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/727/reports/scorers FIH]
|8 goals=
*{{fhicon|BEL}} [[Loïck Luypaert]]

|5 goals=
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Blake Govers]]
*{{fhicon|NED}} [[Mirco Pruyser]]

|4 goals=
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Jeremy Hayward]]

|3 goals=
*{{fhicon|ARG}} [[Gonzalo Peillat]]

|2 goals=
*{{fhicon|ARG}} [[Matías Paredes]]
*{{fhicon|ARG}} [[Lucas Vila]]
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Dylan Wotherspoon]]
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Aaron Kleinschmidt]]
*{{fhicon|BEL}} [[Tom Boon]]
*{{fhicon|BEL}} [[Amaury Keusters]]
*{{fhicon|ENG}} [[Samuel Ward (field hockey)|Samuel Ward]]
*{{fhicon|GER}} [[Mats Grambusch]]
*{{fhicon|GER}} [[Martin Häner]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Rupinder Pal Singh]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh]]
*{{fhicon|ESP}} [[Pau Quemada]]

|1 goal=
*{{fhicon|ARG}} [[Agustín Bugallo]]
*{{fhicon|ARG}} [[Maico Casella]]
*{{fhicon|ARG}} [[Juan Ignacio Gilardi]]
*{{fhicon|ARG}} [[Matías Rey]]
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Tom Wickham]]
*{{fhicon|BEL}} [[Cédric Charlier]]
*{{fhicon|BEL}} [[Sébastien Dockier]]
*{{fhicon|BEL}} [[Florent van Aubel]]
*{{fhicon|ENG}} [[Liam Ansell]]
*{{fhicon|ENG}} [[David Condon (field hockey)|David Condon]]
*{{fhicon|ENG}} [[Adam Dixon (field hockey)|Adam Dixon]]
*{{fhicon|ENG}} [[David Goodfield]]
*{{fhicon|ENG}} [[Phil Roper]]
*{{fhicon|GER}} [[Mark Appel (field hockey)|Mark Appel]]
*{{fhicon|GER}} [[Florian Fuchs]]
*{{fhicon|GER}} [[Julius Meyer (field hockey)|Julius Meyer]]
*{{fhicon|GER}} [[Marco Miltkau]]
*{{fhicon|GER}} [[Christopher Rühr]]
*{{fhicon|GER}} [[Constantin Staib]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Akashdeep Singh]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Gurjant Singh]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[S.V. Sunil]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]
*{{fhicon|NED}} [[Lars Balk]]
*{{fhicon|NED}} [[Thierry Brinkman]]
*{{fhicon|NED}} [[Bjorn Kellerman]]
*{{fhicon|NED}} [[Valentin Verga]]
*{{fhicon|ESP}} [[Diego Arana]]
*{{fhicon|ESP}} [[Marc Garcia (field hockey)|Marc Garcia]]
*{{fhicon|ESP}} [[Enrique González (field hockey)|Enrique González]]
*{{fhicon|ESP}} [[Josep Romeu]]
}}

==See also==
*[[2016–17 Women's FIH Hockey World League Final]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fih.ch/events/hockey-world-league/odisha-mens-hockey-world-league-final-bhubaneswar-2017/ Official website]

{{Men's FIH Hockey World League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2016-17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final}}
[[Category:2016–17 FIH Hockey World League|Final]]
[[Category:December 2017 sports events in India|FIH Hockey World League Men]]
[[Category:International field hockey competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:Sport in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian sport|FIH Hockey World League Final Men]]

LGBTQ rights in Karnataka

2026-03-30T23:09:00Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{Short description|Overview of LGBTQ rights in the Indian state of Karnataka}}
{{Infobox LGBT rights
| location_header = Karnataka
| image = File:IN-KA.svg
| caption = [[Karnataka]]
| legal_status = Legal since 2018
| gender_identity_expression = [[Third gender]] recognised; allowed to update gender on birth/death certificates per Karnataka HC
| recognition_of_relationships = No recognition of same‑sex relationships
| recognition_of_relationships_restrictions = Defined as opposite‑sex only
| adoption = No
| military =
| discrimination_protections = Gender identity protected under federal law; Karnataka allows 1 % reservation in public jobs for transgender persons
}}

'''Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) rights in [[Karnataka]]''' are governed by federal Indian law—including [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)|''Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India'' (2018)]] and the [[Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019|Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019)]]—augmented by state-level policies and judicial rulings supporting transgender inclusion.

== History ==
Historical evidence from Karnataka reflects a nuanced understanding of gender and sexuality. Temples built by the Hoysalas at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], [[Halebidu]], and [[Somanathapura]] (12th–13th century) contain sculptures depicting non-normative sexual expressions and fluid depictions of gender roles. These have been interpreted as cultural acknowledgment of diverse sexualities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queer Imagery in Indian Temple Art |url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/queer-imagery-indian-temple-art |website=The Wire |date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>

The 12th-century Virashaiva movement in Karnataka produced mystic poets like [[Akka Mahadevi|Akkamahadevi]], who rejected traditional gender roles and described spiritual union with Lord Shiva in terms that defied binary gender identities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious Representation in Early and Medieval South India: A Gender Perspective |url=https://lsrhistory.wordpress.com/2019/12/12/religious-representation-in-early-and-medieval-south-india-a-gender-perspective-a-guest-lecture-by-ms-gayatri-bhagwat/ |website=LSR History Blog |date=12 December 2019 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref> In regional performance traditions like [[Yakshagana]], male artists historically took on female roles in elaborate costume and makeup. Though not necessarily linked to sexuality, these roles challenged normative gender binaries in public rituals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peterson |first=Indira Viswanathan |title=Performing Pasts: Reinventing the Arts in Modern South India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780195697937}}</ref> Jaimini Bharata, a 16th-century Kannada literary work written by poet [[Lakshmisa|Lakshmisha]]. It is a retelling of the Mahabharata, focusing on the story of Arjuna's son, [[Babhruvahana]]. The text includes episodes and characters that resonate with modern understandings of gender fluidity. One notable character is Shikhandi, who is born as a woman (previously Amba) and later transforms into a man to fulfill a vow of vengeance. Though rooted in mythological tradition, Shikhandi's narrative has been interpreted in contemporary scholarship as reflecting themes of gender transition and non-binary identity.<ref>Vanita, Ruth. ''Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture''. Yoda Press, 2005.</ref><ref>Sandhya, R. "Shikhandi and the Fluidity of Gender in the Mahabharata." In: Narratives of Gender and Identity: The Mahabharata and Indian Cultural Imaginary. Routledge India, 2020.</ref>

Under British colonial rule, LGBTQ+ identities were legally and socially repressed. Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (1861) criminalized homosexual acts as “against the order of nature.” This law was enforced across the Madras Presidency, which included parts of modern Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The colonial roots of Section 377 and why its repeal is part of decolonisation |url=https://scroll.in/article/893311/the-colonial-roots-of-section-377-and-why-its-repeal-is-part-of-decolonisation |website=Scroll.in |date=6 September 2018 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref> The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 labeled many gender-nonconforming communities such as the Hijra as "criminals by birth", subjecting them to systemic policing and stigma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonial Control: The Criminal Tribes Act and its Legacy for Transgender Communities |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/colonial-control-criminal-tribes-act-and-its-legacy-transgender-communities |website=Sahapedia |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>

== Legal reforms & policy ==
Karnataka introduced a 1 % horizontal reservation in public-sector jobs for transgender persons in July 2021, making it the first Indian state to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-07-06 |title=Govt. notifies 1% reservation for transgender persons in jobs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/govt-notifies-1-reservation-for-transgender-persons-in-jobs/article35181785.ece |access-date=2025-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Karnataka State Transgender Policy (2017) outlined measures on welfare, healthcare, education, housing, and anti-discrimination; however, years later it remains largely unimplemented.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 years on, Karnataka State Transgender policy remains largely on paper |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/4-years-karnataka-state-transgender-policy-remains-largely-paper-153074 |website=The News Minute |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>

In December 2024, the Karnataka High Court ruled that transgender persons may amend their birth and death certificates to reflect both previous and current gender/name, based on certificates issued under the 2019 Act—even without legislative amendments to the old 1969 law.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka HC directs registrar to issue revised birth, death certificates for transgenders|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/karnataka-hc-directs-registrar-to-issue-revised-birth-death-certificates-for-transgenders-101735294522588.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=27 Dec 2024 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender modification: High Court asks state to propose changes to Act |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/gender-modification-high-court-asks-state-to-propose-changes-to-act/articleshow/116721932.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |date=28 Dec 2024 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>

In Ms. X vs State of Karnataka (2024), the Karnataka HC made clear that official documents can and must be updated based on certificates issued under Sections 6 and 7 of the 2019 Act, even when the Registration of Births/Deaths Act (1969) does not allow it—reinforcing supremacy of special law. Higher authorities were directed to propose legislative amendments aligning the two laws.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka HC rules on birth certificate amendments for transgender individuals: "State must implement the Transgender Act fully" |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/human-rights-news/karnataka-high-court-rules-on-birth-certificate-amendments-for-transgender-individuals-state-must-implement-the-transgender-act-fully-222804 |website=LatestLaws.com |date=27 Dec 2024 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka High Court delivers justice to Indian transgender woman after years of denial |url=https://www.jurist.org/features/2025/02/07/karnataka-high-court-delivers-justice-to-transgender-woman-after-years-of-denial/ |website=JURIST |date=7 Feb 2025 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>

=== Karnataka High Court petition on unequal tax treatment of same-sex partners ===
In October 2025, a same-sex couple, Anurag Kalia and Akhilesh Godi, filed a writ petition before the Karnataka High Court challenging the interpretation of Section 56(2)(x) of [[Income-tax Act, 1961|the Income Tax Act, 1961]]. The petition arose after one partner was advised that a valuable heirloom gifted by the other should be declared as taxable "income", since the statutory exemption under the fifth proviso applied only to “spouses” in heterosexual marriages.

The petitioners, represented by Dr. Dhruv Janssen-Sanghavi, contended that such exclusion violated the guarantees of equality before law and non-discrimination under Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India. They sought a declaration that the word “spouse”, as used in the Income Tax Act, be interpreted in a gender-neutral and orientation-neutral manner. Alternatively, it was argued that the same tax benefit to same-sex partners in long-term, stable relationships to fulfil the guarantee of the equal protection of the laws in Article 14 of the Constitution of India.

The Karnataka High Court issued notices to the Union Government and the Income Tax Department to respond to the plea. The matter was listed for further hearing later in the year.

The final hearings of the case commenced on 10 March 2026. It has now been listed for further hearing on 25 March 2026 at 2:30pm before Justice S. Sunil Dutt Yadav. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/finance/same-sex-couples-again-question-uneven-tax-law/articleshow/124692825.cms?from=mdr |title=Same-sex couples again question uneven tax law |work=The Economic Times |date=20 October 2025}}</ref>

== Recognition of relationships ==
{{See also|Recognition of same-sex unions in Karnataka}}
Karnataka has not recognized same‑sex marriages, civil unions, or partnerships, and existing marriage laws remain heterosexual by default. In June 2023, the [[Karnataka High Court]] extended legal protection to a same-sex interfaith couple threatened by their families. While the court did not legally recognize gay marriage or partnerships, it affirmed that the couple deserves police protection and freedom to live together without harassment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HC grants protection to same‑sex interfaith couple fearing threats from family|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/hc-grants-protection-to-same-sex-interfaith-couple-fearing-threats-from-family-1224302.html
|website=Deccan Herald|date=2 June 2023|access-date=2025-07-23|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Halakki Vokkaliga]], an indigenous community from the [[Uttara Kannada]] district, have upheld a tradition of ceremonial same-sex marriages between women for so long that present-day members no longer recall its origins. One such ceremony, known in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] as {{lang|kn|daḍḍuve maduve}}, is conducted annually to honour [[Indra]] and to pray for rainfall that is neither excessive nor insufficient. The event features a wedding procession and rituals, with both brides dressed in [[sari]]s, receiving blessings and gifts like in any other wedding. A recent instance of ''daḍḍuve maduve'' took place in 2022 at a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Ganesha]], a deity held in special reverence by the Halakki Vokkaliga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/lesbian-wedding-is-a-tradition-within-this-karnataka-community-heres-why-5759539.html|title=Lesbian Wedding Is A Tradition Within This Karnataka Community; Here's Why|work=News18|date=16 August 2022|last=Kalasa|first=Soumya}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/karnataka/uttara-kannada/viral-news-lesbian-wedding-is-a-tradition-in-this-uttara-kannada-halakki-okkaliga-community-here-is-why-sct-au49-429330.html|title=ಉತ್ತರ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಈ ಜಾತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಎಷ್ಟೋ ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಂದ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದೆ ಸಲಿಂಗ ವಿವಾಹ; ಕಾರಣ ಗೊತ್ತಾ?|work=TV9 Kannada|date=17 August 2022|last=Chakre|first=Sushma|language=kn}}</ref>

== Societal attitudes ==
[[File:Bangalore Gay Pride Parade (37).jpg|thumb|[[Bengaluru Namma Pride March]] at [[Bangalore Town Hall|Sir Puttannachetty Town Hall]]]]
Bengaluru is widely regarded as relatively LGBTQ‑inclusive, hosting annual pride marches since 2008—such as the [[Bengaluru Namma Pride March|Namma Pride]] and Karnataka Queer Habba—and established queer social initiatives like the [[Bangalore Queer Film Festival]] and support organizations including Sangama and Good As You.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Bengaluru has always been at the forefront of LGBTQ rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-has-always-been-at-the-forefront-of-lgbtq-rights/articleshow/65713951.cms|website=Times of India|date=7 September 2018|access-date=2025-07-23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangalore Queer Film Festival|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/pride-march-marks-15-years-in-the-city/articleshow/66192288.cms |website=The Hindu|date=27 November 2022|access-date=2025-07-23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=As Bengaluru marches for LGBT pride, community sheds fear and demands equal rights|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bengaluru-marches-lgbt-pride-community-sheds-fear-and-demands-equal-rights-36221|website=The News Minute|date=23 November 2015|access-date=2025-07-23|language=en}}</ref>

However, research and community reports indicate that LGBTQ individuals—especially outside of Bengaluru and other urban centers—continue to face social stigma, harassment, mental health challenges, and barriers to accessing welfare and inclusive services.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Violence and Mental Health Among Gender‑Diverse Individuals Enrolled in an HIV Program in Karnataka, South India|url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/trgh.2018.0051|website=Transgender Health |date=2018 |doi=10.1089/trgh.2018.0051 |pmid=31701013 |access-date=2025-07-23|language=en|pmc=6837158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Halli |first1=Shiva S. |last2=Isac |first2=Shajy |last3=Bhattacharjee |first3=Parinita |last4=Dutta |first4=Sumit |last5=Ramesh |first5=B. M. |last6=Lorway |first6=Robert |last7=Blanchard |first7=James |title=Suicidality among gender minorities in Karnataka, South India|journal=BMC Psychiatry |date=2021 |volume=21 |issue=1 |article-number=25 |doi=10.1186/s12888-021-03043-2 |pmid=33430838 |pmc=7798192 |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref>

== Activism and community ==

* [[Sangama (human rights group)|Sangama]], founded in 1999, has led legal advocacy efforts—including petitions that spurred the 1 % job reservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Following advocacy by Sangama, Karnataka amended recruitment rules to grant 1% reservation for transgender persons |url=https://www.sangama.org/advocacy-reservation-transgender-persons-karnataka/ |website=Sangama |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>
* [[Good As You Bangalore]] is among Southern India’s earliest community‑based LGBTQ support groups.
* [[Queer Campus Bangalore]] is a support group for lgbtq youth in Bangalore in school, colleges and universities.

== See also ==

* [[LGBT rights in India]]
* [[LGBTQ rights in Kerala|LGBTQ Rights in Kerala]]
* [[LGBTQ culture in Bengaluru]]

== References ==
<references />

{{LGBTQ in India}}

[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India by state]]
[[Category:Society of Karnataka]]

Sphaerotheca dobsonii

2026-03-24T14:37:25Z

LucileBrownbill: data...

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Sphaerotheca dobsonii-Mollem.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Sushil Dutta, Anand Padhye, Robert Inger |date=2004 |title=''Sphaerotheca dobsonii'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T58756A11837892 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58756A11837892.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Sphaerotheca dobsonii
| authority = ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]],1882)
| synonyms = ''Rana dobsonii'' Boulenger, 1882 
''Tomopterna dobsonii'' (Boulenger, 1882)
}}

'''''Sphaerotheca dobsonii''''' (common names: '''Mangalore bullfrog''', '''Dobson's burrowing frog''') is a species of [[frog]] capable of burrowing. It is found in southern [[India]].<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Dicroglossidae/Dicroglossinae/Sphaerotheca/Sphaerotheca-dobsonii |title=''Sphaerotheca dobsonii'' (Boulenger, 1882) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Sphaerotheca dobsonii Dobsons burrowing frog Mangalore bullfrog by Vijayanrajapuram 07.jpg|left|thumb|At [[Madikai]], in Kerala]]
The vomerine teeth occur in two oblique series between the choanae. It is stout, with a large head, a short, rounded snout, with an obtuse canthus rostralis; the interorbital space is narrower than the upper eyelid; the tympanum is very distinct, three-fourths of the diameter of the eye. The fingers are moderate and obtuse, with the first much longer than the second, as long as third; the toes are webbed at the base and moderate; the subarticular tubercles are large; the inner metatarsal tubercle is very large, sharp-edged, shovel-shaped, and longer than the inner toe; no outer tubercle or tarsal fold is present. The tibiotarsal articulation reaches the shoulder or the tympanum. The skin is smooth above, and granular on the belly and under the thighs; a fold runs from the eye to the shoulder. Grayish or purplish above, it is indistinctly marbled with brown, sometimes with a fine, light vertebral line; a deep black streak runs from the end of the snout, through the nostril and the eye, to the shoulder, expanding in a round spot on the tympanum; the thighs are black above, whitishly marbled; the beneath is yellowish, and the throat is brown-spotted.
It ranges in length from 2–3 in, snout to vent.<ref>Boulenger, G. A. (1890) Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.</ref>

It is found in Mangalore and South Canara.

==References==
<references/>

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2709737}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sphaerotheca Dobsoni}}
[[Category:Sphaerotheca (frog)|dobsonii]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1882]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger]]

{{Dicroglossidae-stub}}

1994 Rajya Sabha elections

2026-03-24T12:24:41Z

LucileBrownbill: slightly update structure per sources additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Elections for the Upper House of Indian Parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Rajya Sabha elections''' were held in 1994 to elect members of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[Indian Parliament]]'s [[upper chamber]]. 3 seats from [[Delhi]] & 1 seat from [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]],<ref name=dl-sk>{{cite web|title= Elections to Rajya Sabha |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN271299.pdf |publisher= ECI New Delhi |accessdate= 27 September 2017}}</ref> 58 members from 12 states,<ref name=mar>{{cite web|title=Biennial elections to the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) to fill the seats of members retiring on 02.04.2000 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN28022000.pdf |publisher= ECI New Delhi |accessdate= 27 September 2017}}</ref> and 3 members from [[Kerala|Kerala State]]<ref name=kl>{{cite web|title=Biennial Election to the Rajya Sabha by members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN29052K.pdf |publisher= ECI New Delhi |accessdate= 27 September 2017}}</ref> were elected.<ref name="alist">{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|accessdate=13 September 2017}}</ref>

==Elections==
Elections were held in 1994 to elect members from various states.
''The list is incomplete.''

===Members elected===
The following members were elected in 1994. They were members for the term 1994-2000 and retired in 2000, except in the case of resignation or death before the end of the term.

State - Member - Party
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Rajya Sabha members for term 1994–2000
! State !! Member Name !! Party !! Remark
|-

|-
| DL<ref name=dl-sk/> || [[Om Prakash Kohli|O P Kohli]] || BJP ||
|-
| DL || [[K R Malkani]] || BJP
|-
| DL || [[V K Malhotra]] || BJP || res 06/10/1999
|-

|-
| SK<ref name=dl-sk/> || [[Karma Tazing Topden]] || SKF ||
|-

|-
| AP || V [[Kishore Chandra Deo]]|| INC || R
|-
| AP<ref name=mar/> || [[Alladi P Rajkumar]] || INC
|-
| AP || [[Dronamraju Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana Dronamraju]] || INC
|-
| AP || [[K. Mohammed Khan]] || INC
|-
| AP || [[Yerra Narayanasawami]] || TDP || res 21/10/1999
|-
| AP || Tulsi Das Majji || INC || Dea 21/09/1994
|-

|-
| Bihar || Aas Mohammad || JD || R
|-
| Bihar || [[Kamla Sinha]] || JD
|-
| Bihar || Dr [[Jagannath Mishra]] || INC
|-
| Bihar || [[Janardhan Yadav]] || BJP
|-
| Bihar || Jalaludin Ansari || CPI
|-
| Bihar || Naresh Yadav || RJD
|-
| Bihar || Nagmani || RJD || 07/10/1999
|-
| Bihar || [[Sitaram Kesari]] || INC
|-

|-
| GJ<ref name=mar/> || [[Yoginder K Alagh|Yoginder Kumar Bhagatram]] || IND || bye 26/11/1996
|-
| GJ || [[Madhavsinh Solanki]] || INC
|-
| GJ || [[Rajubhai Parmar]] || INC
|-
| GJ || [[Praful Garodia|Prafulbhai Garodia]] || BJP
|-
| GJ || [[Anandiben Patel]] || BJP || res. 12/03/1998 GJ Assembly
|-
| GJ || [[K M Mangrola]] || BJP || Res 02/11/1996
|-

|-
| HR<ref name="mar"/> || [[Faqir Chand]] || INLD ||
|-
| HR || [[Ramji Lal]] || INC ||
|-

|-
| HP<ref name="mar"/> || [[Kripal Parmar]] || BJP ||
|-
| HP || [[Sushil Barongpa]] || INC
|-

|-
| KA<ref name="mar"/> || [[Janardhana Poojary]] || INC ||
|-
| KA|| [[K. Rahman Khan]] || INC
|-
| KA|| [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]] || INC || Res 23/08/1999
|-
| KA|| [[H. Hanumanthappa]] || INC
|-

|-
| MP<ref name="mar"/> || [[H. R. Bhardwaj]] || INC ||
|-
| MP || [[Ghufran Aazam]] || INC
|-
| MP || [[Govind Ram Miri]] || BJP
|-
| MP || [[Raghavji]] || BJP
|-
| MP || [[Veena Verma (politician)|Veena Verma]] || INC
|-
| MP || [[Radhakishan Malviya|Radhakishan Chhotuji Malviya]] || INC
|-

|-
| MH<ref name="mar"/> || [[Sanjay Nirupum]] || SS ||
|-
| MH || [[V N Gadgil]] || INC
|-
| MH || [[Saroj Khaparde]] || INC
|-
| MH || [[Gopalrao V Patil]] || INC
|-
| MH || [[Govindrao Adik]] || NCP
|-
| MH || [[Ram Jethmalani]] || OTH
|-
| MH || [[Suresh Kalmadi]] || INC || Res 10/05/1996
|-

|-
| OR<ref name="mar"/> || [[Bhagaban Majhi]] || JD ||
|-
| OR || [[Rahas Bihari Barik]] || JD ||
|-
| OR || [[Sanatan Bisi]] || BJD ||
|-

|-
| RJ <ref name="mar"/> || [[Kanak Mal Katara]] || BJP ||
|-
| RJ || [[Bhuvnesh Chaturvedi]] || INC
|-
| RJ || [[Onkar Singh Lakhawat]] || --
|-
| RJ || [[Satish Agarwal]] || BJP || 10/09/1997
|-

|-
| UP <ref name="mar"/> || [[Janeshwar Mishra]] || SP ||
|-
| UP || [[Ram Nath Kovind]] || BJP
|-
| UP || [[Jayant Malhoutra|Jayant Kumar Malhoutra]]|| IND
|-
| UP || [[Ish Dutt Yadav]] || SP || Dea 19/09/1999
|-
| UP || [[Malti Devi Sharma]] || BJP
|-
| UP || [[Raj Nath Singh]] || BJP
|-
| UP || [[Raj Babbar]] || INC || res LS
|-
| UP || [[Jitendra Prasad]] || INC || res 07/10/1999 LS
|-
| UP || [[Mayawati]] || BSP || Res 25/10/1996
|-
| UP || [[Dara Singh Chauhan]] || BSP || bye 30/11/1996
|-
| UP || [[Jitendra Prasad]] || INC || res LS
|-
| UP || Dr [[Ranbir Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ranbir Singh]] || BJP
|-
| UP || [[Ram Vaksa]] || --
|-
| UP || Prof [[R. B. S. Varma]] || BJP
|-

|-
| WB<ref name="mar"/> || [[Nilotpal Basu]] || CPM ||
|-
| WB || [[Dipankar Mukherjee]] || CPM ||
|-
| WB || Joyanta Roy || ppp ||
|-
| WB || [[Gurudas Dasgupta]] || CPI ||
|-
| WB || [[Biplab Dasgupta]] || CPM || Dea 17–07–2005
|-

|-
| Kerala<ref name=kl/> || [[Vayalar Ravi]] || INC ||
|-
| Kerala || [[E. Balanandan]] || CPM ||
|-
| Kerala || [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]] || ML ||
|-

|-
|}

==Bye-elections==
The following bye-elections were held in the year 1994.

State - Member - Party

# AP - T. Venkatram Reddy - INC ( ele 31/01/1994 term till 1996 )
# UP - [[Sanjay Dalmia]] - SP ( ele 03/02/1994 term till 1998 )

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:1994 elections in India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|1994]]

2022 India–Bangladesh floods

2026-03-22T12:47:43Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{Short description|Natural disaster in northeastern India and Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox flood
| name = 2022 India–Bangladesh floods
| duration = {{start date|2022|05|23|df=y}}–present
| total fatalities = 318
*India: 177<ref>{{Cite web|title=Death Toll in Assam and Bihar Floods Touches 170, Both States Continue to Battle Heavy Deluge|url=https://travel.earth/assam-and-bihar-floods/amp/|date=4 July 2022}}</ref>
*Bangladesh: 141<ref>{{Cite news|title=Flood death toll rises to 141 in Bangladesh|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/08/22/flood-death-toll-rises-to-141-in-bangladesh|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=22 August 2022}}</ref>
| areas affected = India (Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura):
Bangladesh (Sylhet, Mymensingh, Rangpur, Rajshahi divisions)
| cause = Heavy [[monsoon]] rains
| image = File:Flood affected road.jpg
| caption = Road affected by flood in a village of [[Assam]]
| website =
| damages = India:
* 4,000+ villages
* 113,000 hectares of crop area
Bangladesh:
*53,000 hectares of crop area
}}{{Update|date=July 2023}}
Beginning in May 2022, deadly floods hit [[Northeast India|northeastern India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Over 9 million people in both countries have been affected, and around 300 people were killed.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ehlinger |first1=Maija |last2=Sehgal |first2=Kunal |last3=Akbarzai |first3=Sahar |date=2022-06-20 |title=Millions impacted by monsoon flooding in Bangladesh and India |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/19/asia/monsoon-flooding-bangladesh-india-intl/index.html |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Karan Deep |last2=Hasnat |first2=Saif |date=2022-06-20 |title=Ruinous Flooding in India and Bangladesh Kills at Least 116 |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/20/world/asia/india-bangladesh-flooding-monsoon.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

{{As of|2022|June|22}}, millions of people across the affected areas are reported to be in urgent need of food and medicine.<ref>{{Citation |title=Live Update :Bangladesh, India floods kill over 100; millions in need of aid |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btaC3JG2Gt8 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |access-date=2022-06-22}}</ref>

== Background ==

[[File:Urban man leaving his house due to flash flood Sylhet, Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|left|A victim moving their belongings to a safe place during June 2022 Sylhet flood.]]

[[Bangladesh]] and northeastern India, especially [[Assam]], are mainly flat floodplains with numerous rivers flowing across them, the most prominent of which are the [[Ganges|Ganga]] (called [[Padma River|Padma]] in Bangladesh) and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] (called [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] in Bangladesh). Other major river systems in the region include the [[Barak River|Barak]]-[[Surma River|Surma]]-[[Kushiyara River|Kushiyara]] river system, which flows through northeastern Bangladesh and the [[Barak Valley]] of Assam. Due to the large volumes of water coming from the [[Himalayas]] and the heavy monsoon rains, flooding is a regular occurrence in this region. At the time of the floods, a [[La Niña|La Nina]] event was active in the Pacific meaning India and Bangladesh would receive heavier monsoon showers. Beginning in May 2022, deadly floods hit northeastern India and Bangladesh. Over 9 million people in both countries have been affected, and around 150 have been killed.[1][2]

2022 India–Bangladesh floods
Date
23 May 2022 to present
Location
India (Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura): Bangladesh (Sylhet, Mymensingh, Rangpur, Rajshahi divisions)
Cause
Heavy monsoon rains
Deaths
250+
India:
Assam: 170+
Other northeastern states: 30+
Bangladesh: 80+
Property damage
India:
4,000+ villages
113,000 hectares of crop area
Bangladesh:

53,000 hectares of crop area
Website
[1]
Millions of people across the affected areas are reported to be in urgent need of food and medicine.[3]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Pinaki |date=2022-06-21 |title=La Nina behind floods in Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/climate-crisis/natural-disaster/news/la-nina-behind-floods-bangladesh-3052291 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Around 40% of Assam's area is a [[flood plain]], which is also roughly 10% of India's total flood-prone area. According to [[ISRO]], nearly 30% of Assam's land area have been flooded at least once from 1998 to 2015. Heavy rainfall and settling of sediments plays a major role in rising the water level of the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries. Also, according to a survey, the Brahmaputra have widening yearly due to erosion, which also makes the flooding worse.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sumeda |date=2022-06-25 |title=Explained {{!}} Assam's annual tryst with devastating floods |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-flood-devastation-monsoon-brahmaputra-reason-cause/article65549836.ece |access-date=2022-06-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Events ==

=== India ===
====Assam Floods====
{{Infobox flood
| name = Assam Floods 2022
| image =
| image_size = 250
| alt =
| caption = A satellite image time-lapse of the flood from 1 July 2022 to 16 July 2022 of [[Barpeta]].
| duration = {{start date|2022|04|06|df=y}} to {{end date|2022|10|df=y}}
| affected =
| cause =
| fatalities = 197
| damages = ~ [[Indian rupee|₹]]1,000 crore, ~[[United States dollar|$]] 1.2 Billion<ref name="[2]">{{cite web |title="Property loss by Assam Floods 2022' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-state.cs/assam-flood-death-toll-july-3-2022/article65595932.ece |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>
Damage to 108,308 [[Hectare|Hectares]] of Crop land.
}}
'''Assam Floods 2022''' ( '''''অসমীয়া''''' ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]) : - '''''অসমৰ বানপানী ২০২২''''') is one of the worst floods ever seen in [[Assam]] in the decade which lasted for almost 7 Months ( From April 2022 to October 2022 ) in a series of waves.<ref name="[1]">{{cite web |title="One of the worst flood in the decade" |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/2022-assam-floods-worst-in-decade-reveals-asdma-data |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

The main causes for the floods are the [[Mango showers|Pre-Monsson]] rains which were started from 6 April 2022 across the state and the [[Wet season|Monsoon Season]] there after.<ref name="[3]">{{cite web |title="Causes of the floods" |url=https://www.ndrf.gov.in/operations/assam-floods-2022 |website=www.ndrf.gov.in |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>

In total around 5.6 million people got affected, 4.7 million people got [[Forced displacement|displaced]], Crop land of 108,308 [[Hectare|Hectares]] got damaged, 3,660,173 animals got affected and 32 districts in the state : - [[Bajali district|Bajali]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]], [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]], [[Hojai district|Hojai]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup (Metro)]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], [[west Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong ]], [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Majuli district|Majuli]], [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[South Salmara district|South Salmara]], [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]] and [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]] got affected by the floods.<ref name="[4]">{{cite web |title="Human Displacement, Assam Floods 2022" |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61862035 |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

=====Impact=====
The first wave of the floods, caused by the excessive rains in May 2022, due to which flooding was seen in 27 districts. [[Soil erosion]] happened in large scale across various places in the state. Around 670,000 people got affected by the first wave.<ref name="[5]">{{cite web |title="First wave destruction" |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/assam/story/assam-floods-water-recedes-over-6-lakh-still-remain-affected-1973890-2022-07-10 |website=www.indiatoday.in |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref>

The second wave of the floods, which lasted from June 2022 to September 2022, due to "[[Monsoon season]]", caused the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], [[Barak River|Barak]] and other major rivers in the state to overflow which eroded the [[Bank (geography)|river banks]] and also the houses present their. Around 1,100 houses got completely destroyed
and 7,000 houses got partially damaged. Landslides were also observed in 6 districts: - [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup (Metro)]], [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]] and [[Cachar district|Cachar]]. Over 90,000 people got affected in the second wave of the floods.<ref name="[6]">{{cite web |title="Assam floods, second wave" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-flood-situation-turns-critical-nine-more-deaths-reported/article65538235.ece |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref>

The third wave of the floods, the last wave, in October 2022, caused the [[Flat coast|low-lying areas]] near the riverbanks to get flooded with rainwater and again extensive erosion was observed. Around 70,000 people got affected in the third wave.<ref name="[7]">{{cite web |title="The third wave, Assam Floods 2022" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nearly-70-000-affected-in-third-wave-of-assam-floods-3427950 |website=www.ndtv.com |access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref>

Several [[Japanese encephalitis]] cases were reported across the state during the floods which raised the fear of spread of [[Waterborne diseases|Water Borne Diseases]] across the state.<ref name="[8]">{{cite web |title="Spread of water borne Diseases" |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/water-borne-diseases-loom-large-as-floodwaters-recede-in-assam/articleshow/92767844.cms |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref>

Assam's second largest city, [[Silchar]], have been inundated for six days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam floods: Four more deaths reported as Silchar remains inundated for sixth day |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/assam-floods-four-more-flood-related-deaths-reported-as-silchar-remains-inundated-for-sixth-day-article-92461877 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

Railway lines were also affected due to flooding and landslides.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Shiva |date=2022-05-24 |title=Assam Floods: In Big Relief, Centre Sanctions Rs 180 Cr For Restoration Of Railway Network In Dima Hasao |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/assam-floods-restoration-of-railway-network-35705 |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en}}</ref>

=====Rescue Operations=====
In response to the floods, the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] made an Inter Ministerial Central Team (IMCT) which visited the flood hit areas two times, 26 May 2022 to 29 May 2022 and 30 June 2022 to 3 July 2022 respectively and conducted surveys to estimate the losses caused by the flood. The Union Government after that dispatched a financial aid of ₹648.48 crore to [[Government of Assam|Assam Government]] to provide shelter to those who lost their homes in the floods.<ref name="[9]">{{cite web |title="Centre Dispatched financial aid to assam Government" |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2022/08/03/2022-assam-floods-killed-197-people-centre-releases-648-crore-as-relief/ |website=www.eastmojo.com |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>

The Indian Arm Forces, [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) and [[State Disaster Response Force, Assam|State Disaster Response Force of Assam]] (SDRF) started conducting relief and rescue operations from June 2022.<ref name="[10]">{{cite web |title="Army, NDRF and SDRF Conducts rescue operations." |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/army-ndrf-sdrf-carry-out-rescue-operations-in-flood-affected-assams-cachar20220621063006/ |website=www.aninews.in |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

The [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent]] (IFRC) allocated 621,547 [[Swiss franc|CHF]] (Swiss Franc) to the [[Indian Red Cross Society]] (IRCS) to conduct relief operations and distribute relief materials like food, water, mosquito nets, hygienic kits etc. In total, over 4,075 relief camps and 5,802 relief distribution centers were established.<ref name="[11]">{{cite web |title=Disaster Response Emergency Fund (DREF) Report |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-assam-floods-dref-operation-no-mdrin027-final-report |website=reliefweb.int |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>

====Others====
Another spurt of heavy rains hit the state in June. By 17 June 2022, it was reported that 20 people had been killed in floods and landslides in Assam and 18 in [[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Floods & landslides claim 20 lives in Assam, Meghalaya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jun/17/floods--landslides-claim-20-lives-in-assam-meghalaya-2466768.html |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The hill stations of [[Cherrapunji]] and [[Mawsynram]] recorded their highest rainfall since the 1940s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Assam Floods: 11 Die In Last 24 Hours, Over 4.5 Million Affected |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-floods-11-dead-today-over-2-lakh-in-relief-camps-3084508 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In Arunachal Pradesh, heavy rains and landslides have affected many districts across the state and have killed one and resulted in three missing.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-06-20 |title=Arunachal floods: One killed, three missing after landslides |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/arunachal-pradesh/2022/06/20/arunachal-floods-one-killed-three-missing-after-landslides/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>
<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-19 |title=Assam floods, landslides claim 62 lives so far; nearly 31 lakh affected across 32 districts |language=en |website=Mid-day |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/assam-floods-landslides-claim-62-lives-so-far-nearly-31-lakh-affected-across-32-districts-23232231 |access-date=2022-06-19}}</ref>

In Tripura, flooding in several rivers has caused 12,000 people to leave their homes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-19 |title=Slight Improvement in Tripura Flood Situation, One Feared Washed Away |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/slight-improvement-in-tripura-flood-situation-one-feared-washed-away-5402041.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

As of 21 June, the death toll increased above 130 in northeast India. 18% of [[Kaziranga National Park]] have been submerged. More than 6 lakh people have been affected in Meghalaya.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

18 people have died in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2022-06-30 |title=One more death due to landslides in Arunachal, toll rises to 18 |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/one-more-death-due-to-landslides-in-arunachal-toll-rises-to-18-1376471 |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

In August, at least 36 people died in floods in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Four people were killed and 13 were missing in the neighbouring state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern India: 40 killed in floods and landslides as forecasters warn of more heavy rain to come |url=https://news.sky.com/story/northern-india-40-killed-in-floods-and-landslides-as-forecasters-warn-of-more-heavy-rain-to-come-12678863 |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bangladesh ===
In Bangladesh, floods from the Barak and Kushiyara rivers have mainly impacted the northeastern [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]] and [[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj districts]] and as of 20 June have killed over 32 people. The floods have submerged over 53,000 hectares of agricultural land, damaging the crops. After the area was submerged in water, many fish could be seen floating from the flooded ponds and reservoirs. Due to the floods, the teaching activities of 640 educational institutions in Sylhet have been disrupted. In Sylhet district 55 unions were completely and 15 unions were partially flooded.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=সিলেটে বন্যা পরিস্থিতির অবনতি, ৮৬ ইউনিয়ন প্লাবিত |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/931234.details |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref> On 22 May, it was reported that the flood situation in Sylhet had not changed much. There is a shortage of clean water in the flood-hit areas. Dams in different areas are weakened by severe floods.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2022 |title=সিলেটে সার্বিক বন্যা পরিস্থিতি অপরিবর্তিত |newspaper=Daily Ittefaq |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/598075/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |language=bn}}</ref> In June, at least 500 villages in different parts of Sylhet district were damaged and at least four lakh people were stranded.<ref name="pa">{{cite news |date=16 June 2022 |title=সিলেটে বন্যা পরিস্থিতির আরও অবনতি, বাড়ছে নদ-নদীর পানি |newspaper=Prothom Alo |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF |language=bn}}</ref> Power supply has been cut off in Sylhet and Sunamganj districts.<ref name="bt2">{{cite web |date=18 June 2022 |title=সিলেট রেলস্টেশনে বন্যার পানি, ট্রেন-বাস চলাচল বন্ধ |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/amp/country/sylhet/749109/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7 |website=Bangla Tribune |language=bn}}</ref> As of June 18, the flood situation in the Sylhet region has further deteriorated.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2022 |title=সিলেটের বন্যা পরিস্থিতি আরও ভয়াবহ |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/climate-nature/news/bd/938054.details |website=Banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref>

The [[Bangladesh Army]] is working to help with the second phase of flood situation of Sylhet in June.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 2022 |title=সিলেটে বন্যা নিয়ন্ত্রণে সেনাবাহিনী মোতায়েন |newspaper=The Daily Star |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-360656 |language=bn}}</ref> [[Secondary School Certificate]] exams to be held in the country have been cancelled due to deteriorating flood situation.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 2022 |title=বন্যা: সিলেট, সুনামগঞ্জে ভয়াবহ পরিস্থিতিতে লাখ লাখ মানুষ, বিচ্ছিন্ন সুনামগঞ্জ |website=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-61845628 |language=bn}}</ref> Operations at [[Osmani International Airport]] and [[Sylhet railway station]] have been suspended due to flood waters entering the airport and station area.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 2022 |title=বন্যা : সিলেট বিমানবন্দরে ফ্লাইট ওঠানামা বন্ধ |newspaper=Naya Diganta |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/sylhet/670956/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="bt2"/>

In northern Bangladesh, the [[Teesta River|Teesta]] and Jamuna have both risen, flooding large parts of [[Lalmonirhat District|Lalmonirhat]] and [[Kurigram District|Kurigram]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-21 |title=Fodder crisis forcing flood hit farmers in Kurigram, Lalmonirhat to sell livestock for cheap |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/climate-crisis/natural-disaster/news/fodder-crisis-forcing-flood-hit-farmers-kurigram-lalmonirhat-sell-livestock-cheap-3052656 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

On 20 June, [[Reuters]] reported that the flooding had stranded over nine million people, including 45 lakh in Bangladesh and 47 lakh in Assam.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Ruma |last2=Hussain |first2=Zarir |date=2022-06-20 |title=Bangladesh military scrambles to reach millions marooned after deadly flooding |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/millions-bangladesh-india-await-relief-after-deadly-flooding-2022-06-20/ |access-date=2022-06-20}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2020 Assam floods]]
* [[2012 Assam floods]]
* [[2022 Manipur landslide]]
* [[2024 India-Bangladesh floods]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{url|http://sdmassam.nic.in/reports.html}}

{{Disasters in India in 2022}}
{{2022 floods}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:May 2022 in India]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:2022 floods in Asia]]
[[Category:2020s in Assam]]
[[Category:Brahmaputra River]]
[[Category:Floods in Assam]]
[[Category:2022 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Floods in Bangladesh]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:2022 India-Bangladesh floods}}

Mushika dynasty

2026-03-15T04:03:56Z

LucileBrownbill: further refined page to improve readability and corrected details

{{About|the early historic/early medieval (till 12th century AD) Mushika dynasty|the post-12th century state|Kolathunad}}
{{Short description|Ruling lineage from ancient/early medieval south India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = Ezhimala (early historic) Mushika/Kolla-desham (medieval)
| image_map = {{Location map+|Kerala|width=200|float=center
|caption=
|places=
{{Location map~|Kerala|lat_deg=12.018333|lon_deg=75.215833|position=bottom|marksize=0|label_size=80|label=MUSHIKAS (EZHIMALA)}}
}}
| image_map_caption =
| conventional_long_name = Mushika
| common_name =
| status =
| year_start =
| year_end = 12th century AD
| common_languages = * [[Old Tamil|Tamil]] (early historic)
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] (medieval)
| capital = * [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhimala (Kannur)]] (early historic)
* Kollam/Kolam (early medieval)
* Karippattu, [[Taliparamba]] (c. 12th century)
| today = [[India]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| demonym =
| government_type = * Chieftaincy (early historic)
* [[Monarchy]] (early medieval)
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}
'''Mushika dynasty,''' also spelled '''Mushaka''', also '''Eli''' or '''Ezhi''',<ref name=":53">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=178 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref> was a minor dynastic power that held sway over the region in and around Mount Ezhi ([[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhimala]], in present-day [[Kannur district]]), [[North Malabar, Kerala|northern Kerala]], south India, from the early historic period up to the medieval period.<ref name=":53" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC |title=Kerala History and its Makers |date=2011 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788126437825 |location=Kottayam (Kerala) |page=29-32 |orig-year=1987}}</ref>

The country of the Ezhimala, ruled by an ancient chiefly lineage ("the Muvan"), appears in [[Sangam period|early historic (pre-Pallava) south India]].<ref name=":06">{{Cite journal |last=Gurukkal |first=Rajan |date=2002 |title=Did State Exist in the Pre-Pallavan Tamil Region |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=138–150 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44158082}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K. N. |date=2009 |title=Lived Spaces in History: A Study in Human Geography in the Context of Sangam Texts |journal=Studies in History |language= |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=151–195 |doi=10.1177/025764301002500201 |issn=0257-6430 |pmid= |s2cid=}}</ref> [[Sangam literature|Early Tamil poems (the Sangam Literature)]] contain several references to the exploits of Nannan, the ruler of Ezhimala (''fl. c.'' 180 AD<ref name=":202">{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link1= |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/comprehensive-history-india-vol-ii-mauryas-and-satavahanas |title=Comprehensive History of India, Vol. 2: The Mauryas and Satavahanas |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1957 |isbn= |location=Bombay |pages=508, 511, 518, 535, and 538 |chapter= |orig-year=}}</ref>) who famously defeated the [[Dharmapuri|Tagadur]] [[Athiyamān|Satiyaputra]] ruler.<ref name=":532">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=195 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> Nannan was known as a great enemy of the [[Chera dynasty|early Chera]] rulers of western Tamil Nadu and central Kerala.<ref name=":532" /> The famous Kottayam Coin Hoard, a massive cache of mostly [[Julio-Claudian dynasty|Julio-Claudian (Roman)]] coins, was also discovered from the Ezhimala country.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Paula J. |url=https://www.routledge.com/Roman-Coins-from-India/Turner/p/book/9780367605827#:~:text=Description,post%2DJulio%2DClaudian%20coins. |title=Roman Coins from India |date= |publisher=University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications |year=2016 |isbn= |publication-date= |pages=8-9, 62-63 and 100 and 112 |orig-year=2009}}</ref>

The Ezhimala polity evolved into a monarchical state (known as "Kolla-desham") in the early medieval period and soon came under the influence of the neighboring [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera kingdom]].<ref name=":533">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=195, 118-119 and 137-138 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":622">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K. N. |date=2009 |title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1177/037698360903600102 |issn=0376-9836 |s2cid=}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-early-medieval-in-south-india-9780198069140 |title=The Early Medieval in South India |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |pages=40, 160 and 261}}</ref> The Ezhimala or Mushika rulers are recorded to have supported the Cheras in their conflicts with the [[Chola dynasty|Chola Empire]].<ref name=":537">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=178-179 and 180-182 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref> Chola records mention the defeat of Kollam and the fall of its ruler, while another inscription confirms the presence of Chola soldiery in north Kerala in the early 11th century.<ref name=":538">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=118-119, 122-123, 137-138, 141, and 180-182 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":539">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=122-123 and 141 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref> After the decline of the Chera state, the kingdom endured as "Kolathunad" in the [[Kannur district|Kannur]]-[[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] region.<ref name=":532" /> The [[Mushika-vamsha|Mushaka Vamsa Kavya]], a dynastic chronicle composed in the 11th century by poet [[Atula|Athula]], describes the history of the Mushika lineage.<ref name=":54">{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date= |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2003 |pages=394-95 |chapter= |orig-year=2002}}</ref><ref name=":5310">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=178-179 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>

The economies of the early historic Ezhimala polity and the medieval Mushika state are thought to have depended largely on the Indian Ocean [[spice trade]] — particularly in [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[cardamom]], and other hill produce — while conventional agriculture (wet-rice cultivation) played a lesser role.<ref name=":24" />

== Etymology ==
The term "Mushika" or "Mushaka" Parvata is the [[Sanskrit]] translation of the ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name "Ezhimalai" (or the Ezhil Kunram).<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":532" /> It was later mispronounced as "Elimala", which came to mean "the Mountain of the Rats".<ref name=":532" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Vielle |first=Christophe |date=2014 |editor-last=Veluthat |editor-first=Kesavan |editor2-last=Davis, Jr |editor2-first=Donald R. |title=How did Paraśurāma Come to Raise Kerala |url=https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:158686 |journal=Irreverent History: Essays for M. G. S. Narayanan |language=en |pages=18-19}}</ref> The term "Mushika" also referred to the "Vaka" tree ([[Albizia lebbeck]] or [[Acacia|Acacia sirissa]]), which was considered sacred by the rulers of Ezhimala.<ref name=":771" />

Ezhimala hill (or the Ezhil Kunram) is described in ''Mushaka Vamsa Kavya'' as "Mushaka Parvata".<ref name=":5310" /> The early historic fort of the Mushikas, located beneath Ettikulam Fort, is now protected by Department of Archaeology, Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ezhimala Fort |url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/ezhimala-fort/25 |website=Department of Archaeology, Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref>

== Early historic Ezhimala rulers ==
[[File:Ezhimala_beach.JPG|thumb|296x296px|Ezhimala Hill]]
The ancient ruling family of Ezhimala appears to have existed in northern Kerala at least from the early historic (pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]) period.<ref name=":5311">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=180-182 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref> [[Sangam literature|Ancient Tamil poems (the Sangam Literature)]] describe the polity of Ezhimalai (also "Ezhil-malai"), situated on the northern edge of Tamilakam (the Tamil country) on its western (Malabar) coast.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1961 |title= |journal=Journal: Humanities |publisher=University of Madras |volume=Section A: 33-36 |page=188}}</ref>

The rulers of Ezhimalai were among the most prominent hill chieftains of ancient Kerala. <ref name=":06" /> The "Muvan" chieftain mentioned in early Tamil poems — described as an adversary of the [[Chera dynasty|early Chera rulers]] of western Tamil Nadu and central Kerala — is identified with the Muvan ruler of Ezhimalai.<ref name=":532" /> The early historic Ezhimala clan maintained matrimonial alliances with the Chera, Pandya and, Chola families.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samy |first=P. L. |date=1994 |title=Nannan of North Malabar |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZU6kuUy/mode/1up |journal=University Quarterly, Tamil Civilization |location=Tanjore |publisher=Tamil University |page=142}}</ref> The family was also related to that of the rulers of Kantiramala.<ref name=":06" />

