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Aadarsham

2026-05-09T18:15:05Z

LuciaStonor: started some info added tags

'''''Aadarsham''''' may refer to:

*''[[Aadharsam]]'', a 1982 Indian Malayalam film
*[[Aadarsham (1993 film)|''Aadarsham'' (1993 film)]], a 1993 Telugu film

{{Dab}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Nagaland/to do

2026-05-06T22:39:39Z

LuciaStonor: Page

Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T13:49:12Z

LuciaStonor: put up some pg v1.

{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Expand list|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Cooch Behar Uttar
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Cooch Behar Uttar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| constituency_no = 3
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Sukumar Roy (politician)|Sukumar Roy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 2,63,078
}}

'''Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Cooch Behar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 3 Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency (SC) covers [[Cooch Behar II (Community development block)|Cooch Behar II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 20 June 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission}}</ref>

Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency is part of No. 1 [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|Nagendra Nath Roy
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan=2|[[Sukumar Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Cooch Behar Uttar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sukumar Roy (politician)]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= 155327|percentage= 61.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Partha Pratim Roy]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes= 84943|percentage= 33.42|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pranay Karjee|party=Left Front (West Bengal)|votes= 5293|percentage= 2.08|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Partha Pratim Ishore|party=Indian National Congress|votes= 1939|percentage= 0.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes= 1819|percentage= 0.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 70834|percentage= 27.69|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 254175|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|swing = hold
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Cooch Behar Uttar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sukumar Roy (politician)|Sukumar Roy]]
|votes = 1,20,483
|percentage = 49.40
|change = {{increase}}35.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Binay Krishna Barman]]
|votes = 1,05,868
|percentage = 43.40
|change = {{increase}}5.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Nagendra Nath Roy
|votes = 11,475
|percentage = 4.70
|change = {{decrease}}38.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,570
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Anil Chandra Roy
|votes = 1,386
|percentage = 0.57
|change = {{decrease}}0.2
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Naresh Chandra Roy
|votes = 1,379
|percentage = 0.57
|change = {{no change}}
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Kamtapur People's Party (United)
|candidate = Samaresh Ray
|votes = 1,127
|percentage = 0.46
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Gopal Roy
|votes = 628
|percentage = 0.26
|change = {{decrease}}0.41
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,43,916
|percentage = 86.19
|change = {{decrease}}0.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 elections, Nagendranath Roy of AIFB defeated his nearest rival Parimal Burman of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election]]: Cooch Behar Uttar<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=3| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123152/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=3| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 14 July 2014|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Cooch Behar Uttar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate =Nagendra Nath Roy
|votes = 97,629
|percentage = 43.63
|change = -1.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Parimal Barman]]
|votes = 85,336
|percentage = 38.14
|change = -5.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sukumar Roy]]
|votes = 30,025
|percentage = 13.42
|change = +6.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,649
|percentage = 1.18
|change = +1.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,23,771
|percentage = 86.49
|change = +0.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Nagendranath Roy of AIFB defeated his nearest rival Prasenjit Burman of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election]]: Cooch Behar Uttar<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=3| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123152/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=3| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 14 July 2014|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Cooch Behar Uttar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Nagendra Nath Roy
|votes = 84,825
|percentage = 45.11
|change = -5.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Prasenjit Barman]]
|votes = 82,628
|percentage = 43.94
|change = +10.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Malati Rava Roy]]
|votes = 12,608
|percentage = 6.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nirmal Kumar Roy
|votes = 4,745
|percentage = 2.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|candidate = Ratan Barman
|votes = 1,883
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kulen Das
|votes = 1,343
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 188,032
|percentage = 86.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|swing = -16.02
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977 – 2006: Cooch Behar North constituency===
Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 2001<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> state assembly elections Dipak Chandra Sarkar of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] defeated Mihir Goswami of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Mihir Goswami representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] had defeated [[Aparajita Goppi]] of Forward Bloc in 1996.<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Bimal Kanti Basu of Forward Bloc defeated Mihir Goswami of Congress in 1991.<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Aparajita Goppi of Forward Bloc defeated Mihir Goswami of Congress in 1987,<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Sunil Kar of Congress in 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Bimal Chandra Dhar of Congress in 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp04.htm | title =4 - Cooch Behar North Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref>

===1977 – 2006: Cooch Behar West constituency===
In the 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> and 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> state assembly elections, Akshay Thakur of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Cooch Behar West seat defeating Abdul Jalil Ahmed and Soumendra Chandra Das (both of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]) respectively. Soumindra Chandra Das of Forward Bloc defeated Abdul Jalil Ahmed representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> and Ramkrishna Pal of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> Bimal Kanti Basu of Forward Bloc defeated Shyamal Choudhury of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Maqsudar Rahman of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/May2006/pollupd/ac/states/s25/..%5C..%5C..%5C..%5C..%5CElectionAnalysis%5CAE%5CS25%5CPartycomp05.htm | title =5 - Cooch Behar West Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref>

===1962-1972: Cooch Behar North, South and West constituencies===
Sunil Kar of Congress won the Cooch Behar North in 1972<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Bimal Kanti Basu of Forward Bloc won it in 1969.<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> M.R.Tar of Congress won it in 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Sunil Dasgupta of Forward Bloc won it in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Santosh Kumar Roy of Congress won the Cooch Behar South seat in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Sunil Basunia of Forward Bloc won the seat in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Rajani Das of Congress won the Cooch Behar West seat in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Prasenjit Barman of Congress won it in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> The seat was not there prior to 1967.

===1951 & 1957: Cooch Behar constituency===
Cooch Behar was a joint seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> It was won by Maziruddin Ahmed and Satish Chandra Roy Singha (both of Congress). In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]],<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Maziruddin Ahmed and Jatindra Nath Singha Sarkar (both of Congress) won the Cooch Behar joint seat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Cooch Behar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Shambhu, Punjab

2026-05-05T23:52:06Z

LuciaStonor:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shambhu
| official_name = Shambhoo
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.434|76.684 |format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Punjab, India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patiala district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rajpura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1245
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = {{sfnp|District Census Handbook|2011|p=115}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
}}

'''Shambhu'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Shambhoo''' and '''Shambu'''.}} is a village in the [[Patiala district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India, near its border with [[Haryana]]. The village has a [[Khurd and Kalan]] (smaller and larger settlement) set-up. Shambhu Kalan is also the headquarters of an eponymous [[community development block]] with 83 villages.<ref>[https://www.viewvillage.in/villages-of-block/shambu-kalan-7337 Villages list of Shambu Kalan block], viewvillage.in, retrieved 4 March 2023.</ref>

==Geography==
The Shambhu village and its associated hamlets are spread out on both sides of the [[Chandigarh]]–[[Delhi]] Highway ([[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]]) near the [[Haryana]] border of Punjab. The Shambhu Khurd (smaller Shambhu) village is to the west of the highway near a [[Shambhu railway station|railway station]]. The Shambhu Kalan (larger Shambhu) settlement is to the east of the highway at some distance.

A [[caravanserai|serai]] (rest area) was constructed on the side of the highway near Shambhu during the time of emperor [[Jahangir]], which is now known as "Mughal Sarai".<ref>Subhash Parihar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6hlxZfrFPEoC&pg=PA162 Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture], page 162.</ref> It is now a settlement and census village in its own right.{{sfnp|District Census Handbook|2011|p=310}} Another settlement called Naushera ("new town") lies between Mughal Sarai and Shambhu Kalan.{{sfnp|District Census Handbook|2011|p=310}} Further villages of Dahrian, Bapraur (Baprawar), Muhammadpur and Rajgarh lie along the highway towards Haryana.

The [[Ghaggar River]] flows to the southeast of the village area, forming the effective border with Haryana. On the Haryana side of the border is a highway toll plaza named "Shambhu toll plaza".<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/farmers-protest-haryanas-shambhu-toll-plaza-administration-makes-toll-tax-free/videoshow/79696156.cms Farmers' protest: Haryana’s Shambhu Toll Plaza administration makes toll tax-free], The Economic Times, 12 December 2020.</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Shambhoo Khurd has a population of 665 people, Shamboo Kalan 3589 people, Naushera 825 people and Mughal Sarai 475 people.{{sfnp|District Census Handbook|2011|p=310}}

==Transport==
{{Empty section|date=March 2025}}

==See also==
*[[Ambala]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=District Census Handbook: Patiala |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Punjab |year=2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s38cb22bdd0b7ba1ab13d742e22eed8da2/uploads/2016/09/2018041068.pdf |ref={{sfnref|District Census Handbook|2011}}}}

{{Patiala district}}

[[Category:Villages in Patiala district]]

Reginald Keller

2026-05-05T02:54:59Z

LuciaStonor: made the post with sources!

{{short description|English cricketer and British Army officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
|name =Reginald Charles Keller
|image=
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date = 5 August 1894
|birth_place = [[Fareham]], Hampshire, England
|death_date = 30 October 1986 (aged 92)
|death_place = [[Ballylickey]], [[Munster]], Ireland
|burial_place=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Army]]
|service_years= 1914–1948
|service_number= 15767
|rank= [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]]
|unit= [[Royal Hampshire Regiment|Hampshire Regiment]] [[Machine Gun Corps]] [[Royal Tank Regiment|Tanks Corps]]
|commands= [[3rd Royal Tank Regiment]]
|battles= [[First World War]] [[Second World War]]
|awards=
|relations=
|other_work=
}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name =
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| family =
| batting = Unknown
| bowling = Unknown
| role =
| club1 = [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans (India)]]
| year1 = 1928/29–1929/30
| club2 = [[Dorset County Cricket Club|Dorset]]
| year2 = 1926–1928
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = 47
| bat avg1 = 11.75
| 100s/50s1 = –/–
| top score1 = 25
| deliveries1 = 348
| wickets1 = 9
| bowl avg1 = 19.11
| fivefor1 = 1
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = 5/50
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–
| date = 5 October
| year = 2018
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/30252.html Cricinfo
}}
[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] '''Reginald Charles Keller''' (5 August 1894 – 30 October 1986) was an English first-class [[cricket]]er and [[British Army]] officer.

==Early life and First World War==
The son of Charles Keller, he was born at [[Fareham]], Hampshire.<ref name="PEER">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p62393.htm#i623922 |title=Profile: Reginald Charles Keller |publisher=thepeerage.com |accessdate=5 October 2018}}</ref> Keller was educated at [[Radley College]], entering in 1909.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radleyarchives.co.uk/people/2350-reginald-charles-keller-1909-1909 |title=Reginald Charles Keller (1909) |publisher=Radley College |accessdate=5 October 2018}}</ref> He served in the British Army during [[World War I]], enlisting in September 1914 as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Royal Hampshire Regiment|Hampshire Regiment]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28886|date=1 September 1941 |page=6911}}</ref> In April 1917, he was promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30022|date=17 April 1917 |page=3611}}</ref> He served the latter part of the war in the [[Machine Gun Corps]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30511|date=6 February 1918 |page=1718 |supplement=y}}</ref> and remained in the corps after its conclusion.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31835|date=24 March 1920 |page=3621 |supplement=y}}</ref>

==Cricket, WWII and later life==
He joined the [[Royal Tank Regiment|Tanks Corps]] (later the Royal Tank Regiment) in April 1921, by this point holding the rank of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32758|date=24 October 1922 |page=7461 |supplement=y}}</ref> He married Maureen Standish Harrison in March 1922, with the couple having a daughter in 1926.<ref name="PEER"/> He made his debut in [[Minor counties of English and Welsh cricket|minor counties cricket]] for [[Dorset County Cricket Club|Dorset]] in 1926, with Keller playing in the [[Minor Counties Championship]] six times from 1926–1928.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/13/13815/Minor_Counties_Championship_Matches.html |title=Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Reginald Keller |publisher=CricketArchive |accessdate=5 October 2018}}</ref> Having fulfilled the role of Assistant Instructor at the Tank Gun School, Keller relinquished this position in January 1929.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33462|date=1 February 1929 |page=770}}</ref>

While serving in [[British Raj|British India]], Keller made his debut in [[first-class cricket]] for the [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]] against the [[Muslims cricket team|Muslims]] at [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore#Cricket ground|Lahore]] in March 1929.<ref name="FCM">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/13/13815/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-Class Matches played by Reginald Keller |publisher=CricketArchive |accessdate=5 October 2018}}</ref> He played two further first-class matches in 1930, playing for the Europeans against the Muslim, and for a [[Punjab Governor's XI cricket team|Punjab Governor's XI]] against the Muslims.<ref name="FCM"/> In the 1930 Europeans v Muslims match, Keller took his career best bowling figures, taking [[five wicket haul|5/50 from 21 overs]].<ref name="BOOK">{{cite book|last=McCrery|first=Nigel|title=The Coming Storm: Test and First-Class Cricketers Killed in World War Two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQwDwAAQBAJ&q=Richard+Geoffrey+Tindall&pg=PA87|date=30 November 2017|publisher=[[Pen and Sword]]|isbn=9781526706980}}</ref> He became a [[Major (British Army and Royal Marines)|major]] in April 1935.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34153|date=23 April 1935 |page=2739}}</ref>

Weeks into [[World War II]], Keller was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] in October 1939.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34728|date=7 November 1939 |page=7599 |supplement=y}}</ref> In May 1940 he commanded [[3rd Royal Tank Regiment]] during the defence of Calais in support of the [[Dunkirk evacuation]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Buckton|first=Henry|title=Cover art Retreat: Dunkirk and the Evacuation of Western Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5ckDwAAQBAJ&q=brigadier+reginald+keller&pg=PT125|date=15 May 2017|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=9781445664835|page=125}}</ref> and later commanded tanks in North Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.generals.dk/general/Keller/Reginald_Charles/Great_Britain.html |title=Keller, Reginald Charles |publisher=generals.dk |accessdate=5 October 2018}}</ref>

He retired from active service in March 1948, after a military career spanning almost thirty-four years, at which time he was granted the honorary rank of [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|brigadier]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38245|date=23 March 1948 |page=2063 |supplement=y}}</ref> He later moved to Ireland, where he lived out his final years at [[Ballylickey]] in County Cork,<ref name="PEER"/> passing away there in October 1986, at the age of 92.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=30252}}
*[https://generals.dk/general/Keller/Reginald_Charles/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keller, Reginald}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Fareham]]
[[Category:People educated at Radley College]]
[[Category:British Army brigadiers of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Hampshire Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Machine Gun Corps officers]]
[[Category:Royal Tank Regiment officers]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Dorset cricketers]]
[[Category:Europeans cricketers]]
[[Category:English expatriates in Ireland]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Hampshire]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hampshire]]
[[Category:20th-century English sportsmen]]

Thirke

2026-04-28T09:00:38Z

LuciaStonor: Stub

{{Short description|Writing script for a South Indian language}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Thirke
| type = [[Abugida]]
| language = [[Kodava language|Kodava]]
| time = 14th century
| region = {{flag|India}}
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Himelfarb|first=Elizabeth J. | title = First Alphabet Found in Egypt| magazine = [[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]] | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | year = 2000 | page = 21 | url =https://archive.archaeology.org/0001/newsbriefs/egypt.html}}</ref>
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]]{{efn|name=sem|A Semitic origin for the Brāhmī script is not universally accepted.}}
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]{{efn|name=sem}}
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]{{sfn|Salomon|1996|p=378}}<ref name="Salomon 1995">{{Citation |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts: A Review Article. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 115.2 (1995), 271–279 |url=https://indology.info/papers/salomon/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522210705/https://www.indology.info/papers/salomon/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>{{efn|name=sem}}
| fam5 = [[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]
|fam6=[[Tamil Brahmi]]
|fam7=[[Pallava script|Pallava]]
|fam8=[[Grantha script|Grantha]]
|sample=Thirke-alphabet (1).jpg
|caption=Letters found in a 14th century Kodagu temple inscription
|sisters=[[Malayalam script]] [[Tigalari script]]
| children =
}}
{{Brahmic}}

'''Thirke''' is a left-to-right [[abugida]] (a type of segmental [[Writing systems#Segmental systems: alphabets|writing system]]), based on the ancient [[Brāhmī script|''Brāhmī'']] script.<ref name="DH">{{cite news |last1=Kushalappa |first1=Mookonda |title=The discovery of an old alphabet |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/the-discovery-of-an-old-alphabet-1078173.html |access-date=3 May 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=The Printers (Mysore) Pvt Ltd |date=4 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Star of Mysore">{{cite news |last1=Kushalappa |first1=Mookonda |title=Discovering alphabets of old Kodava script |url=https://starofmysore.com/discovering-alphabets-of-old-kodava-script/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |work=Star of Mysore |publisher=Star of Mysore |date=24 January 2022}}</ref> It was developed and in use during the 14th century CE in [[Kodagu]], in present-day [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Rice">{{cite book |last1=Rice |first1=B L |title=Coorg inscriptions: Epigraphia Carnatica (Revised Edition), Volume 1 |date=1914 |publisher=Government Press |location=Madras (now Chennai) |page=4}}</ref><ref name="DH"/>

==Etymology==
[[Nitin Kushalappa|Mookonda Kushalappa]] called this script "thirke" ("temple" in [[Kodava language|Kodava]]).<ref name="DH"/><ref name="Star of Mysore"/> Kodava is the language native to Kodagu.<ref name="DH"/>

==History==
Two inscriptions dating to 1370-1371 AD with the thirke script were found in the Bhagandeshwara temple in [[Bhagamandala]] and the Palurappa Mahalingeshwara temple in Palur.<ref name="DH"/><ref name="Star of Mysore"/><ref name="Rice"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rice |first1=B L |title=Coorg inscriptions: Epigraphia Carnatica (Revised Edition), Volume 1 |date=1914 |publisher=Government Press |location=Madras (now Chennai) |pages=28, 54, 55}}</ref>
[[File:Combiantion-syllables (1).jpg|thumb|Letter combinations found in a 14th century Kodagu temple inscription]]
[[File:Inscription-word (1).jpg|thumb|Words found in the 14th century Kodagu inscription (c.1370-1371)]]

==Decipherment==
The inscriptions have been attributed to a King Bodharupa. The Coorg Inscriptions volume of the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] mentioned these two 14th century inscriptions. Authored by [[B. L. Rice]] in 1914, the two inscriptions were deciphered for him by Narasimhachar and Krishna Shastri. They did not believe the inscriptions to be a unique language.<ref name="Rice"/><ref name="DH"/><ref name="Star of Mysore"/> Narasimhachar said that the "characters are a jumble of [[Grantha script|Grantha]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and a few [[Vatteluttu]]. There is no doubt about portions being in Tamil, but other portions are in a language that is neither Malayalam nor [[Tulu language|Tulu]] but is related to them. I think the inscriptions are older than 1400 AD. Some of the characters appear to go back to the 11th century."<ref name="Rice"/><ref name="DH"/><ref name="Star of Mysore"/>

[[File:LSI map of Dravidian languages.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Linguistic Survey of India]]'' (1906) map of the distribution of Dravidian languages]]

==Discovery==
Mookonda Kushalappa separated the characters used in the two inscriptions and put together the alphabet used.<ref name="DH"/><ref name="Star of Mysore"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=The World's Writing Systems |title-link=The World's Writing Systems |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1996 |isbn=0-19-507993-0 |editor-last=Daniels, Peter T. |chapter=Brahmi and Kharoshthi |editor-last2=Bright, William}}

{{list of writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Kodava language]]

Kudimaramathu Scheme

2026-04-27T08:08:37Z

LuciaStonor: Started New Data - done

{{Short description|Irrigation project in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox project
| name = Kudimaramathu Scheme ({{lang|ta|குடிமராமத்து திட்டம்}})
| image = File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg
| type = Restoration of 16,098 Tanks and Lakes
| established = {{start date|2017|03|13|df=y}}
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| founder = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| chiefminister = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| ministry = Water Resources Department, Tamil Nadu
| website = [https://www.wrd.tn.gov.in/kudimaramath.html Official website]
| current_status = Active
}}

'''Kudimaramathu''' is a scheme for [[Ecological restoration|restoring]] all the [[minor irrigation]] [[tank]]s and [[lake]]s in [[Tamil Nadu State]], [[India]]. This is the program taken up by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] led by Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] on 13 March 2017.

In April 2022, the [[Government of India]] launched a similar water body rejuvenation scheme called the Mission Amrit Sarovar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1824518|title=Mission Amrit Sarovar - A high level meeting held to review the progress of the Mission under the chairmanship of Secretary, Rural Development|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
In Tamil, ''Kudi'' means 'farmers or people'. ''Maramathu'' means 'repair'. It literally means the maintenance and management of waterbodies by people. It has existed in India even after the [[British Raj|British rule]]. During the summers, as one of the agriculturalists, they worked to deepen and widen the lakes, streams, ponds, canals and drains which are the sources of agricultural irrigation and drinking water. They also repair damaged [[sluice]]s. This work of citizens is called 'Kudi maramathu' (civic work). After the lakes etc. After Water resources like lakes, ponds were taken over by the [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department]] in independent India, such works were abandoned. It was briefly revived in Erstwhile United [[Thanjavur district]] in 1975.<ref name="Kudimaramathurevival">{{Cite news |date=14 March 2017 |title=Kudimaramathu is back in State |work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/kudimaramathu-is-back-in-state/article17460578.ece|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref>

== Kudimaramathu Works ==
During kudimaramathu work, The inner surface of the lake will be [[dredge]]d from twice as far as the height of the bank. That is, if the height of the bank is 10 meters, they will move 20 meters in the inner part of the lake. This is done to prevent the weakening of the bottom of the bank and breakage of the lake bank. This is called [[Sediment basin]]. The soil from the lake taken in this way is first poured into the ditches of the lake during the rainy season and leveled and the banks are strengthened with the remaining soil. The remaining silt for these works will be distributed to the farmers. The soil is also used for [[pottery]], [[construction]] and other needs. The bushes, thorn plants, garbage washed in during the rainy season in the lake will be disposed. Encroachments will be removed. Blockages in [[sluice]]s and [[culverts]] will be removed. These are the basic functions of Kudi Maramathu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2017 |title=உள்ளாட்சி: குடிமராமத்து திட்டம்... குடிமக்கள் விழித்துக் கொள்ள வேண்டிய நேரம்! |work=|publisher=The Hindu tamil|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/196990-.html|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

== Benefits ==
As works are carried out every year, additional rain water is stored in the water bodies and the ground water level rises. Nutrient rich [[Alluvial soil]] excavated for plowing is applied to the agricultural fields as manure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2020 |title=Kudimaramathu, boon to tanks, lakes|work=|publisher=deccanchronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170220/kudimaramathu-boon-to-tanks-lakes.html|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2019 |title='Six lakh farmers benefited from kudimaramathu'|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/six-lakh-farmers-benefited-from-kudimaramathu-says-official/article29251881.ece|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

== Post Independence ==
After the independence of India, the kudimaramathu works are carried out by the Irrigation Department, which functions under the Public Works Department of the State Governments.<ref name="Kudimaramathurevival"/>

=== Tamil Nadu State Government Scheme ===
In 2017, the Tamil Nadu government implemented the Kudimaramathu scheme to rejuvenate water bodies with the participation of agriculturalists reviving the age old
practice of community participation in
maintenance and management of tank irrigation systems. The Government sanctioned this special scheme of Rs.100/- Crore for the year 2016-17 and Rs.300/- Crore for the year 2017-18 to mitigate the impact of [[flood]]s, increase the [[water table]] and reduce [[drought]], and restore all water bodies in Tamil Nadu with the participation of farmers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=குடிமராமத்து திட்டம் (பொதுப் பணித் துறை)|work=tnsdma.tn.gov.in|url=https://tnsdma.tn.gov.in/pages/view/Kudimaramathu|access-date=6 November 2023|archive-date=6 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106070234/https://tnsdma.tn.gov.in/pages/view/Kudimaramathu|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Mission Kakatiya]], Telangana
* [[Tank cascade system|Tank-cascade system]], Sri Lanka

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lakes of India|*]]
[[Category:Irrigation in India]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in India]]

Somwarpet North Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T15:31:21Z

LuciaStonor: Data

{{Short description|Defunct constituency of the Mysore Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Somwarpet North
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| state = [[Mysore State]] ''([[Coorg State]] till 31 October 1956)''
| electorate =
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| reservation = None
}}
'''Somwarpet North Assembly constituency''' was a constituency of the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] (part of [[Coorg Legislative Assembly]] till 31 October 1956). The lone election to this constituency was conducted in [[1952 Coorg State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] to the legislature of the [[Coorg State|Coorg State (Kodagu)]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q5q4MedrFIC |title=India Votes |year=1968 |page=355}}</ref> The constituency included [[Somwarpet]]. This seat was included to [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] in 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguistic lines, the state of [[Coorg State|Coorg (Kodagu)]] was merged with [[Mysore State]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2005 |title=SRC submits report |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=9 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="CoorgECI1951"></ref>
|[[C. K. Kalappa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|colspan=5 align=center|1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Madikeri]]''
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election]]: Somwarpet North<ref name="CoorgECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4106-coorg-1951/ | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Coorg (Kodagu) | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013656/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_COORG.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[C. K. Kalappa]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2106
|percentage = 61.95
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = H. Chengappa
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 719
|percentage = 22.99
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = D. H. Dasappa
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 302
|percentage = 9.66
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3127
|percentage = 75.04
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coords|12.598952|75.845840|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Coorg]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Kodagu-geo-stub}}

Dharan (clan)

2026-04-26T05:43:48Z

LuciaStonor: put up the pg v1

{{short description|Clan in India}}
{{Notability|date=May 2022}}

'''Dharan''', also spelled Dharna or Dharnia, is a clan ([[gotra]]) of [[Jat people|Jats]] (among them also spelled as [[Dhaliwal (surname)|Dhaliwal]] or Dhariwal),<ref name=dha3>1980, The Journal of Academy of Indian Numismatics & Sigillography, Academy of Indian Numismatics and Sigillography.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-ethno-stub}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Bania communities]]
[[Category:Gotras]]

Teegala Krishna Reddy

2026-04-25T06:54:57Z

LuciaStonor: New

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Teegala Krishna Reddy
| image = Teegala Krishna Reddy.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|06|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Meerpet, [[Ranga Reddy district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| spouse = Arundhati
| children = 2
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (since 2024)
| other_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (2014 to 2024) [[Telugu Desam Party]] (until 2014)
| office = 14th [[List of mayors of Hyderabad|Mayor of Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad]]
| term_start = 2002
| term_end = 2007
| predecessor = [[Mir Zulfeqar Ali|Mir Zulfiqar Ali]]
| successor = ''Office abolished'' ({{small|[[Banda Karthika Reddy]] as Mayor of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation}})
| constituency =
| office1 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Telangana]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]
| constituency1 = [[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheshwaram]]
}}

'''Teegala Krishna Reddy''' (born 10 June 1949) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] and was the last [[List of mayors of Hyderabad|Mayor of Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-02-26 |title=Former BRS MLA Teegala Krishna Reddy joins Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/former-brs-mla-teegala-krishna-reddy-joins-congress/article67889360.ece |access-date=2026-02-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Reddy was born in [[Ranga Reddy district]], Meerpet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=తీగల కృష్ణారెడ్డి జన్మదిన వేడుకలు {{!}} హైదరాబాద్ |url=https://m.navatelangana.com/article/hyderabad/821156 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=navatelangana.com}}</ref> He completed his BA in 1971 from [[Osmania University]]. He is the Chairman of Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-12 |title=Staff salary cut for Teegala Krishna Reddy's b'day bash |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120618/staff-salary-cut-for-teegala-krishna-reddys-bday-bash.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] during its foundation. He contested the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) elections]] in 1986 from Gandhi Nagar division on behalf of the Telugu Desam Party and lost{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}. Reddy contested the MCH elections in 2002 and served as the mayor of Hyderabad until 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=Embarrassment to TRS as party leader targets Education Minister |url=https://www.telugu360.com/embarrassment-to-trs-as-party-leader-targets-education-minister/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Telugu360.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

He worked as the Chairman of Hyderabad Urban Development Authority. In the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 Andhra Pradesh elections]], he contested as a Telugu Desam Party candidate from the [[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheswaram constituency]] and was defeated by [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Sabitha Indra Reddy]] by a margin of 7,833 votes.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Telanagana elections]], he contested as a Telugu Desam Party candidate again from Maheshwaram constituency<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajeev |first=M. |date=2014-04-07 |title=TDP releases first list of candidates from Telangana |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-releases-first-list-of-candidates-from-telangana/article5882557.ece |access-date=2022-10-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and was elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandrashekhar |first=B. |date=2022-07-05 |title=Bickering in Maheshwaram TRS out in open, even before Kollapur is settled |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bickering-in-maheshwaram-trs-out-in-open-even-before-kollapur-is-settled/article65602746.ece |access-date=2022-10-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> for the first time by beating his nearest rival Congress candidate Mal Reddy Rangareddy with a majority of 30,784 votes. He joined [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-09 |title=TDP MLA joins TRS |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/TDP-MLA-joins-TRS/article60346235.ece |access-date=2022-10-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-09 |title=Change of colors: Qutbullapur MLA K P Vivekananda Goud joins TRS |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/change-colors-qutbullapur-mla-k-p-vivekananda-goud-joins-trs-38740 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> on 29 October 2014. In the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Telangana elections]] he contested as a Telangana Rashtra Samithi candidate from Maheshwaram constituency<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-06 |title=TRS MLA Candidates List Announced By Telangana CM KCR |url=https://english.sakshi.com/telangana-politics/2018/09/06/telangana-assembly-elections-2018-trs-candidate-list |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> and was defeated by Indian National Congress candidate Sabitha Indra Reddy by a margin of 9,227 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sribala Vadlapatla|date=6 Nov 2020 |title=Ex-mayor Teegala likely to join BJP {{!}} Hyderabad News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ex-mayor-teegala-likely-to-join-bjp/articleshow/79069832.cms |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Teegala Krishna}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Mayors of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]

Sajitha Madathil

2026-04-24T06:30:38Z

LuciaStonor: Stub

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sajitha Madathil|
| caption = Sajitha Madathil 2025
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]]
| occupation = Film and theatre actor
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents = Chandrasekhar Menon, Savithri
| spouse =
| relatives = Sabitha Sekhar (sibling)
| children = Aaromal
}}

'''Sajitha Madathil''' is an [[Indian film]] actress,theatre artist.<ref>Saraswathy Nagarajan. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article820678.ece?viewImage=1 "Being the change"]. ''The Hindu''. 9 October 2010</ref> playwright, academic, documentary producer, and cultural administrator known for her pioneering work in Malayalam theatre and Malayalam cinema. She has acted in over 50 films, performed in more than 40 theatre productions, written notable plays, and served in key cultural institutions across India. She is also a recipient of multiple state awards for acting, playwriting, and theatre scholarship.

Her performance in Joy Mathew's feature film ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]'' (2012) won her the Kerala State film award for second best actress.<ref>Sanjith Sidhardhan (22 February 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130226032519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/news-and-interviews/37241349_1_celluloid-honours-male-playback-singer Celluloid clinches top honours at Kerala State Film Awards]. Times of India</ref>
She appeared in the feature films ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]'' in 2012, in ''[[Adimadhyantham]]'' (Beginning, Middle and End) in 2011, and in Shalini Usha Nair's feature film ''[[Akam (film)|Akam]]'' (The Interior) in 2011.

== Career ==

Sajitha Madathil had been a Deputy Secretary, [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] New Delhi(Academy of Music and Dance, India, an autonomous body under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India) till 2014. She had also worked as the Deputy Director, Kerala Chalachithra Academy(Academy of Motion Pictures, Kerala State), Documentation Officer/Documentary Producer with Other Media Communications, New Delhi and Producer with [[Kairali TV]], India. She is also a faculty cum theatre expert at National Institute of Integrated learning and management, New Delhi. She was the head of the department of Acting at the K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts (KRNNIVSA), an autonomous institute established by the Government of Kerala.

Madathil holds a '''Doctor of Philosophy in Performing Arts''' from the School of Arts and Aesthetics, Jawaharlal Nehru University (2023), where her research examined social subjectivities in Indian theatre through a Malayalam case study of actress narratives. She completed an '''M.Phil. in Theatre Studies''' from Mahatma Gandhi University (1997–1999) and an '''M.A. in Drama (Acting)''' from Rabindra Bharati University (1992–1994). She has been selected for the KCHR Thematic Post Doctoral Fellowship for the year 2025-26

== Activism ==

Sajitha was introduced into theatre through the street plays (Kala Jatha) of [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] (KSSP) and performances for various women's groups in Kerala, India. KSSP is the renowned social and people's science movement in Kerala which used to propagate its vision and ideas through theatre.

== Theatre ==

She has been active in the Malayalam (Kerala) theatre and feminist discourse for more than two decades. Sajitha Madathil is one of the founders of Abhinethri (Actress), the first women's theatre group in Kerala, formed to explore the potential and possibilities of women's expressions. Sajitha has been associated with Kerala theatre from 1987. She has been involved in more than 20 productions as an actress, and also directed two solo performances and scripted 3 plays - Matsyaganddhi, Chanki-Chankaran Family Reality Show and Mother's Day. The major plays that featured her are:
1. Muditheyyam(1991) – A solo performance on the experience of a woman who refuses to tie her hair. The play is an adaptation of the short story written by distinguished feminist writer and activist, Professor Sara Joseph.
2. Aashad ki Ek Din (1993) – Malayalam adaptation of the Hindi play by Mohan Rakesh.
3. Radha (1994) – Play by eminent Malayalam playwright G. Sankarapillai.
4. Bharatavakyam (1994) - Play by eminent Malayalam playwright G. Sankarapillai.
5. Chirakadiyochakal (1995) - The first play of Abhinethri. The lead characters in this play try to question the given womanhood of the mothers of Karna, the legendary character in the epic Mahabharatha. It also throws light in to the prevalent expectation of body language from actresses. Sajitha played the lead role in the three-member group that conceived, scripted, directed and produced this
play.
6. Beauty Parlour (1999) – The play celebrates the human nature to beautify oneself and narrates the pain when beautification becomes essential for survival due to commodification of the body. This play was first staged at the National Women's Theatre Festival at Thrissur, Kerala, organised by the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy (Kerala Music and Drama Academy). Later it was performed all over Kerala including the Young Feminists Conference of India, held in Hyderabad in 2001.
7. Matsyaganddhi (2002) – Scripted, directed and acted in this solo performance that traces the life situations and challenges of the fisher-women in Kerala. This play was performed in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala and in Cape Town, South Africa. The script of this play has been published in Indian Literature, the journal of Sahitya Akademi – the National Academy of Letters, India. It is also part of curriculum at different universities in Kerala.
8. Guardians of the Deep (2002) – Acted in this play, whose cast were drawn from the seven continents of the world. The play celebrates the existence, voices and the views of local fisher-people around the world. British director John Martin directed this play that was produced by Theatre for Africa. The Performances were held in Cape Town and Johannesburg during the Earth Summit in Johannesburg.
9. Water Play (2002) – Acted in this play based on an African folk story, which was directed by Nicholas Ellenbogen of Theatre for Africa, and staged in Johannesburg with Zimbabwean actors. The play narrates the importance of water, the life giver.
10. Mathilukal (2008)-Acted in this play by Promod Payyanur produced by Swaralaya, Palghat, Kerala.
11. Spinal Code(2010) Acted in this play directed by Deepan Shivaraman and produced by Oxygen theatre Company.
12.Kali Natakam (2016) Sripted and acted in this play directed by Chandradasan and produced by Lokadharmi,Eranakulam

== TV/Video productions ==
Sajitha Madathil had worked as a producer in [[Kairali TV]], a Malayalam Satellite Channel, from 2000 to 2002. During this tenure, she had conceived, co-ordinated and directed 75 episodes of a weekly magazine titled Penmalayalam (Malayali Women) on women's issues and performance tradition.
She received Three state awards for Documentary Making.
For Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala she directed a documentary on [[P. K. Medini|P K Medini]]—Maattathinte pattukari (''The Minstrel of Change'') in 2011 with duration of 42min.

== Publication ==
Sajitha has been actively writing on Kerala theater for last few years. She received Kerala Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Best book of the year for her first book on history of Women in Malayalam Theatre (Malayala Nadaka Sthree Charithram) Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Publishing House, 2010. M K Kamalam, A Biography published by Kerala State Chalachithra Academy,Trivandrum: 2010.
Aranginte Vakabedangal, (Shades of Theatre) Kottayam: DC Books, 2013. Neelakkuyil: Miss Kumariyude Chalachithrajeevitham Kerala State Chalachithra Academy, Trivandrum: 2020. Arangile Matsyagandhikal, Green Books, Trichur: 2019. Autobiography Vellivelichavum Veyilnaalangalum Kottayam: DC Books, 2025 and For the Love of Art, The Lost History of Women in Kerala Theatre by Sajitha madathil, Translated from Malayalam by Jayasree Kalathil,published by Penguin Random House India Pvt. Ltd, 2025 She blogs at [http://matsyaganddhi.blogspot.com/ Matsyaganddhi]

== Awards and nominations ==
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2023}}
* 2013 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]] - "Shutter"
* Kerala State Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Best Theatre Book 2010
* Kerala State Television Award for best current affairs programme in 2000
* Best Children's Documentary Award by the Kerala State Council for Child Welfare, in 2000.
* Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Documentary in 2001
* 2013 – [[Asiavision Awards]] – Best Supporting Actress<ref>VM Sathish. [http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/mammotty-kavya-madhavan-bag-asiavision-awards-2013-11-05-1.526962 "Mammotty, Kavya Madhavan bag Asiavision awards"]. ''Emirates 24/7''.</ref>
* 2015-Kanal-Vayala Puraskaram for the contribution to Malayalam Theatre
* 2015-[[Filmfare Awards South]]- Best Supporting Actress-Nominated ([[Njaan]])
* 2019 - [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi fellowships for 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-fellowships-for-3/article32624099.ece |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 September 2020 |language= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910085405/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-fellowships-for-3/article32624099.ece |archive-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''Pachakkuthira'' || || Children's Film
|-
| 2000 || ''Kaboolivala'' || || Telefilm
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Thuruthu'' || || Short film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''Indoor'' || || Short film
|-
| ''Janaki'' || Mother || Children's Film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Adimadhyantham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Veeraputhran]]'' || Amina ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Ee Adutha Kaalathu]]'' || Madhuri's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ivan Megharoopan]]'' || Gomathi Teacher ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2013 || ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]'' || Thankam || Winner :- [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Akam (film)|Akam]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| ''[[Idukki Gold]]'' || Shyamala ||
|-
| ''[[Nadan]]'' || Sudharma ||
|-
| ''[[Swapaanam]]'' || Kuttan's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''Ottamantharam'' || Neela ||
|-
| ''[[Njan]]'' || Kujooli ||
|-
| ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]'' || Omana ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2015 || ''[[The Reporter (film)|The Reporter]]'' || Manoj's wife ||
|-
| ''Nilam'' || Mother || Short film
|-
| ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' || Lalithamma ||
|-
| ''Thilothama'' || Molly ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2016 || ''[[Ithu Thaanda Police]]'' || SCPO Lathika ||
|-
| ''Mohavalayam'' || Madhaviyakkan ||
|-
| ''[[Hallelooya]]'' || Roy's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]'' || Warden ||
|-
| ''[[Shyam (2016 film)|Shyam]]'' || Rajamma ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2017 || ''[[Pareeth Pandari]]'' || Hauvva Beevi ||
|-
| ''Hadiya'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nilavariyathe]]'' || ||
|-
| ''HOT(Hell Of a Trip)'' || || Short film
|-
| ''Ma'' || Manu's mother || Short film
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''Khaleefa'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Koode]]'' || School teacher ||
|-
| ''Chandragiri'' || Selin teacher ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2019 || ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || Doctor Sreedevi ||
|-
| ''Kunjiramanate Kuppayam'' || Kunjiraman's wife ||
|-
| ''Makkana'' || Seetha ||
|-
| ''[[Udalaazham]]'' || Vagabond ||
|-
| ''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]'' || Karumari ||
|-
| ''[[Stand Up (2019 film)|Stand up]]'' || Maria ||
|-
| ''Smell'' || Maria || Short film
|-
| 2021 || ''Vari : The Sentence'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Pada (film)|Pada]]'' || Padmini Ramachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Paappan]]'' || Kathrina Puthenpuraykal ||
|-
| ''[[Kaapa]]'' || Muhammad Nazir's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''[[B 32 Muthal 44 Vare]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=B 32 Muthal 44 Vare trailer promises a riveting tale of six women |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/05/b-32-muthal-44-vare-trailer-promises-a-riveting-tale-of-six-women-41984.html |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Amala (2023 film)|Amala]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-03 |title=Anarkali Marikar to headline the psychological thriller 'Amala'; film to release on THIS date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anarkali-marikar-to-headline-the-psychological-thriller-amala-film-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/99951405.cms |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[King of Kotha]]'' || Kalikutty ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sajitha Madathil hits back after trollers mock 'Kalikutty' for choosing cat over 'son' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/10/04/sajitha-madathil-king-of-kotha-trolls-abuse-cyber-attack.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Family (2023 film)|Family]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don Palathara's Family wins Best Film award at Halicarnassus Film Festival, Turkey |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jul/26/don-palatharasfamily-wins-best-film-award-at-halicarnassus-film-festival-turkey-45993.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal]]'' || Jayasree||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-15 |title=Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal release postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/15/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-release-postponed |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Yuva Sapnon Ka Safar'' || Nun || Multilingual Anthology series Segment: ''Backstage''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Backstage review: Anjali Menon’s film is a gentle take on the fragilities of friendship|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/backstage-review-anjali-menons-film-is-a-gentle-take-on-the-fragilities-of-friendship|website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=23 May 2025|date=25 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Ambalamukkile Visheshangal}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Gokul Suresh's Ambalamukkile Visheshangal confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/11/gokul-sureshs-ambalamukkile-visheshangal-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| Viral Sebi}} || Rajeesha ||
|-
| {{Pending film| Aanu}} || {{TBA}} ||
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2024-2025 || ''Manathe Kottaram'' || Chandrika Madhavan || [[Zee Keralam]] ||Replaced by [[Shobha Mohan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/manathe-kottaram-malayalam-serial/|title=Manathe Kottaram Zee Keralam Serial Launching on 12 August at 07:00 PM, Telecasting Everyday|website=Kerala TV|date=11 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://indulekha.biz/index.php?route=product/author/product&author_id=496 How long should a resume be - indulekha.biz]
* [http://matsyaganddhi.blogspot.in/2010/03/stage-for-thought-sajitha-madathil.html Matsyaganddhi: Stage for thought- Sajitha Madathil]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130313031836/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/345642#storycontent ജനപ്രിയതയിലേക്ക് തുറന്ന ഷട്ടര്‍ , Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/of-and-by-women/article4462328.ece Of and by women]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madathil, Sajitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Indian Film Festival of Melbourne

2026-04-24T05:14:19Z

LuciaStonor: Started New Article

{{Short description|Film festival}}
{{pp|sock|small=yes|action=edit|expiry=27 May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox film or theatre festival
| name = Indian Film Festival of Melbourne
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| opening =
| closing =
| location = [[Melbourne]]
| founded = 2010<ref name="sbs"/>
| first = 2010
| founders =
| last = 2025
| awards = IFFM Awards, Telstra People's Choice Award
| films = Indian feature films, independent films, documentaries, short films
| directors = [[Mitu Bhowmick Lange]]
| host = Mind Blowing Films [[VicScreen]]
| date = Annually
| website = {{URL|http://www.iffm.com.au/}}
| preceded_by =
| previous = 2024
| followed_by =
| next = 2026
| main =
}}

The '''Indian Film Festival of Melbourne''' ('''IFFM''') is an annual festival based in [[Melbourne]] founded in 2010.<ref name="sbs">{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Mosiqi |title=Meet the woman behind Indian Film Festival of Melbourne, Mitu Bhowmick |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/podcast-episode/meet-the-woman-behind-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-mitu-bhowmick/wmcxxu56i |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=9 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="VicScreen"/> It was previously funded by [[Victoria State Government]]. It is presented by [[Film Victoria]], and the provider is chosen through a tender process. The current tender provider is Mind Blowing Films, run by [[Mitu Bhowmick Lange]] who is the Festival Director of IFFM.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitu Bhowmick Lange |url=http://2016.mpavilion.org/collaborator/mitu-bhowmick-lange/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=MPavilion |language=en-US}}</ref> The festival has currently been provided with State Government funding until 2018. The goal of the film festival is to showcase Indian cinema to the Australian audience. The festival has streamed Bollywood films, Indie movies, documentaries, regional cinema from India etc. It also organizes short film competitions, dance competitions and a flag hoisting ceremony since it is during the time of Indian Independence day celebrations in Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandelwal |first=Priyasha |date=2018-08-30 |title=Mitu Bhowmick On Her Journey From Directing Indian TV Shows To Distributing Bollywood Films In Australia |url=https://www.indianwomenblog.org/mitu-bhowmick-on-her-journey-from-directing-indian-tv-shows-to-distributing-bollywood-films-in-australia/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Indian Women Blog - Stories of Indian Women |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
It was founded in 2010.<ref name="sbs"/><ref name="VicScreen">{{Cite web |url=https://vicscreen.vic.gov.au/news/indian-megastar-shah-rukh-khan-confirmed-as-honorary-guest-of-the-10th-indian-film-festival |title=Indian Megastar Shah Rukh Khan Confirmed as Honorary Guest of the 10th Indian Film Festival |website=[[VicScreen]] |access-date=2023-06-21}}</ref> The [[State Government of Victoria]] started funding the festival since 2012. It was result of the [[Liberal Party of Australia (Victorian Division)]]’s policy "to strengthen Victoria's ties with the Indian film industries".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/business-spin-to-bollywood-extravaganza-20120511-1yid0.html |title=Business spin to Bollywood extravaganza |last1=Quinn |first1=Karl |last2=Hawker |first2=Phillipa |date=12 May 2012 |website=The Age |language=en |access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> The policy was first released in October 2006, was funded in November 2010, and implemented in March 2012 through a tender process.

Mind Blowing Films, owned by Mitu Bhowmick Lange, won the tender in March 2012 for three years until 2014, and was given one year extensions by the Liberal National Coalition Government for 2015 and 2016.
In May 2012, [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] reported that the company behind the Festival was recycling films already released, and so appeared to be using government money to rebadge a festival it had already been running as a commercial enterprise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/bollywood-festival-recycles-films-20120610-204fw.html |title=Bollywood Festival Recycles Films |last=Quinn |first=Karl |date=11 June 2012 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
In August 2017, [[South India]]n film actress/producer [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] accused the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne of discriminating against non-[[Hindi]] films and film stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/node/1108899?language=tr |title=IFFM discriminating against non-Hindi Films |last=Manish |first=Salvi |date=19 August 2017 |website=SBS |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628154505/https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/node/1108899?language=tr |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mitu Bhowmick Lange responded with "I am very surprised to be honest because we have 60 films in 20 languages. The film festival has always always been about diversity," stating that some of the South Indian actors invited had not been able to attend due to busy schedules.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025052602/https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/no-discrimination-we-have-invited-south-indian-stars-too-iffm |title=No discrimination; we have invited South Indian stars too: IFFM |date=18 August 2017 |work=SBS Your Language |access-date=15 July 2018 |language=tr}}</ref>

Mind Blowing Films was again awarded the contract for 2017 and 2018 by the new State Government in November 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/indian-film-festival-locked-in-for-two-more-years/ |title=IFFM locked for two more years |date=23 November 2016 |website=Premier of Victoria |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://creative.vic.gov.au/news-archive/2016/can-you-deliver-the-next-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne |title=Can you deliver the next IFFM? |date=4 October 2016 |website=Creative Victoria |publisher=State Government of Victoria |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701031021/https://creative.vic.gov.au/news-archive/2016/can-you-deliver-the-next-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The festival also facilitated the film project ''[[My Melbourne]]'', in which Indian filmmakers collaborated with Victorian filmmakers to produce short films addressing themes such as race, disability, sexuality, and gender.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne announces My Melbourne: four Indian filmmakers to create short films on themes of diversity |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/indian-film-festival-melbourne-announces-melbourne-four-indias-iconic-filmmakers-create-short-films-themes-diversity/ |publisher=[[FilmInk]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531165122/https://www.filmink.com.au/public-notice/indian-film-festival-melbourne-announces-melbourne-four-indias-iconic-filmmakers-create-short-films-themes-diversity/ |archive-date=May 31, 2022}}</ref>

In November 2025, the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne led an Australian screen industry delegation to the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in [[Goa]]. During the festival, IFFM entered into a three-year [[Memorandum of understanding]] with IFFI and the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] to expand festival cooperation, industry exchange, and screen collaboration between Australia and India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keast |first1=Jackie |title=Australia and India formalise new screen partnerships, including major theatrical pathway for Australian films |url=https://if.com.au/australia-and-india-formalise-new-screen-partnerships-including-major-theatrical-pathway-for-australian-films/ |publisher=[[IF Magazine]] |date=November 21, 2025}}</ref>

== Telstra People's Choice Award ==
This award is given at the Festival for Outstanding Achievement of an Indian film in terms of [[box office]] revenue and critical appreciation for an [[Indian film]] released in that year. The award was instituted in 2014.