According to the Sangam poems, the port of "Naravu" was located within the territory of Ezhimalai (Akam, 97).<ref name=":532" /> The [[Mahabharata]], the Sanskrit epic poem of ancient India, also mentions the Mushikas as one of the kingdoms of the deep south, grouping them alongside the Keralas, Pandyas, and Cholas.<ref>{{cite book |last1= |first1= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8897ridkczoC&pg=PA479 |title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=2002 |isbn=9788177552997 |editor-last=Kapoor |editor-first=Subodh |volume=II |location=New Delhi |pages=479-80 |chapter=Musika-Mushika}}</ref>

=== Ezhimala Nannan ===
Early Tamil tradition ([[Sangam literature|the Sangam poems]]) contains repeated references to several rulers of Ezhimala ("the Ezhil Kunram") bearing the name or title "Nannan".<ref name=":202" /><ref name=":532" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ferenczi |first=Roland |url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/11295/1/Eo%CC%88tvo%CC%88s%20Lora%CC%81nd%20Tudoma%CC%81nyegyetem_new_2024.pdf |title=An Annotated Translation of the Patirruppattu and the Political Geography of the Early Cera Kingdom |publisher=University of Hamburg |editor-last=Wilden |editor-first=E. |location=Hamburg |publication-date=2022 |pages=111 and 114 |editor-last2=Wojtilla |editor-first2=Gyula}}</ref> These are attested in collections such as the [[Akanaṉūṟu|Akananuru]], [[Purananuru]], [[Naṟṟiṇai|Natrinai]], [[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitruppathu]], and [[Kuṟuntokai|Kurunthokai]].<ref name=":532" /> According to these poems, Nannan was the ruler of Ezhimalai ("the Ezhil Kunram"), situated on the north-western edge of the Tamil country.<ref name=":06" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K.N. |date=2009-08-01 |title=Lived Spaces in History: A Study in Human Geography in the Context of Sangam Texts |journal=Studies in History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=151–195 |doi=10.1177/025764301002500201 |issn=0257-6430 |pmid=20662174 |s2cid=20543161}}</ref> He is also notably described as a hunter chieftain of the "vetar" descent group ("vetar-ko-man")<ref name=":06" /> and is portrayed as a formidable adversary of the early (pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]) [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] rulers.<ref name=":532" /> The Vaka tree is mentioned as the sacred tutelary tree of Ezhimala Nannan.<ref name=":8" />

Nannan is perhaps to be identified with "Nandana", the ancient Ezhimala ruler referred to in the medieval poem Mushaka Vamsa.<ref name=":771" />[[File:Madayi_kotta.JPG|thumb|346x346px|Madayi Fort remains]][[File:Madayi_para_in_feb.JPG|thumb|346x346px|Madayi Para]][[File:Jambai_Tamil_Brahmi.jpg|thumb|346x346px|Inscription of [[Dharmapuri|Tagadur]] Adigan or Adigaiman ruler (the [[Athiyamān|Satiyaputra]]) Neduman Anji]]

* Nannan (''fl. c.'' 180 AD) is described as the ruler of "Pazhi, near the Ezhil Hill" and "Param" by poet Paranar (''Akam'', 142 and 152).<ref name=":202" /> He is also reported as the master of the Ezhil Hill and Puzhinadu country, and certain "Viyalur".<ref name=":55">{{Cite book |last=Ferenczi |first=Roland |url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/11295/1/Eo%CC%88tvo%CC%88s%20Lora%CC%81nd%20Tudoma%CC%81nyegyetem_new_2024.pdf |title=An Annotated Translation of the Patirruppattu and the Political Geography of the Early Cera Kingdom |publisher=University of Hamburg |editor-last=Wilden |editor-first=E. |location=Hamburg |publication-date=2022 |pages=298-300 and 344 |editor-last2=Wojtilla |editor-first2=Gyula}}</ref> It is attested that Nannan was renowned for his gold ornaments and gilded chariots.<ref name=":771" />
* There are additional references to certain "Nannan" as the ruler of the Punnadu country, [[Tulu Nadu|Tulunadu country]] and the [[Konkan|Konkanam region]] and the [[Tondaimandalam|Thondai Mandalam]] (the later in "Malaipadukkadam").<ref name=":55" />

* Nannan was a companion of the [[Ay dynasty|Ay]] ruler (south Kerala) Eyinan.<ref name=":202" /> Poems 351 and 396 of the ''Purananuru'' describe Nannan and Eyinan as relatives and as extremely close friends. Their relationship was so intimate that Nannan renamed the "Pirampu hills" in his country as "Ay-pirampu".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Venkatasubramanian |first=T. K. |date=1981 |title=Chieftaincies of the Sangam Age: A Development Approach |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40173329 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=42 |pages=87}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=K. |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0018936_Encyclopaedia_of_Tamil_Literature.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature |last2=Krishnan |first2=S. N. |last3=Udayakumar |first3=P. |date=1996 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |volume=III |location=Madras |page=97 |chapter=Ay}}</ref>
* In the battle of Pazhi, the warriors of Nannan, led by certain Njimili (or Minjili; "the master of Param"), defeated the [[Dharmapuri|Thagadur]] [[Athiyamān|Adigan or Adigaiman ruler (the Satiyaputra)]] Neduman Anji.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2016 |publisher=[[Longman|Pearson Longman]] |isbn=9789332569966 |location=New Delhi |pages=385-86 |orig-year=2009}}</ref> Acting on behalf of the Chera ruler [[Perum Cheral Irumporai]], the Adigaiman had invaded Nannan's territory at Pazhi with a large force. During the battle, the Adigaiman was slain by Njimili (or Minjili) ("who won fame by putting to the sword vast numbers of enemies").<ref name=":202" /><ref name=":10" /> Njimili also killed Ay Eyinan, the old companion of Nannan, but was himself slain in the same conflict ("the battle of Pazhi Paranthalai", ''Akam'', 141, 181, and 396, and ''Natrinai'', 265).<ref name=":202" />
* It is also mentioned that in a battle at Kazhumalam, Nannan defeated a chieftain named Pindan (''Akam'', 152, and ''Natrinai'', 270).<ref name=":771" /> The poet Kudavayur Kirattanar records Nannan's defeat of a certain Pazhayan, with the support of his associates Ettai, Atti, Gangan, Katti, and Punthurai (''Akam'', 44).
* It is further recorded that the "Kosar" people, associated with Chellur (Perinchellur or [[Taliparamba]]), attacked the Ezhimala country of Nannan, defeating him and even cutting down his totemic mango tree. According to the poems, Nannan had earlier executed a young girl who had unknowingly eaten a fruit that had fallen from his sacred mango tree and floated down to her in a stream. This act is said to have provoked the Kosar, leading to their attack and Nannan's defeat.<ref name=":771" /><ref name=":202" />
* Nannan was ultimately defeated and killed by [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler "Kalankaykkanni" Narmudi Cheral (''fl. c.'' 180 AD) in the battle of "Kadambin Peruvayil"/"Vakai Perunthurai" (''Akam'', 152, 199, ''Pathitruppathu'', 40 and 4th decad, panegyric).<ref name=":202" /><ref name=":10" /> According to [[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitruppathu]] 40, after slaying Nannan, the Chera ruler also chopped down the sacred Vaka tree.<ref name=":11" />
Nannan (c. 210 AD), probably the son of the ruler mentioned earlier, is also introduced in the early Tamil poems.<ref name=":202" /> He is celebrated in "Malaipadukkadam" by the poet Perum Kausika and is also mentioned by Mankudi Marudan in "Maduraikkanchi".<ref name=":202" /> Another "Nannan" with the title "Udiyan" ("Nannan Udiyan"; ''Akam,'' 258: 1) is described as the "master of gold filled Pazhi".<ref name=":202" />

There references to another "Nannan", the ruler of "[[Konkan|Konkanam]]".'''<ref name=":532" />''' He is described as the Nannan dwelling in "Kanam" and as "Konkanam Kizhan" (the lord of Konkanam), and as the lord of the mountain Konkanam ("Ko Perunkanam") (''Akam'', 392).<ref name=":202" />
== Economy ==
[[File:Ezhimala.jpg|thumb|296x296px|Ezhimala on the Malabar Coast]]
[[File:Italy_to_India_Route.svg|thumb|296x296px|India Route]]
[[File:Green_cardamomum_(fruit).jpg|thumb|296x296px|Cardamom ]]
The primary resource base for the Ezhimala polity (in the early historic period) and the Mushika state (medieval) was Indian Ocean [[spice trade]] (esp. pepper, [[cardamom]] and other spices from the interior hills) rather than agriculture (wet paddy cultivation).<ref name=":24" /> Ezhimala Hill was notably the first landfall on the [[Malabar Coast]] for the sailors crossing the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name=":24" />

=== Greco-Roman spice trade ===
Much like the rest of [[Malabar Coast]], the Ezhimala country and its ancient rulers benefited from [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] Indian Ocean [[spice trade]] during the early historic period. Early Tamil literature mentions an Indian Ocean port known as "Naravu", located in Ezhimalai country (Akam, 97).<ref name=":532" /> The term "naravu" means "honey" or "liquor" in early Tamil dialects.<ref name=":33" />
{{blockquote|A kings' double nature: a guide to singers. His armies love massacre, he loves war, yet gifts flow from him ceaselessly, Come, dear singers. Let's go and see him in Naravu, where on trees no ax can fell, fruits ripen, unharmed by swarms of bees, egg-shaped [jackfruit], ready for the weary traveler in fields of steady, unfailing harvests; where warriors with bows that never tire of arrows shiver but stand austere in the sea winds mixed with the lit cloud and the spray of seafoam. There he is, in the town of Naravu, tender among tender women.|Pathitruppathu 60}}
Naravu is generally identified with Naura, which is mentioned in the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]], an early Greek manual of sailing directions written in the 1st century AD, as a port located somewhere north of Tyndis and [[Muziris]] (central Kerala) on the present-day Malabar Coast.<ref name="Ente_Kannur">{{cite book |author=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C |title=A Survey of Kerala History |publisher=DC Books |year=2007 |isbn=9788126415786 |location=Kottayam (Kerala) |orig-year=1967}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{cite book |author=Selvakumar |first=V. |title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-351-99752-2 |editor-last=Mathew |editor-first=K. S. |pages=271 |chapter=Ancient Ports of Kerala: An Overview |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA275}}</ref> According to both [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] and [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century AD), Naura was located on western coast of the Tamil-speaking south India ([[Limyrike|Limyrike/Limerike or Damirica/Damirike]]), but outside the influence of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera rulers of central Kerala/western Tamil Nadu.]]<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Gurukkal |first1=Rajan |last2=Whittaker |first2=Dick |date=2001 |title=In Search of Muziris |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/abs/in-search-of-muziris/EA19B86B91664256F7D97E65B3074AFD |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language= |volume=14 |pages=334–350 |doi=10.1017/S1047759400019978 |issn=1047-7594 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D26 |title=Pliny the Elder's The Natural History |date= |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=1855 |editor-last=Bostock |editor-first=John |edition= |location=London |chapter=Voyages to India}}</ref><ref name=":33" />

{{Quote box
| title = The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53–54
| quote = Beyond Calliena there are other market-towns of this region; Semylla, Mandagora, Palaepatmae, Melizigara, Byzantium, Togarum and Aurannoboas. Then here are the islands called Sesecrienae and that of the Aegidii, and that of the Caenitae, opposite the place called Chersonesus (and in these places there are pirates), and after this the White Island. Then come Naura and Tyndis, the first markets of Damirica, and then Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance.
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| source = The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53–54
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Naura is commonly identified with present-day [[Kannur|Kannur (Cannanore)]], located south of the Ezhimala Hill.<ref name=":33" /> However, historians have proposed different identifications for the ancient port.<ref name=":33" /> [[K. D. Thirunavukkarasu]] (1994) locates it in the [[Tulu Nadu|Tulu Country]], while some scholars identify it with [[Honnavar]] (Uttara Kannada).<ref name=":33" /> [[Wilfred Harvey Schoff|Wilfred H. Schoff]] (1912) places Naura at Kannur (Cannanore), and [[Lionel Casson]] (1989) associates it with [[Mangalore]], identifying it as Nitra.<ref name=":33" /> Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya (1980) also refers to Nitra (Nitrias), which is mentioned in Greco-Roman sources.<ref name=":33" />

The famous Kottayam Coin Hoard, a massive cache of mostly [[Julio-Claudian dynasty|Julio-Claudian (Roman)]] coins, was discovered around the year 1847 (1846-50) "on the slope of a hill by the [Arabian] sea" near [[Kannur district|Kannur (Cannanore)]].<ref name=":04" /> It is speculated that coins amounted to around 8000 [[aurei]] (if approximated).<ref name=":04" /> With few exceptions the coins were all of gold and were not worn by usage (and not deliberately slashed with a chisel).<ref name=":04" /> The composition (coin types and number) of the hoard is not known exactly. According to extant reports, there were at least 9 coins of emperor [[Augustus]], 28 of [[Tiberius]], two of [[Caligula]], and 16 coins of [[Claudius]] and 16 coins of [[Nero]] (a total of 71 coins, the last 32 in the Travancore Collection).<ref name=":04" /> There were also descriptions of coins of [[Caracalla]] (initially misidentified as [[Antoninus Pius]]).<ref name=":04" />

=== Medieval Indian Ocean trade ===
Famous medieval ports in the Ezhimala country included [[Madayi]], [[Valapattanam]] and Dharmapattanam ([[Dharmadom|Dharmadam]]).<ref name=":24" />

The medieval Ezhimala rulers appear to have encouraged a variety of merchant guilds in their country. Well-known Indian guilds such as the [[anjuvannam]], [[manigramam]], valanchiyar and nanadeshikal are attested in the region. The Mushika kings are also described as great champions of [[Hinduism|Hindu religion]] and temples, while some are noted for their support of a prominent [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] vihara in central Kerala.<ref name=":0W28">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=180-182 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> The presence of Jewish merchants in the ports of the Mushika country is also suggested. A site in [[Madayi]] is still known as "the Jew's Pond" (the Jutakkulam).<ref name=":0W28" />
== Political geography ==

=== Early historic ===
[[File:Joothakkulam_2.jpg|thumb|296x296px|Jew's Pond (the Jutakkulam)]]
According to [[Sangam literature|early Tamil poems (the Sangam Literature)]], the Ezhimala country of the early historic period was located to the north of the Chera country (central [[Kerala]]).<ref name=":771">{{Cite book |last=Ferenczi |first=Roland |url=https://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/bitstream/ediss/11295/1/Eo%CC%88tvo%CC%88s%20Lora%CC%81nd%20Tudoma%CC%81nyegyetem_new_2024.pdf |title=An Annotated Translation of the Patirruppattu and the Political Geography of the Early Cera Kingdom |publisher=University of Hamburg |editor-last=Wilden |editor-first=E. |location=Hamburg |publication-date=2022 |pages=298-99 and 395-97 |editor-last2=Wojtilla |editor-first2=Gyula}}</ref> The Ezhimala chieftain Nannan is described as the ruler of the slopes of Pazhi, the [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhil Hill (Ezhimala)]], and Param, as well as settlements such as Viyalur and a land called "Punnadu".<ref name=":771" /> He is also referred to as the lord of "Puzhinadu" and "[[Tulu Nadu]]".<ref name=":771" /> Ezhimala Hill notably served as the first landmark on the [[Malabar Coast]] for [[Arabian Sea]] navigators.<ref name=":24" />

There are also references to another "Nannan", the ruler of the land of "[[Konkan|Konkanam]]", and yet another "Nannan" who is described as ruling in [[Tondaimandalam|Tondai Mandalam]] (the later in the "Malaipadukkadam").'''<ref name=":0W29">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=195 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>'''<ref name=":771" /> According to the poems, Param was formerly the base of the chieftain Minjili, who was killed in the battle of "Pazhi Paranthalai".<ref name=":771" /> The country of Ezhimala was also situated near the land of the "Kosar" people and the country of the "Kadambu" tribe.<ref name=":771" /> It is further mentioned that Nannan fought and died in a battle against the Chera ruler Narmudi Cheral at the great harbour, "Perunthurai".<ref name=":771" />

The [[Akananuru]] describes the country of Nannan as follows.<ref name=":771" />{{Quote box
| title =
| quote = […] in the slopes of Pāḻi in the tall/long Ēḻil mountain of Naṉṉaṉ with a pearl necklace, the chief of Pāram with joy of charity/abundant toddy, who liberally gives/flings elephant bulls [due his] famous liberalism, the chief with a spear who overcame Piṇṭaṉ while breaking [his] opposition on the battlefield, [Piṇṭaṉ] who very much swarmed around showing copious enmity like a colony of small white shrimps that attacks while the good vessels which give the wealth (taṉam) of great harbour (peruntuṟai) with seashore groves at the extension of the sounding water, had been sundered/dispersed […]
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=== Medieval period ===
In the medieval period, the [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhimala]] region or the "Kolla-desham" was home to important ports such as [[Madayi Kavu|Madayi]], [[Valapattanam]], and Dharmapattanam ([[Dharmadam]]).<ref name=":24" /> The ports of the Kollam country are thought to have hosted [[Jews|Jewish]] traders, and in Madayi, a site remembered as 'the Jew's Pond/Place' (Jutakkulam//Jutakkalam) survives as a trace of this legacy.<ref name=":0W28" />

== Medieval Mushikas ==
[[File:Vadukunda_temple,_Madayi.jpg|thumb|296x296px|Vadukunda Temple, Madayi]]
[[File:Anantapura Lake Temple.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ananthapura Lake Temple|Ananthapadmanabhaswamy Temple]] at Ananthapura, [[Kumbla]]|296x296px]]
The medieval "Kolla-desam" (the country of Kollam/Kolam or the "Mushika-rajya") stretched along the banks of [[Kavvayi River|Kavvai]], [[Kuppam River|Kuppam]] and [[Valapattanam River|Valappattanam]] rivers in northern Kerala.<ref name=":622" /> It came under the influence of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera kingdom]] in the early medieval period.<ref name=":622" /> The reign of Chera ruler [[Vijayaraga]] (late 9th century AD) probably witnessed the expansion of Chera influence into the Ezhimala country.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=65-67 and 97-98 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref> According to literary sources, as one of the major subordinates of the Chera, the Ezhimala rulers were required to supply armed contingents for the Cheras in their battles against the imperial [[Chola Empire|Cholas]].<ref name=":25">{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-early-medieval-in-south-india-9780198069140 |title=The Early Medieval in South India |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |pages=40 and 261}}</ref> However, the repeated [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] references (early 11th century AD) to three rulers in medieval Kerala — the Kolam/Ezhimala ruler, the Chera ruler and the Venad ruler — suggest that the effective power of the Chera rulers at this time was confined mainly to central Kerala. Chera authority in northern and southern Kerala appears to have been largely nominal compared with the political and military strength exercised by the Ezhimala rulers in the north and the Venad rulers in the south.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Karashima |first=Noburu |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772 |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |location=New Delhi |pages=144-145}}</ref><ref name=":62" />

While other Kerala chieftaincies under the Chera rulers maintained local militias called "the Hundred", the Ezhimala ruler commanded his own "Companions of Honour", called "the Thousand". This privilege was generally reserved for the Chera ruler at Mahodayapuram himself. Inscriptions from the neighboring [[Alupa dynasty|Alupa state]] also refer to this armed militia of "the ruler of Kolam".<ref name=":25" />
=== Origins from Mushaka Vamsa Kavya ===
[[File:Kuruvakkavu temple inscription, Kannapuram, Kannur, Kerala (cropped).jpg|thumb|215x215px|Kannapuram inscription]]
[[File:Maniyoor temple inscription, Maniyoor Subrahmanya Swamy temple (Kerala).jpg|thumb|210x210px|Maniyoor inscription]]
The Mushaka Vamsa Kavya, an 11th century dynastic chronicle composed by poet "[[Atula|Athula]]" in the court of Mushika ruler Srikantha, narrates the history of the Mushika lineage.<ref name=":54" /><ref name=":5310" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367520/page/n23/mode/1up |title=Travancore Archaeological Series |publisher=Methodist Publishing House |year=1913 |volume=II |location=Madras |pages=106-113 |chapter=No. 10—Mushika Vamsa: A Study}}</ref> According to the poem, the medieval Mushika rulers bore the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] garuda (eagle) banner as their flag-sign and claimed descent from the [[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]] of the [[Haihaya kingdom|Hehaya]] line of [[Mahishmati|Mahismati]], themselves [[Yadava]] Kshatriyas.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Vielle |first=Christophe |date=2012 |orig-date=2011 |title=Ravivarman Kulasekhara the Yadava and Sagara the Son of Yadavi: Real and Ideal Kings in Matrilineal Kerala |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/ROSA/article/view/11188 |journal=Religions of South Asia |language= |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=369–70 and 375–76 |doi=10.1558/rosa.v5i1/2.365 |issn=|url-access=subscription |hdl=2078.1/129594 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The chronicle states that the first Mushika king was consecrated by [[Parashurama]] as a Kshatriya ruler. He was the son of a widowed queen of [[Mahishmati|Mahismati]] who had fled Parashurama's wrath and taken refuge at the divine Ezhimala Mountain.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":3" /> His youngest son, Nandana, succeeded him as Mushika ruler of the city of "Kolam".<ref name=":9" /> The first Ramaghata Mushika (the traditional title of Mushika rulers) had as his minister a "[[vaishya]]" known by the title "Maha Navika" (the Great Sailor).<ref name=":15" />

The poem recounts that a Mushika ruler named Jayamani regained his throne with the aid of a [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]], while another, Virchona, killed a [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] royal and married his daughter.<ref name=":15" /> It also records that the daughter of the Mushika ruler Kunchi Varma was married to the Chera (Kerala) king "Raghupati" Jayaraga. Later, Kunchi Varma's son, Isana Varma "Ranamani", fought against the same king Jayaraga. Peace was re-established through the mediation of Goda "Keralaketu", the son of Jayaraga and the Mushika princess. Following this, king Jayaraga entered Mushika territory and visited the capital Kola, at which time Isana Varma married a [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] princess.<ref name=":15" /> Scholars often interpret these episodes in light of the growing [[Chola Empire|Chola]]-[[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakuta]] rivalry in southern India.<ref name=":24" /> The chronicle also notes that during the reign of king Validhara, Mushika country was attacked by Ganga forces from the Mountains.<ref name=":15" /> Finally, the kavya states that prince Valabha, at the command of his uncle Ramaghata Jayamani, marched south to assist the Kerala (the Chera) ruler in resisting a [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] invasion of Kerala.<ref name=":15" /> After his coronation, Valabha is said to have extended Mushika power by conquering several islands in the ocean, identified with the [[Lakshadweep|Laccadives]].<ref name=":15" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Mushika/Kollam Rulers from Medieval Inscriptions (10th –12th centuries AD)
! scope="col" |Name
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Reign
! scope="col" |Inscription
|-
!Validhara Vikrama Rama
|N/A
|fl. c. 929 AD
|[[Ramanthali inscriptions|Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscription]]<ref name=":0W2">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=180-181 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
|-
!Kantan Karivarman
|"Ramakuta Muvar"
|fl. c. 1020 AD
|Eramam inscription of [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] Bhaskara Ravi<ref name=":0W2" />
|-
!Jayamani
|"Mushikesvara"
|fl. c. 1020 AD
|Tiruvadur inscription<ref name=":0W22">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=480-81 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
|-
!-
|"Ramakuta Muvar"
| -
|[[Tiruvalla copper plates|Tiruvalla Copper Plates/Huzur Treasury Plates]]<ref name=":0W23">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=197 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
|-
!Udaya Varma
|"Ramakuta Muvar"
|Early 12th century AD
|Kannapuram inscription<ref name=":0W24">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=485 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
|}

=== Chola attacks on Mushika kingdom (Kolla-desam) ===
[[File:Ezhimala_beach.JPG|thumb|296x296px|Ezhimala beach]]
''Employs the corrections and revisions suggested by M. G. S. Narayanan to the interpretations of K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai.''

In 1005 AD, the 20th regnal year of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] emperor [[Rajaraja I]] (985–1014 AD), the Senur inscription records his defeat of the "haughty" kings of [[Kollam]] (in southern Kerala), Kolladesam, and [[Kodungallur]] (the Chera ruler).<ref name=":0W25">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=118-119 and 137-138 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> The term "Kolladesam" (the country of Kollam) is generally identified with the Ezhimala kingdom in northern Kerala. Scholars note that the inscription emphasises plunder rather than conquest, suggesting that the Chola victories at these Kerala ports were achieved primarily through naval operations.<ref name=":0W25" /> A little later, Rajaraja's successor, [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja]] (1018/19–1053/54 AD), claimed to have "confined the undaunted king of [[Venad]] [back] to Che[ra]nadu, destroyed the Iramakuta Muvar in anger, and put on a fresh garland of Vanchi flowers after capturing Kantalur Salai, while the strong Villavan (the Chera king) hid himself in terror inside the jungle".<ref name=":0W26">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=122-123 and 141 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> The "Ramakuta Muvar", or the Mushika ruler, is not named in this prasasti (the events are dated to around 1018–1019 AD).<ref name=":0W26" /> The Chola military presence in northern Kerala is further corroborated by the Eramam inscription (c. 1020 AD) of the Chera ruler Bhaskara Ravi (10th/11th century AD), which records a meeting at the Chalappuram Temple attended by Rajendra Chola's Samaya Senapati.<ref name=":0W26" />

== Inscriptions ==
=== Inscriptions mentioning Mushika rules by name/title ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Inscription
!Location
!Notes
|-
|[[Ramanthali inscriptions|Ramanthali/Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscription]] (929 AD)
|
* [[Ramanthali]], near [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhimala.]]<ref name=":5327">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=475-76 and 483 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
* A single granite slab in the courtyard of the Narayankannur Temple.<ref name=":5327" />
|
* Mentions Mushika Validhara Vikrama Rama.<ref name=":5327" />
* The so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam is quoted in the record.<ref name=":5327" />
* Merchant guild [[manigramam]] is appointed as the guardian of the Narayankannur Temple.<ref name=":5327" />
|-
|Eramam inscription (1020 AD)
|
* Eramam, near [[Payyanur]].<ref name=":5328">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=455 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
*A single slab in the site of the ruined Chalappuram Temple.<ref name=":5328" />
|
* Mentions Chera king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (10th/11th century AD) and Ramakuta Muvar Kantan Karivarman (Srikantha Kartha) (c.1020 AD).<ref name=":5328" />
* Mentions the merchants guilds of Valanchiyar and Nanadeyar.<ref name=":5328" />
* Mentions [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola]] Samaya Senapati from Katappa Palli.<ref name=":5328" />
|-
|Tiruvadur inscription (c. 1020 AD)
|
* Partly in the courtyard of the temple on either side of the sopana.<ref name=":5331">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=480-81 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
* Partly in the sanctum sanctorum of the temple.<ref name=":5331" />
|
* Creation and endowment of a grama (Brahmin settlement) with members chosen from some old grama settlements from central Kerala ([[Vaikom]], [[North Paravur|Paravur]], Avittathoor, [[Irinjalakuda]] and Peruvanam).<ref name=":5331" />
* The engraver is mentioned as Rama Jayamani, the "royal goldsmith of the Mushika king [Jayamani]".<ref name=":5331" />
|-
|[[Tiruvalla copper plates|Tiruvalla Copper Plates]]
[[Tiruvalla copper plates|(Huzur Treasury Plates)]]
|
*[[Thiruvalla|Tiruvalla]]
|
* Presence of a Ramakuta Muvar (as a donor to the [[Sreevallabha Temple|Tiruvalla temple]]).<ref name=":5333">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=197 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
|-
|Kannapuram inscription
(beginning of the 12th century)
|
* Single stone slab fixed on a platform outside the prakara (outer wall) of the Kannapuram temple.<ref name=":5334">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=485 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
|
* Ramakuta Muvar Udaya Varma is mentioned.<ref name=":5334" />
|}
== Inscriptions related to Mushika country ==
=== Records mentioning Chera rulers from Mushika country ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Inscription
!Location
!Notes
|-
|Panthalayani Kollam inscription (973 AD)
|
* Single stone slab in the upper frame of the srikoyil (central shrine) entrance in Tali temple.<ref name=":5312">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=448-49 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
|
* Name of the king – probably Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (10th/11th century AD) – is built over by the present structure.<ref name=":5312" />
|-
|[[Pullur Kodavalam inscription]] (1020 AD)
|
* Pullur, near [[Kanhangad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=1967 |editor-last=Gai |editor-first=G. S. |title=No. 125: Pullur |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0057509/ACL-ARCH_00855_Annual_report_on_Indian_epigraphy_for_1963_64_1967.pdf |journal=Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy for 1963-64 |location=Delhi |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |issue= |pages=64-65}}</ref>
* Engraved on a single stone slab in the courtyard of the Pullur Kodavalam Vishnu Temple.<ref name=":5314">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=68-70, 84 and 454 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |date=1969 |title=The Identity and Date of King Manukuladitya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138333 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=31 |pages=73–78 |issn=}}</ref>
|
* Mentions [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD).<ref name=":5314" /><ref name=":110" />
* Identified king Manukuladitya with king Bhaskara Ravi.<ref name=":110" />
|-
|Trichambaram inscription
(c. 1040 AD)
|
* Three blocks of granite on the base of the central shrine of the temple.<ref name=":5315">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=465 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
|
* Mentions [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] king Raja Raja (c. 1036–1089 AD).<ref name=":5315" />
|-
|Panthalayani Kollam inscription
(c. 1089 AD)
|
* Single granite slab in the courtyard of the Panthalayani Kollam Bhagavati temple.<ref name=":5325">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=470 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
* The record was destroyed.<ref name=":5325" />
|
* Mentions [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] king Rama Kulasekhara (1089–1122 AD).<ref name=":5325" />
* The location given as "Kollathu Panthalayani".<ref name=":5325" />
|}
=== Miscellaneous records ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Inscription
!Location
!Notes
|-
|[[Ramanthali inscriptions|Ramanthali/Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscription]] (1075 AD)
|
*[[Ramanthali]], near [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhimala]].<ref name=":5323">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=483 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
* Obverse sides of three granite blocks in the base of central shrine of Narayankannur Temple.<ref name=":5322">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=483 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
|
* Mentions [[Alupa dynasty|Alupa]] king Kunda Alupa.<ref name=":5324">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=483 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
|-
|Trichambaram inscription
(c. 11th century)
|
* Two granite blocks on the base of the central shrine of the temple.<ref name=":5320">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=485-86 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
|
* The chieftain of Eranad Manavepala Mana Viyatan creates an endowment for the thiruvilakku at the Trichambaram Temple.<ref name=":5320" />
* Manavepala Manaviyatan appears in the famous [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin|Jewish copper plates]] (c. 1000 AD).<ref name=":5320" />
|-
|Maniyur inscription
(c. 11th century)
|
* Single stone slab outside the prakara (outer wall) of the temple.<ref name=":5320" />
|
* Maniyur inscriptionConfirms the extension of the so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam to Mushika country.<ref name=":5320" />
|}
== Udaya Varma Kolattiri ==
An inscription discovered from Kannappuram Temple, found fixed on a platform outside the prakara of the temple, in old Malayalam mentions king "Udaya Varma Ramakuta Muvar".<ref name=":5320" /> The record give details of land set apart for the expenses of the Kannapuram Temple. The inscription can be attributed to the early years of the 12th century on the basis of script and language.<ref name=":5321">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=485 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Inscription
!Location
!Notes
|-
|Kannapuram inscription
(beginning of the 12th century)
|
* Single stone slab fixed on a platform outside the prakara (outer wall) of the Kannapuram temple.<ref name=":5318">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=485 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
|
* Ramakuta Muvar Udaya Varma is mentioned.<ref name=":5319">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=485 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
|}

King Udaya Varma of Karippattu palace in Kolattunadu is described as a favourite of the medieval Chera king in traditional Kerala chronicles. He is described as the overlord of the Fort Valapattanam, the medieval Chera king's Palace, the Taliparamba Temple, and the Perinchellur Brahmin village.<ref name=":5317">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=131 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K. N. |date=2009 |title=Lived Spaces in History: A Study in Human Geography in the Context of Sangam Texts |journal=Studies in History |language= |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=151–195 |doi=10.1177/025764301002500201 |issn=0257-6430 |pmid= |s2cid=}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K. N. |date=2009 |title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1177/037698360903600102 |issn=0376-9836 |s2cid=}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gurukkal |first=Rajan |date=2002 |title=Did State Exist in the Pre-Pallavan Tamil Region |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=138–150 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44158082}}
*{{cite book |author=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA45 |title=A Survey Of Kerala History |publisher=DC Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-264-1578-6 |location=Kottayam (Kerala) |orig-year=1967}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages= |orig-date=1972}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link1= |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/comprehensive-history-india-vol-ii-mauryas-and-satavahanas |title=Comprehensive History of India, Vol. 2: The Mauryas and Satavahanas |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1957 |isbn= |location=Bombay |pages=|chapter= |orig-year=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-early-medieval-in-south-india-9780198069140 |title=The Early Medieval in South India |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |pages=}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Vielle |first=Christophe |date=2012 |orig-date=2011 |title=Ravivarman Kulasekhara the Yadava and Sagara the Son of Yadavi: Real and Ideal Kings in Matrilineal Kerala |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/ROSA/article/view/11188 |journal=Religions of South Asia |language= |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages= |doi=10.1558/rosa.v5i1/2.365 |issn=|url-access=subscription |hdl=2078.1/129594 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Vielle |first=Christophe |date=2014 |editor-last=Veluthat |editor-first=Kesavan |editor2-last=Davis, Jr |editor2-first=Donald R. |title=How did Paraśurāma Come to Raise Kerala |url=https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:158686 |journal=Irreverent History: Essays for M. G. S. Narayanan |language=en |pages=18-19}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}
[[Category:History of Kannur district]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]

Ramoji Rao

2026-03-09T18:17:22Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{Short description|Indian businessman, media proprietor and film producer (1936–2024)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramoji Rao
| image = Ramoji Rao.jpeg
| spouse(s) = {{marriage|Rama Devi|1961-2024}}
| caption =
| birthname = Cherukuri Ramoji Rao
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|11|16}}
| birth_place = [[Pedaparupudi]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2024|06|08|1936|11|16}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Businessman, Media Proprietor, [[Film producer]]
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Vibhushan]] (2016)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rajinikanth-awarded-padma-vibhushan-padma-shri-for-priyanka-chopra-ajay-devgn/ |title=Rajinikanth gets Padma Vibhushan; Padma Shri for Priyanka, Ajay Devgn |date=25 January 2016 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=22 March 2018 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025080029/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rajinikanth-awarded-padma-vibhushan-padma-shri-for-priyanka-chopra-ajay-devgn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
}}

'''Cherukuri Ramoji Rao''' (16 November 1936 – 8 June 2024) was an Indian businessman, media proprietor and film producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donthi |first=Praveen |date=December 2014 |title=How Ramoji Rao of Eenadu wrested control of power and politics in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/chairman-rao |access-date=30 December 2019 |website=[[The Caravan]] |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517005221/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/chairman-rao |url-status=live }}</ref> He was head of the [[Ramoji Group]] which owns the world's largest film production facility [[Ramoji Film City]], ''[[Eenadu]]'' newspaper, [[ETV Network]] of TV channels, film production company [[Usha Kiran Movies]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/9k8yUozcP80 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170307183601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k8yUozcP80 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k8yUozcP80 |title=Ramoji Film City on BBC |date=9 May 2013 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/PzHlTCLkias Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170307163247/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzHlTCLkias Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzHlTCLkias |title=Ramoji Film City on Discovery Travel & Living |date=9 May 2013 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="guiness2">{{cite web |title=Largest film studio |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio/ |access-date=12 January 2015 |publisher=Guinness World Records |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218024841/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ETV Ramoji group forays into garment making |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2002/07/05/stories/2002070501670400.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305032931/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2002/07/05/stories/2002070501670400.htm |archive-date=5 March 2011 |access-date=18 January 2011 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

His other business ventures included Margadarsi Chit Fund, Dolphin Group of Hotels, Kalanjali Shopping Mall, Priya Pickles, ETV Win OTT platform and Mayuri Film Distributors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ramoji Group |url=http://eenaduinfo.com/about_ram.htm |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Eenaduinfo.com |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019054522/http://eenaduinfo.com/about_ram.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ramoji Rao: A media mogul who dreamed big">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Ramoji Rao: A media mogul who dreamed big |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramoji-raos-multifaceted-legacy-spanned-contributions-to-journalism-the-film-industry-and-an-indelible-mark-on-entrepreneurship/article68265932.ece |access-date=10 June 2024 |date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610060359/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramoji-raos-multifaceted-legacy-spanned-contributions-to-journalism-the-film-industry-and-an-indelible-mark-on-entrepreneurship/article68265932.ece |archive-date=10 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Rao garnered four [[Filmfare Awards South]], five [[Nandi Awards]] and the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for his works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairman Rao |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/chairman-rao |access-date=28 December 2015 |website=The Caravan |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128233250/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/chairman-rao |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, he was honoured with the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second-highest civilian honour, for his contributions in journalism, literature and education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2016 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783 |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329211831/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=Padma Awards 2016: Full List |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/padma-awards-2016-full-list-1269936 |work=NDTV.com |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222623/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/padma-awards-2016-full-list-1269936 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Cherukuri Ramoji Rao was born on 16 November 1936 in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in [[Pedaparupudi]] of [[Krishna District]], [[Madras Presidency]] (now [[Andhra Pradesh]]), India.<ref>{{cite web |title=ఈనాడు "రామోజీరావు" జన్మదిన సుభాకాంక్షలు |url=https://namasteandhra.com/happy-birth-day-media-legend-ramoji-rao/ |website=Namasthe Andhra |language=te |date=16 November 2020 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906153922/https://namasteandhra.com/happy-birth-day-media-legend-ramoji-rao/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phadnis |first1=Aditi |date=10 June 2024 |title=Cherukuri Ramoji Rao: Bridging the divide between business and politics |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/cherukuri-ramoji-rao-bridging-the-divide-between-business-and-politics-124060900553_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref> Companies owned by the Ramoji Group include Margadarsi Chit Fund, ''[[Eenadu]]'' newspaper, [[ETV Network]], Ramadevi Public School, Priya Foods, Kalanjali, [[Usha Kiran Movies]], and [[Ramoji Film City]] near Hyderabad. He was also the chairman of Dolphin Group of Hotels in Andhra Pradesh.

Rao's younger son, Cherukuri Suman, died of leukaemia on 7 September 2012.<ref>{{YouTube|iy3RyF6d5r4|Ramoji Rao's Son Suman Died'd – Sakshi TV}}</ref> Rao died from heart disease in Hyderabad, on 8 June 2024, at the age of 87.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 June 2024|title=Media baron Ramoji Rao passes away at 87|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/ramoji-rao-dead-media-baron-9379183/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|access-date=8 June 2024|archive-date=8 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608030601/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/ramoji-rao-dead-media-baron-9379183/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was cremated with state honours at Ramoji Film City, on 9 June 2024, where his memorial is expected to come up.<ref name="Ramoji Rao death: Last rites of the media baron held at Ramoji Film City; Chandrababu Naidu attends">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Ramoji Rao death: Last rites of the media baron held at Ramoji Film City; Chandrababu Naidu attends |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/last-rites-of-ramoji-rao-held-at-rfc-chandrababu-naidu-attends/article68269282.ece |access-date=10 June 2024 |date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610060121/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/last-rites-of-ramoji-rao-held-at-rfc-chandrababu-naidu-attends/article68269282.ece |archive-date=10 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1984|| ''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]''|| rowspan="6" |[[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|Kanchana Ganga]]''||
|
|-
| ''Sundari Subbarao ''||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985|| ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]''||Remade in Hindi as ''[[Naache Mayuri]]''; dubbed into Malayalam and Tamil as ''Mayoori''
|
|-
| ''[[Pratighatana]]''||Remade in Malayalam as ''[[Pakarathinu Pakaram]]'' and Hindi as ''[[Pratighaat]]''
|
|-
| ''Preminchu Pelladu''||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1986|| ''[[Pakarathinu Pakaram]]''||[[Malayalam]] ||Remake of ''[[Pratighatana]]''
|
|-
| ''Mallemoggalu''|| rowspan="2" |Telugu||
|
|-
| ''Car Diddina Kapuram''||
|
|-
| ''[[Naache Mayuri]]''||[[Hindi Language|Hindi]] ||Remake of ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987|| ''Chandamama Rave''||Telugu||
|
|-
| ''[[Pratighaat]]''||Hindi ||Remake of ''[[Pratighatana]]''
|
|-
| ''Premayanam''|| rowspan="20" |Telugu ||
|
|-
| 1988|| ''O Bharya Katha''||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989|| ''[[Mouna Poratam]]''||
|
|-
| ''Paila Pacheesu''||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990|| ''Judgement''||
|
|-
| ''Mamasri''||
|
|-
| ''Manasu Mamata'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1991|| ''Amma''||
|
|-
| ''[[Aswini (film)|Aswini]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[People's Encounter]]''||
|
|-
| ''Jagannatham & Sons''||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992|| ''Vasundhara''||
|
|-
|[[Teja (film)|''Teja'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998|| ''[[Padutha Theeyaga (film)|Padutha Theeyaga]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Daddy Daddy]]''||
|
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Mechanic Mavayya]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2000|| ''Subhavela''||
|
|-
| ''[[Chitram]]''||Remade in Kannada as ''Chitra''
|
|-
| ''[[Moodu Mukkalaata]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''||Remake of ''[[Niram]]''; remade in Hindi as ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' and Kannada as ''[[Ninagagi]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Feluda (series)|Dr. Munshir Diary]]''||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||[[Feluda (series)|Feluda]] Telefilm
|
|-
| ''Madhuri'' || rowspan="4" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2001|| ''[[Deevinchandi]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Ninnu Choodalani]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Chitra (2001 film)|Chitra]]'' ||[[Kannada]]||Remake of ''[[Chitram]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Anandam]]''|| rowspan="5" |Telugu||Remade in Tamil as ''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002|| ''Manasuvunte Chalu''||
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/manasuntechalu.html |title=Movie Preview — Manasunte Chalu |publisher=[[idlebrain.com]] |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050949/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/manasuntechalu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Priya Nestama]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Neetho (2002 film)|Neetho]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Ninagagi]]''||Kannada|| rowspan="2" |Remake of ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2003|| ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]''||Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Ananda (film)|Ananda]]'' ||Kannada||Remake of Telugu film ''Anandam''
|
|-
| ''[[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]''|| rowspan="2" |Telugu||
|
|-
| ''[[Toli Choopulone]]''||
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tolichoopulone.html |title=Movie review — Toli Choopulone |publisher=[[idlebrain.com]] |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703012312/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tolichoopulone.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]''||[[Tamil Language|Tamil]] ||Remake of ''[[Anandam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]''||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||[[Feluda (series)|Feluda]] Film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004|| ''[[Anandamanandamaye]]''||Telugu||
|
|-
| ''[[Thoda Tum Badlo Thoda Hum]]''||Hindi||
|
|-
| 2006|| ''[[Veedhi]]''||Telugu||
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ragalahari.com/functions/1799/veedhi-press-meet.aspx |title=Veedhi Press Meet |publisher=ragalahari.com |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208145042/http://www.ragalahari.com/functions/1799/veedhi-press-meet.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2007|| ''[[Sixer (2007 film)|Sixer]]''||Kannada||
|
|-
| 2008|| ''[[Nachavule]]''|| rowspan="2" |Telugu||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009|| ''[[Ninnu Kalisaka]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Savaari (2009 film)|Savaari]]''||Kannada||Remake of ''[[Gamyam]]''; co-production with [[Arka Media Works]]
|
|-
| 2010|| ''[[Betting Bangaraju]]''|| rowspan="4" |Telugu||
|
|-
| 2011|| ''[[Nuvvila]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015|| ''[[Beeruva]]''||Co-production with [[Anandi Art Creations]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/61627/tollywood/anandiarts-ushakiran-film-beeruva-news-details |title=AnandiArts-UshaKiran film 'Beeruva' |publisher=supergoodmovies.com |date=11 November 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704165336/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/61627/tollywood/anandiarts-ushakiran-film-beeruva-news-details |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dagudumootha Dandakor]]''||Remake of ''[[Saivam]]''; co-production with [[First Frame Entertainment]]
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Series title
!Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|1995–1999
|[[Sneha (TV series)|''Sneha'']]
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Popula Pette]]''
|
|
|-
|2003–2007
|''[[Panchatantram]]''
|
|
|}

==Awards and honours==
{{more citations needed|section|date=June 2024}}
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Shri Ramoji Rao, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 12, 2016.jpg|thumb|President Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Shri Ramoji Rao, at a civil investiture ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 12 April 2016]]

;Civilian honours
*[[Padma Vibhushan]] (2016) – Government of India

;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] (producer) – ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]'' (2000)

;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
*[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]] – ''[[Pratighatana]]'' (1985)
*[[Filmfare Special Award - South]] for outstanding contributions towards Indian cinema (1998)
*[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]] – ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]'' (2000)
*[[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award - South]] (2004)

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live }}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Silver]] – [[Kanchana Ganga (1984 film)|Kanchana Ganga]] (1984)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Gold]] – [[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]] (1985)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Silver]] – [[Mouna Poratam]] (1989)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Bronze]] – [[Aswini (film)|Aswini]] (1991)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Children Film|Best Children's Film - Gold]] – [[Teja (film)|Teja]] (1992)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1306286}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Ramoji}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian film distributors]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ramoji Group]]

National Brain Research Centre

2026-03-09T16:57:20Z

LucileBrownbill: basic added structure for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Advert|reason=excessive bolding like it's coming from the website|date=January 2022}}

{{Infobox university
|name = National Brain Research Centre
|image_name =National_Brain_Research_Centre_(Gurgaon,_Haraya,_India).jpg
|logo = National Brain Research Centre logo.jpg
|logo_size = 200px
|established = {{start date and age|1997}}
|type = Autonomous Government Institute (Deemed University)
|president = [[Minister of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]], [[Government of India]]
|director = Krishanu Ray
|city = [[Manesar]], [[Gurugram]]
|state = [[Haryana]]
|country = India
|campus = Semi-Urban
|affiliations =
|website = {{URL|http://www.nbrc.ac.in/}}
}}
'''National Brain Research Centre''' is a research institute in [[Manesar]], [[Gurugram]], [[India]]. It is an autonomous institute under the [[Department of Biotechnology]], [[Ministry of Science and Technology]], [[Government of India]].<ref>[http://dbtindia.nic.in/institutions/lalala.html Dbt_Institutions]</ref> The institute is dedicated to research in [[neuroscience]] and brain functions in health and diseases using multidisciplinary approaches. This is the first autonomous institute by DBT to be awarded by the [[Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]], formerly known as the Ministry of Human Resource Development, in May 2002. NBRC ('''National Brain Research Centre)''' was dedicated to the nation by the Honorable President of India [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] in December 2003.<ref name="nbrc.ac.in">[http://nbrc.ac.in/control.php?pageid=major_events.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217025002/http://nbrc.ac.in/control.php?pageid=major_events.htm|date=17 December 2009}}</ref> The founder chairman of NBRC Society is Prof. [[Prakash Narain Tandon]], whereas the founder director Prof. [[Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath]] was followed by Prof. Subrata Sinha and Prof. Neeraj Jain. The current director of NBRC is Prof. Krishanu Ray.

The National Brain Research Centre (NBRC) is India's only institute dedicated to neuroscience research and education. The institute's primary objectives are to understand brain functions in both healthy and diseased states, train human resources capable of conducting interdisciplinary research in [[neuroscience]], and promote neuroscience in India by networking with national institutions. Scientists and students at NBRC come from diverse academic backgrounds, including biological, computational, mathematical, physical, engineering, and medical sciences.

==History==

On 5 October 1995, the proposal for founding NBRC was put forward. The creation was subsequently declared on 14 November 1997 as a part of the Golden Jubilee celebrations of India's Independence and the birth date of the former Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="dbtindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=129 |title=DBT - Department of Biotechnology |publisher=Dbtindia.nic.in |date=14 November 1997 |access-date=2012-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417160701/http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=129 |archive-date=17 April 2012 }}</ref> A Management Advisory Committee was further formed. In 2000, the institute commenced functioning as an autonomous institute of the Department of Biotechnology from its temporary location at [[International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology]], New Delhi. NBRC was awarded the status of Deemed University by Ministry of Education in 2002. On 16 December 2003, NBRC was moved to the foothills of the Aravalli Range in Manesar.

In the year 2006, National Neuroimaging facility was established that was fully equipped with state-of-the-art equipment, such as a 3 tesla [[magnetic resonance imaging]] scanner, [[electroencephalography]], and [[evoked potential]] recording. In the following year, a Translational and [[Clinical neuroscience|Clinical Neuroscience]] Unit was formed along with a Neurology Outpatient Department to Civil Hospital, Gurgaon, to help common people and assess the occurrence of neurological cases in this region. Further, the Centre of Excellence for Epilepsy, jointly administered by NBRC and [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], was established in 2005. Two major flagship programs by NBRC were initiated in the past few years. By 2017, National Dementia Program was initiated under NBRC's leadership, whereas by 2019, a flagship program entitled "Comparative mapping of common mental disorders (CMD) over the lifespan" was launched to understand the science of well-being.

==Academics==

*'''Master of Science (M.Sc. Neuroscience)'''
NBRC has integrated multidisciplinary teaching programmes in Life Sciences, such as 2-year M.Sc. program in Neuroscience with broad overview of different aspects of Neuroscience.

*'''Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D. Neuroscience)'''
NBRC offers 5-year Ph.D. program in Neuroscience to students from diverse backgrounds who have a master's degree in any branch related to Neuroscience as mentioned below:

*'''Summer Training'''
NBRC conducts summer training programs wherein trainees attend seminars and journal clubs organized at the institute and get exposure to neuroscience.

==Research==
Research faculty studies the complexities of brain functions and cognition in health and diseases. Research at NBRC is organized into five divisions: 1) [[Cellular neuroscience]] and [[Molecular neuroscience]], 2) [[Systems neuroscience]], 3) [[Cognitive neuroscience]], 4) [[Computational neuroscience]], and 5) [[Translational neuroscience]]. Nevertheless, faculty collaborates across divisions and other scientists. Research develops therapeutic tools and platforms to assess and cure brain disorders, including [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[dementia]], [[Japanese encephalitis]], [[Zika virus disease]], NeuroAIDS, [[brain tumor]], [[spinal cord injury]], and [[stroke]]. The research focuses on detailed understanding of our senses of touch, hearing, speech learning, memory, and spatial navigation. Moreover, basic research helps plan clinical trials for the development of rational therapy for brain disorders. Researchers have also been studying the implications of [[SARS-CoV-2]] on the brain.

==Major research programmes==
#'''Dementia Science Program''': This is a national level multi-centric program that provides insights into the prevalence of dementia and discover biomarkers, risk factors, and protective factors. These factors play a major role in the conversion of MCI to dementia among elderly. For the diagnosis and classification of dementia, all centers use robust uniform criteria that are internationally accepted, adapted, and validated in the Indian context. Findings could help formulate national-level policies for understanding and treating MCI in elderly.
#'''Comparative mapping of common mental disorders (CMD) over the lifespan''': This flagship program understands how information-processing networks in the brain are affected in CMD, including anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]]. The program also studies underlying brain mechanisms that differentiate between these disorders, and whether these networks are affected in the same manner in different age groups.

==Technological advancement==

*'''Dyslexia Assessment for Languages of India (DALI)''': A package developed using screening tools, remediation kit, and specific assessment tools to identify [[dyslexia]]. It integrates four languages (Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, and English).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jyoti |first1=Archana |title=A new tool for testing dyslexia |url=https://www.natureasia.com/en/nindia/article/10.1038/nindia.2019.118 |website=natureasia |publisher=Nature |doi=10.1038/nindia.2019.118 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
*'''KALPANA''': An integrative package for visualization, preprocessing, and quantitation of MR spectroscopy (MRS) data acquired using MRS imaging and MEshcher-Garwood–Point-RESolved Spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mandal |first1=Pravat Kumar |title=KALPANA: Advanced Spectroscopic Signal Processing Platform for Improved Accuracy to Aid in Early Diagnosis of Brain Disorders in Clinical Setting |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |date=March 2, 2020 |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=397–402 |doi=10.3233/JAD-191351 |pmid=32200359 |s2cid=214617533 |url=https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad191351|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*'''NINS-STAT''': A MATLAB-based statistical analysis toolbox: A high-performance state-of-the-art automated statistical test selection and execution software package with clinical research applications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Sourav |title=NINS-STAT: An Automated Statistical Software Package |url=http://www.nbrc.ac.in/html/nbrc/NINS-STAT/ |website=NINS-STAT |publisher=NBRC |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
*'''BRAHMA template''': First accurate high-resolution brain template developed for analyzing structural and [[functional neuroimaging]] data specific for Indian population.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandal |first1=Pravat Kumar |title=New tool to decode brain images of Indians |url=https://www.natureasia.com/en/nindia/article/10.1038/nindia.2020.45 |website=natureindia |publisher=Springer Nature |doi=10.1038/nindia.2020.45 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pai |first1=Praful |title=BRAHMA: Population specific T1, T2, and FLAIR weighted brain templates and their impact in structural and functional imaging studies |journal=Magnetic Resonance Imaging |date=July 2020 |volume=70 |pages=5–21 |doi=10.1016/j.mri.2019.12.009 |pmid=31917995 |s2cid=210133704 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0730725X19305247 |access-date=22 September 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandal |first1=Pravat Kumar |title=BRAHMA: The Indian Brain Template |url=http://www.nbrc.ac.in/html/nbrc/BRAHMA/ |website=BRAHMA |publisher=NBRC |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
*'''BHARAT''': A multimodality-based Hadoop-based big data decision framework, validated using fMRI, integrates non-invasive MRI, MRS, and neuropsychological test outcomes to identify early diagnostic biomarkers of AD.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Ankita |title=BHARAT: An Integrated Big Data Analytic Model for Early Diagnostic Biomarker of Alzheimer's Disease |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |date=February 8, 2019 |volume=10 |issue=9 |page=9 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2019.00009 |pmid=30800093 |pmc=6375828 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*'''PRATEEK''': The integration of data gathered from multimodal brain imaging systems at various Regions of Interest (ROIs) avails wealth of information about tissue microenvironment and its association with structural and functional changes in healthy or diseased condition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goel |first1=Anshika |title=PRATEEK: Integration of Multimodal Neuroimaging Data to Facilitate Advanced Brain Research |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |date=July 2021 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=305–317 |doi=10.3233/JAD-210440 |pmid=34308905 |s2cid=236429869 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352335148 |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mandal |first1=Pravat Kumar |title=PRATEEK: Integration of Multimodal Neuroimaging Data to Facilitate Advanced Brain Research |url=http://www.nbrc.ac.in/html/nbrc/PRATEEK/aboutpage.html |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |year=2021 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=305–317 |publisher=nbrc |doi=10.3233/JAD-210440 |pmid=34308905 |s2cid=236429869 |access-date=22 September 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*'''Stimulus Timing Integrated Module (STIM)''': A synchronized system to be used in fMRI for mapping brain activity non-invasively in various conditions for normal healthy as well as for clinical evaluation with brain disorders.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandal |first1=Pravat Kumar |title=STIM: Functional MRI Paradigm Design, Presentation, and Response Collection System |url=http://www.nbrc.ac.in/html/nbrc/STIM/index.html |website=STIM |publisher=NBRC |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
*'''GAURI''': A methodical system that uses adaptive pattern recognition and learning schemes for predictive single or [[differential diagnosis]] of diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease, designed with MRI modalities and neuropsychological batteries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheriff |first1=Ahmed |title=Artificial Intelligence For Early Detection of Alzheimer's? Indian Scientists Say Yes! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/139432/artificial-intelligence-detects-alzheimers-indian-scientists/ |website=Community at the better india |date=27 April 2018 |publisher=the better india |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandal |first1=Pravat Kumar |title=GAURI: A Method and a System Using Multi-modal Information for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease |url=http://www.nbrc.ac.in/html/nbrc/GAURI/index.html |website=GAURI |publisher=NBRC |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>
*'''ANSH''': ANSH database brings critical neurochemical information from HO, MCI, and AD patients to facilitate collaborative research and multi-site global data sharing for comparative analysis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandal |first1=Pravat Kumar |title=New database to advance global Alzheimer's research |url=https://www.natureasia.com/en/nindia/article/10.1038/nindia.2020.175 |website=natureindia |publisher=Nature Springer |doi=10.1038/nindia.2020.175 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mandal |first1=Pravat Kumar |title=ANSH: Multimodal Neuroimaging Database Including MR Spectroscopic Data From Each Continent to Advance Alzheimer's Disease Research |journal=Frontiers in Neuroinformatics |date=October 7, 2021 |volume=14 |article-number=571039 |doi=10.3389/fninf.2020.571039 |pmid=33214792 |pmc=7641007 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343989167 |access-date=22 September 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*'''Development of a well-characterized hNSC/iPSC-induced pluripotent cell platform''': Scientists have developed a well-characterized model of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) to understand cellular–molecular functions of healthy and diseased brain. The NSCs work has been expanded by establishing a human inducible pluripotent cells platform.
*'''SWADESH''': This was developed as an advanced automated neuro-tool to aid the early diagnosis of AD. This tool consists of several computer-assisted tools for data pre-processing, quality control, data preparation, analysis, evaluation, and assessment. The fundamental objective of this proposal is to benefit the Indian population by developing a comprehensive neuro-tool. It provides a scheme for MRI-, MRS-, and fMRI-based data generation, processing scheme of multimodal neuroimaging and neuro-spectroscopy data in a single window to achieve a conclusive outcome for the early diagnosis of brain disorders.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandal |first1=Pravat Kumar |title=SWADESH: Comprehensive Database and Data Analytics for Brain Research |url=http://www.nbrc.ac.in/html/nbrc/SWADESH/ |website=SWADESH |publisher=NBRC |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>

==Major research breakthroughs==

*'''Novel ways to tackle Alzheimer's Disease''':
Scientists have been studying the early biomarkers for AD using brain chemicals. Monitoring glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant molecule in the brain, aids in the early identification of AD and mapping out therapeutic invention. Scientists have demonstrated that hippocampus, frontal, and cingulate cortical regions responsible for memory and higher cognitive functions, respectively, show significant GSH depletion, leading to cognitive decline.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=Deepika |title=Hippocampal Glutathione Depletion and pH Increment in Alzheimer's Disease: An in vivo MR Spectroscopic Study |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |date=September 2021 |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=1139–1152 |doi=10.3233/JAD-215032 |pmid=34633325 |s2cid=238580011 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354471861 |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref> Using 31P MRS, scientists discovered that pH of the left hippocampal formation in AD shifts towards alkalinity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandal |first1=Pravat Kumar |title=Hippocampal pH rise towards alkalinity: A perfect storm for Alzheimer's disease |url=https://npjscilearncommunity.nature.com/posts/a-discovery-en-route-to-alzheimer-s-disease |website=npj Science of Learning |date=13 January 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref> Research has also demonstrated the existence of two open-and-closed conformations of GSH in healthy young participants. Presently, they are investigating the role of two GSH conformations and link between iron deposition and [[oxidative stress]] (OS) in the hippocampal formation in AD.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=Deepika |title=A Multi-Center Study on Human Brain Glutathione Conformation using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy |journal= Journal of Alzheimer's Disease|date=October 30, 2018 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=517–532 |doi=10.3233/JAD-180648 |pmid=30198874 |pmc=6218146 }}</ref> Although the exact cause of AD remains unknown, OS is considered a potential factor. Additionally, researchers at NBRC have proposed a novel prospective single-center parallel-arm double-blinded placebo-controlled phase III randomized trial using GSH as a dietary supplement for MCI patients, while monitoring brain GSH levels and cognitive profile using non-invasive MRS and neuropsychological testing, respectively.

*'''Brain stress mapping in COVID-19 survivors''':
Considering the elevating cases of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with COVID-19, scientists have been mapping brains of patients who recovered from or were asymptomatic to COVID-19. This first global study analyzed structural, spectroscopic, and behavioral changes in the brains of recovered/asymptomatic patients using a novel non-invasive MRS neuroimaging technique. Findings suggest that glutamate and GABA levels are potential parameters to monitor mental health and psychiatric disease-associated conditions. Moreover, antioxidants and neurotransmitters in the study have potential implications for psychiatric disorders in COVID-19-affected patients.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samkaria |first1=Avantika |title=Brain Stress Mapping in COVID-19 Survivors Using MR Spectroscopy: New Avenue of Mental Health Status Monitoring |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |date=September 14, 2021 |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=523–530 |doi=10.3233/JAD-210287 |pmid=34250939 |s2cid=235798017 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

*'''Role of thalamo cortical interactions in reorganization of directed information flow with aging in brain networks''':
Scientists studied the specific role of the human thalamus as causal outflow hub in reorganizing directed information flow and connectivity among large-scale major neurocognitive networks during brain aging. This reorganization of directed functional connectivity with age during spontaneous activity highlights the importance of subcortical areas even during stimulus independent processing. Outcomes lead to understanding the crucial role of the thalamus as a major integrative hub in addition to insular network for mediating key cognitive functional dynamics and their role during maintenance of cognitive functions during healthy aging process in the human brain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Moumita |title=Reconfiguration of Directed Functional Connectivity Among Neurocognitive Networks with Aging: Considering the Role of Thalamo-Cortical Interactions |journal=Cerebral Cortex |date=November 30, 2020 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=1970–1986 |doi=10.1093/cercor/bhaa334 |pmid=33253367 |pmc=7945028 |url=https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/31/4/1970/6012823?login=true}}</ref>

*'''Identification of protein that helps dengue and JE viruses to multiply inside host''':
In this collaborative study, it was discovered that dengue and JE viruses activate platelet inside host and induce them release platelet factor 4 (PF4). PF4 inhibits the activity of immune cells, thus stopping interferon production. PF4 acts through its receptor CXCR3, which when blocked with an antagonist AMG487 inhibits dengue and JE replication both in vivo and in vitro. This study indicates the possibility of developing an antiviral agent.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Yogesh |title=Scientists identify protein that helps dengue and JE viruses to multiply |url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/isw/scientists-identify-protein-that-helps-dengue-and-JE-viruses-multiply.html |website=India Science Wire |publisher=Vigyan Prasar |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>

*'''ZV envelop (E) protein alters properties of human fetal neural stem cells by modulating microRNA circuitry''':
This study focused on delineating molecular mechanisms, role of miRNAs, and involvement of ZV E protein in ZV-induced microcephaly. The protein promotes premature but faulty formation of neurons, which affects normal properties of brain stem cells. This is the potential reason behind ZV-induced small head size in infants. Nearly 25 miRNAs, regulating genes and protein expression in cells, were identified as important factors impacting the cell division, proliferation and stemness of the brain stem cells.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhagat |first1=Reshma |title=Zika virus E protein alters the properties of human fetal neural stem cells by modulating microRNA circuitry |journal=Cell Death and Differentiation |date=July 26, 2018 |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1837–1854 |doi=10.1038/s41418-018-0163-y |pmid=30050059 |pmc=6180120 }}</ref>

*'''''let-7'' miRNA controls CED-7 homotypic adhesion and EFF-1-mediated axonal self-fusion to restore touch sensation following injury''':
This work on focused on the regeneration of nervous system, wherein lost neuronal function was found to be restored after injury in roundworm model. The findings established that the axon fusion process has functional significance in the maintenance of neuronal integrity throughout the life span of an organism. The researchers also demonstrated how to control this process genetically for treating nerve injuries in humans in future.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=Atrayee |title=let-7 miRNA controls CED-7 homotypic adhesion and EFF-1–mediated axonal self-fusion to restore touch sensation following injury |journal=PNAS |date=November 21, 2017 |volume=114 |issue=47 |pages=E10206–E10215 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1704372114 |pmid=29109254 |pmc=5703274 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017PNAS..11410206B }}</ref>

*'''Glycyrrhizin prevents SARS-CoV-2 S1 and Orf3a induced high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release and inhibits viral replication''':
An active ingredient Glycyrrhizin in Mulethi (liquorice)—a commonly used herb—is a potential source for the development of a drug against COVID-19. HMGB1 is crucial for regulating susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, whereas S-receptor binding body (RBD) and Orf3a proteins are required for maximal SARS-CoV replication and virulence. The study investigated whether Glycyrrhizin affects SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD- and Orf3a-mediated HMGB1 release and cell death in lung cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Glycyrrhizin did not only reverse S-RBD- and Orf3a-induced extracellular HMGB1 release but also abrogated caspase-1 activation and rescued cell death. Benefits of anti-inflammatory properties in glycyrrhizin are: 1) Lowering the severity of the disease, 2) Mitigating viral replication by as much as 90%, and 3) Fighting the "storm of cytokines".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gowda |first1=Pruthvi |title=Glycyrrhizin prevents SARS-CoV-2 S1 and Orf3a induced high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release and inhibits viral replication |journal=Cytokine |date=June 2021 |volume=142 |article-number=155496 |doi=10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155496 |pmid=33773396 |pmc=7953444 }}</ref>

==Facilities and services==

# '''Distributed Information Center (DIC)''': DIC is established under the initiative of BTISNET initiative of DBT. DIC manages information and communications technology (ICT) and e-governance activities of NBRC. It provides ICT science & technology services.<ref>{{cite web |title=BTISNET - Distributed Information Centre |url=http://btisnet.gov.in/DICnbrc.html |website=Biotechnology Information System Network |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
# '''Experimental animal facility''': This animal facility is registered with the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi. The facility contains animal models, including primates and transgenic mice. Detailed training programs for veterinary and husbandry care and peer-reviewed evaluation of all protocols are followed.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Brain Research Centre |url=https://www.educationworld.in/national-brain-research-centre/ |website=Educationworld |date=24 July 2015 |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
# '''National neuroimaging facility'''
# '''Neuroimaging and neurospectroscopy laboratory''': This laboratory functions on the metabolic analysis of different neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., AD, PD) using MRS technique to identify biomarkers in and measure quantitative stress of age-matched healthy adults and patients.
# '''Centre for Excellence for Epilepsy/MEG facility''': This center studies epileptogenesis, better diagnosis, and localization of epileptogenic foci and new therapeutic techniques.
# '''Library''': The library consists of automated open-access system and provides information services and access to bibliographical and full-text digital and printed resources for on-campus user community.
# '''DBT's Electronic Library Consortium (DeLCON)''': This is an initiative by DBT that gives unlimited access to most of the relevant periodicals to researchers. It gives access to high-quality e-resources. It provides current (1000+ online resources) and archival access to >1176 core peer-reviewed journals and one bibliographic database (SCOPUS) in different disciplines from 21 foreign publishers.<ref>{{cite web |title=DeLCON |url=http://delcon.gov.in/ |website=DeLCON DBT e-Library Consortium |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
# '''Speech and Language Laboratory (SALLY)''': Research in this lab focuses on unravelling cortical pathways involved in Hindi–English biscriptal adults and children.<ref>{{cite web |title=BTISNET - Distributed Information Centre |url=http://www.btisnet.gov.in/DICnbrc.html |website=Biotechnology Information System Network |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
# '''Computational neuroscience and neuroimaging laboratory''': The unit works on imaging-based diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and planning pulsed radiotherapy and chemotherapy for treating brain tumors from translational medicine aspect.
# '''Translational & clinical neuroscience unit''': This unit provides neurological OPD services and assesses the occurrence of neurological cases in Gurgaon. Patients visiting the unit have access to several facilities, including MRI, computed tomography, etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=NBRC Gurgaon Facilities |url=https://www.careers360.com/university/national-brain-research-centre-gurgaon/facilities |website=CAREERS360 |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Facilities |url=http://www.nbrc.ac.in/newweb/facilities |website=National Brain Research Centre |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>

==Campus and infrastructure==

* '''Hostel accommodation''': There are two on-campus hostel buildings and one building as staff quarters.
* '''Medical facilities''': NBRC has a full-time resident medical officer as well as on-site OPD service. In case of medical emergencies, a full-time transport system transports patients to nearest hospitals.
* '''Conveyance''': NBRC is connected to New Delhi and Jaipur via NH8.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Brain Research Centre - NBRC |url=https://targetstudy.com/university/13661/national-brain-research-centre/ |website=Target Study |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref> NBRC provides transport services, including bus and car, to students and staff. For those staying off-campus, daily shuttle services are provided.
* '''Sports''': Outdoor and indoor sports, including football and table tennis, are organized by the Sports Committee.
* '''Tantrika''': This student-organized annual event, including several competitions and programmes, is hosted by second-year Ph.D. students for newcomers.
* '''Green Canopy Committee''': In February 2021, GCC was constituted for spreading environmental awareness and education through eco-friendly environmental development programs, focusing on using sustainable energy to reduce carbon footprint.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life at NBRC |url=http://www.nbrc.ac.in/newweb/life-at-nbrc |website=National Brain Research Centre |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
* '''Wildlife''': NBRC is surrounded by keekar forests of Aravalli mountain range. From its inception, NBRC has been maintaining the surrounding jungle and has planted several trees and shrubs in the campus. There are over 100 different kinds of birds in and around NBRC, such as Jungle Babbler, Oriental Magpie Robin, Bulbul, Collared Dove, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Drongo, and Indian Peafowls.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Brain Research Centre Manesar IN-HR |url=https://ebird.org/hotspot/L6200742 |website=eBird |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref> Several bird-watching programs are conducted regularly for students and staff.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Neuroscience research centres in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

Harish Raghavendra

2026-03-09T05:13:07Z

LucileBrownbill: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Harish Raghavendra
| image = Harish Raghavendra Portrait 2019-02-23.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Harish Raghavendra
| image_size =
| birth_name = Harish Raghavendran
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|12|07|df=yes}}
| origin = Palladam, Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu, India.
| occupation = Playback singer, Actor
| years_active = 1998–present
| label =
}}

'''Harish Raghavendra''' (born 7 December 1976) is an Indian singer who has worked mainly in Tamil films. He is the son of photographer P.V Raghavendran. Harish is best known for his songs like "Hey Azhagiya Theeyee" from ''[[Minnale]]'', "Nirpadhuve Nadapadhuve" from ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'', "Devathayai Kanden" from ''[[Kadhal Kondein]]'', "Sakkarai Nilave" from ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'', "Melliname Melliname" from ''[[Shahjahan]]'' and "Anbe Enn Anbe" from ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]''. He has also acted in a few Tamil movies. He debuted as an actor in ''[[Vikadan]]'' directed by [[Arun Pandiyan]] in which he played the lead role. He also played a brother-role for [[Ajith Kumar]] in ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]'', which was written and directed by [[Perarasu]].

== Career ==
[[File:Harish Raghavendra 2019-02-23.jpg|thumb|250px|Harish Raghavendra at a musical event at Atlanta in 2019]]
Harish officially made his debut into the music industry as a singer at the age of 18. His first song was a Telugu song for the movie ''Panjaram'' and he subsequently sung 'Vaa Saghi' for the movie ''Arasiyal''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/hraghav.asp |title=In conversation with Harish Raghavendra |website=archives.chennaionline.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129155614/http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/hraghav.asp |archive-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/singer-harish-raghavendra-speaks-about-his-career|title="அஜித் ப்ளேலிஸ்ட்ல இந்தப் பாடலானு ஷாக் ஆகிட்டேன்..!" - ஹரிஷ் ராகவேந்திரா|work=Cinema Vikatan|date=3 March 2020|access-date=25 May 2023|first=மா. |last=பாண்டியராஜன்}}</ref> He was in his final year of college at the time. After that, he was not really active in the music industry. In the meantime, he graduated from [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College|Vivekananda College]] with a degree in commerce and masters in mass communication and journalism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile of Harish Raghavendra|website=Chennai Online|access-date=10 November 2024|date=14 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406151705/http://www.chennaionline.com/chat/celebchat/20harish-profile.asp|archive-date=6 April 2005|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/chat/celebchat/20harish-profile.asp}}</ref>

He re-entered the music industry through the well known classical song ''Nirpadhuve Nadapathuve'' from the movie [[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]. The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraja]]. The song became a massive hit back in the year 2000 and it brought him fame along with Tamil Nadu State award. This was the time he changed his name from Harish to Harish Raghavendra, per Ilaiyaraja's recommendation. Before he could even join the software industry, ''Ye Azhagiye Theeye'' from [[Minnale]] scored a roaring success back to back. Since then, he has sung over 3000 songs in various Indian language movies, predominantly Tamil. He has worked for most of the well known music composers that include [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[D. Imman]], [[Vijay Antony]], [[Harris Jayaraj]] and many others. His charming sharp voice has always been a point of attraction for many music directors, so he managed to sing in various languages such as Tamil (his main passion), Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi. He has sung some devotional songs as well. After 'Panjaram', he sang for the Telugu film ''Neetho'' under Vidyasagar's baton. Since then he has sung many more songs in Telugu, including films like 'Cheli', 'Priyadarshini' and [[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]].

Harish's latest project include a song about Mahakavi Bharathi – Engal Tamizhe (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PdcG3WTQ94) and the translation, composition and rendition of the Tamil classic Thirukkural (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xE1mIRCEgHg). He also wrote a book "Kadhal Kavithai Puthagam Alla".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-singer/harish-raghavendra/harish-raghavendra-interview.html|title=SINGER HARISH RAGHAVENDRA INTERVIEW|work=Behindwoods|access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>

Having sung many classic hits for the major music directors, Harish is considered to be one of the leading professional singers in Tamil Music Industry. He has also judged many reality shows along with few other famous singers. Harish has also done a number of live concerts in various countries as well. Lately, he also grabbed a Diploma in [[Yoga]] in [[Krishnamacharya]] style.

==Awards==
*[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] in 2000<ref name="IG2">{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |archive-date=2004-10-24 |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=indiaglitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 October 2004 |title=Work of geniuses |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/News/09geniuses.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406133812/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/News/09geniuses.asp |archive-date=6 April 2005 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==Discography==

=== {{static row numbers}}Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"

!Year!! Movie !! Song title !! Music director
!Co-singers
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
|''[[Arasiyal]]''
|"Vaa Sagi Vaa Sagi" || rowspan="2" |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || [[Uma Ramanan]]
|-
|''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]''
|"Sirage Illatha Poonkuruvi" ||[[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
|1998
|''[[Kondattam]]''
|"Ini Sudhanthira Dhiname"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], M. M. Keeravani, [[Minmini]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|''[[Annan Thangachi]]''
|"Sivappu Kallu"
| rowspan="2" |[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|Sangeetha
|-
|''[[Maanaseega Kadhal]]''
|"Kandha Kadamba"
|Krishnaraj, Master Rohith
|-
| rowspan="1" |2000
|''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]''
|"Nirpathuve Nadapathuve" ||[[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
| rowspan="12" |2001
| rowspan="2" |''[[Minnale]]''
|"Azhagiya Theeye" || rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]] || Timmy
|-
|"Nenjai Poopol" ||
|-
|''[[Dheena]]''
| "En Nenjil" ||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]''
| "Desingu Raja" || rowspan="2" |[[Karthik Raja]] || Sujatha
|-
| "Krishna Krishna" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Febi Mani]]
|-
|''[[Paarvai Ondre Podhume]]''
| "Thirudiya Idhayathai" ||[[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]|| [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|''[[Majunu]]''
| "Mudhal Kanave" ||Harris Jayaraj|| [[Bombay Jayashri|Bombay Jayashree]], O. S. Arun
|-
|''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]''
| "Chella Nam Veetuku" ||Vidyasagar || Sujatha, [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
|''[[12B]]''
| "Poove Vaai Pesum" ||Harris Jayaraj|| [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|-
|[[Shahjahan (film)|''Shahjahan'']]
|"Melliname"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Vaanchinathan]]''
|"Sirikkum Sirippil"
|Karthik Raja
|Swarnalatha
|-
|''[[Krishna Krishna]]''
|"Aandavan Namaku"
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|Anuradha Shekher
|-
| rowspan="17" |2002
| rowspan="2" |''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]''
|"Aval Kanna Paarthaa" || rowspan="2" |Bharani|| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|"Vaarthai Thavari" ||
|-
|''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]''
|"Kaattrukku Kaattrukku" ||Yuvan Shankar Raja|| [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], Febi Mani, Sunder Rajan
|-
|''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]''
|"Sakkarai Nilave" || Mani Sharma||
|-
|''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]''
|"Aagaya Sooriyanai" ||Harris Jayaraj|| Harini
|-
|''[[Yai Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey]]''
|"Yamini Yamini" ||Arvind-Shankar ||
|-
|''[[Sri (2002 film)|Sri]]''
|"Vasantha Sena Vasantha Sena" || T. S. Muralidharan || K. S. Chithra
|-
|''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''
|"Minsaram En Meedhu" || Vidyasagar|| [[Sadhana Sargam]], Jack Smelly
|-
|''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]''
|"Kadhal Vanoli" ||Karthik Raja|| Sujatha
|-
|''[[April Mathathil]]''
|"Yeh Nenje" ||Yuvan Shankar Raja|| Sadhana Sargam
|-
|''[[Solla Marandha Kadhai]]''
|"Gundu Malli" ||Ilaiyaraaja|| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|''[[Punnagai Desam]]''
|"Doli Doli"
|S. A. Rajkumar
|[[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]], Swarnalatha, Dr. Narayanan
|-
|''[[Thamizh]]''
|"Kadhelenum Jorula"
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|[[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]]
|-
|''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume|Pesatha Kannum Pesume]]''
|"Vinnaivittu"
|Bharani
|Sumithra
|-
|''[[En Mana Vaanil]]''
|"Kuthu Kuthu"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|Karthik, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Sujatha, [[S. N. Surendar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mutham]]''
|"Orampo Orampo"
| rowspan="2" |Bharani
|K. S. Chithra
|-
|"Tigirtana"
|Swarnalatha
|-
| rowspan="22" |2003
|''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]''
|"Engirunthai Naan"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja||
|-
|''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]''
|"Whistle Adikkum" ||[[D. Imman]]|| Ganga, [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vikadan]]''
|"Yaarivalo Yaarivalo" || rowspan="2" |Jerome Pushparaj||
|-
|"Oomai Paadum" ||
|-
|''[[Lesa Lesa]]''
|"Yedho Ondru" ||Harris Jayaraj|| [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]], [[Franco Simon|Franko]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kadhal Kondein]]''
|"Thottu Thottu" || rowspan="4" |Yuvan Shankar Raja||
|-
|"Devathaiyai Kandaen" ||
|-
|''[[Kurumbu]]''
|"Vaa Maasakatre" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Srilekha Parthasarathy, Subiksha
|-
|''[[Punnagai Poove]]''
|"Vaanam Thoovum Poo" || Kovai Ranjani
|-
|''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]''
|"Poove Mudhal Poove" ||Deva||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Yes Madam (2003 film)|Yes Madam]]''
|"Aada Ponnu"
| rowspan="2" |Bharani
|
|-
|"Bam Bam Barala"
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]''
|"Ramshikku Ramshikku"
|Deva
|K. S. Chithra
|-
|''[[Paarai (film)|Paarai]]''
|"Naan Oru Kanaa Kanden"
|[[Sabesh–Murali]]
|Sujatha
|-
|''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]''
|"Oru Thaalaattu"
|S. A. Rajkumar
|
|-
|''[[Pithamagan]]''
|"Kodi Yethi Vaippom"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|[[Bhavatharini]], Shanmugasundari, [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Soori (2003 film)|Soori]]''
|"Oh My Lover"
| rowspan="4" |Deva
|Harini
|-
|"Pirivellam" (solo)
|
|-
|"Pirivellam" (duet)
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
|''[[Indru]]''
|"Karthikai Aanavale"
|Sujatha
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sindhamal Sitharamal]]''
|"Satrumun Kidaitha"
| rowspan="2" |Bharani
|[[Srimathumitha]]
|-
|"Thee Thee"
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |2004
|''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]''
|"Chennai Senthamizh" ||[[Srikanth Deva]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]''
|"Idhu Porkalama" || rowspan="2" |Yuvan Shankar Raja||
|-
|"Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal" || Srimathumitha, [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Ustad Sultan Khan]]
|-
|''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]''
|"Manasukulle Dhaagam" ||Bharadwaj|| Reshmi
|-
|''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]''
|"Kishu Kishu Manusha" ||D. Imman|| [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
|-
|''[[Arasatchi]]''
|"Oh Muhalai Muhalai" ||Harris Jayaraj|| Harini
|-
|''[[Vaanam Vasappadum]]''
|"Vaanin Uyaram"
|[[Mahesh Mahadevan]]
|[[Gopika Poornima]]
|-
|''[[Sema Ragalai]]''
|"Agravin Aarambamae"
|Simmam Kumar
|Harini
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dreams (2004 film)|Dreams]]''
|"Unnai Unnai"
| rowspan="3" |Bharadwaj
|Camli
|-
|"Uyire Uyire"
|
|-
|''[[Jananam]]''
|"Neethaane Emmele"
|Chinmayi
|-
|''[[Kaadhal]]''
|"Pura Koondu"
|[[Joshua Sridhar]]
|[[Suresh Peters]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Karunas]]
|-
|''[[Ramakrishna (2004 Tamil film)|Ramakrishna]]''
|"Thathi Thavidum"
| rowspan="2" |Deva
|
|-
| rowspan="21" |2005
|''[[Devathaiyai Kanden]]''
|"Azhage Brammanidam" || Ganga
|-
|''[[Thirupachi]]''
|"Kannum Kannumthaan" ||Mani Sharma|| Uma Ramanan, Premgi Amaren
|-
|''[[Karka Kasadara]]''
|"Noothanaa Nee" ||Prayog|| Chinmayi
|-
|''[[Jithan]]''
|"Kadhaliye" ||Srikanth Deva||
|-
|''[[Anbe Vaa (2005 film)|Anbe Vaa]]''
|"Kaal Koluse" ||D. Imman|| Balram
|-
|''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]]''
|"Kadhal Enbadhu" ||Yuvan Shankar Raja|| Chinmayi
|-
|''[[Ayodhya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayodhya]]''
|"Aayiram Meena Enn Nenjai"
|Sabesh–Murali
|
|-
|''[[Jathi (film)|Jathi]]''
|"Kanavillaiye Thediparkiren"
|Agni Kalaivani
|
|-
|''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]''
|"Idhu Kallooriyalla"
|D. Imman
|
|-
|''[[Sevvel]]''
|"Kalla Parvai"
|Aasan
|Harini
|-
|''[[Priyasakhi]]''
|"Kangalinal"
|Bharadwaj
|[[Janani Bharadwaj]]
|-
|''[[6′.2″]]''
|"Maatenguthu"
|D. Imman
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Kadhal Seiya Virumbu]]''
|"I Love You"
|G. Ram
|Febi Mani
|-
|''[[Neeye Nijam]]''
|"Pennalla Devadai"
|John Peter
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kaatrullavarai]]''
|"Sevandhiye Sevandhiye"
| rowspan="3" |Bharani
|
|-
|"Unnai Nambithan"
|B. Sumi
|-
|''[[Alaiyadikkuthu]]''
|"Chee Chee Poda"
|[[Mahathi]]
|-
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]''
|"Vennilaa"
|Vidyasagar
|Cicilly
|-
|''[[Karpanai]]''
|"Pennai Naan"
|Santhosh Jayaraj
|Sujatha
|-
|''[[Thirudiya Idhayathai]]''
|"Ithanai Nalaai"
|Bharani
|
|-
|''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]''
|"Koo Koovena"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|Karthik, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|-
| rowspan="13" |2006
|''[[Kodambakkam (film)|Kodambakkam]]''
|"Ragasiyamanathu" ||[[Sirpy]]|| Harini
|-
|''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]''
|"Sollavum Mudiyala" ||Bharadwaj|| Swarnalatha
|-
|''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]''
|"Vizhigalil Vizhigalil" ||D. Imman||
|-
|''[[Oru Kadhal Seiveer]]''
|"Mutham Koduda"
|Bharani
|[[Pop Shalini]]
|-
|''[[Kai Vandha Kalai]]''
|"Kadhal Inikuthappa"
|[[Dhina]]
|
|-
|''[[Kusthi]]''
|"Thakadheem"
|D. Imman
|D. Imman, Lavanya
|-
|''[[Yuga (2006 film)|Yuga]]''
|"Oolala Olala"
| rowspan="2" |Dhina
|[[Suchitra]], Dev Prakash
|-
|''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]''
|"Ethanai Jenmam"
|Sadhana Sargam
|-
|''[[Sengathu]]''
|"Thee Thee"
|Arafin Yusuf
|
|-
|''[[Aavani Thingal]]''
|"En Usira Thottu"
|R. Shankar
|
|-
|''[[Prathi Gnayiru 9 Manimudhal 10.30 Varai]]''
|"Ottrai Roja"
|John Peter
|
|-
|''[[Azhagiya Asura]]''
|"Eppadi Eppadi"
|Brahma
|
|-
|''[[Thirudi (2006 film)|Thirudi]]''
|"Vizhigal Randum"
|Bharani
|[[Saindhavi]]
|-
| rowspan="15" |2007
|''[[Agaram (film)|Agaram]]''
|"Line Kidaichidiche"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|Shardha
|-
|''[[Nanbanin Kadhali]]''
|"Vaazhthu Paada Vanthaen"
|Deva
|
|-
|''[[Madurai Veeran (2007 film)|Madurai Veeran]]''
|"Nee Thaanadi"
|Srikanth Deva
|
|-
|''[[Dhandayuthapani]]''
|"Adikkadi Ethayathil"
|Sunil and E. L. Indhrajith
|Harini Sudhakar
|-
|''[[Achacho]]''
|"Aallipoove"
|M. K. S. Narula Khan
|Prasanna
|-
|''[[Karuppusamy Kuththagaithaarar]]''
|"Kaadhal Enbathu"
| rowspan="3" |Dhina
|O. S. Arun, [[Malgudi Subha]], Dhina, Dev Prakash
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nee Naan Nila]]''
|"Kadhal Kadhal"
|
|-
|"Unnai Sandhithaen"
|Harini
|-
|''[[Veerappu]]''
|"Puliya Kili Jeyicha"
|D. Imman
|[[Madhushree]]
|-
|''[[Ammuvagiya Naan]]''
|"Unnai Saranadainthen"
|Sabesh–Murali
|Kalyani
|-
|''[[Thoovanam]]''
|"Eureka"
|[[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally|Isaac Thomas Kotukapally]]
|
|-
|''[[Piragu]]''
|"Mudalil Santhithen"
|Srikanth Deva
|Meganthi
|-
|''[[Veeramum Eeramum]]''
|"Oru Kshanam"
|[[Yugendran]]
|Srilekha Parthasarathy
|-
|''[[Agra (2007 film)|Agra]]''
|"Kadhal Vali"
|C. S. Balu
|
|-
|''[[Puli Varudhu]]''
|"Kanava Nejama"
|Srikanth Deva
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
| rowspan="11" |2008
|''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]''
|"Anbe En Anbe" ||Harris Jayaraj||
|-
|''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]''
|"Thozhiya En Kadhaliya" ||[[Vijay Antony]]|| Vijay Antony, Sri Charan
|-
|''[[Pidichirukku]]''
|"Kaatrodu Solli"
|[[Manu Ramesan]]
|Sujatha
|-
|''[[Kannum Kannum]]''
|"Kutralaam Kutralaam"
|Dhina
|[[Malathy Lakshman|Malathy]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ini Varum Kaalam]]''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihqnW0gdgjo "Kashmirin Roja"]
| rowspan="2" |Bharani
|
|-
|"Eppa Unnai Pathalum"
|[[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
|-
|''[[Madurai Ponnu Chennai Paiyan]]''
|"Punnagai"
|Kanmani Raja
|
|-
|''[[Unnai Naan]]''
|"Uyirile Unnai Naan"
|Joe Arulraj
|
|-
|''[[Ragasiya Snehithane]]''
|"Vasantha Kalangal"
|John Peter
|
|-
|''[[Kasimedu Govindan]]''
|"Beeda Maava"
|[[Soundaryan]]
|
|-
|''[[Thenavattu]]''
|"Enge Irundhai"
|Srikanth Deva
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2009
|''[[Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval|Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaival]]''
|"Konjam"
|Bala
|Chinmayi
|-
|''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]''
|"Deepavali"
|T. M. Jayamurugan and Jeevan Thomas
|Mano, [[Mukesh Mohamed]], Kalyani, Saindhavi, Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Karthik Anitha]]''
|Anchu Viralaivichan"
|Jack Anand
|
|-
|''[[Aarumaname]]''
|"Chithiram Pesuthadi"
|Srikanth Deva
|Sadhana Sargam
|-
|''[[Eesa]]''
|"Oru Murai Nee Paarthal"
|Haran
|Bombay Jayashree
|-
|''[[Nesi (film)|Nesi]]''
|"Ennodaya"
|Sirpy
|[[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
|''[[Madurai Sambavam]]''
|"Oru Ilavum Panju"
|John Peter
|Sadhana Sargam
|-
|''[[Thozhi]]''
|"Sandhana Kuilay" (male)
|R. Shankar
|
|-
|''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]''
|"Nenje Nenje" ||Harris Jayaraj|| Mahathi
|-
|''[[Renigunta (film)|Renigunta]]''
|"Mazhai Peyyum" ||[[Ganesh Raghavendra]]||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|''[[Thairiyam]]''
|"Ilamiyil Mogam"
|R. D. Mohan Singh
|Anuradha Sriram
|-
|''[[Gowravargal]]''
|"Aaha Soka Vachan"
|Dhina
|Saindhavi
|-
|''[[Ochayee]]''
|"Kammangaatukule"
|Jeevaraja
|Bhavatharini
|-
|''[[Kalavani]]''
|"Oru Murai Iru Murai" ||[[S. S. Kumaran]]|| Srimathumitha
|-
| rowspan="5" |2011
|''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]''
|"Nenjil Nenjil" ||Harris Jayaraj|| Chinmayi
|-
|''[[Mayakkam Enna]]''
|"Ennenna Seidhom" ||[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]||
|-
|''[[Mambattiyan]]''
|"Chinna Ponnu Selai" ||[[S. Thaman]]|| Shaila, Sanjeev Kumar
|-
|''[[Aayiram Vilakku]]''
|"Rathiye En Rathiye"
| rowspan="2" |Srikanth Deva
|Chinmayi
|-
|''[[Raa Raa (2011 film)|Raa Raa]]''
|"Anbum Aranum"
|[[Surmukhi Raman]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2012
|[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar|''Kettavarellam Padalam'']]
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfbTeaiVP0Q "O Snekidhi"]
|R.D Burman original rearranged
|
|-
|''[[Neerparavai]]''
|"Raththa Kannee" ||[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]||
|-
|''Padam Parthu Kadhai Sol''
|"Ival Yaaro" ||Ganesh Raghavendra|| rowspan="2" | Chinmayi
|-
|''[[Medhai]]''
|"Nilavukku Piranthaval Evalo"
|Dhina
|-
|''[[Ullam (2012 film)|Ullam]]''
|"Kai Veesamma"
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|[[Chitra Iyer|Chitra Sivaraman]]
|-
|''[[Kadhal Pisase]]''
|"Swasamai"
|Brunthan
|Kanthini
|-
|''[[Nanda Nanditha (2012 film)|Nanda Nanditha]]''
|"Jimke Marina"
|[[Emil Mohammed]]
|Emil Mohammed, Karthik, Tippu, Srinivas
|-
|''[[Krishnaveni Panjaalai]]''
|"Aathaadi"
|N. R. Raghunanthan
|[[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]]
|-
|''[[Eppadi Manasukkul Vanthai]]''
|"Oru Paarvayile"
|A. J. Daniel
|
|-
|''[[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]''
|"Azhagana Nilavu"
|Kavi Periyathambi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mathapoo]]''
|"Adada Idhayam Parakiradhe" || rowspan="2" |Velayudham||
|-
|"Unparvai Velichaththile"
|
|-
|''[[Mathil Mel Poonai]]''
|"Oru Poo Pookiradhu" ||Ganesh Raghavendra|| Harini
|-
|''[[Kurumbukara Pasanga]]''
|"Enthan Thalaiyil"
|Arul Raj
|Srimathumitha
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]''
|"Anbe Anbe" ||Harris Jayaraj
|Harini
|-
|''Hogenakkal''
|"Poove Poove" ||G. V. Prakash Kumar|| Nimmi
|-
|''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]''
|"Konjum Punnagai"
|X.Paulraj
|Vinaya
|-
|''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah|Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah]]''
|"Yaaro Ival"
|[[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]]
|[[Yazin Nizar]], [[Krishna Iyer]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''Muthu Nagaram''
|"Onnapathi Yaar" ||Jayaprakash||
|-
|''[[Kalai Vendhan]]''
|"Enge Enge"
|Srikanth Deva
|
|-
|''[[Om Shanthi Om]]''
|"Enendru Solvadho"
|[[Vijay Ebenezer]]
|Shweta Mohan
|-
| rowspan="1" |2017
|''[[Singam 3]]''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBtrp8gBMz0 "Mudhal Muraiyaga"]||Harris Jayaraj|| Shweta Mohan, [[Ramya NSK]], Karthik
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
|''[[Vilambaram (2019 film)|Vilambaram]]''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THP8hUHVglU "Azhagazhagai"]||J. Vimal Raj||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2020
|''[[Onbathu Kuzhi Sampath]]''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_km5P-rzag "Ennenna Idhayathile"]||Va Charlie||
|-
|2023
|''[[Raththam]]''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZGKpH177iA "Nee Ennai Mannipaya"]
|[[Kannan (composer)|Kannan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Baby and Baby]]''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdYpiJf8VhE "Yenna Thavam Seitheno"]
|D. Imman
|Shweta Mohan
|-
|''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsFTIvQvrZs Neranjiye] (Album)''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jb5EeJ6xUFY "Neranjiye"]
|Saran Prakash
|Padmaja Sreenivasan
|}

=== {{static row numbers}}Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"

!Year!! Movie !! Song title !! Music director
!Co-singers
!Notes
|-
|1997
|''Panjaram''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3boCPPUGnZM "Yugalenni Saaginaa"]
|Raj
|
|Debut song.
|-
|2001
|''[[Minnale (soundtrack)|Cheli]]''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AehcNi_nOiE "Hey Vennala Sona"]
|Harris Jayaraj
|Timmy
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80NHhkCkDAQ "Azhagiye Theeye"] song in Tamil from the movie [[Minnale]]
|-
|2003
|[[Raghavendra (film)|''Raghavendra'']]
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9pdxGBuCV0 "Nee Styele"]
|Mani Sharma
|Sujatha Mohan
|Based on the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bwjDZ1tfqI "May Maadha Megam"] in Tamil from the movie [[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]
|-
|2004
|''[[Nenu (film)|Nenu]]''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nl8vOCtSfxA "Devathala Ninnu Chustunna"]
|Vidyasagar
|
|
|-
|2005
|[[Ghajini (2005 film)|''Ghajini'']]
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMvmAwnMBDk "Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi"]
|Harris Jayaraj
|Bombay Jayashree
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUFGbo2uhRw "Suttum vizhi chudare]" song in Tamil from the movie [[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]
|-
|2006
|[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu|''Raghavan'']]
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCRfX7SUhaw "Banam Vesade"]
|Harris Jayaraj
|Bombay Jayashree
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfXNA9OiWvU "Paartha Mudhal Naale"] song in Tamil from the movie [[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu|"Vettaiyadu Vilaiyadu"]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
|''[[Raju Bhai]]''
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcPXolTwGoI "Evvare Nuvvu"]
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|
|Based on the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4K1ywf19xw "Devathaiyai Kanden"] in Tamil from the movie [[Kaadhal Kondein|Kadhal Konden]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Don (2007 film)|''Don'']]
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYs8F9dmDYU "Ithandanga Unnave"]
| rowspan="2" |Raghava Lawrence
|
|
|-
|"Mudde Pettu"
|Saindhavi
|
|-
|2008||[[Surya s/o Krishnan|''Surya S/o Krishnan'']]||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HyuVJZe5Xk "Naaloney Pongeynu"]||Harris Jayaraj||Devan,
V.V.Prasanna
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzLpP8VBC6E "Nenjukkul Peidhidum Maamazhai"] song in Tamil from [[Vaaranam Aayiram]]
|-
|2011
|[[Dhaam Dhoom|''Rakshakudu'']]
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjD6yLzAOYk "Choopey Nee Choopey"]
|Harris Jayaraj
|
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5J6TznPWrA "Anbe En Anbe"] song in Tamil from [[Dhaam Dhoom]]
|-
|2014
|[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal|Seenugadi Love Story]]
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMqSHAZwPvA "Nuvve Nuvve"]
|Harris Jayaraj
|Harini
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nobCEU0GVGE "Anbe Anbe Ellam Anbe"] song in Tamil from [[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal|Idhu Kathirvelan Kaadhal]]
|-
|2024||''Valari''||[https://www.instagram.com/reel/C3YKvAsy4B0/?igsh=azB1bDBhNzh1bzls "Kathamalupey"]||TS Vishnu||
|
|}

=== {{static row numbers}}Kannada ===
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"

!Year!! Movie !! Song title !! Music director
|Co-Singers
|-
|2005||''[[Amrithadhare|Amruthadhare]]''||"Nee Amruthadhare"||Mano Murthy||Supriya Acharya
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007|| rowspan="2" |''[[Sixer (2007 film)|Sixer]]''||"Nanna Preethiyalli"|| rowspan="2" |Hamsalekha||
|-
|"Oye Thangali"
|
|}