=== Recipients ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year{{efn|name=years|Refers to the year in which the ceremony was held.}} !! Film !! Director !! Producer !! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2014 || [[Dhoom 3]] || [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]] || [[Aditya Chopra]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m50GxJBE3B8 |title=Telstra People's Choice Award IFFM Awards: Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2014 Dhoom 3 |date=13 June 2014 |publisher=Mind Blowing Films |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || [[PK (film)|PK]] || [[Rajkumar Hirani]] || [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iffm.com.au/iffm2016/iffm2015/awards.html |title=IFFM Awards Night |website=Indian Film Festival Melbourne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026164052/http://www.iffm.com.au/iffm2016/iffm2015/awards.html |archive-date=26 October 2017 |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || [[Kapoor & Sons]] || [[Shakun Batra]] || [[Karan Johar]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theaureview.com/watch/winners-of-the-westpac-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-and-western-union-short-film-festival-announced/ |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2016 |website=The AU Review |date=17 August 2016 |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 || [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]] || [[S. S. Rajamouli]] || [[Shobu Yarlagadda]] || rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bollywood-stars-shine-at-the-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2017-awards-night-1489647.html |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2017 Awards |website=CNN-News18 |date=12 August 2017 |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]] || [[Nitesh Tiwari]] || [[Aamir Khan]]
|-
| 2019 || [[Simmba]] || [[Rohit Shetty]] || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/iffm-awards-2019-winners-shah-rukh-khan-zoya-akhtar-tabu-karan-johar-and-other-celebrities-win-the-award/articleshow/70601818.cms |title=IFFM Awards 2019 winners |website=The Times of India |date=9 August 2019 |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

== 2010 ==
The first edition of the festival was held in 2010 and featured the work of actress [[Rani Mukerji]] such as ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'', ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'', ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'', ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'', ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]'', and ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''. The festival showcased several other Hindi films such as ''[[3 Idiots]]'', ''[[Dev.D]]'', ''[[Dil Bole Hadippa!|Dil Bole Hadippa]]'', ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'', ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'', ''[[Kaminey]]'', ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'', ''[[Luck by Chance]]'', ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'', ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'', ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'', and ''[[Wake Up Sid]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Australia, New Zealand salute Rani Mukerji! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/australia-new-zealand-salute-rani-mukerji/20100311.htm |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |date=March 11, 2010}}</ref>

== 2011 ==
The 2011 edition of the festival featured over 30 films, including 15 Australian premieres. Notable attendees included actors [[Vidya Balan]], [[Malaika Arora]], [[Ali Zafar]], [[Juhi Chawla]], and directors [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], [[Raj Kumar Gupta]], [[Leslee Udwin]], [[Onir]], and [[Arbaaz Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poh |first1=Karen |title=Indian Film Festival 2011 highlights |url=https://www.meldmagazine.com.au/2011/02/event-highlights-indian-film-festival-2011/ |publisher=[[MEL Magazine]] |date=February 23, 2011}}</ref> In 2011, the festival set a new [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the 'Largest Bollywood Dance' with 1500 participants.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/munni-badnam-hui-enters-guinness-world-record-618932 |title=Munni Badnam Hui Enters Guinness World Record |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=March 14, 2011}}</ref>

== 2012 ==
In 2012, the IFFM curated and showed 40 films modern Indian cinema, Bengali films and popular Indian films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-08 |title=2012 Indian Film Festival |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/movies/article/2012/06/08/2012-indian-film-festival |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=SBS Movies |language=en}}</ref>

== 2013 ==
IFFM in 2013 consisted of Bollywood dance competition. The festival went on for 20 days on 5 screens in Melbourne and opened with India's first silent film ‘Raja Harish Chandra’ accompanied by a live band playing the background score along with the colored ‘Mughal-E-Azam’. Some of the more contemporary films included Bombay Talkies, Sholay and Talaash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Film Festival 2013 a great success {{!}} The Indian Down Under |url=https://indiandownunder.com.au/2013/07/indian-film-festival-2013-a-great-success/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Some of the guests included Pamela Chopra, Vidya Balan Prabhudeva, Farah Khan, Simi Garewal, Kabir Khan, Onir; and Avtar Panesar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=The IF |date=2013-03-22 |title=2013 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Announces Program Celebrating 100 Years o |url=https://if.com.au/2013-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-announces-program-celebrating-100-years-o/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=IF Magazine |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== 2014 ==
IFFM International Screen Icon Award : Amitabh Bachchan (attended in person)

Best Film : Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

Best Indie Film : The Lunchbox

Telstra's People's Choice Award : Dhoom 3

Best Actress : Kangna Ranaut for Queen

Best Actor : Farhan Akhtar for Bhaag Milkha Bhaag and Irfan Khan for The Lunchbox

Special Jury Commendation : Anand Gandhi for The Ship of Theseus

Wester Union Best Director : Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugural Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2014 announces winners |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-sector-media-entertainment/inaugural-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2014-announces-winners-114050700280_1.html |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=indiainfoline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=The IF |date=2014-02-26 |title=2014 INDIAN FILM FESTIVAL OF MELBOURNE INTRODUCES IFFM AWARDS |url=https://if.com.au/2014-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-introduces-iffm-awards-2/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=IF Magazine |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== 2015 ==
In 2015, IFFM was a two weeks festival and had a theme of equality. The festival also incorporated interactive master classes, Awards Night, short film competition and Bollywood dance competition. Indian Independence day celebrations were included in IFFM from this year onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2015 |url=https://vicscreen.vic.gov.au/news/iffm-2015 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=VicScreen |language=en}}</ref>

The festival was launched by Minister for Creative Industries Martin Foley with Anil Kapoor and Sonam Kapoor. The winners were awarded at National Gallery of Victoria.<ref>{{Cite news |title=2015 Indian Film Festival Of Melbourne Begins |work=[[Premier of Victoria]] |url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/2015-indian-film-festival-melbourne-begins}}</ref>

Other guests included Rajkumar Hirani, Simi Garewal, Imran Khan, Shonali Bose, Nagesh Kukunoor and Elahé Hiptoola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-08 |title=2015 Indian Film Festival Of Melbourne - The Indian Telegraph |url=https://theindiantelegraph.com.au/2015-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=theindiantelegraph.com.au |language=en-US}}</ref>

IIFM Award for Cinematic Excellence : Anil Kapoor,

Best Film: Piku Best Director:

Shoojit Sircar for Piku

Best Indie Film: Kaaka Muttai ( Crows Eggs)

Telstra's People Choice Award: PK

Western Union Short Film Award: Rape- It's Your Fault (India) and Road to Grand Final (Aus)

Best Actor : Irrfan Khan for Piku and Shahid Kapoor for Haider

Best Actress: Bhumi Padnekar for Dum Lagake Haisha<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-26 |title=Indian Film Festival Melbourne |url=http://www.iffm.com.au/iffm2016/iffm2015/awards.html |access-date=2022-05-31 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026164052/http://www.iffm.com.au/iffm2016/iffm2015/awards.html |archive-date=26 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== 2016 ==
The IFFM in 2016 opened with film parched and closed with Angry Indian Goddesses. The festival also included panel discussions about women in cinema and had guests Sue Maslin, Leena Yadav and Richa Chadha, who gave a master class on Bollywood and body positivity

Westpac Excellence In Cinema Award: Rishi Kapoor

Telstra Best Film: Kapoor & Sons

Westpac Best Indie Film Award: Parched

Westpac Best Director Award: Leena Yadav

Best Actor: Nawazuddin Siddiqi for Raman Ragav 2.0

Best Actress: Sonam Kapoor for Neerja

Western Union Short Film Festival Best Film Award: Josh Walker for Out on a Lim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-16 |title=Winners of the Westpac Indian Film Festival of Melbourne And Western Union Short Film Festival announced |url=https://www.theaureview.com/watch/winners-of-the-westpac-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-and-western-union-short-film-festival-announced/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=The AU Review |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== 2017 ==
The Westpac IFFM Excellence in Global Cinema Award: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan

Best Indie Film: Lipstick Under My Burkha

Best Director: Nitesh Tiwari for Dangal

Equality in Cinema Award: Director/Actor Rahul Bose for Poorna

Best Actress : Konkona Sen Sharma for Lipstick Under my Burkha

Best Actor : Sushant Singh Rajput for [[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]

Best Actor (Special Mention) : Raj Kumar Rao for Trapped,

Best Film : Pin People's Choice Award : Dangal & Bahubali 2,

Leadership in cinema: [[Karan Johar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-12 |title=Bollywood Stars Shine at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2017 Awards Night |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bollywood-stars-shine-at-the-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2017-awards-night-1489647.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== 2019 ==
IFFM 2019 was organized at Palais Theatre. Guests included Shah Rukh Khan, Karan Johar, Zoya Akhtar, Tabu, Sriram Raghavan, Malaika Arora and Arjun Kapoor. IFFM in 2019 was hosted by Karan Tacker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFM Awards 2019 winners: Shah Rukh Khan, Zoya Akhtar, Tabu, Karan Johar and other celebrities win the award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/iffm-awards-2019-winners-shah-rukh-khan-zoya-akhtar-tabu-karan-johar-and-other-celebrities-win-the-award/articleshow/70601818.cms |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

2019 Award:

Best Short Film - Be my Brother, My name is Mohamad and Ragdad, We don't exist here anymore

Best Actor - Vijay Sethupathi for Super Deluxe

Best Actress - Tabu for Andhadhun

Best Director - Sriram Raghavan for Andhadhun

Best Film - Gully Boy

Best Indie Film - Bulbul Can Sing<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=2019-08-09 |title='Simmba', 'Gully Boy' & More Bag Awards at Melbourne Film Festival |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/complete-list-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-award-winners |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

IFFM Diversity Award: Onir

Telstra People's Choice Award: Simmba

PWC Equality in Cinema award an honorary award: Chuksit and Super Deluxe

IFFM Excellence in Cinema: Shah Rukh Khan<ref name=":1" />

== 2020 ==
The festival in 2020 was delayed from its usual time in August to October because the pandemic. It included approximately 50 films in 17 languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne rescheduled to October amid Covid-19 pandemic |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-rescheduled-to-october-amid-covid-19-pandemic-854979.html |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title=IFFM-2020 opens with films addressing disability & gender equality |url=https://www.southasiatimes.com.au/entertainment-sports/iffm-2020-opens-with-films-addressing-disability-gender-equality/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=South Asia Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== 2021 ==
The 2021 IFFM had 127 films in 27 languages including films by 34 film directors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFM 2021 celebrates dynamic voices, diversity, and path-breaking cinema from India |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/iffm-2021-celebrates-dynamic-voices-diversity-and-path-breaking-cinema-from-india |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=SBS Your Language |language=en}}</ref>

Best Feature Film: [[Soorarai Pottru]]<ref name=":0" />

Best Performance Male (Feature): [[Suriya|Suriya Sivakumar]] (Soorarai Pottru)

Best Performance Female (Feature): [[Vidya Balan]] ([[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]) & Honourable mention to [[Nimisha Sajayan]] ([[The Great Indian Kitchen]])<ref name=":0" />

Best Director: [[Anurag Basu]] ([[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]) & Honorary Mention Prithvi Konanur (Pinki Elli?)

Best Series: [[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]] Season 2<ref name=":0" />

Best Actress in a Series: [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] ([[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]] 2)

Best Actor in a Series: [[Manoj Bajpayee]] (The Family Man 2)<ref name=":0" />

Equality in Cinema (Short Film): [[Sheer Qorma (film)|Sheer Qorma]]

Equality in Cinema Award (Feature Film): The Great Indian Kitchen<ref name=":0" />

Best Indie Film: [[Fire in the Mountains]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Sumit |date=2021-08-21 |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2021 announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2021-announced/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Diversity in Cinema Award: [[Pankaj Tripathi]]<ref name=":0" />

Disruptor Award: [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]<ref name=":0" />

Best Documentary Film: [[Shut Up Sona]]<ref name=":0" />

== 2022 ==
The 2022 IFFM was held from 12 August to 30 August.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-for-iffm-awards-2022-11062251.html |title=Here's the complete list of winners for IFFM Awards 2022 |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

* Best Feature Film: ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' by Kabir Khan
* Best Performance Male (Feature): [[Ranveer Singh]] for ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
* Best Performance Female (Feature): [[Shefali Shah]] for ''[[Jalsa (2022 film)|Jalsa]]''
* Best Director: Jointly won by [[Shoojit Sircar]] for ''[[Sardar Udham]]'' and [[Aparna Sen]] for ''[[The Rapist]]''
* Best Series: ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]'' by Nikkhil Advani
* Best Actress in a Series: [[Sakshi Tanwar]] for ''[[Mai (TV series)|MAI]]''
* Best Actor in a Series: [[Mohit Raina]] for ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
* Equality in Cinema Award (Feature Film): The team of Jalsa directed by Suresh Triveni
* Best Indie Film: ''Jaggi'' by Anmol Sidhu (Punjabi)
* Best Film from the Subcontinent: ''[[Joyland (film)|Joyland]]''<ref name="iffm:ca">{{Cite web |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-iffm-awards-2022-announced/ |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne (IFFM) Awards 2022 announced |last=Arora |first=Sumit |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=Adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* Disruptor Award: [[Vaani Kapoor]] for ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
* Best Documentary Film: ''[[A Night of Knowing Nothing]]'' by Payal Kapadia
* Lifetime Achievement Award - [[Kapil Dev]]
* Leadership in Cinema Award - [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
* Special screening of Ayena at Hoyts Melbourne Central followed by a Q & A session with Actor Ritu Saini, [[Farah Khan|Faraha Khan]] and Director Nilanjan Bhattacharya on 15th Aug.
* Special screening of No Land's Man at Hoyts Melbourne Central followed by a Q & A session with Actor Megan Mitchell on 16th Aug<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian actor Nawazuddin Siddiqui's 'No Land's Man' film to be screened at Indian Film Festival of Melbourne |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/podcast-episode/nawazuddin-siddiquis-no-lands-man-to-be-screened-in-iffm/ypif1j16w |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref>
* Special screening of Jaggi at Hoyts Highpoint followed by a Q & A session with Director Anmol Sidhu, Actor Ramnish Chaudhary, Producer Dhruv Bakshi and co-producer & DOP Pradeep Kumar Mannan on 17th Aug<ref>{{Cite web |title=Connect FM - Three Punjabi films to have Australian premiere at IFFM 2022 |url=https://connectfm.ca/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=connectfm.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title=Three Punjabi movies will receive their Australian premieres at IFFM 2022 |url=https://www.indianstar.news/three-punjabi-movies-will-receive-their-australian-premieres-at-iffm-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=★ Indian Star |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011072448/https://www.indianstar.news/three-punjabi-movies-will-receive-their-australian-premieres-at-iffm-2022/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Special screening of ''[[Shut Up Sona]]'' at Hoyts Highpoint followed by a Q & A session with [[Sona Mohapatra]] & World Premiere of ''Maali'' (Gardener) at Hoyts Melbourne Central followed by a Q & A session with the producer [[Pragya Kapoor]], Sonali Rana and Director Shiv C. Shetty on 18th Aug<ref>{{Cite web |title='Shut Up Sona' screened for the second time at IFFM |url=https://www.adgully.com/shut-up-sona-screened-for-the-second-time-at-iffm-121778.html |date=August 23, 2022 |website=adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Special screening of Joyland at Hoyts Melbourne Central followed by a Q & A session with director Sain Sadiq, Producer Apoorva Guru Charan, Actor Rasti Farooq, Alina Khan and Ali Junejo on 19th and World Premiere of Paraasakthi at Hoyts District Docklands followed by a Q&A session with Producer Apoorva Bakshi on 19th aug<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cannes winner film 'Joyland" Screening at HOYTS Melbourne Central {{!}} Cannes winner film 'Joyland" Screening on Friday, August 19, 07.00 PM @ HOYTS Melbourne Central Check out Rj #puneetdhingra's conversation with the team... {{!}} By Radio Haanji {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/radiohaanji/videos/cannes-winner-film-joyland-screening-at-hoyts-melbourne-central/5836103856473457/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |via=Facebook |language=en}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2026}}{{Primary source inline|date=August 2025}}
* 20 August, IFFM Closing Night Film at Hoyts District Docklands, Melbourne: The Rapist followed by Q&A session with the director Aparna Sen on Zoom<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Rapist' director Aparna Sen hopes to inspire conversations through her film |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/article/the-rapist-director-aparna-sen-hopes-to-inspire-conversation-through-her-film/yd79shxg3 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=SBS Language |date=8 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aparna Sen's The Rapist to be screened at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2022 today |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aparna-sens-the-rapist-to-be-screened-at-the-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2022-today/ab07bfefdf254 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== 2023 ==
The 2023 IFFM award ceremony was held on 11 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-2023-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-rani-mukerji-sita-ramam-101691758168992.html |title=IFFM 2023 full winners list: Shah Rukh Khan's Pathaan, Rani Mukerji, Sita Ramam win top honours |website=Hindustan Times |date=11 August 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

* Best Documentary - ''[[To Kill a Tiger]]''
* Best Indie Film - ''[[Agra (2023 film)|Agra]]''
* Best Performance in Film (Male) - Mohit Agarwal for ''[[Agra (2023 film)|Agra]]''
* Best Performance in a film (Female) - [[Rani Mukerji]] for ''[[Mrs. Chatterjee vs Norway]]''
* Best Director - Prithvi Konanur - ''Hadinelentu'' (''Seventeeners'')
* Best Film - ''[[Sita Ramam]]''
* Best Performance (Male) in a Series - [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] for ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''; [[Vijay Varma]] for ''[[Dahaad]]''
* Best Performance (Female) in a series- [[Rajshri Deshpande]] for ''[[Trial by Fire (television series)|Trial By Fire]]''
* Best Series - ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
* Best Short Film - People's Choice - ''Connection Kya Hain'' by Nilesh Naik
* Best Short Film - Australia - ''Home'' by Mark Russel Bernard
* Honorary Awards
** Equality in Cinema Award - ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
** People's Choice Award - ''Pathaan''
** Award to [[Karan Johar]] for his 25 years as a filmmaker
** Rising Global Superstar of Indian Cinema - [[Kartik Aaryan]]
** Diversity in Cinema Award - [[Mrunal Thakur]]
** Disruptor Award - [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
** Rainbow Stories Award - [[Onir]] for ''Pine Cone''

== 2024 ==
The 2024 IFFM award ceremony was held on 16 August.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2024 full winners list: 12th Fail is Best Film, Kartik Aaryan declared Best Actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2024-full-winners-list-12th-fail-is-best-film-kartik-aaryan-declared-best-actor-101723861728450.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 August 2024 |access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref>

* Best Film - ''[[12th Fail]]''
* Best Director - [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] for ''[[Chandu Champion]]'' and [[Nithilan Saminathan]] for ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''
* Best Actor - [[Kartik Aaryan]] for ''[[Chandu Champion]]''
* Best Actress - [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] for ''[[Ullozhukku]]''
* Best Film (Critics' Choice) - ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]''
* Best Director (Critics' Choice) - Dominic Sangma for ''Rimdogittanga'' (Rapture)
* Best Performance of the Year (Critics' Choice) - [[Vikrant Massey]] for ''[[12th Fail]]''
* Breakout Film of the Year - ''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
* Best Series - ''[[Kohrra]]''
* Best Actor in a Series - [[Arjun Mathur]] for ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven Season 2]]''
* Best Actress in a Series - [[Nimisha Sajayan]] for ''[[Poacher (TV series)|Poacher]]''
* Best Documentary - ''Trolley Times''
* Best Short Film - ''The Vegemite Sandwich''
* Best Short Film (Special Mention) - Sandeep Raj for ''Echo''
* Best Film from the Subcontinent - ''The Red Suitcase'' from Nepal
* Honorary Awards
** People's Choice Award - ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
** Equality in Cinema Award - ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]''
** Excellence in Cinema - [[A. R. Rahman]]
** Ambassador of Indian Art & Culture - [[Ram Charan]]
** Diversity Champion - [[Rasika Dugal]]
** Disruptor in Cinema - [[Adarsh Gourav]]
== 2025 ==
The 16th edition of the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne was held in August 2025. The festival opened with the Australian premiere of ''[[Shadowbox (film)|Baksho Bondi]]''. Awards were announced on 16 August 2025, with [[Neeraj Ghaywan]]'s ''[[Homebound (2025 film)|Homebound]]'' receiving the festival's top honours.<ref>{{cite news |title=Neeraj Ghaywan’s ‘Homebound’ wins top honours at Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/neeraj-ghaywan-homebound-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2025-abhishek-bachchan-aamir-khan/article69940031.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=August 16, 2025}}</ref>

;Winners<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Garima |title=Indian Film Festival Of Melbourne 2025 Full Winners List: Neeraj Ghaywan's Homebound Bags Top Honours |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2025-full-winners-list |publisher=[[Outlook India]] |date=December 10, 2025}}</ref>
* Best Film: ''[[Homebound (2025 film)|Homebound]]''
* Best Director: [[Neeraj Ghaywan]] (''[[Homebound (2025 film)|Homebound]]'')
* Best Indie Film: ''[[Angammal]]''
* Best Actor (Male) – Film: [[Abhishek Bachchan]] (''[[I Want to Talk]]'')
* Special Mention – Best Actor (Male): Gugun Kipgen (''[[Boong (film)|Boong]]'')
* Best Actor (Female) – Film: [[Geetha Kailasam]] (''[[Angammal]]'')
* Best Series: ''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]''
* Best Actor (Male) – Series: [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] ([[Paatal Lok]], Season 2)
* Best Actor (Female) – Series: [[Nimisha Sajayan]] (''[[Dabba Cartel]]'')
* Excellence in Cinema Award: [[Aamir Khan]]
* Leadership in Cinema Award: [[Arvind Swamy]]
* Disruptor Award: [[Vir Das]]
* Diversity in Cinema Award: [[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
* Equality in Cinema Award: Baksho Bondi
* Best Short Film (India): Kalar Pencils – Dhananjay Santosh Goregaonkar
* Best Short Film (Australia): Drifters – David Liu

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Film festivals in Melbourne]]
[[Category:Telstra People's Choice Award winners]]
[[Category:Annual events in Australia]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]

Neeraj Mittal

2026-04-20T05:53:21Z

LuciaStonor: started a stub

{{short description|Secretary of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of India}}
{{Paid contributions|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Neeraj Mittal
| caption = Dr Neeraj Mittal
| occupation = [[Bureaucrat]]
| image = Neeraj Mittal IAS.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1967|12|17}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]], [[India]]
| office = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of India]]
| predecessor = Pankaj Jain
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start = 24 November 2025
| office1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Telecom Secretary of India]]
| term_start1 = 1 September 2023
| term_end1 = 21 November 2025
| predecessor1 = K Rajaraman
| successor1 = Amit Agrawal
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office2 = [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal of Information Technology]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| appointer2 = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start2 = May 2021
| term_end2 = September 2023
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]) [[IIT Kanpur]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]) [[Cranfield University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) [[Ohio State University]]
}}

'''Neeraj Mittal''' (born 17 December 1967, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: நீரஜ் மித்தல்) is an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of the 1992 batch from [[Tamil Nadu]] cadre, who is currently serving as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of India]] since November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-11-21 |title=Centre announces top-level bureaucratic reshuffle; Neeraj Mittal appointed Petroleum and Natural Gas secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-announces-top-level-bureaucratic-reshuffle-neeraj-mittal-appointed-petroleum-and-natural-gas-secretary/article70306323.ece |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Previously, he has served as [[Secretary to the Government of India|Telecom Secretary of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rathee |first=Kiran |date=2023-09-07 |title=Neeraj Mittal takes charge as DoT secretary |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/neeraj-mittal-takes-charge-as-dot-secretary/articleshow/103426542.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-12 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He has previously served in various positions in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-13|title=Chennai: Senior bureaucrat moves into pivotal post|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/130519/chennai-senior-bureaucrat-moves-into-pivotal-post.html|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New V-C for TN Guidance Bureau|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/new-v-c-for-tn-guidance-bureau/article27109244.ece|access-date=2020-11-30|website=@businessline|date=12 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Prior to this he had a brief stint at [[World Bank Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-06|title=Neeraj Mittal appointed Senior Adviser to World Bank ED|url=https://www.tkbsen.in/2015/05/neeraj-mittal-appointed-senior-adviser-to-world-bank-ed/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The Sen Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tyagi|first=Anil|title=Dr Neeraj Mittal: Senior Advisor to ED, World Bank {{!}} Indian Buzz|url=http://www.indianbuzz.com/dr-neeraj-mittal-senior-advisor-to-ed-world-bank/|access-date=2020-11-30|language=en-us}}</ref>

== Education ==
Mittal is an [[electrical engineering]] graduate from [[IIT Kanpur]], holds an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA degree]] from [[Cranfield School of Management|Cranfield University, UK]] and [[PhD in management|PhD in Economics/MIS]] from [[Fisher College of Business]], [[Ohio State University]], [[United States|USA]], and has several publications to his credit.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Neeraj Mittal IAS Biography|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=15392|access-date=2020-11-30|website=supremo.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Investments in Information Technology: Indirect Eects and Information Technology Intensity|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238072273|journal=ResearchGate}}</ref>

== Career ==
During his [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] career Mittal has served in various key capacities for both the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. He has extensive experience in policy formulation and execution in e-Governance, Transport, Industrial promotion, Petroleum & Natural gas, Commerce & Industry, and Telecommunications and IT. He had served senior positions such as Director of [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], Director of [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]], Commissioner of [[List of Tamil Nadu governmental organisations|Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency]].<ref name=":0" />

Mittal served as a [[Senior advisor|Senior Advisor]] to [[Executive director|Executive Director]] of [[World Bank Group]]. He represented countries like India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bhutan at the board of the [[World Bank Group|World Bank]]. He was an active part of corporate governance, voice reform, project approvals and policy formulation of [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]], [[International Development Association|IDA]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]], and [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency|MIGA]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mittal leaves ministry for World Bank|url=http://www.petrowatch.com/synopsis.php?artId=14247&w=1|access-date=2020-12-21|website=PETROWATCH|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-06|title=Neeraj Mittal appointed Senior Adviser to World Bank ED|url=https://www.tkbsen.in/2015/05/neeraj-mittal-appointed-senior-adviser-to-world-bank-ed/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=The Sen Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

From 2018 to 2019, Mittal was an [[Adjunct professor|Adjunct Faculty]] at [[Heinz College|School of Public Policy]], [[Carnegie Mellon University]] & taught “Managing change in a disruptive world” at [[Heinz College|Heinz School of Public Policy]]. He has also done extensive research on public policy issues at [[Center for Global Development|Center for Global Development, Washington DC]] during this period.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |title=Fuel Subsidy Reform in Developing Countries: Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG Cooking Gas Subsidy in India |url=https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/fuel-subsidy-reform-developing-countries-india.pdf |journal=Center for Global Development, World Bank Group}}</ref>

He was previously MD & CEO of Guidance Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Team - Guidance Tamil Nadu|url=https://investingintamilnadu.com/ourteam|access-date=2020-11-30|website=investingintamilnadu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Board Of Directors – TIDCO|url=http://tidco.com/board-of-directors/|access-date=2020-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
Mittal took initiatives and his recent engagements include Project Arrow in [[India Post|Department of Post]], e-Biz project in [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Commerce]], world’s largest [[Direct Benefit Transfer|Cash Transfer Program]] in LPG in India (PaHaL)<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=LPG Subsidy Reform in India {{!}} Put the right systems in place first|url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/441121563519432464/pdf/LPG-Subsidy-Reform-in-India-Put-the-Right-Systems-in-Place-First.pdf|journal=World Bank Group}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Story of the World's Largest Cash Transfer Program – PAHAL - Student Affairs|url=https://heinz.campusgroups.com/HeinzAffairs/rsvp_boot?id=360427|access-date=2020-12-02|website=heinz.campusgroups.com}}</ref> and GiveItUp in [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] which leverage technology to simplify processes, improve efficiency, convenience, participation and transparency in Governance. One of his initiative, Project Lakshya, transparency portal that allowed real time visibility of 3 million LPG deliveries per day to LPG consumers received National E-Governance Award.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Petroleum Ministry conferred National E-governance Award|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/petroleum-ministry-conferred-national-e-governance-award/articleshow/27683600.cms|access-date=2020-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-11|title=Dr Neeraj Mittal - Hi-tech Check on LPG Pilferage|url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2014/06/hi-tech-check-on-lpg-pilferage/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=eGov Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Case Study - Project Lakshya|url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/case-study-project-lakshya.html|access-date=2020-12-21|website=dokumen.tips|language=en}}</ref>

Biz Buddy is such an initiative realized by Mittal. It is an industry help desk portal with three primary objectives: Streamlined redressal mechanism for timely resolution of industrial investor’s unsolved issues, Tracking and monitoring of investor issues in a real time manner and Improving Tamil Nadu's investment climate by enhancing the aftercare services provided to industrial investors.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2020-08-28|title=Biz Buddy: Tamil Nadu's faceless grievance redress mechanism for industries|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/biz-buddy-tamil-nadu-s-faceless-grievance-redress-mechanism-for-industries-120082800189_1.html|access-date=2020-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Soon, 224 govt services for businesses just a click away!|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/nov/21/soon-224-govt-services-for-businesses-just-a-click-away-2226064.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Civil Services of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Neeraj}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Government of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Ohio State University Fisher College of Business alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Cranfield University]]

Manirul Islam (Indian politician)

2026-04-20T01:56:20Z

LuciaStonor: started new page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Other uses|Monirul Islam (disambiguation){{!}}Monirul Islam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manirul Islam
| birth_name = Manirul Islam
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
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| occupation = Cultivation
| date =
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}}
'''Manirul Islam''' is an Indian politician from West Bengal.

He contested from [[Farakka Assembly constituency]] on Trinamool ticket and won in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Manirul Islam |url= https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/expense.php?candidate_id=1728|work= Myneta|location= |access-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Manirul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

National Film Award for Best Assamese Feature Film

2026-04-17T14:07:39Z

LuciaStonor: started data

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Assamese Feature Film
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best [[Assamese cinema|Assamese feature film]] of the year
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1955
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Assamese (1955–1968) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese (1969–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Rongatapu 1982]]'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Assamese Feature Film''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

The [[National Film Awards]], established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the [[Indian cinema]]. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various [[Languages of India|regional languages]].

The films made in [[Assamese language]] were not considered until the [[3rd National Film Awards]] ceremony held in September 1956. However, only Certificate of Merit was issued in this ceremony as no film was found suitable for the "President's Silver Medal".<ref name="3rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf|title=3rd National Film Awards|access-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> The 1955 [[Phani Sarma]] directorial film ''Piyali Phukan'' received the first Certificate of Merit. Later in the [[6th National Film Awards]] the 1958 film ''Ronga Police'', directed by Nip Barua, became the first film to receive the president's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Assamese. Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], the name was changed to "Best Assamese Feature Film".<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |date=14 December 2023 |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |access-date=25 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus Award) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:40%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background-color:#F4F4F4;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#E0EAEA;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Best Feature Film}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award films, showing the year (award ceremony), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[3rd National Film Awards|1955 {{small|(3rd)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''Piyali Phukan''
| Rupajyoti Productions
| [[Phani Sarma]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center"| [[4th National Film Awards|1956 {{small|(4th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="4thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/110_4thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=4th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[5th National Film Awards|1957 {{small|(5th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''Maak Aru Morom''
| Brajen Barua
| Nip Barua
| align="center" |<ref name="5thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/109_5thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=5th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[6th National Film Awards|1958 {{small|(6th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Ronga Police''
| Kanak Ch. Sharma
| Nip Barua
| align="center" |<ref name="6thaward">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/108_6thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=6th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[7th National Film Awards|1959 {{small|(7th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Puberun]]''
| K. C. Roy and Paji Doss
| [[Prabhat Mukherjee]]
| align="center" |<ref name="7thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/107_7thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=7th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[8th National Film Awards|1960 {{small|(8th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/106_8thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=8th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[9th National Film Awards|1961 {{small|(9th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Shakuntala''
| Kamrup Chitra
| [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
| align="center" |<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/105_9thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[10th National Film Awards|1962 {{small|(10th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''Tezimola''
| Anwar Hussain
| Anwar Husaain
| align="center" |<ref name="10thaward">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/104_10thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=10th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[11th National Film Awards|1963 {{small|(11th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Maniram Devan''
| Apurba Chowdhury
| S. Chakravarty
| align="center" |<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/103_11thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[12th National Film Awards|1964 {{small|(12th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Pratidhwani''
| Kamrup Chitra
| [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
| align="center" |<ref name="12thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx|title=12th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225220334/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=25 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[13th National Film Awards|1965 {{small|(13th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="13thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf|title=13th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref>
|-style="background:#F4F4F4"
| align="center"| [[14th National Film Awards|1966 {{small|(14th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Lotighoti''
|
| [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
| align="center" |
|-style="background:#F4F4F4"
| align="center"| [[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="15thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|title=15th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref>
|-style="background:#F4F4F4"
| align="center"| [[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="16thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=22 September 2011|page=2}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Dr. Bezbarua]]''
| M/s Rangghar Cine Productions
| Brajen Baruah
| align="center" |<ref name="17thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Aranya''
| United Productions
| Samarendra Narayan Deb
| align="center" |<ref name="arun">{{Cite book |title=Das Arunlochan, এশ অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ কাহিনী আৰু গীত, page 189, Shashi-Sishu Prakasan, Guwahati, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Opaja Sonar Mati''
| M/s Pragati Cine Productions
| Brajen Barua
| align="center" |<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Mamta''
| Nalin Dowerah, Prafulla Dutta and Shiba Thakur
| Nalin Dowerah
| align="center" |<ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf|title=22nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>
|-style="background:#F4F4F4"
| align="center"| [[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Chameli Memsaab]]''
| Seuj Bolechari Santha
| Abdul Majid
| align="center" |<ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-style="background:#F4F4F4"
| align="center"| [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Putala Ghor''
|
| Samarendra Narayan Dev
| align="center" |
|-style="background:#F4F4F4"
| align="center"| [[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Sandhyarag''
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| align="center" |<ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="26thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|title=26th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-style="background:#F4F4F4"
| align="center"| [[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Kallol''
|
| Atul Borgoloi
| align="center" |<ref name="kallol">{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficeassam.com/movie/aparajeyo-oporajeyo/ | title=Assames Movie List | access-date=5 February 2020 | archive-date=5 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042334/http://www.boxofficeassam.com/movie/aparajeyo-oporajeyo/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-style="background:#F4F4F4"
| align="center"| [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Anirban''
| Preeti Saikia
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| align="center" |<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-style="background:#F4F4F4"
| align="center"| [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|title=29th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-style="background:#F4F4F4"
| align="center"| [[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aparoopa]]''
| [[Jahnu Barua]]
| [[Jahnu Barua]]
| align="center" |<ref name="30thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf|title=30th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Alokar Ahban''
| Do-Re-Me Films
| Kamal Hazarika
| align="center" |<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Son Maina''
| R. B. Mehta, M. P. N. Nair and Shiv Prasad Thakur
| Shiv Prasad Thakur
| align="center" |<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Agnisnaan]]''
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| align="center" |<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Baan''
| Do-Re-Me Films
| Charu Kamal Hazarika
| align="center" |<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Pratham Ragini''
| S. N. Bora
| [[Dhiru Bhuyan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Kolahal''
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| align="center" |<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Jooj''
| Bipul Baruah
| Hemen Das
| align="center" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Sarothi''
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| align="center" |<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Railor Alir Dubori Ban''
| Pulak Gogoi
| Pulak Gogoi
| align="center" |<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Abartan''
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Xagoroloi Bohudoor]]''
| [[Sailadhar Baruah]] and [[Jahnu Barua]]
| [[Jahnu Barua]]
| align="center" |<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Itihas (1995 film)|Itihas]]''
| Leena Bora
| [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]
| align="center" |<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Adajya]]''
| Nayan Prasad
| [[Santwana Bordoloi|Santwana Bardoloi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Kuhkal''
| Dolphin Communications
| [[Jahnu Barua]]
| align="center" |<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pokhi]]''
| Dolphin Communications
| [[Jahnu Barua]]
| align="center" |<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Konikar Ramdhenu]]''
| [[Sailadhar Baruah]]
| [[Jahnu Barua]]
| align="center" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012|pages=18–19}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Akashitarar Kathare''
| Sangeeta Tamuli
| [[Manju Borah]]
| align="center" |<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Dinabandhoo''
| Krishna Roy
| [[Munin Barua]]
| align="center" |<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kadamtole Krishna Nache]]''
| [[Suman Haripriya]]
| [[Suman Haripriya]]
| align="center" |<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Aideu|Aaideu]]''
| Nabomika Borthakur
| Arup Manna
| align="center" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mon Jaai]]''
| Moirangthem Movies
| [[Moirangthem Maniram Singha|M. Maniram]]
| align="center" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Basundhara (2010 film)|Basundhara]]''
| Hiren Bora
| Hiren Bora
| align="center" |<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Jetuka Pator Dore]]''
| Md. Noorul Sultan
| Jadumoni Dutta
| align="center" |<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Baandhon]]''
| [[Assam State Film (Finance and Development) Corporation Ltd.]]
| [[Jahnu Barua]]
| align="center" |<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ajeyo]]''
| Shiven Arts
| [[Jahnu Barua]]
| align="center" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite web |title=61st National Film Awards For 2013 |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf# |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |date=16 April 2014 |access-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Othello (2017 film)|Othello]]''
| Artha Films
| Hemanta Kumar Das
| align="center" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kothanodi]]''
| Anurupa Hazarika
| [[Bhaskar Hazarika]]
| align="center" |<ref name="63rdawards">{{cite web | url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf | title=63rd National Film Awards | publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals | date=28 March 2016 | access-date=28 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215071718/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf | archive-date=15 December 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Maj Rati Keteki]]''
| Udara Films
| [[Santwana Bordoloi|Santwana Bardoloi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ishu]]''
| [[Children's Film Society, India|Children's Film Society]]
| [[Utpal Borpujari]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row"|''[[Bulbul Can Sing]]''
| Flying River Films
| [[Rima Das]]
| align="center" |<ref name="66thaward">{{cite press release|title=66th National Film Awards|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row"|''Ronuwa: Who Never Surrender''
| Bornali Creative Vision Entertainment
| Chandra Mudoi
| align="center" |<ref name="67thaward">{{cite press release|title=67th National Film Awards, 2019|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1706663|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=22 March 2021|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Bridge''
| Sabita Devi
| Kripal Kalita
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=68th National Film Awards Full Winners List: Suriya, Ajay Devgn jointly win Best Actor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/68th-national-film-awards-full-winners-list-suriya-ajay-devgn-jointly-win-best-actor-1978718-2022-07-22 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row"|''[[Anur (film)|Anur]]''
| Shivam Creation
| Monjul Baruah
| align="center" |<ref name="69thaward">{{cite press release|title=69th National Film Awards, 2019|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1951758|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=24 August 2023|access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row"|''[[Emuthi Puthi]]''
| Metanormal Motion Pictures Pvt Ltd
| Kulanandini Mahanta
| align="center" |<ref name="70thaward">{{cite press release|title=70th National Film Awards for the year 2022 announced; Aattam bags the Best Feature Film award |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=16 August 2024|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row"|''[[Rongatapu 1982]]''
| BRC Cine Production
| Adityam Saikia
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]
{{National Film Award Best Assamese Feature Film}}{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Assamese]]
[[Category:Cinema of Assam]]

Chengalvaraya Naicker

2026-04-11T00:26:17Z

LuciaStonor: put up the stub needs work.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{lead too short|date=July 2022}}
'''Chengalvaraya Naicker''' (1825–1874) was a philanthropist also known as Sri P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker

==P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker==
Naicker was born in Chennai in a Tamil [[Vanniyar]] (Vanniya kula Kshatriya) family and served as subedar major in the [[Madras Army]]. His Excellency in the service as Dubashi in Shand & Co showered on him with the prestigious honor ‘Lee’. But he died at the early age of 45. Before his demise, he bequeathed all his self earned properties and formed a "trust" with the main object of establishing Educational Institutions, a medical institution and an orphanage to carry out charitable activities for poor and downtrodden peoples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ptleecncet.org/Profile/frmAboutHistory.aspx |title=P.T.LEE Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering and Technology-Kanchipuram |publisher=Ptleecncet.org |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201064947/http://www.ptleecncet.org/Profile/frmAboutHistory.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> "P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Trust" was functioning along with the Pachippa mudaliar Trust from 1874 to 9.10.96. From 10.10.96 onwards, the above said Trust is functioning independently as per the Supreme Court/High Court/Governing Orders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ptleecncet.org/Profile/frmAboutTrust.aspx |title=P.T.LEE Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering and Technology-Kanchipuram |publisher=Ptleecncet.org |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201064644/http://www.ptleecncet.org/Profile/frmAboutTrust.aspx |archive-date=1 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==About the trust==
Chengalvaraya Naicker owned a large number of movable and immovable properties, primarily in Chennai and Chengalpet. In 1870, he bequeathed his properties for religious and charitable purposes, in addition to uplift of the poor and deserving section of the community. After his death, the P T Lee Chengavaraya Naicker Trust was formed in 1874, and originally it was a part of another rich trust in the state, the [[Pachaiyappa Mudaliar]] Trust.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Petition-seeks-removal-of-ex-judge-as-trust-chairman/articleshow/19136831.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007014430/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-23/chennai/37960179_1_trust-members-trust-board-pachaiyappa-s-trust |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-10-07 |title=Petition seeks removal of ex-judge as trust chairman |date=2013-03-23 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2013-11-04}}</ref> After the valuable bequest was that of P.T. Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker. The Trustees established a regular Commercial School bearing the name of Chengalvaraya Naicker in 1866. The School owed a great deal to the exertions of Mr. John Adam, who may justly be called the pioneer of commercial and technical education in Southern India. In 1906 the Trustees developed the Chengalvaraya Naicker’s Orphanage into a fully equipped Industrial School. The Institute is now affiliated to the Technical Diploma Examination Board of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] and is training students for the L.C.E., L.M.E., and L.E.E. Diplomas in addition to providing Certificate Courses in Electrical Engineering, electric Wiring Foreman, Mechanics, Fitting and other kindred subjects. The Government of India under the Second Five – Year Plan had given liberal aid to the Institution. A hostel had been constructed and was declared open by the Hon’ble Thiru M.a. Manickavelu Naicker, Minister of Madras in 1962 and a new block of buildings including the Jubilee Hall to house the classes was constructed and was declared open in 1962 by Dr. Rajah Sir. M.A. Muthiah Chettiar of Chettinad. A life size bronze statue of the founder P.T, Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker was unveiled by the Hon’ble Thiru [[K Kamaraj]], Chief Minister of Madras in June 1963. A new building to accommodate the N.C.C, offices and the Free Dispensary was opened by Dr Rajah Sir. [[M. A. Muthiah Chettiar]] of Chettinad, on 20 February 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pachaiyappascollege.edu.in/founder.htm |title=Pachaiyappas College |publisher=Pachaiyappas College |accessdate=2013-11-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006165342/http://pachaiyappascollege.edu.in/founder.htm |archivedate=2013-10-06 }}</ref> On 1 September 2006 Tamil Nadu Minister for Agriculture [[Veerapandy S. Arumugam]] paid rich tributes to Chengalvaraya Naicker for playing a stellar role in providing education to the masses to make them self-reliant. The minister, who unveiled a statue of Naicker on [[Anna Salai]], appealed to the Chengalvaraya Naicker Trustees to educate people about the services Naicker had rendered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tributes-paid-to-chengalvaraya-naicker/article3069105.ece |title=Tributes paid to Chengalvaraya Naicker |work=The Hindu |date=2006-09-01 |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>

===Institutions===
As per the ambition and intention of the Testator, the following institutions have been started and are functioning successfully till date.
* P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker College of Engineering and Technology, Oovery, Kancheepuram District.
* P.T.Lee [[Chengalvaraya Naicker Polytechnic College]], Vepery, Chennai – 7
* P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker [[Industrial training institute|Industrial Training Institute]], Oovery, Kancheepuram District.
* P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Higher Secondary School, [[Chennai]] – 112.
* P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Middle School, Oovery, Kancheepuram District,
* P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Primary School, Choolai, Chennai – 112.
* P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Orphanage and free Residential School, Vepery, Chennai.
* P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Siddha Dispensary and Hospital, Vepery, Chennai -7.
* P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker [[Sidhha]] Dispensary and Allopathy Hospital, Oovery, Kancheepuram.
* P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker community literacy Centre, Oovery, [[Kancheepuram]] District.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ptleecncet.org/frminstitution.aspx |title=Institution |publisher=Ptleecncet.org |accessdate=2013-11-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014061738/http://www.ptleecncet.org/frminstitution.aspx |archivedate=2013-10-14 }}</ref>

===Present===
At present From 10.10.96 onwards, the Trust is functioning independently as per the Supreme Court/High Court/Governing Orders. As per the court order, it is being run and managed by a nine-member trust - while one trustee is from Chengalvaraya Naicker's family,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article349722.ece?service=print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006142244/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article349722.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2013 |title=New board of trustees for Chengalvaraya Trust |publisher=Newindianexpress.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref> the trust is now governed by [[Tamil Nadu Public Properties Welfare Board|Tamilnadu Public Properties Welfare Board.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/vppwb/trust_list.pdf |title= Public Property Welfare Board : District Wise Trust Details |publisher=Tn.gov.in |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kandasamy Kandar]]
*[[M.S.N. Charities|Malladi Satyalinga Naicker]]
*[[Arcot Dhanakoti Mudaliar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naicker, Chengalvaraya}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1874 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Chennai]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]

Maham Begum

2026-04-08T14:00:05Z

LuciaStonor: started new entry

{{Short description|Padshah Begum of Mughal Empire}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maham Begum
| title = [[Empress consort]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] [[Empress mother]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| image = File:Maham Begum.png
| caption =
| birth_date = 1480-1499
| birth_place = [[Timurid Empire]]
| death_date = 8 May 1533 (aged 34-53)
| death_place = [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Agra]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| succession = [[Padshah Begum]]
| reign = 21 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
| reign-type = Tenure
| predecessor = ''position established''
| successor = [[Bega Begum]]
| consort = yes
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Babur]]|1506|26 December 1530|end={{Abbr|died|died}}}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Humayun]]
*Barbul Mirza
*Faruq Mirza
*Mehr Jahan Begum
*Aisan Daulat Begum}}
| house = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] (by marriage)
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Maham Begum''' or '''Mahim Begum'''{{sfn|Mukhia|2004|p = 124}} (died 8 May 1533) was the [[empress consort of the Mughal Empire]] from 21 April 1526 to 26 December 1530 as the third wife and chief consort of [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] and the first [[Mughal emperor]]. She was the mother of Babur's eldest surviving son and eventual successor, [[Humayun]]. She is also frequently mentioned in the ''Humayun-nama'' by her adoptive daughter [[Gulbadan Begum]], who refers to her as "lady" and "my Lady" (''aka'' and ''akam'', respectively).

==Family and lineage==
Contemporary records give no specific information regarding Maham Begum's parentage. Babur's autobiography, the ''[[Baburnama]]'', makes little mention of their wedding and says nothing about Maham's family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Babur|author-link=Babur|translator=Annette Beveridge|translator-link=Annette Beveridge|title=The Babur-nama In English (Memoirs of Babur)|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBabur-namaInEnglish-VolumeIi/page/n280/mode/1up|volume=II|year=1922|publisher=Luzac & Co.|location=London|page=714}}</ref> However, there is evidence to suggest that a certain [[Khwaja]] Muhammad Ali (referred to as "uncle" by Gulbadan) was Maham's brother. He appears several times in the ''Baburnama'' in association with the city of [[Khost]], being employed in the government of Khost, coming from Khost for orders, etc. One of Maham's children was born in the city, and Humayun was later recorded as visiting his maternal grandparents in Khost. Historian [[Annette Beveridge]] calls this family "quiet, unwarlike Khwajas". Babur also references a certain Abdul Malik Khosti, who may also have been a relation of Maham's, though this is not certain.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gulbadan Begum|author-link=Gulbadan Begum|translator=Annette Beveridge|translator-link=Annette Beveridge|title=The History of Humayun (Humayun-nama)|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich/page/257/mode/1up|year=1902|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|location=London|page=257}}</ref>

[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], the [[vizier]] of her grandson [[Akbar]], states that Maham was from a noble family of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], descendants of the 11th century [[Sufism|Sufi]] mystic [[Sheikh Ahmad Jami]]. This was a lineage that she shared with her daughter-in-law, [[Hamida Banu Begum]].<ref name="Ray1948">{{cite book|last=Ray|first=Sukumar|title=Humāyūn in Persia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwFXAAAAMAAJ|year=1948|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal|location=Calcutta|page=18|isbn=9788172361181 }}</ref> He also mentions that she was a relation of [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]], the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler of [[Herat]]. Though the exact relationship is not given, the wording used by Abu'l Fazl (''nisbat-i-khwesh'') may imply a blood-relation on her father's side.<ref>{{harvtxt|Gulbadan Begum|1902|p=257}}</ref> Consequently, Babur's marriage with Maham shortly after Sultan Husayn's death may have been a sign of condolence to her grieving royal relations.<ref name="WadeWade1998">{{cite book|last=Wade|first=Bonnie C.|title=Imaging Sound: An Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JGY8Yd2ChoC&pg=PA54|year=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-86841-7|pages=54–55}}</ref> However, according to historian [[Muni Lal]], there is no corroborative evidence to support the relationship.<ref name=Lal1978>{{cite book | last=Lal | first=Muni | author-link=Muni Lal | title=Humayun | publisher=Vikas | date=1978 | isbn=978-0-7069-0645-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3ABAAAAMAAJ&q=%2522Abul+Fazl+says+she+was+related+to%2522&dq=%2522Abul+Fazl+says+she+was+related+to%2522&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmpI7QsrCPAxX0W0EAHcyYHdAQ6AF6BAgIEAM | access-date=2025-08-29 | page=3}}</ref>

There are also hints to further Timurid relationships. Gulbadan, Maham Begum's adopted daughter, states that the empress was related to the owners of the Nauroz (New Year) Garden in [[Kabul]], originally constructed by [[Ulugh Beg II]], a paternal uncle of Babur.<ref name=Lal1978/><ref>{{harvtxt|Gulbadan Begum|1902|p=257}}</ref> In addition, some considerations suggest that Gulbadan's mother, Dildar Agacha Begum, was also a relation of Maham's.<ref>{{cite book|last=Beveridge|first=Annette|author-link=Annette Beveridge|title=Life and writings of Gulba dan Begam (Lady Rosebody)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjYbAQAAIAAJ|series=Calcutta Review|volume=109|year=1898|publisher=University of Calcutta|location=Calcutta|page=347}}</ref> Dildar herself is theorised to have been a daughter of another of Babur's uncles, [[Sultan Mahmud Mirza]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Babur|1922|p=712}}</ref>

==Marriage==
Babur married her in 1506 at [[Herat]], when on the death of Sultan Husayn Mirza, he paid a condolence visit to [[Herat]] capital of Khosran. She was mentioned as "the one who was to Babur" what [[Aisha]] was to [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Gulbadan Begum|1902|p=256}}</ref> She played an active role in the political affairs of Babur, as well as in the royal household. She had extreme intelligence and good looks. She accompanied her husband to [[Badakhshan]] and [[Transoxiana]] and stood by him through thick and thin. She was the chief lady of the royal household. After the birth of the couple's first child, [[Humayun]], she had another four children—Barbul, Mehr Jahan, Aisan Daulat and Faruq—but all died in infancy.<ref>{{harvtxt|Gulbadan Begum|1902|p=258}}</ref>

As Babur's chief consort, she had well-defined rights over other members of his [[harem]]. She took guardianship of two of Dildar Begum's children, [[Hindal Mirza]] and [[Gulbadan Begum]], in 1521 and 1523, respectively, and Babur affirmed it, because four of his five children were dead. A devoted mother, Maham spent all her spare time educating the prince in values dear to her. She narrated to him stories connected with her ancestor Shaikh Ahmad Jam and other renowned holy personages of his time.<ref>{{harvtxt|Gulbadan Begum|1902|pp=8–9}}</ref>

===As empress===
In 1528, Maham Begum came to [[Hindustan]] from Kabul. When she reached [[Aligarh]], Babur sent two litters with three horsemen. She went on post haste from Aligarh to [[Agra]]. Babur had intended to go as far as Aligarh to meet her. At evening prayer time, someone came and informed Babur that he had just passed Maham Begum on the road, four miles out. Babur did not wait for a horse to be saddled, but set out on foot. He met her near the house of Maham's advance camp. She wished to alight, but he would not wait; he joined her train and walked to his own house. Nine troopers with two sets of nine horses and the two extra litters which the Emperor had sent, and one litter which had been brought from Kabul, and about a hundred of Maham Begum's servants mounted on fine horses.<ref>{{harvtxt|Gulbadan Begum|1902|pp=100–101}}</ref> After staying three months at Agra, Maham Begum went to [[Dholpur]] with Babur.<ref>{{harvtxt|Gulbadan Begum|1902|p=102}}</ref>

Maham Begum was the chief queen and the only one privileged to sit by the side of Babur on the throne of [[Mughal Empire]]. She was powerful, moody and spoiled, and it seems Babur denied her nothing. It is worth noting that "Babur speaks of his favorite wife, Maham Begum’s edict as a farman."{{cn|date=June 2025}} During Humayun's illness, Babur walked round him and turned his face. He also exclaimed that he loved Humayun because he was the son of his favourite wife, saying, "Although I have other sons, I love none as I love your Humayun. I crave that this cherished child may have his heart's desire and live long, and I desire the kingdom for him and not for the others, because he has not his equal in distinction."