== Television/ Media ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiYmWO_Z8Os Manadhodu Mano]
|Guest
|[[Jaya TV]]
|Exclusive interview filled with music and memories. Host [[Mano (singer)|Singer Mano.]]
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Sv4zwdg4lE Sooda Oru Talk]
|Guest
|[[SathiyamTV|Sathyam TV]]
|Musical journey.
|-
|2013
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4wX2j0tQgY Special Interview]
|Guest
|[[Maalai Malar|Maalaimalar]]
|Musical journey.
|-
|2014
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CKKrAxwyzg Manam Thirumbuthe]
|Guest
|[[Puthuyugam TV|PuthuYugam TV]]
|Deepavali special interview show.
|-
|2015
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEQqxnN54qY Varaverpparai]
|Guest
|[[News Tamil 24×7|News7 Tamil]]
|Day break show.
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
|[https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1Bqvfg8vux/? Songs, Songs & more Songs]
|Guest
|[https://www.facebook.com/Muthiraitv Muthirai TV]
|Interview on Muthirai TV (chanakyaa.in). Host Balaji.
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7dAydi6pqo Melody Conversation]
|Guest
|[https://www.youtube.com/@cinemavikatan Cinema Vikatan]
|Casual music conversation.
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qS2kHOuHHD8 Vanakkam Tamizha]
|Guest
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Celebrity interview in the live breakfast show.
|-
|[https://www.facebook.com/share/v/16UVFyB2jC/? Yoga Day]
|Guest
|[https://www.facebook.com/Muthiraitv Muthirai TV]
|Virtual interview on Muthirai TV (chanakyaa.in). Host Balaji.
|-
|[https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1Bm4Z4XjLe/?mibextid=wwXIfr Oru Kuralai]
|Guest
|[https://www.facebook.com/SilverTreeOffl Silver Tree]
|Special interview for USCT fundraising, along with [[Mahathi|Singer Mahathi]]. Host Ranjith Govind.
|-
|2021
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=areE35Nmuuw Special Interview]
|Guest
|[https://www.behindwoods.com/ Behindwoods TV]
|Online interview sharing music memories.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR6J4FwoItk Enna Paatu Paada]
|Guest
|[https://www.youtube.com/@TamilNostalgia Tamil Nostalgia]
|Fun filled music quiz show. Host Priya Parthasarathy.
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdz6EQEyT6c Special Interview]
|Guest
|[https://www.indiaglitz.com/tamil IndiaGlitz Tamil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921175247/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/68241.html |date=21 September 2017 }}
|Music then and now interview.
|-
|[https://www.facebook.com/share/v/15uLABzKWR/?mibextid=wwXIfr Christmas Special Interview]
|Guest
|[https://www.facebook.com/Oli96.8FM Mediacorp Oli 968]
|Singapore FM radio interview. Host RJ Neruppu Guna.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|[https://www.instagram.com/reel/C8PMSMNsyND/?igsh=N3lwNGw1cWc0OWJt Super Singer Season 10]
|Guest
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Special song "Vizhigalil Vizhigalil". Also performed along with contestants Vaishnavi and Sreenidhi.
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWHjjOYa2F0 Vintage Voice]
|Guest
|[[Sun News (India)|Sun News]]
|"குரல் மூலம் Time Travel செல்லலாம் வாங்க"
|-
|[https://www.facebook.com/share/v/16xKVyLS1E/?mibextid=wwXIfr Nenjil Nenjil]
|Guest
|[https://www.youtube.com/@cinemavikatan Cinema Vikatan]
|Short interview at Vikatan Awards
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5N1pz-DbKM Special Podcast]
|Guest
|[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City Tamil]]
|Nostalgic interview - career stories and fun musical trivia. Host RJ Shakthi
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CP4q7aeZ1zM Super Singer Junior season 10]
|Guest
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Special song "Melliname Melliname". Also performed along with contestants Priyanka, SriVarshini and Nazreen.
|-
|2025
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Cx3yJBHAQ4&list=PLC9Qlbk_nRh4kxWLODF_eYLRnDoqveG0I&index=44 Mudhal Kanave]
|Guest
|[https://www.youtube.com/@raagamy Astro Ulagam - RAAGA]
|Radio (RAAGA) interview at Malaysia during mega concerts Mudhal Kanave 1.0, 2.0.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZFYc9LEN88&list=PLC9Qlbk_nRh4kxWLODF_eYLRnDoqveG0I&index=41 Chai with Chithra - Part 1]
| rowspan="3" |Guest
| rowspan="3" |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVWGFWLgT4g&list=PLC9Qlbk_nRh4kxWLODF_eYLRnDoqveG0I&index=42 Touring Talkies]
| rowspan="3" |Open talk with [[Chitra Lakshmanan|Chithra Lakshmanan]] in the famous Chai with Chithra show.
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArZuNscUBbo&list=PLC9Qlbk_nRh4kxWLODF_eYLRnDoqveG0I&index=40 Chai with Chithra - Part 2]
|-
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFgXjU1dUAE&list=PLC9Qlbk_nRh4kxWLODF_eYLRnDoqveG0I&index=39 Chai with Chithra - Part 3]
|-
|2026
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Y8ehWoMSXo&list=PLC9Qlbk_nRh4kxWLODF_eYLRnDoqveG0I&index=28 Express Specials]
|Guest
|[[Cinema Express]]
|Not just music.., interview explored more on his passion, travels and views on spectrum of things
|-
|2026
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMHwWyJTecI&list=PLC9Qlbk_nRh4kxWLODF_eYLRnDoqveG0I&index=21 Valentine’s Day Special Podcast]
|Guest
|[https://www.youtube.com/@SPlusProductions SPlus Productions]
|Interesting new gen style podcast with fun games and songs.
|}

== Acting career ==
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2003 || ''[[Vikadan]]'' || Ram Mohan || Debut Film as Actor
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Karpanai]]'' || Mathi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]'' || Thirupathi's brother ||
|}

*''Harish Raghavendra released a single "Engal Tamizhe" in 2009.''
*''Harish Raghavendra and Vijayalashmi sang "Mudhal Kadhal " in 2014. This is from Mudhal Kadhal which is a Tamil Pop album.''
*''Harish Raghavendra sang "Thirukkural"''

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Harish Raghavendra}}
*[http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/artist/Harish_Raghavendra.html More info about Harish Raghavendra Soundtracks]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavendra, Harish}}
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Actors from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Aithe 2.0

2026-03-06T06:18:43Z

LucileBrownbill: adding basic stub w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian techno-thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aithe 2.0
| image = Aithe 2 poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Raj Madiraju]]
| producer = Dr.Hemanth Vallapu Reddy Dr.Ravi N Rathi K.Vijaya Rama Raju
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Indraneil Sengupta]]
* Zara Shah
* Abhishek
* Kartavya Sharma
* Neeraj
* Mrunal
* Mridanjli
*Dr. Srikanth
}}
| music = Arun Chiluveru
| cinematography = Kaushik Abhimanyu
| editing = Karthik Palle
| studio = Firm 9 Pictures Planet Earth Entertainment (United States)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aithe 2.0 to be released by Planet Earth and Viswas Cinemas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/aithe-2-0-to-be-released-by-planet-earth-and-viswas-cinemas/articleshow/63230468.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2018|03|16|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Aithe 2.0''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[techno-thriller]] directed by [[Raj Madiraju]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aithe 2.0 motion poster launch |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/motionposter-aithe2point0.html |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Madiraju's next titled Aithe 2.0 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raj-madirajus-next-titled-aithe-2-0/articleshow/49090479.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film stars newcomers Bengali-Hindi actor [[Indraneil Sengupta]] (in his Telugu debut),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=6 June 2016 |title=Sporting many shades |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Sporting-many-shades/article14386674.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Zara Shah, Abhishek, Kartavya Sharma, Neeraj, Mrunal, Mridanjli and Dr. Srikanth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aithe 2.0 release on 16 March – idlebrain.com news |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/pressmeet-aitha2point0.html |website=[[idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Talasani Srinivas Yadav releases 'Aithe 2.0' Theatrical Trailer- idlebrain.com news |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/theatricaltrailer-aithe2point0.html |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film was simultaneously shot in Hindi as ''Pirates 1.0''; however, the Hindi version was never theatrically released.<ref name="Deccan">{{Cite web |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=19 November 2015 |title=Aithe 2.0 is in Telugu and Hindi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151119/entertainment-tollywood/article/aithe-20-telugu-and-hindi |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film is a reboot of ''[[Aithe]]'' (2003).<ref name="Deccan" />

== Cast ==
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Avinash Ganguly
* [[Life is Beautiful (2012 film)|Zara Shah]] as Esha<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=14 March 2018 |title=Zara Shah is back with Aithe 2.0 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140318/zara-shah-is-back-with-aithe-20.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
* Abhishek Gupta
* Kartavya Sharma
* Neeraj
* Mrunal
* Mridanjli
* Dr. Srikanth

== Soundtrack ==
Music by Arun Chilveru and songs by [[Naresh Iyer]], Dev Negi and Rituraj.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |title=Rang De Basanti fame singer lends voice for Pirates 1.0 | India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/rang-de-basanti-fame-singer-lends-voice-for-pirates-1-0-964996/ |website=india.com}}</ref>
*"Baigan" - Dev Negi
*"Ningi Pai" - [[Naresh Iyer]]
*"Ee Gaayame" - [[Rituraj Mohanty]]

== Release and reception ==
The film released on 16 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2018 |title=‘Aithe 2.0’ on March 16 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/aithe-20-on-march-16/article23043922.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "The interesting premise of ‘Aithe 2.0’ is undone by amateurish execution".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=25 January 2016 |title=Aithe 2.0: Thriller to the core |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Aithe-2.0-Thriller-to-the-core/article14019539.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five stars and stated that "On the whole, ''Aithe 2.0'' is a good attempt by Raj Madiraju that will appeal to niche audiences".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aithe 2.0 Telugu Movie Review {2.5/5}: Watch it if you are interested in cyber crime and stuff and if you’re familiar with the lingo that goes with the territory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aithe-2-0/movie-review/63331913.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Although the plot was good, the execution falls flat".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aithe 2.0' movie review: Kills the thrill |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/mar/16/aithe-20-movie-review-kills-the-thrill-1788297.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|12915956}}

[[Category:2018 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]

Bheemunipatnam revenue division

2026-03-05T08:12:25Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{Short description|Revenue division in Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Bheemunipatnam revenue division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Visakhapatnam district]]
| image_map =
| map_caption = Bheemunipatnam revenue division in Visakhapatnam district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| founder =[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bheemunipatnam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Bheemunipatnam revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Visakhapatnam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|two revenue divisions]] in the district and comprises five [[mandals]]. The division was newly formed Visakhapatnam district on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-30 |title=New districts to come into force on April 4 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece |access-date=2022-04-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The revenue division comprises five mandals: [[Bheemunipatnam mandal]],[[Anandapuram mandal]], [[Padmanabham mandal]], [[Visakhapatnam Rural mandal]], and [[Seethammadhara mandal]].
== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Visakhapatnam district}}
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Visakhapatnam district]]

{{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}

Masterpiece (2017 film)

2026-03-03T20:34:41Z

LucileBrownbill: fixed issues

{{Short description|2017 film by Ajay Vasudev}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Masterpiece
| image = Official poster of film Masterpiece.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Ajai Vasudev]]
| producer = C. H. Muhammed
| writer = [[Udaykrishna-Sibi K. Thomas|Udaykrishna]]
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Unni Mukundan]] [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Maqbool Salmaan]] John Kaippallil
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cinematography = Vinod Illampally
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| studio = Royal Cinemas
| distributor = U. K. Studios
| released = {{film date|df=y|2017|12|21}}<ref name=rls/>
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Masterpiece''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[crime thriller film]] directed by [[Ajai Vasudev]] and written by [[Udaykrishna-Sibi K. Thomas|Udayakrishna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onlookersmedia.in/reviews/masterpiece-review-a-typical-mass-entertainer|last=Madhu|first=Vignesh|title=Masterpiece Review: A typical mass entertainer|website=onlookersmedia|quote=The film has all the necessary ingredients of a mass masala entertainer|date=21 December 2021|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921225740/https://onlookersmedia.in/reviews/masterpiece-review-a-typical-mass-entertainer/|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Mammootty]] in the lead role, alongside [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Gokul Suresh]], [[Maqbool Salmaan]] and John Kaippallil.

[[Principal photography]] began on 17 April 2017 at the [[Fatima Mata National College]], [[Kollam]] and was completed by the end of November in [[Kochi]]. [[Deepak Dev]] composed the music for the film, while the cinematography and editing were handled by Vinod Illampally and [[Johnkutty]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ajai-vasudevs-mammootty-starrer-titled-masterpiece/articleshow/58735187.cms|title=Ajai Vasudev's Mammootty starrer titled Masterpiece|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Jayaram, Deepika|date=14 August 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122113954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ajai-vasudevs-mammootty-starrer-titled-masterpiece/articleshow/58735187.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Masterpiece'' was released on 21 December 2017, received mixed reviews from critics and became a commercial success at the box office.

==Plot==
{{plot|date=October 2024}} 
In Travancore Maharaja's College, two students' groups named Real Fighters, whose leader is Mahesh Raj and Royal Warriors whose leader is Roshan Cherian quarrel over various issues. During a conversation in the canteen, the canteen incharge Mani tells the Real Fighters about Vedhika's performance in Mother's College and then he also informs the Royal Warriors about the same. The both group in disguise arrive at Mother's College to meet Vedhika and propose her but she already had an fallen for Unnikrishnan, who was her music teacher Balan's son and also a senior of hers with whom she had a flashback. Unnikrishnan also happens to be a student of the Travancore College and Member of Real Fighters. He receives a call from Vedhika asking him to come to meet her at railway station at 11:30pm .The Real Fighters support Unnikrishnan to confess his love to Vedhika and gives him ring and the key of a colleague's bike. Mani mixes alcohol in their drink, unaware of it Unnikrishnan drinks and is caught by the police and is taken to the custody although he is released later without pressing any charges. The next day, Reji finds Vedhika's corpse behind the men's hostel of the college. Her father Sivanandhan urges the police to find the killer.

The team under [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] John Thekkan starts the investigation. Later, the investigation leads to Unnikrishnan, who received the last phone call from Vedhika before her death. Thekkan arrests Unnikrishnan forcefully and questions him. Later Unnikrishnan is found dead inside the police interrogation room. This leads to a quarrel between the police and the students in which Thekken gets seriously injured and hospitalised. In his absence, the investigation is handed over to ACP Bhavani Durga and her team. Bhavani orders to arrest Roshan. This is because according to an evidence the murderer is observed to be nearly 6-ft tall and Roshan has a similar physique. This leads to yet another dispute between the police and the campus and the police is prevented by the Home minister from entering the campus. At the same time, a person named Edward Livingston joins the college as the new professor in English Literature. Professor Cherian, who is the college vice principal and also Roshan's father talks to Edward about his life as a divorcee. He tells Eddy that Roshan is innocent as he was at his mother's house at the night the murder happened. In a meeting between the police and campus, Edward talks to the officials that the students are not responsible for the murder and also that the police is responsible for Unnikrishnan's death.

After few days, Shivanandan sends his goons to the college so that the suspected students can be handed over to police. But Edward intervenes and thrashes the goons. He also unites Real Fighters and Royal Warriors and fight the goons together. Later, Edward notices that the new men who were appointed as workers in various department fields were actually police officers. He warns the students not to leave the campus at any cost. Despite his warning, Roshan, Mahesh and a colleague leave to a wedding reception to meet Mahesh's girlfriend Ramlath where they are spotted by a suspended police officer Ramachandran. Thekkan, who is back on duty apprehends them and gets hold of Roshan, while his friends escape. Roshan is taken to a hideout, but Edward and team tracks them and saves Roshan.

Edward and the students promise to the police and media that they will find out the murderers of Vedhika and Unnikrishnan within 10 days. Edward asks Roshan to reunite his parents who have been separated for 3 years, which he does. Mahesh tells the team that Ramlath is being forced by her family for an alliance which she doesn't like. He goes to meet Ramlath, but is arrested by police and Ramlath is taken to custody by Ramachandran. Ramlath is forcefully taken to his guest house where Edward saves her by defeating Ramachandran. And the next day, Edward reveals to the press that he found the culprit and takes Ramachandran to the media where he reveals that he did all these for Thekkan leaving everybody astonished. He reveals that it was Thekkan, who murdered Vedhika and later instructed Ramachandran to murder Unnikrishnan.

Thekkan had a grudge against Vedhika as Ramlath who is Vedhika's close friend, discovered John's illegal relationship with Minister Seethalakshmi, who is the wife of a deceased politician Krishnadas. It is revealed that Krishnadas was murdered by Thekkan and Ramachandran when he found out his wife's extramarital relationship with Thekkan, who was raised by Krishnadas. Ramlath who understood all these informed Vedhika about the same and Vedhika, who wanted to inform Unnikrishnan about the incident was kidnapped and raped to death by Thekkan and Ramachandran. Unnikrishnan was arrested on purpose and was killed as Thekkan understood Unnikrishnan had known certain facts about Vedhika's death. After Ramachandran reveals all these to the public, he is shot and killed by Thekkan who tries to escape, but Edward overpowers and kills Thekkan with his pistol, thereby avenging Vedhika's and Unnikrishnan's death while Seethalakshmi gets arrested.

Later, Cherian along with Roshan and Mahesh and other students protest outside the police station to leave Edward. However, they are shocked to see the other person in the same name. Cherian and students learn that the Edward, who was with them is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer named Anto Antony from the Central Home Department and also that the police disguised as workers in the college, were actually his teammates.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mammootty]] as Prof. Edward Livingston (fake) / [[Deputy Inspector General|DIG]] Anto Antony [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] - SIT
*[[Unni Mukundan]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] John Thekkan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], the main antagonist
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Cherian Philip, Vice Principal
*[[Gokul Suresh]] as Unnikrishnan
*[[Maqbool Salmaan]] as Mahesh Raman
*John Kaipallil as Roshan Cherian
*[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Ramachandran, the secondary antagonist
*[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Bhavani Durga [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Poonam Bajwa]] as Smitha, a lecturer
*[[Mahima Nambiar]] as Vedhika Shivanadan
*[[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as [[Minister of Education (India)|Education Minister]] Seethalakshmi Krishnadas
*[[Santhosh Pandit]] as Peon Sankarankutty
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Balan Master, Unnikrishnan's father
*[[Manju Satheesh]] as Lekshmi, Unnikrishnan's mother
*[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Raja Ravi Varma
*[[Arjun Nandhakumar]] as Gokul Das
*[[Divyadarshan]] as Deepan
*Aswin Menon as College Student
*[[Sunil Sukhada]] as Principal Narayana Pillai
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Professor Kurian Thomas
*[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as [[Commissioner of Police#India|Commissioner]] Arun Dev [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Party President Shivanandan, Vedhika's father
*[[Bijukuttan]] as Reji
*[[Saju Navodaya]] as Canteen Mani
*Baiju.V.K. as Krishnakumar, Professor
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]
*[[Ponnamma Babu]] as Sister Jaseentha
*Roshan Chandra as Vedhika's brother
*[[Megha Mathew]] as Athira
*Ameer Niyaz as Jithu
*Neeraja S Das as Ramlath
*Joji as Dinu
*Remya Panicker
{{colend}}

===Cameo appearances===
{{colbegin}}
*[[Captain Raju]] as himself (extended cameo appearance)
*[[Renji Panicker]] as Prof. Edward Livingstone
*[[Divya Pillai]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Sreedevi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Anto Antony's friend and subordinate SIT TEAM
*[[Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas|Uday Krishna]] as himself
*[[Sanju Sivram]] as singer in the song "Dinam Dinam"
*[[Manikkuttan]] as groom's friend in the song "Mylanchi"
*[[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as bride's kin in the song "Mylanchi"
*Nithin Renji Panicker as himself
*[[Tomichan Mulakuppadam]] as himself
*[[Vysakh]] as himself
{{colend}}

==Production==
===Development===
In October 2016, [[Udaykrishna-Sibi K. Thomas|Uday Krishna]] stated that his next screenplay, features [[Mammootty]] as a lecturer and would be directed by Ajai Vasudev, and it would be set at the backdrop of a college campus.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Mammootty-plays-a-college-lecturer-again/articleshow/55069791.cms|title=Mammootty plays a college lecturer again|date=27 October 2016|access-date=22 November 2022|author=Sidhardhan, Sanjith|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323025437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Mammootty-plays-a-college-lecturer-again/articleshow/55069791.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was announced in February 2017 at a ceremony held in [[Dubai]] by producer C. H. Muhammed as his debut production venture.<ref name=an>{{cite web|agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=23 February 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|author=Kavil, Sadiq|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/Mammootty-plays-a-college-lecturer-again-ajai--vasudev.html|title=Udayakrishna with Mammootty Film after Pulimurugan|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223927/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/Mammootty-plays-a-college-lecturer-again-ajai--vasudev.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2017, film's title was confirmed as Masterpiece.<ref name=mp>{{cite web|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/mobile/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAxNjkyMzY=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxNy0wNy0yOCAyMToxNjowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|title=Masterpiece motion poster released|date=28 July 2017|access-date=16 November 2017|agency=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}}</ref> According to Ajay Vasudev, the plot is "something happens in the college and that's what Masterpiece is all about."<ref name=plot>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/nov/25/mammoottys-professor-eddy-packs-a-punch-in-masterpiece-1710199.html|title=Mammootty's 'Professor Eddy' packs a punch in Masterpiece|date=25 November 2017|access-date=25 November 2017|author=Meera Suresh|agency=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164922/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/nov/25/mammoottys-professor-eddy-packs-a-punch-in-masterpiece-1710199.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===
By February 2017, actors [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Maqbool Salmaan]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Arjun Nandhakumar]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], and John Kaipallil were confirmed to be in cast,<ref name=an/> while [[Unni Mukundan]] was hired by Ajai Vasudev to an important role, though he had not officially signed at the time. [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] was reported to appear in a role of [[vice principal]] at the college, while [[Unni Mukundan]]'s character was confirmed to be not a student. Regarding the character of Mammootty, Ajai Vasudev said, "He plays a strict college professor who doesn't mollycoddle his students, a rough and tough character with a short temper. The characterisation is very much on the lines of the larger-than-life roles."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-to-reunite-with-mammootty-this-time-for-a-campus-thriller/articleshow/57357950.cms|title=Unni Mukundan to reunite with Mammootty, this time for a campus thriller|date=27 February 2017|access-date=16 February 2017|work=The Times of India|author=Sanjith Sidhardhan|archive-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302013525/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-to-reunite-with-mammootty-this-time-for-a-campus-thriller/articleshow/57357950.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After the character was just described by Ajai to Mammootty, he liked it very much and himself chose the appearance and developed the characteristics.<ref name=mmiv>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/12/08/ajai-vasudev-about-mammootty-s-masterpiece-movie.html|title=മമ്മൂക്ക തന്നെയാണ് ആ ലുക്ക് കണ്ടെത്തിയത്; അജയ് വാസുദേവ്|date=16 December 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]|author=Varghese, Robin T.|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223925/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/12/08/ajai-vasudev-about-mammootty-s-masterpiece-movie.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=plot/>

In April 2017, [[Gokul Suresh]]<ref name=ig>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140417/gokul-suresh-to-team-up-with-mammootty.html|title=Gokul Suresh to team up with Mammootty|agency=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=14 April 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122120239/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140417/gokul-suresh-to-team-up-with-mammootty.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maqbool Salmaan, John Kaippallil<ref name=role/> and [[Santhosh Pandit]] were confirmed in prominent roles.<ref name=ib>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/this-how-netizens-reacted-santhosh-pandit-teaming-mammootty-ajai-vasudevs-movie-723463|title=This is how netizens reacted to Santhosh Pandit teaming up with Mammootty in Ajai Vasudev's movie|date=18 April 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|agency=[[International Business Times]]|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223924/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/this-how-netizens-reacted-santhosh-pandit-teaming-mammootty-ajai-vasudevs-movie-723463|url-status=live}}</ref> Pandit allotted one month date.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-malayalam-movies-1.1874928|title=Santhosh Pandit to act in a Mammootty film!|date=17 April 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|agency=[[Mathrubhumi]]|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223928/https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-malayalam-movies-1.1874928|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/mammootty-varalaxmi-new-film-mahima-nambiar-kasaba|title=Mammootty, Varalaxmi to team up again?|date=6 April 2017|access-date=20 November 2017|agency=[[Asianet News]]|work=Asianet Newsable|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165331/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/mammootty-varalaxmi-new-film-mahima-nambiar-kasaba|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Poonam Bajwa]] and [[Mahima Nambiar]] was confirmed in the female leads.<ref name=actress/> According to Ajai Vasudev, "All three actresses have important roles in the film."<ref name=actress>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/poonam-bajwa-mahima-nambiar-join-mammoottys-next-film/articleshow/58224217.cms|title= Poonam Bajwa Mahima Nambiar join Mammootty's next film|author= Deepa Soman|newspaper= The Times of India|date= April 18, 2017|access-date= 22 November 2022|agency= [[Times of India]]|archive-date= 25 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210625054014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/poonam-bajwa-mahima-nambiar-join-mammoottys-next-film/articleshow/58224217.cms|url-status= live}}</ref> Uday Krishna revealed that Varalaxmi would play an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer Bhavani Durga and [[Poonam Bajwa]] a lecturer.<ref name=role>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varalaxmi-and-unni-mukundan-are-police-officers-in-mammoottys-next/articleshow/58363400.cms|title=Varalaxmi and Unni Mukundan are police officers in Mammootty's next|date=26 April 2017|author=Sidharthan, Sanjith|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124120100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varalaxmi-and-unni-mukundan-are-police-officers-in-mammoottys-next/articleshow/58363400.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> None of the actresses is as a love interest for the hero, as the plot lacks such a thread.<ref name="plot"/> [[Captain Raju]] also plays a role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/captain-raju-on-nadodikkattu-movie-sathyan-anthikad-sreenivasan-mohanlal--1.2381445|title=Captain Raju on Nadodikkatu film|date=13 November 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|author=Madhavan, Anusree|agency=[[Mathrubhumi]]|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403205818/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/captain-raju-on-nadodikkattu-movie-sathyan-anthikad-sreenivasan-mohanlal--1.2381445|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
The [[principal photography]] was commenced on 17 April 2017.<ref name=ig/> [[Unni Mukundan]] joined on that day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-starts-shooting-for-ajai-vasudevans-mammootty-starrer/articleshow/58398783.cms|title=Unni Mukundan starts shooting for Ajai Vasudevan's Mammootty starrer|access-date=22 November 2022|date=27 April 2017|author=Jayaram, Deepika|newspaper=The Times of India|agency=[[Times of India]]|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824213239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-starts-shooting-for-ajai-vasudevans-mammootty-starrer/articleshow/58398783.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The films's action was coordinated by 6 [[stunt coordinators]]{{mdash}}[[Kanal Kannan]], Stunt Shiva, [[Stunt Silva]], Jolly Bastin, Siruthai Ganesh and [[Mafia Sasi]], to minimize the similar pattern of stunts in the film.<ref name=mmiv/><ref name=mb/> Set in [[Kollam]] city, film's first schedule was shot at the [[Fatima Mata National College]]. Mammootty joined on 10 May.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/this-mammoottys-look-ajai-vasudev-movie-photos-726178|title=This is Mammootty's look in the Ajai Vasudev movie|agency=IB Times|date=11 May 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122234416/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/this-mammoottys-look-ajai-vasudev-movie-photos-726178|url-status=live}}</ref> Fight scenes were filmed at the college in 12 days.<ref name="mmiv"/> [[Poonam Bajwa]] was part of the college scenes.<ref name=pb>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/131217/enjoying-the-big-screen-comfort.html|date=13 December 2017|access-date=15 December 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|title=Enjoying the big screen comfort|author=Thomas, Elizabeth|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214134643/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/131217/enjoying-the-big-screen-comfort.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Second schedule began in early July, shot mainly at a location in [[Calicut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kaumudiglobalu.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=93672|title=Second phase of Masterpiece begins|date=8 July 2017|access-date=14 November 2017|agency=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}} {{Dead link|date=November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Sidhardhan, Sanjith|date=9 July 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-resumes-shooting-for-masterpiece-in-kozhikode/articleshow/59514239.cms|title=Mammootty resumes shooting for Masterpiece in Kozhikode|work=The Times of India|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123094940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-resumes-shooting-for-masterpiece-in-kozhikode/articleshow/59514239.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Mammootty rode a [[Harley-Davidson Street]] motorcycle for a scene that was shot on a day in late August.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-does-a-harley/articleshow/60233752.cms|title=Mammootty does a Harley|author=Prakash, Asha|newspaper=The Times of India|date=31 August 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|agency=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124120052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-does-a-harley/articleshow/60233752.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Final schedule of filming began in November and Mammootty's action scenes were shot in [[Kochi]] in three days. Then the team moved again to [[Kollam]] where a five days filming was planned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/mobile/news.php?NewsId=TkNSUDAxODc2Njg=&xP=Q1lC&xDT=MjAxNy0xMS0xOCAwODo0MjowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=OQ==|title=Mammootty's Fight in Kochi|date=18 November 2017|access-date=18 November 2017|agency=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}} {{Dead link|date=November 2022}}</ref> Filming concluded in November end in Kochi, with some crucial scenes in the movie shot there in final days.<ref name=pu>{{cite news|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/11/22/master-piece-shooting-completed.html|title=Masterpiece shooting completed|agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=22 November 2015|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233515/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/11/22/master-piece-shooting-completed.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming took place in more than 115 days.<ref name=mb>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mammootty-to-surprise-fans-with-a-stylish-entry-in-masterpiece-mollywood--1.2310079|title=Mammootty to surprise fans with a stylish entry in 'Masterpiece'|date=14 October 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|agency=[[Mathrubhumi]]|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203923/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mammootty-to-surprise-fans-with-a-stylish-entry-in-masterpiece-mollywood--1.2310079|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
#"Master of the Masses" - Jack Styles
#"Madhu Mozhi" - [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
#"Mylanchi" - [[Jassie Gift]], Chorus
#"Wake Up" - [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]], [[Haricharan]]
#"Dinam Dinam" - Rony Philip
#"Kaalam Poyeettum" - [[Jassie Gift]]
#"Mele (Promo Song)" - P. M. Shan
===Track listing===
{{Tracklisting
|headline =
|total_length =
|extra_column = Singer(s)

|title1 = Mylanchi
|extra1 = [[Jassie Gift]], Chorus
|length1 = 4:19
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 21 December 2017.<ref name=rls>{{cite web|agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/11/11/masterpiece-teaser-with-mammootty-in-new-avatar-will-release-this-month.html|title=Masterpiece teaser with Mammootty in new avatar will release this month|date=11 November 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223926/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/11/11/masterpiece-teaser-with-mammootty-in-new-avatar-will-release-this-month.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On the release it was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Perasiriyar Chanakyan'' and it was released in 2019 in [[Tamilnadu]]. It was also dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Dashing Jigarwala 2''. The satellite rights of that version were sold to [[Mazhavil Manorama]], while the Tamil dubbed version was premiered on [[Polimer TV]] on the day of the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival. The satellite rights to the Hindi dubbed version were sold to [[Star Gold]]. The film also has a [[Kannada]] dubbed version under the title ''Professor''. In 2021, It was also dubbed and released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Great Shankar''.

== Reception ==
===Critical reception===
''Masterpiece'' received positive reviews from critics.

''[[Sify]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars and concluded the film as a masala entertainer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/masterpiece-review-has-its-moments-here-and-there-review-malayalam-rmvqXSiecijjb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222000934/http://www.sify.com/movies/masterpiece-review-has-its-moments-here-and-there-review-malayalam-rmvqXSiecijjb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2017|title=Masterpiece review: Has its moments here and there|website=[[Sify]]|date=21 December 2017}}</ref> Deepa Soman of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Masterpiece falls flat at many areas and sadly lacks the kick of a commercial, festival release. The so-called mass scenes are aplenty but they aren't entertainingly impactful enough for a film with a runtime of 2 hours and 40 minutes."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/masterpiece/amp_movie_review/62195909.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223065302/https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/masterpiece/amp_movie_review/62195909.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2017|title=Masterpiece Review {2.5/5}: Masterpiece falls flat at many areas and sadly lacks the kick of a commercial, festival release|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 December 2017|access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Masterpiece is a typical thriller. Mammooty's fans will find it more entertaining." ''[[The Hindu]]'' cited that the film is an excuse for hero (Mammootty) worship.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/masterpiece-review-excuse-for-hero-worship/article22260325.ece|title='Masterpiece' review: excuse for hero worship|first=S. R.|last=Praveen|date=22 December 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124120053/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/masterpiece-review-excuse-for-hero-worship/article22260325.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' went on to say that the film is yet another wrong decision by [[Mammootty]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/masterpiece-movie-review-mammootty-varalakshmi-sarathkumar-film-star-rating-4992383/|title=Masterpiece movie review: The title of this Mammootty starrer is a misnomer|date=21 December 2017|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223926/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/masterpiece-movie-review-mammootty-varalakshmi-sarathkumar-film-star-rating-4992383/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was a commercial success and became the first-ever Mollywood movie to be dubbed in Russian.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mammootty and director Ajai Vasudev to team up for the third time|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-and-director-ajai-vasudev-team-third-time-104479|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=28 June 2019|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223926/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-and-director-ajai-vasudev-team-third-time-104479|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=This Mammootty film becomes the first-ever Mollywood movie to be dubbed in Russian|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/this-mammootty-film-becomes-first-ever-mollywood-movie-be-dubbed-russian-821242|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=31 May 2020|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223927/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/this-mammootty-film-becomes-first-ever-mollywood-movie-be-dubbed-russian-821242|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mammootty-Ajai Vasudev film is titled 'Shylock'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-ajai-vasudev-film-titled-shylock-105603|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=17 July 2019|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223925/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-ajai-vasudev-film-titled-shylock-105603|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Masterpiece'' had a release in UAE/GCC regions on January 4, 2017. Reportedly, the movie released in 68 screens across UAE/GCC and the Mammootty starrer was off to a flying start. There are also reports that Masterpiece has crossed the 2K shows count at UAE/GCC regions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Three biggies starring Mammootty announced|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/three-biggies-starring-mammootty-announced-100482|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=22 April 2019|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223927/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/three-biggies-starring-mammootty-announced-100482|url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}}5.11 crore from its first day and {{INR}}13.54 crore from 3 days from Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-masterpiece-tops-chart-beating-aadu-2-mayaanadhi-vimaanam-aana-754449|title=Box office collection: Masterpiece tops chart, beating Aadu 2, Mayaanadhi, Vimaanam, Aana Alaralodalaral|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=30 December 2017|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122223926/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-masterpiece-tops-chart-beating-aadu-2-mayaanadhi-vimaanam-aana-754449|url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}}5 crore from Tamil Nadu box office, which made it highest grossing Malayalam film in Tamil Nadu, which was broken by ''[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]'' in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2021/kurup-box-office-11-days-report-beats-masterpiece-pulimurugan-with-tamil-nadu-collections-324992.html|last=Menon|first=Akhila R|title=Kurup Box Office 11 Days Report: Beats Masterpiece & Pulimurugan With Tamil Nadu Collections|work=Filmibeat|date=23 November 2021|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128100221/https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2021/kurup-box-office-11-days-report-beats-masterpiece-pulimurugan-with-tamil-nadu-collections-324992.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is running in 103 screens and has crossed the 13k shows mark in the theatres. The film collected around {{INR}}40 crore from worldwide box office in its final run.<ref name="mp"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt6774092}}

[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deepak Dev]]
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:2017 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:2010s police procedural films]]
[[Category:2010s political drama films]]
[[Category:2010s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about teacher–student relationships]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ajai Vasudev]]

Bangaru Sankellu

2026-03-03T20:33:46Z

LucileBrownbill: adding basic pg w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|1968 Indian film}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bangaru Sankellu
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = G. Ramaneedu
| starring = Haranath, Jamuna, Gummadi, Raja Babu, Rama Prabha, Radhika, Jyothika, T. G. Kamala Devi, Tilakam
| music =
| released = {{Film date|1968|11|1}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime =
| studio =
}}

'''''Bangaru Sankellu''''' is a 1968 Telugu movie starring [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], Raja Babu,
Rama Prabha, Radhika, Jyothika, [[T. G. Kamala Devi]], Tilakam. Directed by G. Ramaneedu released on 1 November 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=Veteran actor Raavi Kondala Rao passes away |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/veteran-actor-raavi-kondala-rao-passes-away |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> It has a couple of popular songs like "Evariki Puttina Paapa" and "Andam Urikindi".<ref>{{Citation |title=Bangaru Sankellu - 31 December 1968 Download {{!}} Bangaru Sankellu - 31 December 1968 Movie Songs Download |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/bangaru-sankellu_18419 |access-date=2025-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-05 |title=Bangaru Sankellu Songs Download |url=https://www.naasongs.co/c/bangaru-sankellu-songs.html |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Naa Songs |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* https://indiancine.ma/documents/GHJ/0,0,2550,3300

[[Category:1968 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]

{{1960s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Amara Deepam (1977 film)

2026-03-03T20:22:06Z

LucileBrownbill: Updated formatting and sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Amara Deepam
|image = Amaradeepam 1977 film.jpg
|caption = Theatrical release poster
|director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
|writer = [[Jandhyala]]
|producer = [[Uppalapati Surya Narayana Raju]]
|starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Murali Mohan]] [[Jayasudha]]
|music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
|released = {{film date|1977|9|29|df=y}}
|country = India
|language = Telugu
}}

'''''Amara Deepam''''' ({{translation|The Eternal Lamp}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Murali Mohan]] and [[Jayasudha]]. It is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Theekkanal]]'' (1976) which was earlier remade in Tamil as ''[[Dheepam]]'' (1977). The film was released on 29 September 1977.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1178301775813591041 |user=baraju_SuperHit |title=42 Yrs for Memorable Super Duper Hit in Rebel Star #KrishnamRaju Gari career #Amaradeepam (29/09/1977) Presented by Krishnam Raju garu, Produced by UV Suryanarayana Raju Garu in Gopi Krishna Movies banner, Directed by Darsakendrudu K Raghavendra Rao Garu |author=BA Raju's Team |date=29 September 2019 |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> Krishnam Raju received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] and [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]].

== Plot ==
Hari and Shiva Prasad are siblings. One day Shiva accidentally breaks their family photo. Hari beats Shiva and runs away from home. Hari is brought up by a notorious smuggler ([[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]). The smuggler changes Hari's name to Shri Krishna, which was his deceased son's name. Krishna ([[Krishnam Raju]]) grows up to be an immoral man who uses women for his own pleasure. He falls in love with Parvati ([[Jayasudha]]), who is his adoptive sister Madhavi's ([[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]) friend. When Krishna proposes to Parvati, she refuses because Parvati and Shiva Prasad ([[Murali Mohan]]) love each other. A jealous Krishna attempts to kill Shiva Prasad. He accidentally sees their childhood photo and realises that Shiva is his own younger brother. He arranges Shiva Prasad and Parvati's marriage. Shiva Prasad becomes aware of Krishna's love for Parvati. He misunderstands the situation and doubts Parvati's devotion towards him. Krishna learns of this and decides to kill himself for his brother's happiness.

== Cast ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Actor / Actress !! Character
|-
|[[Krishnam Raju]]||Hari / Shri Krishna
|-
|[[Jayasudha]]||Parvati
|-
| [[Muralimohan]]||Shiva Prasad
|-
|[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]||Madhavi "Madhu"
|-
|[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]||Madhavi's father
|-
|[[Prabhakar Reddy]]||Ranganatham
|-
|[[Jayamalini]]||Asha
|-
|[[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]]||Rahim
|-
|[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]||Manager
|-
|[[Mada Venkateswara Rao]]||Appa Rao
|-
|[[Ramaprabha]]||Ratnam
|-
|[[Dubbing Janaki]]||Paidi Nookalu
|-
|[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]]
|-
|[[Potti Prasad]]
|}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1977 |title=Amara Deepam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/amara-deepam/fCV5QGhUju4_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407000335/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/amara-deepam/fCV5QGhUju4_ |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amara Deepam (1977)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CKL/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230406055858/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CKL/info |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Antalesi Andaalu
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Aarudhra]]
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[V. Ramakrishna]], Ramola
| length1 =
| title2 = Inte Ee Jeevitamu Chivariki Anta Shoonyamu
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Acharya Aatreya|Aatreya]]
| music2 =
| extra2 = V. Ramakrishna
| length2 =
| title3 = Kottaga Unda Badhaga Unda
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = Aatreya
| music3 =
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Naa Jeevana Sandhya Samayamlo
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = [[Veturi]]
| music4 =
| extra4 = V. Ramakrishna, P. Susheela
| length4 =
| title5 = Neeve Sarathi
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| music5 =
| extra5 = P. Susheela
| length5 =
| title6 = E Ragamo Idi E Talamo
| note6 =
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 = Aatreya
| music6 =
| extra6 = P. Susheela, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length6 =
}}

== Accolades ==
Krishnam Raju won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor&nbsp;– Telugu]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841;view=1up;seq=488 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234 |access-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603130553/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841&view=1up&seq=488 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2008 |title=Nandi Awards Best actors list since the beginning |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards-bestactorslist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052837/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards-bestactorslist.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=30 August 2021 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0257390}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}
{{Krishnam Raju}}
{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}

[[Category:1977 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films produced by Krishnam Raju]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]

Amudhae

2026-03-03T04:27:18Z

LucileBrownbill: minor fixed details to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Amudhae.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Ezhil|S. Ezhil]]
| writer = Na. Anbarasu (dialogues)
| screenplay = S. Ezhil
| story = R. Manimala
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jai Akash]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Madhumitha]]
*[[Uma Shankari]]
}}
| producer =
| music = Sunil Xavier
| cinematography = Sivakumar
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = AIM productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|05|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Amudhae''''' is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Ezhil]], starring [[Jai Akash]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Madhumitha]], and [[Uma Shankari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2005 |title=More opportunities for Jai Akash |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/17-3-05/more_jaiakash.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220190016/http://www.behindwoods.com/News/17-3-05/more_jaiakash.htm |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2005 |title=Madhumita's Woes |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/23-5-05/madhu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220100424/http://www.behindwoods.com/News/23-5-05/madhu.htm |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=February 2022}}
Nancy, who is in love with Dinakar, marries a millionaire, Victor. Later, Dinakar marries his cousin, Vinaya. How Nancy reunites with Dinakar forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Jai Akash]] as Dinakar
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Victor
*[[Madhumitha]] as Nancy
*[[Uma Shankari]] as Vinaya
*[[Ranjitha]] as Susi (special appearance)
*[[Ragasya]] (special appearance in the song "Pottu Thaluda")
*Anamika (special appearance in the song "Valayal")
*[[Dhamu]] as Dinakar's friend
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Dinakar's father
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Victor's friend
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Nancy's father
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Dinakar's mother
*[[Fathima Babu]] as Nancy's mother
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Vinaya's mother
*[[S. Rajasekar|Rajasekar]] as the church father
*[[Swaminathan]] as a priest
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as the village head
*[[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as an alcoholic
}}

== Production ==
After [[Ezhil]] saw a special screening of ''[[Ramakrishna (2004 Tamil film)|Ramakrishna]]'', he signed [[Jai Akash]] for his next film ''Amudhae''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2005 |title=Jai Akash |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/html/tamil-cinema-interview-jaiakash.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219111642/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/html/tamil-cinema-interview-jaiakash.html |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 December 2004 |title=Back after a gap |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/03/stories/2004120302750600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110044254/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/03/stories/2004120302750600.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |access-date=3 September 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was to be produced by a thirty five person unit, which later became a twenty eight person unit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2005 |title=New producers unit |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/26-2-05/producers_unit.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219135425/http://www.behindwoods.com/News/26-2-05/producers_unit.htm |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2005 |title=Amuthe |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/amuthe-review-tamil-pclvJreeeaeab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219171915/https://www.sify.com/movies/amuthe-review-tamil-pclvJreeeaeab.html |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was based on a novel{{Which|date=November 2024}} written by Manimala.<ref name="co">{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=3 March 2005 |title=Amudhe |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2005/02amudhe.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015214044/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2005/02amudhe.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=20 April 2024 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref> [[Madhumitha]] was cast as the heroine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2005 |title=Madhumitha's Exclusive Interview |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/24-2-05/madhumitha_interview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219170836/http://www.behindwoods.com/News/24-2-05/madhumitha_interview.htm |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was shot in several locations in Kerala including Alappuzha, Munnar, Kuttanad, Chalakudy and Vazhachal and also at Mumbai and Chennai.<ref name="Sify" /><ref name=co /> The filming was done within 35 days.<ref name=cs />

== Soundtrack ==
Newcomer Sunil Xavier, who worked as an assistant to [[S. A. Rajkumar]], composed the music for the film and lyrics were written by debutant Tamil Amudhan.<ref name="Sify" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amudhey |url=https://thiraitamilpaadal.com/album/2005/3455/Amudhey.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224083838/https://thiraitamilpaadal.com/album/2005/3455/Amudhey.html |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=thiraitamilpaadal.com}}</ref> The audio was launched at 18 February 2005 at Shree Theatre of [[Sathyam Cinemas]].<ref name="cs">{{cite web |date=19 February 2005 |title='Amudhey' Song Cassette Release function |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/function/19022005-6.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308043341/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/function/19022005-6.shtml |archive-date=8 March 2005 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

*"Anbe Adu Oru Kalam" – [[Unni Menon]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]][[Lyricist Tamilamudhan]]
*"Enna Enna Nan Solla" – [[Lyricist Tamilamudhan]][[Swarnalatha]]
*"Madura Jilla" –[[Lyricist Tamilamudhan]] [[Manikka Vinayagam]], Priya
*"Pottu Thalluda" –[[Lyricist Tamilamudhan]] Krishnaraj
*"Valayal Kadu" –[[Lyricist Tamilamudhan]] [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Subha

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "The film lacks technical finesse and offers little in the way of surprise", praised the performances of Raj, Madhumitha, and Uma while criticising Jai Akash's "wooden", emotionless performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2005 |title=Amuthe |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/amuthe-review-tamil-pclvJFbjadcbe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224083826/https://www.sify.com/movies/amuthe-review-tamil-pclvJFbjadcbe.html |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "Flashes of brilliance and food for thought the story offers — you could disagree with the logic or feasibility of the proposition tabled, but the point is, it is something different".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=20 May 2005 |title=Of a callous ego trip |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/of-a-callous-ego-trip/article28583090.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220222001507/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/of-a-callous-ego-trip/article28583090.ece |archive-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote that "If he [Ezhil] had worked on the screenplay better, etched his characters in a more convincing way, and had a tighter grip on his narration, it would have turned out to be a more engaging entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=31 May 2005 |title=Amudhe |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/05amudhe.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015011010/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/05amudhe.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the film "above average".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 June 2005 |title=அமுதே... |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/2005/jun/05-06-2005/p56.jpg |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=56 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220811062520/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/2005/jun/05-06-2005/p56.jpg |url-status=dead|first=விஷுவல் |last=தாசன் }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Ezhil}}

[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Ezhil]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Bhimavva Doddabalappa Shillekyathara

2026-03-01T22:34:48Z

LucileBrownbill: adding the pg needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian puppeteer artist}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Bhimavva Doddabalappa Shillekyathara
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1929}} 
| birth_place = Moranala, Koppal district, Karnataka, India
| occupation = Puppeteer
| years_active = 1950s–present
| known_for = Togalu Gombeyaata (shadow puppetry)
| notable_works = Preservation and performance of Togalu Gombeyaata
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Bhimavva Doddabalappa Shillekyathara''' (Born:1929)<ref>{{Cite web |last= The Hindu Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-02-22 |title=Governor invites Padma Shri Bhimavva to Meghalaya Raj Bhavan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/governor-invites-padma-shri-bhimavva-to-meghalaya-raj-bhavan/article69251683.ece |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> is a puppeteer from the [[Koppal district]] in [[Karnataka]]. She is 96 years old. She is performing [[Togalu gombeyaata|Togalu Gombeyaata]] for the last seven decades. Togalu Gombeyaata is a traditional art form which is used for storytelling. This kind of puppetry often narrates stories from the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Saumya |date=2025-01-26 |title=Who Is Bhimavva Doddabalappa Shillekyathara, The 96-Year-Old Puppeteer Honored With Padma Shri? |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/96-year-old-karnataka-puppeteer-bhimavva-shillekyathara-wins-padma-shri-for-preserving-togalu-gombey-4053613.html|access-date=2025-05-02|language=en}}</ref> She has been honored with India's fourth highest civilian award [[Padma Shri|Padma shri]] from union government of India in the year 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Padma awards: 96-year-old puppeteer from Karnataka gets Padma Shri award. Who is she? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/padma-awards-96-year-old-puppeteer-from-karnataka-gets-padma-shri-award-who-is-she-101737861739340.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126041307/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/padma-awards-96-year-old-puppeteer-from-karnataka-gets-padma-shri-award-who-is-she-101737861739340.html |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Shillekyathara is a native of Moranala village in Koppal district of Karnataka state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-02 |title=96 Years of Artistry Honored with Padma Shri: Bhimavva Shillekyathara and the Timeless Magic of Togalu Gombeyaata |url=https://hindupost.in/news/96-years-of-artistry-honored-with-padma-shri-bhimavva-shillekyathara-and-the-timeless-magic-of-togalu-gombeyaata/# |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=hindupost.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Shillekyathara belongs to a family that has been custodians of Togalu Gombeyaata for over a century. She has also focused on training the younger generation to continue the tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=Meet 96-Year-Old Bhimavva Shillekyathara, Kannada puppeteer who was honoured the Padma Shri |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/meet-96-year-old-bhimavva-shillekyathara-kannada-puppeteer-who-was-honoured-the-padma-shrinbsp/3826643/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{morecat|date=August 2025}}
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian puppeteers]]

Rabindra Sarani

2026-02-26T13:20:04Z

LucileBrownbill: adding new details!

{{Short description|Street in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}{{Infobox street
| name = Rabindra Sarani
| native_name =
| marker_image =
| image = Rabindra Sarani - Kolkata 2015-08-11 1982.JPG
| caption = Rabindra Sarani in 2015
| other_name =
| former_names = Chitpur Road
| postal_code = 734006
| addresses =
| length_km =
| length_ref =
| width =
| namesake = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| country = India
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| metro_system = [[Kolkata Tram]]
| metro = Bagbazar
| client =
| type = Street
| maint = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5902742|N|88.3594132|E|display=inline,title}}
| direction_a = South
| terminus_a =
| direction_b = North
| south = [[Bepin Behari Ganguly Street]]
| terminus_b =
| junction = {{plainlist|
* Shobhabazar Hatkhola Crossing
* B. K. Pal
* Nimtala
* Jorasanko
* Chitpur Crossing
* Poddar Court
}}
| north = [[Galiff Street]]
| commissioning_date =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date =
| demolition_date =
| designer =
| known_for = Kolkata's oldest street
| status = Active
}}
'''Rabindra Sarani''', earlier known as '''[[Chitpur]] Road''', is a street located in the Indian metropolitan city of [[Kolkata]]. In the past, it formed part of the larger Pilgrim path used by devotees traveling to [[Kalighat]]. After the [[independence of India]], a portion of it was renamed in honor of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], the country's national poet. The street predates the metropolis it now runs through.

The street is home to several historic buildings and landmarks. During the [[Siege of Calcutta]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]], [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], entered Kolkata through this street. [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] founded the [[Brahmo Sabha]] here, and the city's earliest stage drama was performed at the Clock House located along this road, where the Calcutta National Theatrical Society staged ''[[Nil Darpan]]''. Tagore’s birthplace [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], and the [[Nakhoda Mosque]], built in the style of [[Akbar's tomb]], are situated near this road.