==As empress dowager==
After Humayun was restored to health, Babur became ill and died in 1530. Humayun ascended the throne at twenty-three years of age. Maham Begum made an allowance of food twice daily, in the morning an ox and two sheep and five goats, and at afternoon prayer time five goats. She gave this from her own estate for two and a half years.<ref>{{harvtxt|Gulbadan Begum|1902|p=111}}</ref>

After Humayun's return from [[Chunar]], Maham threw a great feast. They lit up the [[bazaar]]s and then she gave orders to the elites and soldiers to decorate their places and make their quarters beautiful. After this illumination became common in [[Indian Subcontinent|India]]. She gave special robes of honour to 7,000 persons. The festivities lasted several days.<ref>{{harvtxt|Gulbadan Begum|1902|pp=113–114}}</ref>

==Death==
In April 1533, Maham was attacked by a disorder of the bowels. On 8 May, she died.<ref>{{harvtxt|Gulbadan Begum|1902|p=116}}</ref>

==Popular culture==

Maham Begum was portrayed by [[Sahher Bambba]] in the [[Hotstar]] web series ''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]'' released on 27 August 2021.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book |last=Amini |first=Iradj |title=The Koh-i-noor Diamond |date=June 1, 2013 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=978-9-351-94035-7}}
*{{Cite book |last=Chandrababu |first=B. S. |title=Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation |last2=Thilagavathi |first2=L. |publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam |year=2009 |isbn=978-8-189-90997-0}}
*{{Cite book |last=Erskine |first=William |title=History of India Under Baber |date=January 1, 1994 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-8-171-56032-5}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Muni |url=https://archive.org/details/babarlifetimes0000lalm |title=Babar: Life and Times |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-706-90484-0 |url-access=registration}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ruby |title=Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-85022-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Luniya |first=Bhanwarlal Nathuram |title=Some Historians of Medieval India |publisher=Lakshmi Narain Agarwal |year=1969}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1986 |isbn=978-8-120-71015-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mukhia |first=Harbans |author-link=Harbans Mukhia |title=The Mughals of India |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2004 |isbn=9780631185550 |location=Malden, MA}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Ram |author-link=Ram Nath |title=History of Mughal architecture |publisher=Abhinav |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-391-02650-6 |volume=1 |pages=113}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Renuka |title=Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. |date=January 1, 1990 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-8-121-00241-7}}
*{{Cite book |title=Women in Indian history: social, economic, political and cultural perspectives |publisher=Vision & Venture |year=1996 |editor-last=Pawar |editor-first=Kiran}}
*{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-861-89185-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Bonnie G. |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-195-14890-9}}
*{{Cite book |last=Wade |first=Bonnie C. |url=https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn00wade |title=Imaging Sound: An Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India |date=July 20, 1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-86840-0}}
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Mughal Empire]]}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before='''Position established'''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Padshah Begum]]|years=20 April 1526 - 27 April 1535}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bega Begum]]}}
{{end}}
{{Mughal Empire|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Wives of Babur]]
[[Category:1535 deaths]]
[[Category:Queen mothers]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Deaths from digestive disease]]
[[Category:People from Khorasan]]
[[Category:Mothers of Mughal emperors]]
[[Category:16th-century women]]
[[Category:Women from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Timurid dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Herat]]
[[Category:People from Kabul]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslims]]

List of battles involving the Mughal Empire

2026-04-07T16:30:35Z

LuciaStonor: started new data

{{short description|None}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
The [[Mughal Empire]] was founded in 1526 by [[Babur]]. He defeated [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi|Ibrahim Lodi]] in the [[First Battle of Panipat]], marking the beginning of Mughal dominance. Babur went on to defeat the powerful Rajput confederacy of [[Rana Sanga]] in his decisive victory in the [[Battle of Khanwa]], which solidified Mughal rule in India. The empire continued to expand, reaching its greatest territorial extent during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]].

==Background==
The Mughal Empire was founded by [[Babur]] ({{Reign|1526|1530}}), a Central Asian ruler descended from the [[Turco-Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]] on his father's side and [[Genghis Khan]] on his mother's. After being ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to pursue his ambitions. Establishing himself in Kabul, he advanced southward in India through the [[Khyber Pass]]. Babur's forces defeated [[Ibrahim Lodhi]] in the [[First Battle of Panipat]]. By this time, however, Lodhi's empire was already weakning, while the [[Rajput Confederacy]] led by the capable [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]], remained the strongest power in the northern India.

Rana Sanga defeated [[Babur]] in the [[Battle of Bayana]]. However, in a decisive battle fought near [[Agra]], Babur’s Timurid forces defeated Sanga’s Rajput army in the [[Battle of Khanwa]]. This battle was one of the most significant and historic battles in Indian history, as it determined the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries. The Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Ram Sharan Sharma|title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material|date=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-818-5|page=46}}</ref>

==Babur==
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:orange;"|Name of conflict(time)
! style="background:orange;widh:150px;"|Belligerent
! style="background:orange;width:150px;"| opponent
!style="background:orange;width:320px;"| outcome
|-
|[[First Battle of Panipat]] (21 April 1526)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Delhi Sultanate}}[[Delhi Sultanate]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Establishment of [[Mughal Empire]]
|-
|[[Battle of Bayana]] (21 February 1527)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:In mewar-state.png |25px]] [[Rajput|Rajput Confederation]]
|'''Rajput victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Khanwa]] (16 March 1527)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:In mewar-state.png |25px]][[Rajput|Rajput Confederation]]
| '''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Chanderi]] (20 January 1528)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:In mewar-state.png |25px]][[Rajput]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Mughals annexed [[Malwa]]
|-
|[[Battle of Ghaghra]] (6 May 1529)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Bengal Sultanate]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Mughal annexed [[Bihar]]
|-
|}

==Humayun==
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:orange;"|Name of conflict(time)
! style="background:orange;widh:150px;"|Belligerent
! style="background:orange;width:150px;"| opponent
!style="background:orange;width:320px;"| outcome
|-
|[[Battle of Chausa]] (26 June 1539)
|[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Sur Empire]]
|'''Sur victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Kannauj]] (17 May 1540)
|[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Sur Empire]]
|'''Sur victory'''
* [[Humayun]] defeated by [[Sher Shah Suri]], flees from India and takes refuge in [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Persia]]
|-
|[[Battle of Machhiwara]] (15 May 1555)
|[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Sur Empire]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Sirhind (1555)|Battle of Sirhind]] (22 June 1555)
|[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Sur Empire]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Re-Establishment of Mughal Empire
|}

==Akbar==
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:orange;"|Name of conflict(time)
! style="background:orange;widh:150px;"|Belligerent
! style="background:orange;width:150px;"| opponent
!style="background:orange;width:320px;"| outcome
|-
|[[Battle of Tughlaqabad]] (7 October 1556)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Sur Empire]]
|'''Hemchandra's Victory'''
|-
|[[Second Battle of Panipat]] (5 November 1556)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Sur Empire]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Mankot (1557)|Siege of Mankot]] (January – 25 July 1557)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Sur Empire|Sur loyalists]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Mughal conquest of Garha]] (1564–1567)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Garha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Mughal conquest of Malwa]] (1560–1570)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Malwa Sultanate]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Thanesar (1567)]] (9 April 1567)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|Two Great warrior clans [[Sannyasa|Sanyasis]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567-1568)]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Mewar Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Ranthambore (1568)]] (8 February – 21 March 1568)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Rajput]] of Ranthambore Fort
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Mughal Conquest of Sindh]] (1572-1592)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Tarkhan dynasty]]
|'''Mughal Victory''''
* [[Sindh]] Falls to Mughal Empire
|-
|[[Akbar's conquest of Gujarat]] (1572–1573)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Gujarat Sultanate.svg|25px]] [[Gujarat Sultanate]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Mughal annexation of [[Gujarat]]
|-
|[[Mughal invasion of Bengal]] (1572–1576)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| [[Sultanate of Bengal]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
*Mughal Annexation of [[Bengal]]
|-
|[[Battle of Tukaroi]] (1575)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Sultanate of Bengal]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Part of [[Mughal invasion of Bengal]]
|-
|[[Battle of Raj Mahal]] (1576)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Sultanate of Bengal]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Part of [[Mughal invasion of Bengal]]
|-
|[[Battle of Haldighati]] (1576)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:In mewar-state.png |25px]] [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Mughal Army failed to capture [[Maharana Pratap]]
|-
|[[Maharana Pratap#Reconquest of Mewar|Mughal invasions of Mewar]] (1580-1583)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:In mewar-state.png |25px]] [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
|'''Rajput victory'''
* Dewair, Amet, Madariaya, Kumbhalgarh and Western Mewar captured by [[Maharana Pratap]]
* Mughal forces surrendered in the Battle of Dewair
|-
|[[Maharana Pratap#Reconquest of Mewar|Mughal invasions of Mewar]] (1584-1585)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:In mewar-state.png |25px]] [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
|'''Rajput victory'''
* [[Maharana Pratap]] defeated the last standing Mughal army at Som river
|-
|[[Mughal conquest of Kashmir]] (1585–1589)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|{{flagicon image|Blood Flag.svg|border=}} [[Kashmir Sultanate]] '''Supported by:''' [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal Victory''''
* Mughal Annexed [[Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Yusufzai|Yousufzai Afghans]]
|'''Yousufzai Afghans victory'''
* [[Birbal|Raja Birbal]] was killed with entire Mughal forces.
|-
|[[Battle of Hastivanj]] (1586)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|{{flagicon image|Blood Flag.svg|border=}} [[Kashmir Sultanate]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
*Dissolution of [[Kashmir Sultanate]]
|-
|[[Battle of Bhuchar Mori]] (1591)
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Gujarat Sultanate.svg|25px]] [[Gujarat Sultanate]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Dissolution of [[Gujarat Sultanate]]
|-
|}

==Jahangir==
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:orange;"|Name of conflict(time)
! style="background:orange;widh:150px;"|Belligerent
! style="background:orange;width:150px;"|opponent
! style="background:orange;width:320px;"|outcome
|-
|[[Siege of Kandahar (1605-1606)]]
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Safavid Flag.svg|23px]] [[Safavid Empire]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Dewair (1606)]]
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|{{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
|'''Rajput victory'''
|-
|[[Conquest of Bakla]] (1611)
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Chandradwip Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal Victory''''
*Chandradwip Kingdom formally annexed to Mughal Bengal
|-
||'''[[Battle of Bharali]]''' (1615 CE)
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Ahom_insignia_plain.svg|border|22px]] [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom Kingdom]]
|'''Ahom victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Samdhara|'''Battle of Samdhara''' (1616 CE)]]
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Ahom kingdom|Ahom Kingdom]]
|'''Ahom victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Rohilla]] (1621)
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Sikhs]]
|'''Sikh victory'''
* [[Guru Hargobind]] led Sikhs to defeat Mughal army
|-
|[[Mughal-Safavid War (1622-1623)]]
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Safavid Flag.svg|23px]] [[Safavid Empire]]
|'''Safavid victory'''
* Kanadhar recaptured by Safavids
|-
|[[Battle of Bhatvadi]] (1624)
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Bijapur Sultanate]]
|[[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]
|'''Ahmednagar victory'''
|}

==Shah Jahan==
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:orange;"|Name of conflict(time)
! style="background:orange;widh:150px;"|Belligerent
! style="background:orange;width:150px;"|opponent
! style="background:orange;width:320px;"|outcome
|-
|[[Siege of Hooghly]] (1632)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|25px]] [[Portuguese Empire]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Daulatabad (1633)]]
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Bijapur Sultanate.png|22px|border]] [[Bijapur Sultanate]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]
|'''Mughal Victory''''
|-
|[[Siege of Parenda (1634)]]
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Bijapur Sultanate.png|22px|border]] [[Bijapur Sultanate]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.svg}} [[Ahmednagar Sultanate]]
|'''Bijapur-Ahmednagar Victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Amritsar (1634)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|25px]]
[[Sikhs]]
|'''Sikh victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Lahira]] (1634)
|[{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|25px]]
[[Sikhs]]
|'''Sikh victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Kartarpur]] (1635)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|25px]] [[Sikhs]]
|'''Sikh victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Nagpur]] (1637)
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Gonds of Deogarh|Kingdom of Deogarh]]
|'''Mughal Victory''''
|-
|[[Mughal Central Asia Campaign]] (1646–1647)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:War flag of Khanate of Bukhara.svg|25px]] [[Khanate of Bukhara]]
|'''Indecisive'''
|-
|[[Siege of Kandahar (1648–1649)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Safavid Flag.svg|25px|border]] [[Safavid Iran]]
|'''Safavid victory'''
|-
|[[Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649–1653)|Sieges of Kandahar (1649–1653)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Safavid Flag.svg|25px|border]] [[Safavid Iran]]
|'''Safavid victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Bidar]] (1657)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Bijapur Sultanate.png|22px|border]]
[[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur Sulatnate]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Raid of Ahmednagar (1657)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Confederacy]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Dharmat]] (1658)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Rebels led by [[Aurangzeb]]
|'''Aurangzeb's victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Samugarh]] (1658)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Dara Shikoh]] [[Shah Jahan]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Aurangzeb]]
|'''Aurangzeb's victory'''
* Coronation of the Aurangzeb as [[Mughal Emperor]]
|-
|[[Battle of Khajwa]] (1659)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Aurangzeb]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]]
|'''Aurangzeb's victory'''
|-
|}

==Aurangzeb ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+
! style=" background:orange;" |Name of conflict (time)
! style="background:orange; widh:150px;" |Belligerent
! style="background: orange;width:150px;" | opponent
! style="background:orange;width:320px;" | outcome
|-
||[[Battle of Chakan]] (1660)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam]] (1663)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Ahom_insignia_plain.svg|border|22px]] [[Ahom Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
Mughals takeover the capital [[Garhgaon]]
|-
|[[Battle of Surat]] (1665)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Maratha Victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Purandar]] (1665)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Raid of Ahmednagar (1657)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Jat Rebellion (1667–1723)]]
||{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Jats]]
|'''Mughal Victory''''
|-
|[[Battle of Alaboi]] (1669)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Ahom_insignia_plain.svg|border|22px]] [[Ahom Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Tilpat (1669)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Jats]]
|'''Mughal Victory''''
|-
|[[Battle of Sinhagad]] (1670)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Saraighat]] (1671)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Ahom_insignia_plain.svg|border|22px]] [[Ahom Kingdom]]
|'''Ahom victory'''
|-
|Battle of Salher (1672)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-

|[[Battle of Shivneri Fort]] (1673)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Umrani]] (1673)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]][[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Shivneri Fort]] (1678)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]][[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Bhupalgarh]] (1679)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Rathore rebellion (1679–1707)]]
|[[Kingdom of Marwar]] and [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|''' First Phase-Mughal victory'''
''' Second Phase-Rajput victory'''
|-
|[[Sacking of Burhanpur (1681)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Janjira (1682)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''<ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: pt. 2. History of the Konkan Dakhan and Southern Marátha country |date=1896 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRYIAQAAIAAJ&dq=siege+of+janjira+1682&pg=PA77 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Battle of Itakhuli]] (1682)
|[[File:Ahom_insignia_plain.svg|border|22px]] [[Ahom Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Ahom victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Kalyan]] (1682–1683)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Maratha invasion of Goa (1683)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]] [[Portuguese India]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Inconclusive'''
|-
|[[Siege of Ramsej]] (1682–1688)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]] (1684–1690)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|{{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.png}}[[British East India Company|British EIC]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Bijapur]] (1685– 1686)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Adil Shahi Dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Mughal Empire annexed all territories ruled by [[Adil Shahi Dynasty]]
|-
|[[Siege of Golconda]] (1687)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Qutbshahi Flag.svg|23px]] [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Mughal Empire annexed [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]]
|-
|[[Battle of Wai]] (1687)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Raigarh]] (1689)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Athani]] (1690)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Nadaun]] (1691)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikhs]] [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Chandel of Kahlur]]
|'''Sikh And Chandel victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Guler (1696)]] 
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikhs]]
|'''Sikh victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Jinji]] (1698)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]] [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal- Madurai victory'''
|-
|Battle of Paranda (1699)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Satara]] (1699–1700)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Anandpur (1700)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Anandpur (1701)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Khelna]] (1701–1702)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) 
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Basoli]] (1702)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[First Battle of Chamkaur]] (1702)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|Battle of Raigarh (1703-1704)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Sironj]] (1704)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Torna]] (1704)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Anandpur (1704)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Sarsa]] (1704)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Chamkaur (1704)]] 
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Mughal Army failed to capture [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
|-
|[[Siege of Wagingera]] (1704)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Kingdom]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Muktsar]] (1705)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|}

==Bahadur Shah I and Farrukhsiyar==
{|class="wikitable"
! style=" background:orange;"|Name of conflict(time)
! style="background:orange;widh:150px;"|Belligerents
! style="background:orange;width:150px;"| opponent
! style="background:orange;width:320px;"| outcome
|-
|[[Battle of Jajau]] (1707)
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mughals under [[Bahadur Shah I]]
Supported by [[File:Sikh_flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]] ([[Sikhs]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max |title=The Sikh religion, its gurus, sacred writings, and authors Volume 5 |year=1909 |pages=230}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W.H |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |year=2014 |isbn=9781442236011 |pages=99|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref>
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Mughals under [[Azam Shah]]
|'''Bahadur Shah Victory'''
*Part of [[Mughal war of succession (1707)]]
*[[Bahadur Shah I]] was crowned as the Mughal emperor
|-
|[[Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710]] (21 April 1708 – 11 June 1710)
|[[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] [[Jodhpur State|Kingdom of Marwar]] [[File:Drapeau Jaipur.png|25px]] [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Amber]] '''Supported By''' [[File:Mewar.svg|25px]][[Udaipur State|Kingdom of Mewar]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Rajput victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Sonipat]] (1709)
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Samana]] (1709)
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Chappar Chiri]] 1710)
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}} [[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Sadhaura]] (1710)
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Rahon]] (1710)
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Jalalabad (1710)|Battle of Jalalabad]] (1710)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Thanesar (1710)]]
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Khalsa victory'''
|-
|[[First Battle of Lohgarh|Battle of Lohgarh]] (1710)
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Thanesar (1710)]]
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|Mughal victory
|-
|[[First Battle of Lohgarh|Siege of Lohgarh]] (1710)
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|Mughal victory
|-
|[[Battle of Bandanwara]] (1711)
|{{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}}[[Mewar Kingdom]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Mewar victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Jammu]] (1712)
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|Mughal victory
|-
|[[Second Battle of Lohgarh|Battle of Lohgarh]] (1712)
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|Khalsa victory
|-
|Battle of Kiri Pathan (1714)
| {{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|Khalsa victory
|-
|[[Siege of Gurdas Nangal]] (1715)
|{{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}}[[Khalsa]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
* Mughal army captured [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] after 8 month long siege
|}

==Muhammad Shah==
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:orange;"|Name of conflict(time)
! style="background:orange;widh:150px;"|Belligerents
! style="background:orange;width:150px;"| opponent
! style="background:orange;width:320px;"| outcome
|-
|[[Battle of Balapur]] (1720)
|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|27px]] [[Mughal Empire]](Nizamul Mulk)
|[[Sayyid Brothers]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Confederacy]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Fatehpur Sikri]] (1721)
|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|27px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[Jats]]
|'''Mughal victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Shakar Kheda]] (1724)
|[[File: flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px|border]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg|24px|border]] [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]]
|'''Nizam-Maratha Victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Palkhed]] (1728)
|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|27px]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|23px]] [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Confederacy]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Bundelkhand]] (1729)
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Confederacy]]
* Kingdom of [[Bundelkhand]]
|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|27px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Maratha-Bundela victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Bhopal]] (1737)
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|24px]] [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>{{Cite book|first=Bakshi , S.R.|last=Ralhan, O.P.|title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages |publisher=Sarup & Sons.|year=2008|pages=384 |isbn=9788176258067 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZPmLzgkF0UC |quote=The Battle of Bhopal, occurring on December 24, 1737, pitted the Maratha Empire against the combined forces of the '''Mughals''', Rajputs, and Nizams. The Marathas secured a decisive victory, largely attributed to the swift tactics of Bajirao Peshwa.}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg}} [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Nizamshahi]] [[File:Flag of Awadh.svg|25px]] [[Kingdom of Awadh]] [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] [[Kingdom of Jaipur]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tikkiwal |first=H. c |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.130345 |title=Jaipur And The Later Mughals |date=1974 |pages=37}}</ref> [[File:Kota Garuda Flag.jpg|22px|border]] [[Kingdom of Kota]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha H. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51631 |title=Rise Of The Peshwas (1954) |date=1954 |pages=161}}</ref> Other [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] chiefs<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA26 |editor1-last=Chhabra |editor1-first=G.S. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India Vol. 1 |date=2005 |page=26 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-81-89093-06-8 |quote=Reaching Delhi, the Nizam was joined by several other Mughal chiefs, and at the head of seventy thousand soldiers supported by enormous military supply he marched out to meet the Marathas.}}</ref>
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Confederacy]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Khyber Pass]] (1738)
|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|27px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|27px]] [[Afsharid dynasty]]
|'''Persian victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Karnal]] (1739)
|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|27px]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|23px]] [[Hyderabad]] [[File:Flag of Awadh.svg|30px]] [[Oudh]]
|[[File:Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg|27px]] [[Afsharid Iran]] {{flag|Kingdom of Kakheti}}
|'''Afsharid dynasty victory'''
* Delhi Sacked and Looted
* [[Decline of Mughal Empire]]
|-
|[[Battle of Gangwana]] (1741)
|[[File:Drapeau Jaipur.png|25px]] [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Jaipur]] '''Reinforced By''' [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|25px]] [[Bharatpur State|Kingdom of Bharatpur]] [[File:Flag of Bundi.svg|25px]] [[Bundi State|Kingdom of Bundi]] [[File:Kota Garuda Flag.jpg|25px]] [[Kota State|Kingdom of Kota]] [[File:Flag of Karauli.png|25px]] [[Karauli State|Kingdom of Karauli]] [[File:Flag of Shahpura.svg|25px]] [[Shahpura State|Kingdom of Shahpura]]
|[[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] [[Jodhpur State|Rathores]] of [[Bakht Singh of Marwar|Bakht Singh]]
|'''Indecisive'''
|-
||[[Battle of Lahore (1748)]]
|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|27px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|20px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
|'''Durrani Empire victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Manupur (1748)]] 
|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|27px]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|25px]] [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Jaipur]] 
[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|25px]] [[Misl|Sikh Misls]]
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|20px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
|'''Mughal Alliance victory'''
* [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] first invasion repulsed by Mughals alliance
|-
|}

==Later battles of the Mughal Empire during its decline==
{|class="wikitable"
! style=" background:orange;"|Name of conflict(time)
! style="background:orange;widh:150px;"|Belligerents
! style="background:orange;width:150px;"| opponent
! style="background:orange;width:320px;"| outcome
|-
|[[Battle of Lahore (1752)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|20px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
|'''Durrani victory'''
|-
|[[Plunder of Old Delhi]] (1753)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]] 
[[Maratha Confederacy]] [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]
|[[Bharatpur State|Kingdom of Bharatpur]] {{flagicon image|अवध ध्वज.gif}} [[Oudh State]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Kumher]] (1754)
|[[Bharatpur State|Kingdom of Bharatpur]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}}[[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Confederacy]]
|'''Bharatpur victory'''
|-
|[[Bengal War]] (1756–1765)
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]<ref name="History of the Freedom Movement in India">{{Google books |id=n_Vi8sSjgYsC |page=2 |title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947) }}</ref> {{flagicon image|अवध ध्वज.gif}} [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab of Audh]] {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
|[[British East India Company]]
|'''British victory'''
|-
|[[Sack of Delhi (1757)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|20px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
|'''Durrani victory'''
*[[Kashmir]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Sirhind]], and all territories west of the Indus river are annexed by the [[Durrani Empire]]
|-
|[[Battle of Delhi (1757)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}}[[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Confederacy]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Taraori (1759)]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Confederacy]] {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|20px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
|'''Durrani victory'''
|-
|[[Capture of Agra Fort|Siege of Agra (1761)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|23px]] [[Bharatpur State]]
|'''Bharatpur victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Buxar]] (1764)
|[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]<ref name="History of the Freedom Movement in India"/> {{flagicon image|अवध ध्वज.gif}} [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab of Audh]] {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
|'''British victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Delhi (1764)]]
|[[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|23px]] [[Kingdom of Bharatpur]] '''Supported by''' [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|23px]] [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]]
|[[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]] {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|'''Bharatpur-Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Capture of Delhi (1771)]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Confederacy]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]
|'''Maratha victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Delhi (1783)]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|[[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|23px]][[Sikh Misls]]
|'''Sikhs victory'''
* Construction of [[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]], [[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]]
|-
|[[Siege of Delhi (1804)]]
|[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Confederacy]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
|'''British victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Badli-ki-Serai]] (1857)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} [[Mughal Empire]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[East India Company]]
|'''British victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Najafgarh]] (1857)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
|'''British victory'''
|-
|[[Battle of Agra]] (1857)
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|'''British victory'''
|-
|[[Siege of Delhi]] (1857)
|{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}}[[Mughal Empire]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
|'''British victory'''
|}

==See also==
* [[List of wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
* [[List of battles of Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite book |last=Elliot (Sir) |first=H. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1OMMwEACAAJ |title=History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: Vol 5: the Muhammadan Period |date=1966 |publisher=AMS Press |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Elphinstone |first=Mountstuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJjUrmAoM6YC |title=The History of India: The Hindú and Mahometan Periods |date=1889 |publisher=J. Murray |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire| ]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Lists of battles by former country involved|Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Timelines of military conflicts|Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]
[[Category:Indian history timelines]]
[[Category:Indian military-related lists]]

Viacom18

2026-03-30T04:39:18Z

LuciaStonor: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian media venture}}
{{copy edit|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Viacom18 Media Private Limited
| logo = Logo of the Viacom18.svg
| logo_size = 270px
| logo_caption = Final logo, used from 2007 to 2025
| type = [[Joint venture]]
| traded_as = Viacom18
| industry = [[Media conglomerate]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2007|11|16|df=y}}
| defunct = {{End date and age|2024|11|14|df=y}}
| fate = Transferred all its assets to Disney Star and became a shareholder in the new entity [[JioStar]] with 46.82% stake
| successor = [[JioStar]]
| location = [[Lower Parel]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viacom18.com/contact.html |title=Viacom18 Media Pvt. Ltd |publisher=Viacom18.com |access-date=27 July 2018|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023065128/http://www.viacom18.com/contact.html |archive-date=23 October 2011 }}</ref>
| key_people = *Kevin Vaz ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]] – Entertainment)
* Kiran Mani (CEO – Digital)
* Sanjog Gupta (CEO – Sports)
| area_served = Worldwide
| owners = {{ubl|
[[Reliance Industries]]
|Bodhi Tree Systems|
}}
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|viacom18.com}}
}}
'''Viacom18 Media Private Limited''' was an Indian [[media conglomerate]]. It was a subsidiary of [[Reliance Industries]] with a minority stake owned by Bodhi Tree Systems. It owned television channels and a film production studio in India. Following the merger of its assets with [[Disney Star]], it is the largest shareholder in the newly formed merged entity [[JioStar]] with a 46.82% stake.<ref name=radac>{{Cite news |title=Reliance And Disney Announce Completion Of Transaction To Form Joint Venture To Bring Together The Most Iconic And Engaging Entertainment Brands In India |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/17c6f26c-637f-41d2-8361-f5badcc806ec.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Founding and early years (2007–2011) ===
Viacom18 was founded in 2007 as a joint venture between [[Network18 Group]] and [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]].

In January 2010, Viacom18 went international with the launch of [[Colors TV|Colors]] in the United States. The channel is called Aapka Colors. In July 2010, it entered into 50/50 distribution joint venture with [[Sun Network]], to form Sun 18.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beefing Up The Bouquet|url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270571|publisher=business.outlookindia.com|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005175439/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270571|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 2011, Viacom18 launched [[Nickelodeon Sonic]], targeting children.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 December 2018|title=Viacom18 launches its new channel 'Sonic Nickelodeon' in India|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Viacom18-launches-its-new-channel-sonic-in-India/5303665136|access-date=26 December 2018|publisher=[[India Infoline]]|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308141449/http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Viacom18-launches-its-new-channel-sonic-in-India/5303665136|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''ETV Network acquisition and rebranding (2014–2015)'''

On 22 January 2014, TV18 acquired the non-[[Telugu language]] TV assets of [[ETV Network]] for ₹2,053 [[crore]], with permission to use the ETV brand name.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2014 |title=Network18 finishes Rs 2,053-cr deal to acquire ETV stakes |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/network18-finishes-rs-2053-cr-deal-to-acquire-etv-stakes/articleshow/29215772.cms |access-date=2022-10-24 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407164848/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/network18-finishes-rs-2053-cr-deal-to-acquire-etv-stakes/articleshow/29215772.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2015, Viacom18 decided to rebrand all five non-[[Telugu language]] [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] regional general entertainment channels. [[Colors Marathi|ETV Marathi]], ETV Gujarati, [[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]], [[Colors Bangla|ETV Bangla]], and ETV Odia were rebranded into [[Colors Marathi]], Colors Gujarati, [[Colors Kannada]], [[Colors Bangla]], and [[Colors TV|Colors Odia]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/03/viacom18-extends-colors-franchise-with-5-new-regional-avatars|title=ETV re-branding to Colors|access-date=4 March 2015|archive-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218112043/http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/03/viacom18-extends-colors-franchise-with-5-new-regional-avatars|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Viacom's share acquisition (2018–2019)'''

The company also owns [[Viacom18 Studios]]. On 31 January 2018, TV18 announced its acquisition of Viacom's majority in the joint venture, taking operational control and leaving Viacom with a minority interest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.viacom18.com/media/tv18-to-increase-stake-to-51-percentage-in-viacom18-the-jv-withviacom-inc|title=TV18 to increase stake to 51% in Viacom18, the JV with Viacom Inc|date=31 January 2018|website=Viacom18|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713115247/https://www.viacom18.com/media/tv18-to-increase-stake-to-51-percentage-in-viacom18-the-jv-withviacom-inc|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 October 2019, Viacom18 launched Colors HD in [[Malaysia]] on [[Astro (television)|Astro Malaysia]]; every serial will be served with [[Malay language|Malay]] and English subtitles.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

The company signed a deal with the [[National Basketball Association]] in order to deliver live NBA games to all of their own networks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viacom18 inks three-year media rights deal with NBA - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/viacom18-inks-three-year-media-rights-deal-with-nba-117167.html|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=3 December 2021 |language=en|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204001130/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/viacom18-inks-three-year-media-rights-deal-with-nba-117167.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Attempted mergers with Sony and Zee, partnership with Bodhi Tree Systems (2020–2023) ===
In June 2020, [[Sony]]'s Indian unit [[Sony Pictures Networks]] entered talks with Viacom18 regarding a merger, though the discussions advanced much later. The merger was supposed to provided Sony with a 74% shareholder in the merged company.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-21|title=Sony to own 74% after merger with Viacom 18, to battle Disney Star|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/sony-to-own-74-after-merger-with-viacom-18-to-battle-disney-star|access-date=2022-01-27|website=National Herald|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127074709/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/sony-to-own-74-after-merger-with-viacom-18-to-battle-disney-star|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2020, [[Reliance Industries]],<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Oct 5, 2020|title=Reliance Industries calls off merger of Viacom18 with Sony|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-industries-calls-off-merger-of-viacom18-with-sony/articleshow/78493163.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127074709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-industries-calls-off-merger-of-viacom18-with-sony/articleshow/78493163.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> the majority share holder in Viacom18, terminated the merger.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2020-10-05|title=Sony's slated merger with Viacom18 now called off|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/sony-viacom18-merger-called-off-11601888757116.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122015750/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/sony-viacom18-merger-called-off-11601888757116.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jio {{!}} Mukesh Ambani: With Jio in mind, Mukesh Ambani's RIL calls off merger of Viacom18, Sony|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/post-rethink-ril-calls-off-merger-of-viacom18-sony/articleshow/78483506.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127074710/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/post-rethink-ril-calls-off-merger-of-viacom18-sony/articleshow/78483506.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laskar|first=Anirudh|date=2021-06-20|title=Viacom18 and Zee Entertainment in early merger talks|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/viacom18-and-zee-entertainment-in-early-merger-talks-11624212805434.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127074708/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/viacom18-and-zee-entertainment-in-early-merger-talks-11624212805434.html|url-status=live}}</ref> reports stated Viacom18 and [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] were reportedly in talks about a merger.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=Viacom18 and Zeel eyeing a merger?|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/viacom18-and-zeel-eyeing-a-merger-210621|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127074709/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/viacom18-and-zeel-eyeing-a-merger-210621|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Zee denied any talks about a potential merger with Viacom18,<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEEL denies any potential merger deal with Viacom18 - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zeel-denies-any-potential-merger-deal-with-viacom18-113705.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=21 June 2021 |language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127074710/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zeel-denies-any-potential-merger-deal-with-viacom18-113705.html|url-status=live}}</ref> later entering talks with [[Sony Pictures Networks]], which was also in talks about a merger with Viacom18 earlier.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEEL starts due diligence process for merger with Sony Pictures Networks|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/zeel-starts-due-diligence-process-for-merger-with-sony-pictures-networks/2352817/|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Financial Express|date=20 October 2021 |language=en|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127074707/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/zeel-starts-due-diligence-process-for-merger-with-sony-pictures-networks/2352817/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2022, there were reports that Lupa India, an investment company set up by [[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]] and [[James Murdoch]], were in the final stages of picking up a 39% stake in Viacom18.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Surajeet Das|date=2022-01-27|title=Uday Shankar, James Murdoch firm to pick up 39% stake in Viacom 18|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/uday-shankar-james-murdoch-firm-to-pick-up-39-stake-in-viacom-18-122012700024_1.html|access-date=2022-01-27|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127070939/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/uday-shankar-james-murdoch-firm-to-pick-up-39-stake-in-viacom-18-122012700024_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> thereby turning Paramount Global into a minority shareholder with a 10% share in the company.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|title=Uday Shankar, James Murdoch plan to pick up nearly 40% in Viacom18, Reliance to retain majority stake|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/uday-shankar-james-murdoch-plan-to-pick-up-nearly-40-in-viacom18-reliance-to-retain-majority-stake/articleshow/89127603.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127074709/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/uday-shankar-james-murdoch-plan-to-pick-up-nearly-40-in-viacom18-reliance-to-retain-majority-stake/articleshow/89127603.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2022, Reliance announced that Bodhi Tree Systems, a company founded by Shankar and Murdoch with backing from the [[Qatar Investment Authority]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-02-09 |title=James Murdoch, Uday Shankar Set Bodhi Tree as $1.5 Billion Qatar-Backed Media Investment Venture |url=https://variety.com/2022/biz/global/james-murdoch-uday-shankar-set-bodhi-tree-1235176011/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530160615/https://variety.com/2022/biz/global/james-murdoch-uday-shankar-set-bodhi-tree-1235176011/ |url-status=live }}</ref> would make a US$1.8 billion investment in Viacom18 to "jointly build India's leading entertainment platform and pioneer the Indian media landscape's transformation to a 'streaming-first' approach." As part of the venture, [[JioCinema]]—a streaming service owned by Reliance's mobile operator [[Jio]]—would be brought under Viacom18. Paramount would remain a stakeholder and content partner. The deal was approved by the [[Competition Commission of India]] (CCI) in September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Murdoch's Bodhi Tree, Reliance, Viacom18 Strike $2 Billion Deal to Create Giant Indian TV and Streaming Company|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|date=27 April 2022|access-date=20 May 2022|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/james-murdoch-bodhi-tree-reliance-viacom18-2-billion-deal-1235242692/|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520164853/https://variety.com/2022/tv/asia/james-murdoch-bodhi-tree-reliance-viacom18-2-billion-deal-1235242692/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=CCI approves merger of Jio Cinema OTT with Viacom18 Media |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/cci-approves-merger-of-jio-cinema-ott-with-viacom18-media/articleshow/94310448.cms |access-date=2022-12-20}}</ref> The sale was completed on 17 April 2023, with Bodhi Tree acquiring a 13.08% stake in the venture, and diluting Paramount Global's stake to 13.01%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Bodhi Tree-Viacom18 deal: Why the new deal points towards Reliance's aggressive push in broadcasting business |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/bodhi-tree-viacom18-deal-why-the-new-deal-points-towards-reliances-aggressive-push-in-broadcasting-business-377624-2023-04-17 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508222316/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/bodhi-tree-viacom18-deal-why-the-new-deal-points-towards-reliances-aggressive-push-in-broadcasting-business-377624-2023-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Merger with Disney Star (2023–present) ===
In December 2023, it was announced that [[The Walt Disney Company India]] and Reliance had signed a non-binding term sheet for a merger. According to its terms, Reliance would hold 51% of the merged company in cash and stock, while Disney would own the remaining 49%. For purposes of the merger, a subsidiary of Viacom18 was going to be created to absorb [[Disney Star]] through a [[stock swap]],<ref name="Prasad">{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-disney-india-merge-streaming-tv-assets-to-create-rs-70-352-crore-media-powerhouse-5-key-highlights-11709129039923.html |title=Reliance, Disney India merge streaming, TV assets to create ₹70,352 crore media powerhouse; 5 key highlights |last=Prasad |first=Nikita |date=28 February 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228183321/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-disney-india-merge-streaming-tv-assets-to-create-rs-70-352-crore-media-powerhouse-5-key-highlights-11709129039923.html |url-status=live }}</ref> pending ratification and regulatory approval.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barman|first1=Arijit|last2=Farooqui|first2=Jaaved|title=Reliance, Disney ink non-binding agreement for mega merger|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/reliance-disney-ink-non-binding-agreement-for-mega-merger/articleshow/106255328.cms|access-date=27 December 2023|work=Economic Times|date=25 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226143513/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/reliance-disney-ink-non-binding-agreement-for-mega-merger/articleshow/106255328.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Vaishnawi|title=Mukesh Ambani's Reliance-Disney Star deal explained: 10 points on mega-merger|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/mukesh-ambanis-reliance-disney-star-deal-explained-10-points-on-megamerger-101703494970189-amp.html|access-date=27 December 2023|work=Hindustan Times|date=25 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227075320/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/mukesh-ambanis-reliance-disney-star-deal-explained-10-points-on-megamerger-101703494970189-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaustubh|first1=Abhinav|title="We'd Like To Stay," Disney CEO On Hotstar's Alleged Sale To Reliance Jio, Adani Group|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/wed-like-to-stay-disney-ceo-on-hotstars-sale-to-reliance-jio-adani-group/articleshow/105090482.cms|access-date=27 December 2023|work=The Times of India|date=9 November 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225151622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/wed-like-to-stay-disney-ceo-on-hotstars-sale-to-reliance-jio-adani-group/articleshow/105090482.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Akash|first1=Sreenivasan|title=What We Know About The $8.5 Billion Disney Merger With Reliance In India|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/caileygleeson/2024/02/28/what-we-know-about-the-85-billion-disney-merger-with-reliance-in-india/?sh=17d403e7e512|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=1 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301151022/https://www.forbes.com/sites/caileygleeson/2024/02/28/what-we-know-about-the-85-billion-disney-merger-with-reliance-in-india/?sh=17d403e7e512|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2024, Disney and Reliance reached a deal to merge their streaming and television assets, with the joint venture valued at $8.5 billion including synergies. As part of the deal, Viacom18 would be merged into Disney Star with Disney holding a 36.84% stake in the combined entity, which would bring together assets such as linear television entertainment channels [[StarPlus]], [[Colors TV]] and the [[Star Gold Network]], sports channels [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] and [[Sports18]] and the streaming services [[JioCinema]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]] with [[Nita Ambani]] serving as the chairperson of the joint venture, with [[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]] serving as vice chairperson with the deal giving 16.34% to Reliance and 46.82% to Viacom18<ref name="Prasad"/> and is expected to close sometime in late 2024 or early 2025 pending regulatory approval.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disney And Reliance Clinch Joint Venture In India|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Jill|last=Goldsmith|date=28 February 2024|access-date=28 February 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/disney-star-reliance-india-joint-venture-in-india-1235840411/|archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228140644/https://deadline.com/2024/02/disney-star-reliance-india-joint-venture-in-india-1235840411/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reliance And Disney Announce Strategic Joint Venture To Bring Together The Most Compelling And Engaging Entertainment Brands In India |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/ea700929-d4cd-43d9-8d05-a6d2553436e8.pdf |website=BSE India |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314121802/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/ea700929-d4cd-43d9-8d05-a6d2553436e8.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2024, it was reported that [[Paramount Global]] (now [[Paramount Skydance|Paramount Skydance Corporation]] as of August 2025) was looking to sell its 13.01% stake in Viacom18 to Reliance, which already owned a 73.91% share via [[TV18]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Paramount In Talks To Sell Stake In Viacom18 To Disney India Partner Reliance — Bloomberg|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Jesse|last=Whittock|date=7 March 2024|access-date=7 March 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/paramount-reliance-talks-viacom18-stake-india-1235848866/}}</ref> Although [[Bloomberg News]] reported that the deal was unlikely to close, the deal was confirmed a week later for $517 million, its closure subject to regulatory approval and the completion of the joint venture between Viacom18 and Disney. Paramount would, however, continue to license its content to the company.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paramount Global Sells Stake In Viacom18 To India's Reliance For $500 Million|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Jill|last=Goldsmith|date=13 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/paramount-global-sells-viacom-18-stake-reliance-disney-star-1235857857/}}</ref>

On May 14, 2024, It was reported the deal between Disney and Reliance was approved by [[National Company Law Tribunal]], with the JioCinema streaming service being moved to the Digital18 unit as part of the merger.<ref>{{cite web|title=NCLT approves merger process for Reliance's arm Viacom18 and Star India|first=Abhijeet|last=Kumar|date=14 May 2024|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/nclt-approves-merger-process-for-reliance-s-arm-viacom18-and-star-india-124051700335_1.html|access-date=17 May 2024|archive-date=17 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517173722/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/nclt-approves-merger-process-for-reliance-s-arm-viacom18-and-star-india-124051700335_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=NLCT sets the ball rolling on merger of Reliance's arm Viacom18 and Star India|url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/nclt-sets-the-ball-rolling-on-merger-of-reliances-arm-viacom18-and-star-india/articleshow/110192337.cms|access-date=2024-05-17|website=The Economic Times|date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517174421/https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/nclt-sets-the-ball-rolling-on-merger-of-reliances-arm-viacom18-and-star-india/articleshow/110192337.cms|url-status=live |last1=Farooqui |first1=Javed |last2=Vyas |first2=Maulik }}</ref>

On 28 August 2024, the CCI has approved the merger of Disney+ Hotstar with Viacom18.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-08-28 |title=CCI clears mega-deal involving the merger of media assets of RIL and Walt Disney |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/competition-commission-clears-merger-of-rils-media-assets-with-walt-disney/article68576729.ece |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 28 September 2024, the Central government gave a nod to the transfer of the non-news and current affairs TV channels held by Viacom18 to Star India subject to conditions laid by the Competition Commission of India.

On 14 November 2024, Reliance Industries Limited issued a media release stating that the merger of Viacom18 with Disney Star had become effective.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-14 |title=RIL, Viacom18 and Disney complete merger to create a Rs 70,352 cr JV |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/ril-viacom18-and-disney-complete-merger-to-create-a-rs-70352-cr-jv/articleshow/115299610.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=radac/>

=== Post merger with Disney Star (2024–present) ===
On 30 December 2024, Viacom18 Media Private Limited became a subsidiary of Reliance Industries Ltd. after the conversion of 24.61 crore CCPS into equity shares, raising Reliance's stake to 83.88 %. Previously, Reliance held a 70.49 % diluted interest, and Viacom18 was a material subsidiary of Network18. Following the restructuring, it came under the direct control of Reliance.<ref>{{Cite news |author=ET Online |date=31 December 2024 |title=Viacom18 becomes subsidiary of Reliance Industries |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/viacom18-becomes-subsidiary-of-reliance-industries/articleshow/116834176.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Former channels ==
{{Update section|reason=Viacom18 channels have been transferred to JioStar|date=May 2025}}
=== On-air channels ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="width:430pt;background:Turquoise;"|Channel
!style="width:105pt;background:Turquoise;"|Launched
!style="width:120pt;background:Turquoise;"|Language
!style="width:200pt;background:Turquoise;"|Category
!style="width:105pt;background:Turquoise;"|SD/HD
!style="width:750pt;background:Turquoise;"|Notes
|-
|[[Colors TV]]
|2008
| rowspan="6" |[[Hindi]]
|rowspan="2"|General Entertainment
|SD+HD
|
|-
|[[Colors TV#Colors Rishtey|Colors Rishtey]]
|2014
|SD
| Previously Rishtey
|-
|[[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]]
|1996
|Youth
| rowspan="2" |SD+HD
|Formerly ''MTV HD+''
|-
|[[Colors Cineplex]]
|2016
| rowspan="3" |Movies
|Formerly ''Rishtey Cineplex (original)''
|-
|[[Colors Cineplex Bollywood]]
|2021
| rowspan="2" |SD
|
|-
|[[Colors Cineplex#Colors Cineplex Superhits|Colors Cineplex Superhits]]
|2022
|Previously ''Rishtey Cineplex (relaunch)''
|-
|[[Colors Infinity]]
|2015
|[[English language|English]]
|General Entertainment
|SD+HD
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]
|1999
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Malayalam]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] [[Kannada]]
| rowspan="4" |Kids
| rowspan="3" |SD
|-
|[[Sonic (Indian TV channel)|Sonic]]
|2011
|-
|[[Nick Jr. (Indian TV channel)|Nick Jr.]]
|2012
|rowspan="2"|[[Hindi]] [[English language|English]]
|-
|[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)#Nick HD+|Nickelodeon HD+]]
|2015
|HD
|-
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|2000
| rowspan="2" |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|General Entertainment
|SD+HD
|Previously known as ''ETV Bangla''
|-
|[[Colors Bangla#Colors Bangla Cinema|Colors Bangla Cinema]]
|2019
|Movies
| rowspan="3" |SD
|
|-
|[[Colors Gujarati]]
|2002
|rowspan="2"|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|General Entertainment
|Previously known as ''ETV Gujarati''
|-
|[[Colors Gujarati#Colors Gujarati Cinema|Colors Gujarati Cinema]]
|2019
|Movies
|
|-
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|2000
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| rowspan="4" |General Entertainment
| rowspan="3" |SD+HD
|Previously known as ''ETV Marathi''
|-
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|2018
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|2000
|rowspan="3"|[[Kannada]]
|Previously known as ''ETV Kannada''
|-
|[[Colors Kannada#Colors Super|Colors Super]]
|2016
|rowspan="2"|SD
|rowspan="2"|
|-
|[[Colors Kannada#Colors Kannada Cinema|Colors Kannada Cinema]]
|2018
|Movies
|}
=== Defunct channels ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="width:430pt;background:Turquoise;"|Channel
!style="width:105pt;background:Turquoise;"|Launched
!style="width:105pt;background:Turquoise;"|Defunct
!style="width:120pt;background:Turquoise;"|Language
!style="width:200pt;background:Turquoise;"|Category
!style="width:105pt;background:Turquoise;"|SD/HD
!style="width:750pt;background:Turquoise;"|Notes
|-
|[[MTV Beats]]
|2016
|rowspan="7" |2025
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
| Music
|SD+HD
|Formerly ''MTV Indies''
|-
|[[Sports18|Sports18 Khel]]
|2022
|Sports
|SD
|Replaced by ''[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports Khel]]''
|-
|[[Comedy Central (India)|Comedy Central]]
|2012
| rowspan="5" |[[English language|English]]
|General Entertainment
| rowspan="3" |SD+HD
|
|-
|[[VH1 (India)|VH1]]
|2005
|Music
|
|-
|[[Sports18|Sports18 1]]
|2022
| rowspan="3" |Sports
|Replaced by ''[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports 2 Hindi]]''
|-
|[[Sports18|Sports18 2]]
| rowspan="2" |2023
| rowspan="2" |SD
|Replaced by ''[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports 2 Telugu]]''
|-
|[[Sports18|Sports18 3]]
|Replaced by ''[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports 2 Tamil]]''
|-
|[[FYI (American TV channel)#International versions of Bio and FYI|FYI TV18]]
|2016
|2020
|[[Hindi]] [[English language|English]]
|Lifestyle
|SD+HD
|
|-
|[[Colors Odia]]
|2002
|2025
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|General Entertainment
|SD
|Previously known as ''ETV Odia''
|}</onlyinclude>

== See also ==
* [[Paramount International Networks]]
* [[Paramount Networks EMEAA]]
* [[Network18 Group]]
* [[Reliance Industries]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mass media companies of India]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Reliance Industries subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Former joint ventures]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]
[[Category:Paramount Global]]
[[Category:Television networks in India]]
[[Category:Viacom18| ]]

Patang (1993 film)

2026-03-23T15:43:57Z

LuciaStonor: made basic post basic info!