== Location ==
To the south, at the junction of [[Bepin Behari Ganguly Street]] and Bentinck Street, stands the Mercantile Building, located near [[Lalbazar]]. The street proceeds northward, crossing [[Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata|Mahatma Gandhi Road]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/a-heritage-walk-down-kolkatas-lower-chitpur-road-now-called-rabindra-sarani/cid/1878258|title=A heritage walk down Lower Chitpur Road|language=en|first=Amitabha|last=Gupta|date=4 August 2022|access-date=28 December 2024|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref> and ends before the Bagbazar Canal.<ref name=a/>

== History ==
[[File:Kolkata Chitpore Road old.jpg|thumb|Chitpur Road in 1867, as sketched by William Simpson]]
In maps of the [[British East India Company]], the road from [[Halisahar]] to the jungles of Chowringhee in the [[Bengal Presidency]]<ref name=ei/> was referred to as the "Pilgrim path", as devotees used this route to reach [[Kalighat]]. The road served as the lifeline of the newly established city of Calcutta under the Company. In 1756, during the [[Siege of Calcutta]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]], [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], entered the city through this route.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sir Jadunath |author1-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=The History of Bengal |date=1943 |publisher=University of Dacca |page=482 |language=en}}</ref> Around 1792, a map prepared by Upjohn referred to it as the "Road to Chitpur". The road was later divided into two sections: Upper and Lower Chitpur Road.<ref name=a>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/travel/city-tour/essence-and-nostalgia-of-chitpur-road-dgtl-1.633280|title=স্মৃতির সরণি: চিৎপুর রোড|lang=bn|first=Tarapada|last=Santra|date=24 June 2017|access-date=28 December 2024|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref> The southern portion of the road was later separated and renamed Bentinck Street.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/did-you-know-about-chitpore-road-in-kolkata/48360671.cms|title=কলকাতা কলিং: চিৎপুর রোড|lang=bn|date=5 August 2015|access-date=28 December 2024|newspaper=Ei Samay}}</ref> After the [[independence of India]] in 1947, a portion of the road was renamed to the present name in honor of the country's national poet, [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=g>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Bunny|last2=Chaliha|first2=Jaya|chapter=Chitpur|title=Calcutta, the Living City|volume=I|editor=Sukanta Chaudhuri|pages=27–30|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563696-3}}</ref>

== Heritage and legacy ==
The street and its surrounding areas contain several historic landmarks. At the entrance to Nandarama Sen Street on the left side of the street stands the Atchala Temple, whose architectural style dates back to the eighteenth century. To the west of the street is Govindaram’s Temple.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/travel/city-tour/chitpur-road-and-rabindra-sarani-is-like-a-way-of-memory-dgtl-1.638181|title=সাবেক চিৎপুর রোড, অধুনা রবীন্দ্র সরণি যেন স্মৃতির সরণি|date=5 July 2017|access-date=28 December 2024|work=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref> In 1828, [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] founded the [[Brahmo Sabha]] here, which later evolved into the Adi Brahmo Samaj, a hindu religious sect.<ref name=g/> At house number 279, known as the Clock House, the Calcutta National Theatrical Society initiated stage drama in Kolkata, and in 1872, Bengali play ''[[Nil Darpan]]'' was performed there.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/features/history-of-kolkatas-ghariwala-bari-kolkatas-first-commercial-theatre-was-staged-here-170920.html|title=রবীন্দ্র সরণির ঘড়িওয়ালা বাড়ি! কলকাতার প্রথম কমার্শিয়াল থিয়েটারের সূচনা এখান থেকেই|lang=bn|date=3 November 2018|access-date=28 December 2024|work=News18 Bangla}}</ref> The [[Nakhoda Mosque]], built in the style of [[Akbar's tomb]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |title=India: The Rough Guide |date=1994 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-104-9 |page=740 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]], the birthplace of Rabindranath Tagore, are located near this street. In fact, it predates the city of Kolkata itself.<ref name=ei>{{cite news|url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/chitpur-road-in-kolkata-once-witnessed-human-sacrifice-here-is-the-story/101192502.cms|title=এককালে নরবলি হত কলকাতার রাস্তায়! চেনেন সেই এলাকা?|lang=bn|first=Rupsa|last=Ghoshal|date=22 June 2023|access-date=28 December 2024|newspaper=Ei Samay}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Streets in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Roads in India]]

Mathura district

2026-02-25T15:40:20Z

LucileBrownbill: refine intro after review

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Mathura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mathura district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = The Ferry-man.jpg
| photo1b = Radha Kund 3.jpg
| photo2a = Radha Krishna Bhandirvan (cropped).jpg
| photo2b = Radha Krishna GOKUL.jpg
| photo3a = Radha Rani Mandir.jpg
| photo3b = Pagal Baba Mandir.jpg
| photo4a = Temple of Jugal Kishore.jpg
| photo5a = Kusum Sarovar.jpg
| spacing = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = black
| size = 266
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top:'''
Mansi Ganga in [[Goverdhan]], [[Radha Kund]], [[Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan]], [[Gokula]], [[Barsana]], [[Vrindavan]], [[Yamuna|Yamuna ghat]], [[Kusum Sarovar]]}}
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Mathura.svg
| map_caption = Location of Mathura district in Uttar Pradesh
| coor_pinpoint = Mathura
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Agra division|Agra]]
| established_title = Established
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Mathura]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 5
| area_total_km2 = 3333
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2,547,185<ref name=districtcensus/>
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 74.65%.<ref name=districtcensus/>
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics_type2 = [[Language]]
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics2_title2 = Local
| demographics2_info2 = [[Braj Bhasha]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://mathura.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Mathura district''' ({{IPA|hi|mət̪ʰʊɾaː}}), situated along the banks of the river [[Yamuna]], is a district of [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[States and Territories of India|state]] of north-central [[India]]. The historic city of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] is the district headquarters. Mathura district is home to many important sites associated with goddess [[Radha]] and Lord [[Krishna]], who according to legend, was born in Mathura and grew up in the nearby town of [[Vrindavan]]. Both cities are some of the most sacred sites in the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition, making Mathura district an important [[Hindu pilgrimage]] centre.<ref name="Madan">{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/176 176]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

The District is part of [[Agra division]]. Total area of Mathura district is 3340 sq. km.<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Birth Place of Lord Sri Krishna {{!}} India|url=https://mathura.nic.in/|access-date=2021-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref> There are 5 tehsils in Mathura district.
* Mathura
* [[Govardhan]]
* [[Chhata]]
* Mant
* Mahavan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tehsil {{!}} District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://mathura.nic.in/tehsil/|access-date=2021-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Mathura is bounded on the northeast by [[Aligarh district]], on the southeast by [[Hathras district]], on the south by [[Agra district]], and on the west by [[Rajasthan]] and northwest by [[Haryana]] state.

==History==
[[File:Kusuma Sarovar Ghat.jpg|left|thumb|260px|[[Kusum Sarovar]]]]
[[File:MATHURA11.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] with [[ayudhapurusha]]s, Mathura, India|left]]
Mathura has an ancient history. The district lies in the centre of the cultural region of [[Braj]]. According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] plaque at the [[Mathura Museum]], the city is mentioned in the oldest Indian epic, the ''[[Ramayana]]''. In the epic, the [[Ikshwaku|Ikshvaku]] prince [[Shatrughna]] slays a demon called [[Lavanasura]] and claims the land. Afterwards, the place came to be known as [[Madhuvan]] as it was thickly wooded, then Madhupura and later Mathura.

In the 6th century BCE Mathura became the capital of the [[Surasena]] [[mahajanapada]]. The city was later ruled by the [[Maurya]] Empire (4th to 2nd centuries BC) and the [[Shunga Empire]] dynasty (2nd century BC). It may have come under the control of [[Indo-Greeks]] some time between 180 BCE and 100 BC. It then reverted to local rule before being conquered by the [[Indo-Scythians]] during the 1st century BC.

Mathuran art and culture reached its zenith under the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] dynasty which had Mathura as one of their capitals, the other being Purushapura ([[Peshawar]]). The dynasty had kings with the names of [[Kujula Kadphises]], [[Kanishka]], [[Huvishka]] and [[Vasudeva I]]. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

[[Megasthenes]], writing in the early 3rd century BC, mentions Mathura as a great city under the name Μέθορα (''Méthora'').<ref>Megasthenes, fragment 23 "The Surasenians, an Indian tribe, with two great cities, Methora and Clisobora; the navigable river [[Iomanes]] flows through their territory" quoted in [[Arrian]] Indica 8.5. Also "The river Jomanes ([[Yamuna]]) flows through the Palibothri into the Ganges between the towns Methora and Carisobora." in [http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm FRAGM. LVI. Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8-23. 11.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080315/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm |date=10 December 2008 }}</ref>

The [[Indo-Scythians]] (aka [[Sakas]] or [[Shakas]]) conquered the area of Mathura over Indian kings around 60 BCE. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

The district was then ruled by the [[Gupta Empire]] and the Vardhas(Harsha) before falling into the hands of local [[Rajput]] and [[Jat]] rulers.

The findings of ancient stone inscriptions in [[Magorra, Uttar Pradesh|Magorra]], a town {{convert|17|km}} from Mathura, provide historical artifacts giving more details on this era of Mathura. The opening of the 3 line text of these inscriptions are in [[Brahmi script]] and were translated as: "In the 116th year of the Greek kings..."<ref>{{cite book|title=Kushāṇa studies: new perspectives|author=Bratindra Nath Mukherjee|year=2004|publisher=Firma KLM|isbn=81-7102-109-3|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VBuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian coins|author1=Osmund Bopearachchi|author2=Wilfried Pieper|publisher=Brepols|date=1998|isbn=2-503-50730-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UVmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the "Northern Satraps", as opposed to the "[[Western Satraps]]" ruling in [[Gujarat]] and [[Malwa]]. After [[Rajuvula]], several successors are known to have ruled as vassals to the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]]s, such as the "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the "Satrap" Vanaspara, who are known from an inscription discovered in [[Sarnath]], and dated to the 3rd year of [[Kanishka]] (c 130 AD), in which they were paying allegiance to the Kushans.<ref>''A Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum. Andhras etc...''. Rapson, p. ciii.</ref>

Mathura served as one of the [[Kushan Empire]]'s two capitals from the first to the third centuries. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

[[Fa Xian]] mentions the city, as a centre of Buddhism about AD 400; while his successor [[Hsuan Tsang|Xuanzang]], who visited the city in 634 AD, which he mentions as Mot'ulo, and said that it contained twenty Buddhist monasteries and five Brahmanical temples.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Muttra|volume=19|pages=101–102}}</ref> Later, he went east to [[Thanesar]], [[Jalandhar]] in the eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]], before climbing up to visit predominantly [[Theravada]] monasteries in the [[Kullu Valley|Kullu valley]] and turning southward again to [[Bairat]] and then Mathura, on the [[Yamuna river]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hsüan Tsang |volume=13 |page=844 |first1=Henry |last1=Yule |first2=Robert Kennaway |last2=Douglas}}</ref>

The city was sacked and many of its temples destroyed by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1018<ref name=EB1911/> and again by [[Sikandar Lodhi]], who ruled the [[Sultanate of Delhi]] from 1489 to 1517.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03601021%26ct%3D94 Sultan Sikandar Lodi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113007/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03601021%26ct%3D94 |date=4 March 2016 }} ''The Muntakhabu-'rūkh'' by [[Al-Badauni|Al-Badāoni]] (16th-century historian), [[Packard Humanities Institute]].</ref><ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_404.gif Lodi Kings: Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122230836/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_404.gif |date=22 January 2021 }} [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 2, ''p. 369.''.</ref>

Sikander Lodhi earned the epithet of 'But Shikan', the 'Destroyer of Hindu deities'. The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]], built the city's ''Jami Masjid''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} The noteworthy fact is that the exact place of birth of Krishna, according to historians, is in the place of worship of the Hindus, though the mosque was built near the birthplace of Krishna. The bigger [[Krishna]] shrine, better known as [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex|Shree Krishna Janambhumi]] is a few metres away from birthplace of Krishna. It was built by Jugal Kishore Birla in 1954.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,51,619|13=1911|14=5,60,620|15=1921|16=5,28,677|17=1931|18=5,70,211|19=1941|20=6,88,801|21=1951|22=7,74,567|23=1961|24=9,11,685|25=1971|26=10,99,356|27=1981|28=13,30,963|29=1991|30=16,50,653|31=2001|32=20,74,516|33=2011|34=25,47,184|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Mathura district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,547,184,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Mathura|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1260/download/4054/DH_2011_0914_PART_A_DCHB_MATHURA.pdf|access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Kuwait 2,595,62
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Nevada 2,700,551
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118011236/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=18 November 2011
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 167th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 761 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 22.53%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Mathura has a [[sex ratio]] of 858 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 72.65%. 29.68% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes made up 19.89% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

The district has about 1,600,000 voters, including 3,00,000 [[Jat people]], 2,50,000 [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]], 1,75,000 [[Brahmin]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-29|title=Nitin Gadkari to hold rally in Rajput dominated Mathura district|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/nitin-gadkari-to-hold-rally-in-jat-dominated-mathura-district/articleshow/24843383.cms|access-date=2021-12-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Mathura receives a large number of daily visitors besides pilgrims who stay for an average of 3 days. Mathura's urban area's floating population on normal days is between 100,000 and 125,000 per day, whereas on festive and auspicious days it is over twice the population of urban area.

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Mathura district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|8.52}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.76}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

The majority of people in Mathura are Hindus. Muslims are equally divided between rural and urban areas while the Hindu population is mainly rural.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Mathura district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 75.20 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Braj Bhasha]] |value2 = 22.25 |color2 = wheat
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.81 |color3 = green
|thumb=left
|value4=1.74|label4=Others|color4=gray}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 75.20% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]], 22.25% [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] and 0.81% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
Mathura is located at {{Coord|27.28|N|77.41|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Mathura.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. - Mathura]</ref> It has an average elevation of 174 metres (570 [[foot (length)|feet]]). The climate of Mathura is tropical extreme with very hot summers with temperatures rising beyond 44 °C, and cold and foggy winters with the temperature dipping to 5 °C. The average rainfall is 793  mm, received mostly during the monsoons from July to September.


==Administration==
Region of Mathura was added to British territory in 1803 A.D. Till 1832 A.D, when Mathura was recognised as district, the region was partly administered from [[Agra]] and partly from [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]].<ref name="madm">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pG2yMEauKZUC&q=mathura+history|work=F.S. Growse|title=Mathura - A District Memoir|isbn=9788120602281|last1=Growse|first1=F. S.|date=December 1993|publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref>

===Strategic importance===
Mathura is the home for [[Indian I Corps]] (Strike Formation)<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/centcom.htm India – Army Central Command Order of Battle]</ref><ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Organisation.html Organisational Structure] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219192113/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Organisation.html|date=19 February 2009}}</ref> within the Indian Army's Central Command, hosting Strike I Corps headquarters in a large classified area in the outskirts of the city known as Mathura Cantonment (Central Command itself has its headquarters at [[Lucknow]]). It hosts Strike Infantry units, Air Defence units, Armoured Divisions, Engineer brigades, Artillery Units and classified units of [[Strategic Nuclear Command]]. Corps I is primarily responsible for western borders of India. In 2007 during Exercise Ashwamedha, all the armoured, artillery and infantry divisions performed a simulation of an overall NBC (nuclear-chemical-biological) environment. The aim was to show operational ability in high intensity, short duration and 'sudden' battles.<ref>[http://www.india-defence.com/reports/3115 Indian Army tests network centric warfare capability in Ashwamedh war games] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100849/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/3115 |date=5 February 2012 }}</ref>

===Politics===
Mathura is governed by a number of bodies, the most important being the Mathura Nagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation), which is responsible for the master planning of the city. Now the responsibilities of planning of the city as well as urban areas ( including nagar nigam ) handed over to MATHURA-VRINDAVAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (in brief- "M V D A"). The Authority established in 1977.

[[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency]] elects MP from this district. In 2019 [[Hema Malini]] (BJP) won the election.

===Healthcare===
Health care facilities in Mathura are provided by Central, State and Local government facilities, besides numerous private providers. As per the recent District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3) 2007 – 2008, only 33% of currently married women are using a modern method of contraception, which is lower than the state average of 34.8%. Usage of any modern method, though, is higher in Mathura (29.4%) in comparison to the state's average of 26.7%. The percentage of IUD, Pill and Condom usage is again below the state average. The DLHS 3 estimates unmet Family Planning need in Mathura at 38.9%: 9.8% unmet need for spacing methods and 29.1% unmet need for limiting methods. The percentage of birth of order 3 and above is quite high at 46.9%. Mathura has lesser percentage of girls marrying before 18 years of age, which is 31.6% in comparison with the state average of 33.1%. But the most alarming statistic is that of mothers who had at least 3 antenatal care visits during the last pregnancy, which is only 21% as compared to the state average of 64.4%.

===Public infrastructure===

==Economy and industry==
One of the major contributors in the economy of Uttar Pradesh are Mathura Industries.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} [[Mathura Refinery]] located in the city is one of the biggest oil refineries of Asia.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} This oil refinery of the [[Indian Oil Corporation]] is a highly technologically advanced oil refinery.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} Mathura Refinery is the first in Asia and third in the world to receive the coveted ISO-14001 certification for Environment Management System in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/MathuraRefinery.aspx |title=IndianOil Corporation | Mathura Refinery |publisher=Iocl.com |access-date=2013-11-17}}</ref>

Textile printing industry that includes both sari-printing and fabric dyeing and silver ornaments manufacturing are major industrial contributors to the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/mathura/industries/ |title=Mathura Industries |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=2013-11-17}}</ref> Majority of these silver ornaments include silver jewellery and statues for gods and goddesses including Krishna. Apart from these other industries are water tap manufacturing units and other decorative and household items.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
Mathura also is a big centre for production of cotton materials;prominent among them being pure white bleached cotton sarees for women and dhotis for men, and cotton niwar tapes for beds.
It is also a hub for production of milk based sweet meats, prominent among them being mathura Pedas and burfis. Renowned as the place where rivers of milk flowed, Mathura till today boasts of Milk trading centres where you can buy any amount of fresh milk where rates vary every few minutes and are notified on a black board akin to stock prices.

==Education==
{{Cleanup list|section|date=July 2024}}
*[[GLA University]]
*[[R.K. Group of Institutions]] (including [[Rajiv Academy For Technology Management]], [[Rajiv Academy For Teacher's Education]], [[Rajiv Academy For Pharmacy]], [[K.D. Dental College Hospital]], [[Rajiv International School]], etc.)
*[[BSA College of engineering and technology]]
*[[Excel Institute of Management Technology]] (has been accorded as status of university).

Mathura is home to the Uttar Pradesh [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary University]], the first of its kind in the state and the fourth in the country to be made independent veterinary universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upvetuniv.edu.in/ |title=Mathura University ::-:: Website Loading |publisher=Upvetuniv.edu.in |access-date=2013-11-17}}</ref> The University is located on the Mathura-Agra road, about {{convert|5|km}} from Mathura.

Many schools like [[Parmeshwari Devi Dhanuka]], [[Hanuman Prashad Dhanuka]], [[Kanha Makhan Public School]], [[Kanha Makhan Millenium School]], [[Amarnath Vidya Ashram]], [[Sacred Heart, Mathura]], [[St. Dominics]], [[Ramanlal Shorawala]], [[SRBS International School]], [[Braj shiksha sadan school]] and [[Rajiv International School]] are also located here.

==Culture and religion==
[[File:Varsana.jpg|thumb|230px|right|[[Radha Rani Temple]] in Barsana, near Mathura, dedicated to the worship of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] ]]
[[File:India - holi festivities.jpeg|thumb|People drenched in color during [[Holi]] celebration in Mathura]]

===Art===
'''Mathura School of Art''', style of Buddhist visual art that flourished in the Mathura, from the 2nd century bc to the 12th century A.D; its most distinctive contributions were made during the Kushan and Gupta periods (1st–6th century A.d). Images in the mottled red sandstone from the nearby Sīkri quarries are found widely distributed over north central India, attesting to Mathurā's importance as an exporter of sculpture. The Mathura School images are related to the earlier yakṣa (male nature deity) figures, a resemblance particularly evident in the colossal standing Buddha images of the early Kushān period. In these, and in the more representative seated Buddhas, the overall effect is one of enormous energy. The shoulders are broad, the chest swells, and the legs are firmly planted with feet spaced apart.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369326/Mathura-art|encyclopedia=Encycloaedia Britannica Inc.|title=Mathura School of Art}}</ref>

These days, around 1,000 craftsmen are involved in making wall hangings at Holi gate and Chowk Bazaar in the pilgrim town of Mathura. These wall hangings delve on religious themes and mostly revolve around Radha and Krishna seated on a swing, Krishna playing flute along with Radha and Gopis, Krishna with herds of cattle, Goddess Saraswati, Vaishno Devi and Vishnu. Wall hangings have the gods and goddesses in highly embellished form, marking the highpoints of the Mathura School of Paintings. Once the brush work is over, the figures are adorned with colourful stars and mica pieces to make them attractive. One of the most brilliant art works of Mathura School of Paintings is Goddess Lakshmi in the midst of lotus flowers.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/382690/vignettes-mathura039s-divine-art-form.html|work=Deccan Herald| title=Vignettes of Mathura's divine art form}}</ref>

==Religion==
Mathura is one of the seven most holy places for Hindus in India.

{{Blockquote|''Ayodhyā Mathurā Māyā Kāsi Kāñchī Avantikā'' I
''Purī Dvārāvatī chaiva saptaitā moksadāyikāh'' II
- ''[[Garuda Purana|Garuḍa Purāṇa]] I XVI .14''}}
A [[Kshetra|Kṣetra]] is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where ''[[Moksha]]'', final release can be obtained. The [[Garuda Purana]] enumerates seven cities as giver of Moksha, They are [[Ayodhya]], Mathura, [[Haridwar|Māyā]], [[Varanasi|Kāsi]], [[Kanchi|Kāñchī]], [[Ujjain|Avantikā]], [[Puri]] and [[Dvārakā|Dvārāvatī]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA3 The Hindu temple, Volume 1 By Stella Kramrisch, Raymond Burnier p.3]</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Potra Kund.jpg|thumb|300px|According to Hindu mythology, Potra Kund (water body) was used to clean Krishna's baby clothes [Potre]. Potra Kund [[temple tank]] near Krishna Janmabhoomi]]

===Temples===
'''[[Shri Krishna Janmbhoomi]]''' is a Hindu temple complex located in heart of city of [[Mathura]]. Hindus consider it as one of the most sacred place as they believe that the temple stands on the same place where ancient [[Hindu]] god [[Lord Krishna|Krishna]] was born. The complex have a Keshavdev temple where spiritual environment could be felt during morning prayer (Mangla [[Aarti]]). The temple complex have a museum, where numerous articles excavated from the site related to story of Sri Krishna’a birth are displayed.

'''[[Dwarkadheesh temple Mathura|Dwarkadheesh Temple]]''', built in 1814, is a temple near the banks of [[Yamuna]] river in Mathura city. This temple is managed by followers of Vallabhacarya. The temple is fairly interesting architecturally. People engaged in Bhajan Kirtan inside temple before daily morning prayer (Mangla [[Aarti]] gives an impression of festival and celebration.

'''Gita Mandir''' is situated at a distance of nearly five kilometers from Mathura Junction (in way of Vrindaban from Matura city) is an attraction of Mathura. The mandir was built by Birla, one of the leading industrial powers of India. The architecture of the temple attracts tourists from all over India. The whole of Gita, the sacred book of the Hindus, is inscribed on the temple. Carvings and paintings also enhance the temple. There is an image of Krishna is present in the sanctum of the Mandir.

'''Rangaji Temple''', built in 1851 is dedicated to Ranganatha or Rangaji depicted as Vishnu in his sheshashayi pose, resting on the coils of the sacred Shesha-nag. The temple built in the Dravidian style has a tall gopuram (gateway) of six storeys and a gold - plated Dhwaja stambha, 50 feet high. A water tank and a picturesque garden lie within the temple enclosure. The annual festival of Jal Vihar of the presiding deity is performed with great pomp and splendour at the tank. The temple is also known for its `Brahmotsdav' celebration during the month of [[Chait (Nepali calendar)|Chaitra]] (March - April), more popularly known as the `Rath ka Mela'. The ten-day-long celebrations are marked by the pulling of the rath (the chariot car) by the devotees from the temple to the adjoining gardens.

'''Jugal Kishor Temple''' was built in the 17th century after Emperor Akbar's visit to Vridaban in the year 1570, he ordered four temples to be built by the Gaudya Vaisnavas, which were Madana-mohana, Govindaji, Gopinatha and Jugal Kisore. The temple is located near Kesi Ghat in Vrindaban and also called as Kesi temple.

'''[[Radha Raman Temple|Radharaman Temple]]''' is another name of ancient [[Hindu]] god [[Lord Krishna|Krishna]] which means "one who gives pleasure to Radha". The seva puja of Radharamana was established in 1542, after the Deity self-manifested from a saligram-sila. Also kept in this temple is the wooden sitting place (hoki) and shawl (chaddar) or Chaitanya, that he gave as a gift to Gopala Bhatta Gosvami who built the temple. There is no deity of Radharani in this temple, but a crown is kept next to Krishna signifying her presence.

'''Jaipur Temple''' which was built by Sawai Madhav Singh, the Maharaja of Jaipur in 1917, is a richly embellished and opulent temple located in Vrindaban. The fine hand - carved sandstone is of unparalleled workmanship. The temple is dedicated to Radha Madhav.<ref name="m1">{{cite web|url=http://mathura-vrindavan.com/mathura/vrindavan.htm|title=An eternal glory of lord, Mathura-Vrindaban}}</ref>

[[File:PremMandirSideViewFromCanteen.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Prem Mandir Vrindavan|Prem Mandir]], [[Vrindavan]]]]
[[File:KaliyaMardan.jpg|thumb|300px|Kaliya Mardan, [[Prem Mandir Vrindavan|Prem Mandir]], [[Vrindavan]] ]]
'''Shahji Temple''', another temple at Vrindavan, was designed and built in 1876 by a wealthy jeweller, Shah Kundan Lal of Lucknow. The deities at the temple are popularly known as the Chhote Radha Raman. Noted for its architecture and marble sculpture, the temple has twelve spiral columns each 15 feet high. The `Basanti Kamra' - the darbar hall is famed for its Belgian glass chandeliers and fine paintings.<ref name="m1"/>

'''[[Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir]]''' is the world's tallest temple under-construction at [[Mathura]].<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140316105823/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iskcon-to-build-worlds-tallest-temple-at-mathura-from-today/458198-3-242.html ISKCON to build world's tallest temple at Mathura from today]</ref> At cost of {{INRConvert|300|c}} it will be one of the most expensively built temple in world by [[ISKCON]].

'''[[Prem Mandir Vrindavan|Prem Mandir]]''' is a religious and spiritual complex situated on a 54-acre site on the outskirts of Vrindavan, is one of the newest temples dedicated to [[Radha Krishna]]. The temple structure was established by spiritual guru Kripalu Maharaj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/famous-krishna-temples-in-india_297.html/3|title = Famous Krishna Temples in India|date = 20 August 2013}}</ref> The main structure of temple is made up of white marble. Idols of Radha Krishna and Sita Rama are present on the ground floor and first floor respectively. The whole premises of temple is covered with different art works depicting the pastimes of Radha Krishna.<ref>[http://www.aajkikhabar.com/News/Region/Kripaluji-Maharaj-s-Prem-Mandir-will-be-inaugurated-on-17th-February/690284.html Kripaluji Maharaj's Prem Mandir will be inaugurated on 17 February-Aaj Ki Khabar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330113922/http://www.aajkikhabar.com/News/Region/Kripaluji-Maharaj-s-Prem-Mandir-will-be-inaugurated-on-17th-February/690284.html |date=30 March 2014 }}</ref>

'''Sri Vrindavan-Chandra Mandir''' (HKM Vrindavan), located in Vrindavan, is a replica of that supreme Goloka Vrindavana in the spiritual sky. It was inaugurated in 2006 on the most auspicious day of Sri Rama Navami day. The temple is housed in an ultra-modern geodesic structure with a traditional gopuram based on khajuraho style of architecture, greeting pilgrims at the entrance. The major festivals of the temple are Sri Krishna Janmashtami, Sri Radhashtami, Kartik Fest (7-day festival during Govardhan Puja time) and Gaura Purnima. Grand abhishekas are performed for Sri Sri Radha Vrindavan-chandra during festivals such as Radhashtami and Janmashtami.

'''Shree Radha Ras Bihari Ashta Sakhi Temple''': In Vrindavan, the "Lila Sthan" (the place of the divine passion play) of Krishna, lies the temple that is a must visit destination for devotees completing the 84 kosh Vraj Parikrama Yatra. The temple is centuries old and is the first Indian temple that is dedicated to the divine couple and their Ashta Sakhi's - the eight "companions" of Radha who were intimately involved in her love play with the Krishna. The Ashta Sakhis are mentioned in the ancient texts of [[Puranas]] and the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. The temple is called Shree Radha Ras Bihari Ashta Sakhi Mandir and it is home to the divine [[Rasa Lila]] of Krishna and [[Radharani]]. It is located in close proximity to the [[Banke Bihari Temple]]. Legend has it that the Shree Radha Rasa Behari Ashta Sakhi Mandir is one of the two places in Mathura, Vrindavan where the Krishna actually indulges in the Rasa Lila with his beloved Radha and her sakhis. On these nights, devotees have reported hearing the sound of the anklets, beating in tune to a divine melody.

'''Govind Deo Temple''' was once a seven storeyed structure built in the form of a Greek cross. It is said that the Emperor Akbar donated some of the red sandstone that had been brought for the Red Fort at Agra, for the construction of this temple. Built at the astronomical cost of one crore rupees in 1590 by his general Man Singh, the temple combines western, Hindu and Muslim architectural elements in its structure.

'''[[Krishna-Balaram Mandir]]''' is a [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] temple in the holy city of [[Vrindavan]]. It is one of the main [[ISKCON]] temples in [[India]] and internationally. Krishna-Balaram Mandir was built in 1975 on the orders of Bhaktivedanta [[Swami Prabhupada]], the founder-acharya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON).

'''Shri Jambuswami [[Digambara]] [[Jain Mandir]]''' is an important religious places for the [[Jainism|Jains]] as they believe the last [[Kevalis|Kevali]] [[Jambuswami]] attained [[Moksha|nirvana]] from this place called Mathura Chaurasi.

Other important temple sites include - [[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Madanmohan Temple]], [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Damodar Temple]], [[Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Vallabh Temple]], [[Radha Rani Temple|Radharani Temple]], [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan|Nidhivan]], [[Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan|Radha Krishna Vivah sthali, Bhandirvan]].

===Ghat===
'''[[Vishram Ghat]]''' is a [[ghat]], a bath and worship place, on the banks of river [[Yamuna]]. It is the main ghat of Mathura city and is central to 25 other ghats. The traditional [[parikrama]] starts and ends at Vishram Ghat. [[Lord Krishna|Krishna]] is said to have rested at this place after killing [[Kamsa|Kansa]].
[[File:Yamuna (Kesi Ghata).jpg|right|thumb|300px|Kesi Ghat on the [[Yamuna]] river. The word "Radha" is repeatedly written on the side in the Devanagari alphabet. In Hindu mythology Kesi ghat is believed to be the same place where Hindu god [[Krishna]] killed the Kesi demon who appeared in the form of a gigantic horse and then took his bath in this very same ghat. This is also bathing place in Vrindavana. An arati to Yamuna Devi is held here every evening.]]

Some notable places in Mathura District:
* [[Mathura|Mathura - the town]]
* [[Gokul]]
* [[Mahawan]]
*[[Baldeo|Baldev]]
* [[Raya, Uttar Pradesh|Raya]]
* [[Vrindaban]]
* [[Goverdhan]]
* [[Barsana]]
* [[Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh|Nandgaon]]
* [[Kosi Kalan]]
* [[Farah, India|Farah]]
* [[Mant]]
*[[Naujhil|Nauhajhil]]
* [[Bajna, India|Bajna]]
* [[Surir]]
* [[Bhidauni]]
* [[Akos]]

==Religious festivals==

===Krishna Janmashtami===
[[Krishna Janmashtami]] is celebrated on the eighth day ([[Ashtami]]) of the [[Paksha#Krishna Paksha|Krishna Paksha]] (dark fortnight) of the month of [[Shravan month|Shraavana]] (August–September) in the [[Hindu calendar]]. ''[[Rasa lila]]'' dramatic enactments of the life of Krishna, are a special feature in [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]. There is a huge arati at 12 midnight in temples all over Vrindavana.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Radhashtami===
[[Radhashtami]] is the appearance day of [[Radha]]rani. This festival falls on the eighth day, of the bright fort-night in the month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]] (August–September), exactly 15 days after the appearance of Krishna. This festival is very joyously celebrated in whole Mathura region with its centre at [[Barsana]]. There is all night kirtana held the night before Radhashtami at the [[Radha Rani Temple]] in Barsana, ending with an ecstatic mangala arati. Many people especially visit Barsana on this day.

===Guru Purnima===
[[Guru Purnima]] is a Hindu festival dedicated to spiritual and academic teachers. This festival takes place in the month of Asadha (June–July). It is customary to worship the spiritual master on this day. Millions of people visit Mathura on Guru Purnima because of the presence of thousands of spiritual Gurus in Mathura. On this day many devotees gather at Manasi Ganga and do Govardhana parikrama.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Braj Parikrama===
Braj Parikrama is a pilgrimage of all the places in Braj that associated with Krishna, is undertaken. Traditionally, the Chaurasi kos (84 kos) pilgrimage of Braj Mandal, with its 12 vanas (forests), 24 upvanas (groves), sacred hill Govardhan, divine River Yamuna and numerous holy places along its banks, is undertaken annually by lakhs of devotees from all over the country.
The Yatra extends to Kotban to the north of Mathura, to Nandgaon, Barsana and the Govardhan Hill to the west and South-west of the city and to the banks of the Yamuna to the east, where the Baldeo Temple is located. Colourful melas and performances of the [[Raslila|rasalila]] (a depiction of the exploits of Krishna) in Braj Parikrama are distinctive to rainy month of [[Bhadon]], the month when the Krishna was born, is a time of colourful celebrations.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Vasant Panchmi===
[[Vasant Panchami]], a festival that marks the commencement of spring season, is widely celebrated in Mathura. The festival marks the beginning of celebrations of [[Holi]] in Mathura. Special religious programs are organised in other temples of across the district, like in Bankey Bihari Temple of Vrindavan pilgrims celebrate the occasion by tossing rose powder.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vasant-panchami-to-kickstart-holi-celebrations-in-mathura/449511-3-242.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219154407/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vasant-panchami-to-kickstart-holi-celebrations-in-mathura/449511-3-242.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=2014-02-19| work=CNN IBN| title=Vasant Panchami to kick-start Holi celebrations in Mathura}}</ref>

===Lathmar Holi===
[[File:Lath Mar Holi at Braj.jpg|thumb|300px|In [[Barsana]] town in Mathura District, during [[Lathmar Holi]] women have the option to playfully hit men who save themselves with shields; for the day, men are culturally expected to accept whatever women dish out to them. This ritual is called ''Lath Mar'' Holi.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2012/03/lathmar_holi_festival.html Lathmar Holi Festival] Lane Turner, Boston.com, (March 5, 2012)</ref>]]
[[Lathmar Holi]] is a local celebration of the [[Hindu]] festival of [[Holi]]. It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of [[Barsana]]. The name means "that Holi in which [people] hit with sticks". In the sprawling compound of the [[Radha Rani Temple|Radha Rani temple]] in Barsana, thousands gather to witness the [[Lath mar Holi]] when women beat up men with sticks (''laṭh'') as those on the sidelines become hysterical, sing Holi Songs and shout Sri Radhey or Sri Krishna.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Jal Jhulan===
This is the swing festival at the Ranganatha temple. At night the temple tank is lit up. This festival is on the 11th day of the month of Bhadra (Aug-Sept).{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

===Jhulan Yatra Mahotsava===
This festival lasts for 13 days. It starts on the Tritya (third day) of the bright fortnight of Sravana (July-Aug) and lasts until the full moon night of the month. During this festival the Radha-Krishna Deities in the temples are swung on a swing. This is one of the biggest festivals of the year and Vrindavana is very crowded at this time. Often the swings are gold and silver. Some of the main temples that this festival is celebrated at are the [[Bankey Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari Temple]] and the [[Radha Raman Temple|Radha-Raman Temple]] in Vrindavana, the [[Dwarkadheesh temple Mathura|Dwarkadheesh temple]] in Mathura, and the [[Radha Rani Temple]] in Barsana.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Transport==
Mathura is on the main lines of the Central Railways and is connected with all the important cities of Uttar Pradesh and India such as Delhi, Agra, Lucknow, Mumbai, Jaipur, Gwalior, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Chennai. The Nearest airport is Kheria (Agra), 62 km away from Mathura.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roaddistance.in/uttar-pradesh/kheria-airport-area-to-mathura-distance/by-road/|title=Kheria Airport Area and Mathura by Road, Distance Between Kheria Airport Area and Mathura, Distance by Road from Kheria Airport Area and Mathura with Travel Time, Mathura Distance from Kheria Airport Area, Driving Direction Calculator from kheria airport area and mathura|access-date=5 July 2016|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701132924/https://www.roaddistance.in/uttar-pradesh/kheria-airport-area-to-mathura-distance/by-road/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mathura is also well connected by motorable roads to important cities in the region.

==Villages==


*[[Bhavanpura, Mathura|Bhavanpura]]
*[[Bhidauni]]
*[[Kiloni]]
*[[Nagla-Sanja]]
*[[Paigaon]]
*[[Patloni]]
*[[Tarauli]]
*[[Bahadin]]

==See also==
*[[Vrindaban Road railway station]]
*[[Vrindavan railway station]]
*[[Ajhai railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mathura district
|North = [[Khair]]
|Northeast = [[Aligarh district]]
|East = [[Hathras district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Agra district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Bharatpur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Northwest = [[Mewat district]], [[Haryana]]
}}

{{Mathura district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Agra Division topics}}

{{Coord|27|29|24|N|77|40|12|E|region:IN-UP_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://mathura.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathura District}}
[[Category:Mathura district]]
[[Category:Agra division]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]

Jama Mosque, Delanipur

2026-02-24T21:24:20Z

LucileBrownbill: started new entry

{{Short description|Mosque in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Jama Mosque
| image =
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption =
| location = Delanipur, [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| country = [[India]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| rite =
| map_type = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.667|92.726|region:IN_type:building|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| leadership=
| website=
| architect=
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =[[Islamic architecture|Islamic]]
| facade_direction=
| year_completed=
| construction_cost=
| capacity=
| length=
| width=
| width_nave=
| height_max=
| dome_quantity = One
| dome_height_outer=
| dome_height_inner=
| dome_dia_outer=
| dome_dia_inner=
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height=
| spire_quantity=
| spire_height=
| materials=
}}
The '''Jama Mosque''', also known as '''Delanipur Mosque''' or '''Jama Masjid''', is a [[congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] located in the Delanipur area of [[Port Blair]] in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in the [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/742589/Delanipur-Mosque|title=Wikimap of Delanipur Mosque|publisher=}}</ref>

The mosque is a venue of celebration during festivals of Id-Ul-Fitr and Id-Ul-Zuha, by the local Muslim community. The mosque holds prayer sessions every day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islamicfinder.org/phone/getitWorld_phone.php?id=101033|title=Delanipur Masjid|publisher=}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:Grand mosques|Delanipur]]
[[Category:Mosques in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]

{{india-mosque-stub}}

Gawaria

2026-02-22T18:43:11Z

LucileBrownbill: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[Banjara people]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Siege of Nagapatnam (1658)

2026-02-18T04:02:20Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{refimprove|date=May 2024}}
{{Short description|Dutch siege of Nagapatnam}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Nagapatnam
| partof = Dutch-Indian conflicts
| caption = Action of 12–17 January 1640
| date = July 1658
| place = [[Nagapattinam]], [[India]]
| casus =
| territory =
| result = Dutch victory
| combatant1 = [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Dutch Republic]]
*{{flag|Dutch East India Company|name=VOC}}
| commander1 = Unknown
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Dutch East India Company}} [[Rijckloff van Goens]]
| strength1 = 10,000 soldiers
| strength2 = 400 soldiers
| casualties1 = 400 dead
| casualties2 = none
}}
Following a joint military endeavor by the Dutch and Tanjore forces, wherein they laid siege to the Portuguese fortress of Nagapatnam, the Portuguese eventually capitulated. Subsequently, a contingent of 400 Dutch soldiers assumed control of the fortress, effectively impeding the advance of the Tanjore army. Frustrated by this turn of events, the Tanjore forces attempted to reinitiate the siege with their own 10,000-strong military contingent.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Genesis and Nemesis of the First Dutch Colonial Empire in Asia and South Africa, 1596–1811 |last=Knaap |first=Gerrit |publisher=Brill |year=2022 |isbn=9789004528000 |edition=E-book |pages=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAumEAAAQBAJ&dq=10,000+tanjore+dutch+siege&pg=PA87}}</ref> In an unforeseen twist, the Dutch clandestinely massacred a portion of the Tanjore army, prompting the leader of the Tanjore forces to recognize the need for a retreat. This event highlighted the complex dynamics and strategic maneuvering that characterized this historical confrontation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century |last=Vink |first=Markus |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=9789004272620 |edition=E-book |pages=401 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaW8CgAAQBAJ&dq=tanjore+10,000+nagapatnam&pg=PA401}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:Dutch India]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Dutch Republic]]

{{Battle-stub}}
{{Netherlands-hist-stub}}

1510 influenza pandemic

2026-02-13T22:08:42Z

LucileBrownbill: adding initial post w/ infobox

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox pandemic
| name = 1510 flu pandemic
| image = 1500 map by Juan de la Cosa-North up.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The 1510 flu pandemic was the first to be chronicled across continents.
| disease = [[Influenza]]
| virus_strain = Unknown
| location = Asia, Africa, and Europe
| date = Early Summer to Fall of 1510
| deaths = Unknown, death rate ~1% <ref name=":02" />
}}

In 1510, an acute [[respiratory disease]] emerged in Asia<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":14" /> before spreading through [[North Africa]] and [[Europe]] during the first chronicled, inter-regional [[Influenza pandemic|flu pandemic]] generally recognized by medical historians and epidemiologists.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghendon|first=Youri|date=1994|title=Introduction to Pandemic Influenza through History on|journal=European Journal of Epidemiology|volume=10|issue=4|pages=451–453|doi=10.1007/BF01719673|jstor=3520976|pmid=7843353|s2cid=2258464|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="500th">{{Cite journal|last1=Morens|first1=David|last2=Taubengerger|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Folkers|first3=Gregory|last4=Fauci|first4=Anthony|date=15 December 2010|title=Pandemic Influenza's 500th Anniversary|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=12|pages=1442–1444|doi=10.1086/657429|pmid=21067353|pmc=3106245}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=FORBES|first=JOHN|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OQEAAAAQAAJ&q=Coqueluche+in+France+1510&pg=PA108|title=The British and Foreign Medical Review of Quarterly Journal of Practical Medicine and Surgery|date=1839|pages=108|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Morens|first1=David M.|last2=Taubenberger|first2=Jeffery K.|date=27 June 2011|title=Pandemic influenza: certain uncertainties|journal=Reviews in Medical Virology|volume=21|issue=5|pages=262–284|doi=10.1002/rmv.689|issn=1052-9276|pmc=3246071|pmid=21706672}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> Influenza-like illnesses had been documented in Europe since at least [[Charlemagne]],<ref name=":02" /> with 1357's outbreak the first to be called ''influenza'',<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> but the 1510 flu pandemic is the first to be pathologically described<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Trafzer|first1=Clifford E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1QJN9xo3JUC&q=flu+of+1510&pg=PA109|title=Forgotten Voices: Death Records of the Yakama, 1888-1964|last2=McCoy|first2=Robert R.|date=2009-03-20|publisher=Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield)|isbn=978-0-8108-6648-5|location=Lanham, Maryland|pages=109|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101112141130.htm|title=Scientists explore 1510 influenza pandemic and lessons learned|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref> following communication advances brought about by the [[printing press]]. Flu became more widely referred to as ''coqueluche'' and ''coccolucio'' in [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] during this pandemic,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FLAAAAYAAJ&q=L%27epidemie+de+1510+mezeray&pg=PA332|title=Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales|date=1877|publisher=Asselin|pages=332|language=fr|archive-date=2021-09-09|access-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909172120/https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FLAAAAYAAJ&q=L%27epidemie+de+1510+mezeray&pg=PA332|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> variations of which became the most popular names for flu in [[early modern Europe]].<ref name=":02" /> The pandemic caused significant disruption in government, church, and society<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name="500th" /> with near-universal infection<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last1=Schweich |first1=Heinrich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_hZAAAAcAAJ&q=die+epidemie+die+jahres+1510|title=Die Influenza. Ein historischer und ätiologischer Versuch ... Mit einer Vorrede von ... J. F. C. Hecker|last2=Heckler|first2=Justus Friedrich Carl|date=1836|pages=57|language=de}}</ref> and a mortality rate of around 1%.<ref name=":02" />

== Asia ==
The 1510 flu is suspected of originating in East Asia,<ref name=":02" /> possibly [[China]].<ref name=":1" /> Gregor Horst writes in ''Operum medicorum tombus primus'' (1661) that the disease came from Asia and spread along trade routes<ref name=":02" /> before attacking the Middle East and North Africa. German medical writer [[Justus Hecker]] suggested the 1510 influenza most likely came from Asia because of the historical nature of other influenzas to originate there in more recent pandemics.<ref name=":14" />
[[File:Eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Sea. Battista Agnese, PORTOLAN ATLAS (Italy ca. 1550).jpg|thumb|353x353px|Influenza had spread in North Africa before arriving in Europe.]]

== Africa ==
It is generally understood that the 1510 influenza had spread in Africa before Europe.<ref name="catarrhal" /><ref name=":16" /> Influenza was likely widespread in North Africa before crossing continents through the Mediterranean, arriving in [[Malta]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stedman|first=Thomas Lathrop|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=DqEwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PA11|title=Twentieth Century Practice: Infectious diseases|date=1898|publisher=W. Wood|location=New York|pages=11|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-09|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909172116/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=DqEwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PA11|url-status=live}}</ref> where British medical historian [[Thomas Short (physician)|Thomas Short]] believed that the "island of ''Melite'' in ''Africa''" became the 1510 flu's springboard into Europe.<ref name="catarrhal" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Short|first=Thomas|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=hTMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA203|title=A General Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, &c. in Sundry Places and Different Times: More Particularly for the Space of 250 Years : Together with Some of Their Most Remarkable Effects on Animal (especially Human) Bodies and Vegetables|date=1749|publisher=T. Longman ... and A. Millar|location=London|pages=203|language=en}}</ref> 
[[File:General map of Malta.svg|thumb|146x146px|The disease came to Malta on crews infected in Africa.|left]]

== Europe ==
Europe's internationally traveled cities and flu's highly contagious nature enabled its spread through European populations. The 1510 flu disrupted royal courts, church services, and social life across Europe. Contemporary chroniclers and those who have read their accounts observed how entire populations were attacked at once,<ref name="catarrhal" /><ref name=":02" /> which is how the disease first received the name ''influenza'' (from the belief that such outbreaks were caused by influences like stars or cold).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=A. Mir|first=Shakil|date=December 2009|title=History of Swine Flu|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/774f5d6553eeae3107b5b114f055b64f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=54966|journal=JK Science|publisher=PG Department of Pharmacology, Govt Medical College, Srinagar|volume=8|pages=163|via=ProQuest}}</ref> [[Turin]] professor Francisco Vallerioli (aka Valleriola) writes that the 1510 flu featured "Constriction of breathing, and beginning with a hoarseness of voice and... shivering. Not long after that there being a cooked humor which fills the lungs."<ref name=":02" /> Physicians like Valleriola described the 1510 flu as more fatal to children<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Warren Taylor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lhc6AQAAMAAJ|title=Influenza: An Epidemiologic Study|date=14 June 2013|orig-date=1921|publisher=American journal of hygiene|isbn=9780598840387|location=Baltimore, Maryland|pages=157|language=en}}</ref> and those who were bled.<ref name="catarrhal" /> Lawyer Francesco Muralto noted that "the disease killed 10 people out of a thousand in one day," supporting a fatality rate of around 1%.<ref name=":02" />

=== Sicily and the Italian Kingdoms ===
[[File:Italy map 1584.jpg|thumb|Flu arrived in Sicily from [[Malta]], and quickly spread along the Italian coast.]]
The first cases of influenza began to appear in [[Sicily]] around July<ref name= Alibrandi>{{cite journal|last=Alibrandi|first=Rosamaria|title=When early modern Europe caught the flu. A scientific account of pandemic influenza in sixteenth century Sicily|journal=Medicina Historica|volume=2|pages=19–25}}</ref> after the arrival of infected merchant ships from [[Malta]].<ref name="catarrhal" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Parkin|first=John|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=9RcDAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA35|title=Epidemiology; or, The remote cause of epidemic diseases in the animal and in the vegetable creation|date=1880|publisher=J. and A. Churchill|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xbo0AQAAMAAJ&q=La+coqueluche+de+1510&pg=PA220|title=Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales: publié sous la direction de MM. les docteurs Raige-Delorme et A. Dechambre|date=1882|publisher=P. Asselin, S' de Labé, V. Masson et fils|pages=220|language=fr}}</ref> In Sicily it was commonly called ''coccolucio'' for the hood (resembling a coqueluchon - a kind of monk's cowl) the sick often wore over their heads.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Potter|first=C. W.|date=2001|title=A history of influenza|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|language=en|volume=91|issue=4|pages=572–579|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x|pmid=11576290|s2cid=26392163|issn=1365-2672|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beveridge|first=W.I.B|date=1991|title=The Chronicle of Influenza Epidemics|journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences|volume=13|issue=2|pages=223–234|pmid=1724803}}</ref><ref name="catarrhal">{{cite book|last=Thomson|first=Theophilus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INc0AQAAMAAJ|title=Annals of Influenza or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever in Great Britain|date=1852|publisher=The Sydenham Society Instituted|pages=3–4|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> Influenza quickly spread out along the Mediterranean coasts of Italy and southern France<ref name=Alibrandi/> via merchant ships leaving the island.