{{Short description|1993 Indian Hindi-language drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Patang
| image = Patang 1993.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Goutam Ghose]]
| screenplay = Goutam Ghose Ain Rasheed Khan, Sanjay Sahay
| story = Sanjay Sahay
| producer = Sanjay Sahay Durba Sahay
| starring = [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Shafiq Syed]] [[Om Puri]] [[Rabi Ghosh]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Goutam Ghose
| editing = Moloy Banerjee
| music = Goutam Ghose
| studio = G.N.S. Motion Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1993}}
| runtime = 104 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Patang''''' ('Kite') is a 1993 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language drama film directed by [[Goutam Ghose]], starring [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Shafiq Syed]], [[Om Puri]] and [[Rabi Ghosh]]. It is set in small railway station near [[Gaya, Bihar|Gaya]] and shows the lives of people in illegal slums near it.<ref>{{cite web| title = Patang| publisher = Goutam Ghose website| url = http://goutamghose.com/patang.html| access-date = 2014-06-15| archive-date = 1 February 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201063405/http://www.goutamghose.com/patang.html| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Patang |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/133844/Patang/overview |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140615155544/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/133844/Patang/overview |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-06-15 |department= Movies & TV Dept. |work= [[The New York Times]] |author= Sandra Brennan |access-date=2014-06-15}}</ref> The film was shot in Gaya and [[Manpur, Bihar|Manpur]] in [[Bihar]].

At the [[41st National Film Awards]] (for 1993), ''Patang'' won the award for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref name="41staward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313075852/http://iffi.nic.in/dff2011/frm41thnfaaward.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[Taormina Film Fest]], Shabana Azmi won the Best Actress Award.<ref>{{cite web | title = Patang – Awards |publisher=IMDb| url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110794/awards?ref_=tt_awd | access-date = 2014-06-15}}</ref>
Child actor [[Shafiq Syed]], who played the lead role of Krishna (Chaipau) in [[Mira Nair]]'s Academy Award-nominated film ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988), acted in the film. This was the only other one he did.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite web | title = Salaam Bombay tea boy to TV help | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120501/jsp/frontpage/story_15439629.jsp#.U52mx5SSyAo | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130927134924/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120501/jsp/frontpage/story_15439629.jsp#.U52mx5SSyAo | url-status = dead | archive-date = 27 September 2013 |author=K.M. Rakesh|date=1 May 2012|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]| access-date = 2014-06-15 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Son of Jitni, Somra resides in [[Manpur, Bihar|Manpur]], a tiny Bihar railway station close to Gaya. Somra has a kite obsession. Jitni and Mathura, a small-time criminal, have a covert but acknowledged relationship. Rabbani, an idealistic railway officer, tries in vain to alter a system that is closely associated with politicians, criminals, and bureaucracy. With kites flapping in the background, shady transactions take place in the relentless heat.

==Cast==

* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Jitni
* [[Shafiq Syed]] as Somra
* [[Om Puri]] as Mathura
* [[Rabi Ghosh]]
* [[Abul Khair (actor)|Abul Khair]]
* [[Mohan Agashe]]
* Kamlesh Kunti Singh
* Ashad Sinha
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Rabbani
* Durba Sahay as Collector's Wife
* [[Raisul Islam Asad]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0110794}}

{{Goutam Ghose}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Bihar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bihar]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:1990s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Goutam Ghose]]
[[Category:1993 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Veeram (2014 film)

2026-03-23T10:29:19Z

LuciaStonor:

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Siva}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veeram
| image = Veeram 2014 poster.jpg
| caption = Veeram Promotional Poster
| director = [[Siruthai Siva]]
| producer = [[B. Venkatarama Reddy]]
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Siruthai Siva
* [[Bharathan (Tamil director)|Bharathan]] (dialogues)}}
| story = {{Plainlist|
* Siruthai Siva
* Bhoopathi Raja}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ajith Kumar]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]]
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan]]
| studio = [[Vijaya Pictures|Vijaya Productions]]
| distributor = Vijaya Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|01|10}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR|45 crore}}<ref name="boc" />
| gross = {{INR|83-130 crore}}<ref name="boc">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2019 |title=REVEALED! Bachchan Pandey is official remake of this BLOCKBUSTER! It has already been remade in two languages! Know how much it earned |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-akshay-kumar-bachchan-pandey-remake-of-thala-ajith-veeram-katamarayudu-pawan-kalyan-odeya-darshan-106824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126072540/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-akshay-kumar-bachchan-pandey-remake-of-thala-ajith-veeram-katamarayudu-pawan-kalyan-odeya-darshan-106824 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=16 September 2019 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bamzai">{{Cite web |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=2023-01-20 |title=Thala Vs Thalapathy |url=https://openthemagazine.com/feature/thala-vs-thalapathy/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>
}}

'''''Veeram''''' ({{translation|Valour}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Siva (director)|Siva]] and produced by Vijaya Productions. The film stars [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], with a supporting cast including [[Vidharth]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] and [[Atul Kulkarni]]. The film's music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], with cinematography handled by [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]] and editing done by [[Kasi Viswanathan]].

''Veeram'' was theatrically released worldwide on 10 January 2014. The film garnered positive reviews and performed well commercially, grossing ₹83–130 crore against a budget of ₹45 crore.<ref name="boc" /><ref name="Bamzai">{{Cite web |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=2023-01-20 |title=Thala Vs Thalapathy |url=https://openthemagazine.com/feature/thala-vs-thalapathy/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was remade in Telugu as ''[[Katamarayudu]]'' (2017), in Kannada as ''[[Odeya (film)|Odeya]]'' (2019), and in Hindi as ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeram |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/veeram-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzu1ndu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225125858/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/veeram-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzu1ndu |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vinayagam is a brave person who lives with his four brothers, Murugan, Shanmugam, Kumaran, and Senthil, in the town of [[Oddanchatram]] in [[Dindigul district]]. They often get into fights, where [[Advocate]] "Bail" Perumal bails them out whenever legal issues arise because of their brawls. Vinayagam hates the idea of marriage as he feels that his wife might create disharmony among his brothers. Though the four younger brothers pretend they don't want to get married, they all have secret lovers.

The brothers learn through Vinayagam's childhood friend [[District magistrate|Collector]] Subbu that Vinayagam, in his school days, was in love with a girl named Koperundevi (fondly called Koppu), and his brothers scheme to find her and reintroduce her to Vinayagam, to rekindle their relationship, but later find that she is married now and has kids. The brothers conspire to find another woman named Koperundevi because Vinayagam is not in love with that girl so much as her name, and when he meets another girl with that name, he is sure to lose his heart to her, just because she bears that name. Though initially reluctant, Vinayagam later falls in love with her.

Vinayagam clashes with a goon, Vanangamudi, to take care of the village market. Vanangamudi tries to kill Vinayagam's brothers while Vinayagam kidnaps Vanangamudi's son. After clashing, Vinayagam banishes Vanangamudi from the town. While travelling by train to Koppu's village [[Kaveripattinam, Krishnagiri]], Koppu narrates her [[family tree|family background]] to Vinayagam. Koppu's father, Nallasivam, was a respected man in the village who hated violence. His son was the exact opposite, who killed people, but when some goons killed him, Nallasivam refused to bury him and decided to make his village with peace and harmony. Later, a few goons enter the train, but Vinayagam bashes all the goons. Koppu is shocked to see Vinayagam, whom she thought was a non-violent person. She leaves for her village and tells Vinayagam not to come back again.

Vinayagam and his brothers arrive at Koppu's village with a [[Shaving|clean-shaven]] look. He reveals to Koppu that he has changed and will never harbour violence again. He and his brothers are welcomed and respected by her family. Vinayagam is touched and impressed by their love, affection, and hospitality. Vinayagam discovers that a thug named Aadalarasu wants to kill Nallasivam and his family. Vinayagam confronts Aadalarasu in the Central Jail. He learns that Aadalarasu's father, Aavudaiyapan, was responsible for the blast of a [[Match|matchstick]] factory. Nallasivam complained against Aavudaiyappan, who was later arrested and killed himself by jumping in front of a [[Truck|lorry]] from a police van. Aadalarasu witnessed his father's death and swore revenge against Nallasivam.

Vinayagam challenges Aadalarasu that he will protect Nallasivam's family, and he finishes all the goons and solves all their problems without the knowledge of Nallasivam and his family. When Nallasivam's granddaughter finds [[aruval]] under Vinayagam's jeep, Nallasivam orders Vinayagam to leave the town. Aadalarasu, who escapes from [[death penalty]], arrives to kill Nallasivam, but Vinayagam keeps him and his family in a safe place. Aadalarasu informs Vinayagam that he has kidnapped Kumaran. Vinayagam arrives in time and saves his brother, but Aadalarasu attacks him. Nallasivam and his family, who arrive at the place, realise the risk he took to save the family. Though brutally attacked, Vinayagam rises steadily, where he kills Aadalarasu and his henchmen. Nallasivam, impressed with Vinayagam's valour, gets Vinayagam and Koppu married. Thus, Vinayagam and his brothers get married with great pomp.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] as Vinayagam
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Koperundevi, Vinayagam's love interest
* [[Vidharth]] as Shanmugam, Vinayagam's brother
* [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as Murugan, Vinayagam's brother
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Bail Perumal
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Nallasivam
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Vanangamudi
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Aadalarasu
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Aavudaiyappan. Aadalarasu's father (flashback)
* Munish as Senthil
* [[Suhail Chandhok]] as Kumaran
* [[Thambi Ramaiya]] as Savarimuthu
* [[Appukutty]] as Mayilvaganam
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as District Collector Subbu
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Azhagappan
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Marikolunthu
* [[Shanmugarajan]] as Police Officer
* [[Amit Tiwari|Amit Kumar Tiwari]] as Vanangamudi's son
* [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] as Poongothai
* [[Manochitra]] as Anita
* [[Suza Kumar]] as Senbagam
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Alamelu
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Sr. Koppuram Devi
* [[Devadarshini]] as District Collector Subbu's wife
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Nallasivam Wife
* [[Kalairani]]
* [[Stunt Silva]] as Henchman
* [[Crane Manohar]] as College peon
* [[Paravai Muniyamma]]
* [[Yuvina Parthavi]] as Nallasivam's granddaughter
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Nallasivam's son
* [[Periyardasan]] as Bhai
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Maanikkam
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Nallasivam's younger sister
* Ashmitha Subramaniyam as Savarimuthu's daughter
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Teacher
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Henchman
* Japan Kumar as Gurka henchman
* Mippu
* Vazhakku En Muthuraman as Ashok Kumar Register
* Hello Kandasamy as Worker
}}

==Production==

===Development===
The potential collaboration between Vijaya Productions and [[Ajith Kumar]] was reported in November 2011, with speculation suggesting that Venkata Ramana Reddy wanted to commemorate his late father [[B. Nagi Reddy]]'s 100th year since birth with a film project. [[Siva (director)|Siva]], who had made his debut in Tamil films with the 2011 film ''[[Siruthai]]'', was noted as a potential candidate to direct the film, while [[Anushka Shetty]] was initially reported to play the female lead role.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Subsequently, in early December 2011, Ajith signed on to play the lead role in the venture, with a poster released confirming Siva's participation, noting that Vetri and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] would be cinematographer and music composer, respectively.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111204195108/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-new-film-for-vijaya-productions-news-tamil-lmclIJjfdab.html Ajith's new film for Vijaya Productions]. Sify.com (3 December 2011). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref>

===Casting===
Alongside Ajith, it was noted that four young actors would appear as his brothers in the venture. [[Vidharth]], who rose to fame with his role in ''[[Mynaa]]'', was signed on for the film after discussions with [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] was unsuccessful.<ref name="Brothers">[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-tale-of-five-brothers/article5518742.ece A tale of five brothers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624090058/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-tale-of-five-brothers/article5518742.ece |date=24 June 2014 }}. The Hindu (30 December 2013). Retrieved 21 November 2015.</ref> Suhail Chandhok, brother of former [[Formula One]] racer [[Karun Chandhok]], was signed on for a role after Ajith was impressed with a short film that Suhail had featured in.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shot-cuts/article4404127.ece Shot Cuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109203509/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shot-cuts/article4404127.ece |date=9 November 2013 }}. ''The Hindu'' (11 February 2013). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref><ref name="Brothers" /> Munish, who appeared in ''[[Naanga]]'', and [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], director [[Siva (director)|Siva]]'s brother, were also selected to play Ajith's brothers.<ref name="Brothers" /> [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], who featured in a pivotal role in Siva's previous film, was also chosen to play a supporting role in the film. [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] was chosen to play Ajith's pair in the film, marking her comeback to Tamil films after a three-year sabbatical. [[Vishakha Singh]] was approached to play Vidharth's pair in the film but her refusal subsequently meant the producers opted for [[Manochitra]], who was previously seen in ''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]'' (2010), while [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] signed for another lead role.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130403121307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-31/news-interviews/38162800_1_film-hit-combo-director-vishnuvardhan Nandagi joins Ajith – ''Times Of India'']. ''The Times of India''. (31 March 2013). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> [[Vidyullekha Raman]] signed to be Santhanam's pair for a third film.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406215835/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-03/news-interviews/38247419_1_tvsk-sundar-c-siruthai-siva Vidyu's hat-trick with Santhanam – ''Times of India'']. (3 April 2013). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Jayaram]] and [[Rajeev Govinda Pillai]] were also initially reported to be a part of the cast, though a later press release did not confirm their participation.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Ajiths-next-titled-Vetrikondan/articleshow/19143032.cms Ajith's next titled Vetrikondan? – ''Times Of India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323171110/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Ajiths-next-titled-Vetrikondan/articleshow/19143032.cms |date=23 March 2013 }} (23 March 2013). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> Kannada actor [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] agreed to play a character "who, due to poverty, has become vengeful and is willing to do anything wrong for his own benefit".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Avinashs-next-is-with-Ajith/articleshow/26043752.cms Avinash's next is with Ajith – ''The Times of India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224143604/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Avinashs-next-is-with-Ajith/articleshow/26043752.cms |date=24 December 2013 }}. (20 November 2013). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref>

Bhoopathi Raja has written the script along with Siva and Bharathan has written the dialogues.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-shaken-and-stirred/article5185991.ece Shotcuts: Shaken and stirred] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323020457/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-shaken-and-stirred/article5185991.ece |date=23 March 2014 }}. The Hindu (30 September 2013). Retrieved 21 November 2015.</ref>

===Filming===

A press note was released on 4 April 2013 announcing the start of the filming of the project, while also clarifying the cast and crew.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The first schedule for the film began the next day in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and went on for two weeks and more. The film was initially rumoured to be titled as ''Vetri Kondaan'' or ''Vinayagam Brothers'' before finally confirming ''Veeram''. The shoot was completed on 2 November 2013.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130407054918/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajith-s-new-film-to-start-today-news-tamil-nefmBGifibj.html Ajith`s new film to start today]. Sify.com (5 April 2013). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref>

Ajith had participated in a stunt sequence where he had to hang outside the train. The sequence was shot in a location situated in the Orissa border.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

===Themes and influences===
The film's plot is about a brave person and his four younger brothers who are living in a village.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} [[Sudhish Kamath]] of ''The Hindu'' noted that the scenes were inspired from films like ''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' (1980), ''[[Annaamalai]]'' (1992) and ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995).<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rajini-and-the-mass-factor/article5590128.ece Rajini and the mass factor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701210416/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rajini-and-the-mass-factor/article5590128.ece |date=1 July 2014 }}. The Hindu (18 January 2014). Retrieved 21 November 2015.</ref>

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Veeram
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Veeram
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 20 December 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:33
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Junglee Music
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[1 (2014 film)|1: Nenokkadine]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Brahman (2013 film)|Brahman]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-veeram-five-tunes-youd-love-to-hum/article5538299.ece Audio beat: Veeram - Five tunes you'd love to hum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523190614/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-veeram-five-tunes-youd-love-to-hum/article5538299.ece |date=23 May 2014 }}. The Hindu (4 January 2014). Retrieved 21 November 2015.</ref> The music rights were purchased by Junglee Music.<ref name="ram">{{Cite web |title=Radio and Music |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/junglee-music-bagged-music-rights-thala-ajiths-veeram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111075512/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/junglee-music-bagged-music-rights-thala-ajiths-veeram |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=11 January 2014}}</ref> The album, consisting of 5 tracks, was scheduled to be released on 20 December 2013 but the tracks leaked on the Internet on 18 December 2013. The music was officially launched on 20 December followed by airplay of the songs on FM stations.<ref name="ram" />

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:33
| all_lyrics = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| title1 = Nallavannu Solvaanga
| extra1 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Ival Dhaana
| extra2 = Sagar, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:14
| title3 = Thangamae Thangamae
| extra3 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| length3 = 4:06
| title4 = Jing Chikka Jing Chikka
| extra4 = [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Magizhini Manimaaran]]
| length4 = 4:30
| title5 = Veeram
| extra5 = Anand, Koushik, Deepak, Jagadish
| length5 = 2:48
|note1=|writer1=|note2=|writer2=|note3=|writer3=|note4=|writer4=}}

==Release==
A first-look teaser was released on 7 November 2013.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The second teaser was released on 5 December 2013 with a dialogue "Enna Naan Solrathu".{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The satellite rights of the film were purchased by [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Central Board of Film Certification gave the film "U" certificate.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The film was released in 400 screens in Tamil Nadu,{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} 120 screens in Kerala,{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} 50 screens in Karnataka,{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} and in 220 screens overseas.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

=== Distribution ===
Across Tamil Nadu, ''Veeram'' was distributed by various parties: in Chennai City by Sri Thenandal Films, in NSC area by Sri Thenandal Films, in T.T (Trichy and Thanjavur) by Green Screens, in M.R (Madurai, Ramanadhapuram) are by Gopuram Films and in T. K. (Thirunelveli, Kanyakumari) are by Sri Mookambiga Films. Vendhar Movies released the film in Coimbatore and surroundings through Vel Films and in Salem and surroundings through G Film.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

=== Re-release ===
The film's was re-released on 1 May 2025, coinciding with [[International Workers' Day]] and Ajith Kumar's birthday, after 11 years of its original release.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajith's 'Veeram' set for re-release on his birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ajiths-veeram-set-for-re-release-on-his-birthday/articleshow/120337788.cms |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajith Kumar's action entertainer Veeram set for re-release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/18/ajith-kumars-action-entertainer-veeram-set-for-re-release |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
The film received positive reviews from critics.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The film is a template masala film – a superhuman hero, his cronies who will sing his praises all the time, a beautiful-looking heroine, a raging villain. It has no room for logic, moving from one hero-worshipping scene to the next and is aimed at our visceral tastes. The story is in service of its star and, it is unapologetic about it."<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Veeram/movie-review/28650268.cms Veeram movie review ''Times of India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429003635/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Veeram/movie-review/28650268.cms |date=29 April 2015 }}. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and stated, "''Veeram'' is a treat for Ajith fans."<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-veeram-is-a-treat-for-ajith-fans-south/20140110.htm Review: Veeram is a treat for Ajith fans – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110235854/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-veeram-is-a-treat-for-ajith-fans-south/20140110.htm |date=10 January 2014 }}. Rediff.com (10 January 2014). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 calling it a "Mass Entertainer" and writing, "The film works mainly due to Ajith's charisma and Siva's script. It is a formula film where essential masala has been correctly mixed in the right proposition. On the whole, Veeram is an enjoyable fun ride."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111160859/http://www.sify.com/movies/veeram-review-tamil-15046987.html Movie Review : Veeram]. Sify.com. Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "A family with five brothers, another family with representatives from three generations, annan-thambi sentiment, amma sentiment, appa sentiment, and in the middle of all this, a big star giving his fans what they want – if Faazil and Vikraman collaborated on a 'mass' masala movie, it might end up looking like Siva's ''Veeram''. ''Veeram'' is about the hero. Everything else – the crude dramatics, the piles of clichés, the characters (especially the bad guys) who come and go as they please – is secondary."<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/review-veeram/article5566229.ece Veeram: Generous helping of masala pongal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114024526/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/review-veeram/article5566229.ece |date=14 January 2014 }}. ''The Hindu'' (11 January 2014). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and called it "a festival cracker for the fans of Thala."<ref>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Veeram/articleshow/28686622.cms Movie review: Veeram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416083124/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Veeram/articleshow/28686622.cms |date=16 April 2022 }}. ''Bangalore Mirror'' (11 January 2014). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref>

''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Tiresomely long, with second half, tad sagging, ''Veeram'' has Thala Ajith in fulsome flow with all fireworks. While Ajith's fans may swoon and swear by his one-man demolition squad show that will give even hulk Arnold Schwarzenegger the blushes, for the rest though, it's a matinee masala to stay away."<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/379790/witless-valour-wanton-violence.html Witless valour, wanton violence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110235956/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/379790/witless-valour-wanton-violence.html |date=10 January 2014 }}. ''Deccan Herald'' (10 January 2014). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref> ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Veeram'' is a classic example, which elevates Ajith and leaves the rest of the ensemble cast behind. The film is dedicated to Ajith, who is as charismatic as ever in his role. However, he is unfortunately not complemented by a strong screenplay."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140112044130/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-veeram-is-powerless-despite-ajith-s-strong-role/article1-1171796.aspx Movie review: Veeram is powerless despite Ajith's strong role]. ''Hindustan Times'' (11 January 2014). Retrieved 7 March 2014.</ref>

===Box office===
In its first 10 days, ''Veeram'' collected ₹34.25 crore, and throughout its theatrical run, it grossed ₹83–130 crore.<ref name="boc" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=Release Of Varisu And Thunivu This Pongal Reminds Veeram vs Jilla Box Office Clash |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/release-of-varisu-and-thunivu-this-pongal-reminds-veeram-vs-jilla-box-office-clash-6818563.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"| 25 April 2015
| rowspan="3"| [[9th Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
| Veeram ([[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]])
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"|
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
| [[Siva (director)|Siva]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Ajith Kumar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 26 June 2015
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|}

== Remakes ==
''Veeram'' was remade in Telugu as ''[[Katamarayudu]]'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Katamarayudu Review {1.5/5}: This is a must watch if you need a heavy dose of South Indian machismo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/katamarayudu/movie-review/57809029.cms |access-date=17 December 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> in Kannada as ''[[Odeya (film)|Odeya]]'' (2019),{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} and in Hindi as ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Twitter review: Salman Khan's film receives mixed reactions, fans call it 'paisa wasool' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-twitter-review-salman-khans-film-receives-mixed-reactions-fans-call-it-paisa-wasool-2362874-2023-04-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421083417/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-twitter-review-salman-khans-film-receives-mixed-reactions-fans-call-it-paisa-wasool-2362874-2023-04-21 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=3320578}}

{{Siva (director)}}

[[Category:2014 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siva (director)]]
[[Category:2014 masala films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dindigul]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Dindigul]]

Women's One Day International

2026-03-19T23:01:44Z

LuciaStonor: expanded lead for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Limited overs form of women's cricket}}
{{About|the format for women's international cricket|the men's format|One Day International}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox sport
| name = Women's One Day International
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| union = [[International Cricket Council]]
| nickname = WODI
| first = 20 June 1973
| firstlabel =
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact =
| team = [[International Cricket Council#Members|Full members]],
associate members (with WODI status)
| mgender = No
| type = Outdoor Game
| equipment = {{plainlist|
*Ball,
*Bat,
*Stumps,
*Cricket Helmet,
*Thigh Guard,
*Batting Pads,
*Abdominal Guard,
*Gloves,
*etc
}}
| venue = Cricket Stadium
| countries involved =
| country/region = Worldwide
}}

{{Cricket sidebar|expanded=all}}

'''Women's One Day International''' ('''WODI''') is the [[limited overs cricket|limited overs]] form of [[women's cricket]]. Matches are scheduled for 50 [[over (cricket)|overs]], equivalent to the [[One Day International|men's game]]. The first women's ODIs were played in 1973, as part of the first [[Women's Cricket World Cup|Women's World Cup]] which was held in [[England]]. The first ODI would have been between New Zealand and Jamaica on 20 June 1973, but was abandoned without a ball being bowled, due to rain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1973-61179/jamaica-women-vs-new-zealand-women-1st-match-293114/full-scorecard |title=ABANDONED 1st Match, London, June 20, 1973, Women's World Cup |work=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> Therefore, the first women's ODIs to take place were three matches played three days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1973-61179/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=Women's World Cup 1973 - Schedule & Results |work=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref>
The 1,000th women's ODI took place between [[New Zealand women's cricket team in South Africa in 2016–17|South Africa and New Zealand]] on 13 October 2016.<ref name="thousand">{{cite news |title=South Africa and New Zealand to feature in 1000th women's ODI |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2016/news/96485/south-africa-and-new-zealand-to-feature-in-1000th-womens-odi |work=ICC |date=12 October 2016 |access-date=12 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013081440/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2016/news/96485/south-africa-and-new-zealand-to-feature-in-1000th-womens-odi |archive-date=13 October 2016 }}</ref>

Women's ODI status is determined by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) and was restricted to full members of the ICC. In May 2022, the ICC awarded ODI status to five more teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2596324 |title=Two new teams in next edition of ICC Women's Championship |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>

==Involved nations==
In 2006 the ICC announced that only the top-10 ranked sides would have Test and ODI status.{{cn|date=September 2025}} Netherlands lost its ODI status due to not finishing in the top 6 placings during the [[2011 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier]].{{cn|date=September 2025}} Bangladesh replaced the Netherlands as one of the ten countries with ODI status.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh secure ODI status with wins |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-women-s-world-cup-qualifier-bangladesh-secure-odi-status-with-wins-541918 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 April 2024 |date=24 November 2011}}</ref>

In September 2018, ICC chief executive [[Dave Richardson (South African cricketer)|Dave Richardson]] announced that all matches at ICC World Cup Qualifiers would be awarded ODI status.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/846145|title=ICC awards Asia Cup ODI status|publisher=International Cricket Council|date=9 September 2018|accessdate=24 November 2021}}</ref> However, in November 2021, the ICC reversed this decision and determined that all fixtures in the Women's World Cup Qualifier featuring a team without ODI status would be recorded as a [[List A cricket|List A]] match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-world-cup-qualifier-2021-bangladesh-trounce-usa-pakistan-survive-thailand-banana-peel-1290748 |title=Bangladesh trounce USA; Pakistan survive Thailand banana peel |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> This followed an announcement retrospectively applying [[first-class cricket|first-class]] and List A status to women's cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2355517 |title=ICC Board appoints Afghanistan Working Group |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/icc-appoints-working-group-to-review-afghanistan-cricket |title=ICC appoints Working Group to review status of Afghanistan cricket; women's First Class, List A classification to align with men's game |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117092611/https://www.womenscriczone.com/icc-appoints-working-group-to-review-afghanistan-cricket |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In April 2021, the ICC awarded permanent [[Women's Test cricket|Test]] and ODI status to all full member women's teams.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2081342|title=The International Cricket Council (ICC) Board and Committee meetings have concluded following a series of virtual conference calls|publisher=ICC|date=1 April 2021|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> [[Afghanistan women's national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] gained ODI status for the first time as a result of this decision (Afghanistan are yet to play a women's ODI).

The teams with WODI status (with the date of each team's WODI debut) are:
#{{crw|Australia}} ([[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup#Australia vs Young England|23 June 1973]])
#{{crw|England}} ([[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup#England vs International XI|23 June 1973]])
#{{crw|New Zealand}} ([[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup#New Zealand vs Trinidad & Tobago|23 June 1973]])
#{{crw|India}} ([[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup#India vs England|1 January 1978]])
#{{crw|West Indies}} ([[West Indies women's cricket team in England in 1979#1st ODI|6 June 1979]])
#{{crw|Pakistan}} ([[Pakistan women's cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1996–97#1st ODI|28 January 1997]])
#{{crw|South Africa}} ([[South Africa women's cricket team in Ireland in 1997#1st ODI|5 August 1997]])
#{{crw|Sri Lanka}} ([[Netherlands women's cricket team in Sri Lanka in 1997–98#1st ODI|25 November 1997]])
#{{crw|Ireland}} ([[Ireland women's cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2021–22#1st WODI|5 October 2021]])
#{{crw|Zimbabwe}} ([[Ireland women's cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2021–22#1st WODI|5 October 2021]])
#{{crw|Bangladesh}} ([[Bangladesh women's cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2021–22#1st WODI|10 November 2021]])
#{{crw|Afghanistan}} (no matches played)

===Temporary ODI status===
The ICC grants temporary ODI status to additional teams representing [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate Members with ODI status|Associate members]]. In May 2022, the ICC awarded women's ODI status to the [[Netherlands women's national cricket team|Netherlands]], [[Papua New Guinea women's national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]], [[Scotland women's national cricket team|Scotland]], [[Thailand women's national cricket team|Thailand]] and the [[United States women's national cricket team|United States]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-womens-championship-2022-25-no-india-vs-pakistan-series-bangladesh-and-ireland-added-to-line-up-1316616 |title=Bangladesh, Ireland added to 2022-25 Women's Championship; no India vs Pakistan series slotted |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> all of these nations other than Scotland had qualified for the abandoned [[2021 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier]] (although PNG withdrew from the qualifier due to [[COVID-19]]).

The following five teams currently (from May 2025) have this status (the dates listed in brackets are of their first ODI match after gaining temporary ODI status):
*{{crw|Netherlands}} (from [[Ireland women's cricket team in the Netherlands in 2022#1st WODI|22 August 2022]], until the 2029 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier)
*{{crw|Thailand}} (from [[Netherlands women's cricket team in Thailand in 2022–23#1st ODI|20 November 2022]], until the 2029 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier)
*{{crw|Scotland}} (from [[Ireland women against Scotland women in Spain in 2023–24#1st ODI|17 October 2023]], until the 2029 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier)
*{{crw|Papua New Guinea}} (from [[Papua New Guinea women's cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2023–24#1st ODI|24 March 2024]], until the 2029 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier)
*{{crw|United Arab Emirates}} (from [[United Arab Emirates women's cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2025–26|26 September 2025]], until the 2029 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier)

In 2024, the ICC announced the mechanism for ODI status for the five teams for the 2025-2029 cycle, saying "It will consist of a maximum of two AMs that qualify for the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier|ICC Women’s Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2025]] with the remaining slots determined by the ICC T20I team rankings at the time of the annual update."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/icc-board-meeting-outcomes-x7080 |title=ICC Board Meeting Outcomes |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=16 April 2025|date=21 October 2024}}</ref>

Additionally, five teams have previously held this temporary ODI status before either being promoted to Test Status or relegated after under-performing at the World Cup Qualifier:
*{{crw|Netherlands}} ([[New Zealand women's cricket team in England and the Netherlands in 1984#Only ODI: Netherlands v New Zealand|8 August 1984]], until [[2011 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier#Semifinals|24 November 2011]])
*{{crw|Ireland}} ([[Australia women's cricket team in Ireland in 1987#1st ODI|28 June 1987]], until [[New Zealand women's cricket team in Ireland in 2018#3rd WODI|13 June 2018]])
*{{crw|Denmark}} ([[1989 Women's European Cricket Cup#Fixtures|19 July 1989]], until [[1999 Women's European Cricket Championship#Fixtures|21 July 1999]])
*{{crw|Bangladesh}} ([[2011 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier#5th place play-off|26 November 2011]], until [[Bangladesh women's cricket team in Pakistan in 2019–20#2nd WODI|4 November 2019]])
*{{crw|United States}} (from [[2024 United Arab Emirates women's Tri-Nation Series#1st ODI|11 April 2024]], until the [[Zimbabwe women's cricket team in the United States in 2025|3 May 2025]])

===Special ODI status===

The ICC can also grant special ODI status to all matches within certain high-profile tournaments, with the result being that the following countries have also participated in full ODIs, with some later gaining temporary or permanent ODI status also fitting into this category:
*{{crw|Japan}} ([[2003 IWCC Trophy]])

There are also four other teams which once had ODI status, but either no longer exist or no longer play international cricket. Three appeared only in the [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup]].
*[[File:Flag of None.svg|25px]] [[International XI women's cricket team|International XI]] (1973–1982)
*{{flagicon|JAM}} [[Jamaica women's national cricket team|Jamaica]] (1973 only)
*{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Trinidad and Tobago women's national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]] (1973 only)
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Young England women's cricket team|Young England]] (1973 only)

==Rankings==
Before October 2018, ICC did not maintain a separate Twenty20 ranking for the women's game, instead aggregating performance over all three forms of the game into one overall women's teams ranking.<ref name="ICC_womens_ranking">{{cite web|title=ICC Women's Team Rankings launched|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/89919/icc-womens-team-rankings-launched|publisher=International Cricket Council|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225090128/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/89919/icc-womens-team-rankings-launched|archive-date=25 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2018, ICC granted international status to all matches between associate nations and announced plan to launch separate T20I rankings for women.<ref name="T20Istatus">{{cite web |url=http://static.icc-cricket.yahoo.net/ugc/documents/DOC_1F113528040177329F4B40FE47C77AE2_1254317933255_933.pdf |title=Women's Twenty20 Playing Conditions |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=9 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724140151/http://static.icc-cricket.yahoo.net/ugc/documents/DOC_1F113528040177329F4B40FE47C77AE2_1254317933255_933.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 2018 the T20I rankings were launched with separate ODI rankings for Full Members.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/877811|title=ICC Launches Global Women's T20I Team Rankings|date=12 October 2018|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>
{{transcluded section|ICC Women's ODI and T20I Team Rankings}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:ICC Women's ODI and T20I Team Rankings|ODI rankings}}}}

==Team statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
!Team
! Span
! Matches
! Won
! Lost
! Tied
! NR
! % Won
|-
|{{crw|AUS}} || 1973– || 358 || 283 || 66 || 2 || 7 || 79.05
|-
|{{crw|BAN}} || 2011– || 63 || 17 || 39 || 2 || 5 || 26.98
|-
|{{crw|DEN}} || 1989–1999 || 33 || 6 || 27 || 0 || 0 || 18.18
|-
|{{crw|ENG}} || 1973– || 383 || 227 || 142 || 2 || 12 || 59.26
|-
|{{crw|IND}} || 1978– || 304 || 165 || 133 || 2 || 4 || 54.27
|-
|{{noflag|International XI}} || 1973–1982 || 18 || 3 || 14 || 0 || 1 || 17.64
|-
|{{crw|IRE}} || 1987– || 170 || 47 || 116 || 0 || 7 || 27.64
|-
|{{crw|JAM}} || 1973 || 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 20.00
|-
|{{crw|JPN}} || 2003 || 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
|{{crw|NED}} || 1984– || 110 || 20 || 89 || 0 || 1 || 18.18
|-
|{{crw|NZL}} || 1973– || 379 || 186 || 182 || 3 || 8 || 49.07
|-
|{{crw|PAK}} || 1997– || 203 || 59 || 138 || 3 || 3 || 29.06
|-
|{{crw|PNG}} || 2024– || 9 || 1 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 11.11
|-
|{{crw|SCO}} || 2001– || 11 || 2 || 9 || 0 || 0 || 18.18
|-
|{{crw|RSA}} || 1997– || 236 || 124 || 97 || 5 || 10 || 52.54
|-
|{{crw|SRI}} || 1997– || 181 || 60 || 114 || 0 || 7 || 33.14
|-
|{{crw|THA}} || 2022– || 9 || 8 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 88.89
|-
|{{crw|TRI}} || 1973 || 6 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 33.33
|-
|{{crw|UAE}}
|2025–
|4
|2
|2
|0
|0
|50.00
|-
|{{crw|USA}}
|2024–2025
|9
|3
|6
|0
|0
|33.33
|-
|{{crw|WIN}} || 1979– || 215 || 93 || 110 || 3 || 9 || 43.25
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Young England women's cricket team|Young England]] || 1973 || 6 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 16.66
|-
|{{crw|ZIM}} || 2021– || 11 || 1 || 10 || 0 || 0 || 9.09
|-
|colspan=8|Source: [http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283304.html Cricinfo], as 24 December 2023. The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win.
|}

==Records==
{{Main|List of women's One Day International cricket records}}
''As of May 2024.''

===Batting===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Record
! colspan="2" | First
! colspan="2" | Second
! Ref
|-
|Most runs||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithali Raj]]||7805 ||{{flagicon|WIN}} [[Stafanie Taylor]]||6004 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284264.html| title=Women's One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Most runs in career |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Highest average (Min 20 innings)||{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rachael Heyhoe-Flint]]||58.45 ||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lindsay Reeler]]|| 57.44 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284195.html| title=Women's One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Highest career batting average |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Highest score||{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Amelia Kerr]]||232[[Not out|*]]||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Belinda Clark]]||229[[Not out|*]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284260.html| title=Women's One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Most runs in an innings |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Most centuries||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Meg Lanning]]||15 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Smriti Mandhana]] ||14||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284170.html| title=Women's One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Most hundreds in a career |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Most 50s (and over)||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithali Raj]]||71 ||{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Charlotte Edwards]]||55 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284107.html| title=Women's One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Most fifties in career |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Bowling===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="1" | Record
! colspan="2" | First
! colspan="2" | Second
! Ref
|-
|Most Wickets||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jhulan Goswami]]||255 ||{{flagicon|South Africa}}Shabnim Ismail||191 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283976.html| title=Women's One-Day Internationals / Bowling records / Most wickets in career |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Best Average (min. 1000 balls bowled)||{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gill Smith]]||12.53 ||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lyn Fullston]]||13.26 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283915.html| title=Women's One-Day Internationals / Bowling records / Best career bowling average |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Best [[Economy rate]] (min. 1000 balls bowled)||{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Sue Brown (cricketer)|Sue Brown]]||1.81 ||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sharon Tredrea]]||1.86 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283911.html| title=Women's One-Day Internationals / Bowling records / Best career economy rate |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Best bowling figures||{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Sajjida Shah]] vs {{crw|JPN}} (2003)||7/4 ||{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jo Chamberlain]] vs {{crw|DEN}} (1991)||7/8 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283971.html| title=Women's One-Day Internationals / Bowling records / Best figures in an innings |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket|Sports}}
*[[Women's Test cricket]]
*[[Women's Twenty20 International]]
*[[ICC Women's Championship]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{International women's cricket}}
{{International cricket}}
{{Women's national cricket teams}}
{{Forms of cricket}}
{{Batsmen who have scored 3000 Runs in Women's ODI Cricket}}
{{Bowlers who have taken 100 wickets in Women's ODI}}

[[Category:Women's One Day International cricket]]

Manohar Shetty

2026-03-17T12:58:42Z

LuciaStonor: started post

{{Short description|Indian poet (born 1953)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Manohar Shetty
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Manohar Shetty, Poet, Goa. 2.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt = Manohar Shetty.
| caption = Shetty in 2017
| native_name =
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| pseudonym =
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| birth_date = {{bya|1953}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| death_date = 
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| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, poet, editor
| language = English
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Poetry, short story, anthology
| subject = 
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Ferry Crossings''; work included in ''The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets''.
| spouse = Devika Sequeira
| partner = 
| children = 2
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active = 1981–present
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}}

'''Manohar Shetty''' (born 1953)<ref>{{cite web|title=Manohar Shetty|url=http://openspaceindia.org/express/talking-poetry/item/biographical-note.html|website=Open Space|publisher=OpenSpaceIndia.org|access-date=6 March 2017|archive-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307045219/http://openspaceindia.org/express/talking-poetry/item/biographical-note.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an Indian poet, writer, and literary editor based in [[Goa]], India. He is considered as one of the prominent Indian poets writing in the [[English language]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGfMAgAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English|last1=Benson|first1=Eugene|last2=Conolly|first2=L. W.|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134468485|pages=1438|language=en}}</ref>

He has been a Senior Fellow with the [[Sahitya Akademi]], the Indian academy of arts and letters, and his work is found in several anthologies, including ''The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tejpal|first1=Tarun J.|title=The new literary map|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19920815-book-review-twelve-modern-indian-poets-by-arvind-krishna-mehrotra-766731-2013-01-03|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|publisher=India Today|access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> edited by [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]] and anthologies edited by [[Eunice de Souza]], [[Vilas Sarang]] and [[Jeet Thayil]].

==Early life==
Manohar Shetty was born in [[Bombay]] and educated in [[Panchgani]].<ref name="Entry for Manohar Shetty">"[https://books.google.com/books?id=nGfMAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Manohar%20Shetty%22&pg=PA1438 Entry for Manohar Shetty]," Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English by Eugene Benson, Routledge, 2004, p. 1438.</ref> He graduated from Bombay University in 1974 and began working as a journalist.<ref name="Entry for Manohar Shetty"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IDmx_v5YEC|title=The English Language Poetry of South Asians: A Critical Study|last1=Wong|first1=Mitali Pati|last2=Hassan|first2=Syed Khwaja Moinul|date=2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786436224|pages=76|language=en}}</ref>

==Critical perspectives==
Shetty's poetry is seen as being an integral part of the "chronology of modern Indian English poetry."<ref>"The Third Generation: Melanie Silgardo and Manohar Shetty," chapter 21 of ''A History of Indian Poetry in English'' by Rosinka Chaudhuri, Cambridge University Press, 2016.</ref><ref>"The Third Generation: Melanie Silgardo and Manohar Shetty," chapter 21 of A History of Indian Poetry in English by Rosinka Chaudhuri, Cambridge University Press, 2016.</ref> His poetry is described as revelling in "the celebration of the sombre" and being filled with "sepulchral images" while their "mood is predominantly one of helplessness and lethargy."<ref name="Entry for Manohar Shetty"/>

Shetty is listed in Sudeep Sen's essay "New Indian Poetry: The 1990s Perspective", published in ''World Literature Today'', Vol. 68, No. 2.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sen|first1=Sudeep|title=New Indian Poetry: The 1990s Perspective|journal=World Literature Today|year=1994|volume= 68|issue= 2|page=276|doi=10.2307/40150142|jstor=40150142 }}{{Subscription required}}</ref> K. Narayana Chandran of the [[University of Hyderabad]], while reviewing<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chandran|first1=K. Narayana|journal=World Literature Today|title=Review-Domestic Creatures by Manohar Shetty|date=Autumn 1995|volume=69|issue=4|page=875|doi=10.2307/40151820|jstor=40151820 }}{{Subscription required}}</ref> Shetty's ''Domestic Creatures'' in ''World Literature Today'', comments: "To be able to write magnificently about the little world one knows – and what passionate care all this involves – is no small gift for a poet. Manohar Shetty is an eminently gifted poet in this sense."

In another review<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Amanuddin|first1=S.|journal=World Literature Today|date=Autumn 1982|volume=56|issue=4|title=Review-A Guarded Space by Manohar Shetty|page= 758|doi=10.2307/40138461|jstor=40138461 }}{{Subscription required}}</ref> of Shetty's ''A Guarded Space'', in 1982 in the same journal ([[World Literature Today]]), S. Amanuddin is more critical. [[New Delhi]]-based magazine [[Caravan (Indian magazine)|Caravan]] described Shetty as "something of a rarity among [[Indian English]] [[poets]] of his and preceding generations, who have tended to be rather less consistent in their output."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharanya|title=Private Eye: The strange, sensuous world of Manohar Shetty's poetry|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/private-eye|website=caravanmagazine.in|publisher=Caravan Magazine|access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>

==Poetry volumes==
As of 2017, he has published eight volumes of poetry. They are:

* ''Morning Light''. Delhi: [[Copper Coin]], 2016
* ''Personal Effects'', Delhi: [[Copper Coin]], 2015<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BW78wQEACAAJ|title=Personal Effects|last=Shetty|first=Manohar|date=2015|publisher=Copper Coin|isbn=9789384109066|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Living Rooms'', New Delhi: [[HarperCollins]], 2014<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubLRBgAAQBAJ|title=Living Room: Poems|last=Shetty|first=Manohar|date=2014|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=9789351369776|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Creatures Great and Small'', Delhi: Copper Coin, 2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Manohar Shetty|url=http://poetrywithprakriti.in/manohar-shetty/|website=Poetry with Prakriti 2016|publisher=Poetry With Prakriti (Chennai)|access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref>
* ''Body Language'', Mumbai: [[Poetrywala]], 2012
* ''Domestic Creatures: Poems'', New Delhi: [[Oxford University Press]], 1994<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2RqQgAACAAJ|title=Domestic Creatures: Poems|last=Shetty|first=Manohar|date=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195634549|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Borrowed Time'', Bombay: Praxis, 1988
* ''A Guarded Space'', Bombay: Newground, 1981

==Books edited==
* ''Ferry Crossing – Short Stories from Goa'', New Delhi: Penguin India, 1998<ref name="DailyO" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxGb6zaAl8kC|title=Ferry Crossing: Short Stories From Goa|last=Shetty|first=Manohar|date=2000|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789351181156|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Goa Travels, Being the Accounts of Travellers to Goa from the 16th to the 20th Century'', New Delhi: Rupa, 2014<ref name="DailyO" />
* Special edition on English language poets of India for ''Poetry Wales''.

==Fellowships awarded==
Earlier, he has been a [[Homi Bhaba Fellow]] and a Senior [[Sahitya Akademi]] Fellow.

==Translations, evaluation of work==
His work has been translated into [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Slovene language|Slovenian]].

Evaluations of his work have been included in ''Modern Indian Poetry in English'' (New Delhi: OUP, 1987, 2011, Bruce King Ed.) and ''An Illustrated History of Indian Literature in English'' (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003, [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]], Ed.).

His work has appeared in ''The Baffler'' (US), the ''London Magazine'', ''Poetry Review'', ''Poetry Wales'', ''Wasafiri'', ''Chelsea'' (US), ''Rattapallax'' (US), ''Fulcrum'' (US), ''Shenandoah'' (US), ''The Common'' (US), ''New Letters'' (US), ''Helix'' (Australia).

==Personal life==
He has been based in [[Goa]] since 1985. Shetty is based in [[Dona Paula]], a suburb some seven kilometres from the state capital of [[Panjim]] ([[Panaji]]) in [[Goa]]. He has written an account<ref name="DailyO">{{cite web|last1=Shetty|first1=Manohar|title=A poet remembers: Drinking in Goa and why alcohol is a false god|url=http://www.dailyo.in/user/12108/manohar-shetty|website=Daily O|publisher=dailyo.in|access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> of his experiences with alcohol in the book ''House Spirit: Drinking in India – Stories, Essays, Poems''<ref>{{cite web|editor-last1=Mehrotra|editor-first1=Palash Krishna|title=House Spirit: Drinking in India-Stories, Essays, Poems|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/30267170-house-spirit|website=Goodreads|access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> (Speaking Tiger Books).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://openspaceindia.org/express/talking-poetry/item/biographical-note.html Biographical note] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307045219/http://openspaceindia.org/express/talking-poetry/item/biographical-note.html |date=2017-03-07 }}
*[https://scroll.in/article/815581/why-reading-manohar-shettys-poetry-is-like-knowing-the-earth-all-over-again Why reading Manohar Shetty’s poetry is like knowing the earth all over again]
*[http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/private-eye The strange, sensuous world of Manohar Shetty’s poetry]
*[http://old.himalmag.com/vacancy/5231-a-room-of-his-own.html A room of his own, Lora Tomas in Himal South Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011115/http://old.himalmag.com/vacancy/5231-a-room-of-his-own.html |date=2017-07-04 }}
*[https://global.oup.com/academic/product/modern-indian-poetry-in-english-9780195671971?cc=in&lang=en& King, Bruce, ed. Modern Indian Poetry in English. Oxford University Press, 1987.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Manohar}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]

Toru Dutt

2026-03-15T05:53:40Z

LuciaStonor: Created

{{Short description|Bengali poet and translator (1856–1877)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Toru Dutt
|image = Toru Dutt portrait.jpg
|caption = Portrait of Toru Dutt
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1856|3|4}}
|birth_place = 12 Maniktollah Street, Rambagan, [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1877|8|30|1856|3|4|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|restingplace = Maniktalla Christian Cemetery, [[Kolkata]]
|occupation = Poet, writer
}}
'''Tarulatta Datta''', popularly known as '''Toru Dutt''' ({{langx|bn|তরু দত্ত}}; 4 March 1856 – 30 August 1877) was an Indian [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet and translator from [[Provinces of British India|British India]], who wrote in English and French.<ref>Gosse, Edmund (1913). [https://archive.org/stream/criticalkitkat00goss#page/196/mode/2up "Toru Dutt."] In: ''Critical Kit-kats.'' London: William Heinemann, pp. 197–212.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chapman |first=Mrs E. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rS4-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Sketches of Some Distinguished Indian Women |date=1891 |publisher=W.H. Allen & Company, Limited |language=en}}</ref> She is among the founding figures of [[Indo-Anglian]] literature, alongside [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]] (1809–1831), [[Manmohan Ghose]] (1869–1924), and [[Sarojini Naidu]] (1879–1949).<ref name="Birch2009">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Anglo-Indian Literature |encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to English Literature |publisher=Oxford UP |date=2009 |editor-last=Birch |editor-first=Dinah |edition=7}}</ref> She is known for her volumes of poetry in English, ''Sita'', ''A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields'' (1876) and ''Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan'' (1882), and for a novel in French, ''Le Journal de Mademoiselle d'Arvers'' (1879). Her poems explore themes of loneliness, longing, patriotism and nostalgia. Dutt died at the age of 21 of [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="Chapman2014">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Alison |date=September 2014 |title=Internationalising the Sonnet: Toru Dutts "Sonnet – Baugmaree" |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=595–608 |doi=10.1017/S1060150314000163 |s2cid=162276008 |issn=1060-1503}}</ref>

[[File:Life and Letters of Toru Dutt - Aru and Toru.jpg|thumb|right|Aru Dutt and Toru Dutt]]

== Early life and education ==
Toru Dutt was born in Calcutta on 4 March 1856 to a well-respected Bengali kayastha family. Her father, [[s:Author:Govin Chunder Dutt|Govind Chandra Dutt]] was known to be of pro imperialist thoughts and worked as a Magistrate in Calcutta.<ref name=":0" /> Her mother, Kshetramoni Dutt (''[[née]]'' Mitter), belonged to the Rambagan Dutt family.<ref name="DNB">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Dutt, Toru (1856–1877), Indian poet, translator, and novelist |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-369160 |last=Lokugé |first=Chandani |date=2019-09-12 |author-link=Chandani Lokuge |edition=Online |language=en |doi=10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.369160 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |oclc=56568095 |chapter= |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Toru was the youngest of three siblings; her sister Aru was two years older to her and she also had a brother Abjie.<ref name="DNB"/> She and her siblings spent most of their childhood in Calcutta, dividing their time between a house in the city and a garden house in the suburb of Baugmaree.<ref name="DNB"/> Dutt was educated at home by her father and by an Indian Christian tutor, Babu Shib Chunder Banerjee. She learnt French, English, and eventually Sanskrit, in addition to her first language, Bengali.<ref name="DNB"/> During this time, she developed a love for English literature, growing to understand and appreciate works such as [[John Milton]]'s epic, ''[[Paradise Lost]]''.<ref name="DNB"/> She also learned stories of ancient India from her mother.<ref name="DNB"/>

A few years after her brother Abjie died at the age of fourteen,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/criticalkitkat00goss/page/200/mode/2up?view=theater | title=Critical kit-kats | date=1913 }}</ref> the family sailed for Europe as Toru's father hoped to give his daughters the best education.

== Life in Europe ==
In 1869, when Dutt was 13, Dutt's family left India, making her and her sister some of the first Bengali girls to travel by sea to Europe.<ref name="DNB"/> The family spent four years living in Europe, one in [[France]] and three in [[England]].<ref name="DNB"/> They also visited Italy and Germany.

They first lived in [[Nice]], France for a few months where they stayed at a [[Pension (lodging)|pension]], studying French.<ref name=":0" />

In 1870, the family lived in Onslow Square, [[Brompton, London]], where Dutt studied music.<ref name="DNB" /> In 1871, they moved to [[Cambridge]], where they remained until 1873.<ref name="DNB" />

In 1872, the [[University of Cambridge]] offered a lecture series, "Higher Lectures for Women", which Toru Dutt attended with her sister Aru.<ref name="DNB" /><ref>http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/toru-dutt. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430201827/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/toru-dutt |date=30 April 2019 }}</ref> At the time, women were not entitled to join the University of Cambridge and opportunities for higher education were limited. This was a chance for women to access University lectures, set up by a group that included the philosopher [[Henry Sidgwick]] and the suffragist [[Millicent Garrett Fawcett]]. Toru was especially drawn to the lectures by M. Bognel on French Literature.<ref name=":0" />

"Lectures for Ladies" became [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham College]] in 1871, but Toru Dutt did not herself matriculate as a member,<ref>Newnham College Register 1871–1971, Vol 1.</ref> presumably because she was living in Cambridge and had no need for college accommodation.

Her correspondence refers, however, to Merton Hall, the early name of Newnham College, and to Miss Clough as Principal of Newnham College. While not a member of a Cambridge college, Dutt would have had access to the college's intellectual discussions and critical thinking.

At the end of 1872, Toru became friends with Mary Martin, daughter of Reverend John Martin of [[Sidney Sussex College]].<ref name="DNB" /> After Toru's return to India, they kept in touch via letters.<ref>The Transnational in the History of Education: Concepts and Perspectives, ed. Eckhardt Fuchs and Eugenia Roldan, p. 187.</ref>

The family left Cambridge in 1873, living in [[St Leonards-on-Sea|St Leonards, Sussex]] from April to November 1873 (where the sisters also attended some classes), before their return to Calcutta.<ref name="DNB" />

=== A poem for, and about France ===
Even though the Dutt family spent more time living in England than in France, Toru and her sister were captivated by the latter. Toru maintained a journal throughout their stay in Europe, recording all her experiences. This included her observation of France after the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. France of 1871, conquered, blood-stained and distracted by internal feuds, made a deep impression on her, awakening her keenest sympathies and inspiring one of her most original poems, 'France'.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>Not dead; oh, no, she cannot die !

Only a swoon from loss of blood. Levite England passes her by; Help, Samaritan ! None is nigh

Who shall staunch me this sanguine flood.

Range the brown hair, it blinds her eyen;

Dash cold water over her face ! Drowned in her blood, she makes no sign. Give her a draught of generous wine !

None heed; none hear to do this grace.

No ! she stirs; there 's a fire in her glance.

'Ware, oh 'ware of that broken sword ! What ! dare ye, for an hour's mischance Gather around her, jeering France,

Attila's own exulting horde ?

Lo ! she stands up stands up e'en now,

Strong once more for the battle fray. Gleams bright the star that from her brow Lightens the world. Bow, nations, bow !

Let her again lead on the way. </blockquote>

==Writing==
=== Published works ===

*''A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields,'' Saptahik Sambad Press, Bhowanipore, 1876
*''Bianca, or the Spanish Maiden'', serialized in ''Bengal Magazine'' from January to April 1878 (posthumous; unfinished)
*''Le Journal de Mademoiselle d’Arvers'', Didier, Paris, 1879 (posthumous)
*''Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan'', 1882 (posthumous)

'''''A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields''''' was published in 1876 without a preface or introduction. Its 165 poems are translated from French into English by Dutt, except for one poem composed by her, "A Mon Père", and eight poems translated by her sister.<ref name="DNB" /> At first the collection attracted little attention, though it eventually came to the notice of Edmund Gosse in 1877, who reviewed it favourably in the ''Examiner'' that year. ''Sheaf'' saw a second Indian edition in 1878 and a third edition by Kegan Paul of London in 1880, but Dutt lived to see neither of these. The second edition added 44 new poems, a portrait of Toru Dutt and her sister, and a preface by their father.<ref name="DNB" />

At the time of her death, she left two novels, ''Le Journal de Mademoiselle d’Arvers'', (published posthumously in 1879), the first novel in French by an Indian writer, and ''Bianca, or the Young Spanish Maiden'', (thought to be the first novel in English by an Indian woman writer), in addition to an unfinished volume of original poems in English and Sanskrit translations, ''Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan''. The last were among writings discovered by her father after her death in 1877.

[[Edmund Gosse]] wrote an introduction for ''Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan'': "She brought with her from Europe a store of knowledge that would have sufficed to make an English or French girl seem learned, but which in her case was simply miraculous."<ref name="Haridar">Harihar Das, ed., ''Life and Letters of Toru Dutt'' Oxford University Press, 1921, p. 320: "Le Journal de Mademoiselle d'Arvers was published by a Paris firm, Diclier, in 1879, among the Librairie Academique, with a preface by Mademoiselle Bader containing some account of the authoress's life and works. It had been begun, apparently, during the visit to Europe, but nothing is known as to the time of its completion."</ref> Some well-remembered poems from the volume include "A Sea of Foliage", "The Lotus", "Sîta", and "[[Our Casuarina Tree]]." The last in particular is often taught in high schools in India as a part of the English curriculum.<ref name="Haridar" />

=== Contributions to Periodicals ===
Dutt also published translations of French poetry and literary articles in ''Bengal Magazine'' from March 1874 to March 1877.<ref name="DNB" /> Notable magazine publications of the time include essays on [[Leconte de Lisle]] and [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]] in December 1874.<ref name="DNB" /> She also published some translations from Sanskrit in ''Bengal Magazine'' (October 1876) and ''Calcutta Review'' (January 1877).<ref name="DNB" />

* ‘An Eurasian Poet’, ''The Bengal Magazine III'' (5 December 1874), p. 164
* ‘A Scene from Contemporary Life’, ''The Bengal Magazine'' (June – July 1875)
* ‘Bianca, or The Young Spanish Maiden’, ''The Bengal Magazine'' (August 1877 – July 1878)

Dutt had numerous items published in ''The Bengal Magazine'' and ''The Calcutta Review'' between March 1874 and March 1877.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toru Dutt {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/toru-dutt |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www5.open.ac.uk}}</ref>

In addition, Dutt wrote a great many letters.<ref name="Haridar" />

== Life in India ==
[[File:Toru dutt grave.JPG|thumbnail|right|Final resting place of Toru Dutt at Maniktala Christian Cemetery]]
When Toru Dutt returned to Calcutta in 1873 at the age of 17, she found it challenging to return to a culture that now seemed "an unhealthy place both morally and physically speaking" to her Europeanized and Christianized eyes.<ref name="DNB"/><ref>Letter from Toru Dutt to Mary Martin, 25 December 1876. Quoted in Lokugé, p. 321.</ref> Her sister Aru died of consumption in 1872, aged twenty.<ref name="DNB"/>

Three years after returning, she wrote to Mary Martin, "I have not been to one dinner party or any party at all since we left Europe,"<ref>Toru Dutt, in a letter to Mary Martin, 24 March 1876. Quoted in Lokugé, p. 271.</ref> and "If any friend of my grandmother happens to see me, the first question is, if I am married."<ref>In a letter to Mary Martin, 3 May 1876. Quoted in Lokugé, p. 276.</ref>

Both remarks express frustration with what she found to be a restrictive and conservative society.<ref name="DNB" /> However, she also recognized that Europe could not replace India as her true home.<ref name="DNB" /> She took consolation in reinvigorating her studies of Sanskrit with her father and hearing her mother's stories and songs about India.<ref name="DNB" />
[[File:Memorial plaque of Aru and Toru Dutt at Maniktala Cemetry.jpg|thumb|Memorial plaque at Maniktala Cemetery in honour of Aru Dutt and Toru Dutt]]
Like both her siblings, Toru Dutt died of consumption (tuberculosis), at the age of 21 on 30 August 1877.<ref name="DNB" />

==Documentary==
A [[documentary film]] of 15 minutes' duration ''[[Reviving Toru Dutt]]'', consisting mostly of stills of her tomb and of her letters and papers, was produced in 2009 to a screenplay by Dr Geeta Sheth, (who had previously completed a thesis on Toru Dutt), and directed by Deep Panjwani and Ravi Rajput for Foreshadow Pictures.<ref name="times of india">
{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-25/vadodara/28155661_1_indian-woman-sheth-french-poets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024084841/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-25/vadodara/28155661_1_indian-woman-sheth-french-poets|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2012|title=Documentary on unsung Indian literary hero makes it to AIFF |date=25 June 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2009-07-22}}</ref>

== Family ==
The Dutt family was one of the first Calcutta families to be strongly influenced by the presence of [[Christianity|Christian]] catholic [[Missionary|missionaries]].<ref name="DNB" /> Toru Dutt's grandfather [[Rasamay Dutt]] too, held an important position in the colonial government.<ref name="DNB" /> Her cousin Romesh Chandra Dutt was also a writer and Indian civil servant. Dutt's father converted to Christianity in 1862, when she was six years old.<ref name="DNB" /> Her mother initially resisted conversion, but eventually became a practising Christian as well.<ref name="DNB" /> Both of Dutt's parents published some writing: her father wrote poetry and her mother published a translation into Bengali of a religious monograph.<ref name="DNB" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
*{{Gutenberg author |id=7986}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Toru Dutt}}
*{{Librivox author |id=10670}}
*[http://torudutt.umwblogs.org Annotated ''Ancient Ballads'' with Critical Introduction]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19990222070103/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/%7Ewldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/dutt.html Toru Dutt sonnet]
*[http://www.pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjun2001/f270620011.html PIB feature on Toru Dutt]
*[http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poets/dutt-toru Selected poetry of Toru Dutt]
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026184840/http://www.geocities.com/varnamala/toru.html |date=26 October 2009 |title=Indian English poetry}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Toru}}
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1877 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Bengali Christians]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian Christian writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:19th-century women poets]]

Nishadh Yusuf

2026-03-15T03:01:17Z

LuciaStonor: made some stub basic info

{{Short description|Indian film editor (1981–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nishadh Yusuf
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1981|02|09}}
| birth_place = [[Haripad]], [[Alappuzha]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|10|30|1981|02|09}}
| death_place = [[Panampilly Nagar]], [[Kochi]], India
| occupation = Film editor
| website =
| imagesize =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2011–2024
| spouse =
}}

'''Nishadh Yusuf''' (9 February 1981 – 30 October 2024) was an Indian film editor who has worked predominantly in Malayalam and few Tamil films. He won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]] in 2022 for ''[[Thallumaala]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=സിനിമാ എഡിറ്റർ നിഷാദ് യൂസഫ് കൊച്ചിയിലെ ഫ്ലാറ്റിൽ മരിച്ച നിലയിൽ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/nishadh-yusuf-film-editor-found-dead-inside-flat-in-kochi-sm5cbt |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |access-date=30 October 2024 |date=30 October 2024}}</ref>

At the time of his death, he had worked on three films (which would become posthumous releases): ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'', ''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]'', and ''[[Thudarum]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=എഡിറ്റർ നിഷാദ് യൂസഫ് മരിച്ച നിലയിൽ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/malayalam-film-editor-nishad-yusuf-died/1146335 |publisher=[[Deshabhimani]] |access-date=30 October 2024 |date=30 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="H"/>

''[[1001 Nunakal]]'', ''[[Chaaver]]'', ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'', ''[[Operation Java]]'', ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]'' and ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' are some of his notable works.<ref name="H">{{cite web |title=Nishad Yusuf, 43-year-old editor of Kanguva, found dead at Kochi home; police begin investigation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/nishad-yusuf-43-year-old-editor-of-kanguva-found-dead-at-kochi-home-police-begin-investigation-101730258253234-amp.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=30 October 2024 |date=30 October 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
Yusuf started his career as an editor at [[Asianet News]] channel and later shifted his focus to films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nishadh Yousaf found Dead: ഫിലിം എഡിറ്റർ നിഷാദ് യൂസഫിനെ ഫ്ലാറ്റിൽ മരിച്ച നിലയിൽ കണ്ടെത്തി |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/malayalam-film-editor-nishadh-yusuf-found-dead-inside-flat-kochi-thallumala-kanguva-bazooka-hfq-1113268-2024-10-30 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 October 2024 |date=30 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Nishadh Yusuf, the man who brought magic to Malayalam cinema's frames |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Oct/30/remembering-nishadh-yusuf-the-man-who-brought-magic-to-malayalam-cinemas-frames |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=4 November 2024 |date=30 October 2024}}</ref>

== Death ==
Yusuf was found dead in his flat at Panampilly Nagar, [[Kochi]] on 30 October 2024. He was 43. Police have started the investigation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film editor Nishad Yusuf, 43, found dead in Kochi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/film-editor-nishad-yusuf-found-dead-in-kochi-1.10032857 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=30 October 2024 |date=30 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bobby Deol-सूर्या की Kanguva की जिसके हाथ में थी बागडोर, उसकी हुई मौत |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/south-cinema/nishadh-yusuf-film-editor-death-kanguva-bobby-deol-suriya-movie-2916533.html |publisher=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]] |access-date=30 October 2024 |date=30 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=നിഷാദ് യൂസഫ് ഫ്ലാറ്റിൽ മരിച്ച നിലയിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2024/10/30/malayalam-film-editor-nishad-yusuf-found-dead.html |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=30 October 2024 |date=30 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nishad Yusuf Passed Away: ഫിലിം എഡിറ്റർ നിഷാദ് യൂസഫ് ഫ്ലാറ്റിൽ മരിച്ച നിലയിൽ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/film-editor-nishad-yusuf-found-dead-in-kochi-211568 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=30 October 2024 |date=30 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-editor-nishadh-yusuf-found-dead-at-home-in-kochi/article68813261.ece|title=Film editor Nishadh Yusuf found dead at home in Kochi|publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Raghuvinte Swantham Rasiya]]'' ||
|-
|2012
|''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' || Spot Editing
|-
|2013
|''[[Dracula 2012]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2019
|''[[Ishq_(2019_film)|Ishq]]''|| Spot Editing
|-
|''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]''|| Also Acted on a Cameo Role
|-
|rowspan=3|2021
| ''[[Operation Java]]'' ||
|-
|''Kannalan''||
|-
|''[[One (2021 film)|One]]''||
|-
|rowspan=5|2022
|''Grandma''||
|-
| ''[[1001 Nunakal]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Thallumaala]]''|| Won [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]]
|-
| ''[[Udal (film)|Udal]]''||
|-
|''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2023
|''[[Ramachandra Boss & Co]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Aalankam]]''||
|-
|''[[Chaaver]]''||
|-
|rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''Exit'' ||
|-
| ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigos]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kanguva]]'' || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Bazooka (film)|Bazooka]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-11-12 |title=Here's a release update on Mammootty's Bazooka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Nov/12/heres-a-release-update-on-mammoottys-bazooka-49478.html |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-02 |title=Khalid Rahman-Naslen's Alappuzha Gymkhana gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/02/khalid-rahman-naslens-alappuzha-gymkhana-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thudarum]]'' ||Also did a Cameo Appearance<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-07 |title=Mohanlal-starrer Thudarum gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/07/mohanlal-starrer-thudarum-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==

===State Film Awards===
* 2022 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]] for ''[[Thallumaala]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=11858848}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yusuf, Nishadh}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam film editors]]
[[Category:Tamil film editors]]

Zorawar Singh (jump-rope athlete)

2026-03-10T21:15:08Z

LuciaStonor: Created

{{Short description|Jump Rope Athlete}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zorawar Singh
|image = Zorawar Singh Jump Rope Athlete.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|24 August 1999}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]]
| education = I.G.I.P.E.S.S.(Delhi University)
| known_for = Jump Rope Skipping World Record, Pyramid Wheel Freestyle Jump Rope
| height_cm = 171
| awards = 17 Guinness World Records
}}
'''Zorawar Singh''' is an Indian jump-rope athlete from New Delhi. He is the Guinness World Record holder for the most jumps on roller skates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2020 |title=Delhi Man Who Set World Record With Roller Skate Skips is Back With a Jaw-dropping Jump Rope Stunt |work=[[CNN-News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/delhi-man-who-set-world-record-with-roller-skate-skips-is-back-with-a-jaw-dropping-jump-rope-stunt-2915459.html}}</ref> He is the winner of several national & South Asian championships. In 2016, Zorawar competed in the World Jump Rope Championship in Portugal, where he came in 4th place.

== World records ==
[[File:Zorawar Singh Guinness World Records - Skipping.jpg|alt=Showing World Records with Indian Flag|thumb]]
On 24 January 2020, Zorawar created a Guinness World Record by performing 147 skips in 30 seconds while wearing the roller skates.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agrawal |first=Saumya |date=25 September 2020 |title=Rolling jumper: Delhi man skips rope 147 times on roller skates in 30 seconds to set Guinness World Record |work=[[Times Now]] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/rolling-jumper-delhi-man-zorawar-singh-skips-rope-147-times-on-roller-skates-in-30-seconds-to-set-guinness-world-record/657765}}</ref> The Guinness World Record uploaded the video of his performance on their Instagram page.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2020 |title=Indian man creates record for most skips on roller skates in 30 seconds. Watch |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-viral/indian-man-creates-record-for-most-skips-on-roller-skates-in-30-seconds-watch/story-rpmWa7GENY2DEm0K2RGu8N.html}}</ref>

Zorawar holds several other Guinness World Records in the jump-rope category including the most double under frogs in 30 seconds, most mamba tricks performed while skipping forward in one minute, most reverse double under skips in 30 seconds, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2020 |title=Most skips on roller/inline skates in 30 seconds |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/98223-most-skips-on-rollerskates-in-30-seconds |website=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref>

== Pyramid Wheel Freestyle Jump Rope ==
In September 2020, Zorawar came into the news for performing ‘pyramid Wheel Freestyle Jump Rope’ with 3 of his friends. Zorawar has participated in several Indian talent hunt shows such as ‘India’s Got Talent’ and ‘OMG! Yeh Mera India’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JUMP ROPE CHAMPION |url=https://www.historyindia.com/story/jump-rope-champion |website=[[History TV18]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Zorawar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Delhi]]

Valu (film)

2026-03-09T10:19:20Z

LuciaStonor: adjust content based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Valu
| image = Valuposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]]
| producer = Ganpat Kothari [[Girish Kulkarni]] Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni Prashant Pethe Nitin Vaidya
| writer = [[Girish Kulkarni]] [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]]
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Atul Kulkarni]] [[Mohan Agashe]] [[Bharati Achrekar]] [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] [[Nirmiti Sawant]] [[Amruta Subhash]] [[Girish Kulkarni]] [[Vrishasen Dabholkar]]
| music = Mangesh Dhakde (Theme music)
| cinematography = Sudheer Palsane
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2008|1|25|df=y}}
| screenplay =
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert |3|C }}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sapre |first=Omkar |date=2009-01-10 |title=Will the good times last for Marathi Cinema? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/will-the-good-times-last-for-marathi-cinema/articleshow/3958542.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
}}
'''''Valu''''' is a 2008 Indian comedy [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] directed by [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]]. The film featured in various international film festivals as '''''The Wild Bull'''''. It also became the first Marathi film to be selected in Rotterdam International Film Festival 2008, the Netherlands.<ref name=Holland/><ref name=Rotterdam>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Marathi-film-ValuThe-Wild-Bull-premieres-at-Rotterdam/267089/ |title=Marathi film Valu-The Wild Bull premieres at Rotterdam |newspaper=Indian Express |date=31 Jan 2008 |access-date=3 Jan 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210144307/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Marathi-film-ValuThe-Wild-Bull-premieres-at-Rotterdam/267089/ |archive-date=10 December 2008 }}</ref>

==Plot==
In the small village of Kusavde, there is a lonely misunderstood wild bull. The bull, "Durkya", is actually a holy, consecrated bull which is the responsibility of the village. It is allowed to roam free and is the responsibility of the entire village. But lately, Durkya becomes very aggressive and is blamed for every single act of chaos and destruction that happens in and around the village. Now, catching the bull becomes equivalent to establishing power in the village for the leaders and for those who are interested in the fringe benefits.

The film intertwines various stories of the war between the two leaders; love stories that bloom in the midst of the adventure; an amateur filmmaker who struggles to shoot a documentary; the forest officer who leads this chaos like a sacred mission along with the religious priest; the tricksters and an insane woman who seems to understand the mind of Durkya.

==Cast==
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Swanand Gaddamwar aka "Foresht"
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Sarapanch
* [[Bharati Achrekar]] as Sarapanch's Wife
* [[Girish Kulkarni]] as Jeevan Chaudhary
* Veena Jamkar as Tani
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] as Pandit
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]] as Pandit's Wife
* [[Nandu Madhav]] as Aaba
* Renuka Daftardar as Aaba's Wife
* Mangesh Satpute as Shiva
* [[Amruta Subhash]] as Sangi
* Satish Tare as Satya
* [[Chandrakant Gokhale]] as Aaja
* [[Jyoti Subhash]] as Sakhubai
* [[Shrikant Yadav]] as Suresh
* Ashwini Giri as Suresh' Wife
* Deepak Alegaonkar as Shivai's Father
* Rajesh More as Sangi's father
* Meghana Vaidya as Sangi's Mother
* Siddheshwar Zadbuke as Popat
* Prashant Tapaswi as Shankrya
* Nikhil Raut as Ganya
* [[Vrishasen Dabholkar]] as Sameer (Swanand's Brother) aka "Dacumentary"
* Ashok Kulkarni as Jagnade
* Pournima Ganu as Gaddam's Wife
* Sharavi Kulkarni as Sampi
* Aditya Kulkarni as Sampat
* Raja (bull) as Valu

==Selection in Film Festivals==
* 5th Asian Film Festival, 2007 Pune: Selected for screening as a closing film for the festival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Asian_film_festival_opens_in_Pune/rssarticleshow/2510568.cms |title=Asian film festival opens in Pune |newspaper= Times of India |date=2 Nov 2007 |access-date=3 Jan 2012}}</ref>
* 37th Rotterdam International Film Festival, 2008 the Netherlands <ref name=Holland>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Valu-trots-to-Rotterdam/articleshow/2729432.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126045600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-25/pune/27766384_1_marathi-cinema-marathi-film-umesh-kulkarni |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title= Valu trots to Rotterdam | first1=Anuradha |last1=Mane |date=25 Jan 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date= 3 Jan 2012}}</ref>
* 24th Warsaw International Film Festival, 2008 Poland
* Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, 2008 Czech Republic
* Reykjavik International Film Festival, 2008 Iceland
* La Rochelle International Film Festival, 2010 France

==Release==

===Theatrical Release===
The film was released theatrically, in India, on {{Date|Jan 25, 2008|DMY}}.

===Home media===
The film is currently streaming on [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Jhakaas]] app.

==Awards and achievements==
* Best Director: Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni, Best Cinematographer: Sudhir Palsane ''([[Pune International Film Festival]] 2008)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.piffindia.com/akhil-bharatiya-chitrapat-mahamandal-winner.php|title=Pune International Film Festival|website=www.piffindia.com|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref>
* Best Eye-Catching Film of the Year, Best Supporting Actor: Girish Kulkarni ''(Zee Gaurav Awards 2008)''
* Best Film of 2008, Best Director: Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni ''Maharashtra Times Awards - MaTa Sanman 2008)''

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1213838|Valu}}
* ''[https://www.ultrajhakaas.com/movie/valu/dxlxxjvcdvhj Valu]'' at [[Ultra_Media_%26_Entertainment |Ultra Jhakaas]]
* http://www.valuthefilm.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080207133621/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/01/stories/2008020150010100.htm The Hindu : Friday Review Delhi / Interview : Free spirit gets away]
* http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Marathi-film-ValuThe-Wild-Bull-premieres-at-Rotterdam/267089/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210144307/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Marathi-film-ValuThe-Wild-Bull-premieres-at-Rotterdam/267089/ |date=10 December 2008 }}

{{primary sources|date=November 2007}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valu}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2000s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Mukta Arts films]]

Ajmer Dargah bombing

2026-03-06T17:33:09Z

LuciaStonor: brief cleaned up article

{{Short description|2007 terror attack on shrine in Ajmer, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Ajmer Sharif Dargah bombing
| motive = [[Islamophobia]]
| image =
| caption = Dargah of Moinuddin Chishti, the site of the attack.
| location = [[Ajmer]], Rajasthan, India {{coord|26|27|25|N|74|37|40|E}}
| map = {{Location map | Rajasthan
| lat_deg = 26
| lat_min = 27
| lat_sec = 25
| lat_dir = N
| lon_deg = 74
| lon_min = 37
| lon_sec = 40
| lon_dir = E
| label = Ajmer Sharif
| alt = }}
| target = [[Dargah]] of [[Moinuddin Chishti]]<ref name="Reuters-20071011"/>
| date = 11 October 2007
| time = 18:12 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| timezone = [[UTC]]+5.30
| type = Bomb in a [[Tiffin carrier]]<ref name="DNA-20071011" />
| fatalities = 3
| injuries = 17<ref name="DNA-20071011" />
| verdict = Life imprisonment and fine
| convictions = Devendra Gupta, Bhavesh Bhai Patel, and Sunil Joshi
| weapons = [[Improvised explosive device]]
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}
The '''Ajmer Dargah bombing''' (also called the '''Ajmer Sharif blast''') occurred on 11 October 2007, in the courtyard of [[Sufi]] maulana [[Moinuddin Chishti]] in [[Ajmer]], Rajasthan, India, after the [[Iftar]] period had started. On 22 March 2017 a Special NIA Court convicted three pracharaks Devendra Gupta, Bhavesh Bhai Patel and Sunil Joshi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ajmer-blast-case-two-rss-pracharaks-sentenced-life-imprisonment-4580944/|title=Ajmer blast case: Two 'RSS pracharaks' sentenced life imprisonment|date=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1362808/india-jails-hindu-radicals-life-ajmer-sharif-shrine-blast/|title=India jails Hindu radicals for life over Ajmer Sharif shrine blast|date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-08-20|title=Ajmer blasts case: Life term for two 'ex-RSS pracharaks'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ajmer-blast-case-two-rss-pracharaks-sentenced-life-imprisonment-4580944/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, Joshi (posthumously) and Gupta were found guilty on charges of conspiracy and Patel was found guilty of planting the explosive on the blast site. Gupta and Patel were awarded life imprisonment.<ref name=":0" /> Joshi was found shot dead in [[Godhra]] in mysterious circumstances soon after the blast in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-24|title=What is the Ajmer Dargah blast case?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-ajmer-dargah-blast-case-4580300/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Attack==
At 6.12 pm on 11 October 2007, an explosion occurred near a courtyard outside the [[Dargah]] of [[Moinuddin Chishti|Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti]] in Ajmer.<ref name="Urban-Terrorism-2009">{{cite book|last1=Asthana|last2=Nirmal|title=Urban Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&q=Ajmer&pg=PA188|page=188|year=2009|publisher=Pointer Publishers |isbn=9788171325986}}</ref> Evening prayers had just concluded before the end of the fasting month of [[Ramadan]] and a crowd had gathered outside the shrine to end their [[fasting|fast]].<ref name="Reuters-20071011">{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-29954920071011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013142746/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-29954920071011|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2007|title=Bomb kills 2 at Ajmer Sharif dargah|work=[[Reuters]]|date=11 October 2007|access-date=12 January 2011}}</ref> The bomb had been concealed in a [[tiffin carrier]], which workers typically used to store their lunch.<ref name="DNA-20071011">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_blast-at-ajmer-dargah-2-dead_1126990|title=Blast at Ajmer Dargah, 5 dead|date=11 October 2007|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=12 January 2011|location=India}}</ref> The blast killed 3<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2007-ajmer-dargah-blast-accused-held-in-gujarat-s-bharuch-after-11-years/story-yshbmRPrq81WIQ4BKvcRBL.html|title=2007 Ajmer dargah blast accused held in Gujarat's Bharuch after 11 years|date=2018-11-25|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en}}</ref> people and injured 17 others.<ref name="Outlook-20100719">{{cite news|last1=Koppikar|first1=Smruti|last2=Dasgupta|first2=Debarshi|last3=Hasan|first3=Snigdha|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?266145|title=The Mirror Explodes|journal=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|location=India|date=19 July 2010|access-date=12 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129100253/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?266145|archive-date=29 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Independent-20110112">{{cite news|last=Buncombe|first=Andrew|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/hindu-holy-man-reveals-truth-of-terror-attacks-blamed-on-muslims-2182178.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113113623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/hindu-holy-man-reveals-truth-of-terror-attacks-blamed-on-muslims-2182178.html |archive-date=2011-01-13 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Hindu holy man reveals truth of terror attacks blamed on Muslims|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|location=London|date=12 January 2011|access-date=12 January 2011}}</ref> Remnants of a mobile phone were retrieved from the site.<ref name="Urban-Terrorism-2009" /> Lalit Maheswari of the Ajmer police stated, "We have recovered some mobile instruments, so we think some sophisticated device was used ...".<ref name="Reuters-20071011" />

===Investigations===
The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]] initially stated that the blast could have been the responsibility of Pakistan-based [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="DNA-20071011" /> The media had also initially characterized the attack as part of a conflict between [[Salafi|ultra-conservative]] Islamic extremists against the [[Sufi|Sufi-derived]] Islamic traditions popular in India.<ref name="Urban-Terrorism-2009" />

On 22 October 2010, five suspects, who had been arrested by the [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti-Terrorism Squad of India]], were charged with conspiracy in connection to the bombing. Four of the five suspects were connected to the [[Hindu]] nationalist organization, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref name="IndianExpress-20101101">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/four-of-five-ajmer-blast-accused-have-rss-links-ats/705648/|title=Four of five Ajmer blast accused have RSS links: ATS|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 November 2010|access-date=18 January 2011}}</ref>

NIA filed another charge sheet against [[Swami Aseemanand]], whose confession helped the agency open [[Hyderabad]]'s [[Mecca Masjid bombing|Mecca Masjid blast]] and [[2006 Malegaon bombings|Malegaon 2006 blast]] cases, along with Sandeep Dangae, Bhawesh Patel, Mehul, Suresh Bhai, Ramchandra Kalsangra, Sunil Joshi and Bharat Bhai. According to the charge sheet filed, [[Swami Aseemanand]] conceived the plan to avenge Islamic attacks on Hindu temples.<ref name="ToI-201110109-summon">{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Nitesh Kumar|date=9 January 2011|title=ATS to summon Indresh after Aseemanand's statement|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/ATS-to-summon-Indresh-after-Aseemanands-statement/articleshow/7244496.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104101512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/jaipur/28354234_1_rajasthan-ats-ajmer-blast-jagendra-kumar-jain|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|access-date=12 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="Reuters-20071011" /><ref name="Independent-20110112" />

In 2011, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] started investigating the Hindutva organisation, [[Abhinav Bharat]] on the basis of Aseemanands confession.<ref name="ToI-201110109-mole">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Co-conspirators-saw-RSS-man-as-ISI-mole/articleshow/7244756.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104110933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/india/28361088_1_rss-leader-indresh-kumar-swami-aseemanand-naba-kumar-sarkar|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Co-conspirators saw RSS man as ISI mole|last=Mohan|first=Vishwa|date=9 January 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> [[Swami Aseemanand]]'s named the co-founder of the far right Hindu organisation, [[Abhinav Bharat]], [[Prasad Shrikant Purohit]] and senior [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] leader Indresh Kumar among others as co-conspirators. The Swami in his statement also claimed that Sunil Joshi was the operational man and carried out the blast in Ajmer with the help of two Muslim boys from the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] of Pakistan, who were given to him by Indresh Kumar.<ref name="ToI-201110109-mole" /> Another individual accused in the attack was Bharat Bhai alias Bharat Rateshwar, who is also accused of financing several other [[Saffron Terror|Hindutva terrorist]] attacks such the [[Mecca Masjid blast]] and the [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]]. He was accused of funding and planning terrorist attacks against Muslims to avenge the attacks on Hindus in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.oneindia.com/2011/02/06/a-link-in-ajmer-mecca-masjid-samjhauta-blast-aid0101.html|title = Mecca Masjid | Ajmer Blast | Samjhauta Express Blast | Link | Bharat Bhai | Rajasthan ATS|date = 6 February 2011|access-date = 22 April 2011|archive-date = 8 October 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121008230032/http://news.oneindia.in/2011/02/06/a-link-in-ajmer-mecca-masjid-samjhauta-blast-aid0101.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Conviction==
On 8 March 2017, a special [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) court in Jaipur found guilty three ex-RSS pracharaks, Bhavesh Patel, Devendra Gupta, and Sunil Joshi (who was murdered in 2007).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=acquittedconvicted>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2007-ajmer-blast-aseemanand-9-others-acquitted-3-convicted-by-nia-court/articleshow/57537140.cms|title=2007 Ajmer blast: Aseemanand and others acquitted, 3 convicted, by NIA court|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name=HindustanTimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2007-ajmer-blast-case-swami-aseemanand-among-two-acquitted-three-people-convicted/story-djXpxsy547RAVFTIphSTzN.html|title=2007 Ajmer blast case: Swami Aseemanand acquitted, three people convicted|date=8 March 2017}}</ref> Both Patel and Gupta were awarded life imprisonments and imposed a fine of Rs 5,000 and Rs 10,000 respectively.<ref name=":0" /> [[Swami Aseemanand]] and 6 other accused were acquitted, giving them the "benefit of doubt".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Swami Aseemanand acquitted in Ajmer blast case as NIA convicts three|date=8 March 2017|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ajmer-blast-case-nia-court-swami-aseemanand-acquited-4560372/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian court makes rare conviction against Hindu radicals over 2007 Ajmer shrine attack|date=8 March 2017|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1319208/indian-court-makes-rare-conviction-against-hindu-radicals-over-2007-ajmer-shrine-attack}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-04-17|title=Acquitted in two cases, Aseemanand still faces Samjhauta case trial|language=en|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/acquitted-two-cases-aseemanand-still-faces-samjhauta-case-trial-79690|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> At the same time, the court questioned the NIA on its clean chit to two of the other accused, Ramesh Gohil and Amit, as well as "suspicious persons" such as the senior RSS leader Indresh Kumar and [[Pragya Singh Thakur]] stating that it could not be done without invoking appropriate sections of [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|CrPC]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2017 |title=Ajmer Blast: Former RSS Pracharak Sunil Joshi and two others convicted |url=http://www.trutharrived.com/2017/03/ajmer-blast-former-rss-pracharak-sunil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312041132/http://www.trutharrived.com/2017/03/ajmer-blast-former-rss-pracharak-sunil.html |archive-date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=trutharrived.com}}</ref> [[Pragya Singh Thakur]] later went on to be elected as [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Bhopal]] in May 2019.

==See also==
*[[2006 Malegaon blasts]]
*[[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]]
*[[29 September 2008 western India bombings|2008 Malegoan & Modasa bombing]]
*[[List of terrorist incidents, 2007]]
*[[Saffron Terror]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last1=Asthana|first1=N. C.|last2=Nirmal|first2=A.|title=Urban Terrorism : Myths And Realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&q=Ajmer&pg=PA188|page=188|publisher=Pointer|location=Jaipur|year=2009|isbn=978-81-7132-598-6|oclc=435375838}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110112203225/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=Ne150111Coverstory.asp In the words of a zealot…]. ''[[Tehelka]]''. 15 January 2011.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927121847/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ajmer-blast-accused-claims-shinde-forced-him-to-name-rss-chief-bhagwat/424426-3-239.html Ajmer blast accused claims Shinde forced him to name RSS chief Bhagwat]

[[Category:History of Ajmer]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Religious building bombings in India]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2007 building bombings]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2007]]
[[Category:Crime in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:October 2007 in India]]
[[Category:2007 murders in India]]
[[Category:2007 mass murders]]
[[Category:Sufism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Sufism]]
[[Category:Hindu terrorist incidents in the 2000s]]
[[Category:2007 in Islam]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:October 2007 crimes in Asia]]

Kurkure

2026-03-06T10:14:14Z

LuciaStonor: basic refined references for consistency and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{short description|Indian spicy puffcorn snack}}
{{distinguish|Kurkura}}
{{Infobox brand
|name = Kurkure
|image = Kurkure_Logo.png
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Official logo
|type =
|currentowner = [[PepsiCo]] ([[Frito-Lay]])
|discontinued =
|origin = India
|introduced = {{start date and age|1999}} (India) {{start date and age|2008}} (Pakistan)
|markets =
|trademarkregistrations=
|website =
}}
'''Kurkure''' is an Indian brand of spiced [[Puffcorn|crunchy puffcorn snacks]] made up of rice, [[lentil]] and [[Corn snack|corn]]. It is owned by [[PepsiCo]] through its [[subsidiary]] [[Frito-Lay]]. It was launched in [[India]] in 1999<ref name="pepsicoindia.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://pepsicoindia.co.in/brands/kurkure.html|title=PepsiCo India - Kurkure|work=pepsicoindia.co.in|access-date=2012-01-09|archive-date=2012-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009005850/http://www.pepsicoindia.co.in/brands/kurkure.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="businesstoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/case-study/story/case-study-pepsico-kurkure-on-grabbing-retaining-market-137861-2014-07-19|title=How PepsiCo's Kurkure managed to grab and retain snack market share|date=19 July 2014 |access-date=2022-02-09|archive-date=2022-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209124935/https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/case-study/story/case-study-pepsico-kurkure-on-grabbing-retaining-market-137861-2014-07-19|url-status=live}}</ref> and nine years later, it was launched in [[Pakistan]] in 2008.<ref name="Our Brands"/> The snack is manufactured in India and in Pakistan, and has limited availability in certain international markets such as [[Canada]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Ratna |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-07/news/28387014_1_frito-lay-india-frito-lay-brands-kurkure |title=Kurkure set to cross LoC |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2007-09-07 |access-date=2012-07-23 |archive-date=2013-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116022123/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-07/news/28387014_1_frito-lay-india-frito-lay-brands-kurkure |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/sep/17kur.htm |title=Kurkure goes to UK |work=Rediff.com |date=2004-12-31 |access-date=2012-07-23 |archive-date=2012-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024222236/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/sep/17kur.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="money control">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/pepsico-aims-to-double-kurkure-sales-in-next-5-years-2542623.html|title=PepsiCo aims to double Kurkure sales in next 5 years|website=moneycontrol.com|date=4 April 2018|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710090706/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/pepsico-aims-to-double-kurkure-sales-in-next-5-years-2542623.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |date=2021-08-26 |title=Kurkure snack brand to launch in the UK |url=https://www.conveniencestore.co.uk/products/kurkure-snack-brand-to-launch-in-the-uk/659262.article |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Convenience Store |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405215604/https://www.conveniencestore.co.uk/products/kurkure-snack-brand-to-launch-in-the-uk/659262.article |url-status=live }}</ref>
The word ''Kurkure'' means "crunchy" in [[Hindi-language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu-language|Urdu]] languages.

In India, it is manufactured in [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]], [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Sonipat]], [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]], [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] and [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] and in Pakistan, it is manufactured in [[Gulberg, Lahore]].

==Ingredients==
Kurkure is made from rice meal, edible vegetable oil<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurkure Business In India – Spicing Up The Market |work=aatmnirbharsena.org |url=https://aatmnirbharsena.org/blog/kurkure-making-business-in-india/ |date=5 Nov 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624005806/https://aatmnirbharsena.org/blog/kurkure-making-business-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[gingelly oil]]), corn meal, gram meal, spices (such as [[turmeric]]), condiments, salt, sugar, tartaric, and [[Disodium inosinate|E631]]. Kurkure is not completely [[Veganism|vegan]] as the PepsiCo India website in a pdf listing the ingredients show milk solids as one of the ingredients.