In [[Emilia-Romagna]], Tommasino de' Bianchi recorded the recovery of [[Modena|Modena's]] first cases on 13 July 1510, writing that in the city "there appears an illness that lasts three days with a great fever, and headache and then they rise... but there remains a terrible cough that lasts maybe eight days, and then they recover."<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Morens|first1=David|last2=North|first2=Michael|last3=Taubenberger|first3=Jeffrey|date=4 December 2011|title=Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe|url= |journal=Lancet|volume=367|issue=9756|pages=1894–1895|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62204-0|pmid=21155080|pmc=3180818}}</ref> This data would indicate that the first cases of flu, which has an incubation period of one to four days, began to fall ill in the Emilia-Romagna region around late June or early July. [[Pope Julius II]] attributed the outbreaks in [[Rome]] and the [[Holy See]] to God's wrath.<ref name=":02" />

=== Central Europe ===
[[File:Achilles Pirminius Gasser.JPG|thumb|Achilles Gasser mentions an epidemic of "catarrhal fever" in upper Germany.<ref name=":9" />|alt=|259x259px]]
Flu spread over the Alps into [[Switzerland]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In Switzerland it is documented as being called ''das Gruppie'' by the [[Mellingen]] chronicler Anton Tegenfeld,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Karsten|first=Gustaf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VF-qD7s4txoC&pg=PA513|title=The Journal of English and German Philology|publisher=University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign|year=1920|location=Urbana-Champaign|pages=513}}</ref> the flu nickname then preferred by German-speaking Europeans. A respiratory illness seemed to have menaced the Canton of Aargua in June, with the population falling ill with sniffling, coughing, and fatigue.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Schindler|first1=Wolfgang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OetxIToFvIC&q=das+gruppie+1510+coqueluche&pg=PA344|title=Grippe, Kamm und Eulenspiegel: Festschrift für Elmar Seebold zum 65. Geburtstag|last2=Untermann|first2=Jürgen|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1999|isbn=978-3-11-015617-1|pages=244|language=de}}</ref> German physician [[Achilles Gasser]] recorded a deadly epidemic spreading over the Holy Roman Empire's upper kingdoms, branching into the cities and the "whole mankind:" ''Mira qua edam Epidemia mortales per urbes hanc totamque adeo superiorem Germaniam corripiebat, qua aegri IV vel V ad summum dies molestissimis destillationibus laborabant ac ration privati instar phrenicorum furebant, atque inde iterum convalescebant, paucissimis ad Gorcum demissis.''<ref name=":9" />

André de Burgo's letters dated 24 August 1510 indicate [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]] had to intervene at a royal assembly between her father, [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I]], and [[Louis XII of France]] because the King of France was too sick with "coqueluche" to be spoken to.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last1=Louis|first1=X. I. I.|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=7b2c3BKPPVgC&pg=GBS.PA287|title=Lettres du roi Louis XII et du cardinal Georges d'Amboise: depuis 1504 à 1514|last2=Godefroy|date=1712|publisher=Foppens|pages=287–288|language=fr}}</ref> Influenza spread out from the Holy Roman Empire towards Northern Europe, the [[Baltic states]],<ref name=":11" /> and west towards [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of England|England]].<ref name="catarrhal" />

=== France ===
[[File:France XVe siècl2e.jpg|thumb|It quickly spread to France's southern port cities first, then westward from the Alps to Paris.<ref name="catarrhal" />|left]]
Arriving aboard infected sailors from Sicily, influenza struck the [[Kingdom of France]] through the ports of [[Marseille]] and [[Nice]] and spread through the international crowds of the shipyards. Merchants, pilgrims, and other travelers from the south and east spread the virus throughout the western Mediterranean in July.<ref name=":4" /> It was referred to as "{{not a typo|cephalie catarrhal}}" among French physicians, but more commonly just called '''coqueluche'''.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Katona|first=Mihaly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CapNAAAAcAAJ|title=Abhandlung über die Grippe (Influenza) in Wien in dem Jahre 1833|date=1833|publisher=Edl. v. Schmid|pages=25–27|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Desruelles|first=Henry-Marie-Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Go9fAAAAcAAJ&q=coqueluche+de+1510&pg=PA22|title=Traite De La Coqueluche, d'apres les Principes de la Doctrine Physiologique|publisher=J. B. Bailliere|year=1827|location=Paris|pages=22|language=fr}}</ref> Historian [[François Eudes de Mézeray]] traced the etymology of "coqueluche" to an outbreak 1410s<ref name=":5" /> during which sufferers wore hoods resembling coqueluchons, a kind of monk's cowl.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Doyen|first=Guillaume Le|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=wz5wdUawOpoC&pg=GBS.PP1|title=Annalles et chronicques du pais de Laval et parties circonvoisines depuis l'an de Nostre Seigneur Ihesu-Crist 1480 jusqú à l'année 1537, avec un préambule retrospectif du temps anticque jadis|date=1857|publisher=H. Godbert|pages=134|language=fr}}</ref> French surgeon [[Ambroise Paré]] described the outbreak as having been a "rheumatic affliction of the head...with constriction of the heart and lungs."<ref name=":02" /> By August it had appeared in [[Tours]] and after it had propagated itself throughout France over summer, sickening the entire country by September.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Corradi|first=Alfonso|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMFdvvQlL4AC&q=Influenza+de+1510+spain&pg=PA20|title=Annali delle epidemie occorse in Italia dalle prime memorie fino al 1850 scritti da Alfonso Corradi: Dal 1501 a tutto il 1600 con una tavola delle cose piu memorabili si della 1. che della 2. parte|date=1867|publisher=Tipi Gamberini e Parmeggiani|pages=19|language=it}}</ref> French poet and historian Jean Bouchet, employed by King Louis XII's Royal Court, wrote that the epidemic "appeared in the entire Kingdom of France, as much in the towns as in the countryside."<ref name=":02" />

Coqueluche filled up the hospitals in France.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ze3I8lnlJAQC&q=l%27epidemie+de+1510|title=La Revue Mondial|publisher=Harvard University|year=1919|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=262}}</ref> King Louis XII's National Assembly of [[Bishop]]s, [[Prelate]]s, and university [[professor]]s scheduled for September 1510 was delayed because of the intensity of the flu in [[Paris]].<ref name="500th" /> [[Jean Fernel]] (aka Fernelius), physician to [[Henry III of France]], compares the 1557 influenza to the 1510 epidemic which attacked everyone with fever, a heaviness in their head, and profound coughing.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=DqEwAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA11|title=Twentieth Century Practice: An International Encyclopedia of Modern Medical Science by Leading Authors of Europe and America|publisher=W. Wood|year=1898|editor-last=Stedman|editor-first=Thomas|volume=15|location=New York|pages=11}}</ref> Up to 1000 Parisians per day were dying at the height of the "1510 peste."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yzFlQ-YzTsC&q=1000+personnes+chaque+jour+peste+1510|title=Quintessence de l'économie politique transcendante à l'usage des électeurs et des philosophes par le baron de Münster|date=1842|publisher=Dutertre|pages=72|language=fr}}</ref> [[François Eudes de Mézeray|Mézeray]] mentions that it disrupted judicial proceedings and colleges,<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> and that the 1510 flu was more widespread and deadly in France than in other countries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bergeron|first=Georges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_--syugmU8C|title=Des Caractèrs Généraux des Affections Catarrhals Aigues|date=1874|publisher=A. Delahaye|pages=35|language=fr}}</ref>
[[File:François Eudes de Mézeray.jpg|thumb|[[François Eudes de Mézeray]] had access to original documents describing the influenza of 1510.<ref name=":02" /> ]]

[[Georges d'Amboise|Cardinal Georges d'Amboise]], a close friend and advisor to the King of France, is sometimes believed to have died of influenza since his health sharply declined after arriving in Lyons in May 1510.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Thomas|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=XstBAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA612|title=The History of France: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time|date=1856|publisher=London Print. and Publishing Company|location=London|pages=A.D. 1510|language=en}}</ref> The cardinal, also known as Monseigneur le Ledat, made his final testimony and recited [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|Sacraments]] around 22 May<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Louis|first1=X. I. I.|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=7b2c3BKPPVgC&pg=GBS.PA233|title=Lettres du roi Louis XII et du cardinal Georges d'Amboise: depuis 1504 à 1514|last2=Godefroy|date=1712|publisher=Foppens|pages=233|language=fr}}</ref> before he died on the 25th. His sudden decline in health and flu's arrival in Europe around early summer have created uncertainty as to whether he died of gout or influenza, but "coqueluche" is not mentioned in French royal correspondence that year until August.<ref name=":6" />

=== England and Ireland ===
British medical historian [[Charles Creighton (physician)|Charles Creighton]] claimed there is one foreign account of the 1510 flu in England,<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Creighton|first=Charles|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=CyoJAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA399|title=A History of Epidemics in Britain ...|date=1891|publisher=The University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=399–400|language=en}}</ref> but did not elaborate.<ref name=":11" /> [[Jean Fernel|Fernel]] and [[Ambroise Paré|Paré]] suggested that the 1510 influenza "spread to almost all countries of the world" (not concerning Spain's territories in the New World).<ref name=":02" /> An epidemiological study of past influenza pandemics reviewing previous medical historians' data has found England was affected in 1510<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7SJoXpeUrAC|title=The American Journal of Hygiene: Monographic series|date=1921|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> and there were reports of symptoms like "gastrodynia" and noteworthy murrain among cattle.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kilbourne|first=E. D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybkpBgAAQBAJ&q=1510+influenza&pg=PA6|title=Influenza|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4684-5239-6|location=New York|pages=6|language=en}}</ref> The 1510 flu is also recorded to have reached [[Ireland]].<ref name=":15" />

=== Spain and Portugal ===
[[File:UBBasel Map 1500-1599 Kartenslg AA 131.tif|thumb|left|Influenza spread to [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] around the same time it reached the Alps.|302x302px]]
Influenza reached the [[Iberian Peninsula]] early after Italy, due to the highly interconnected trade and pilgrimage routes between Spain, Portugal, and the Italian kingdoms. Cases began to appear in Portugal around the same time the disease entered the Holy Roman Empire.<ref name="catarrhal" /> Spanish cities were reportedly "dispopulated" by the 1510 flu.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Ryan|first=Jeffrey R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t13C_eWhOX4C&q=spanish+cities+were+dispopulated&pg=PA16|title=Pandemic Influenza: Emergency Planning and Community Preparedness|date=2008-08-01|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-6088-1|pages=16|language=en}}</ref>

== The Americas ==
[[File:Hispaniola Vinckeboons4.jpg|thumb|Influenza previously attacked the [[Island of Santo Domingo]] in 1493 with severe consequences. |322x322px]]
[[File:Acuna-Soto EID-v8n4p360 Fig1.png|thumb|Graph of population decline in central Mexico caused by successive epidemics]]
{{See also|Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
There are no records of influenza affecting the [[New World]] in 1510,<ref name=":022">{{Cite journal|last1=Morens|first1=David|last2=North|first2=Michael|last3=Taubenberger|first3=Jeffrey|date=4 December 2011|title=Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe|url= |journal=Lancet|volume=367|issue=9756|pages=1894–1895|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62204-0|pmc=3180818|pmid=21155080}}</ref> even though Spain was sending fleets of ships across the Atlantic. The first recorded [[1493 Hispaniola influenza epidemic|flu outbreak]] in the New World had afflicted the Isle of Santo Domingo (Now [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]) in [[1493 Hispaniola influenza epidemic|1493]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guerre, M.D.|first=Francisco|date=Fall 1988|title=The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493|journal=Social Science History|volume=12|issue=3|pages=305–325|doi=10.1017/S0145553200018599|pmid=11618144|s2cid=46540669 }}</ref>

==Medicine and treatment==
Blistering on the back of the head and shoulders was one form of treatment prescribed in Europe for the flu.<ref name=":02" /> [[Ambroise Paré|Paré]] regarded the common treatments of [[bloodletting]] and [[Laxative|purgation]] to be especially dangerous to 1510's flu patients.<ref name=":02" /> Supraorbital pain and vision problems were symptoms<ref name=":13" /> of ''coqueluche'', so sufferers may have felt tempted to wear hoods due to light sensitivity. [[Thomas Short (physician)|Short]] describes some medicinal treatments for the 1510 flu including "Bole Armoniac, oily lintus, pectoral troches, and decoctions."<ref name="catarrhal" />

==Origin of 1510 influenza==
[[Justus Friedrich Carl Hecker|Justus Hecker]] and John Parkin presumed the 1510 influenza originated from East Asia because of the historical nature of other influenza pandemics to originate there,<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|last1=Hecker|first1=Justus Friedrich Carl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf5CAQAAIAAJ&q=1510|title=The epidemics of the middle ages|last2=Babington|first2=Benjamin Guy|date=1859|publisher=Trübner & co.|location=London|pages=202–205|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=Sir Charles Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KC0AAAAAQAAJ&q=history+of+epidemics+in+china+1510&pg=PA348|title=An Epitome of the Reports of the Medical Officers to the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, from 1871 to 1882: With Chapters on the History of Medicine in China, Materia Medica, Epidemics, Famine, Ethnology, and Chronology in Relation to Medicine and Public Health|date=1884|publisher=Baillière, Tindall, and Cox|location=London|pages=348|language=en}}</ref> while in 1661 Gregor Horst wrote that the 1510 flu spread along trade routes from East Asia to Africa before reaching Europe.<ref name=":02" /> Influenza viruses sometimes leap from Asia's migratory water fowl after massive migrations congregate near water sources for humans and domesticated animals, in which cross-species infections trigger [[Antigenic variation|antigenic shift]] and create new strains of flu human beings have little immunity to.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_Influenza/PH709_Influenza4.html|title=The Origin of New Flu Strains|website=sphweb.bumc.bu.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-03-25|archive-date=2015-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215045255/http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_Influenza/PH709_Influenza4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> European chroniclers noticed that the 1510 influenza did appear in North Africa before Europe, which has led some medical historians to suggest it may have developed there<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Bray|first=R. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=1510+influenza+pandemic+asia&pg=PA196|title=Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History|publisher=ISD LLC|year=1996|isbn=978-0-7188-4816-3|location=Cambridge, England|pages=196–197|language=en}}</ref> (parts of [[North Africa]] also lie along migratory bird ways, specifically the east Africa-West Asia and Black Sea-Mediterranean routes, that make it vulnerable to spontaneous reassortment of pandemic flu viruses).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baghi|first1=Hossein Bannazadeh|last2=Soroush|first2=Mohammad Hossein|date=2018-05-01|title=Influenza: the role of the Middle East and north Africa?|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=18|issue=5|pages=498|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30213-5|issn=1473-3099|pmid=29695361|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Debunking suggestions of whooping cough ==
The 1510 "coqueluche" has been recognized as influenza by modern epidemiologists<ref name="500th" /><ref name=":02" /> and medical historians.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunglison, M.D.|first=Robley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wj1DAQAAIAAJ&q=1557+influenza&pg=PA278|title=The Practice of Medicine: A Treatise on Special Pathology and Therapeutics|date=2 March 2011|orig-date=1848|publisher=Lea and Blanchard|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=278|isbn=9780608426761|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Warren Taylor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lhc6AQAAMAAJ&q=AUgust+hirsch+influenza&pg=PA4|title=Influenza: An Epidemiologic Study|date=14 June 2013|orig-date=1921|publisher=American journal of hygiene|isbn=978-0-598-84038-7|pages=4|language=en}}</ref> Suggestions that the 1510 ''coqueluche'' was [[whooping cough]] have been doubted<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB5KAQAAMAAJ&q=whooping+cough+epidemics&pg=PA3|title=Whooping Cough: Essential Facts Concerning Whooping Cough, Its Prevention and Treatment with Appropriate Vaccines|date=1920|publisher=Eli Lilly & Company|location=Indianapolis, Indiana|pages=3|language=en}}</ref> because adult sufferers often experienced "precipitous"<ref name=":02" /> symptoms described by contemporaries like Tommasino de Bianchi<ref name=":02" /> or Valleriola as high fever for 3 days, headache, prostration, loss of sleep and appetite, delirium,<ref name=":7" /> a cough most severe on the 5th to 10th days,<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9dNAQAAMAAJ&q=coqueluche+of+1510&pg=PA542|title=Encyclopedia of Practical Medicine: Variolla, Vaccination, Vericella, Cholera, Erysipelas, Whooping Cough, Hay Fever|date=1902|publisher=Saunders|pages=542|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 21, 1918|editor-last=Stedman|editor-first=Thomas|title=Paris Epidemics of the XVI Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1076|journal=Medical Record|publisher=M.M. Wood & Co.|volume=94|pages=1076}}</ref> lung congestion,<ref name=":02" /> and slow recovery beginning on the second week.<ref name="catarrhal" /><ref name=":14" /> Adults with pertussis will usually cough for weeks before becoming gradually more ill then recovering over a period of months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foundation.chestnet.org/patient-education-resources/pertussis/|title=Pertussis|website=CHEST Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcQkAQAAIAAJ&q=holland+whooping+cough+epidemic+1746&pg=PA120|title=American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality: Transactions of the Annual Meeting - Milwaukee, October 19-21, 1916|publisher=Franklin Printing Company|year=1917|location=Baltimore|pages=126|language=en}}</ref> The ''coqueluche'' of 1510 is considered to be influenza by experts because of its sudden symptoms, explosive spread,<ref name=":10" /> and timelines of sickness to recovery. The first outbreak of whooping cough to be agreed on by most medical historians is [[Guillaume de Baillou|Guillaume de Baillou's]] description of an outbreak in Paris in [[1578]].<ref name=":8" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Epidemics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1510 disasters]]
[[Category:1510 in health]]
[[Category:16th-century disease outbreaks]]
[[Category:1510 in Europe]]
[[Category:Influenza pandemics]]
[[Category:16th-century epidemics]]
[[Category:Pope Julius II]]
[[Category:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]

Niveditha Arjun

2026-02-04T00:10:46Z

LucileBrownbill: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Arjun Sarja#Personal life]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Sabudana vada

2026-02-01T22:23:45Z

LucileBrownbill: updated formatting additionally and cleaned formatting per sources

{{short description|Tapioca pearl fritters from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2008}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Sabudana vada
| image = Sabudana vada.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| alternate_name = Sabu vada
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Maharashtra]]
| creator =
| course =
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Tapioca pearls (''sabudana''), potato, peanuts, ginger, green chili, baking powder, seasoning
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Sabudana vada''', also called 'sabu vada', is a traditional deep-fried [[fritter]] from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is made from [[Tapioca pearl|tapioca pearls]] (sabudana), mashed potatoes, peanuts and spices.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Amit |first=Dassana |date=2023-02-25 |title=Sabudana Vada Recipe (Traditional Fasting Recipe) |url=https://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/sabudana-vada-recipe-how-to-make-sabudana-vada-recipe/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Dassana's Veg Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> It is often served with a spicy green [[chutney]] along with hot [[Masala chai|chai]] and is best eaten fresh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khatan|first=Asha|title=Epicure's Vegetarian Cuisines of India |date=February 2004 |publisher=Popular Prakashan|page=68|isbn=81-7991-119-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsjy5ht2Xh8C&dq=sabudana+wada&pg=PA68|accessdate=2009-02-09}}</ref> In other parts of the country, Sabudana vada is the best option to have when fasting. It's usually eaten during religious festivals and during fast/vrat/upvaas, especially in [[Navaratri|Navratri]] vrats. Like all [[vada (food)|vada]]s, these are best eaten fresh. Sabudana vadas are crunchy and "melt in the mouth."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kitchen|first=Chanchal's|date=|title=Sabudana vada|url=https://chanchalskitchen.com/navratri-special-sabudana-vada/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117060720/https://chanchalskitchen.com/navratri-special-sabudana-vada/|archive-date=17 January 2021|access-date=|website=|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Preparation ==
The white tapioca pearls or sabudana are soaked in water for several hours to soften them. The softened sabudana is mixed with cooked mashed potatoes, roasted crushed peanuts and a few herbs and spices and seasoned with lemon juice, sugar and salt. Round patties are formed from this mix which are deep-fried.<ref name=":0" />

==Serving==
During the [[monsoon]] season, it is popular to eat [[bhajia]]s/[[pakora]]s (fried snack) with a cup of adrak chai (ginger tea). One such monsoon special crispy fried preparation is sabudana vada. Although it is [[deep fried]], it is sumptuous and light. It is also eaten on days of fasting in [[Maharashtra]] e.g., [[Chaturthi]] etc.
<gallery align="left" widths="200px" heights="170px">
File:Sabudana vada with chutney.JPG|Closeup of sabudana vada with chutney
File:Sabudana Vada With Yogurt-Celantro Chutni.jpg|Sabudana Vada With Yogurt-Cilantro Chutney
File:Sabudana Wada.jpg|Sabudana Wada
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of doughnut varieties]]
* [[List of fried dough varieties]]
*{{portal-inline|Food}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline}}
{{Doughnuts}}
{{Indian Dishes}}

[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Fritters]]
[[Category:Fried potato]]
[[Category:Cassava dishes]]

{{India-cuisine-stub}}

Temple Jewellery of Nagercoil

2026-01-21T14:30:00Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{Short description|Handicraft from India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Temple Jewellery of Nagercoil
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| description = [[Jewellery]] from [[Nagercoil]] region
| type = Handicraft
| area = [[Nagercoil]], [[Kanniyakumari district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| registered = 2007–08
| material = [[Gold]], precious stones
| official website =
}}

'''Temple Jewellery of Nagercoil''' is a type of [[gold jewellery]] from the [[Nagercoil]] region in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/515|title=Application details|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> It was declared as a [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical indication]] in 2007–08.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|title=Geographical indications in India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Temple jewellery Bangle.png|thumb|Traditional Kemp stone bangle used in Bharatanatyam dance.]]
The jewellery is made from gold interspersed with precious stones. A special type of red and green colored stone called "Kuchu kal" is used for making the jewellery. The history dates back to the reign of [[Chola dynasty]] in the ninth century CE. The jewellery was initially crafted specifically to decorate the idols of [[Hindu gods]] and goddesses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/nagercoil-temple-jewellery-made-with-peculiar-stones-gets-gi-tag-geographical-indications-tag/articleshow/65095824.cms|title=Nagercoil temple jewellery made with peculiar stones gets GI tag|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 December 2023|date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil art]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]

Varaal (film)

2026-01-02T09:24:53Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Malayalam political drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Varaal
| image = Varaal (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = വരാൽ
| director = [[Kannan Thamarakulam]]
| writer = [[Anoop Menon]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = PA Sebastian
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Anoop Menon]]
| [[Prakash Raj]]
| [[Sunny Wayne]]
| [[Madhuri Braganza]]
| [[Priyanka Nair]]
| [[Gowri Nandha]]
| [[Renji Panicker]]
| [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = Ayoob Khan
| music = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| studio = Time Ads Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|10|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Varaal''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam-language]] [[political drama]] film written by [[Anoop Menon]] and directed by [[Kannan Thamarakkulam|Kannan Thamarakulam]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Anoop Menon]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Madhuri Braganza]], [[Priyanka Nair]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Jayakrishnan]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Shanker Ramakrishnan|Shankar Ramakrishnan]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Gowri Nandha]], [[Kollam Thulasi|Kollam Tulasi]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Senthil Krishna]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] and [[Sohan Seenulal]]. It is produced by PA Sebastian under the banner of Time Ads Entertainment.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Anoop Menon]] as David John Medayil<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anoop Menon, Prakash Raj-starrer Varaal gets U/A certificate |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/aug/24/anoop-menon-prakash-raj-starrer-varaal-gets-ua-certificate-34059.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413102834/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/aug/24/anoop-menon-prakash-raj-starrer-varaal-gets-ua-certificate-34059.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Prakash Raj]] as CM Achuthan Nair<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anoop Menon, Prakash Raj join Varaal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/sep/03/anoop-menon-prakash-raj-join-varaal-26427.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413102840/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/sep/03/anoop-menon-prakash-raj-join-varaal-26427.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sunny Wayne]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |title=Anoop Menon and Prakash Raj team up for Kannan Thamarakkulam's 'Varaal' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anoop-menon-and-prakash-raj-team-up-for-kannan-thamarakkulams-varaal/articleshow/85891298.cms |access-date=2023-04-13 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anoop-menon-and-prakash-raj-team-up-for-kannan-thamarakkulams-varaal/articleshow/85891298.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]
* [[Shanker Ramakrishnan|Shankar Ramakrishnan]]
* [[Renji Panicker]]
*[[Madhuri Braganza]]
*[[Priyanka Nair]]
*[[Hareesh Peradi]]
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]
*[[Kollam Thulasi]]
*[[Gowri Nandha]]
*[[Senthil Krishna]]
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
*[[Sudheer]]
*[[Meghanathan]]
*[[Idavela Babu]]
}}

== Production ==
The title poster was reveled by [[Mohanlal]], [[Manju Warrier]], [[Tovino Thomas]] and [[Joju George]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The film main filmed in [[Ernakulam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Peermade|Peerumedu]].<ref name=":2" /> The film got U/A censored.<ref name=":0" /> The film was released on 14 October 2022.

== Reception ==
V Vinod Nair critic of ''[[Times of india]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated that "You don’t feel any connection with the characters, and while you are waiting for the thrilling suspense at the end, it ends in a whimper".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Varaal Movie Review : A trite political thriller |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/varaal/movie-review/94879852.cms |access-date=2023-04-13 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314233354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/varaal/movie-review/94879852.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> S.R.Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' critic wrote that "Anoop Menon’s political thriller gets neither the politics nor the thrills right".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-10-14 |title='Varaal' movie review: Anoop Menon's political thriller gets neither the politics nor the thrills right |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varaal-movie-review-anoop-menons-political-thriller-gets-neither-the-politics-nor-the-thrills-right/article66009710.ece |access-date=2023-04-13 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413095110/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varaal-movie-review-anoop-menons-political-thriller-gets-neither-the-politics-nor-the-thrills-right/article66009710.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Crics of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and stated that "''Varaal'' is bearable if you squirm through the beginning and block out the cringeworthy one-liners, otherwise, not so much".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=Varaal review: Anoop Menon's political film leaves much to be desired |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varaal-review-anoop-menon-s-political-film-leaves-much-be-desired-168875 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413095112/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/varaal-review-anoop-menon-s-political-film-leaves-much-be-desired-168875 |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics from ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=വരാൽ; ഒരു ഗംഭീര കച്ചവട സിനിമയുടെ ക്ലാസിക് ബ്ലെൻഡ് {{!}} Varaal Review |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/varaal-review-anoop-menon-and-prakash-raj-sunny-wayne-1.7957139 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412202319/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/varaal-review-anoop-menon-and-prakash-raj-sunny-wayne-1.7957139 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Indian Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varaal Movie Review & Rating : അനൂപ് മേനോൻ സ്റ്റൈലിൽ ഒരു പൊളിറ്റിക്കൽ ത്രില്ലർ;റിവ്യൂ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/varaal-movie-review-rating-708030/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413095446/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/varaal-movie-review-rating-708030/ |url-status=live }}</ref> gave mixture of reviews.Critic from ''[[Samayam]]'' gave 4 out 5 ratings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വരാൽ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/anoop-menon-prakash-raj-madhuri-braganza-suresh-krishna-hareesh-peradi-priyanka-nair-sunny-wayne-varaal-review-rating/moviereview/94852861.cms |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413095445/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/anoop-menon-prakash-raj-madhuri-braganza-suresh-krishna-hareesh-peradi-priyanka-nair-sunny-wayne-varaal-review-rating/moviereview/94852861.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=15354110}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Peermade]]

R. Govindasamy

2025-12-19T18:59:48Z

LucileBrownbill: adding a article!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
'''R. Govindasamy''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam constituency]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001 elections]]. He was a candidate of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) party.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatisticalReport-TN01.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatisticalReport-TN01.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. V. S. Ramesh]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,22,160 |percentage=50.27% |change=21.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Govindasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes={{formatnum:378177}} |percentage=36.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=44,892 |percentage=4.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Chithra |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=34,692 |percentage=3.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Annamalai |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=23,713 |percentage=2.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=8,725 |percentage=0.84% |change=-0.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuppusamy |party=Anti Corruption Dynamic Party |votes=7,540 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,43,983 |percentage=13.86% |change=-6.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,38,741 |percentage=76.49% |change= -1.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,64,038 |change =9.31% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.85% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== State Assembly Result ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vriddhachalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vijaykanth|A. Vijayakanth]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=61,337 |percentage=40.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=47,560 |percentage=31.34% |change=-18.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kasinathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,876 |percentage=23.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Aravind |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,265 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Vijayakanth |party=Independent politician |votes=1,174 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mangapillai |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=878 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vijayakanth |party=Independent politician |votes=832 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,777 |percentage=9.08% |change= 3.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=151,731 |percentage=76.98% |change= 9.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,117 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= -9.71% }}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vriddhachalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. R. Govindasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=68,905 |percentage=50.13% |change=+17.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuzhandai Tamizharasan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,777 |percentage=44.95% |change=+7.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Vengadasalabthi |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,657 |percentage=1.21% |change=-2.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Jayabalan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,650 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon. Nagappan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,230 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Senthilkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,011 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,128 |percentage=5.19% |change= -0.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=137,440 |percentage=67.88% |change= -5.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,466 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.71% }}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Vriddhachalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Kuzhandai Tamizharasan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,103 |percentage=37.42% |change=+16.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=42,218 |percentage=32.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramanathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,166 |percentage=22.99% |change=-22.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. Srinivasan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,349 |percentage=4.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,202 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,885 |percentage=5.25% |change= -7.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=131,213 |percentage=73.47% |change= 0.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,683 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.63% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Raj Bhavan, Mumbai

2025-11-30T05:51:50Z

LucileBrownbill: added info

#REDIRECT [[Lok Bhavan, Mumbai]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Bukkarayasamudram

2025-11-21T05:39:03Z

LucileBrownbill: corrected structure as per guidelines based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bukkarayasamudram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.694444|N|77.638056|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Bukka Raya I]]
| parts_type = [[Mandal]]
| parts = [[Bukkaraya Samudram mandal|Bukkaraya Samudram]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2200
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=633345|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Bukkarayasamudram''' is a village in [[Anantapur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the mandal headquarters of [[Bukkaraya Samudram mandal]] in [[Anantapur revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Anantapur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=6 June 2017|page=394}}</ref> It is named after [[Bukka]]raya I.<ref name="Bardi2002">{{cite book|last=Bardi|first=Pietro|title=Indian folklore research journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkraAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=National Folklore Support Centre|page=71}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the village had a population of 22,000. The total population constitutes 11,034 males and 10,966 females —a sex ratio of 994 females per 1100 males. 2,877 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 1,487 are boys and 1,390 are girls —a ratio of 935 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 61.83% with 11,824 literates, significantly lower than the state average of 67.41%.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011) |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government |accessdate=14 October 2014 |page=43|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |archivedate=14 July 2014 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Anantapur district]]

{{Anantapur-geo-stub}}

A. K. Sharma

2025-09-21T19:54:43Z

LucileBrownbill: updated page

{{Short description|Indian politician and former IAS}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arvind Kumar Sharma
| image = A-k-sharma-urja-mantri.jpg
| caption =
| office = Minister of Urban Development [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 25 March 2022
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor = [[Ashutosh Tandon]]
| office2 = Minister of Energy [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 25 March 2022
| term_end2 =
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor2 = [[Shrikant Sharma]]
| office3 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start3 = 31 January 2021
| term_end3 =
| constituency3 = ''elected by Legislative Assembly members''
| birth_name = Arvind Kumar Sharma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|07|11}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mau District|Mau]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty =
| residence = [[Lucknow]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[IAS officer]], [[Politician]]
| education =
| website = {{URL|aksharmabharat.in|Official website}}
| footnotes =
| Parent(s) =
}}
'''Arvind Kumar Sharma''' (born 11 July 1962) is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]], former [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer and bureaucrat of 1988 batch. He is currently a Cabinet Minister in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="zeenews india">{{Cite web|author=Zee Media Bureau|title=PM मोदी के करीबी IAS एके शर्मा को मिली बड़ी जिम्मेदारी, बनाए गए नगर विकास और ऊर्जा मंत्री
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/up-ministers-portfolio-2022-mau-mla-ak-sharma-urban-development-and-energy-minister-spup/1137106|access-date= 2022-03-28|website= zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hindustan|first=Times|title=BJP appoints former IAS officer AK Sharma as vice president of Uttar Pradesh unit|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjp-appoints-former-ias-officer-ak-sharma-as-vice-president-of-uttar-pradesh-unit-101624101917359.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 June 2021|website=HindustanTimes.com|date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619113214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjp-appoints-former-ias-officer-ak-sharma-as-vice-president-of-uttar-pradesh-unit-101624101917359.html |archive-date=2021-06-19 }}</ref> Before joining politics, Sharma was an IAS officer from [[Gujarat]] Cadre of the 1988 batch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why A K Sharma is not just another Gujarat bureaucrat in the PM's circle or just another vice-president in Uttar Pradesh BJP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/a-k-sharma-gujarat-bureaucrat-pms-circle-uttar-pradesh-bjp-7377472/|access-date=2021-06-29|website= Indian Express|date=27 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Not end of road for Modi's trusted IAS officer who took VRS, he could play bigger role in govt|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/not-end-of-road-for-modis-trusted-ias-officer-who-took-vrs-he-could-play-bigger-role-in-govt/584314/|access-date=2021-06-29|website= The Wire|date=13 January 2021 }}</ref>
Sharma was an aide of [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]], with whom he had worked for 20 years. He was also CEO, Gujarat Infrastructure Development Board and has also managed multiple [[Vibrant Gujarat]] summits. He joined the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] as a Joint Secretary in 2014 and was elevated to the Additional Secretary rank in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New BJP member Arvind Sharma is part of Modi's Mission 2022 in UP|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/new-bjp-member-arvind-sharma-is-part-of-modi-s-mission-2022-in-up-1759993-2021-01-17|access-date=2021-06-29|website= India Today|date=17 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Modi's Trusted Officer Of 20 Years Joins BJP, May Get Big UP Role|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arvind-kumar-sharma-pm-modis-trusted-officer-of-20-years-joins-bjp-may-get-big-up-role-2352377|access-date=2021-06-29|website= NDTV}}</ref>
In 2019, he moved out of the PMO to become a secretary in the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] but took voluntary retirement in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat cadre IAS officer Arvind Kumar Sharma may be made minister in Yogi govt
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/gujarat-cadre-ias-officer-arvind-kumar-sharma-may-be-made-minister-in-yogi-govt-101610695502344.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website= Hundustan Times|date=15 January 2021 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Arvind Kumar Sharma was born in Uttar Pradesh’s [[Mau district]] to Shri Shivmurti Sharma and Shrimati Sharma. He completed schooling from his home district before graduating from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]]. He pursued a master's degree in political science before joining the civil services.<ref name="MoneyControl">{{Cite web|author=GULAM JEELANI|title=Who is AK Sharma, ex- bureaucrat who retired to join BJP in Uttar Pradesh
|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/who-is-ak-sharma-ex-bureaucrat-who-retired-to-join-bjp-in-uttar-pradesh-6350581.html|access-date=2021-01-15|website= Money Control}}</ref>
<ref name="navbharattimes">{{Cite web|author=Shashi Mishra|title=Gujarat Cadre IAS Arvind Kumar Sharma Know all about him
|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/gujarat-cadre-ias-arvind-kumar-sharma-who-may-join-politcs-in-uttar-pradesh-know-all-about-him/articleshow/80245090.cms|access-date=2021-01-13|website= Navbharat Times}}</ref>

== Work in Gujarat ==
In 1988, Sharma became a civil servant and started his career as an IAS officer with the [[Gujarat]] cadre. His first posting was as a Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM). In 1995, he took charge as the District Magistrate of Mehsana.<ref name="NEWS18">{{Cite web|author=NEWS18.COM|title=From Gujarat CMO to PMO: How IAS Officer AK Sharma Became 'Modi's Man'
|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/from-gujarat-cmo-to-pmo-how-ias-officer-ak-sharma-became-modis-man-3867512.html|access-date= 2021-06-19|website= News 18|date=19 June 2021
}}</ref> After Narendra Modi came to power in Gujarat in 2001, Sharma joined the Chief Minister’s Office as a Secretary and remained there till 2014 before shifting to the Centre.<ref name="FreepressJournal">{{Cite web|author=FreepressJournal |title=Who is AK Sharma? All you need to know about
|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-ak-sharma-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-newly-appointed-vice-president-of-up-bjp|access-date= 2021-06-19|website= FreepressJournal}}</ref> Sharma worked in the [[Government of Gujarat]] as District Development Officer in Vadodara, Managing Director of Industrial Extension Bureau, and the CEO of Gujarat Infrastructure Development Board (GIDB).<ref name="theprint">{{Cite web|author=theprint.com|title=Modi's key man in Gujarat
|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/not-end-of-road-for-modis-trusted-ias-officer-who-took-vrs-he-could-play-bigger-role-in-govt/584314/|access-date= 2021-01-13|website= theprint|date=13 January 2021
}}</ref> He set up the Gujarat section of the dedicated freight corridor and Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor as well as [[Dholera Special Investment Region]].<ref name="Times of india">{{Cite news|author=Rajiv Shah|title=Demand for scarce Narmada waters for Dholera special investm A K Sharma|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/demand-for-scarce-narmada-waters-for-dholera-special-investment-region/articleshow/17879105.cms|access-date= 2013-01-04|website= Times of India|date=4 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Business Standard">{{Cite web|author=Nivedita Mookerji & Premal Balan |title=Vibrant Gujarat man is India Inc's PMO pointsman
|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/vibrant-gujarat-man-is-india-inc-s-pmo-pointsman-114071700132_1.html|access-date= 2014-07-17|website= Business Standard}}</ref>

== Work in PMO ==
Arvind Kumar Sharma remained as Secretary in Chief Minister’s Office till 2014 when [[Narendra Modi]] became the Prime Minister. He then joined the PMO as a Joint Secretary in 2014 and was elevated to the Additional Secretary rank in 2017.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|author=Rahi Gaikwad |title=2 bureaucrats from Gujarat move to PMO
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/2-bureaucrats-from-gujarat-move-to-pmo/article6070498.ece|access-date= 2014-05-31|website= The Hindu|date=31 May 2014
}}</ref> After his long stint in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|PMO]], Sharma was entrusted with the charge of [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME)]] ministry.<ref name="business standard">{{Cite web|title=A K Sharma takes charge as MSME Secretary
|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/a-k-sharma-takes-charge-as-msme-secretary-120050101247_1.html|access-date= 2014-05-01|website= business standard |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of }}</ref>
[[File:A-K-sharma-with-pm.jpg|thumb|A K Sharma with PM Narendra Modi]]

== Voluntary retirement and entry into politics ==
Arvind Kumar Sharma sought retirement in January 2021 from civil services, 18 months before his due retirement. A few days after his voluntary retirement, Sharma joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Outlook India">{{Cite web|author=Outlook India|title=Gujarat cadre IAS officer joins BJP after taking VRS
|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/up-gujarat-cadre-ias-officer-joins-bjp-after-taking-vrs/2010354|access-date= 2021-01-14|website= Outlook India}}</ref>

In 2021 he worked on the [[COVID-19 epidemic]] in [[Varanasi]],<ref name="Economic Times">{{Cite news|author=Kumar Anshuman|title=Ex IAS officer and BJP MLC AK Sharma steps in to control worsening Varanasi pandemic
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ak-sharma-steps-in-to-control-worsening-varanasi-pandemic/articleshow/82072350.cms|access-date= 2021-04-15|website= Economic Times|date=15 April 2021
}}</ref> during which COVID cases in the city were reduced from over 1,000 to under 300. Sharma offered 53,000 medical kits and other aid to manage CSR funds. He also supported other functionaries{{who|date=May 2024}} of BJP to in COVID mitigation work, and helped authorities to disseminate alternative medicine in the most affected areas.<ref name="Times of India">{{Cite news|author=Pankaj Shah |title=PM Narendra Modi's aide at helm of relief operations in East
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/pms-aide-at-helm-of-relief-ops-in-east-up/articleshow/82814202.cms|access-date= 2021-05-21|website= Times of India|date=21 May 2021
}}</ref> He also led the establishment of the Kashi COVID response center.<ref name="PIB">{{Cite web|author=Pib |title=PM Narendra Modi Kashi COVID response center
|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1712536|access-date= 2021-04-18|website= pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Live mint">{{Cite web|author=Neetu Chandra Sharma |title=PM takes stock of Varanasi infections as caseload continues to climb
|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-takes-stock-of-varanasi-infections-as-caseload-continues-to-climb-11618743810126.html|access-date= 2021-04-18|website= Live mint|date=18 April 2021
}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite news|author=timesofindia |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi praises Kashi model to curb Covid
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/prime-minister-narendra-modi-praises-kashi-model-to-curb-covid/articleshow/82787526.cms|access-date= 2021-05-20|newspaper= The Times of India|date=20 May 2021
}}</ref>

He is currently a cabinet minister in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="navbharattimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|author=Zee Media Bureau|title=UP Cabinet Minister Profile: योगी सरकार में कद्दावर मंत्री बनकर उभरे AK Sharma बनाए गए नगर विकास और ऊर्जा मंत्री
|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/ak-sharma-uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-cabinet-minister-department-portfolio/articleshow/90502051.cms|access-date= 2022-03-28|website= navbharattimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Arvind Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Mau district]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

2025-09-12T06:17:50Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{Short description|2022 film directed by Venkat Prabhu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manmadha Leelai
| image = Manmadha_Leelai_2022_film_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster The poster text is inspired by ''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]'', ''[[Leelai]]'' and the 1976 film [[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|of the same name]].
| director = [[Venkat Prabhu]]
| writer = Manivannan Balasubramaniam
| producer = T. Muruganantham
| starring = [[Ashok Selvan]] [[Samyuktha Hegde]] [[Riya Suman]] [[Smruthi Venkat]] [[Chandran]] [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
| cinematography = Thamizh A. Azhagan
| editing = Venkat Raajen
| music = [[Premgi Amaren]]
| studio = Rockfort Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2022|04|01|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Manmadha Leelai''''' ({{Translation|Cupid Tales}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[adult movie|adult]] [[black comedy]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] and written by Manivannan and produced by Rockfort Entertainment. It stars [[Ashok Selvan]], [[Samyuktha Hegde]], [[Riya Suman]], and [[Smruthi Venkat]], while [[Chandran]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Premgi Amaren]], and [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glimplse of Venkat Prabhu's adult comedy Manmadha Leelai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/glimplse-of-venkat-prabhus-adult-comedy-manmadha-leelai/articleshow/89483425.cms |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film's music is composed by [[Premgi Amaren]], cinematography handled by Thamizh A Azhagan and editing by Venkat Raajen. The film was released on 1 April 2022.

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=September 2022}} 
The film is shown in a [[nonlinear narrative]], showing the life of Sathya in two different stages: 2010 and 2020. In 2010, Sathya is a rich and spoiled college-going student, who is always into chatting and dating women online. He is shown to be chatting with a woman named Poorni and is planning to meet her soon. In 2020, Sathya is a successful entrepreneur, owning a chain of fashion outlets. He is happily married to Anu and has a daughter. He is keen on expanding his business and plans to open an outlet in Dubai.

In 2010, Sathya convinces Poorni to meet up, and they agree to meet in Poorni's house, when her father is away on a business trip. On Poorni's request, Sathya buys her a few bottles of beer. Soon, things start developing between them, and they end up having sex.

In 2020, one day, Anu and their daughter are off to Anu's parents' home, leaving Sathya alone at home. He is visited by Leela, an attractive woman who had mistakenly knocked on his door for someone else. Since it is raining outside, Sathya offers her to come in, and they share a drink. Attracted by her beauty, Sathya woos her, and they end up having sex. The next morning, while still in bed, Anu suddenly comes back home and is outside the door, knocking. Similarly, in 2010, the next morning, while still in bed, Poorni's father suddenly comes back home and is outside the door, knocking. Sathya is caught in a helpless situation and is desperately looking for an escape.

Somehow, Sathya manages Anu, while Leela hides underneath the bed and Anu goes back to her parents' house, as she had come to take some things. While going back, she makes Sathya feel that she always loves him, and Sathya starts to feel guilty for his actions. He immediately asks Leela to leave. Leela is upset that Sathya used her for a one-night stand and pleads with him to let her stay.

In 2010, Sathya somehow manages to escape from being seen by Poorni's father, and hides in the store room. There, he finds a few photographs that reveal Poorni was lying the whole time, and the man knocking the door is her husband Mohan, not her father. While trying to escape, Sathya is knocked down by Mohan.

In 2020, Sathya learns that Leela has no plans to leave and she had indeed planned everything that happened last night and recorded it all, to blackmail Sathya. Leela's associate Madan enters the home and knocks him out.

In 2010, Sathya is captured by Mohan, and he tells them that he would rather kill them both as Poorni has had a history of cheating and Sathya was not her first boyfriend. In the ensuing mishap, Sathya mistakenly strangulates and kills Mohan, much to the shock of Poorni. Sathya convinces Poorni that in order to escape, she must write a letter depicting Mohan as a villain and she had run away from him to escape his torture, so that people would believe that Mohan had committed suicide out of shame. They stage everything perfectly and leave the home. Sathya drives her away to his old farmhouse, where he promises to keep her safe.

In 2020, it is revealed that Madan was actually Poorni's first boyfriend and the police found some evidence linking him to Mohan's death. He was wrongfully accused, and due to the incident, lost his education and family support. He desperately has been searching for Sathya and Poorni since 2010 as Madan had seen Poorni getting away with Sathya in his car after killing Mohan. Madan asks Sathya to show him the location of Poorni to get his revenge on her. Sathya takes Madan and Leela to his old farmhouse. Sathya tells Madan and Leela that he will enter the house through the back door and open the front door from inside as it appears to be locked. He enters through the back door, opens the front door, and appears with a shotgun. He shoots and kills Leela.

In a shocking turn of events, it is revealed that Sathya is actually a coldblooded serial killer. He killed Poorni in 2010 when he brought her to his farmhouse. Fearing that she would cheat on him someday and snitch about him to the police, he fooled Poorni using the same backdoor story, shot and killed her, and buried her in the farmhouse's garden. It is also revealed that, after killing Mohan, Sathya managed to loot the gold and money from Poorni's home without her knowledge and it was this money with which he had started his business in the first place. He also planted evidence against Madan after hacking into Poorni's online chats and made the police believe that Poorni had eloped with Madan so that Sathya cannot be brought into the picture at all.

Back in 2020, Sathya threatens Madan with the shotgun and orders him to bury Leela. Sathya then shoots and kills him and buries him along with Leela, telling himself that Leela was indeed a one-night stand.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Ashok Selvan]] as Sathya
* [[Samyuktha Hegde]] as Poorni
* [[Riya Suman]] as Leela
* [[Smruthi Venkat]] as Anu
* [[Chandran]] as Madan
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Mohan
* [[Premji Amaren]] as Veer
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Sasi
* Aazhiya as Sathya and Anu's daughter
* [[Aravind Akash]] in Cameo appearance
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] in Cameo appearance
* [[Anjena Kirti]] in Cameo appearance}}

== Production ==
The official announcement about this film was released as a first look poster on 17 January 2022 by Venkat Prabhu and team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=First look of director Venkat Prabhu's Manmatha Leelai out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-director-venkat-prabhus-manmatha-leelai-out-159946 |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The filming had already started back in 2021 with Ashok Selvan and simultaneously working with [[Silambarasan]] for ''[[Maanaadu]]'' film as well. This will be the 10th film for Venkat Prabhu and stated as "Venkat's Quickie" in his official tweet.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1490004419127037952 |user=vp_offl |title=Oru chinna glimpse of my dear brother @AshokSelvan ‘s leelaigal from tomorrow 6pm!! #ManmadhaLeelaiGlimpse #aVPquickie #VP10 @IRiyaSuman @SamyukthaHegde @smruthi_venkat @Premgiamaren @venkatraj11989 @that_Cameraman @UmeshJKumar @mdxms @Aishwarya12dec @kbsriram16 https://t.co/R0Y40H3BER |first=Venkat |last=Prabhu |author-link=Venkat Prabhu |date=5 February 2022 |access-date=13 March 2022 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216131958/https://twitter.com/vp_offl/status/1490004419127037952 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Then the team officially released their first glimpse of this film on 10 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Selvan-Venkat Prabhu's Manmadha Leelai teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/feb/10/ashok-selvan-venkat-prabhus-manmadha-leelai-teaser-out-29673.html |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Manmadha Leelai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Premgi Amaren]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama Tamil]]
| producer = Premgi Amaren
| prev_title = [[Kasada Thapara]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Singles
| single1 = Va Kanakku
| single1date = 29 March 2022
}}
}}
The music is composed by Venkat Prabhu's brother [[Premgi Amaren]]. The first single "Va Kanakku" was released on 29 March 2022.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 4:04
| title1 = Va Kanakku
| extra1 = Ajay Krishnaa, Swagatha S. Krishnan
| lyrics1 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| length1 = 4:04
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The Production Team RockFort Entertainment has confirmed the official release date for ''Manmadha Leelai'' on 1 April 2022 in their Twitter.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1497444130577797122 |user=Rockfortent |title=Our director @vp_offl’s Leelai From April 1st World Wide Release So, Are you Ready for LeeLIE’s? A Venkat Prabhu Quickie #VP10 #ManmathaLeelai @AshokSelvan @SamyukthaHegde @smruthi_venkat @IRiyaSuman @Premgiamaren @kbsriram16 @Aishwarya12dec @saregamasouth @teamaimpr https://t.co/9t8KkMYwXa |author=RockFort Entertainment |date=26 February 2022 |access-date=13 March 2022 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226080453/https://twitter.com/rockfortent/status/1497444130577797122 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The [[digital streaming]] rights of the film were sold to [[aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=Stream manmadha leelai on Aha Video |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/manmadhaleelai |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=[[aha (streaming service)|Aha]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Manmadha Leelai'' received mixed reviews from critics.