It contains natural, [[flavoring#Nature-identical flavorings|nature-identical]], and artificial flavoring substances.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Product Information |url=https://www.pepsicoindia.co.in/docs/librariesprovider16/product-information/kurkureb003d6aeef576d378be6ff5000e253d8.pdf |website=PepsiCo India |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=2023-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104130355/https://www.pepsicoindia.co.in/docs/librariesprovider16/product-information/kurkureb003d6aeef576d378be6ff5000e253d8.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Flavors==
{{unsourced section|date=September 2025}}
===India===
====Currently available flavors====
* Masala Munch
* Green Chutney Style
* Chilli Chatka
* Schezwan Chutney
* Solid Masti
* Jowar Puffs
* Pastax
* PuffCorns (Yummy Cheese)

====Discontinued flavors====
* Hyderabadi Hungama
* Tamatar Hyderabadi Style
* Malabar Masala Style
* Masala Twists (Solid Masti)
* Chatpata Cheese
* Desi Beats
* Naughty Tomato
* Angry Tomato
* Xtreme Electric Nimbu
* Xtreme Risky Chilli
* Monster Paws
* Zig Zag
* Corn Cups
* Monster Smilees
* Monster Paws
* Butter Masti
* Kurkure triangles
* Khatta meetha
* Sizzling hot
* Multigrain
* Chaat fills
* Gazab Golmaal
* Herapheri Hungama

===Pakistan===
*Chutney Chaska
*Red Chilli Jhatka

==Launching==
Kurkure was originated in India in 1999; in 2001 Indian television actresses [[Mandira Bedi]] and [[Pooja Ghai]] appeared in few commercials of Kurkure and served for the new brand .<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/frito-lay-adds-spice-to-kurkure/articleshow/445504507.cms|title=kurkure brand with a new logo and multi-coloured packaging with new punchline kha ke mast, taking a step ahead from control nahi hota|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=9 December 2001}}</ref> In 2004, Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] actress [[Juhi Chawla]] was featured in advertisements for Kurkure.<ref>{{cite news|last=Adesara|first=Hetal|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k4/may/maymam128.htm|title=Kurkure's new ad with Juhi Chawla rides on Tulsi bahu's success|date=31 May 2004|publisher=indiantelevision.com|access-date=23 July 2012|archive-date=16 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181231/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k4/may/maymam128.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and from 2008 [[Kareena Kapoor]] was endorsing a new range (Kurkure Desi beats) under the main brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-endorses-kurkure-desi-beats/|title=Kareena Kapoor endorses Kurkure Desi beats|website=bollywoodhungama.com/|date=28 November 2008}}</ref> Kurkure was launched in [[Tamil Media]] in 2008 with actress [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as its brand ambassador.<ref>[http://pepsicoindia.co.in/media/Press-Releases/release_06_04_08.aspx Cine Idol Simran appointed as the first brand ambassador for Kurkure in South India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011220001/http://pepsicoindia.co.in/media/Press-Releases/release_06_04_08.aspx |date=2011-10-11 }}. PepsiCo India. June 4, 2008. Retrieved on 2012-01-01.</ref> In 2012, [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], and [[Farida Jalal]], started to advertise Kurkure.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kurkure launches the all-new 'Tedha Hai Par Mera Hai' Family|url=http://www.pepsicoindia.co.in/media/Press-Releases/release_12_07_12.aspx|work=PepsiCo India|access-date=2015-03-03|archive-date=2015-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316171200/http://pepsicoindia.co.in/media/Press-Releases/release_12_07_12.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019 [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] and [[Taapsee Pannu]] acted in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu commercials of Kurkure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adageindia.in/advertising/the-evolution-of-kurkure-from-control-nahi-hota-to-khayal-toh-chatpata-hai/articleshow/69564899.cms|title=The Evolution of Kurkure: From Control Nahi Hota to Khayal toh Chatpata Hai|website=adageindia.in|date=May 30, 2019|access-date=June 24, 2019|archive-date=June 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624151725/http://www.adageindia.in/advertising/the-evolution-of-kurkure-from-control-nahi-hota-to-khayal-toh-chatpata-hai/articleshow/69564899.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/kurkure-signs-taapsee-pannu-as-brand-ambassador-unveils-new-positioning-94722.html|title=Snack brand Kurkure has roped in leading Bollywood actress Taapsee Pannu as its brand ambassador|website=exchange4media.com|date=15 February 2019}}</ref> In 2021 and 2022 [[Akshay Kumar]] appeared in Kurkure commercials along with [[Kritika Kamra]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/akshay-kumar-calls-kritika-kamra-chatpati-in-kurkures-latest-tvc/82161189|title=The TVC film featuring Kurkure's brand ambassador, Akshay Kumar and Kritika Kamra
|website=brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=20 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/akshay-kumar-and-samantha-ruth-prabhu-add-a-quirky-twist-in-kurkures-new-ad/88838321|title=Akshay Kumar and Samantha Ruth Prabhu add a quirky twist in Kurkure's new ad
|website=brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=11 January 2022}}</ref> In 2024, actress [[Sara Ali Khan]] acted in Kurkure's Hindi commercial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/kurkures-campaign-chatpatesesabpatein-normalises-work-life-balance-with-sara-ali-khan|title=Kurkure's campaign #ChatpateSeSabPatein normalises work-life balance with Sara Ali Khan|website=afaqs.com|date=19 February 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313114512/https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/kurkures-campaign-chatpatesesabpatein-normalises-work-life-balance-with-sara-ali-khan|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kurkure was launched in Pakistan in 2008.<ref name="Our Brands">{{cite web|url=https://www.pepsico.com.pk/our-brands|title=Our Brands: Kurkure|website=pepsico.com.pk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819122211/https://www.pepsico.com.pk/our-brands|archive-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> Actresses [[Ayesha Omer]], [[Hania Amir]] and [[Iqra Aziz]] have all been featured in television commercials for Kurkure in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecinemapost.com/10-pakistani-actresses-who-started-off-with-modelling/723237/|title=10 Pakistani Actresses Who Started Off with Modelling|author=Mehwish Bangush|website=thecinemapost.com|date=May 13, 2017|access-date=July 11, 2018|archive-date=July 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185541/http://thecinemapost.com/10-pakistani-actresses-who-started-off-with-modelling/723237/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brandsynario.com/kurkures-latest-tvc-featuring-iqra-aziz-ahmed-ali-akber-makes-us-miss-our-college-days/|title=Kurkure's Latest TVC Featuring Iqra Aziz & Ahmed Ali Akber Makes us Miss Our College Days!|author=Anusha Sachwani|website=brandsynario.com|date=2 October 2019|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029081256/https://www.brandsynario.com/kurkures-latest-tvc-featuring-iqra-aziz-ahmed-ali-akber-makes-us-miss-our-college-days/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2006, [[Frito-Lay]] announced plans to release Kurkure to American markets in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detarchive.asp?articleid=19261&sectionid=31|title=Frito-Lay to launch Kurkure in US|date=4 November 2006|publisher=fnbnews.com|access-date=23 July 2012|archive-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212002121/http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detarchive.asp?articleid=19261&sectionid=31|url-status=live}}</ref> This decision was made after analysts showed increasing interest in Indian spices in the region.<ref>{{cite book|title= Kurkure Masala Munch 5 Oz by PepsiCo|isbn= 2584695235}}</ref> Kurkure was subsequently introduced in other markets with a significant non-resident Indian population such as the UK.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/03/30/stories/2005033002200100.htm|title=Pepsi India to expand portfolio, foray into breakfast segment — $300–500 m investment planned|date=30 March 2005|publisher=[[Business Line]]|access-date=23 July 2012|archive-date=13 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213021057/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/03/30/stories/2005033002200100.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2010, Kurkure is available in Eastern Canada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pepsicoindia.co.in/media/Press-Releases/release-01_04_2014.aspx|title=Pepsi markets goes Global|publisher=PepsiCo India|access-date=2015-03-06|archive-date=2015-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316181435/http://pepsicoindia.co.in/media/Press-Releases/release-01_04_2014.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2013, Kurkure is available in Western Canada.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|Kurkure}} (India)
*{{Facebook|KurkurePakistan}} (Pakistan)
{{Frito Lay}}

[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Brand name snack foods]]
[[Category:Frito-Lay brands]]
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]
[[Category:Pakistani snack foods]]
[[Category:PepsiCo brands]]

Kalyaniyin Kanavan

2026-03-04T05:16:29Z

LuciaStonor: added details further and improved wording to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalyaniyin Kanavan
| image = Kalyaniyin Kanavan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
| producer = S. M. Sriramulu Naidu
| screenplay = S. M. Sriramulu Naidu
| story = Velavan
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| music = [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
| cinematography = Sailen Bose
| editing = G. Veluswamy
| studio = [[Pakshiraja Studios]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1963|09|20|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kalyaniyin Kanavan''''' ({{Translation|Kalyani's Husband}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed and produced by [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with [[M. R. Radha]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]] and [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] in supporting roles. It was released on 20 September 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=91-100 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp10.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140909161622/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp10.htm |archive-date=9 September 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=January 2023}}
Kalyani goes swimming with friends in a river when she is carried away by a strong current. As she struggles, Kathiresan saves her, and they fall in love. Kalyani's father Viswanath is impressed by the young man's bravery and wishes to get them married on an auspicious day. Two days before the wedding, Kathiresan receives an anonymous letter inviting him to an abandoned bungalow. He goes and, in the cover of darkness, fights an anonymous foe. At the end of it, he finds at his feet a body with a knife sticking out of its back! He leaves the place hurriedly. The next morning, Kathiresan, shocking everyone, screams at the bride saying she is not of good conduct and refuses to go ahead with the wedding rituals. Meanwhile, police enter the scene, looking for the bridegroom who escapes. With the marriage stopped in a dramatic fashion, problems arise in the unhappy Viswanath's family. How they are solved and the marriage is performed forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-break|width=35%}}
;Male cast<ref name="song book" />
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Kathiresan
*[[M. R. Radha]] as Somayya
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Viswanath
*[[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Sigamani
*[[O. A. K. Thevar]] as the police inspector
*[[A. Karunanidhi]] as the constable
*S. Rama Rao as Ambi
*K. V. Srinivasan as the village chief
*A. Kannayya as the servant
{{col-break|width=30%}}
;Female cast<ref name="song book" />
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Kalyani
*[[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Ramayee
*Seethalakshmi as Kamalamma
*Radhika as Manjula
*Shantha Devi as Megala
{{Col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref name="song book" />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Enakku Vaikkum Maappillai" || [[P. Susheela]]||04:06
|-
| "Kai Irukku Kaal Irukku"||[[T. M. Soundararajan]]||03:40
|-
| "Aasai Konda Manam" ||P. Susheela|| 02:22
|-
| "Enathu Raja Sabaiyile" ||T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela|| 03:14
|-
| "Kalyana Pudava Katti" ||P. Susheela|| 03:35
|-
| "Naal Ondrum Pozhudhu" ||P. Susheela|| 03:22
|-
| "Solli Theriyadhu" ||[[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela || 03:12
|-
| "Unakka Theriyadhu" ||[[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela|| 03:22
|-
| "Ethaiyum Nandra Edaipodamal Ithuvum Vendumada" ||T. M. Soundararajan|| 02:55
|-
| "Ennadi Ponnu" ||[[A. L. Raghavan]],Kausalya|| 03:15
|-
| "Kallirukkum Malar" || [[P. Leela]], T. Kamala & T. Thangappan ||
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Kalyaniyin Kanavan'' was released on 20 September 1963,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 1963 |title=கல்யாணியின் கணவன் |url=http://www.hubtamil.com/talk/showthread.php?10239-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Filmography-News-and-Events/page139 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210716065628/http://www.hubtamil.com/talk/showthread.php?10239-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Filmography-News-and-Events/page139 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=[[Swadesamitran]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> and did not do well at the box office as it ran for 10 weeks in most theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=31 March 2012 |title=Kalyaniyin Kanavan 1963 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/kalyaniyin-kanavan-1963/article3265936.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208162424/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/kalyaniyin-kanavan-1963/article3265936.ece |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> T. M. Ramachandran wrote in ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'', "The film keeps up a breezy pace but it is obvious that when the director found that he had used up a good deal of footage early on, he has put an abrupt end to the story by untying all the knots in the plot all of a sudden and providing a happy solution".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=5 October 1963 |title=Kalyaniyin Kanavan |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n277/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230202063600/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n277/mode/2up |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=9 July 2024 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=50 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=17}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.KalyaniyinKanavan_S.M.SreeRamuluNaidu_1963/92.%20KalyaniyinKanavan_S.M.SreeRamuluNaidu_1963.pdf |title=கல்யாணியின் கணவன் |publisher=[[Pakshiraja Studios]] |year=1963 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=5 July 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1440214}}

[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1963 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Majboor (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:31:24Z

LuciaStonor: further corrected formatting based on references and improved wording for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Majboor
| image = Majboor (1974) film poster.jpeg
| caption =
| director = [[Ravi Tandon]]
| producer = Premji
| writer = [[Salim-Javed]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Parveen Babi]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] [[Farida Jalal]] [[Sulochana Latkar]] [[D. K. Sapru]] [[Iftekhar]] [[Satyen Kappu]] [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] [[Mac Mohan]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor = {{ubl|Suchitha Films Pvt. Ltd|[[Eros International]]}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1974|12|06}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Majboor''''' ({{translation|'''''Compelled'''''}}) is a [[List of Hindi films of 1974|1974]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action thriller film]] directed by [[Ravi Tandon]]. Written by [[Salim-Javed]] ([[Salim Khan]] and [[Javed Akhtar]]), the film is loosely inspired by two 1970 [[American cinema|American]] films – ''[[Zig Zag (1970 film)|Zig Zag]]'' and ''[[Cold Sweat (1970 film)|Cold Sweat]]''. It stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Sulochana Latkar]], [[D. K. Sapru]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Satyen Kappu]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], and [[Mac Mohan]]. Salim-Javed had initially narrated the story of ''Majboor'' to [[Ramesh Sippy]], who liked it but wanted to make a film on a larger scale, and it was Tandon who agreed to do and Sippy later made ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) with the writer duo. The music was composed by [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]].

''Majboor'' released on 6 December 1974, opening to positive reviews. A [[box office]] hit,<ref>[http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=180&catName=MTk3NA== Box Office India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922021128/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=180&catName=MTk3NA%3D%3D |date=22 September 2012 }}</ref> the film was later remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] by director [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] as ''Raja'' (1976), in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Naan Vazhavaippen]]'' (1979) and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Ee Kaikalil]]'' (1986).<ref>Ramachandran, Naman, ''Rajnikanth: The Definitive Biography''. India: Penguin Books (2012).</ref> The film was also an inspiration for the 2008 film ''[[Jimmy (2008 film)|Jimmy]]''.

==Plot==
Ravi Khanna ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]) is a [[Commoner|common man]] working as a [[Travel agency|travel agent]] and living happily with his [[widow]]ed mother ([[Sulochana Latkar]]), [[wheelchair]]-using sister, Renu ([[Farida Jalal]]), and younger brother, Billu (Alankar Joshi). He is also due to get married with his girlfriend, Neela ([[Parveen Babi]]), who is the only daughter of a wealthy man, Mr. Rajvansh ([[D. K. Sapru]]). One night, a wealthy client, Surendra Sinha ([[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]), visits Ravi's office to collect the [[Airline ticket|air tickets]] that have been reserved for him. Ravi notices a large [[emerald]] [[Ring (jewellery)|ring]] on the [[finger]] of Surendra, who also proceeds to offer a lift in his car to him as it has been raining heavily. Later, Ravi learns from the police that Surendra was apparently [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] that same night, and that the kidnappers have demanded a [[ransom]] of [[Indian rupee|₹]]5 [[lakh]]s from Surendra's younger brother, Narendra Sinha ([[Satyen Kappu]]). Narendra has agreed to pay the ransom to save his brother, but there is no news about Surendra again. Six months later, [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] [[Inspector]] Khurana ([[Iftekhar]]) and Inspector Kulkarni ([[Jagdish Raj]]) shockingly discover Surendra's [[Cadaver|dead body]] in a [[Street gutter|gutter]] and visit Ravi's office for [[interrogation]] regarding the murder. Ravi is innocent, but nervous for Khurana and Kulkarni taking a keen interest in him, since he is the last known person to have met Surendra. He believes himself to be having an [[alibi]] and seeks legal advice from his [[lawyer]] friend, [[Advocate]] P. V. Rane (Shiv Kumar), for being a simple man with a family to be taken care of, and not willing to deal with the police and the courts.

However, the stress seems to be triggering several [[headache]]s which causes Ravi intense pain for a couple of minutes. After a second episode, he takes it seriously enough to visit Dr. Shah ([[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]]) and undergoes an [[X-ray]] of his [[brain]]. The shocking [[diagnosis]] is that Ravi has a [[brain tumour]] that needs to be extracted immediately through a [[brain surgery]], and if not, will cause his death within six months. Ravi is willing to undergo the brain surgery, but Dr. Shah states that it could either cure him completely, or could result in very unintended side-effects from [[Visual impairment|blindness]] to [[Mental disorder|mental illness]] to [[paralysis]]. Ravi is shattered for having many responsibilities on his mother, sister, and brother, and feels that he neither has the right to die nor become a burden on them. As a result, Ravi leaves without making a decision when the choices are death and a life worse than death. At the same time, he receives the interesting [[news]] of the grieving Narendra having declared a handsome [[Bounty (reward)|reward]] of ₹5 lakhs (which he was previously ready to pay to his brother's kidnappers) to the person who will help him capture Surendra's murderer. In an attempt to better his family's financial conditions after him, Ravi comes up with a scheme to frame himself for Surendra's murder and collect the reward money for his family, justifying that he has nothing to lose himself and is going to die in six months nevertheless. He [[Anonymity|anonymously]] calls Khurana at the [[police station]] as an [[Informant|informer]] about Surendra's murder, who declares Ravi as the culprit and instructs the police to deposit the money at the office of his [[solicitor]], Rane. As a result, a desperate Narendra agrees to pay out the reward after Khurana informs him about the anonymous [[telephone call]].

Meanwhile, Ravi also sends an anonymous [[Letter (message)|letter]] at Rane's office, instructing him to open the letter and follow its instructions only after Surendra's killer has been sentenced by the court. He also plants [[circumstantial evidence]] (his burnt [[shirt]], [[cigarette]] butts, pieces of [[rope]] and an [[iron]] rod with his [[fingerprint]]s) to prove that Ravi kidnapped Surendra, brought him to an isolated place, and then killed him with an iron rod. Acting upon the received information, Khurana and Kulkarni recover the evidence and [[arrest]] Ravi after fingerprint testing. During the trial, Ravi falsely confesses in the court that he kidnapped Surendra for the ransom of ₹5 lakhs, tied him up at the isolated place, and when Surendra tried to escape, he accidentally killed him and threw his dead body off in the gutter. As a result, Ravi is sentenced to death by the court, devastating his family, Neela and her father. Moreover, Ravi's mother and Neela's attempts to make some sense out of Ravi's confession and also request Narendra for [[clemency]] fail miserably. However, things take a drastic turn when Ravi suffers from another headache episode in [[prison]] and is rushed by Khurana and Kulkarni to the [[hospital]], where, serendipitously, it is Dr. Shah who examines him. Aware of Ravi's [[medical history]], Dr. Shah wastes no time in performing an emergency surgery of his brain, which miraculously ends up a successful with no side-effects. Nevertheless, it is too late now as Ravi is now a [[Conviction|convicted]] criminal for kidnapping, ransom and murder, which he planted on himself.

Two months later, Ravi summons Neela and Rane for a permitted meeting at the hospital and confesses about his innocence. However, Rane states that now there is no way out and that they will need fresh evidence to reopen the case. In an attempt to save himself from execution, Ravi successfully escapes from the hospital on the mission to search for Surendra's real murderer and is aided by Neela in his pursuit. The couple escapes to a hotel to safety, where Ravi meets a wealthy man, Mahipat Rai ([[Madan Puri]]), who has a girlfriend, Madhu (Sabina), despite being married to a [[millionaire]] wife, Sulakshana (Lalita Kumari). Ravi notices that Mahipat is shockingly wearing the same ring he had noticed on Surendra's finger. On being questioned by Ravi, Mahipat reveals that the ring was sold to him by a curio shop owner, Prakash ([[Mac Mohan]]). With the help of Prakash, Ravi traces the origin of the ring to Michael D'Souza ([[Pran (actor)|Pran]]), a kind-hearted and happy-go-lucky professional [[Theft|thief]], whom Prakash had purchased the ring from. Ravi meets Michael and confronts him over Surendra's ring, when Michael confesses of stealing the ring but claims to be the sole [[witness]] to Surendra's murder. On that rainy night, Michael had prevented the way of a car with a man driving and another man sleeping on the [[Car seat|backseat]], and had threatened the driving man at [[Coercion|gunpoint]]. The driving man claimed that the sleeping man is his friend, who is sick and is being taken to the hospital by him. Since he had nothing to give, the driving man removed the ring the sleeping man was wearing and handed it over to Michael. On learning this, Ravi realises that the sleeping man was Surendra and that he was already dead, while the man driving was his murderer. In exchange for tracking down Surendra's real murderer, Ravi offers the reward of ₹5 lakhs as well as Surendra's ring to Michael.

However, Prakash advises Michael to betray Ravi and go to make a deal with Narendra, who will give him ₹5 lakhs for the information on the murderer. Michael visits Surendra's house to meet Narendra for the same, but is shocked to identify Narendra as the driver of the car, whom he had stolen Surendra's ring from. Seeing no other way out, Narendra admits that Surendra's wife, Mona (Ashoo), had an [[Affair|extramarital affair]] with him, which Surendra discovered on the rainy night and banished Narendra from the house. He also alleged that Narendra is his adopted brother, but a furious Narendra immediately retaliated by smashing [[glass bottle]]s on Surendra's [[head]], killing him instantly due to [[Head injury|head injuries]]. Narendra then threw Surendra's dead body off in the gutter, faked his kidnapping and ransom, and announced the reward of ₹5 lakhs to cover up his crime. After learning this, Michael agrees to hand over Ravi to Narendra in exchange for ₹7.5 lakhs. Michael instructs both Ravi and Narendra to reach an isolated cabin at the same time, where Ravi will find Surendra's real killer, and Narendra will find Ravi. Michael is now perplexed as he is aware that Ravi never murdered Surendra, and yet he admitted to the crime in the court.

In an attempt to find out the truth about Ravi's strange actions, Michael visits Ravi's house to realise that Ravi took the blame of the murder just to provide for his family, and takes an [[oath]] that Ravi will return home to them. Later, Michael meets Narendra at the place where he had summoned him and Ravi. When Ravi and Neela arrive there, they are horrified to witness Narendra [[shooting]] three [[bullet]]s in the [[stomach]] of Michael, already aware that he will expose the truth about his crime. At this point, Ravi learns that the murderer of Surendra is none other than Narendra, Surendra's own brother. He drives away desperately to bring a doctor back in time, while a gravely injured Michael holds Narendra at gunpoint along with Neela during the time. As Ravi is returning with a doctor, Kulkarni and the police discover his car and pursue Ravi to the [[crime scene]]. As Michael's health deteriorates, Narendra attempts to escape, but Ravi appears on time and captures him. Michael provides his [[testimony]] to Kulkarni about Ravi's innocence and Narendra being Surendra's killer, and eventually dies in Ravi's arms. As a result, Kulkarni and the police arrest Narendra for both Surendra and Michael's murders, and [[Acquittal|acquitt]] Ravi from the charge of Surendra's murder. The film ends with the [[funeral]] of Michael when his oath of reuniting Ravi with his family is recalled.

== Cast ==
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Ravi Khanna
* [[Parveen Babi]] as Neela Rajvansh
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Michael D'Souza
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Renu Khanna (Ravi's sister)
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Mrs. Khanna (Ravi's mother)
* [[D. K. Sapru]] as Mr. Rajvansh (Neela's father)
* [[Iftekhar]] as CID Inspector Khurana
* [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as Surendra Sinha (murder victim)
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Narendra Sinha (Surendra's adopted younger brother and murderer)
*Mac Mohan]] as Prakash (Michael's friend)
* [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]] as Dr. Shah (Ravi's doctor)
* [[Madan Puri]] as Mahipat Rai
* [[Alankar Joshi]] as Billu Khanna (Ravi's younger brother)
* [[Jagdish Raj]] as Inspector Kulkarni (Khurana's assistant)
* [[Shiv Kumar (actor)|Shiv Kumar]] as Advocate P. V. Rane (Ravi's friend)
* [[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Sharma (Ravi's colleague)
===Cameo Appearances===
* [[K. N. Singh]] as Public Prosecutor for Ravi in court
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Judge who sentences Ravi to death in court
* [[Ashoo]] as Mona Surendra Sinha (Surendra's widow)
* [[Lalita Kumari]] as Sulakshana Mahipat Rai (Mahipat's wife)
* [[Sabina (actress)|Sabina]] as Madhu (Mahipat's girlfriend)
* [[Anoop Kumar]] as Frightened Air Passenger

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aadmi Jo Kehta Hai Aadmi Jo Sunta Hai
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| all_lyrics = Anand Bakshi
| length1 =

| title2 = Dekh Sakta Hoon Main Kuch Bhi Hote Hue
| note2 = Male Version
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar
| length2 =

| title4 = Roothe Rab Ko Manana Aasan Hai
| extra4 = [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length4 =

| title3 = Michael Daru Peeke Danga Karta Hai
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar
| length3 =

| title5 = Dekh Sakta Hoon Main Kuch Bhi Hote Hue
| note5 = Female Version
| extra5 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length5 =
}}

==Awards and nominations==
'''[[23rd Filmfare Awards]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366907.cms |title=The Nominations - 1975 - the 49th Manikchand Filmfare Awards |website=filmfareawards.indiatimes.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323041928/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/366907.cms |archive-date=23 March 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>'''

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Farida Jalal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0071800|Majboor}}

{{Salim-Javed}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed]]
[[Category:Urdu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Fiction about fratricide]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Tandon]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about siblicide]]

Bharati (2006 film)

2026-03-03T18:03:02Z

LuciaStonor: Started post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bharati
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = R. S. Raju
| writer = P. Chandrasekhar Azad (dialogues)
| screenplay = R. S. Raju
| story = R. S. Raju
| based_on = 
| producer = R. S. Raju
| starring = [[Sri Divya|Baby Sri Divya]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sattibabu
| editing =
| music =
| studio = Samaikya Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2006}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bharati''''' (also known as '''''Bharathi''''') is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language children's film directed by R. S. Raju and starring [[Sri Divya|Baby Sri Divya]] in the title role. The film won three [[Nandi Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2006.html|title=Nandi Awards 2006|date=13 February 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sri Divya|Baby Sri Divya]] as Bharati
*[[M. Balayya]] as Bharati's grandfather
*[[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]]
*[[Sampath Raj]]
*Master Ajay
* Sashidhar
* Madhavi
* Apoorva
}}

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=14 November 2023}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Children Film|Best Children Film]] - R. S. Raju
*Best Director of Children Film - R. S. Raju
*[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress|Child Actress]] – [[Sri Divya|Baby Sri Divya]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]

Shanta Hublikar

2026-02-27T00:41:50Z

LuciaStonor: New

{{short description|Indian actress, singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanta Hublikar
| image = Shanta Hubalikar.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rajamma
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|4|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Adargunchi]], [[Hubballi]] [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1992|7|17|1914|4|14|df=y}}
| death_place =[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| death_cause =
| occupation = {{hlist|actress|singer}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Bapusaheb Gite|1939|1977|end=d.}}
| children = 1
| relatives =
| honours =
| years_active = 1934–1963
| height =
}}
'''Shanta Hublikar''' (14 April 1914 – 17 July 1992), was an actress and singer from early years of [[Indian cinema]]. Shanta worked in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films from 1934 to 1963. Her songs ''Ab kis liye kalki baat'' from [[Manoos|Aadmi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/aadmi-v-shantaram-7402.php |title=Shantaram's 'Aadmi' |website=indiavideo.org}}</ref> and its Marathi version ''Kashala udyachi baat'' from [[Manoos]]<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Rupali |title=V Shantaram's revolutionary film 'Manoos' completes 75 years |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/V-Shantarams-revolutionary-film-Manoos-completes-75-years/articleshow/41898152.cms |accessdate=22 February 2015 |work=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=7 September 2014}}</ref> became immensely popular and established her as a star actress of her time.

==Personal life==
Born as Rajamma in Adargunchi, a village in [[Hubballi]] in [[Karnataka]], Shanta came to [[Kolhapur]] to work in films when she was 18.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.facebook.com/391149464326895/photos/a.399025396872635/935220473253122/?type=3 |title=Imprints and Images of Indian Film Music |via=Facebook}}</ref>

Shanta married to Bapusahep Gite, a business man from [[Poona]] (now Pune) in 1939. She was fluent in Kannada, Marathi and Hindi.

==Career==
In 1934, she first did a minor role in the film ''Bhedi Rajkumar/Thaksen Rajputra''. Her first major role was in ''Kanhopatra'' (1937). Soon she was hired by ''[[Prabhat Film Company]]'' and cast her in Marthi-Hindi bilingual ''Majha Mulga/Mera Ladka'' in 1938 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prabhatfilm.com/films.htm |title=Prabhat Films List |website=Prabhat films.com |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722170023/http://www.prabhatfilm.com/films.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Shanta impressed [[V. Shantaram]] by her singing and acting which led to cast her in his path-breaking movie Aadmi/[[Manoos]] in Hindi and Marathi respectively. Shanta played the role of a prostitute which was a bold step in those days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/film-still-of-actress-shanta-hublikar-in-the-film-manoos-aadmi/kQF5T8E-WtxfCg?hl=en |title=Still of Shanta Hublikar |website=Arts and Culture.google.com}}</ref> Shanta became popular as a singer too.

After Aadmi's success, Shanta went on to appear in many movies including her only [[Kannada]] film [[Jeevana Nataka]] in 1942.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Autobiography==
Shanta has written an autobiography in Marathi, "''Kashala Udyachi Baat''" published by Srividya Publications.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amazon.in/Kashala-Udyachi-Baat-Shanta-Hublikar/dp/B073TKS3S1 |title=Shanta Hublikar's autobiography "Kashala Udyachi Baat" |publisher=Srividya publication(Amazon.in) |date=1 January 2017}}</ref>

==Book in Kannada==
Noted writer [[A.N.Prahlada Rao]], has written a book 'Shanta Hublikar' in [[Kannada]], published by [[Rashtrottahana Parishat]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==Death==
After husband's death in 1977, Shanta became alone, spent her last days in an old age home in [[Pune]] and died on 17 July 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marathisrushti.com/profiles/shanta-hublikar/ |title=Shanta Hublikar lifestory |website=MarathiSrushti.com}}</ref>

She had also lived in Shraddhanand Mahila Ashram Vasai west in the late 1980s.

==Filmography==
Films of Shanta Hublikar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/shanta-hublikar-81309 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116063712/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/shanta-hublikar-81309 |url-status=live |archive-date=16 January 2021 |title=Shanta hublikar filmography |website=cinestaan.com}}</ref>
* ''Bhedka Rajkumar'' (1934)
* ''Kanhopatra'' (1937)
* ''Mera Ladka'' (1937)
* ''[[Manoos|Manoos/Aadmi]]'' (1939)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/regional/trailblazing-marathi-movie-i-manoos-i-completes-75-years-661428 |title=Trailblazing Marathi Movie Manoos Completes 75 Years - NDTV Movies |website=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref>
* ''Ghar Ki Laaj'' (1941)
* ''Pahila Palna'' (1942)
* ''[[Jeevana Nataka]]'' (1942)
* ''Malan'' (1942)
* ''Kul Kalank'' (1945)
* ''Jeevan Chaya'' (1946)
* ''Sowbhagyavathi Bhavh'' (1958)
* ''Ghar Grihasthi'' (1958)
* ''Holiday in Bombay'' (1963)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0399532}}
*[https://wynk.in/u/QMDCILnae Shanta Hublikar songs on Wynk.in]
*[https://gaana.com/artist/shanta-hublikar Shanta Hublikar songs on Gaana.com]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]

Jhalawar Medical College

2026-02-19T20:16:11Z

LuciaStonor: Started Info

{{Short description|Medical college in Jhalawar, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jhalawar Medical College
| established = {{start date and age|8 August 2007}}
| type = [[Government Medical College (disambiguation)|Government Medical College]]
| principal = Dr. Shiv Bhagwan Sharma
| location = Nh 12, Kota Road, [[Jhalawar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| affiliations = [[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
| city =
| website =
}}

'''Jhalawar Medical College''' is a public <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://education.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/education/medical-education-department/en/society-medical-college.html |title=Society Medical Colleges (Including Raj-MES) |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311214629/http://www.education.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/education/medical-education-department/en/society-medical-college.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Medical College situated in the city [[Jhalawar]], of the Indian state [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Jhalawar Medical College | url=http://jmcjhalawar.org/index.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228034202/http://jmcjhalawar.org/index.htm | access-date=2025-12-29 | archive-date=28 December 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The new Hospital and College started functioning from 27 March 2008. The first MBBS batch of 100 students was admitted in 2008 through RPMT & AIPMT. Since 2016, the college got permission from NMC for 150 students per year. From 2019, college admits 200 students per year.

Jhalawar Medical College also have PG course in various departments.

==See also==
* [[Colleges and institutes in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://jmcjhalawar.org/index.htm Jhalawar Medical College official webpage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709024412/http://jmcjhalawar.org/index.htm |date=9 July 2012 }}

{{Colleges affiliated to Rajasthan University of Health Sciences}}
{{Coord|24.5867789|N|76.1584328|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in Jhalawar district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jhalawar]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]

{{Rajasthan-university-stub}}

Subbaramiah Minakshisundaram

2026-02-12T02:53:53Z

LuciaStonor: Stub

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (1913–1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subbaramiah Minakshisundaram
| image = Subbaramiah Minakshisundaram.jpg
| caption = Minakshisundaram in 1940
| birth_date = 12 October 1913
| birth_place = Trichur, Kerala State, India
| death_date = 12 August 1968
| death_place = Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| other_names = Minakshi, SMS, Jeja
| occupation = Mathematician
| years_active = 1936 - 1968
| known_for = [[Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function|Minakshisundaram-Pleijel zeta function]]
}}
'''Subbaramiah Minakshisundaram''' (12 October 1913 - 13 August 1968), also known as Minakshi or SMS, was an Indian mathematician who worked on [[partial differential equation]]s and [[heat kernel]]s. In 1946, he worked at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in Princeton, America, where he met [[Åke Pleijel]]. In 1949, the two wrote a paper together called, ''Some properties of the eigenfunctions of the Laplace-operator on [[Riemannian manifold]]s'', in which they introduced the [[Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function|Minakshisundaram-Pleijel zeta function]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Subbaramiah Minakshisundaram - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Minakshisundaram/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-04 |title=FROM THE EDITOR' S DESK « |url=http://minakshisundaram.org/memorial-journals/from-the-editor-s-desk/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704014355/http://minakshisundaram.org/memorial-journals/from-the-editor-s-desk/ |archive-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

On the 13th of August 1968, Subbaramiah suffered a heart attack and died at the age of 55.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Subbaramiah Minakshisundaram was the first of three children, born in 1913 and called "Jeja" by his parents, meaning God. In his early years he learned [[Malayalam]], but when his family moved to Chennai because of his father's job as a sanitary engineer they spoke [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name=":0" />

His family were Hindus, and as a boy Minakshisundaram would chant the [[Gayatri Mantra|Gayatri Japa]] and perform the [[Sandhyavandanam]] with his grandfather every morning and night.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Episodes in Minakshisundaram's life |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Minakshi_life/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref>

In 1919, Minakshi attended the [[Calavala Ramanujam Chetty High School]], where he displayed a "marked aptitude" for mathematics, and graduated in 1929 with a Secondary School Leaving Certificate. After graduating, he studied at Pachaiyappa's College and went to Loyola College in 1931 to pursue a B.A. in mathematics, which he attained in 1934.

=== Career ===
After graduating from Loyola College, Subbaramiah joined the [[University of Madras]] as a research scholar and worked in the library.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Thangavelu |first=S |date=January 2003 |title=S Minakshisundaram: A glimpse into his life and work |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02834449 |journal=Resonance |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1007/BF02834449 |s2cid=121735864 |issn=0971-8044|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

During his time at the University of Madras, Minakshi was influenced by [[K. Ananda Rau|K Ananda Rau]], and began studying the summability of [[Series (mathematics)|series]]. His first paper, ''Tauberian theorems on Dirichlet's series'', was published in 1936 and expanded upon Rau's theorem. He followed this with two papers, both published in 1937: ''On the extension of a theorem of Caratheodory in the theory of Fourier series'', and, ''The Fourier series of a sequence of functions''.<ref name=":0" />

=== Marriage ===
On the 10th of May, 1937, Minakshisundaram married M Parvathi. They had three children together:

* K Ramu (born 1943)
* K Girija (born 1945)
* K Radha (birthdate unknown)<ref name=":0" />

==Publications==

* Minakshisundaram, S., & Szasz, O. (1947). On Absolute Convergence of Multiple Fourier Series. ''Transactions of the American Mathematical Society'', ''61''(1), 36–53. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/1990288</nowiki>
* Minakshisundaram, S., & Pleijel, Å. (1949). Some Properties of the Eigenfunctions of The Laplace-Operator on Riemannian Manifolds. ''Canadian Journal of Mathematics,'' ''1''(3), 242-256. {{doi|10.4153/CJM-1949-021-5}}
* Minakshisundaram, S. (1949). A Generalization of Epstein Zeta Functions. ''Canadian Journal of Mathematics,'' ''1''(4), 320-327. {{doi|10.4153/CJM-1949-029-3}}
* Minakshisundaram, S., Chandrasekharan, K. (1952). Typical Means. India: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay.
* Minakshisundaram, S. (1953). Eigenfunctions on Riemannian Manifolds. ''The Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society'', ''17''(4), 159–165
* Chandrasekharan, K., & Minakshisundaram, S. (1954). A Note on Typical Means. ''The Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society'', ''18''(1), 107–114

=== Posthumous works ===

* Minakshisundaram, S. (2012). Collected Works of S. Minakshisundaram. India: Ramanujan Mathematical Society.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://minakshisundaram.org/sms-memorial-society/ S. Minakshisundaram memorial society]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minakshisundaram, Subbaramiah}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]

{{Asia-mathematician-stub}}

Garha

2026-02-11T04:52:59Z

LuciaStonor: put up basic info v1.

{{Short description|Muslim caste of India}}
{{About||the Rajput clan|Gaur Rajputs|the Brahmin Hindu caste|Gaur Brahmins|other uses|Gour (disambiguation){{!}}Gour}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{ethnic group|
| group = Gada
Muslims
| poptime =
| popplace ={{Flag|India}}, {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| langs = Hindi • [[Urdu language|Urdu]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| rels = {{symbol|Star and Crescent.svg}} Islam
}}
'''Garha''' (also spelled '''Gaud''', '''Gada''' ) are a Muslim community in the [[subcontinent]]. They live pre-dominantly in the states of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], Delhi, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Rajasthan]].

==History and origin==
The Garha have 51 sub-divisions,<ref name="poi">Manohar, K S Singh, ed. (2005) ''People of India Uttar Pradesh''. Vol. XLII Part 2. p. 509</ref> known as [[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradari]]. Some of these are based on territorial groupings and some on the sects and castes they belonged prior to their conversion to Islam. Their main biradari is the [[Gaur Brahmin]]. Some Garha sub-groups descent from the [[Gaur (clan)|Gaur (Clan)]] of [[Rajput]]. But most of Gada groups are descent from the Gaur Brahmin community, and Garha is the khadi boli transformation of the original Sanskrit word "Gauda" which means "fair one" an allusion to the learnedness and high status.

Some Garha Biradari sub-groups also descent from the tribe of Muhammad Ghouri or [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. They merged with the Gaur Muslims through marriage and political alliance and use surname Ghouri or Gouri and Ghazi. Although as per Historical evidences, Muhammad Ghori didn't have any sons, his only child was his daughter who died in his lifetime.

Thus it can be concluded that Gaur Muslims are a mixed community of [[Gaur Brahmin]] (major and the main part), [[Rajput]] and [[Ghurid dynasty|Gauri Turk]].

The Garha have a caste association, called the Anjuman Garha (Garha association), whose primary purpose is to look after their socio-economic welfare. The association runs schools imparting education and making arrangements of boarding house for poors. They live in multi-caste villages, occupying their own quarters and they are landlords and well educated as well as powerful. They are upper caste and Swarn or [[Ashraaf]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Manohar, K S Singh, ed. (2005) ''People of India Uttar Pradesh''. Vol. XLII Part 2. p. 511</ref>

The community comprises mostly peasants called Lambardaar, Gour, Padhaan, Zamindaar, Jagirdar, Chaudhary, Gauri and Ghazi concentrated in the [[Doab]] region of Uttar Pradesh and neighbouring [[Haridwar District]] of [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Yamuna Nagar district]] of [[Haryana]]. Each of their settlements contains a village-based caste council, known as a ''biradari panchayat'', which acts as an instrument of social control and resolves intra-community disputes. In terms of religion, they are fairly orthodox [[Sunni]] Muslims, and have customs similar to other neighbouring Muslim peasant castes such as [[Tyagi|Muslim Taga]]s, [[Jat Muslim|Muslim Jat]]s, [[Ranghar]]s and [[Rohilla]]s. The Garha speak [[Urdu]], Hindi, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and the local [[Kauravi dialect|Khari boli]] dialect.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==See also==
* [[Gaur Brahmins]]
* [[Gaur Rajputs]]
* [[Muhammad ibn Suri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48115/page/n117/mode/2up]

[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Haryana]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Rajasthan]]

Salim Diwan

2026-02-10T03:16:59Z

LuciaStonor: minor edit

{{short description|Indian film actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Salim Diwan
|image =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1985|5|12}}
|birth_place = Rajasthan
|occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|Entrepreneur}}
|years_active = 2016–present
|known_for = [[Bollywood Diaries]] [[Aliya Basu Gayab Hai]]
}}

'''Salim Diwan''' (born 12 May 1985) is an Indian [[Bollywood film]] actor<ref>{{Cite web|title = Salim Diwan|url = https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7743943/|website = IMDb|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref> and entrepreneur. Who made his debut in ''[[Bollywood Diaries]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = :: SALIM DIWAN|url = http://www.salimdiwan.com/profile.html|website = www.salimdiwan.com|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title =Salim Diwan on romancing TV actress Aneri Vajani in a song and plans on doing TV, says 'I'm yet to explore TV'|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/salim-diwan-on-romancing-tv-actress-aneri-vajani-in-a-song-says-im-yet-to-explore-tv-exclusive/articleshow/99492604.cms|website = The Times of India}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Salim Diwan was born in the [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]] district of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. During his school years, he was actively involved with local theatre groups, which sparked his interest in acting. After completing his graduation, Diwan pursued a degree in law in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Wanted To Become A Notary, Brother Sent Him To Mumbai To Become A Lawyer|url = https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jhunjhunu/news/wanted-to-become-a-notary-brother-sent-him-to-mumbai-to-become-a-lawyer-131803010.html|website = Bhaskar}}</ref> However, before starting his acting career, he joined his father’s [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] company.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cinemarkets :: Talent Directory Biography|url = http://www.cinemarkets.com/Talent_directory/artist_directory_biography/43607|website = www.cinemarkets.com|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2005–06, Salim Diwan participated in the reality show ''Jet Set Go'' and received an [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA award]] in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = :: SALIM DIWAN|url = http://www.axsnow.com/salimdiwan/profile.html|website = www.axsnow.com|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref> Following this, he enrolled at the Kishore Namit Kapoor Institute to pursue professional acting training.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Salim Diwan debuts in 'Ankur Arora Murder Case' – Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Salim-Diwan-debuts-in-Ankur-Arora-Murder-Case/articleshow/20551741.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref>

Diwan made his Bollywood debut with a brief appearance in [[Ankur Arora Murder Case]]. He later gained attention for his role in [[Bollywood Diaries]], which was released on 26 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bollywood Diaries Official Trailer {{!}} Raima Sen {{!}} Ashish Vidyarthi {{!}} Salim Diwan {{!}} 26 February 2016 – Todayincity|url = http://www.todayincity.com/bollywood/bollywood-trailers/bollywood-diaries-official-trailer-raima-sen-ashish-vidyarthi-salim-diwan-26th-feb-2016/|website = Todayincity|access-date = 2016-01-22|language = en-US}}</ref> In the film, he portrayed Rohit, a Bollywood enthusiast with dreams of making it in the film industry. The trailer for the movie was launched on 12 January 2016 in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mumbai: Actors Raima Sen and Salim Diwan during the trailer launch of film Bollywood Diaries in Mumbai, on Jan 12, 2016. (Photo: IANS) - Only24News.com|url = http://only24news.com/gallery?id=2292|website = only24news.com|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref>

Beyond his acting career, Diwan is the promoter and Managing Director of Rajasthan Aushdhalaya Pvt. Ltd. (Rajasthan Herbals International), a prominent [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicines]] manufacturer with over 60000 centres across India.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rajasthan Aushadhalaya Private Limited – Manufacturer from Mumbai, India {{!}} Who We Are.|url = http://www.rajasthanherbalsinternational.com/who-we-are.html|website = www.rajasthanherbalsinternational.com|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref> He actively pursues his company’s vision of an “Addiction Free India", wherein his dedicated team has organised thousands of DE-addiction camps all over the country to curb addiction and help in rehabilitation of the addicts and subsequent recovery.<ref>{{Cite web|title = :: Press Release|url = http://www.nashamukti.in/photogallery_1.html|website = www.nashamukti.in|access-date = 2016-01-22}}</ref>

Salim Diwan is involved in lot of philanthropic activities and takes time out of his busy and hectic schedule to reach out to needy people for their betterment. He also engages in various social causes like reaching out to orphanages, old age homes and other such institutions for the poor. His philanthropy reflects from his actions like arranging free educations for girls from poor families, adopting orphans and ensuring daily square meals and education for them. All his birthdays are celebrated mostly in orphanages as he always likes to put a smile on the underprivileged, which reflects his caring nature.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Actor Salim Diwan adopts 20 children, will look after their education – Times of India|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/actor-salim-diwan-adopts-20-children-will-look-after-their-education/articleshow/83629592.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2021-06-18}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title = Salim Diwan spreads smiles and cheer this Diwali – Times of India|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salim-diwan-spreads-smiles-and-cheer-this-diwali/articleshow/114818607.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2024-10-31}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title = Here's how 'Bollywood Diaries' actor Salim Diwan celebrated his 38th birthday – Times of India|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-how-bollywood-diaries-actor-salim-diwan-celebrated-his-38th-birthday/articleshow/100189758.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2023-05-12}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! References
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" |''[[Bollywood Diaries]]''
| Rohit Gupta
|
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" |''Quran (Short Film)''
| Self
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Quran - A Hindi Drama Short Film|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ0dRnI9wys|website = YouTube|access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" |''The Perfect Scream (Short Film)''
| Arjun
|
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" |''It's Too Late (Short Film)''
| Veer
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Salim Diwan: I'm in this profession not just to earn a living but to enjoy my craft|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salim-diwan-im-in-this-profession-not-just-to-earn-a-living-but-to-enjoy-my-craft/articleshow/112531746.cms|website = The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2024
! scope="row" |''[[Aliya Basu Gayab Hai]]''
| Deepak
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Salim Diwan to romance Raima Sen in his comeback film 'Aliya Basu Gayab Hai'
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salim-diwan-to-romance-raima-sen-in-aliya-basu-gayab-hai/articleshow/112019639.cms|website = The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| -
! scope="row" |''For Me for The World (Short Film)''
| Self
|
|-
| -
! scope="row" |''Adiyal''
| Ishwar
|
|}

===Music video===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! References
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" |''Tu Hi To Hai''
| Lead
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Tu Hi To Hai New Video Song Jeetu Gaur Feat. Salim Diwan, Meghna Rajput Latest Vodeo Song 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvq-8rJq9qI|website = YouTube|access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" |''Intezaar''
| Lead
|<ref>{{cite web|title=INTEZAAR - Ghazal By Soumee Sailsh|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7F924L2Q-RU|website = YouTube|access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" |''Shehar Mein Bewafa''
| Lead
|
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" |''Tum Suno To Sahi''
| Lead
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Song “Tum Suno Toh Sahi” Released: Salim Diwan and Lavina Israni Share Their Shooting Journey – MidDay|url =
https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/song-tum-suno-toh-sahi-released-salim-diwan-and-lavina-israni-share-their-shooting-journey-3709|website = MidDay|access-date = 2024-12-31}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
! scope="row" |''Rehmat Sa Aaya''
| Lead
|<ref>{{Cite web|title = Salim Diwan opens up about the 76th Republic Day; says, “When it comes to patriotism and fostering a deep connection, music plays a vital role” – Times of India|url =
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/salim-diwan-opens-up-about-the-76th-republic-day-says-when-it-comes-to-patriotism-and-fostering-a-deep-connection-music-plays-a-vital-role/articleshow/117561139.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2025-01-25}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|7743943}}
* {{Instagram|imsalimdiwan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diwan, Salim}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Hujjat Allah al-Baligha

2026-02-07T01:14:12Z

LuciaStonor: Started Biography - done

{{Short description|Book by Shah Waliullah Dehlawi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Hujjat Allah al-Baligha
| image = Urdu cover of Hujjat Allah al-Baligha.jpg
| caption = Urdu 1905 cover
| author = [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]
| title_orig = حجة الله البالغة
| orig_lang_code = ar
| translator = [[Marcia Hermansen]]
| country = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| language = Arabic
| subject = [[Philosophy of religion]]
| published = [[18th century]]
| media_type = Print
| dewey = 297/.2
| congress = BP160.W313 1996
| website = [https://brill.com/display/title/2593?language=en&srsltid=AfmBOortGiw626nqOW_W9C4GFeMk0kQVwMouWXEm5xyTd7qiuXoqIM8D brill.com]
| isbn = 978-90-0410-298-9
| isbn_note = ([[Brill Publishers|Brill]], English, 1996)
| oclc = 32665795
}}
'''''Hujjat Allah al-Baligha''''' ({{langx|ar|حجة الله البالغة|lit=The Conclusive Argument from God}}) is an 18th-century Islamic [[Sociology|socio]]-[[Aqidah|theological]] work written by [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]. Widely regarded as his [[Masterpiece|''magnum opus'']], it is a unique work of its kind, combining elements of history, philosophy, law, theology, and [[psychology]]. The book seeks to explain the underlying purposes and meanings of Islamic laws, rituals, and traditions by integrating [[Mysticism|mystical]], [[Rationalism|rational]], and [[Textuality|textual]] approaches. Shah Waliullah interprets the [[sharia]] as a set of divine injunctions consistent with [[human nature]] and innate intuition. He viewed [[Muhammad|prophetic]] reform as an effort to awaken and actualize the moral and social potential inherent in human societies. The structure and approach of the work bear similarities to [[al-Ghazali]]'s [[The Revival of the Religious Sciences|''The Revival of the Religious Sciences'']].

== Background ==
''Hujjat Allah al-Baligha'' opens with a brief preface, followed by an introduction and two main sections. In the preface, the author emphasizes the importance of [[hadith]], which he identifies as the foundation of religious sciences. He states that among Islamic sciences, the most difficult, profound, and significant is ''hikmat al-tashri'' (the study of the underlying reasons, wisdom, and purposes behind religious rulings), and asserts that understanding and applying religious matters is possible only through this discipline.<ref name=":0" /> While the sayings of the [[Muhammad|Prophet]], the [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]], and the [[Tabi'un|Followers]], along with explanations in the works of certain scholars, provide guidance on hikmat al-tashri, few independent works on the subject exist. Shah Waliullah notes that producing such a work requires mastery of religious sciences, as well as intellectual capacity, expressive ability, and experience.<ref name=":0" /> After indicating his preparation, he reports that certain circumstances prompted him to undertake the work, and, at the suggestion of his friend Muhammad Ashiq, he began writing it. Inspired by verse 149 of ''[[Al-An'am]]'', which contains the phrase al-hujjatul-baligha (the most conclusive proof, interpreted as indicating the certainty and sufficiency of divine guidance), he titled the work ''Hujjat Allah al-Baligha''.<ref name=":0">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|last=Topaloğlu|first=Beki̇r|title=HÜCCETULLĀHİ'l-BÂLİGA|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/huccetullahil-baliga}}</ref> The structure and method of the book resemble ''[[The Revival of the Religious Sciences]]'' by al-Ghazali in its thematic organization.<ref name=":1" />

The work has been published multiple times: in [[Bulaq Press]] (1284, 1286, 1294), [[Istanbul]] (1317, 1318, 1322, including alongside Al-Ghazali's ''The Revival of the Religious Sciences''), [[Cairo]] (1322, 1355), and [[Delhi]] (1953). It was edited by Sayyid Sabik (Cairo) and Muhammad Sharif Sukkar (I–II, Beirut, 1410/1990), though these editions contain errors.<ref name=":0" /> Annotated editions by [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] appeared in Lahore (1950). The work has been translated into several languages, primarily Urdu, including separate translations by Khalid A. Israili (as ''Ayatullahil-Kamilah'', Lahore), Abu Muhammad Abdul Haq Haqqani (Karachi), and Abdul Rahim (Lahore, undated). Partial and complete Turkish translations were produced by Ali Genceli (Ankara, 1971) and Mehmet Erdogan (I–II, Istanbul, 1994), respectively. [[Marcia Hermansen]] translated the work into English as ''The Conclusive Argument from God'' ([[Leiden]], 1996).<ref name=":0" />

== Content ==
Often referred to as an example of 'theological sociology', the book integrates history, philosophy, law, theology, and a study of human psychology.<ref name=":1" /> Shah Waliullah viewed sharia as a set of divine guidelines corresponding to human instincts. He described prophetic reform as a process through which the latent capacities within human societies could be actualized. The work analyzes traditional symbols and practices by combining mystical, rational, and textual methods of interpretation.<ref name=":1" />

The book begins with Shah Waliullah's argument that every divine ruling has a purpose. He states that both reason and revelation are necessary to understand these purposes, and that interpretation should be undertaken only by qualified scholars. The work is divided into two main sections: one addressing the general principles underlying divine laws, and another addressing the wisdom found in the Prophet's teachings.<ref name=":0" />

In the first section, Shah Waliullah presents the view that divine laws follow an order and purpose comparable to that observed in the universe. He discusses cause and effect, reward and punishment, and the connection between human happiness, morality, and social order. He also considers how material and spiritual needs are addressed in divine guidance.<ref name=":0" />

Waliullah categorizes good (birr) as angelic and evil (ism) as animalistic. He emphasizes [[tawhid]] (oneness of God) as central to goodness and [[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]] (polytheism) as its opposite. The work describes the reasoning behind worship, divine attributes, and major religious duties. It also explains the role of prophetic guidance in regulating human life and the balance of ease, practicality, and discipline in Islamic law.<ref name=":0" />

The book discusses the transmission, classification, and interpretation of hadith, as well as differences in legal opinions among early scholars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baqi |first=Abdullahil |date=14 October 2025 |title=The Foundations, Practice, and Levels of Hadith |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/religion/islam/bmrni2tyhq |work=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref> It also examines why Islam introduced new rulings, including the reform or replacement of earlier laws.<ref name=":0" />

The second section focuses on the wisdom in the Prophet's teachings, covering faith, worship, ethics, and [[ihsan]] (spiritual excellence). It addresses family, governance, economic matters, and daily life. Shah Waliullah concludes by situating his work within the broader scholarly tradition of studying the purposes of divine law, referencing figures such as [[al-Ghazali]], [[Ibn Taymiyya]], and [[Ibn Arabi]].<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
It is widely regarded as Shah Waliullah's [[Masterpiece|''magnum opus'']] and a unique work in Islamic scholarship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Majeed |first=Nazeer Ahmad Abdul |date=2001 |title=International Seminar on Shah Wali-Allah's Thought |url=https://www.ajis.org/ |journal=American Journal of Islam and Society |language=en |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=142 |doi=10.35632/ajis.v18i3.2014 |issn=2690-3741}}</ref> Since the 19th century, it has been cited in reformist discussions, used in educational contexts, and studied in academic research,<ref name=":0" /> including at [[Al-Azhar University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Othman |first=Fadlan Mohd |last2=Mustafa |first2=Lutpi |last3=Nazri |first3=Mohd Arif |last4=Sakat |first4=Ahamad Asmadi |last5=Usman |first5=Abur Hamdi |last6=Ali |first6=Mohd Akil Muhamed |last7=Ramle |first7=Muhamad Rozaimi |date=2015 |title=Hujjat Allah Al-Balighah: The Uniqueness of Shah Wali Allah Al-Dihlawi's Work |url=https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/7579 |journal=Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences |language=en |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=403 |issn=2039-2117}}</ref> Fadlan Mohd Othman notes that the book stands out for combining aspects of mysticism with jurisprudence,<ref name=":1" /> while the [[İslâm Ansiklopedisi|''İslâm Ansiklopedisi'']] describes it as a comprehensive examination of the role and significance of Islam in personal and social life, particularly focusing on the reasons and wisdoms behind religious rulings and moral principles.<ref name=":0" /> [[Mehmet Görmez]] emphasized that it is Shah Waliullah's most important work, unmatched in its attempt to harmonize reason and revelation, unite Sufism with the [[Sharia]], and integrate jurisprudence with ethics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Görmez |first=Mehmet |author-link=Mehmet Görmez |date=2024 |title=Hujjat Allah al-Baligha is one of the greatest books in the history of knowledge |url=https://rowyakbd.com/one-of-the-best-books-in-the-history-of-knowledge-huzzatullahil-baliga/ |website=Rowyak}}</ref> However, [[Al‑Kawthari]] observed that while Shah Waliullah made significant contributions to reviving hadith studies in India, he occasionally mixed theological, philosophical, and Sufi views with opinions from the [[Ash'arism|Ash'ari school]], and at times used weak narrations or subjective interpretations to support his ideas, especially in the book's first section on general principles.<ref name=":0" />

== Critical studies ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Kamali |first=Sabih Ahmad |title=The Concept of Human Nature in Hujjat Allah al-Balighah and its Relation to Shah Waliullah's Doctrine of Fiqh |degree=PhD |publisher=[[McGill University]] |url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/pn89db14j}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Mustafa |first=Lutpi |url=https://ptsldigital.ukm.my/jspui/handle/123456789/459278 |title=Kajian kitab Hujjat Allah al-Balighah karya Wali Allah al-Dihlawi dan takhrij hadis dalam al-Qism al-Awwal |publisher=[[National University of Malaysia]] |year=2017 |language=ms |degree=MA}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=Abdur Rashid |date=2002 |title=Human Nature and Society in Shah Wali Allah's Hujjat Allah al-Balighah: A Conceptual Analysis |url=https://islamicstudies.uok.edu.in/Files/36892408-1fed-4431-9848-0761b9e02587/Journal/46f47dbe-8ea2-4e0a-8844-911ea8548fa1.pdf |journal=Insight Islamicus |publisher=[[University of Kashmir]] |volume=46 |issue=86 |pages=147–160 |issn=0975-6590}}
* {{Cite journal |last=al-Fijawi |first=Mohammed Farid Ali |date=2021 |title=Imposition of Divine Obligations (Taklif) As a Trust (Amanah) Entrusted to Mankind and the Wisdom behind It: An Exposition of Verse 72 & 73 of Al-Ahzab in Shah Wali Allah Al-Dehlawi's Hujjat Allahi Al-Balighah (Part 1) |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/jiasia/index.php/jia/article/view/1078 |journal=Journal of Islam in Asia |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |issn=2289-8077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708203112/https://journals.iium.edu.my/jiasia/index.php/jia/article/view/1078 |archive-date=2024-07-08}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hosseinpour |first=Sayyed Mohammad Mehdi |date=2024 |title=Shah Waliullah Dehlawi's Contributions to Eschatology in His Ḥujjat Allāh al-bāligha |url=https://doi.org/10.22034/ri.2024.194783 |journal=Religious Inquiries |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.22034/ri.2024.194783}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Schmidtke |first=Sabine |date=1997 |title=Review: The Conclusive Argument from God: Shāh Walī Allāh of Delhi's Hujjat Allāh al-Bāligha, by Shāh Walī Allāh of Delhi |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/conclusive-argument-from-god-shah-wali-allah-of-delhis-hujjat-allah-albaligha-by-shah-wali-allah-of-delhi-translated-by-marcia-k-hermansen-islamic-philosophy-theology-and-science-studies-texts-series-no-25-552-pages-notes-indices-kinderhook-ny-brill-academic-publishers-1996-17750-cloth-isbn-9004102981/9F2D814405163732AEFAC8E83EE8CB4F |journal=Review of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=169–170 |doi=10.1017/S0026318400035690 |issn=0026-3184}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chowdury |first=Saeyd Rashed Hasan |date=2024 |title=Shah Wali Allah al-Dihlawi and the Conclusive Argument from God |url=https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jis/article/view/38080 |journal=Jurnal Iman dan Spiritualitas |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=267–270 |doi=10.15575/jis.v4i3.38080 |issn=2775-4596}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Shahbaz |last2=Fatima |first2=Ishrat |last3=Shahbaz |first3=Muhammad Asim |date=2025 |title=A Special Analysis of Shah Waliullah's Intellectual Theories |url=https://jalt.com.pk/index.php/jalt/article/view/1149 |journal=Journal of Applied Linguistics and TESOL |language=ur |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=150–168 |doi=10.63878/jalt1149 |issn=2709-8273}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Narmi |first=Akalily |last2=Abdul Rani |first2=Mohd. Zariat |last3=Kamarudin |first3=Kamariah |last4=Toklubok |first4=Pabiyah Hajimaming |date=2023 |title=Pengaruh Pemikiran al-Dihlawi Mengenai Taklif dalam Kitab Hujjat Allah al-Balighah terhadap Pemikiran Sastera Islam Mohd. Affandi Hassan dalam Gagasan Persuratan Baru |url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/afkar/article/view/44877 |journal=Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam |language=ms |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=199–230 |doi=10.22452/afkar.vol25no1.7}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sunni books]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:20200808 20200808 0941|Arabic version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [[iarchive:20210812 20210812 1531|Bengali version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [[iarchive:Hujjat-ul-Allah-ul-Balighah Wa Shuroohatuha|English version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hujjatullah-al-baligha-unknown-author-ebooks Urdu version] at [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hanafi theological literature]]
[[Category:Books by Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]
[[Category:Arabic-language books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Books about Islam]]
[[Category:Mystical books]]
[[Category:Philosophy of religion]]
[[Category:Ash'ari literature]]

South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-05T21:22:57Z

LuciaStonor: general add details for consistency additionally and corrected details

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|type = LS
|name = South Delhi {{Small|DL-7}}
|established = 1966
|reservation = None
|mp = [[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]
|incumbent_image = Ramvir_Singh_Bidhuri.jpg
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|union_territory = [[Delhi]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Delhi/South Delhi.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency
|assembly_cons = {{ubl|[[Bijwasan (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bijwasan]]|[[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]]|[[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]]|[[Chhatarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]]|[[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]]|[[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]]|[[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]]|[[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]]|[[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]]|[[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]}}
}}

[[File:Delhi Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|alt=|thumb|Political Map of Delhi showing Parliamentary constituencies as of 2024 elections.]]

'''South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the seven [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the [[India]]n National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]]. This constituency came into existence in 1966.

The seat was a stronghold of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for many years but in 2009, after delimitation, [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won this seat.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090519181157/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionresults/constituency/30/30/southdelhi.html South Delhi Constituency Result 2009 Lok sabha][[CNN IBN]].</ref> [[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] is the MP representing the constituency since 2024.

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 63
| value2 = 31
| value3 = 6
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''' + '''BJS''' (10 times)]]
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (5 times)]]
| label3 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''' (1 time)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color3 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| caption = Most successful parties from [[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi Lok Sabha]]
}}

==Assembly segments==
Following the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies, since 2008, it comprises the following Delhi Vidhan Sabha segments:<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=556}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|36
|[[Bijwasan (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bijwasan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]
|[[Kailash Gahlot]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|37
|[[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]]
|Kuldeep Solanki
|-
|45
|[[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]]
| rowspan="4" |[[South Delhi]]
| Gajendra Singh Yadav
|-
|46
|[[Chhatarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]]
|[[Kartar Singh Tanwar]]
|-
|47
|[[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]] (SC)
|[[Prakash Jarwal]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|48
|[[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]] (SC)
| [[Ajay Dutt]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|49
|[[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]]
| rowspan="4" |[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
|[[Chandan Kumar Choudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|51
|[[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]]
|[[Atishi Marlena]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|52
|[[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]]
|[[Sahiram]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|53
|[[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
|[[Ram Singh Netaji]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
From 1993 to 2008, it comprised the following [[Delhi Vidhan Sabha]] segments:<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies, General Election to the Lok Sabha, 2004|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180007/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-06|publisher=Government of Delhi website}}</ref>
# [[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]]
# [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]]
# [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Malviya Nagar]] (Polling stations 1–60 and 71–128)
# Hauz Khas
# [[R K Puram (Delhi Assembly constituency)|R K Puram]]
# [[Delhi Cantt (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Delhi Cantt]]
# [[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]] (Polling stations 1–91)
# [[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]]
# [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]]
# [[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]]
# Sarojini Nagar (Polling stations 94–107)
# [[Gole Market]] (Polling stations 101–109)
# [[Kasturba Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kasturba Nagar]] (Polling stations 22 and 115–119)

From 1966 to 1993, South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following Delhi Metropolitan Council segments:
# [[Delhi Cantt (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Delhi Cantt]]
# [[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]]
# [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Malviya Nagar]]
# [[R K Puram (Delhi Assembly constituency)|R K Puram]]
# Hauz Khas
# Ashok Nagar
# [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]]
# [[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]]

==Members of Parliament==
The '''South Delhi''' Lok Sabha constituency was created in 1967. The list of Member of Parliament (MP) is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Balraj Madhok]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Shashi Bhushan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Charanjit Singh Atwal|Charanjit Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Lalit Maken]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1985^
| [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sushma Swaraj]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Ramesh Kumar (politician)|Ramesh Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]
|}

^By-Poll

==Election results==
===2024 general elections ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[South Delhi]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - South Delhi">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - South Delhi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U057.htm |access-date=20 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320140330/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U057.htm |archive-date=20 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=692,832|percentage=53.46|change={{decrease}}3.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sahiram|Sahiram Pehalwan]]|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=568,499|percentage=43.87|change={{increase}}17.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=5,961|percentage=0.46|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=124,333|percentage=9.59|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,296,306
|percentage=56.52|change={{decrease}}2.23
}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing={{formatnum: }}}}

{{Election box end}}

===2019 general elections===
<section begin="General Election 2019"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[South Delhi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]
|votes = 6,87,014
|percentage = 56.58
|change = {{increase}}11.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Raghav Chadha]]
|votes = 3,19,971
|percentage = 26.35
|change = {{decrease}}9.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vijender Singh]]
|votes = 1,64,613
|percentage = 13.56
|change = {{increase}}2.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 5,264
|percentage = 0.43
|change = {{increase}}0.07
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,67,043
|percentage = 30.23
|change = {{increase}}20.53
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,14,545
|percentage = 58.75
|change = {{decrease}}4.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}11.41
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2019"/>

===2014 general election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[South Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU057.htm?ac=7|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]
|votes = 497,980
|percentage = 45.17
|change = {{increase}}8.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Devinder Kumar Sehrawat|Col. Devinder Sehrawat]]
|votes = 390,980
|percentage = 35.47
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramesh Kumar (politician)|Ramesh Kumar]]
|votes = 125,213
|percentage = 11.36
|change = {{decrease}}37.91
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Ruby Yadav
|votes = 56,749
|percentage = 5.15
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Rai
|votes = 10,873
|percentage = 0.99
|change = {{decrease}}11.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,010
|percentage = 0.36
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 107,000
|percentage = 9.70
|change ={{decrease}}3.05
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,102,410
|percentage = 62.90
|change = {{increase}}15.49
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}4.10
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 general election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[South Delhi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramesh Kumar (politician)|Ramesh Kumar]]
|votes = 3,60,278
|percentage = 49.27
|change ={{increase}}2.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]
|votes = 2,67,059
|percentage = 36.52
|change = {{decrease}}13.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Kanwar Singh Tanwar]]
|votes = 88,120
|percentage = 12.05
|change = {{increase}}11.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shrichand Tanwar
|votes = 5,244
|percentage = 0.72
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 93,219
|percentage = 12.75
|change = {{increase}}9.41
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,31,294
|percentage = 47.41
|change = {{increase}}7.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}2.36
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 general election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[South Delhi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra|Prof. Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|votes = 2,40,654
|percentage = 50.25
|change = {{decrease}}2.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[RK Anand|R. K. Anand]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,24,649
|percentage = 46.91
|change = {{increase}}0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shiv Khera]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,832
|percentage = 1.01
|change = {{increase}}1.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surjeet Singh Assie
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4,100
|percentage = 0.86
|change = {{increase}}0.66
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,005
|percentage = 3.34
|change = {{decrease}}2.66
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,78,876
|percentage = 39.87
|change = {{decrease}}2.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}2.00
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999 general election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[South Delhi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra|Prof. Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|votes = 2,61,230
|percentage = 52.25
|change ={{decrease}}5.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dr. Manmohan Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,31,231
|percentage = 46.25
|change = {{increase}}8.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Sarif
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,846
|percentage = 0.57
|change ='' N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narendra Nath Shukla
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,021
|percentage = 0.20
|change = {{decrease}}1.60
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,999
|percentage = 6.00
|change ={{decrease}}14.49
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,99,937
|percentage = 41.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}5.99
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998 general election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[South Delhi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
|votes = 3,31,756
|percentage = 58.24
|change = {{increase}}3.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ajay Maken]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,15,043
|percentage = 37.75
|change ={{increase}}4.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nisha Gotam
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 10,260
|percentage = 1.80
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagjit Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,185
|percentage = 0.21
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,16,713
|percentage = 20.49
|change = {{decrease}}0.68
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,69,597
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}3.55
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996 general election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[South Delhi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
|votes = 2,94,570
|percentage = 54.69
|change = {{increase}}15.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kapil Sibal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,80,564
|percentage = 33.52
|change = {{increase}}3.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manoj Prabhakar]]
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|votes = 17,690
|percentage = 3.28
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,14,006
|percentage = 21.17
|change = {{increase}}11.96
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,38,551
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}15.20
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991 general election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[South Delhi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|votes = 2,08,728
|percentage = 39.49
|change = {{decrease}}21.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Romesh Bhandari]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,58,005
|percentage = 29.89
|change = {{decrease}}8.25
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48,723
|percentage = 9.21
|change ={{decrease}}13.30
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,28,550
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}21.17
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989 general election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[South Delhi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|votes = 3,82,904
|percentage = 60.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subhash Chopra]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 77,910
|percentage = 22.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,04,994
|percentage = 38.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,66,370
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984 general election===
* '''Lalit Maken (Cong)''' : 215,898 votes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/south-delhi-lok-sabha|title = South Delhi Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>
* Vijay Kumar Malhotra (BJP) : 130,847

====1985 bye-poll====
* '''Arjun Singh (Cong)''' : 161,744 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1984-election-results.html|title = 1984 India General (8th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* V.K. Malhotra (BJP) : 121,830

===1980 general election===
* '''Charanjit Singh (Cong - I)''' : 150,513 votes
* Vijay Kumar Malhotra (Janata Party) : 146,413
* Shashi Bhushan (Cong - Urs) : 6339
* Balraj Madhok (Ind) : 2196 votes

===1967 general election===
* '''Balraj Madhok (BJS)''' : 105,611 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1967-election-results.html|title = 1967 India General (4th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* R. Singh (INC) : 69290

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of National Capital Territory}}

{{coord|28.5040|N|77.2140|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South Delhi (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Delhi]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1966]]

Iltifat Khan

2026-01-26T18:53:52Z

LuciaStonor: Started A Post

{{Short description|Mughal nobleman}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Iltifat Khan
| image = Study of Iltifat Khan.jpg
| alt = A drawing of a bearded man with his head slightly tilted upwards
| caption = [[Study (art)|Study]] of Iltifat Khan, c. 1640, anonymous, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].{{efn|The drawing was probably made in preparations for a larger {{Transliteration|fa|[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]}} scene in which the subject would be standing in a court assembly looking upward at the emperor (as suggested by his raised gaze.) A [[Devanagari]] inscription above identifies the subject and indicates that the drawing was in a [[Rajput]] collection for some time in history.{{sfn|Guy|Haidar|2024|p=13}}}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Iltifat Khan |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/825598 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref>
| birth_name = Murad Mirza
| house = [[Safavid dynasty]]
| father = [[Rustam Mirza Safavi]]
}}
'''Murad Khan''', also '''Sultan Murad Mirza Iltifat Khan''' and '''Mirza Mukarram Khan Safavi''', often simply '''Iltifat Khan''', was a son of [[Rustam Mirza Safavi]], a noble of [[Safavid Empire|Safavid]] ancestry at the court of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Rustam Mirza Safavi, at the age of sixteen, had married a noblewoman from the prominent Shaykhavand tribe in 1581.{{sfn|Hejazi|2002|p=91}}

Murad Khan received the title of "Iltifat Khan" from the Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]].{{sfn|Crill|Jariwala|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC&pg=PA100 100]}} He then received the title of "Mukarram Khan" in the 27th year of the reign of [[Shah Jahan]], circa 1655.{{sfn|Crill|Jariwala|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC&pg=PA100 100]}} Iltifat Khan is said to have been well-connected at the Mughal court, through his marriage and the marriages of his daughters.{{sfn|Guy|Haidar|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BifyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} He married the daughter of the Mughal notable [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|'Abdur-Rahim Khan-i Khanan]].{{sfn|Crill|Jariwala|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC&pg=PA100 100]}}

His fine, realistic, portrait in the Metropolitan Museum of Art is the result of [[Akbar]]'s insistence on the creation of life-like depictions, in contradiction with the precepts of religious orthodoxy.{{sfn|Guy|Haidar|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BifyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}}

Iltifat Khan took really retirement and died in [[Patna]] in 1657,{{sfn|Guy|Haidar|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BifyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} or in 1669.{{sfn|Crill|Jariwala|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC&pg=PA100 100]}}

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = center
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = Shah Ismail Safavi and Six of His Descendants. Calligraphy signed Shah Qasim. Mughal India, circa 1650-60.jpg
| image2 = Shah Ismail Safavi and Six of His Descendants (Sultan Murad Mirza (titled 'Iltafat Khan' under Jahangir), detail). Calligraphy signed Shah Qasim. Mughal India, circa 1650-60.jpg
| footer=Another portrait of Iltafat Khan, in ''Shah Ismail Safavi and Six of His Descendants''. Calligraphy signed Shah Qasim. Mughal India, circa 1650-60
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Crill |first1=Rosemary |last2=Jariwala |first2=Kapil |title=The Indian Portrait, 1560-1860 |date=2010 |publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-89995-37-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC&pg=PA100 |language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Guy|last2=Haidar|first1=John|first2=Navina Najat|title=Indian Skies: The Howard Hodgkin Collection of Indian Court Painting|year=2024|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publication-place=New York|oclc=1427175369}}
* {{cite book |last=Hejazi |first=Banafsheh |title=ضعیفه: بررسی جایگاه زن ایرانی در عصر صفوی |trans-title=The Weak Sex: A Study Concerning the Place of Iranian Woman in the Age of the Safavids |year=2002 |publisher=Qasideh-sara |publication-place=Tehran |oclc=1311582538 |isbn=9789649376912 |language=fa}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Safavid princes]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]

Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale

2026-01-26T02:49:42Z

LuciaStonor:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale.png
| creator =
| writer = Rajat Vyas Nitin Keswwani
| music = Abhijeet Hegdepatil
| director = [[Ashish Khurana]]
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| runtime = 22 Minutes
| starring = [[Divyanka Tripathi|Divyanka T Dahiya]] [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] [[Vandana Pathak]]
| network = [[SAB TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2010|05|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2011|01|27|df=y}}
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 148
| producer = Sunil Bindrani [[Ujjwal Rana]]
| company = [[Starex Entertainment]]
}}

'''''Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale''''' is an Indian television series which was aired on [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]] from 17 May 2010 to 27 January 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/this-ain-t-funny/627930/|title=This ain't funny - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> The show shares the comic spirit and journey of a [[small town]] family with the struggle of a [[middle-class]] family.

==Plot==
The show's story is based on mainly the two characters in the title. They live in [[Allahabad]].

''Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale'' celebrates the [[comic]] spirit and life of a small town. It is a story of the struggle of day-to-day incidents in the life of a middle-class family. It shows the clash of values and ethics between people of small towns and large cities. It frequently takes a humorous tone on the widespread corruption and [[double standard]]s of big city life. The series shows the gap between two places — Allahabad and the vastly larger [[Mumbai]].

Dristhdumn Sarveshwar Sharma is the head of the family. He is a simple man, contented with his family and job. He is grounded with his own set of [[belief]]s and [[Norm (social)|customs]]. Mr. Sharma accepts a transfer letter with a prospect of a better future. He goes to Mumbai. Comic dialogues and journey of a small town lead to humorous incidents.

Rashmi Sharma is a stereotyped, small city, middle-class [[India]]n housewife. She has never seen a big city and has complete faith in her husband.

==Cast==
* [[Divyanka Tripathi]] played the character of Rashmi Dristhdumn Sharma. She is a perfect housewife. She loves cooking for her husband. Mrs. Sharma feels her husband is the honest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-divyanka-tripathi-on-mr-and-mrs-sharma/20100518.htm|title='I don't do glamorous'|first=Rajul|last=Hegde|website=Rediff}}</ref>
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] played the character of Dristhdumn Sarveshwar Sharma. He is a 35-year-old married man ingrained with all the values of a true Indian. He has a master's degree in Hindi literature. He works as an assistant bank manager. He gets happier than ever when he hears about his transfer from Allahabad to Mumbai. But he doesn't know about the real taste of the dream city. He is known as Mr. Sharma.<<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2010/05/27/mrs-mr-sharma-my-first-solo-hero-serial-rajesh-kumar-133822/|title='Mrs. & Mr. Sharma' my first solo hero serial: Rajesh Kumar}}</ref>
* [[Vandana Pathak]] as Rajshri Shah
* [[Akruti Singh]] played the character of Raagini Sharma. She is the 19-year-old unmarried sister of Mr. Sharma. He always inspires her to become an actress one day.
* Pooja Sharma played the character of Kiran, sister of Mrs. Sharma.
* [[Dilip Kumar Sharma]] played Daboo. He is the 11-year-old son of Mr. Sharma. He is smart, well managed and expert in handling situations.
* [[Ashiesh Roy]] as Anna
* [[Shruti Vyas]] as Dolly, Anna's wife
* [[Sudha Chandran]] and Atul Srivastava are leading characters.
* [[Anang Desai]] as Sharma Boss
* [[Gaurav Chopra]] as Plumber
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as Mr. Sharma

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1744865}}
{{SAB TV Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mrs and Mr Sharma Allahabad Wale}}
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]

Great hornbill

2026-01-23T01:46:30Z

LuciaStonor: reworked intro additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Bird species}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Buceros bicornis'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |article-number=e.T22682453A184603863 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22682453A184603863.en |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| image = Great hornbill Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Female Great Hornbill by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| genus = Buceros
| species = bicornis
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| range_map = BucerosBicornisMap.svg
| synonyms = ''Buceros homrai'',<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hodgson, B. H. |year=1833 |title=Description of the Buceros Homrai of the Himalaya |journal=Asiatic Researches |volume=18| issue=2| pages=169–188}}</ref> ''Dichoceros bicornis'', ''Buceros cavatus'', ''Homraius bicornis'', ''Dichoceros cavatus'', ''Buceros cristatus''
}}

The '''great hornbill''' ('''''Buceros bicornis'''''), also known as the '''concave-casqued hornbill''', '''great Indian hornbill''' or '''great pied hornbill''', is one of the larger members of the [[hornbill]] family. It occurs in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It is predominantly [[frugivorous]], but also preys on small mammals, reptiles, and birds. It has been listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2018. It is known to have lived for nearly 50 years in captivity. Due to its large size and colour, and importance in many tribal cultures and rituals, the [[Government of Kerala]] declared it as the official [[Kerala]] state bird. It is also the state bird of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

==Taxonomy==
The great hornbill was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the [[rhinoceros hornbill]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Buceros]]'' and coined the [[binomial name]] ''Buceros bicornis''. Linnaeus specified the [[type locality (biology)|location]] as China.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |year=1758 |title=Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=1 |edition=10th |page=104 |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Holmiae (Stockholm) |language=Latin |chapter=''Buceros bicornis'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/104/mode/1up}}</ref> The genus name is from [[Latin]] ''becerus'' meaning "horned like an ox" which in turn is from the [[Ancient Greek]] boukerōs which combines ''bous'' meaning "ox" with ''kerōs'' meaning "horn". The specific ''bicornis'' is Latin and means "two-horned".<ref>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=J. A. |year=2010 |title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages=72, 79 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n72/mode/1up}}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=F. | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=D. |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=P. |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |date=January 2022 |title=Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/mousebirds/ |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>

The species was formerly broken into subspecies ''cavatus'' in the [[Western Ghats]], and ''homrai'', the nominate form in the sub-Himalayan forests. The subspecies in Sumatra was sometimes called ''cristatus''.<ref name=baker/> Variation across populations is mainly in size, Himalayan birds being larger than those further south, and the species is now usually considered [[monotypic]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Deignan, H. G. | title=The birds of northern Thailand |year=1945 |journal=Bulletin of the United States National Museum |issue=186 |doi=10.5479/si.03629236.186.1 |pages=1–616 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst1861945unit#page/214/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name="pcr">{{cite book |author1=Rasmussen, P. C. |author2=Anderton, J. C. |year=2005 |title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide |volume=2 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions |pages=273–274}}</ref>

==Description==
The great hornbill is a large bird, {{cvt|95|–|130|cm}} long, with a {{cvt|152|cm}} wingspan and a weight of {{cvt|2|to|4|kg}}. The average weight of males is {{cvt|3|kg}} whereas that of females is {{cvt|2.59|kg}}.<ref name=CRC2>{{cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |edition=Second |editor-first=J. B. Jr. |editor-last=Dunning |publisher=CRC Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4200-6444-5}}</ref> It is the heaviest, but not the longest, Asian hornbill.<ref name=CRC2/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Holmes, D. A.|author2=Nash, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=1990 |title=The birds of Sumatra and Kalimantan |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford, USA |chapter= |pages=}}</ref> With the separation of the [[ground hornbill]]s into a separate family, ''Bucorvidae'', the great hornbill reigns as the heaviest of all [[Hornbill|typical hornbills]].<ref name=CRC2/><ref>Gonzalez, J.-C.T.; Sheldon, B.C.; Collar, N.J.; Tobias, J.A. (2013). ''A comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the hornbills (Aves: Bucerotidae)''. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67 (2): 468–483.</ref> Females are smaller than males and have bluish-white instead of red eyes, although the orbital skin is pinkish. Like other hornbills, they have prominent "eyelashes".{{cn|date=December 2021}}

The most prominent feature of the hornbill is the bright yellow and black [[casque (anatomy)|casque]] on top of its massive bill. The casque appears U-shaped when viewed from the front, and the top is concave, with two ridges along the sides that form points in the front, whence the Latin species epithet ''bicornis'' (two-horned). The back of the casque is reddish in females, while the underside of the front and back of the casque is black in males.{{cn|date=December 2021}}

The casque is hollow and serves no known purpose, although it is thought to be the result of [[sexual selection]]. Male hornbills indulge in aerial casque butting, with birds striking each other in flight.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shankar Raman |first=T. R. |year=1998 |title= Aerial casque-butting in the Great Hornbill ''Buceros bicornis'' |journal=Forktail |volume=13 |pages=123–124 |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c1fbdda898583352e2b5544/1545584091020/Shankar-Hornbill.pdf}}</ref> The male spreads the [[Uropygial gland|preen gland]] secretion, which is yellow, onto the primary feathers and bill to give them the bright yellow colour.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kemp, A. C. |year=2001|chapter=Family Bucerotidae (hornbills) |pages=436–523|editor1=del Hoyo, J. |editor2=Elliott, A. |editor3=Sargatal, J. |title= Handbook of the Birds of the World |volume=6: Mousebirds to hornbills |publisher=Lynx Edicions |place=Barcelona}}</ref> The [[commissure]] of the beak is black and has a serrated edge which becomes worn with age.{{cn|date=December 2021}}

The wing beats are heavy, and the sound produced by birds in flight can be heard from a distance. This sound has been likened to the puffing of a steam locomotive starting up. The flight involves stiff flaps followed by glides with the fingers splayed and upcurled.<ref name="hbk">{{cite book|author1=Ali, S. |author2=Ripley, S. D. |name-list-style=amp |title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan |edition=Second |publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=4 |year=1983 |pages=143–146 |isbn=978-0-19-562063-4 |chapter=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma |volume=3. Birds |author=Blanford, W. T. |publisher=Taylor and Francis |place=London |year=1895 |pages=142–146 |chapter=Family Bucerotidae |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin03oate#page/141/mode/1up}}</ref>

Like other members of the hornbill family, they have highly [[pneumatized bones]], with hollow air cavities extending to the tips of the wing bones. This anatomical feature was noted by [[Richard Owen]], who dissected a specimen that died at the Zoological Society of London in 1833.<ref>{{cite journal|title= On the Anatomy of the concave Hornbill, ''Buceros cavatus'', Lath |author=Owen, R. |year=1836 |journal=Transactions of the Zoological Society of London |volume=1|issue=2|pages=117–122 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1835.tb00609.x |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12865051 |hdl=2027/hvd.32044107323750|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The great hornbill is native to the forests of [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]], [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] and [[Sumatra]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robinson, H.C. |author2=Chasen, F.N. |name-list-style=amp |year=1939| title= The Birds of the Malay Peninsula |volume=IV: The Birds of the Low-Country Jungle and Scrub |publisher=Witherby |place=London|pages=90–91 |url=https://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/biblio/robinson_chasen/vol4/12_Hornbills.pdf}}</ref> Its distribution is fragmented in the Western Ghats and in the foothills of the Himalayas. Deforestation has reduced its range in many parts of India such as in the Kolli hills where it was recorded in the 1860s.<ref>{{cite journal|author=King, W. |year=1865|title=An account of the "Kolymullays", one of the mountain masses in the Salem district of the Madras Presidency |journal=The Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Science |volume=8|pages=266–282 |url=https://archive.org/details/madrasquarterly00unkngoog/page/n288/mode/1up}}</ref>

It prefers dense old growth unlogged forests in hilly regions.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Datta, A. |year=1998| title=Hornbill abundance in unlogged forest, selectively logged forest and a forest plantation in Arunachal Pradesh, India| journal= Oryx |volume=32|pages=285–294|doi=10.1046/j.1365-3008.1998.d01-58.x|issue=4|doi-access=free |bibcode=1998Oryx...32..285D }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Whistler, H. |year=1949 |title=Popular handbook of Indian birds |pages=304–306|edition=Fourth| publisher=Gurney and Jackson |place=London |isbn=978-1-4067-4576-4 |url=https://archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n353/mode/}}</ref> It appears to be dependent on large stretches of rain forests.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Correlates of hornbill distribution and abundance in rainforest fragments in the southern Western Ghats, India|author1=Shankar Raman, T. R. |author2=Mudappa, D. |name-list-style=amp |journal=Bird Conservation International |year=2003| volume=13|pages=199–212| doi=10.1017/S0959270903003162|issue=3|doi-access=free |bibcode=2003BirdC..13..199R }}</ref>

In Thailand, the [[home range]] of males was found to be about {{cvt|3.7|km}} during the breeding season and about {{cvt|14.7|km}} during the non-breeding season.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Poonswad, P. |author2=Tsuji, A. |name-list-style=amp |year=1994| title= Ranges of males of the Great Hornbill ''Buceros bicornis'', Brown Hornbill ''Ptilolaemus tickelli'', and Wreathed Hornbill ''Rhyticeros undulatus'' in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand| journal=Ibis |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=79–86 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb08133.x |bibcode=1994Ibis..136...79P }}</ref> Molecular approaches to the study of its population diversity have been attempted.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chamutpong, S. |author2=Saito, D.|author3=Viseshakul, N.|author4=Nishiumi, I. |author5=Poonswad, P. |year=2009 |author6=Ponglikitmongkol, M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the great hornbill, ''Buceros bicornis'' |journal=Molecular Ecology Resources |volume=9 |issue=2|pages=591–593|doi=10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02447.x |pmid=21564700 |bibcode=2009MolER...9..591C |s2cid=31651064}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
===Food and feeding===
Great hornbills are usually seen in small parties, with larger groups sometimes aggregating at fruit trees. A congregation of 150 to 200 birds has been recorded in southeastern Bhutan.<ref name=hbk/> In the wild, the great hornbill's diet consists mainly of fruit. [[Ficus|Figs]] are particularly important as a food source.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Datta, A. |author2=Rawat, G. S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Foraging patterns of sympatric Hornbills during the nonbreeding season in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India |journal= Biotropica |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=208–218 |doi=10.1646/02103 |bibcode=2003Biotr..35..208D |s2cid=198159354}}</ref> ''[[Vitex altissima]]'' has been noted as another important food source. Great hornbills also forage on lipid-rich fruits of the families [[Lauraceae]] and [[Myristicaceae]] such as ''[[Persea]]'', ''[[Alseodaphne]]'' and ''[[Myristica]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Kannan, R. |author2=Douglas A. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |title=Fruiting phenology and the conservation of the Great Pied Hornbill (''Buceros bicornis'') in the Western Ghats of Southern India |journal=Biotropica |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=167–177 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00127.x}}</ref> They obtain water entirely from their diet of fruits. They are important dispersers of many forest tree species.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sethi, P. |author2=Howe, H. |name-list-style=amp |year=2009|title=Recruitment of Hornbill dispersed trees in hunted and logged forests of the Indian Eastern Himalaya| journal=Conservation Biology |pmid=19220369 |volume=23 |issue=3|pages=710–718 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01155.x}}</ref> They will also eat small mammals, birds,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wood, W. S. |year=1927 |title= Is the Large Hornbill ''Dichoceros bicornis'' carnivorous? |journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=32 |issue=2 |page=374 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47859655}}</ref> small reptiles and insects.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poonswad, P. |author2=Tsuji, A. |author3=Jirawatkavi, N. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=Estimation of nutrients delivered to nest inmates by four sympatric species of hornbills in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand |journal=Ornithological Science |volume=3 |pages=99–112 |doi=10.2326/osj.3.99 |issue=2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Lion-tailed macaque]]s have been seen to forage alongside these hornbills.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fooden, J. |title=Taxonomy and evolution of liontail and pigtail macaques (Primates:Cercopithecidae)| journal=Fieldiana Zoology |volume=67 |year=1975|page=84|url=https://archive.org/stream/taxonomyevolutio67food#page/83/mode/1up}}</ref>

They forage along branches, moving along by hopping, looking for insects, nestling birds and small lizards, tearing up bark and examining them. Prey are caught, tossed in the air and swallowed. A rare squirrel, the [[Travancore flying squirrel]] (''Petinomys fuscocapillus'') has been eaten, and [[Indian scops owl]] (''Otus bakkamoena''), [[jungle owlet]] (''Glaucidium radiatum'') and [[Sri Lanka green pigeon]] (''Treron pompadora'') have been taken as prey in the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name=kannanbnhs/>

===Breeding===
[[File:Hornbill_nest.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Male feeding the female at the nest]]
During the breeding season (January to April<ref name=pcr/>) great hornbills become very vocal. They make loud duets, beginning with a loud "kok" given about once a second by the male, to which the female joins in. The pair then calls in unison, turning into a rapid mixture of roars and barks.<ref name="kannanbnhs">{{cite journal|author1=Kannan, R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=James, D. A. |year=1997 |title=Breeding biology of the Great Pied Hornbill (''Buceros bicornis'') in the Anaimalai Hills of southern India |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 94|issue=3|pages=451–465 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48601823}}</ref> They prefer mature forests for nesting. Large, tall and old trees, particularly emergents that rise above the canopy, seem to be preferred for nesting.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=James, D.A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Kannan, R. |year=2009|title=Nesting habitat of the Great Hornbill (''Buceros bicornis'') in the Anaimalai Hills of southern India|journal=Wilson Journal of Ornithology |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=485–492 |doi=10.1676/08-022.1|s2cid=85207549}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Bingham, C.T. |year=1879| title=Notes on the nidification of some Hornbills |journal=Stray Feathers |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=459–463 |url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersaj00humegoog#page/n490/mode/1up}}</ref> They form monogamous pair bonds and live in small groups of 2-40 individuals. Group courtship displays involving up to 20 birds have been observed.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hutton, A.F. |year=1986 |title= Mass courtship display by Great Pied Hornbill ''Buceros bicornis''|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 83 |issue=Supplement |pages=209–210|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48772399}}</ref>

The female hornbill builds a nest in the hollow of a large tree trunk, sealing the opening with a plaster made up mainly of feces.<ref name="baker">{{cite book|author=Baker, E.C.S. |year=1927|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds|volume=4|edition=Second|publisher=Taylor and Francis |place=London |pages=283–285 |chapter=Genus ''Dichoceros'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds4/BakerFBI4#page/n314/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=James, D.A. |author2=Kannan, R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007|title=Wild Great Hornbills (''Buceros bicornis'') do not use mud to seal nest cavities |journal=Wilson Journal of Ornithology |volume=119|issue=1 |pages=118–121 |doi=10.1676/06-064.1 |s2cid=86507822}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Nesting behaviour of the Black-Casqued Hornbill ''Ceratogymna atrata'' (Temm.) and the Great Hornbill ''Buceros bicornis'' L |jstor=3676330 |author=Poulsen, H. |journal=Ornis Scandinavica |volume=1| issue= 1|year=1970|pages=11–15 |doi=10.2307/3676330}}</ref> She remains imprisoned there, relying on the male to bring her food, until the chicks are half developed. During this period the female undergoes a complete moult. The young chicks have no feathers and appear very plump. The mother is fed by her mate through a slit in the seal. The clutch consists of one or two eggs, which she incubates for 38–40 days. The female voids feces through the nest slit, as do the chicks from the age of two weeks.<ref name=kannanbnhs/> Once the female emerges from the nest, the chicks seal it again.<ref name=pcr/>

The young birds have no trace of a casque. After the second year the front extremity separates from the culmen, and in the third year it becomes a transverse crescent with the two edges growing outwards and upwards, while the anterior widens to the width of the rear end. Full development takes five years.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1864 |author=Tickell, S.R. |title=On the hornbills of India and Burmah |journal=Ibis |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=173–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1864.tb07860.x |url=https://archive.org/stream/ibis06brit#page/173/mode/1up}}</ref>

===Roosting===
[[File:Great Hornbill in Kurseong May 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee.mpg|thumb|Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) in [[Kurseong]], West Bengal, India.]]
Roost sites are used regularly and birds arrive punctually at sunset from long distances, following the same routes each day. Several tall trees in the vicinity may be used, the birds choosing the highest branches with little foliage. They jockey for position until late at dusk. When sleeping they draw their neck back and the bill is held upwards at an angle.<ref name=hbk/>

== Threats ==
The great hornbill is threatened mainly by habitat loss due to deforestation. It is hunted for its meat, fat and body parts like casque and tail feathers, which are used as adornments.<ref name=iucn /> Tribal peoples hunt the great Indian hornbill for its various parts. The beaks and head are used in charms and the flesh is believed to be medicinal. Young birds are considered a delicacy.<ref name=hbk/> Declines in population have been noted in many areas such as Cambodia.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The status and conservation of hornbills in Cambodia |author=Setha, T. |journal=Bird Conservation International |volume= 14|issue=1|pages=S5–S11 |year= 2004 |doi=10.1017/s0959270905000183 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Tribesmen in parts of northeastern India use the feathers for head-dresses, and the skulls are often worn as decorations.<ref>{{cite book |page=505 |url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofr01hastuoft#page/505/mode/1up/ |volume=1|author=Hastings, J. | title=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics |publisher= T&T Clark |place=Edinburgh |year=1908|isbn=978-0-567-06512-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=442 |author=Hastings, J. |title=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics|volume=3 |place=Edinburgh |publisher=T&T Clark |year=1910 |isbn=978-0-567-06512-4 |url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofr03hastuoft#page/442/mode/1up/}}</ref> The [[Sema Naga]]s consider the flesh unfit for eating, believing that it produces sores on their feet, as in the bird. When dancing with the feathers of the hornbill, they avoid eating vegetables, as doing so is also believed to produce the same sores on the feet.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hutton, J.H. |year=1921|title=The Sema Nagas |publisher=Macmillan and Co |place=London |page=92 |url=https://archive.org/stream/semanagas00hutt#page/92/mode/1up/}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
The great hornbill is listed in [[CITES Appendix I]]. It has been listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2018.<ref name=iucn />
Conservation programmes have attempted to provide tribes with feathers from captive hornbills and ceramic casques to substitute for natural ones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/artificial-beaks-save-hornbills-from-extinction-in-arunachal-205740.html|title=Artificial beaks save hornbills from extinction in Arunachal - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=7 February 2012 |access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>

=== In captivity ===
Very few hornbills are held in captivity, and few of them breed well. Females at the nests are extremely easy to capture, and birds caught in the wild are mostly female. Breeding them in captivity has been notoriously difficult, with fewer than a dozen successful attempts. Their extreme selectivity for mates and their long and strong pair bonds make them difficult to maintain for breeding.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=22 |pages=135–145 |year=2003 |title=Reproductive assessment of the Great Hornbill (''Buceros bicornis'') by fecal hormone analysis |author1=Crofoot, M. |author1-link=Margaret Crofoot |author2=Mace, M. |author3=Azua, J. |author4=MacDonald, E. |author5=Czekala, N.M. |issue=2 |citeseerx=10.1.1.501.9876 |doi=10.1002/zoo.10083 |url=http://www.coraciiformestag.com/Research/Fecal%20Hormone%20Analysis.pdf |access-date=10 April 2010 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927085921/http://www.coraciiformestag.com/Research/Fecal%20Hormone%20Analysis.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bohmke, B.W. |year= 1987 |title=Breeding the great Indian hornbill at the St. Louis Zoological Park, USA |journal=Avicultural Magazine |volume=93 |pages=159–161}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=de Ruiter, M. |year=1998| title= The great Indian hornbill: a breeding attempt |journal=AFAWatchbird |volume=25 |pages=34–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Golding, R.R. |author2= Williams, M.G. |year=1986 |title=Breeding the great Indian hornbill at the Cotswold Wild Life Park |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=24/25 |pages=248–252 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1985.tb02548.x}}</ref>

Captive great hornbills eat fruits and meat, a healthy diet consisting mostly of fruit and some source of protein. A few have been [[tamed]] in captivity but their behaviour in captivity is described as highly strung. Captive specimens bask in the sun with outstretched wings.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ellison, B.C. |year=1923 |title=Notes on the habits of a young Hornbill |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=280–281|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47864763}}</ref>

== In culture ==
The great hornbill is called ''homrai'' in Nepal and ''banrao'' in [[Mussoorie]], both meaning "King of the Jungle".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bingham, C.T. |year=1897|title= The great Indian hornbill in the wild state |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=11 |issue=2|pages=308–310 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30157047}}</ref> It is the official [[List of Indian state birds|state bird]] of the Indian states of [[Kerala]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://affairscloud.com/symbols-of-states-of-india/|title=Symbols of States of India|website=affairscloud.com |date=11 October 2015 }}</ref>

===Use as a symbol===

A great hornbill named William was the model for the logo of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] and the name of the society's building. [[Norman Boyd Kinnear|Norman Kinnear]] described William as follows in the obituary of [[Walter Samuel Millard]]:<ref>{{cite journal|author=Spence, R.A. |year=1920|title= The Great Indian Hornbill (''Dichocerros bicornis'') |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=27|issue=1|page=174|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30358761}}</ref>

<blockquote>Every visitor to the Society's room in Apollo Street will remember the Great Indian Hornbill, better known as the "office canary" which lived in a cage behind Millard's chair in Phipson & Co.'s office for 26 years and died in 1920. It is said its death was caused by swallowing a piece of wire, but in the past "William" had swallowed a lighted cigar without ill effects and I for my part think that the loss of his old friend was the principal cause.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kinnear, N.B.|year=1952|title=Millard, W. S. |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=50|issue=4304|pages=910–913 |doi=10.1038/169690b0 |bibcode=1952Natur.169..690K |s2cid=29652369 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48057599|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Phipson, H.M. |year=1897|title= The great Indian hornbill in captivity|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=11|issue=2 |pages=307–308 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30157046}}</ref></blockquote>
<gallery>
File:Buceros bicornis -illustration in book.jpg|William, the captive hornbill that was used for the BNHS logo
File:Great hornbill in bardiya.jpg|Great hornbill at [[Bardiya National Park]]
File:Female Great Hornbill carrying food.jpg|A female carries fruit of ''[[Myristica beddomei]]'' for her young
File:Bucerosbicornis.svg|The iris, underside of the casque and orbital skin colours vary between the sexes
File:Malay Archipelago Hornbill.jpg|Illustration by [[T. W. Wood]] showing the eyelashes, worn bill edge and the concave casque with ridged sides
</gallery>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
* Kannan, R. (1993). "Saving the Great Indian Hornbill". ''Hornbill'' magazine. Bombay Natural History Society 1993(4):4–7.
* Kannan, R. (1994). ''Ecology and Conservation of the Great Pied Hornbill (''Buceros bicornis'') in the Western Ghats of southern India''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
* Kannan, Ragupathy (1994). "Conservation ecology of the Great Hornbill in the Western Ghats, southern India". ''OBC Bull''. 19: 13.
* Kannan, R. and James, D. A. (2007). "Phenological studies of hornbill fruit trees in tropical rainforests: methodologies, problems, and pitfalls". pp. 155–166 in Kemp, A.C. and M.I. Kemp (eds.). ''The Active Management of Hornbills for Conservation''. CD-ROM Proceedings of the 4th International Hornbill Conference, Mabula Game Lodge, Bela Bela, South Africa. Naturalists and Nomads, Pretoria.
* Kannan, R. and James, D. A. (2008). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48379127#page/118/mode/1up "Fig trees (''Ficus''), captive elephants, and conservation of hornbills and other frugivores in an Indian wildlife sanctuary"]. ''J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc.'' 105(2):238-242.
* Poonswad, P. (1995). "Nest site characteristics of four sympatric species of hornbills in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand". ''Ibis'' 137: 183–191.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Buceros bicornis}}
* {{cite web |url=http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/great-hornbill-buceros-bicornis |title=Great Hornbill videos, photos & sounds |publisher=Internet Bird Collection}}
* {{cite web |title=Great Hornbill |publisher=Saint Louis Zoo |url=http://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/birds/kingfishershornbillsbeeeat/greathornbi01.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503200708/http://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/birds/kingfishershornbillsbeeeat/greathornbi01.htm |archive-date=3 May 2007 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q232768}}

[[Category:Buceros|great hornbill]]
[[Category:Hornbills|great hornbill]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|great hornbill]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|great hornbill]]
[[Category:Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Birds of Myanmar]]

HMIS El Hind

2026-01-22T00:52:02Z

LuciaStonor: Started Details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag= {{shipboxflag| British India| naval-1928}}
|name=''El Hind''
|namesake=[[Al-Hind|El Hind]]
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=[[Lithgows]] Limited
|laid_down=
|launched=14 April 1938
|christened=
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|commissioned=1943
|recommissioned=
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|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Destroyed by fire 14 April 1944
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class=
|type=[[Landing Ship, Infantry]]
|tonnage=5319 grt, 3225 nrt<ref name=EH>{{cite web |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=10960 |title=SS El Hind |publisher=Clydeships |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414021358/https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=10960 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|length={{convert|415|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}
|beam=
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|propulsion=*IHP 3000 reciprocating engine
*2 boilers
*1 shaft
|speed={{convert|14|kn|km/h|0}}
|complement=
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}}
}}

'''HMIS ''El Hind'' (F120)''' was a merchant ship that was requisitioned by the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) in 1943. She was commissioned, and served as a [[Landing Ship, Infantry]] (Large) during [[World War II]].<ref name=u-elhind>{{Cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/13447.html|title=Allied Warships of WWII - Landing Ship Infantry HMIS el Hind - uboat.net}}</ref> She was destroyed in a fire in 1944.

==History==
HMIS ''El Hind'' was originally a merchant ship, built by [[Lithgows]] Limited in [[Scotland]] and completed in June 1938. She was requisitioned in 1943, and commissioned into the RIN for use in [[amphibious warfare]] as ''[[Landing Ship, Infantry]]''.

On 14 April 1944, exactly 6 years after her launch, ''El Hind'' was destroyed in a fire at Victoria Dock, [[Bombay]] when the British merchant ship [[Bombay Explosion (1944)|''SS Fort Stikine'' carrying explosives and ammunition blew up]].