M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film with 3/5 stars, stating that, "The director who pulled off an even more complex narrative with Maanaadu, chooses the road often travelled here. What was a tense adult comedy turns into an unimaginative crime movie with a convenient ending and a predictable twist. Even tonally, the film becomes something flashy and larger than life. And it is left to Ashok Selvan, who is terrific as a smooth-talking womaniser single-mindedly working towards getting his target, making his frustrations feel funny to us to carry this transformation. The actor tries, but with the writing letting him down, he barely manages to prevent this quickie from reaching {{as written|i|t's [sic]}} climax on an unsatisfactory note."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Manmatha Leelai Movie Review: Venkat Prabhu's quickie is a fun romp with an unsatisfactory climax |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/manmatha-leelai/movie-review/90596851.cms |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Siby Jeyya of ''India Herald'' wrote, "The director, who previously pulled off an even more intricate story with Maanaadu, opts for the well-worn path here. What started out as a suspenseful adult comedy quickly devolves into an unoriginal crime film with a facile conclusion and predictable surprise."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Manmatha Leelai 2022 Review - A Perfect Adult Comedy which isn't Vulgar |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994491424/Manmatha-Leelai-Review-A-Perfect-Adult-Comedy-which-isnt-Vulgar |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=India Herald |language=en}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave a rating 2.75 out of 5 stars, stating that "the film is a fun adult thriller which is worth your time and money."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Manmatha Leelai Review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/manmatha-leelai/manmatha-leelai-review.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Behindwoods |language=en}}</ref> Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "The manner in which adultery is dealt with, to make it presentable and cool, raises concern about whether it was made for self-respecting adults or a gullible ‘youth’ crowd".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title='Manmatha Leelai' movie review: There is nothing for adults in this Venkat Prabhu quickie |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/manmatha-leelai-movie-review/article65284147.ece |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film with 2.5/5 stars, called the film an intriguing dark comedy that falls short.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Manmatha Leelai Movie Review: An intriguing dark comedy that falls short quickie |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/apr/01/manmatha-leelai-movie-review-ashok-selvan-venkat-prabhu-samyuktha-hegde-rating-30618.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' noted that " Director Venkat Prabhu, though the film is titled as Manmatha Leelai, is special in moving the story without double meaning dialogues and without too many attractive scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2022-04-01 |title=பெண்களை மயக்கும் அசோக்செல்வன்... மன்மத லீலை விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2022/04/01223221/3628211/Manmatha-Leelai-Movie-review-in-tamil.vpf |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

However, ''[[Dinamani]]'' Critic said that " This film is meant to be enjoyed by the youth. Director Venkat Prabhu has told a short story as interestingly as possible."<ref>{{Cite web |title=வெங்கட் பிரபுவின் 'மன்மத லீலை' - திரை விமர்சனம்: திருமணத்தை மீறிய உறவினால் மாட்டிக்கொண்டால்? |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/movie-reviews/2022/apr/01/venkat-prabhu-ashok-selvan-premgi-manmadha-leelai-movie-review-3818912.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref> A Critic from ''[[Asianet News Network]]'' noted that "On the whole, ''Manmadha Leelai'', which has no place for a bit, is meant to point to the climax of events for cupids like Nayagan Selva."<ref>{{Cite web |last=kanmani.p |title=Manmadha Leelai Review : வெங்கட் பிரபுவின் மன்மதலீலை மஜாவா இருக்கா?... இல்லையா? - முழு விமர்சனம் இதோ |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/manmadha-leelai-review-r9o3vr |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|19265480}}
{{Venkat Prabhu}}

[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venkat Prabhu]]
[[Category:2022 comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Premgi Amaren]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Prem Maya Sonir

2025-08-03T01:27:18Z

LucileBrownbill: reworked lead per sources

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[1982 Asian Games|1982 Delhi]] | [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|Team competition]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[1986 Asian Games|1986 Seoul]] | [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|Team competition]]}}
}}
'''Prem Maya Sonir''' (born July 14, 1961) is an Indian former field hockey player. During the 1980 Olympics, she was one of the star members of India's hockey team which also included the [[Saini Sisters]] and [[Lorraine Fernandes]] where they defeated Austria and Poland. They came fourth missing out on a bronze medal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India women's hockey team at Olympics: A look back|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/india-women-s-hockey-team-at-olympics-a-look-back|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Olympics.com}}</ref>

She was a member of the [[India women's national field hockey team|women's hockey team of India]], which won the gold medal in the [[1982 Asian Games]] held in [[New Delhi]].

She also serves as the coach of the Indian Railways women [[field hockey|hockey]] team, which has won the women's national hockey championship a number of times. She was also the captain of the national women's hockey team. She received the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1985.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418103358/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/so/prema-maya-sonir-1.html sports-reference]

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{India FHW Squad 1980 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FHW Squad 1982 Asian Games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonir, Prem Maya}}
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Divine Light Mission

2025-07-27T17:27:40Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{Short description|Hindu organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
The '''Divine Light Mission''' (''Divya Sandesh Parishad''; '''DLM''') was an organization founded in 1960 by [[guru]] [[Hans Ji Maharaj]] for his following in northern India. During the 1970s, the DLM gained prominence in the [[Western world|West]] under the leadership of his fourth and youngest son ([[Prem Rawat]]). Some scholars noted the influence of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and the [[Radha Soami]] tradition, a.k.a. [[Sant Mat]] movement, but the western movement was widely seen as a [[new religious movement]], a [[cult]], a charismatic [[religious sect]] or an alternative religion. DLM officials said the movement represented a church rather than a religion.<ref>"Miami's startled elite wish the guru, in short, a pleasant stay", By Barry Bearak, Knight-Ridder Service, 30 July 1977. INDEPENDENT PRESS TELEGRAM (Long Beach, CA) A-11 "ACCORDING to Anctil and mission president Bill Patterson, they represent a church rather than a religion."</ref>

When Shri Hans Ji Maharaj died in 1966, he was succeeded as guru by Prem Rawat, then just eight years old, despite rival claims from other family members. Although Prem Rawat was accepted as his father's successor, because of his age his family retained effective control of the DLM. In 1971, Rawat defied his mother by travelling to the UK and the US, where local branches of DLM were established and rapidly expanded. By 1973, DLM had over a million followers in India and tens of thousands of followers in the West, along with dozens of [[ashram]]s and hundreds of centers.<ref>Downton (1979), p. 5</ref>

As Rawat grew older, he began to take a more active role in the movement and, when he turned sixteen, following the financially disastrous [[Millennium '73]] festival, he took administrative control of the US branch. His increasing independence and his marriage to a non-Indian in 1974, caused a permanent rift with his mother and two of his brothers, Satpal Ji Maharaj and Bhole Ji Maharaj. They returned to India, where his eldest brother [[Satpal Maharaj]] took over the control of the Indian DLM.

In the early 1980s, Rawat began disbanding the western DLM. He closed the ashrams and eliminated the remaining Indian influences from his presentation to make it independent of any specific culture or religion. In the US, UK, France and Australia, [[Elan Vital (organization)|Elan Vital]] was formed to replace the DLM in supporting Rawat in his role as teacher.

==History==

===Founding and early years in India===
{{Further|Hans Ji Maharaj#Succession}}
[[Hans Ji Maharaj|Shri Hans Maharaj Ji]], initiated by the [[Sant Mat]] guru Sri [[Swarupanand Ji]], began teaching in the [[Sind province|Sind]] and [[Lahore]] provinces of India in the 1930s. In 1950 he began initiating ''[[Mahatmas]]'', followers who could themselves initiate devotees, and formed a magazine called "Hansadesh" which is still active in 2017.<ref>Melton (1992), pp. 217-218</ref>

In 1960 in the city of [[Patna]], he founded the Divine Light Mission (''Divya Sandesh Parishad'') to organize followers across Northern India. At the time of his death on 19 July 1966, the Divine Light Mission had six million members in India.<ref>"Whatever Happened to Guru Maharaj Ji? ", Hinduism Today Magazine, October 1983 [http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1983/10/1983-10-06.shtml Available Online] (Retrieved March 2008)</ref>

During the customary 13 days of mourning, his mother and senior officials of the organization discussed the succession. Prem Rawat, who was 8 years-old at the time, addressed the crowd and was accepted by them as their teacher and "[[Sant Mat#The Sants|Perfect Master]]" and was named as Bal Bhagwan.<ref>Aagaard (1980)</ref><ref>U. S. Department of the Army (2001), pp.1-5</ref><ref>Fahlbusch et al. (1998), p. 861</ref> Because of his age, effective control of the DLM was shared by the whole family.<ref name="Melton 1986, pp.141-2">Melton (1986), pp.141-2</ref>

===International Footprints===

In 1971, Rawat, then known as Guru Maharaji Ji, travelled to the West against his mother's wish & will.<ref name=autogenerated9>Lewis (1998), p. 301</ref> DLM was established in the U.S. and the UK. The U.S. branch was headquartered in [[Denver, Colorado]]. It was registered there as a non-profit corporation and in 1974 was recognized as a church by the United States [[Internal Revenue Service]] under section 501(c)(3).<ref name="Hunt 2003, pp.116-7">Hunt (2003), pp.116-7</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidestar.org/pqShowGsReport.do?partner=amex&ein=23-7174539#rptlink1 |title=American Express Search – ELAN VITAL INC |publisher=GuideStar |access-date=2014-07-17}}</ref>

By 1972 DLM was operating in North and South America, Europe and Australia. By 1973, DLM was operating in 37 countries, tens of thousands of people had been initiated (become premies) and several hundred centers and dozens of ashrams formed in the U.S. and the UK. DLM said it had 8,000 devotees and forty ashrams at that time.<ref name=autogenerated1>Oz in the Astrodome; Middle-class premies find Guru. The guru enthroned by Ted Morgan, New York Times, 9 December 1973, Page 338</ref><ref name="autogenerated5"/><ref name="Price 1979">Price (1979)</ref>

In the United States, the staff at the headquarters grew to 125, and [[Telex]]es connected the headquarters with the ashrams.<ref name=autogenerated6>"Indian Shrewdness Plus American Merchandising Equals Guru", BETTY FLYNN ''Chicago Daily News''</ref> Social service facilities, including a medical clinic in New York City, were opened. A Women's Spiritual Right Organization dedicated to reaching out to persons in prisons, mental institutions and hospitals, was organized.<ref name=autogenerated5>Melton (1986), pp. 141-145</ref><ref>Messer in Glock & Bellah (1976), pp. 52-72</ref> The U.S. DLM published two periodicals: ''And It Is Divine'' (''AIID''), a monthly magazine with a circulation of 90,000; and ''Divine Times'', a biweekly newspaper with a circulation of 60,000.<ref>"Snowballing Movement Centers On Teen-Age Guru From India", AP, ''THE LAWTON CONSTITUTION-MORNING PRESS'', Sunday, 29 July 1973</ref> The cover price of ''AIID'' was $1 but most were given away free, as were the advertisements.<ref>Messer in Glock & Bellah (1976), p. 66</ref> The World Peace Corps (WPC) was established as a security force to provide protection for Rawat. After Bob Mishler, the DLM President, was removed from power he said that Rawat got the idea to start a bodyguard unit after watching ''The Godfather''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=UPI|author-link=United Press International|title=Maharaj Ji has Jones-like traits|periodical=Chronicle-Telegram|location=Elyria|page=A–3|date=25 November 1978}}</ref> The WPC became the organizing agent of meetings and businesses.<ref name="Price 1979"/> A variety of businesses were founded under US DLM auspices including laundromats, used clothing stores, a plane charter agency ("Divine Travel Services"), a repair service, and the "Cleanliness-is-Next-to-Godliness" janitorial service.<ref name=autogenerated6 /><ref>"Guru's 17th birthday observed", KENNETH T. WALSH Associated Press, ''GREELEY (Colo.) TRIBUNE'' 11 December 1974 p.16</ref>

===Detroit incident===
<div id="Pat Halley beating" ></div>On 8 August 1973, while Rawat was at the Detroit City Hall to receive a testimonial resolution praising his work, Pat Halley, who was at the time a reporter from Detroit's underground periodical ''[[Fifth Estate (periodical)|Fifth Estate]]'', slapped him in the face with a shaving cream pie.<ref>"Guru Gets Testimonial And Some Pie in Face", "New York Times", 8 August 1973 Page 43</ref><ref>"15-Year Old Guru Slapped in Face by Shaving Cream Pie", UPI, ''Los Angeles Times'', 8 August 1973; pg. 2</ref> Rawat responded by saying that he did not want his attacker arrested or hurt, but the reporter was attacked by two men a few days later and seriously injured.<ref>A-6 Independent (AM) Press-Telegram (PM) Long Beach, Calif., Wed., 8 August 1973</ref><ref>Melton (1992), p. 222</ref> When local members heard of the incident they notified Rawat in Los Angeles who extended his regrets and condolences to Pat Halley's family, and requested that the DLM conduct a full investigation. The assailants, one of them an Indian, were identified. They admitted their part in the incident and offered to turn themselves in. The Chicago police were immediately notified.<ref>Page 2 – Section B – Sun News – Las Cruces, New Mexico – Wednesday, 22 August 1973</ref> The Detroit police declined to initiate extradition proceedings, variously claiming that they were unable to locate the assailants, or that the cost of extraditing them from Chicago to Detroit made it impractical. The arrest warrant remained outstanding.<ref>I See The Light, by Ken Kelley, Penthouse (July 1974), page 98-100, 137-138, 146, 148, & 150-151.</ref> This lack of action by the Detroit police was attributed by some to Halley's radical politics. A spokesman later stated that the Indian national had been "shipped off to Europe".<ref>"Get Your Red-Hot Panaceas!", Ken Kelley, ''New York Times'', 19 January 1974</ref>

===Festivals===
[[Festival]]s were a regular part of the Divine Light Mission's activities and a source of revenue. Members would pay from $50 to $100 to attend, and [[Darśana|Darshan]] events would generate considerable donations.<ref>"Financing the New Religions: Comparative and Theoretical Considerations" JAMES T. RICHARDSON p.259</ref> The DLM celebrated three main festivals: Holi, which is celebrated in late March or early April; Guru Puja, which was held in July; and Hans Jayanti, which falls in November.<ref>435 A.2d 1368. Supreme Judicial Court of Maine. Mark A. ''DOTTER v. MAINE EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION''. Argued 2 March 1981. Decided 19 October 1981. [[s:Dotter v. Maine Employment Sec. Commission 435 A.2d 1368]]</ref> Hans Jayanti marks the birthday of the DLM's founder.<ref>Galanter (1999), p. 20</ref> According to [[Marc Galanter (MD)|Marc Galanter]], the members at a festival in Orlando, Florida "looked as though they had been drawn from the graduate campus of a large university—bright, not too carefully groomed, casually dressed. They were lively, good-tempered, and committed to their mutual effort. There was no idleness, brashness, marijuana, beer, loud music, or flirtation—all hallmarks of a more typical assembly of people in their twenties".<ref>Galanter (1999), pp. 22-28</ref> Other festivals were held nationally and locally, and sometimes organized with little advance notice. Attending as many as ten festivals a year meant many members were unable to hold regular full-time jobs, and required sacrificing leisure and community activities in order to devote time to earning the money needed to attend.<ref>DuPertuis (1986), p. 118</ref>

In 1972, seven [[Boeing 747|jumbo jet]]s were chartered to bring members from the U.S. and other countries to the Hans Jayanti festival held at the main ashram near [[New Delhi]]. 2500 foreign members camped out at the mission's "city of love" for a month.<ref name=autogenerated3>"Some feel the youth is fraud" Long Beach, Calif., Sun., 19 December 1972 ''INDEPENDENT, PRESS-TELEGRAM'' A-27</ref> The event attracted a reported total of 500,000 attendees.<ref>"Guru's Pupil Slates Talk", ''SYRACUSE POST-STANDARD'' 3 February 1973. p. 3</ref> When Rawat flew to India to attend he was accused of attempting to smuggle $65,000 worth of cash and jewelry into the country, but no charges were ever filed,<ref name="CBY1974">Moritz, (1974)</ref> and the Indian government later issued an apology.<ref>Downton (1979), pp. 187-8</ref><ref>"The Mini-Guru: Discourse on Maharaj Ji is scheduled in Wiesbaden" J. KING CRUGER, 3 February 1973 ''THE STARS AND STRIPES'' Page 9</ref> The accusation led to negative coverage in the Indian press and hard feelings between Rawat and his mother, who had persuaded him to return to India for the festival.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

In June 1973, the British DLM, with Prem Rawat's mother acting on behalf of her son, organized the 'Festival of Love' at [[Alexandra Palace]] in London. While it drew thousands of attendees, Rawat began receiving hostile press coverage, partly due to his showing up late, or not at all, at scheduled appearances. The membership had grown very rapidly but the organizers had no clear idea where to lead the following, nor did they have the financial resources to maintain so many full-time workers.<ref name="Price 1979"/>

====Millennium '73====
{{main|Millennium '73}}
The 1973 Hans Jayanti festival was held at the [[Astrodome]] in [[Houston, Texas]], and publicized as "Millennium '73".<ref>"Under the Astrodome: Maharaj Ji – The Selling of a Guru", Gregg Kilday, Los Angeles Times, 13 November 1973</ref> The free three-day event was billed as "the most significant event in human history" that would herald "a thousand years of peace for people who want peace", the idea being that peace would come to the world as individuals experienced inner peace.<ref name = "nytmillennium" /> To promote the event, Prem Rawat's 20-year-old brother, Bhole Ji Rawat toured with a 60-piece band, [[Blue Aquarius]] for two weeks giving free concerts.<ref>"'Round and About" ''The Vidville Messenger''. Valparaiso, Indiana, 25 October 1973</ref> The 500-member tour was dubbed "Soul Rush" and traveled to seven cities on the way to Houston.<ref>Collier (1978), p. 170</ref>

[[Rennie Davis]], well known as one of the defendants in the [[Chicago Seven]] trial, attracted extensive media coverage as a spokesperson for Rawat.<ref name="tvmeditating">"TV: Meditating on a Young Guru and His Followers", by John O'Connor, New York Times, 25 February 1974</ref><ref name="nytoz" /><ref>"Houston's Version of Peace in Our Time" GREGG KILDAY, Los Angeles Times 25 November 1973 p. S18</ref> At the event, Davis declared that "All I can say is, honestly, very soon now, every single human being will know the one who was waited for by every religion of all times has actually come."<ref name="Kent 2001, p. 52">Kent (2001), p. 52</ref> In a [[press conference]] at Millennium, Rawat denied being the Messiah, and when asked by reporters about the contradictions between what he said about himself and what his followers said about him, Rawat replied, "Why don't you do me a favor ... why don't you go to the devotees and ask their explanation about it?"<ref>Rolling Stone Magazine Issue N°156 – 14 March 1974 (Page 36-50)</ref> While Rawat's brother Satpal was nominally in charge of the festival, Davis was the "General Coordinator" and handled the details.<ref name="Collier 1978">Collier (1978)</ref>

Expectations for the event were very high, with predictions that it would attract more than 100,000,<ref>"A LOOK BACK AT THE '70S" HENRY ALLEN, Los Angeles Times 16 December 1979; p. K30</ref> or even as many as 400,000 people from Satpal. Davis privately said he thought 22,000 was a more realistic estimate and reserved 22,000 hotel beds.<ref>Collier (1978), p. 159</ref> There was even talk about a space in the parking lot reserved for a flying saucer to land.<ref name=autogenerated7>Kent (2001), p. 156</ref> When Satpal heard about the flying saucer he said, "If you see any, just give them some of our literature".<ref name=autogenerated1 />
The actual attendance was estimated at 35,000, and at 10,000 by police.<ref name = "nytmillennium" /><ref>Foss & Larkin (1978), pp. 157-164 "in fact attended by a maximum of 35,000</ref>

The event featured spectacular staging, a 56-piece rock band and a giant video screen that showed a barrage of shots from the tumultuous 1960s.<ref name="autogenerated5" /><ref name = "nytmillennium">"Guru's Followers Cheer 'Millennium' in Festivities in Astrodome", by Eleanor Blau, New York Times, 12 November 1973</ref><ref>"Maharaji Ji: The Selling of a Guru, 1973", by Gregg Killday, Los Angeles Times, 13 November 1973, p. D1</ref> Though it was not covered by the national television news, it did get extensive coverage in the print media. The premies were reported to be "cheerful, friendly and unruffled, and seemed nourished by their faith". To the 400 premie parents who attended, Rawat "was a rehabilitator of prodigal sons and daughters".<ref>"Oz in the Astrodome" Ted Morgen New York Times</ref> Media people found a "confused jumble of inarticulately expressed ideas."<ref>Collier (1978), p. 176</ref> It was depicted in the award-winning U.S. documentary [[Lord of the Universe (documentary)|"Lord of the Universe"]] broadcast by [[PBS|PBS Television]] in 1974.<ref name="tvmeditating" /><ref>"Videotape Explorers on the Trail of a Guru" by Dick Adler, Los Angeles Times, 23 February 1974 p. B2</ref> The event was called the "youth culture event of the year".<ref name="Foss & Larkin 1978">Foss & Larkin (1978)</ref> Singer-songwriter [[Loudon Wainwright III]] visited the festival and later remarked that while the premies inside were looking happy the ones outside were arguing with [[Jesus Freak]]s and [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishnas]]. Wainwright's song "I am the Way" was partly inspired by Prem Rawat.<ref>"They Won't Boo Loudon Any Longer", Grace Lichtenstein, ''New York Times'', 3 February 1974</ref>

At the festival, Larry Bernstein, a prize-winning, 41-year-old architect described a "Divine City" to be built from the ground up starting the following year. It was to feature translucent hexagonal plastic houses stacked on concrete columns and connected with monorails. Polluting vehicles would be replaced by electric vehicles, and solar power would be used to provide energy. Cards would replace cash. The use of advanced technologies to ensure pollution-free air, Rennie Davis told a journalist, would be a practical demonstration of what it means to have Heaven on Earth.<ref name=autogenerated12>Kopkind (1995), p. 234</ref> Two sites were suggested: either the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] or somewhere near [[Santa Barbara, California]].<ref name="nytoz">"Oz in the Astrodome", by Ted Morgan, New York Times, 9 December 1973</ref><ref name=autogenerated7 /> The former president and vice president of the DLM later said that Prem Rawat had spoken frequently of building such a city.<ref name=autogenerated11>"Two ex-cult officers see possible Guyana repeat", UPI, ''Newport Rhode Island Daily News'' 25 November 1978. p. 8</ref> Plans for the city were delayed amid the fiscal crisis following the Millennium festival.<ref name = "isbn0-8423-6417-X"/> Incorporation papers for the formation of the "City of Love and Light Unlimited, Inc." were filed in Colorado in 1974, and there was a failed attempt in 1975 to build the community near San Antonio, Texas.<ref>Rudin & Rudin (1980), p. 62</ref>

The DLM incurred a debt estimated between $600,000 and over $1 million, attributed to poor management and low attendance.<ref>Khalsa (1986)</ref><ref name=autogenerated10>Stoner & Parke (1977)</ref><ref name="Pilarzyk 1978">Pilarzyk (1978)</ref> The debt severely damaged the DLM's finances.<ref name="Foss & Larkin 1978"/><ref>Messer in Glock & Bellah (1976), p. 67</ref> Event-related expenses were covered by short-term credit based on the expectation that contributions would pour in following the free festival.<ref>Collier (1978), p. 166</ref> DLM's post-Millennium financial troubles forced it to close ashrams, sell its printing business and real estate, and to drop the lease on its IBM computer. Monthly donations fell from $100,000 to $70,000.<ref name="GuruFollDown">"Guru following down; tactics changing", UPI, ''Waterloo Courier'' 25 November 1976</ref> According to Messer, "to pay the debts remaining from the Houston event, devotees all over the country turned over their own possessions to Divine Sales, which had crash garage sales, attended flea markets, and invented numerous activities to dispose of the goods."<ref name="Messer, 1976">Messer, 1976</ref> By 1976 it was able to reduce the debt to $80,000.<ref>"Growing Pile of Unpaid Bills Beneath Guru's Spiritual Bliss", Deborah Frazier, UPI, 23 March 1975, Lincoln, Neb., Sunday Journal and Star</ref> Consequently, the festival necessitated policy shifts within the movement organization.<ref name="Pilarzyk 1978"/>

===Marriage and rift===
Because of Prem Rawat's age, Jagat janni Mata Ji, his mother, and her eldest son, Satpal Rawat (later known as Satpal Ji Maharaj) had managed the affairs of the worldwide DLM. As Prem Rawat approached sixteen he wanted to take a more active part in guiding the movement. According to Downton, "this meant he had to encroach on his mother's territory and, given the fact that she was accustomed to having control, a fight was inevitable".<ref name=autogenerated2>Downton (1979), ch. 12</ref><ref name="Geaves2006">Geaves (2006)</ref> In December 1973, when he turned 16, Rawat took administrative control of the Mission's U.S. branch and began to assert his independence from his mother who returned to India with Satpal.<ref name="autogenerated5"/>

In May 1974, a judge gave Rawat his consent to marry without parental permission.<ref>"Guru, 16, marries secretary" AP Tues. 21 May 1974 ''Greeley Tribune''</ref> His marriage to his secretary, Marolyn Johnson, a 24-year-old follower from [[San Diego, California]], was celebrated at a non-denominational church in [[Golden, Colorado]].<ref>"The Guru's Wife Is Another Devotee", Robert P. Dalton, AP Staff Writer, ''Oakland Tribune''. 23 May 1974.</ref> Rawat's mother, Mata Ji, had not been invited.<ref>Downton (1979), p. 191.</ref> As a result of his marriage, Rawat became an [[emancipated minor]]. He called his wife "Durga Ji", after the Hindu goddess [[Durga]].<ref>{{Cite magazine| issn=0040-781X| title = One Lord Too Many| magazine = Time| access-date = 2009-05-31| date = 28 April 1975| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917390,00.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080214000406/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917390,00.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 14 February 2008}} {{Cite book |publisher = Cornerstone |isbn =978-0-940895-03-4 |last = Mangalwadi |first = Vishal |author-link = Vishal Mangalwadi |title = The world of gurus |location = Chicago, Ill. |year = 1992}} {{Cite book|publisher = Garland Pub. |isbn = 978-0-8240-9036-4 |last = Melton |first = J. Gordon. |author-link = J. Gordon Melton |title = The encyclopedic handbook of cults in America |location = New York |series = Garland reference library of social science, v. 213 |year = 1986 |url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopedichand00melt }} {{Cite book |publisher = ABC-CLIO |isbn = 978-0-585-05843-6 |last = Lewis |first = James |author2=NetLibrary, Inc. |title = Cults in America a reference handbook |url = https://archive.org/details/cultsinamericare0000lewi |url-access = registration |location = Santa Barbara Calif. |date = 1998a}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated5 />

Rawat's decision to marry a Westerner precipitated a struggle for control of DLM.<ref name="Partridge 2004 pp.201-202">Geaves in Partridge (2004), pp.201-202</ref> His mother claimed that Rawat had broken his spiritual discipline by marrying, and had become a "playboy". She appointed Satpal as the new head of DLM India, but the Western premies remained loyal to Rawat.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> The marriage led to a permanent rift between Prem Rawat and his mother, and was also credited with causing a profound disruption in the movement. Many followers left the ashrams to get married, and the base of support inevitably shifted from the ashrams to the wider premie community.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Others felt "almost betrayed", in part because he had championed celibacy, one of the requirements of ashram life, before getting married himself.<ref name="Price 1979"/><ref name="Pilarzyk 1978"/><ref>Richardson in Swatos (1998), p.141</ref><ref>Olson (2007), p. 345</ref>
The bad press from the festivals and the rift caused by Prem Rawat's marriage in 1974 marked the end of the movement's growth phase.<ref name="Price 1979"/><ref name="autogenerated10"/><ref>Melton (1999)</ref><ref>Melton (2001)</ref>

In 1975, Prem Rawat returned to India in an attempt to gain control of the Indian DLM. A court-ordered settlement resulted in his eldest brother Satpal retaining control of the Indian DLM, while Rawat maintained control of the DLM outside of India.<ref name=autogenerated9 />

===Westernization===
Following the rift with his mother, Rawat announced that he was replacing the predominantly Indian image with a Western one and began to wear business suits instead of his all-white Indian attire.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> The Indian mahatmas were replaced with Westerners, and Indian terminology fell from use. Rawat encouraged premies to leave the ashrams.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> According to one estimate, the worldwide membership had declined from 6 million to 1.2 million by 1976,<ref name="GuruFollDown" /> and in the U.S. the 50,000 claimed initiates had dwindled to 15,000 regular contributors.<ref name="GuruStyle"/> A spokesman for the Mission explained in 1976 that the higher numbers had been inflated due to poor record-keeping.<ref>"Guru Maharaj Ji To Launch World Tour To Aid Mission" UPI, PLAYGROUND DAILY NEWS, 15 April 1976-Page 3E</ref> One estimate had from 500 to 1200 members living in ashrams in the mid-1970s.<ref>Bromley & Shupe (1981), p. 43</ref> By the end of the 1970s, the movement had lost an estimated 80% of its followers in the U.S.<ref name=autogenerated4>Lewis (1998), p. 83</ref> Bromley and Hammond attribute the decline of groups including the Divine Light Mission to internal factors, but also in part to the news media's "discrediting reports about their activities", accounts which created a "wide-spread public perception of 'mind control' and other 'cult' stereotypes."<ref name="isbn0-865-54238-4">Bromley & Hammond (1987), pp. 113-4, 227</ref>

The Divine Light Mission also attracted the attention of the [[anti-cult movement]]. Some members were violently kidnapped and [[deprogramming|deprogrammed]].<ref>"Cult Deprogrammer Patrick Sentenced to Year in Kidnaping", JACK JONES. ''Los Angeles Times'' 27 September 1980, pg. SD_A1</ref> Some former members became outspoken critics of the organization and attacked the group with what Melton calls "standard anti-cult charges of brainwashing and mind control".<ref>Melton (1986), p. 222</ref> In reference to ex-followers, DLM spokesman Joe Anctil said that "A lot of people were just on a trip in the beginning. They felt they had to be 'hyped', and some didn't stay long enough to get beyond that. But we've changed as our understanding has changed."<ref name="GuruStyle">"Guru's cult changing style" GEORGE CORNELL, AP Religion Writer</ref><ref>Melton (1986), p. 219</ref> Bob Mishler, the founding president of the DLM in the U.S., was removed by Rawat in 1977 and gave an interview in 1979, along with the former vice president, in which he said he was concerned that the DLM was becoming a "tax evasion for the guru", and said he feared a repeat of [[Jonestown]]. They also accused Rawat of engaging in inappropriate behavior.<ref name=autogenerated11 /><ref>"FIRM LOYALTY: Guru's Sect: Misgivings in Malibu" MARK FORSTER ''Los Angeles Times'' 12 January 1979; pg. A1.</ref> Mishler's charges found little support and did not affect the progress of the Mission.<ref name=autogenerated5 />

In the 1980s, Prem Rawat removed the Indian trappings from his message, and adopted a more Western style.<ref name="Hunt 2003, pp.116-7"/><ref>Lippy (2002) p. 114</ref> Melton said the mission was disbanded [when] Prem Rawat personally renounced the trappings of Indian culture and religion, to make his teachings independent of culture, beliefs and lifestyles.<ref name="EnAmRe">Melton (2003), p.2328</ref> Prem Rawat was no longer to be venerated as a god or regarded as a Perfect Master.<ref name=autogenerated4 /><ref name="EnAmRe" /><ref>Miller (1995), p. 364</ref> The ashrams were closed along with the Denver headquarters (1979). The Divine Light Mission organization was replaced by [[Elan Vital (organization)|Elan Vital]];<ref>Abgrall (2000), p. 285</ref><ref>Geaves, Ron. "From Guru Maharaj Ji to Prem Rawat: Paradigm Shifts over the Period of 40 Years as a 'Master'". In: {{Cite book | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = Eugene V. | last2 = Ashcraft | first2 = W. Michael (eds.) | title = Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America | place = Westport CT | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 2006 | volume = 4 | pages = 71–73 | isbn = 978-0-275-98712-1}}</ref> the U.S. organization's name was changed to Elan Vital in 1983, by filing an entity name change.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.co.us/biz/ViewImage.do;jsessionid=0000x3kyxhvQmIUOPNwkHlTDN7v:10e81ru5k?masterFileId=19871234276&fileId=19871509395 |title=Colorado Secretary of State, Business Center. |access-date=2014-07-17}}</ref><ref>Elan Vital FAQs – About Elan Vital, Inc. [http://www.elanvital.org/faq/faq_EV.htm Available online] (Retrieved May, 2006)</ref> Prem Rawat asked to be referred to as "Maharaji" instead of "Guru Maharaj Ji."

According to [[Ron Geaves]], a religious scholar who has been associated with the teachings of Prem Rawat for the last thirty years:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rongeaves.com/ |title="A Statement from Dr. Ron Geaves" September 27, 2004 |access-date=2014-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120235856/http://rongeaves.com/ |archive-date=20 November 2007 }}</ref>
<blockquote>Maharaji has chosen a route of perpetual transformation in which organizational forms are created and utilized and then destroyed, thus providing flexibility to deal with rapidly changing social attitudes, to provide pragmatic solutions to internal problems, and above all to keep his students focused on the core message rather than the peripheral requirements of organizational forms.<ref>Geaves (2004), pp. 45-62</ref></blockquote>
Since then the Elan Vital has been "virtually invisible." Rawat stopped granting interviews and making public announcements of his visits.<ref>Melton (1986), pp. 221, 222</ref> As of 2008, he has continued to write, lecture, and tour with the support of the Elan Vital and the Prem Rawat Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://contactinfo.net/previous_events.cfm|title=Contact Info – Events|publisher=contactinfo.net|access-date=2008-04-19}}</ref>

===DLM in India===

In 1975, Mata Ji took control of the DLM in India as a result of the rift and installed her eldest son, [[Satpal Rawat]], as its head. A lawsuit in India resulted in his brother Satpal gaining control of the Divine Light Mission in India, and Rawat continuing to lead DLM in the rest of the world.<ref>Melton in Partridge (2004), pp.201-202</ref><ref>Downton (1979)</ref><ref name="thomsonwife">''Biography Resource Center''. [[Farmington Hills, Michigan]], [[Thomson Gale]], 2007</ref>

Satpal Rawat, now known as Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj, teaches "Manav Dharam" (the "Dharam [Religion] of Mankind"). He is also a politician and former [[Union Minister]] in India, and founded Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti, which he describes as "an all-India registered voluntary social welfare and charitable organization", that is also "making freely available the spiritual Knowledge which is the essence of all religions."<ref>{{cite web|year = 2008|url = http://www.manavdharam.org | title= Manav Dharam |access-date = 2008-03-09}}</ref> Satpal Rawat's supporters now assert that he is the rightful successor to his father, [[Hans Ji Maharaj]].<ref>McKean, (1996), p. 54</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manavdharam.org/ssjm/1_brief_into.html |title=Satpal Ji Maharaj |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217210705/http://www.manavdharam.org/ssjm/1_brief_into.html |archive-date=17 February 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Scholars that have written about the succession report that Satpal and the rest of the family accepted and supported Prem's declaration of succession for eight years.<ref name="Melton 1986, pp.141-2"/><ref>Beit-Hallahami (1997), p.85</ref><ref name=USChaplains>United States (2001), pp. 11-5</ref>

The Divine United Organization (DUO) was an organization registered under the Societies Registration Act 21 of 1860<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/337921744/Sant-Mat-pdf|title=Sant_Mat.pdf {{!}} Bhakti Movement {{!}} Religious Comparison|via=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2018-03-22}}</ref> with the Registrar of [[Delhi]] in 1977, to disseminate the teachings of Prem Rawat in India. According to Geaves, DUO remained in India until it was replaced by '''Raj Vidya Bhavan''' [sic].<ref name="Geaves2006" /> '''Raj Vidya Kender''' (Center for the King of Knowledge) states on its website that it was registered under the societies Registration Act in 1977, with registration No. 8845/77, "by individuals eager to help in the dissemination of Maharaji's message of hope and peace."<ref name="RVKabout">[http://www.rajvidyakender.org/aboutus.html "About Us" page on Raj Vidya Kender website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514022036/http://www.rajvidyakender.org/aboutus.html |date=14 May 2008 }}</ref>

==Beliefs and practices==
{{Further|Techniques of Knowledge|Teachings of Prem Rawat}}
According to some scholars, Shri Hans was influenced by both the [[Sant Mat|Sant]] tradition and the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. [[Reinhart Hummel]] wrote that from the former came the reduction of Hinduism to the inner realization of the divine and the veneration of the guru, and from the latter the emphasis on the practical life. Hummel also noted that the DLM never developed a systematic doctrine, either during Hans' time or Prem Rawat's time. Hummel further asserted that the influence of the North Indian Sant tradition was dominant in Hans' [[eclecticism|eclectic]] thinking, and that from the Sant tradition also came the rejection of outward rituals and ceremonies; the rejection of asceticism in favor of life as a householder; the rejection of veneration of idols, and the focus on the guru as the manifestation of the divine. Hummel also noted that [[Techniques of Knowledge|the four meditation techniques]] are of central importance to Prem, as they were to Hans.<ref>Hummel (1980), pp.76-77</ref>

No rules or regulations were imposed, and no beliefs or ethical practices were taught.<ref name="Partridge 2004 pp.201-202"/><ref name="Messer in Glock & Bellah 1976">Messer in Glock & Bellah (1976)</ref> The fundamental practices of inner peace were embodied and experienced through [[satsang]], service and [[meditation]], the sum of which is an experience called "Knowledge." Members of the DLM meditated formally twice daily and attended discourses on the Knowledge (known as satsang) when possible. According to Galanter "satsang could be delivered to active members or to those with only a casual interest. It was something of a polemic interspersed with parables, and because members were bright and sophisticated, these discourses tended to be engaging, making use of both Hindu mythology and Western philosophy". In a study by [[Flo Conway]] and [[Jim Siegelman]], former followers said that they had spent 32.9 hours per week in group-related processes and ritual and 19.9 hours in additional study or [[indoctrination]] (lectures, seminars, workshops etc).<ref>Conway & Siegelman (1995), p. 361</ref> Vegetarianism was encouraged but not enforced except in ashrams and Divine Centers.

Five "commandments" were part of the Divine Light Mission's teachings:<ref name="isbn0-8423-6417-X">Larson (2004), p. 151</ref><ref>Levine, 1974</ref>
#Do not put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
#Constantly meditate and remember the Holy Name.
#Leave no room for doubt in the mind.
#Never delay attending satsang.
#Always have faith in God.

In the United States, the early years of the Divine Light Mission were marked by the rapid growth of loosely affiliated local ashrams, united mainly by a shared devotion to Guru Maharaj Ji. As the DLM became more and more structured and centralized, leadership and power came to be concentrated in the Denver headquarters. According to scholars, Prem Rawat's desire to consolidate his power and authority over the U.S. movement led to increasing formalization, with rules and regulations for ashram living, standards for recruited "candidates," and pressure towards certification of the movement's teachers.<ref name="Pilarzyk 1978"/><ref>Meredith (2002), p. 175</ref> According to scholars Foss and van der Lans, the teachings of Hans Ji Maharaj were minimized after 1975, and followers were expected to accept Prem Rawat as their personal savior.<ref>Foss & van der Lans in Barker (1983), p. 305</ref>

[[David V. Barrett]] noted that the DLM movement was often criticized for emphasizing the superiority of subjective emotional experience over intellect.<ref>Barrett (2003), p. 65</ref> The sociologists [[Ralph Larkin]] and Daniel A. Foss made similar observations in 1978.<ref name="Foss & Larkin 1978"/> In response, the religious scholar [[Ron Geaves]], himself a member of the movement, accused Foss and Larkin of bias.<ref>Geaves (2004), p. 45-62</ref>

A 1981 article based on the Dutch branch of the Divine Light Mission, stated that the DLM had little philosophical background and that all its central creeds and tenets were described in the song associated with the Hindu ritual called [[aarti]].<ref>Haan in Kranenborg (1981) pp.55-57</ref> Arti was sung to Prem Rawat in the morning and evening in ashrams.<ref>[[John A. Saliba|Saliba, John A.]] "The Guru: Perceptions of American Devotees of the Divine Light Mission", ''[[HORIZONS]]'' 7/1 (1980), 69-81</ref>

Rawat says he does not charge for teaching people the techniques of Knowledge.<ref>''[[Who Is Guru Maharaj Ji?]]'', p. 229</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thekeys.maharaji.net/home/index.php?_a=knowledgebase&_j=questiondetails&_i=392 |title=The Keys, by Maharaji – "Is there a charge for viewing the Keys and receiving Knowledge?" | access-date=2008-11-20}}</ref> Related organizations that support the dissemination of Rawat's message are funded by donations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tprf.org/events/nam08/den0908/ |title=Maharaji in North America }}</ref> According to the Prem Rawat Foundation, it is supported by people who appreciate Rawat's message and wish to help make it available to others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tprf.org/faqs.htm |title=FAQ }}</ref>

==Members==
In a comparison of new religious movements, Gartrell and Shannon noted that people appeared to seek out such religious organizations to get answers to questions about ultimate meaning as well as answers to more prosaic issues. In discussing the differences in recruiting tactics employed by these groups, they placed the Divine Light Mission in the middle ground between movements in which recruits were [[Love bombing|love bombed]], or overwhelmed by waves of intense sentiment, and those in which affective bonds were discouraged. They reported that close ties between newcomers and DLM members developed gradually over a period of three to four months, between initial contact and their attending a "Knowledge session", and the emergent friendships were an important forum in which recruits aired doubts and discussed DLM beliefs. These relationships thus supplemented a very cognitive conversion process, in which active consideration of the movement's ideas and beliefs was encouraged from the outset. They found little evidence to suggest that social rewards were orchestrated by the movement, either in degree or timing.<ref>Gartrell & Shannon (1985), p. 35</ref>

The sociologist [[James V. Downton]], who studied the DLM for five years, reported that the "idealism of these premies was one of the motivating forces behind their conversion [to DLM]. They wanted to create a more caring world".<ref>Downton (1979), p. 87</ref> Five years after the subjects of his study became premies he wrote:
<blockquote>"There is little doubt in my mind that these premies have changed in a positive way. Today, they seem less alienated, aimless, worried, afraid, and more peaceful, loving, confident, and appreciative of life. We could attribute these changes to surrender, devotion, and their involvement in the premie community. Each of these undoubtedly had a positive impact, but, if we accept what premies say, none were as critical as their experience of the universal spirit. Meditating on the life-energy for five years, they report having more positive attitudes about themselves."<ref>Downton (1979), p. 210</ref></blockquote>

According to Carroll Stoner and Jo Anne Parke, when they visited an ashram the premies "appeared to be in control of their own lives and seemed to be achieving some measure of peace as a by-product of a lifestyle they feel is constructive and healthy". When the same members attended an appearance by Prem Rawat a week later, "they lost control, sobbed and swayed and knelt to kiss his feet."<ref name="autogenerated10"/>

According to Foss and van der Lans, members who joined before 1975 tended to be young people from the counterculture who had used psychedelic drugs. Later members, they asserted, were older and more responsible with ordinary jobs who were disillusioned with conventional religions or other Eastern movements.<ref>Foss & van der Lans in Barker (1983), pp. 304-306</ref>

A study of [[group cohesiveness]] carried out by [[Marc Galanter (MD)|Marc Galanter]] in 1974, based on questionnaire responses given by 119 DLM members randomly chosen from festival registration lines, found that after two years involvement with DLM, members reported a considerable decline in psychological distress and drug use compared to their pre membership status. The study found that 45% of those surveyed had used marijuana daily before joining, while only 7% did so at the time of the study. Seventy-one percent reported psychological stress before joining compared to 37% at the time of the study. Overall, 38% had sought professional help for psychological problems before joining. These observations led to what Galanter's describes as "an apparent overall improvement in psychiatric state derived from conversion and its retention through continued membership", and that members, whether they were seriously distressed or not before joining, reported an improved emotional state after joining. Galanter reports that 82% of members surveyed were single, 97% were white, and 73% were in their twenties. The percentage of these with [[Catholic]] or [[Protestant]] backgrounds mirrored the general population, while there were ten times as many members with [[Jewish]] backgrounds as in the general population (21% versus 2%). Three-quarters of them had attended college.<ref name="isbn0-19-512370-0">Galanter (1999)</ref>

[[James V. Downton]] conducted a comparative study of 41 DLM members from three US cities, 29 members of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] movement and 40 college students. Among the DLM members the average age was 23 and ranged from 19 to 29. They came from middle-class backgrounds, all were white and had attended an average of 1.5 years of college, similar to the Hare Krishna sample, though DLM members were less likely to have come from broken homes. Sixty-five percent of DLM members reported having religious experiences while tripping on [[LSD]]. Overall, 95% of DLM members had used psychedelic drugs, compared to 89% of Hare Krishna and 67% of the college student cohort. Compared to the college students, fewer DLM members had had religious upbringings and they tended to have had worse family experiences though only 17% came from "broken homes".<ref>Downton (1979), pp 228-230</ref>

One member, writing in the 1970s said that followers were "nagged to donate funds of their own" and some devotees signed pledges to donate a dollar a day to provide the Mission with some reliable income.<ref name="Messer, 1976"/> One former accountant for the DLM said that new followers were asked to turn over their entire savings, sometimes hundreds of thousands of dollars, and in several cases their families contested the donations. He was quoted as saying "it takes a lot of money to keep a guru." Bob Mishler, the mission's executive director, talked one person into signing over power of attorney shortly after she joined. Mishler was sacked by Rawat in 1976.<ref>{{cite news|title=Growing Pile of Unpaid Bills Beneath Guru's Spiritual Bliss|first=Deborah| last=Frazier| agency=United Press International|date=23 March 1975|work=Sunday Journal and Star|location=Lincoln, Nebraska|page=11A}}</ref><ref>Price, Maeve (1979): The Divine Light Mission as a social organization. (1) Sociological Review, 27, Page 279-296</ref>

==Ashrams==

=== In India ===
The Divine Light Mission began creating ashrams in India in the 1960s, starting with a small one in [[Rajasthan]] and a larger one called Satlok ("Place of Truth") between [[Delhi]] and [[Haridwar]].<ref>''Hans Jayanti'' (2000), pp.24-37. DUO, New Delhi, Book published in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Hans Ji Maharaj's birth by Prem Rawat's Indian organization.</ref> [[Khushwant Singh]], who visited the Mission's headquarters in Delhi in 1973 described it as being like a fortress with {{convert|8|ft|m|adj=on}}-high walls, an iron grilled gate enclosing a courtyard and a complex of buildings capable of housing 100 and with the capacity to feed 50,000 visitors on special occasions. Singh also described "the lavish use of marble, wall-to-wall carpets, chandeliers and modern furnishings" as evidence of affluence.<ref>{{cite news | title = The Guru Business | author = [[Khushwant Singh]] | work = The New York Times| date = 8 April 1973 | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D11F83F5C147A93CAA9178FD85F478785F9 }}</ref>

=== In the West ===
Only a small fraction of the overall DLM membership lived in organized ashrams during its short history but several dozen ashrams were formed in the U.S., Britain, Europe and Australia. Ashrams were run by "general secretaries" appointed by the national office.<ref name="Pilarzyk 1978"/><ref>Messer in Glock & Bellah (1976), p. 64</ref> Each ashram had a "house mother" who oversaw cooking, washing, ironing, and food service but the normal isolation of the housewife and cook became a communal, everyone-pitchin-and-help festival.<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated10 /><ref name="Geaves2006" /><ref name="Messer in Glock & Bellah 1976"/><ref name="isbn0-19-512370-0"/>
Followers ("premies") who lived in them often worked part or full time at ordinary jobs and gave a sizable portion – sometimes all – of their income to the movement. Ashrams typically had an associated business, such as a Divine Sales outlet and a Divine Service Company.<ref name=autogenerated8>Messer in Glock & Bellah (1976), p. 65</ref> The ashram premies became the core of the Mission in the United States, but the ashrams themselves were not a source of income, never becoming more than self-sufficient.<ref name="Price 1979"/><ref name="autogenerated10"/><ref name="Pilarzyk 1978"/><ref>Melton (1986)</ref> Followers wishing to stay in the [[ashram]]s established by Rawat were required to fill out detailed applications that focused on their trust funds, insurance policies, and other assets.<ref>{{cite news|title=The guru who minds his mother|first=Malcom N. |last=Carter|page=A6|work= The Stars and Stripes|date=4 November 1973|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

In Australia in the early 1970s, a small percentage of premies lived in ashrams. Some premies choose to live in an ashram for a couple of months, to get into their meditation, and then moved out into households or shared houses. Ashram rules demanded celibacy and abstinence from meat, alcohol, cigarettes and drugs. Married people, as well as single, lived in ashrams and, in their case, the practice of celibacy meant that they had sexual relations only with their marital partner. About three hundred people chose to live in communal houses and almost all households were non-smoking, non-drinking and vegetarian and, in some, the finances and energies were pooled for the good of all. Each household made its own decisions about life styles and often contained students and married couples.<ref>Harper, Derek & Michael McDonald in Smith & Crossley (1975)</ref>

In addition to the ashrams, there were many more residences with less formality. "Premie Centers", were households committed to the Mission's activity that donated 30% of their income and followed dietary rules, but that allowed married, non-celibate couples and children, and which weren't subject to orders from the national Mission. "Premie houses" were informal households (with as many as 30 followers) held together by their shared commitments and values. Ashrams served as local coordinating centers for all the local devotees.<ref name=autogenerated8 />

Carroll Stoner and Jo Anne Parke wrote in 1977 of their visits to several ashrams that "there was no persuasion or cajoling for us to become part of this group. We did feel a sense of calm and peace in the ashrams.<ref>Stoner & Parker (1977)</ref> [[Marc Galanter (MD)|Marc Galanter]], wrote in 1989 of his visit to a DLM ashram that —

<blockquote> "The atmosphere in the ashram was indeed quite striking. ... I was greeted in a friendly, even intimate fashion by people who were complete strangers. The intense communality of the members was immediately apparent, a quality that was clearly an important aspect of the group's function. One could sense a closeness among those present, and an absence of the minor tensions that would be expected in a setting where two dozen people were living in tight quarters. ... Caring and intimacy, reflective of the group's cohesiveness, seemed to mute any expression of animosity. ... I was made to feel as if I were entering a supportive envelope, to be protected from the rough edges of relationships in the outside world.<ref>Galanter (1999), p. 25</ref></blockquote>

==Reception==

The Divine Light Mission was described in various and sometimes conflicting terms. It was called a [[new religious movement]],<ref>Hunt (2003), p. 116; Derks and van der Lans (1983), p. 303; Wilson (1990), p. 209</ref> a [[cult]],<ref>Beckford (1983), p. 195; Langone (1995), p. 41</ref> a charismatic [[religious sect]],<ref name=galanter1999>Galanter (1999), p. 19</ref> an offshoot of [[Sant Mat]],<ref>Lewis (2004), p. 24; Edwards (2001), p. 227</ref> an alternative religion or spin-off from other traditional religions,<ref>Guiley (1991), p. 152; Barret (1996)</ref> a youth religion,<ref name=Seiwert>Seiwert, H. (2004), "The German Enquete Commission: Political Conflicts and Compromises", in Richardson, James T. (ed.) (2004), ''Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe'', New York, NY: Luwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, {{ISBN|978-0-306-47887-1}}, p. 86</ref> a [[Radhasoami]] offshoot,<ref>Miller (1995), pp. 474, 364; Juergensmeyer (1991), p. 207</ref> an orthodox [[Sikh]] community,<ref>Sutton (2005), p. 44</ref> an [[Advait Mat]] related tradition,<ref>Geaves (2002)</ref> a proselytizing religion ("Guru-ism"),<ref>Axel & Harshav (2004), p. 23</ref> and a defunct religious movement.<ref>Olson, Roger E., in Miller (1995), p. 364</ref> A study of terms used in U.S. newspapers and news magazines, which examined the media's failure to use the more neutral terminology favored by social scientists, found that the Divine Light Mission was referred to as a "sect" in 10.3% of articles, as a "cult" in 24.1%, and as both in 13.8%. It was referred to as a "sect" in 21.4% of headlines, with 0% for "cult".<ref>van Driel & Richardson (1988)</ref>

The president and spokesman of the DLM said in 1977 that "they represent a church rather than a religion".<ref>"Miami's startled elite wish the guru, in short, a pleasant stay", By Barry Bearak, Knight-Ridder Service, 30 July 1977. ''Independent Press Telegram'' (Long Beach, CA) A-11</ref>

In some countries, the DLM faced persecution and even banning. In 1972, in [[Argentina]], as part of a crackdown on small religious groups by the [[Argentina third military dictatorship|military junta]], 87 members of the DLM were arrested in [[Mar del Plata]] on charges of using drugs and practising their faith. The DLM, the Hare Krishnas and the Jehovah's Witnesses were banned, reportedly at the behest of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>Ferrara, Grace, M., ''Latin America – 1978, Facts on File''.</ref><ref>Gill (1998), p. 168</ref> The [[Government Junta of Chile (1973)]] arrested over 200 members, including 12 foreigners, in 1974.<ref>"Five sect leaders in Chile sent to desert prison camp.", Jonathan Kandell, New York Times, 24 March 1974</ref> The Jehovah's Witnesses and DLM were also banned by [[Singapore]] authorities.<ref>Mauzy (2002), p. 132</ref>

Bromley and Hammond described the Divine Light Mission as belonging in a "medium tension category", among movements that were seen by the public as peculiar rather than threatening, and to which society responded with watchfulness and ostracism.<ref name="isbn0-865-54238-4"/> [[Psychiatrist]] [[Saul V. Levine]] wrote that the DLM, along with other groups such as the [[Unification Church]], was widely held in low esteem – families felt their children were being financially exploited while the groups' leaders lived in "ostentation and offensive opulence."<ref>Levine (1989), pp. 96, 102</ref>

Ron Geaves states that the Divine Light Mission "developed into a vigorous new religious movement with its own specific traits that included characteristics of a contemporary North Indian [[Sant (religion)|Sant]] panth (sectarian institution) and [[nirguna]] [[bhakti]] was combined with intense reverence for the living [[satguru]] and [[millennium|millennial]] expectations of the western [[counter-culture]]."<ref name="Geaves2006" />

According to sociologist Pilarzyk the youth culture response – mainly from a decidedly leftist political perspective – was somewhat ambiguous, combining indifference with some instances of overt hostility. Pilarzyk mentioned that these criticisms usually focused on the perceived phoniness of the "blissed-out premies", the "hocuspocus" aspects of the meditation, and the "materialistic fixations" and physical condition of the guru. These accounts are described by Pilarzyk as being quite negative and full of distortions from the DLM's adherents point of view and drawing responses from them that varied from bewilderment and amusement to extreme defensiveness. Positive comments came from youth culture "folk heroes" such as anti-war activist Rev. [[Daniel Berrigan]], radical lawyer [[William Kunstler]], and singer-songwriter [[Cat Stevens]].<ref name="Pilarzyk1978">Pilarzyk, Thomas. "The Origin, Development, and Decline of a Youth Culture Religion: An Application of Sectarianization Theory" in ''Review of Religious Research''. Fall 1978, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 23-43. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3509939 At JSTOR]</ref>

Summarizing his 1985 review of studies of a number of new religious movements, such as [[The Jesus Movement]], the [[Unification Church]], the [[Family International|Children of God]] group in Europe and the Divine Light Mission, [[James T. Richardson]] stated that "life in the new religions is often therapeutic instead of harmful", and suggested that the young people attracted to these movements were affirming their idealism by their involvement. Richardson asserted that his review found there was little data to support the almost completely negative picture of these groups painted by a few mental health professionals and others.<ref>Richardson (1995), p. 147</ref>

==Notable members==
*[[Jonathan Cainer]]<ref>"The Mail man, the Maharaji and the exploding love-bomb: Francis Wheen on: Divine intervention at the Daily Mail." Francis Wheen, ''The Guardian'' London, England, 14 July 1999</ref>
*[[Sophia Collier]]<ref name="Collier 1978"/>
*[[Rennie Davis]]<ref name="Kent 2001, p. 52"/>
*[[Paul Dunmall]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindyourownmusic.co.uk/paul-dunmall-interview.htm| title=Paul Dunmall interview| work=Mind Your Own Music|access-date=2 February 2009}}</ref>
*[[Timothy Gallwey]]<ref>du Plessix Gray, Francine, "Blissing Out in Houston", ''New York Review of Books'', 13 December 1973</ref>
*[[Ron Geaves]]
*[[Michael Nouri]]
*[[Jimmie Dale Gilmore]]<ref>Gillmore brings intellect, idealism to country music", DAVID FRICKE ''Rolling Stone Magazine'', reprinted in the ''Daily Herald'' 10 March 1994</ref>
*[[John Grefe]]<ref>"Chess", by Richard Shorman ''Hayward Daily Review'', 7 October 1973</ref>
*[[Tommy Hancock]]<ref>[http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid:244698 "Roadside Playboys and Texana Dames: The supernatural saga of the Hancock family"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606020014/http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid:244698 |date=6 June 2009 }}, MARGARET MOSER, ''Austin Chronicle'' 31 DECEMBER 2004</ref>
*[[Jenny McLeod]]<ref>Sadie & Rhian (1995)</ref>
*[[Johnny Rodgers]]<ref>"Rodgers Follows Guru", [[Associated Press]], ''Winnipeg Free Press'', Friday, 23 January 1976</ref>

==See also==
*[[Contemporary Sant Mat movements]]
*[[New religious movement]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
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*{{Cite book|publisher = Henry Regnery|isbn = 978-0-8092-8407-8|last = Bancroft|first = Anne|title = Twentieth Century Mystics and Sages|location = Chicago|year = 1976|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000banc}} (See pages 136-147.)
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*{{Cite book |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-0-415-26707-6 | editor-last = Clarke |editor-first = Peter B| title = Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements |location = Abingdon & New York |year = 2006}} (See pages 167, 'Divine Light Mission' (Kim Knott), and 508, 'Radhasoami Movements', PierLuigi Zoccatelli.)
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* Gartrell, C. David and Shannon, Zane K., ''Contacts, Cognitions, and Conversion: a Rational Choice Approach'', Review of Religious Research, Vol. 27, 1985
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* Geaves, Ron. "Globalization, charisma, innovation, and tradition: An exploration of the transformations in the organisational vehicles for the transmission of the teachings of Prem Rawat (Maharaji)" in ''Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies – Volume 2'', 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-4196-2696-8}}, pp. 44–62. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080627145415/http://www.asanas.org.uk/files/002geaves.pdf Web copy at asanas.org.uk]
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*{{Cite book |publisher = University of California Press |isbn =978-0-520-03083-1 |last = Glock |first = Charles Y. |author2=Robert Neelly Bellah|author3=Randall H. Alfred |title = The New religious consciousness |location = Berkeley |year = 1976}}
*{{Cite book|publisher = [[Harper San Francisco]] |isbn = 978-0-06-250366-4 |last = Guiley |first = Rosemary |author-link = Rosemary Ellen Guiley |title = Harper's Encyclopedia of Mystical & Paranormal Experience |year = 1991 |url = https://archive.org/details/harpersencyclope00guil }}
* Haan, Wim (Dutch language) ''De missie van het Goddelijk licht van goeroe Maharaj Ji: een subjektieve duiding'' from the series ''Religieuze bewegingen in Nederland: Feiten en Visies'' nr. 3, autumn 1981 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020334/http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/wim/divinelightmission.pdf article available in full on the website of the author (PDF file)] (The article is mainly based on the Dutch branch of the Divine Light Mission) {{ISBN|978-90-242-2341-1}}
*{{Cite book |isbn = 978-3-17-005609-1 |last = Hummel |first = Reinhard |title = Indische Mission und neue Fro?mmigkeit im Westen. Religio?se Bewegungen Indiens in westl. |location = Stuttgart Berlin Ko?ln Mainz Kohlhammer |year = 1980 |publisher = [[Kohlhammer Verlag]]}}
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*{{Cite book |publisher = Syracuse University Press |isbn = 978-0-8156-2923-8 |last = Kent |first = Stephen A. | author-link = Stephen A. Kent|title = [[From Slogans to Mantras|From slogans to mantras : social protest and religious conversion in the late Vietnam War era]] |location = Syracuse, N.Y. |series = Religion and politics |year = 2001}}
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*{{Cite book |publisher = W.W. Norton |isbn = 978-0-393-31321-5 |last = Langone |first = Michael D. | author-link = Michael Langone|title = [[Recovery from Cults (book)|Recovery from cults : help for victims of psychological and spiritual abuse]] |location = New York |year = 1995}}
*{{Cite book |publisher = Tyndale House Publishers |isbn = 978-0-8423-6417-1 |last = Larson |first = Bob | author-link = Bob Larson |title = Larson's book of world religions and alternative spirituality |location = Wheaton, Ill. |year = 2004}}
* [[Saul V. Levine|Levine, Saul V.]] in {{cite book |author=Galanter, Marc |title=Cults and New Religious Movements: A Report of the American Psychiatric Association |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub., Inc |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-89042-212-0 }}
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*{{Cite book | edition= 3rd |publisher =Cornerstone Press |isbn =978-0-940895-03-4 |last = Mangalwadi |first =Vishal | author-link = Vishal Mangalwadi |author2=Hoeksema, Kurt| title = The World of Gurus: A Critical Look at the Philosophies of India's Influential Gurus and Mystics |location = Chicago |year = 1992}} (See Chapter 10, 'The Divine Light Mission') (The first two editions were published in India by Vishal Mangalwadi as sole author in 1977 and 1987.)
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*{{Cite book |publisher = University of Chicago Press |isbn = 978-0-226-56009-0 |last = McKean |first = Lise|title = Divine enterprise : Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement |location = Chicago |year = 1996}}
*{{Cite book|publisher = Garland Pub. |isbn = 978-0-8240-9036-4 |last = Melton |first = J. Gordon. |author-link = J. Gordon Melton |title = The encyclopedic handbook of cults in America |location = New York |series = Garland reference library of social science, v. 213 |year = 1986 |url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopedichand00melt }}
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*{{Cite journal| issn = 0034-673X| volume = 20| issue = 1| pages = 23–43| last = Pilarzyk| first = Thomas| title = The Origin, Development, and Decline of a Youth Culture Religion: An Application of Sectarianization Theory| journal = Review of Religious Research| year = 1978| jstor = 3509939| doi = 10.2307/3509939| publisher = Religious Research Association, Inc.}}
*{{cite journal|title=The Divine Light Mission as a social organization|journal=Sociological Review|year=1979|first=Maeve |last=Price|volume=27|issue=2|pages=279–296 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-954X.1979.tb00335.x|s2cid=144659402}}
*{{cite journal|journal=[[International Journal for the Psychology of Religion]]|title=Clinical and personality assessment of participants in new religions|year=1995|first=James T.|last=Richardson| author-link =James Richardson (sociologist)
|volume=5|issue=3|pages=145–170|doi=10.1207/s15327582ijpr0503_1 }}
*{{Cite book|publisher = Fortress Press |isbn = 978-0-8006-0637-4 |last = Rudin |first = A. James |author2 = Marcia R. Rudin |title = Prison or paradise? : The new religious cults |location = Philadelphia |year = 1980 |url = https://archive.org/details/prisonorparadise00rudi }}
*{{Cite book|publisher = W.W. Norton |isbn = 978-0-393-03487-5 |last = Sadie |first = Julie Anne |author2 = Rhian. Samuel |title = The Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers |location = New York |year = 1995 |url = https://archive.org/details/nortongrovedicti00sadi }}
*{{Cite book |publisher = Lansdowne |isbn = 978-0-7018-0429-9 |last = Smith |first = Margaret. |author2=David J. Crossley |title = The Way out : radical alternatives in Australia |location = Melbourne |year = 1975}} "The Divine Light Mission in Australia" by Derek Harper & Michael McDonald
*{{Cite book |publisher = Chilton |isbn = 978-0-8019-6620-0 |last = Stoner |first = Carroll |author2=Jo Anne Parke |title = [[All Gods Children (book)|All gods' children : the cult experience--salvation or slavery?]] |location = Radnor, Pa. |year = 1977}}
*{{Cite book|publisher = Greenwood Press |isbn = 978-0-313-32181-8 |last = Sutton |first = Robert P. |title = Modern American communes : a dictionary |location = Westport, Conn. |year = 2005 |url = https://archive.org/details/modernamericanco00robe }}
*{{Cite book |publisher = AltaMira Press |isbn = 978-0-7619-8956-1 |last = Swatos |first = William H. |author2=Peter Kivisto |title = Encyclopedia of religion and society |location = Walnut Creek, Calif. |year = 1998}}
*{{Cite book |publisher = University Press of the Pacific [for] U.S. Dept. of Defense Dept. of the Army Office of the Chief of Chaplains |isbn = 978-0-89875-607-4 |last = United States.;Kirschner Associates.;Institute for the Study of American Religion. |title = Religious requirements and practices of certain selected groups : a handbook for chaplains |location = Honolulu HI |year = 2001}}
*{{Cite journal| issn = 0038-0210| volume = 49| issue = 2| pages = 171–183| last = van Driel| first = Barend |author2=James T. Richardson| title = Categorization of New Religious Movements in American Print Media| journal = Sociological Analysis| year = 1988| jstor = 3711011| doi = 10.2307/3711011| publisher = Oxford University Press}}
*{{Cite book |publisher = [[Clarendon Press]]; [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-19-827883-2 |last = Wilson |first = Bryan R.| author-link = Bryan R. Wilson |title = The social dimensions of sectarianism : sects and new religious movements in contemporary society |location = Oxford; New York |year = 1992}}

{{refend}}

{{Prem Rawat}}
{{Sant Mat}}
{{New Religious Movements}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Advait Mat]]
[[Category:Contemporary Sant Mat]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:Prem Rawat]]
[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1960]]
[[Category:Hindu organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Religious organizations disestablished in 1983]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:1983 disestablishments in the United States]]

Ambedkar family

2025-07-19T06:31:45Z

LucileBrownbill: updated details

{{Short description|Indian family}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox family
|name=Ambedkar family
|crest=|crestcaption=
|image=Rajagriha, Bombay, February 1934. (L to R) Yashwant, BR Ambedkar, Ramabai, Laxmibai, Mukundrao, and Tobby.jpg
|imagecaption=[[Babasaheb Ambedkar]] with his family members at [[Rajgruha]], his residence was at Hindu colony of Dadar in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. From left – Yashwant (son), Babasaheb Ambedkar, Smt. [[Ramabai Ambedkar|Ramabai]] (wife), Smt. Laxmibai (wife of his elder brother, Anandrao), Mukund (nephew) and Dr. Ambedkar’s dog, Tobby. Picture taken in February 1934
|region=India
|early_forms=
|origin=[[Ambadawe]], [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]] [[Mhow]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|members=Ramji Maloji Sakpal (father) Bhimabai Ramji Sakpal (mother) Balaram Ramji Ambedkar (brother) Gangabai Lakgawadekar (sister) Ramabai Malvanakar (sister) Anandrao Ramji Ambedkar (brother) Manjulabai Yesu Pandirkar (sister) Tulsabai Dharma Kantekar (sister) '''[[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]]''' [[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar]] (wife) [[Savita Ambedkar|Savita Bhimrao Ambedkar]] (2nd wife) [[Yashwant Bhimrao Ambedkar]] (son) Meerabai Yashwant Ambedkar (wife of son)
|connectedmembers=[[Prakash Ambedkar]] (grandson) Anjali Prakash Ambedkar (wife of grandson) Ramabai [[Anand Teltumbde]] (granddaughter) Bhimrao Yashwant Ambedkar (grandson) Darshana Bhimrao Ambedkar (wife of grandson) [[Anandraj Ambedkar]] (grandson) Manisha Anandraj Ambedkar (wife of grandson) Sujat Prakash Ambedkar (great-grandson) Prachi Anandrao Teltumbde (great-granddaughter) Rashmi Anandrao Teltumbde (great-granddaughter) Hrichita Bhimrao Ambedkar (great-granddaughter) Sahil Anandraj Ambedkar (great-grandson) Aman Anandraj Ambedkar (great-grandson)
|otherfamilies=
|distinctions=
|traditions=[[Buddhism]]
|heirlooms=
|estate=
|meaning=
|footnotes=}}
The '''Ambedkar family''' is the family of [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) who was an Indian [[polymath]] and the chairman of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Drafting Committee]]. The patriarch Ambedkar is popularly known as '''Babasaheb''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: endearment for "father", in India).

== Family tree ==
{{chart top}}
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart |||MlS|y| Mrs.S | |MlS='''<big>Maloji Sakpal</big>'''|Mrs.S='''Mrs Sakpal'''}}
{{Tree chart |,|v|v|-|-|(}}
{{Tree chart |3Ch||Mrb||Bhmb|y|RjS|~|Jjb|3Ch=3 child|Mrb=Meerabai|||Bhmb='''Bhimabai (?–1896)'''||RjS='''Ramji Maloji Sakpal (1838–1913)'''|Jjb=Jijabai}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart |7Chdr||Blrm||GLkh||RbM||AaR|y|Lxb||MYP||TDK||Ramab|y|BhrAmb| 7Chdr=7 child (Died when infant)|Blrm=Balaram | GLkh=Ganga Lakhavdekar |RbM=Ramabai Malvankar |AaR=Anandrao|Lxb=Laxmibai|MYP=Manjula Yesu Pandirkar |TDK=Tulsa Dharma Kantekar |Ramab='''[[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar|Ramabai Ambedkar]] (1898–1935)''' |BhrAmb='''[[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ambedkar (Babasaheb)]] (1891–1956)''' |Savab='''[[Savita Ambedkar]] (1909–2003)'''}}
{{Tree chart ||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|-|-|'|||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart |||||||||||||MkdR|y|Shj|||YswB|y|Mrbi||Ggd||Rmh||Inu||Rjt|MkdR=Mukund Ambedkar (?–1959)|Shj=Shaileja |YswB=[[Yashwant Bhimrao Ambedkar]] (1912–1977)|Mrbi=Meera|Ggd=Gangadhar (Died when infant)|Rmh=Ramdesh (Died when infant)|Inu=Indu (Died when infant)|Rjt=Rajratna (Died when infant)}}
{{Tree chart ||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.|||`|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart |Ashk|y|Ashw||Dil|y|Alk||VKM||SRK||PrB|y|Anj||RAT||BrTh|y|Drs||AaR|y|MaN|Ashk=Ashok|Ashw=Ashwini|Dil=Dileep|Alk=Alaka|VKM=Vidya Kashinath Mohite|SRK=Sujata Ramesh Kadam|PrB=[[Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar|Prakash (Balasaheb)]] (b. 1954)|Anj=Anjali|RAT=Ramabai Anand Teltumbde|BrTh=[[Bhimrao Yashwant Ambedkar]] (b. 1958)|Drs=Darshana|AaR=[[Anandraj Ambedkar|Anandraj]] (b. 1967)|MaN=Manisha}}
{{Tree chart ||,|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.||`|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|||||!||||,|-|^|-|.||||!|||||,|-|-|^|-|.}}
{{Tree chart |San|y|Chr||Rrt|y|Ami|||Aks||Ata|||Suj||Prc||Rsh||Hru|||Sah|||Amn|San=Sandesh|Chr=Charulata|Rrt=Rajratna (b. 1982)|Ami=Amita|Aks=Akshay|Ata=Akshata|Suj=Sujat|Prc=Prachi|Rsh=[[Rashmi Teltumde]]|Hru=Ritika|Sah=Sahil|Amn=Aman}}
{{Tree chart ||,|-|^|-|.||||||!||||||||||}}
{{Tree chart |Ysh||Mtk||||Psh|Ysh=Yash|Mtk=Mayank|Psh=Prisha|}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== Photos ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:Subhedar Ramji Maloji Sakpal (1838 - 1913) was the father of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar who was a Subedar – Major in army.png|Ramji Maloji Sakpal
File:Bhimabai Ramji Sakpal (Ambedkar).jpg|Bhimabai Ramji Sakpal
File:Balaram Ramji Ambedkar - Elder brother of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.jpg|Balaram Ambedkar
File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and his signature.jpg|[[Bhimrao Ambedkar]]
File:Ramabai Ambedkar - wife of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.jpg|[[Ramabai Ambedkar]]
File:Dr. Savita Ambedkar.jpg|[[Savita Ambedkar]]
File:Yashawant Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|[[Yashwant Ambedkar]]
File:Anandraj Yashwant Ambedkar.jpg|[[Anandraj Ambedkar|Anandraj Yashwant Ambedkar]]
File:Bhimrao Yashwant Ambedkar.jpg|[https://mr.wikipedia.org/s/4bed Bhimrao Yashwant Ambedkar]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
* [[Political families of Maharashtra]]
* [[List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Portal bar|India|History}}

[[Category:Buddhist families]]
[[Category:Ambedkar family| ]]
[[Category:Political families of India]]

{{India-bio-stub}}

T. B. Narasimhachar

2025-07-16T23:35:18Z

LucileBrownbill: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2017}}

''' Tirumazhisai Bhashyam Narasimhachar "Saragrahi"''' (15 April 1915 – 23 November 1988) was a well-known [[Carnatic music]] critic from [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. He was born to Bhashyam Ramachar and Srirangamma in a [[Sri Vaishnava]] family.

{{short description|Indian singer and lyricist}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2021}}

== Contributions to Carnatic music ==

=== Music writer ===
From his childhood, he had a keen interest in music, [[harikatha]], dance and drama forms of South India. Although he qualified to be a lawyer, Narasimhachar took up a clerical job at the Comptrollers’ Office in Bangalore due to family circumstances. While in this job, he started his musical journalism by writing a weekly column on music and musicians in the Kannada magazine ''Thaai Nadu''. He later assumed the pen name "Saragrahi" and contributed music reviews, articles on Carnatic musicians and Carnatic Music history in many Kannada and English language journals like [[Samyukta Karnataka]] (1978–80), [[Kannada Prabha]], [[The Indian Express]], The Evening Herald, The Hindu, Shanmukha Magazine.<ref>[http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/files/original/e8c4e944a0832d0a4281da1c85c8e4a4.pdf "Cultural Scene in Karnataka" Shanmukha Magazine, Jul 1985]</ref><ref>[http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/files/original/5b559c6e4311ab6c130bffe82bba3071.pdf "Cultural Scene in Karnataka" Shanmukha Magazine, Oct 1988]</ref><ref>[http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/files/original/d7ab5a7b4659995f0667db2835a2c863.pdf "Memories of a Master of Lakshyagnana" Shanmukha Magazine, Apr 1986]</ref> (quarterly journal, published by Sri Shanmukhananda Fine Arts & Sangeetha Sabha), Nadopasana (Published by Malleswaram Sangeetha Sabha).<ref>[http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/files/original/7573af8c23609db67fc47b5a50751199.pdf "T.B.Narasimhachar, an Obituary" by K.S.M Pg 35, Shanmukha Magazine, Jan 1989]</ref><ref>Taranga, Kannada Magazine - Introduction and Interview with Saragrahi 1986</ref> Commissioned by the [[Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy]], he compiled and edited a series of books on artists of various music genres hailing from Karnataka, titled Namma Sangita Kalavidaru.<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12821724 ''Namma Sangita Kalavidaru'']</ref><ref>[https://www.karnataka.gov.in/gazetteer/GazetteerMandya2009/Bibiliography.pdf Karnataka Govt. Gazette]</ref> He also compiled the "Namma Sugama Sangeetha Kalavidaru" and "Namma Nritya Kalavidaru" for the same organization.

=== Founder of Malleswaram Sangeetha Sabha ===
T. B.Narasimhachar was instrumental in establishing [[Malleswaram Sangeetha Sabha]] in 1948. This [[Sabha (music school)|Sabha]] is the second oldest registered in Bangalore, the oldest being [[Gayana Samaja]]. He was its first secretary and continued to serve in various honorary capacities till he died. He established the Sabha firmly in the music scene by bringing in stalwarts to perform on a regular basis. Many up and coming musicians showcased their talent through this Sabha<ref>[http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/files/original/7573af8c23609db67fc47b5a50751199.pdf T.B.Narasimhachar - An Obituary by K.S.M]</ref><ref>Obituary in Nadopasana Vol 6, Iss 7, Pub. Malleswaram Sangeetha Sabha</ref><ref>'A Peep into the Past' by TBN, Nadopasana Vol 3, Iss 1</ref><ref>"History of the Sabha" series of articles by T.B.Narasimhachar Nadopasana Magazine Vol 5,6</ref>

=== Talent scout ===
Many talented young musicians were discovered or given a push in the right direction by him. He often held [[chamber music]] concerts at his own residence to promote new talent. Artists like [[R. Vedavalli]], [[Bombay Sisters]], [[T. A. S. Mani]] and [[T. S. Satyavati]] have acknowledged the vital role he played in bringing their talent to the notice of the cognoscenti.<ref>T.B. Narasimhachar, Ondu Nenapu - Nadopasana Nov 1996</ref><ref>[http://pramodinirao.blogspot.in/2012_06_01_archive.html An evening with Sangeetha Kalanidhi R.Vedavalli]</ref><ref>[http://saragrahitbn.wordpress.com Saragrahi T.B.Narasimhachar, A tribute website]</ref>

== Awards ==
His contribution to the field of music criticism was acknowledged with the award of "Karnataka Kala Tilaka" title by the [[Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy]] for the year 1985-86.<ref>Namma Prashasti Puraskrutaru (Introduction of Academy awardees from 1959-2007, Publisher: Registrar, [http://www.karnatakasangeetanrityaacademy.org/ Karnataka Sangeeta Nrutya Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206010643/http://www.karnatakasangeetanrityaacademy.org/ |date=6 December 2012 }}, Kannada Bhavana, J.C Road, Bangalore, Edition 2009)(page 22)</ref> He was also given the [[Karnataka state]] [[Rajyotsava award]] the same year.{{fact|date=February 2019}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimhachar, Tirumazhisai Bhashyam}}
[[Category:Singers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian music critics]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]

Ganesha (disambiguation)

2025-07-01T00:01:00Z

LucileBrownbill: creating a data!

{{wiktionary|Ganesha}}
'''[[Ganesha]]''' is a Hindu deity of intellect and wisdom.

'''Ganesha''', '''Ganesh''', or '''Gaṇeśa''' may also refer to:
{{ToC right}}
==People==
*[[Ganesh (name)]], a list of people with the given name and surname

*[[Raja Ganesha]] (1415), a ruler of Bengal who overthrew the Ilyas dynasty
*[[Gaṇeśa Daivajna]], 16th century astronomer
*[[Shankar–Ganesh]], an Indian music director duo who worked in Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada movies
*Ganesh, one half of the Indian musical duo [[Ganesh and Kumaresh]]
*[[Ganesh (actor)]], Indian actor in Kannada cinema
*[[Ganesh (lawyer)]], fictional Indian lawyer

==In the arts==
*[[Ganesh (album)|''Ganesh'' (album)]], a 1997 album by Aka Moon
*[[Ganesh (1998 film)|''Ganesh'' (1998 film)]], a 1998 Indian Telugu-language film
*[[Ganesh (2009 film)|''Ganesh'' (2009 film)]], a 2009 Indian Telugu-language film
*''[[List of Indian film series|Ganesha]]'', an Indian Kannada-language film series, including
**''[[Ganeshana Maduve]]''(1990)
**''[[Gauri Ganesha]]'' (1991)
**''[[Ganesha Subramanya]]'' (1992)
**''[[Ganeshana Galate]]'' (1995)
**''[[Ganesha I Love You]]'' (1997)
**''[[Ganesha Matthe Banda]]'' (2008)

==In geography==
*[[Ganesh Himal]], a mountain range in Asia
*[[Ganesa Macula]], a dark feature on Saturn's moon Titan
*[[Ganish]], a village in Hunza valley of Pakistan

==Other uses==
* [[:id:Ganesha Operation|Ganesha Operation]], an educational institution in Indonesia that focuses on providing tutoring services
*[[Ganesa (gastropod)|''Ganesa'' (gastropod)]], a genus of marine snails in the family Turbinidae
*[[Ganesha (ctenophore)|''Ganesha'' (ctenophore)]], a genus of comb jellies
*[[Ganesha (psychedelic)]], 2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-dimethylamphetamine, a hallucinogenic drug
*[[Ganesha the Elephant]], a fictional character from the Bloody Roar series
*[[Khairatabad Ganesh]], an idol of Ganesh in Hyderabad, India

==See also==
*[[Ganesa (disambiguation)]]
*[[Ganes (disambiguation)]]
*[[Ganapati (disambiguation)]]
*[[Vinayaka (disambiguation)]], another name of the deity
*[[Ganesan]], an Indian surname
*''[[Bal Ganesh]]'', a 2007 Indian animated film series and subsequent film series about the deity
*''[[My Friend Ganesha]]'', a 2007 Indian film and subsequent film series about the deity

{{disambiguation|given name|surname}}

Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple

2025-05-26T16:19:54Z

LucileBrownbill:

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple
| image = Thirukadayur (7).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|4|39|N|79|49|6|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district]]
| locale =
| elevation_m =
| deity =Amirthagateswarar([[Shiva]]), Abhirami ([[Parvati]])
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Cholas]]
| website =
|location=[[Thirukkadaiyur]], [[Mayiladuthurai]]}}
'''Amrithakadeeswarar Abhirami Temple''' (also called '''Abhirami temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] in his manifestation as [[Kalantaka]] and his wife [[Parvati]] as Abhirami. There is a Shrine for [[Maha Vishnu]] as '''Amrithanarayana''' and his consort [[Mahalakshmi]] as '''Amrithavalli'''. It is located in [[Thirukkadaiyur]] (Thirukkadavur), 21 km East of [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in India. This temple is associated with the legend of Shiva saving his young devotee, [[Markendeya]] from death, and the tale of a saint, [[Abirami Pattar]] a devotee of the presiding goddess.

The presiding deity is revered in the 7th-century-CE Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0162.pdf
|title=Sambhantar tEvAram -2
|work=projectmadurai.org
|accessdate=16 July 2011
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110725065208/http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0162.pdf| archivedate= 25 July 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref> The temple complex covers 10 acres and has two gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The tallest is the eastern tower, with 11 stories and a height of {{convert|46|m|ft|0}}. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Amirthaghateswarar and Abhirami being the most prominent. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 10 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to [[Thanjavur Nayaks]]. The temple is maintained and administered by the Dharmapuram Aadhenam.

As per Hindu legend, Shiva is believed to have destroyed eight different demons and the eight Ashta Veeratanam temples are built signifying each of his victories. The temple is counted one of the eight where Shiva is believed to have appeared as Kalasamharamurthy to save Markandeya from the death clutches of [[Yama]]. Based on the legend of Markandeya, it is believed that worshiping at this temple will give longevity to couples who have reached age sixty or eighty-one and such worship is common in the temple.

[[Tirumayanam Brahmapureeswarar Temple|Brahmapureeswarar Temple at Thirukadaiyur Mayanam or Brahmapureeswarar Temple Thirumeiganam, Pillaiperumalnallur]], another famous Padal Petra Shiva Sthalam is located nearby, easterly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmapureeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=777|year=2019|access-date=24 May 2020|publisher=Dinamalar}}</ref>

==Legend==
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Markandeya.jpg|left|thumb|[[Shiva]] saving [[Markendeya]] from [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]]]]
Thirukkadaiyur derives its name from the pot, called ''Gatam'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. [[Vishnu]], [[Indra]], and the other [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] needed a sublime place to consume the ambrosia that had been churned during the [[Samudra manthan]] and, therefore, brought the ambrosia pot here. Before consuming it, they forgot to worship [[Ganesha]], who is to be worshiped before any great undertaking. Ganesha, hurt and offended at the unintentional slight by the devas, stole the pot of Amrita and hid it at Tirukkadaiyur. Ganesha created a [[Shiva Lingam]], dedicated to his father and mother, and poured some of the Amrita over it. The Shiva Lingam at this temple is known as ''Amrita Ghat Eshwarar'', which, translated from [[Sanskrit]] literally means "Lord that leads to immortality" ('Immortality' (''Amrita'') 'Step' (''Ghat'') 'Lord' (''Eshwarar'')). It is also believed that Abhirami incarnated here by the power of Vishnu.

As per popular legend, near the temple of Tirukkadaiyur, there lived a [[rishi|sage]] named Mrikandu and his wife Marudmati. They were both devotees of Shiva and worshiped him day and night for many years, asking to be graced with a child. After many years of [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|penance]], Shiva appeared to Mrikandu and Marudmati. He told them that he heard their prayers and would give them a choice: they could either have a gifted son who would live to be only sixteen, or a son of low intelligence who would live a long life. Mrikandu and Marudmati chose the former, and were blessed with [[Markandeya]], an exemplary son, destined to die at the age of sixteen.

As Markandeya grew, so did his devotion to Shiva. As advised by his father, Markandeya worshipped the Shiva Lingam at Tirukkadaiyur, even bringing water from the [[Ganges]] to the temple via an underground passage. On the day he was destined to die, [[Yama]], the deity of death, appeared with his noose to tie around the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|soul]] of Markandeya and take it with him. Markandeya sought refuge in the temple and embraced the Siva Lingam. Shiva appeared and warned Yama not to touch Markandeya, as he was under his protection. Yama refused to listen and threw the noose anyway, binding Markandeya and the Lingam together. Angered by Yama's extraordinary arrogance, Shiva kicked him and held him under his foot, making Yama inactive. Markandeya was blessed by Shiva to remain sixteen years old eternally. Shiva came to be known as "Kala-samhara" (Sanskrit: "Destroyer of Time") at this temple.

Meanwhile, with Yama being rendered inactive, there were no deaths on earth, but people were still being born. Burdened by the weight of so many people and unable to sustain their hunger, the earth-goddess, [[Bhumi Devi]], appealed to Shiva for help. Shiva, feeling compassionate for the earth-goddess, released Yama, allowing death to occur again. However, in order to remind Yama never to try to kill someone while they are worshiping Shiva again, the [[murti|icon]] of Shiva in this temple is depicted with his forefinger raised in warning.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=37}}</ref>

Since it is believed that Lord Siva subdued Yama in Thirukkadaiyur, the Lord is called [[Mahamrityunjaya Mantra|Mrityunjaya]] (Sanskrit: "Conqueror of Death" or "Victorious over Death").

==History==
There are several inscriptions in the temple belonging to the [[Medieval Chola]]s. On the southern wall in the central shrine, there is an inscription from the 13th regnal year of [[Rajaraja I]] indicating stipulation of paddy to the temple by a merchant in return to offer of land to the temple offered. Another record in the temple indicates the record (ARE 242 of 1925) of a gift of paddy to the temple by [[Rajendra Chola]] for conducting eight-day temple festival annually. A third record on the same wall indicates record dated to 1054 CE from the reign of [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] records a gift of land by a devotee to feed 17 devotees. The fourth record (ARE 244 of 1925) in the shrine from the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] indicates the Mahasabha of Tirukadavur selling 1.74 ''velis'' of land that had been lying fallow for 50 years. An interesting inscription from the outer precinct from the period of [[Rajaraja II]] indicates confiscation of lands from a custodian of a temple who colluded with Vaishanvites (worshipers of [[Vishnu]]). There are several inscriptions indicating donations for performing art, drama, dance and music.<ref name=ASI/> The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Dharmapuram Adheenam]].<ref name=Saiva4>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 4 - Thirumurai Thalangal|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|year=2013|pages=127–131}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[Image:Thirukadayur (11).jpg|left|250px|Temple tank behind the temple|thumb]]
The temple, in line with the [[Hindu temple architecture|temple architecture]] of the [[Chola dynasty]], occupies a very vast area of {{convert|11|acre|m2}}, with five [[prakaram|courtyards]], several imposing temple towers, and large and spacious [[mandapa]]s. Though the details of the king who consecrated the temple are uncertain, it can be ascertained from inscriptions in the temple that it has been in existence since at least the tenth or eleventh century, during the reign of [[Raja Raja Chola I]]. It was during the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1075–1120) that the brick walls of the temple were replaced with stone walls and the mandapam in the front was constructed. The ''[[Gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', or the front entryway of the temple, is replete with images made of mortar, depicting various legends associated with the temple.

The temple occupies an area of {{convert|11|acre|ha|abbr=on}} and has around five large precincts. The temple faces West and is approached through a seven-tiered [[gopuram|raja gopuram]] (pyramidal temple tower). The central shrine houses the image of Amrithakadeswarar in the form of [[Linga]]. There is a separate shrine for Kalasamharamurthy, the saviour of Markendeya near the sanctum. The bronze image is sported with four arms, emanating out of a Linga. The niches in the walls around the first precinct contains images of [[Durga]], [[Dakshinamurthy]] and [[Chandikesa]]. There are five set of stone sculptures belonging to the Chola temple. There are three temple tanks, or ''teerthams'', known as Amrita Pushkarini, Kaala Theertham and Maarkandeya Theertham. There is a separate shrine dedicated to Abhirami. The [[Shaktism|Shakta]] saint [[Abhirami Pattar]] is believed to have rendered the ''Abhirami Anthathi'' in the front hall of the shrine. The temple also maintains a separate shrine for [[Markandeya]] worshipping ''[[Kalantaka|Kalasamhara Murti]]''. Although Thirukadaiyur is a Shaiva temple, it contains an old [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] temple. The gods in this temple are Amrita Narayana ([[Vishnu]]) and his consort Amrita Valli ([[Lakshmi]]). The shrine of Abirami faces east and is located close to the entrance tower. The precinct houses the image of Abirami Pattar.<ref name=ASI>{{cite book|title=Middle Chola temples Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/62202.pdf|pages=104–6|isbn=978-9060236079}}</ref>

==Legend of Abhirami Bhattar==
[[File:Thirukadayur (3).jpg|thumb|250px|Legend of Abirami Pattar]]
At this temple, towards the beginning of the sixteenth century, there lived a staunch devotee of the goddess Abhirami named '''Abhirami Bhattar''' (''Subramanyam Iyer''). He loved the goddess so much that he saw her everywhere and in everyone, but especially in all women. Any woman that entered the temple he would offer flowers to, worshiping her as the living embodiment of the goddess.

One day, King Saraboji visited the temple as Subramanian was meditating on Abhirami. Seeing that Subramanian did not bow before him as he entered the temple, the king became irritated. He asked one of the devotees in the temple who this man was that refused to recognize him. One priest told the king that Subramanian was mad, worshiping all women as the Divine Mother and showering them with flowers. However, another priest of the temple overheard this and corrected the man, saying that Subramanian was truly a saint and a great devotee of Mother Abhirami.

The king, confused by the two conflicting accounts of who this man was, decided to put Subramanian to the test. Therefore, he asked Subramanian whether today was a [[Hindu calendar|full moon day or a new moon day]]. At that time, Subramanian was still absorbed in meditation on the Divine Mother, seeing her shining face in his mind. Subramanian, seeing the Goddess' face and mistaking it for the moon, responded to the king saying that it was a [[full moon]] day when it was actually a [[new moon]] day. The king, deciding that Subramanian must be mad, ordered that he be burnt at dusk if the moon failed to appear. After some time, the king's army awakened Subramanian and ordered him to come with them to be executed for his madness. On returning to ordinary consciousness, Subramanian realized that he had mistaken Goddess Abhirami's face for the full moon, making him say it was a full moon day when, in actuality, it was a new moon day.

Standing in the pyre, with the flames rising all around him, Subramanian realized that only the Divine Mother could save him now. He began singing a song of one-hundred praises to Abhirami (the so-called ''Abhirami Andaadi'' or "Song to Abhirami"), begging her to come to his rescue. While singing the seventy-ninth verse of his song, which states that the Divine Mother is an ocean of blessing without limit whose merciful eyes grant [[moksha|liberation]], Goddess Abhirami appeared before Subramanian, his executioners, and the unbelieving king. Throwing her earring into the sky, it took the form of the full moon.

The king, having realized his mistake and immensely pleased by his devotion, released Subramanian. From that day forward, Subramanian was called ''Abhirami Bhattar'', which translates to "priest of Abhirami", and the king became his disciple. To this day, Abhirami Bhattar is still celebrated at Thirukadaiyur on the new moon day in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Tai (mid-January to mid-February).<ref>{{cite book|title=Eating God: A Book of Bhakti Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-9WBAAAQBAJ&q=thirukadaiyur&pg=PT175|page=175|first=Arundhathi|last=Subramanian|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2014|isbn=9789351188377}}</ref>

==Religious importance==
{{multiple image
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Among the sixty-three [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] poet-saints, collectively known as the [[Nayanars]], [[Kungiliya Kalaya Nayanar]] and Kari Nayanar both worshiped and attained liberation from the [[Saṃsāra#Saṅsāra in Hinduism|cycle of birth and death]] here. Kalaya Nayanar was an ardent worshiper of Shiva and lighted temple lamps & incense sticks with his meager earning. Once he had no earning and the family was facing severe poverty. Kalaya's wife gave his gold ornament to sell for daily expenditure. Kalaya sold the gold and used the money for lighting the temple lamps. As he lighted more and more lamps, his house was filled with grains. A divine voice detailed his affinity towards the presiding deity resulted in the wealth. He came to be known as Kungili Kalayanar (''kungilium'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] means incense powder).<ref name=Giri>{{cite book|title=108 Thennaga Shivasthalangal|language=Tamil|publisher=Giri Trading Agency Private Limited|isbn=978-81-7950-707-0|last=R.|first=Ponnammal|pages=134–41}}</ref>

The Nayanars [[Appar]], [[Sundarar]] and [[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]] have also sung of the glories of this shrine. All Siddhas visited this temple. Specially Siddhar Korakkar visited this temple and got the blessings of the goddess.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian shrines: illustrated|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|publisher=Madras Times Printing and Pub. Co.|year=1920|pages=360–369}}</ref> As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 276 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The eleven songs of Sambandar are compiled in third ''[[Thirumurai]]'' as 8th canto. The thirty one songs of Appar are compiled in the fourth ''Thirumrai'' ten each under 31st and 107th canto, while the remaining eleven in fifth ''Thirumrai'' under 11th canto. The ten songs of Sundarar are compiled in seventh ''Thirumurai'' in 28th cantor.<ref name=Saiva4/>

The temple is one of the [[Ashta Veeratta Stalam|Ashta Veeratanam]] temples that commemorate Shiva's eight acts of valour and fury where he became victorious over demons, heroes or divinities.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Medical and Spiritual Sciences of Siddhas of Tamil Nadu|last=P.|first=Karthigayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4HDDAAAQBAJ&q=veerattam&pg=PT388|page=388|publisher=Notion Press|year=2016|isbn=9789352065523}}</ref> and also as places where he is believed to have performed with fury.<ref name=C137>{{cite book|title=Vishnu temples of South India volume 4|last=Madhavan|first=Chithra|isbn=978-81-908445-3-6|publisher=Alpha Land Books Pvt. Ltd.|year=2014|location=Chennai|page=145}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Where Siva vanquished the sons of Tarakasura|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2018/nov/21/where-siva-vanquished-the-sons-of-tarakasura-1900918.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|location=Chennai|last=Madhavan|first=Chithra|date=21 November 2018|accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref>

==Worship and festivals==
[[File:Thirukadayur (1).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Worship of longevity]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 8:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhisheka'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Amritaghateswar and Abhirami Amman. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Amirtha Kadeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=639|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

Based on the legend of Markandeya, it is believed that worshipping at this temple will give longevity to couples who have reached age sixty or eighty-one. A service called Sashtiaptha poorthi ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: "completion of sixty [years]") is celebrated in honor of a husband's sixtieth birthday and Sadhabishegam (Sanskrit: "Eighty-One") is celebrated in honor of his eighty-first birthday. The annual [[Brahmotsavam]] is celebrated in the month of Chithirai (April–May) here. The [[Shankha]]-[[abhisheka]], a festival of the Divine Mother celebrated in the month of Kartikai (November–December), is also of great importance here. Other festivals celebrated at this temple in honor of the Divine Mother include [[Navaratri]] and ''Aadi Pooram'', a festival celebrating the day that Abhirami attained her menarche.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Ashta Veeratta Stalam]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Nagpur CR railway division

2025-04-23T02:08:16Z

LucileBrownbill: fix details and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Railway division of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
'''Nagpur CR railway division''' is one of the five railway divisions under the jurisdiction of [[Central Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> This railway division was formed in 1867 and its headquarter is located at [[Nagpur]] in the state of Maharashtra of India. It covers an East part of the state of Maharashtra and small part of Southern Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=IR setup|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/pdf/IR_Setup.pdf|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

[[Bhusawal railway division]], [[Solapur railway division]], [[Mumbai CR railway division]], and [[Pune railway division]] are the other railway divisions under CR Zone headquartered at [[Mumbai CST]].
<ref>{{cite web|title=Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |work=Indian Railways |access-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417132128/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1441956713325-History%20of%20East-Central%20Railway.pdf |title = Nagpur CR Railway Division|access-date = 13 January 2016 |website = Railway Board|publisher = [[Western Railway zone]]}}</ref>

==List of railway stations and towns ==
The list includes the stations under the Nagpur CR division and their station category.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations in IR based on Pass. earning of 2011|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PASSENGER AMENITIES - CRITERIA= For Categorisation Of Stations|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf|access-date=15 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045206/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NAGPUR DIVISION AT A GLANCE (AS ON FEBRUARY 2014)|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1404449069129-Salient%20features.pdf|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Category of station
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | No. of stations
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''A-1''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{rws|Nagpur Junction}}
|-

|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''A''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Wardha Junction railway station|Wardha Junction]], {{rws|Chandrapur}}, {{rws|Balharshah Junction}}, {{rws|Betul}},
{{rws|Amravati}},
{{rws|Badnera Junction}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''B''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Sewagram Junction railway station|Sewagram Junction]], {{rws|Dhamangaon}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''C''' Category (Suburban station)
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" |
{{rws|Ajni}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''D''' Category. |Majri jn |
| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| style="text-align:center;" | HGT, MTY, AQ, {{rws|Junnardeo}}, {{rws|Parasia}}, WRR, Narkher, Katol, CND, BUX, MJRI, {{rws|Amla Junction}}, GDYA, PLO, PAR
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''E''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | 52
| style="text-align:center;" | Wani, Bhugaon, Hirdagarh, Bordhai, Sindi, Butibori, [[Babupeth railway station|Babupeth]], Palachaurai, Godhani, Navegaon, Iklehra, Taku, Jambara, Kalmeshwar, Tuljapur, Teegaon, Barbatpur, Kirathgarh, Dhodramohar, Talni, Malkhed, Kayar, Nagri, Jaulkheda, Dahegaon, Sonegaon, Lingti, Kalaakhar, Seloo Road, Timtala, Chikni Road, Kalambha, Khapri, Chichonda, Kohli, Tadali, Borkhedi, Gumgaon, Wagholi, Kaotha, Sonkhamb, Metpanjra, Maramjhiri, Barsali, Pimpalkhuti, Bharatwada, Dharakhoh, Saheli, Arvi, Pusla, Warud Orange city, Morshi.
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''F''' Category Halt Station
| style="text-align:center;" | 18
| style="text-align:center;" | Gondwana Visapur, Warud, Tinkheda, Darimeta, Ghudankhapa, Hatnapur, Lalawadi, Malkapur, Barchi Road, Barelipar, Markadhana, Gangiwara, Mowad, Benoda, Hiwarkhed, Pala, Astegaon, Kolvihir
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''92'''
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|}
Stations closed for Passengers - 23 numbers
Kesla, Polapathar, Magardoh, Chard cabin, Chitoda jn, Yenor, Chotipadoli, Vivekand nagar, Dipori, Sorta, Virur, Rohna -1, Rohna-2, Dhanori, Pargothan, Khubgaon, Pachegaon, Arvi, Majri khadan, Mukutban, Umrer, Rajur, Ghugus

==Routes==

*Badnera Jn(Exclude)- [[Pulgaon]] Jn - [[Wardha]] Jn - [[Butibori]] Jn-[[Nagpur]] Jn
**Pulgaon Jn-[[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]] (Narrow Gauge)
**Butobori Jn - [[Umred|Umrer]]
*Wardha Jn- [[Majri]] Jn - [[Tadali]] Jn - [[Chandrapur]]-[[Balharshah Junction railway station|Balharshah]] Jn(Include)
***Majri Jn - [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] Jn - [[pimpalkutti]]
**Wani Jn - [[rajur]]
**Tadali Jn - [[Ghugus]]
**Balharshah Jn - Chanda Fort
*Nagpur-[[Amla Junction railway station|Amla]] Jn-[[Itarsi]] Jn(exclude)
**[[Amla Junction railway station|Amla]] -[[Chhindwara Junction railway station|Chhindwara]](exclude)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Central Railway}}

[[Category:Nagpur CR railway division| ]]
[[Category:Central Railway zone|*]]
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]