{{April 1944 shipwrecks}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==

{{DEFAULTSORT:El Hind (F120)}}
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessels of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1938 ships]]

Baby Devi

2026-01-21T03:45:29Z

LuciaStonor: fix

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Baby Devi
| image = Bebi Devi (cropped).jpg
| office = Minister of [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| termstart = 4 July 2023
| termend = 25 November 2024
| spouse = [[Jagarnath Mahto]]
| 1blankname = Portfolio
| 1namedata = Prohibition and Excise
| 2blankname = Chief Minister
| 3blankname = Ministry
| 2namedata = [[Hemant Soren]]
| 3namedata = [[Second Hemant Soren ministry|Soren II]]
| children = 5
| office1 = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart1 = 2023
| termend1 = 2024
| constituency = [[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]]
| constituency1 = [[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]]
| predecessor1 = [[Jagarnath Mahto]]
| successor1 = [[Jairam Kumar Mahato]]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}'''Baby Devi''' also known as '''Baby Mahto'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Baby Mahto’s challenges: Weed out corruption, boost revenue |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/baby-mahtos-challenges-weed-out-corruption-boost-revenue/articleshow/101529830.cms |access-date=2023-12-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an Indian politician, served as a Minister of Prohibition and Excise in [[Second Hemant Soren ministry|Second Hemant Soren Ministry]] .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=घर की जगह अब संभालेंगी पति की राजनीतिक विरासत, जानें झारखंड की मंत्री बनने से पहले कैसी थीं बेबी देवी |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/jagarnath-mahato-wife-baby-devi-bio-how-was-she-before-becoming-jharkhand-minister-jbj |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand कौन हैं हेमंत सरकार में मंत्री बननेवाली बेबी देवी घर के बाद अब संभालेंगी पति की राजनीतिक विरासत - Former Minister Jagarnath Mahto wife Baby Devi details who will take oath of Minister of Jharkhand |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-former-minister-jagarnath-mahto-wife-baby-devi-details-who-will-take-oath-of-minister-of-jharkhand-23459028.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2023-07-03 |title=Jagarnath Mahto's Wife To Take Oath As Minister In Jharkhand Govt Today |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/jagarnath-mahto-wife-baby-devi-to-take-oath-minister-in-hemant-soren-jharkhand-government-today-1613140 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> She is a Member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. She is wife of Former Minister [[Jagarnath Mahto]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-03 |title=Jagarnath Mahto’s wife Baby Devi takes oath as Jharkhand Minister in Hemant Soren Cabinet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jagarnath-mahtos-wife-baby-devi-takes-oath-as-jharkhand-minister-in-hemant-soren-cabinet/article67037131.ece |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Baby Devi sworn in as minister in Jharkhand cabinet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baby-devi-wife-of-late-jharkhand-minister-sworn-in-as-minister-in-hemant-soren-led-government-101688409107674.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-03 |title=हेमंत सोरेन ने बेबी देवी को बगैर MLA बने बनाया मंत्री; अटक-अटक कर पढ़ा शपथ पत्र |url=https://www.indiatv.in/india/politics/baby-devi-wife-of-former-minister-jagarnath-mahto-takes-oath-as-minister-in-hemant-soren-govt-2023-07-03-972011 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=India TV Hindi}}</ref>

== Career ==
In the by-election conducted in the [[Dumri Assembly constituency]] in 2023, she defeated Yashoda Devi, a representative of the All Jharkhand Students' Union of National Democratic Alliance with over 17,000 votes to become member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/india-blocs-bebi-devi-defeats-nda-candidate-by-over-17000-votes-in-jharkhands-dumri/articleshow/103524796.cms|title=India bloc Bebi Devi defeats NDA candidate|website=Times of India|access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Baby Devi was married to [[Jagarnath Mahto]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=मंत्री बनने के बाद बेबी देवी पहुंची बोकारो, कहा- 'मंत्री जी के अधूरे काम को पूरा करूंगी' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/bokaro/jharkhand-excise-minister-baby-devi-reached-bokaro/jh20230705152853616616225 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Baby Devi}}

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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
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[[Category:People from Giridih district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jharkhand]]
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{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Goa Civil Code

2026-01-17T05:53:31Z

LuciaStonor:

{{Short description|Indian state civil law}}
The '''Goa Civil Code''', also called the '''Goa Family Law''', is the set of civil [[laws]] that governs the residents of the Indian state of [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-18|title=SC's example of Goa as a state with a Uniform Civil Code is inconsistent with Article 44|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/uniform-civil-code-supreme-court-article-44-6004340/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Goan Civil Code a shining example of Indian democracy|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/goan-civil-code-a-shining-example-of-indian-democracy/1619379|access-date=2021-12-05|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> The Goan civil code was introduced after [[Portuguese Goa and Daman]] were elevated from being mere [[Portuguese colonies]] to the status of a ''[[Província Ultramarina]]'' ([[Overseas possession]]).<ref name="thehinducentre.com">{{Cite web|last=Mathew|first=C. K.|title=Uniform Civil Code: The Importance of an Inclusive and Voluntary Approach|url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/publications/issue-brief/article29796731.ece|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Hindu Center|language=en}}</ref> The Goan civil code is a Indianised variant of the [[Portuguese Civil Code|Portuguese legal system]] that draws largely from the [[Code Napoleon|Napoleonic Code]], a common legal system in a number of [[Continental Europe]]an nations.<ref name="thehinducentre.com"/> [[Indian law]] mostly derives from [[English common law]] that was formulated and applied in [[British India]], and remains pegged to developments in the "Charter of the [[British Commonwealth]]". With a number of amendments, following the [[Partition of India]], Indian laws as a whole have religion-specific [[civil codes]] that separately govern adherents of different religions; (like the [[Muslim personal law|Muslim]] and [[Hindu personal law]]s) and also has [[caste reservation]]s. Goa and Daman are an exception to that rule, in that a single code governs all the native [[Goans]] and the native Damanese of [[Daman, Diu & Silvassa]], irrespective of affiliation to [[religion]], [[ethnicity]] and [[social strata]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Nandini Chavan|author2=Qutub Jehan Kidwai|title=Personal Law Reforms and Gender Empowerment: A Debate on Uniform Civil Code|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIMp5ctu_ngC&pg=PA245|access-date=17 January 2014|year=2006|publisher=Hope India Publications|isbn=978-81-7871-079-2|page=245}}</ref> [http://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/1819/1819-29-SI-OG-0.pdf The English translation of the civil code] is available on the Government of Goa's [http://goaprintingpress.gov.in/ e-Gazette] dated 19/10/2018.<ref>{{Citation|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|title=Translated Portuguese Civil Code published in official gazette|date=2018-10-24|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/translated-portuguese-civil-code-published-in-official-gazette/|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref>

== History ==
The Goa civil code is largely based on the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] Civil Code (''Código Civil Português'') of 1867, which was introduced in Goa in 1870 (by a Decree of 18 November 1869, the Civil Code of 1867 was extended to the Overseas Provinces of Portugal<ref>See: [https://www.fd.ulisboa.pt/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Vicente-Dario-Moura-The-Civil-Code-in-Portugal-and-Goa-Common-Heritage-and-Future-Prospects.pdf Vicente, Dario Moura. The Civil Code in Portugal and Goa: Common Heritage and Future Prospects. — P. 5.]</ref>). Later, the code saw some modifications, based on:<ref name="Statesman2014"/>

* the Portuguese Gentile Hindu Usages Decrees of 1880 (''Código de usos e costumes dos hindus gentios de Goa '')

* the Portuguese Decrees on Marriage and Divorce of 1910 (''Lei do Divórcio: Decreto de 3 de Novembro de 1910''). After the establishment of the [[First Portuguese Republic]], the civil code was liberalized to give women more freedom.<ref name="Fatima1996">{{cite book |author=Fatima da Silva Gracias |title=Kaleidoscope of Women in Goa, 1510-1961 |url=https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopeofwo0000silv |url-access=registration |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-591-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopeofwo0000silv/page/90 90]–}}</ref>
* the Portuguese Decrees on Canonical Marriages of 1946 (''Decreto 35.461: regula o casamento nas colónias portuguesas'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Decreto 35.461: regula o casamento nas colónias portuguesas|url=http://www.dre.pt/pdf1s/1946/01/01500/00430048.pdf |access-date=2014-09-05}}</ref>

The civil code was retained in Goa after its [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|merger]] with the Indian Union in 1961, although in Portugal, the original Code was replaced by the new [[Portuguese Civil Code]] of 1966. In 1981, the Government of India appointed a Personal Law Committee to determine if the non-uniform laws of the Union could be extended to Goa. The Goa Muslim [[Shariah]] Organization supported the move, but it was met with stiff resistance from the Muslim Youth Welfare Association and the Goa Muslim Women's Associations.<ref name="Partha2012">{{cite book |author=Partha S. Ghosh |title=The Politics of Personal Law in South Asia: Identity, Nationalism and the Uniform Civil Code |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwvaaHI8sjEC&pg=PA19 |date=23 May 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-70511-3 |pages=19–22}}</ref>

== Differences with the Indian law ==

Some ways in which the Goa Civil Code is different from other Indian laws include:<ref name="Statesman2014"/>

* A married couple jointly holds ownership of all the assets owned (before the [[marriage]]) or acquired (after the marriage) by each spouse. In case of a [[divorce]], each spouse is entitled to a half share of the assets. However, the law also allows [[antenuptial agreement]]s, which may state a different division of assets in case of a divorce. These agreements also allow the spouses to hold the assets acquired before marriage separately. Such agreements cannot be changed or revoked. A married person cannot sell the property without the consent of his/her spouse.
* The parents cannot [[disinherit]] their children entirely. At least half of their property has to be passed on to the children compulsorily. This inherited property must be shared equally among the children.
* [[Muslim]] men, who have their marriages registered in Goa, cannot practice [[polygyny in Islam|polygamy]].

== Uniformity ==

The Goa Civil Code is not strictly a [[uniform civil code]], as it has specific provisions for certain communities. For example:<ref name="Statesman2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/54625-uniform-and-civil.html |title=Uniform and civil |date=2014-05-15 |newspaper=The Statesman |author=Vivek Jain and Shraddha Gupta }}</ref><ref name="Partha2012"/>

* The [[Hinduism|Hindu]] men have the right to [[bigamy]] under specific circumstances mentioned in ''Codes of Usages and Customs of Gentile Hindus of Goa'' (if the wife fails to deliver a child by the age of 25, or if she fails to deliver a male child by the age of 30). For other communities, the law prohibits bigamy.
* The [[Roman Catholic]]s can solemnize their marriages in church after obtaining a No Objection Certificate from the Civil Registrar. For others, only a civil registration of the marriage is accepted as a proof of marriage. The Catholics marrying in the church are excluded from divorce provisions under the civil law.
* For Hindus, divorce is permitted only on the grounds of [[adultery]] by the wife.
* The law has inequalities in case of [[adoption|adopted]] and [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate]] children.

== See also ==

* [[LGBTQ rights in Goa]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Goa topics}}

[[Category:Civil codes]]
[[Category:Government of Goa]]
[[Category:Indian family law]]
[[Category:Identity politics in India]]
[[Category:Law by issue]]
[[Category:Law by issue and country]]
[[Category:Legal systems]]
[[Category:Social history of Goa]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]

Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium

2026-01-14T17:13:12Z

LuciaStonor: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|International Cricket stadium in Pune, Maharashtra}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}

{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium
| nickname = MCA Stadium MCA International Stadium<ref name=Puri>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/world-cup-venues-mca-international-stadium-pune-fixtures-2438506-2023-09-21 | title=Cricket World Cup 2023 venues: MCA International Stadium, Pune | date=21 September 2023 }}</ref>
| image = File:Pune Cricket Stadium.jpg
| image_size = 350px
| caption =
| country = India
| location = [[Gahunje]], [[Pune]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|40|28|N|73|42|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| establishment = 2012<ref name = IT>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket-maharashtra-cricket-association-stadium-pune-history-odi-t20i-test-match-ipl-records-pitch-report-and-average-score-435503|title = Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune: History, Pitch Report, Average Score, ODI, T20I, Test Match, IPL Records, Stats. Cricket News – India TV|date = 2 April 2018}}</ref>
| seating_capacity = 42,700<ref name=":23" /><ref name="BCCI23cap">{{cite web |title=Cricket Venues and Grounds |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cricketmaharashtra.com/mca-stadium.html|title = MCA's International Stadium, Gahunje|date = 27 March 2021|access-date = 12 November 2021|archive-date = 12 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211112120223/http://www.cricketmaharashtra.com/mca-stadium.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>
| owner = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]]
| operator = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]]
|architect = [[Michael Hopkins (architect)|Michael Hopkins]],<ref name= IT/> [[Hopkins Architects]]<ref name="hopkins1">{{cite web |url=http://www.hopkins.co.uk/projects/3/135/ |title=MCA Pune International Cricket Centre |publisher=Hopkins |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226082257/https://www.hopkins.co.uk/projects/3/135/%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| tenants = [[Indian national cricket team|India cricket team]] [[India women's cricket team]] [[Pune Warriors India]] (2012–2013) [[Kings XI Punjab]] (2015) [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] (2016–2017) [[Chennai Super Kings]] (2018)
| end1 = Pavilion End
| end2 = Hill End
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 23–25 February
| firsttestyear = 2017
| firsttesthome = India
| firsttestaway = Australia
| lasttestdate = 24–28 October
| lasttestyear = 2024
| lasttesthome = India
| lasttestaway = New Zealand
| firstodidate = 13 October
| firstodiyear = 2013
| firstodihome = India
| firstodiaway = Australia
| lastodidate = 11 November
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodihome = Bangladesh
| lastodiaway = Australia
| firstt20idate = 20 December
| firstt20iyear = 2012
| firstt20ihome = India
| firstt20iaway = England
| lastt20idate = 31 January
| lastt20iyear = 2025
| lastt20ihome = India
| lastt20iaway = England
| date = 24 October
| year = 2024
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/545380.html Ground Info
|established=2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/3362/england-tour-of-india-2021/venues/287/maharashtra-cricket-association-stadium|title=Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune details, matches, stats}}</ref>
|contractor=[[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|M/S Shapoorji Pallonji & Co. Ltd]]<ref>http://www.cricketmaharashtra.com/MCA{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} stadium.html</ref>|othernames=MCA international cricket stadium Gahunje Stadium<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/maharashtra-cricket-association-all-set-to-host-india-england-odis-in-march-7198551/|title = Maharashtra Cricket Association all set to host India-England ODIs in March|date = 21 February 2021}}</ref>|home_club={{Unbulleted list| [[Maharashtra cricket team]] | [[Maharashtra women's cricket team]] }}|map=}}

'''Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium''' is an international [[cricket stadium]] in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=शहर होण्यासाठीची उत्सुकता. Sakal|url=https://www.esakal.com/pune/city-gahunje-village-development-112462|access-date=2021-11-13|work=esakal.com|date=27 April 2018 }}</ref> It is owned and operated by the [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Cricket Association. MCA's International Stadium, Gahunje|url=http://www.cricketmaharashtra.com/mca-stadium.html|access-date=2021-11-12|work=cricketmaharashtra.com|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112120223/http://www.cricketmaharashtra.com/mca-stadium.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is the home ground of the [[Maharashtra cricket team]] and [[Maharashtra women's cricket team]], and the headquarters of the Maharashtra Cricket Association (MCA). The stadium is situated on the outskirts of city limits of Pune in [[Gahunje]] village near [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gahunje stadium awaits access road|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/gahunje-stadium-awaits-access-road/articleshow/9425241.cms}}</ref> It is one of the premier stadiums of the country. Before its existence, [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]] of downtown Pune was the home ground of the Maharashtra Cricket team and venue for international matches organised by MCA.<ref name=reach>{{Cite web|url = https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/mca-stadium-will-reach-a-new-milestone-on-sunday/articleshow/81713445.cms|title = MCA Stadium will reach a new milestone on Sunday|date = 27 March 2021|access-date = 20 September 2021|archive-date = 14 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211114074124/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/mca-stadium-will-reach-a-new-milestone-on-sunday/articleshow/81713445.cms|url-status = dead}}</ref>

MCA stadium was designed by [[Michael Hopkins (architect)|Michael Hopkins]] of [[Hopkins Architects|Hopkins architects]]. Its seating capacity is 42,700.<ref name=":23">{{cite web |title=ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023 – Media Guide |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2023/11/03/278e3b3a-d6cb-4511-b7df-75fc1428f096/ICC-Men-s-Cricket-World-Cup-2023-Media-Guide-v7.pdf |publisher=ICC |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> The arena's shape is like a deep bowl.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Chinmay Kulkarni |date=31 July 2011 |title=Gahunje stadium awaits access road. Pune News |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/gahunje-stadium-awaits-access-road/articleshow/9425241.cms |access-date=2021-11-13 }}</ref><ref name=AHA>{{Cite web|author=Avinash Rajput|title=MCA Stadium will reach a new milestone on Sunday|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/mca-stadium-will-reach-a-new-milestone-on-sunday/articleshow/81713445.cms|access-date=2021-11-14|work=Pune Mirror|date=27 March 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114074124/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/mca-stadium-will-reach-a-new-milestone-on-sunday/articleshow/81713445.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> The venue hosted its first international match in December 2012.<ref name=":1" /> Its ground's shape is round, with Bermuda grass surface. The ground has high-tech pop-up sprinklers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cricket World Cup 2023 venues: MCA International Stadium, Pune |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/world-cup-venues-mca-international-stadium-pune-fixtures-2438506-2023-09-21 |access-date=2023-09-22 |work=India Today|date=21 September 2023 }}</ref> Its final phase of construction is yet to be completed.<ref name=AHA/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket World Cup venues to get an upgrade: Imported grass, new outfields, better floodlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/cricket-world-cup-venues-to-get-an-upgrade-imported-grass-new-outfields-better-floodlights-8693468/ |access-date=30 June 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=30 June 2023 }}</ref> It has floodlights to organise games at night.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium. India. Cricket Grounds |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/545380.html |access-date=2021-11-13 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

On 1 April 2012, then [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] president [[Sharad Pawar]] inaugurated the MCA stadium.<ref name=IT/><ref name=":3"/><ref name="MCA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-australia-2016-17/content/story/1083824.html |title=Australia brace for tough road test on Pune's debut |access-date=22 February 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=22 February 2017 }}</ref> The arena hosted its first first-class match in December 2011, when [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] played against home side [[Maharashtra cricket team]] in [[2011–12 Ranji Trophy|2011-12 Ranji trophy edition]], and hosted the first IPL game (Pune Warriors v King's XI Punjab) in April 2012. MCA stadium hosted its first T20I match in December 2012 (between India-England) and [[English cricket team in India in 2016–17#1st Test|first Test]] in February 2017.<ref name="MCA" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-28 |title=Sharad Pawar to open Subrata Roy Sahara Stadium |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/sharad-pawar-to-open-subrata-roy-sahara-stadium/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The arena hosted 5 games of [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 ICC World Cup]] including the India–Bangladesh game.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
===Background===
[[file:Subrata Roy Sahara Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|Outside view of this arena at night]]
The MCA's decision to build a new cricket stadium in [[Pune]] stemmed from a dispute with the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]],{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} regarding ticket allocations for [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]]. This conflict came to a head when an international match between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] was moved to [[Kolkata]], with the MCA stating they were in no position to host the match. Following this, the MCA decided a new stadium was needed.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===Construction===
The groundbreaking ceremony was performed on the construction site on 21 October 2007 by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) president [[Sharad Pawar]]. MCA granted the contract to construct the first phase of the construction to [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Shapoorji Pallonji & Co. Ltd]] in November 2009. The construction work started on 14 November 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Cricket Association. MCA's International Stadium, Gahunje|url=http://www.cricketmaharashtra.com/mca-stadium.html|access-date=12 November 2021|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112120223/http://www.cricketmaharashtra.com/mca-stadium.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The stadium is designed by British architect Sir [[Michael Hopkins (architect)|Michael Hopkins]] of [[Hopkins Architects]], who also credited to designed [[Lord's]] mount stand and [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Ages bowl]] stadium of [[Southampton]], England. The project's original deadline was November 2010 with cost of ₹ 1.50 billion, covering an area of {{convert|35|acre|m2}}. The construction of the stadium was held from 2010 to 2012, it faced various problems before completion in December 2011. Although it's claimed that major part of the stadium is built, the final phase of the construction is still yet to complete, 75% stands do not have roof and final phase of building is yet to started as of September 2023.<ref name=reach/><ref name=":0" />
Maharashtra Cricket Association intended to host matches of [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]], due to construction delayed, it was not able to do that.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

The stadium and the seating arrangement were designed in such a way that an unobstructed view is assured from each location.The most important feature of this stadium is its rainwater drainage system. Often, matches are abandoned due to heavy downpour to overcome this problem, MCA opted for a sand-based outfield developed departmentally with technical assistance from ''STRI Limited'', UK. Due to this technology, even during heavy showers, water on the outfield drains out fast, making it ready for play again just in few minutes.Zeolite supplied by G M Chemicals are used for Turf management.<ref name="MCA Stadium">{{cite web |title=MCA |url=http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=xkE33MUk2uTSfxRQM5ec0Q== |access-date=27 February 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040541/http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=xkE33MUk2uTSfxRQM5ec0Q== |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It was inaugurated in a ceremony by the then [[List of ICC presidents|ICC President]] and nation's [[Minister for Agriculture (India)|Agriculture Minister]] [[Sharad Pawar]] on 1 April 2012. Maharashtra's chief minister [[Prithviraj Chavan]], deputy CM [[Ajit Pawar]] was invited.<ref name=ndtvapr12>{{cite news|title=International cricket stadium inaugurated near Pune|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/international-cricket-stadium-inaugurated-near-pune-192642?pfrom=home-cities|access-date=2 April 2012|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=1 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

In 2013, the Indian company [[Sahara India Pariwar]] bought the [[naming rights]] of the stadium, by virtue it was renamed as "Subrata Roy Sahara Stadium". However, the name was changed back to the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium because Sahara paid only a part of the ₹ 200 crore that it had promised when acquiring the rights.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/naming-rights-tussle-sahara-stadium-to-go-by--mca--name/1167970/ Naming rights tussle: Sahara stadium to go by 'MCA' name]. Indian Express (12 September 2013). Retrieved on 2013-12-23.</ref>

===Began hosting games===
Before official inauguration, the stadium hosted a Ranji trophy match between [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]- [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] on 21 December 2011 and some practice games.<ref name=reach/> In November 2015, the stadium was selected as the new Test venue of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/938911.html|title=BCCI revamps selection committee, announces new Test centres|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> It hosted its first Test match in February 2017, it was the 1st match of the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2016–17#Test series|four match series]], [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] became first batter to score a test century in the stadium, [[Steve O'Keefe]] took six wickets in each inning, Australia won by 333 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AUS vs IND, IND v AUS 2016/17, 1st Test at Pune, February 23 – 25, 2017 – Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ind-v-aus-2016-17-1030197/india-vs-australia-1st-test-1062573/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-09-23 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In the 2010s, it served as the home ground for [[Pune Warriors India]], [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]] in different time.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

In 2015 IPL, [[Kings Xi Punjab]] decided to move out of Mohali due to lukewarm spectator response at their primary home ground. Following the decision three home games were played at Pune.
In 2018 IPL, due to members of some political parties protested outside the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], political parties of Chennai demanded the IPL matches to be moved out of the city until the Cauvery Management Board{{clarify|date=September 2023}} was set up as directed by the honourable Supreme Court of India. Additionally Chennai police expressed that they are unable to provide stadium security. [[Chennai Super Kings]] relocated its remaining games to MCA stadium.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pune-chennai-set-to-be-ipl-2015-venues-828711 | title=Pune, Chennai set to be IPL 2015 venues | publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date= 10 February 2015}}</ref>

On 28 March 2021, MCA hosted its 50th game.<ref name=reach/>

== Controversy ==
In 2017, Indian TV network ''[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]'' exposed this stadium's official pitch curator Salgaonkar in a [[sting operation]]. The network alleged Salgaonkar for malpractice before India vs New Zealand ODI match of [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017–18|New Zealand tour of India]]. In response to that Mahrashtra Cricket Association sacked Salgaonkar from the job. According to '''[[cricket.com.au]]''<nowiki/>', the pitch curator showed batting pitch to the men around the Pune, which is clear breach of the ICC rule governing access to the Cricket pitch in international cricket matches.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pune curator sacked in tampering scandal|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/pune-pitch-curator-sacked-sting-tampering-bcci-pandurang-salgaoncar-india-new-zealand-odi/2017-10-25|access-date=2021-11-13|work=cricket.com.au}}</ref> The second ODI went ahead on schedule after the pitch had been inspected by match referee [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]]. The India Today footage of Salgaonkar speaking with a reporter, who was posing as a [[Bookmaker (gambling)|bookmaker]], was broadcast a few hours before the match.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/41753622|title=India v New Zealand: Groundsman sacked after TV sting tampering claims|publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> India Today alleged that Salgaonkar shared information about the wicket to their undercover reporter about possible scores and Salgaonkar was ready to tamper wicket for bounce. As per India Today their undercover reporter accompanied by Salgaonkar was permitted to tap, walk, and stamp on the pitch. The curator guaranteed to doctor the pitch according to demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest News, Breaking News Today – Bollywood, Cricket, Business, Politics – IndiaToday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-news-breaking-news-today-bollywood-cricket-business-politics|access-date=2021-11-13|work=India Today}}</ref>

Salgaonkar was suspended for 6 months from the curator position by BCCI and ICC, after that he returned on the job at MCA as curator.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Redirect Notice|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-mystery-of-the-pune-pitch-1202916|access-date=2021-11-13|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 October 2019 }}</ref>

In 2017, the pitch used for the first test of [[Australian cricket team in India in 2017|India vs Australia series]] was rated poor by ICC match referee [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]] in his match report.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-28|title=Indian cricket and its history with poor pitches: Pune not an anomaly|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/indian-cricket-and-its-history-with-poor-pitches-pune-not-an-anomaly/story-Vly6l06FWnHVU27aldeWHJ.html|access-date=2021-11-13|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2018 [[Bombay High Court|Bombay High court]] restricted Maharashtra Cricket Association (MCA) from using [[Pavana River|Pavana river]] water for the maintenance of this stadium's ground. The court gave this verdict in response to a [[Public interest litigation]] field by a [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], Loksatta movement. Maharashtra government granted the permission to use the water of Pavana river for industrial purpose to MCA. The judges of Bombay High court said that, "We are shocked to note that for a period of six years, the state government has allowed the MCA to draw water from the Pavana river for industrial purposes when admittedly the MCA is not running any industry. The water is being used for the stadium" and to do so was illegal.<ref>{{Cite news|title=High Court bans use of Pavana water for IPL 2018 matches in Pune|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/high-court-bans-use-of-pavana-water-for-ipl-2018-matches-in-pune/story-w7KKT36K5mGSmuwR1yoQFK_amp.html}}</ref>

==Domestic cricket==
[[File:Sahara Stadium Pune 4.jpg|thumb|View from pavellion end.]]
The arena has hosted many domestic tournaments such as
the [[Ranji trophy]], [[IPL]] and [[Women's T20 Challenge]] etc. In December 2011 the MCA stadium hosted its first first class match, when Himachal Pradesh played against home team Maharashtra in the [[2011–12 Ranji Trophy|2011-12 Ranji trophy]].<ref name=":3" /> In 2023 it hosted the inaugural season of the Maharashtra Premier League (MPL). The league has 6 teams, Maharashtra Cricket Association organises it.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/sports/arshin-kulkarni-hits-fastest-century-in-maharashtra-premier-league-history-hits-13-sixes-and-claimed-4-wickets-nashik-titans-win-puneri-bappa/722276 | title=Video: 6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6... 16 चेंडूत 90 धावा; महाराष्ट्र प्रीमियर लीगमध्ये नाशिकच्या मुलाची कमाल | date=20 June 2023 }}</ref> In January 2016, the stadium hosted the Ranji trophy [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy#Final|final]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/pune-to-host-ranji-trophy-final-279666-2015-12-30&ved=2ahUKEwj8gO6rz7uBAxU59zgGHei9CvAQFnoECCsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw00vwm2UXY2qYA3GvBopvqn|work=India Today|title=Pune to host Ranji trophy final...|date=30 December 2015 }}</ref> It hosted the first semifinal of [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy|2017-18 Ranji]] between [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] and [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]], Delhi won the game by an innings and 26 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2017-18-1118604/bengal-vs-delhi-1st-semi-final-1118702/full-scorecard&ved=2ahUKEwjH5rCI0buBAxU-yzgGHZZsBuIQFnoECBMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3yeLw14NroEdWenwpX3l9J|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|title=Bengal Vs Delhi : Ranji trophy}}</ref> Before the venue was built, Neharu stadium in downtown pune hosted domestic tournaments. During the 1930s-1990s the [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground]] had hosted many first-class matches in the city. [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy's]] ground in Khadakwasala has also hosted some first class games in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune in ... |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-in-big-league-of-cricket-gahunje-stadium-hosts-maiden-test/articleshow/57303434.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226090830/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-in-big-league-of-cricket-gahunje-stadium-hosts-maiden-test/articleshow/57303434.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MUM vs MAH Deccan Gymkhana ground, Pune February 16, 1935 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-1934-35-484880/maharashtra-vs-bombay-484954/live-cricket-score&ved=2ahUKEwjx3bmW1ruBAxXYxjgGHfWlA0oQFnoECDYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2hbmqSVywImNbv8zonajJP |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> After inauguration in 2012, MCA stadium served as the home venue of the IPL franchise [[Sahara Pune Warriors]].<ref name=":3" /> The arena also was allocated as The home ground of the [[Chennai Super Kings]] during an IPL season.<ref name=":4" /> It was the home ground of the [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] in 2016–17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 201... |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2017-1078425/rising-pune-supergiant-squad-1083999/series-squads&ved=2ahUKEwjotYfIhb6BAxWVTWwGHaDsA-IQFnoECDMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1MCCffQDb-SHEYmZgVYfBy |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The entire edition of [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022 IPL]] was held in Maharashtra, and as a result the MCA stadium hosted a significant number of games of it.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IPL 2022 schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2022-full-schedule-of-matches-venues-and-timings/articleshow/90042975.cms |work=The Times of India|date=30 May 2022 }}</ref>

==Features==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2023}}
* A main 15 wicket match ground<ref name=":5" />
* [[Bermuda-grass]] surface ground, which has pop-up sprinklers. For fast drainage of water its underground is made up 3 layers that is drainage layer of gravel, blinding layers composed of washed grit-sand and rootzone layer of silica sand, [[zeolite]], [[cocopeat]].<ref name=":2" />
* Adjacent practice ground with nets, for practice and smaller matches{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* About 45,000 seats for patrons.<ref name=":3" />
* A members' pavilion and a media stand
* Additional facilities for 5,000 members including [[squash (sport)|squash]] and badminton courts, a [[human swimming|swimming pool]], [[spa]], restaurants and bars<ref name=":5" />
* 80 corporate hospitality boxes{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* A state-of-the-art indoor Cricket academy with residential accommodation for youth training schemes{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* Parking for almost 3,500 cars and 12,000 two-wheelers.<ref name=":3" />

== ICC World Cup matches ==
The Maharashtra cricket association stadium is scheduled to host 5 matches of 2023 ICC World Cup including India–Bangladesh on 19 October. It is the first time that the arena will host the world cup. It was in contention to host [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 WC's]] games but was not able to do that due to construction delays. The city of Pune has hosted a game each in [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]] and [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 World Cup]] between Sri Lanka–England and Kenya–West Indies respectively at the [[Swargate|Swargate's]] [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru stadium]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pune to host five ICC World Cup matches after 27 years of wait |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/pune-to-host-five-icc-world-cup-matches-after-27-years-of-wait/ |work=[[Lokmat|Lokmat Times]]}}</ref>

===2023 ICC World Cup===
{{main|2023 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 October 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 256/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Litton Das]] 66 (82)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 2/38 (10 overs)
| score2 = 261/3 (41.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 103[[not out|*]] (97)
| wickets2 = [[Mehidy Hasan]] 2/47 (10 overs)
| result = [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Bangladesh vs India|India won by 7 wickets]]
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384408.html Scorecard]
|venue =
|motm= [[Virat Kohli]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (ENG)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] scored his [[Bangladesh at the Cricket World Cup#Most runs|1,000th run in the World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mushfiq second Bangladeshi to reach 1000 WC runs, goes past Viv Richards, Sourav Ganguly |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/mushfiq-second-bangladeshi-reach-1000-wc-runs-goes-past-viv-richards-sourav-ganguly-722410 |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=The Business Standard |date=19 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) surpassed [[Sachin Tendulkar]] to become the fastest to reach 26,000 runs in international cricket, in terms of innings (567).<ref>{{cite news |title=Virat Kohli surpasses Sachin Tendulkar to become fastest to 26000 international runs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-cup/news/virat-kohli-surpasses-sachin-tendulkar-to-become-fastest-to-26000-international-runs/articleshow/104561812.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=19 October 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=30 October 2023
|time=14:00
|daynight=y
|team1={{cr-rt|SL}}
|team2={{cr|AFG}}
|score1= 241 (49.3 Overs)
|runs1= [[Pathum Nissanka]] 46 (60)
|wickets1= [[Fazalhaq Farooqi]] 4/34 (10 overs)
|score2= 242/3 (45.2 Overs)
|runs2= [[Azmatullah Omarzai]][[not out|*]] 73 (63)
|wickets2= [[Dilshan Madushanka]] 2/48 (9 Overs)
|result= [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Afghanistan vs Sri Lanka|Afghanistan won by 7 wickets]]
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/afghanistan-vs-sri-lanka-30th-match-1384421/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
|venue=
|umpires= [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (ENG)
|motm= [[Fazalhaq Farooqi]]
|toss= Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=[[Rashid Khan]] (Afg) played in his 100th ODI.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/afghanistan-vs-sri-lanka-rashid-khan-100-odi-milestone-reaction-pune-2455736-2023-10-30 |title=AFG vs SL, World Cup 2023: Rashid Khan relishes 'great achievement' of completing 100-ODI landmark|work=India Today|date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 November 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 357/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rassie van der Dussen]] 133 (118)
| wickets1 = [[Tim Southee]] 2/77 (10 overs)
| score2 = 167 (35.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] 60 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Keshav Maharaj]] 4/46 (9 overs)
| result = [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#New Zealand vs South Africa|South Africa won by 190 runs]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384423.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Rassie van der Dussen]] (SA)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 November 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 339/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ben Stokes]] 108 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Bas de Leede]] 3/74 (10 overs)
| score2 = 179 (37.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Teja Nidamanuru]] 41[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets2 = [[Moeen Ali]] 3/42 (8.2 overs)
| result = [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#England vs Netherlands|England won by 160 runs]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384431.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ben Stokes]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = Netherlands were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 November 2023 |title=England vs Netherlands Live Score Updates: ENG vs NED, England defeat Netherlands by 160 runs|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/england-vs-netherlands-live-score-updates-icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-8-november-eng-vs-ned-buttler-stokes-edwards-pune/11699417863137.html|work=Mint|date=8 November 2023 }}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 November 2023
| time = 10:30
| day = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 306/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Towhid Hridoy]] 74 (79)
| wickets1 = [[Adam Zampa]] 2/32 (10 overs)
| score2 = 307/2 (44.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 177[[not out|*]] (132)
| wickets2 = [[Taskin Ahmed]] 1/61 (10 overs)
| result = [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs Bangladesh|Australia won by 8 wickets]]
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384434.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Mitchell Marsh]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = This is the first time that Australia has successfully chased down a target of 300 or above in the World Cups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mitchell Marsh 177* powers Australia to seventh straight win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/australia-vs-bangladesh-43rd-match-1384434/match-report |access-date=12 November 2023 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=11 November 2023}}</ref>
}}

==Statistics==
===One Day Internationals (ODI)===
====Team Records (ODI)====
{{updated|18 November 2023}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest score<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-highest-innings-totals/ind-maharashtra-cricket-association-stadium-pune-2677/one-day-internationals-2|title=Statistics / ODI matches / Team records / MCA Stadium / Team score|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:75px;"| Score !! style="width:125px;"|Team !! style="width:125px;"|Opposition !! style="width:75px;"|Year
|-
| '''357/4'''|| {{cr|RSA}} || {{cr|NZ}}|| 2023
|-
| '''356/7'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|ENG}}|| 2017
|-
| '''350/7'''|| {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IND}} || 2017
|-
| '''339/9'''|| {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|NED}}|| 2023
|-
| '''337/4'''|| {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IND}} || 2021
|-
|}

{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lowest score<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-lowest-innings-totals/ind-maharashtra-cricket-association-stadium-pune-2677/one-day-internationals-2|title=Statistics / odi matches / Team records / MCA Stadium / Team score (lowest)|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:75px;"| Score !! style="width:125px;"|Team !! style="width:125px;"|Opposition !! style="width:75px;"|Year
|-
| '''167'''|| {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|SA}}|| 2023
|-
| '''179'''|| {{cr|NED}} || {{cr|ENG}}|| 2023
|-
| '''230/9'''|| {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|IND}}|| 2017
|-
| '''232'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 2013
|-
| '''240'''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 2018
|}
{{Col-end}}

====Individual Records (ODI)====
{{updated|18 November 2023}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career runs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/batting-most-runs-career/ind-maharashtra-cricket-association-stadium-pune-2677/one-day-internationals-2|title=Statistics / Odi matches / Batting records/ MCA Stadium / Runs scored| publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:130px;"| Runs !! style="width:180px;"|Player !! style="width:75px;"|Period
|-
| '''551''' (8 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]] || class="nowrap"| 2013–2023
|-
| '''305''' (5 Innings) || {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Stokes]] || 2017–2023
|-
| '''280''' (7 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Shikhar Dhawan]] || 2013–2021
|-
| '''234''' (5 Innings) || {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Jonny Bairstow]] || 2021–2023
|-
| '''219''' (5 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[K.L. Rahul]] || 2017–2023
|-
|}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career wickets<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/bowling-most-wickets-career/ind-maharashtra-cricket-association-stadium-pune-2677/one-day-internationals-2|title=Statistics / Odi matches / Bowling records/ MCA Stadium / Wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:130px;"| Wickets !! style="width:180px;"|Player !! style="width:75px;"|Period
|-
| '''10''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Jasprit Bumrah]] || 2017–2023
|-
| '''10''' (6 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || class="nowrap"| 2013–2021
|-
| '''8''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Shardul Thakur]] || 2021–2023
|-
| '''6''' (3 Innings) || {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Prasidh Krishna]] || 2021–2021
|-
| '''6''' (4 Innings) || {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Stokes]] || 2017–2023
|}
{{Col-end}}

===List of centuries===

====Key====
* '''*''' denotes that the batsman was [[not out]].
* '''Inns.''' denotes the number of the innings in the match.
* '''Balls''' denotes the number of [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] faced in an innings.
* '''NR''' denotes that the number of balls was not recorded.
* Parentheses next to the player's score denotes his century number at Edgbaston.
* The column title '''Date''' refers to the date the match started.
* The column title '''Result''' refers to the player's team result

====Test centuries====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 109 || [[Steve Smith (cricketer, born 1989)|Steve Smith]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 202 || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || 23 February 2017 || Won<ref name=test2250>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10839/scorecard/1062573/india-vs-australia-1st-test-ind-v-aus-2016-17 |title=1st Test, Australia tour of India at Pune, Feb 23-25 2017|publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 108 || [[Mayank Agarwal]] || {{cr|IND}} || 195 || 1 || {{cr|SA}} || 10 October 2019 || | Won<ref name=test2364>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/game/1187008/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021 |title=2nd Test, ICC World Test Championship at Pune, Oct 10-14 2019 |date=10 October 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || 254* || [[Virat Kohli]] || {{cr|IND}} || 336 || 1 || {{cr|SA}} || 10 October 2019 || | Won<ref name=test2364 />
|}

====One Day Internationals====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 122 || Virat Kohli || {{cr|IND}} || 105 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || 15 January 2017 || Won<ref name=odi3819>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10732/scorecard/1034819/india-vs-england-1st-odi-england-tour-of-india-2016-17 |title=1st ODI (D/N), England tour of India at Pune, Jan 15 2017|publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 120 || [[Kedar Jadhav]] || {{cr|IND}} || 76 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || 15 January 2017 || Won<ref name=odi3819 />
|-
| 3 || 107 || Virat Kohli || {{cr|IND}} || 119 || 2 || {{cr|West Indies}} || 27 October 2018 || Lost<ref name=odi4062>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18902/scorecard/1157756/india-vs-west-indies-3rd-odi-west-indies-in-india-2018-19 |title=3rd ODI (D/N), West Indies tour of India at Pune, Oct 27 2018|publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || 108 || [[KL Rahul]] || {{cr|IND}} || 114 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || 26 March 2021 || Lost<ref name=odi4283>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-2nd-odi-1243394/full-scorecard |title=2nd ODI (D/N), Pune, Mar 26 2021, England tour of India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || 124 || [[Jonny Bairstow]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 112 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || 26 March 2021 || Won<ref name=odi4283/>
|-
| 6 || 103[[Not out|*]] || Virat Kohli || {{cr|IND}} || 97 || 2 || {{cr|BAN}} || 19 October 2023 || Won<ref name=odi4674>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/india-vs-bangladesh-17th-match-1384408/full-scorecard |title=17th Match (D/N), Pune, October 19, 2023, ICC Cricket World Cup|publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 7 || 114 || [[Quinton de Kock]] || {{cr|RSA}} || 116 || 1 || {{cr|NZ}} || 1 November 2023 || Won<ref name=odi4689>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/new-zealand-vs-south-africa-32nd-match-1384423/full-scorecard|title=32nd Match (D/N), Pune, November 1, 2023, ICC Cricket World Cup|publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 8 || 133 || [[Rassie van der Dussen]] || {{cr|RSA}} || 118 || 1 || {{cr|NZ}} || 1 November 2023 || Won<ref name=odi4689/>
|-
| 9 || 108 || [[Ben Stokes]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 84 || 1 || {{cr|NED}} || 8 November 2023 || Won<ref name=odi4697>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/england-vs-netherlands-40th-match-1384431/full-scorecard|title=40th Match (D/N), Pune, November 8, 2023, ICC Cricket World Cup|publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || 177[[Not out|*]] || [[Mitchell Marsh]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 132 || 2 || {{cr|BAN}} || 11 November 2023 || Won<ref name=odi4700>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/australia-vs-bangladesh-43rd-match-1384434/full-scorecard|title=43rd Match (D/N), Pune, November 11, 2023, ICC Cricket World Cup|publisher=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=11 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

===List of five wicket hauls===
====Tests====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Men's Test matches at Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of five-wicket hauls in Men's Test matches at Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=2677;orderby=start;qualmin1=5;qualval1=wickets;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings|access-date=25 October 2024|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- align=center
! scope="col" width="38"|No.
! scope="col" width="145"|Bowler
! scope="col" width="220"|Date
! scope="col" width="120"|Team
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing team
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts
! scope="col" width="70"|Result
|-align="center"
|scope="row"| 1 || {{sortname|Steve|O'Keefe}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|2|23}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|IND}} || 2 || 13.1 || 35 || 6 || Australia won<ref name=test2250 />
|-align="center"
|scope="row"| 2 || {{sortname|Steve|O'Keefe}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|2|23}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|IND}} || 4 || 15 || 35 || 6 || Australia won<ref name=test2250 />
|-align="center"
|scope="row"| 3 || {{sortname|Washington|Sundar}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|10|24}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|NZ}} || 1 || 23.1 || 59 || 7 || New Zealand won<ref name=test2557>{{Cite web |title=2nd Test, Pune, October 24-28, 2024, New Zealand tour of India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2024-25-1439847/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-1439897/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-align="center"
|scope="row"| 4 || {{sortname|Mitchell|Santner}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|10|24}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|IND}} || 2 || 19.3 || 53 || 7 || New Zealand won<ref name=test2557 />
|-align="center"
|scope="row"| 5 || {{sortname|Mitchell|Santner}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2024|10|24}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|IND}} || 4 || 29 || 104 || 6 || New Zealand won<ref name=test2557 />
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Sahara Stadium.jpg|MCA stadium from outside
File:Pune Cricket Stadium.jpg| Panoramic view of the stadium
File:Sahara Stadium Pune 4.jpg|A view of stadium from South Stand
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Lists of stadiums]]
* [[List of stadiums in India]]
* [[Sports in Maharashtra]]
* [[Cricket in India]]
* [[Sports in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.hopkins.co.uk/projects/3/135/ hopkins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226082257/https://www.hopkins.co.uk/projects/3/135/%20 |date=26 December 2018 }}

{{Portal bar|India|Sports|Cricket|2000s|}}
{{Pune topics}}
{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:Buildings by Hopkins Architects]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Pune]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2012]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Pune]]
[[Category:Sport in Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Pune]]

Chandrani Mukherjee

2026-01-08T00:46:29Z

LuciaStonor: minor fix details after review further

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = person
| name = Chandrani Mukherjee
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = West Bengal, India
| origin = India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = Filmi, Bollywood
| occupation = Playback singer
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 1975–1993
| label =
| associated_acts = Bappi Lahiri, R. D. Burman, Kalyanji-Anandji, Laxmikant-Pyarelal
}}
'''Chandrani Mukherjee''' is a former [[Bollywood]] [[playback singer]], she is a sister-in-law of late [[Bappi Lahiri]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Film world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3dTAAAAYAAJ|year=1977|publisher=T.M. Ramachandran|page=464}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Me - Chandrani Mukherjee|url=http://www.chandranimukherjee.in/about.htm|accessdate=3 May 2016}}</ref> from [[West Bengal]] and a [[Filmfare]] nominee.

== Career ==
Chandrani began her career in Bollywood with the film ''[[Aag Aur Toofan]]'' in 1975. Thereafter she sang in a couple of films until her swan song in ''[[Aaj Kie Aurat]]'' (1993). She was nominated for the Filmfare Best Female Playback Award thrice though she never won it.

==Notable songs==
{{improveref|date=February 2025}}
# Paisa Do Paisa [Album: Hamaara Sansaar];
# Aankhon Se Girana Na [Album: Suhaagan];
# Solah Shukrawar Bidhi Anusar - 2 [Album: Solah Shukrawar];
# Yeh Kaisa Suraj Hai [Album: Solah Shukrawar];
# Mil Jaye Jo Tu [Album: Yeh Preet Na Hogi Kam];
# Dil Mila Le O Abdulla [Album: Jaan-E-Bahaar];
# Jai Jai Ho Teri Jai Jai Ho Maa [Album: Hare Krishna];
# Chori Chori Kahan Chala [Album: Nain Mile Chain Kahan];
# O Re Sajanwa.... [Album: Pyasi Nadi]
# Bahut Kala Savera Hai [Album: Faqeer Badshah];
# Bapuji Bapuji [Album: Kasam];
# Dil Toot Gaya Hai Apna [Album: Anokha Insaan];
# Shankar Bhole-Bhale [Album: Shiv Shakti];
# Pehchan To Thi Pehchana Nahin [Album: [Griha Pravesh];
# Jai Jagdambe Mata [Album: Bharat Ki Santan];
# Mummy Daddy Ka Pyar [Album: Kanoon Meri Mutthi Mein];
# Nain Teri Jyoti [Album: Dushmano Ka Dushman]
# Bhoola Dete Agar [Album: Bandhan Pheron Ke];
# How Are You Munni Bai [Album: Laalach]
# Jhoothe Ber Khane Shabri [Album: Poster];
# Uthe Huonko Zamaane Mein Sab Uthaate Hain [Meri Izzat Bachao];
# Ujad Gaya Ghar Ek Nirdhan Ka [Meri Izzat Bachao];
# Tu Man Ki Ati Bhori O Maiya Mori Tu Man [Gopal Krishna];
# Sun Sun Sun O Mere Manmeet Ho [Atyachar];
# Pyaar Ki Pyaasi Zulm Ki Maari [Main Khilona Nahin];
# Nazar Aati Nahin Manzil Tadapne Se Bhi Kya Haasil [Kaanch Aur Heera];
# Na Samjha Hai Koi Na Samjhega Yaaron [Yeh Kaisa Nasha Hai];
# Mere Mehboob Shaayad Aaj Kuchh Naaraaz Hain Mujhse [Kitne Paas Kitne Door];
# Main Aankhen Moond Ke So Jaaoon [Kamana]
# Lutate Dekho Na Are Dekhnewaalo Mujhko [Bistar];
# Logon Ka Kya Hai Woh Yoohi Jalenge [Yeh Kaisa Nasha Hai];
# Kaleja Thaam Ke Kar Rahe [Main Khilona Nahin];
# Kaise Bataaun Main Tujhko Achchha Lage Piya Mujhko Tera Saath [Yeh Kaisa Nasha Hai];
# Jisne Bachaayi Meri Laaj [Jai Baba Amarnath];
# Jehi Vidhi Raakhe Raam Tohi Vidhi Rahiye [Shiksha];
# Jaan Le Pe Jab Tu Aamaad Ho Gaya, "Is Ishq Mohabbat Ki" [Zulm Ki Pukar];
# Hain Vaadiyaan Dilnashi Har Tamanna Hai Jawaan [Dimple];
# Geet Hai Yeh Zindagi Gun Gunaate Aur Gaate Chale Chalo [Jivan Rekha];
# Ganga Jee Ki Lahron Pe Diyaara Bahe [Payal Ki Zankar];
# Dil Aaj Bahut Khush Hai Dildaar Tujhe Pa Ke [Aag Aur Toofan];
# Dekho Sar Pe Hain Do Shing [HumKadam];
# Chaahnewaala Jise Tere Jaisa Mila Jaaye Meri Jaan Kehke Loge [Pyasi Nadi];
# Bhar De Ae Mere Maula Jholi Hai Khaali [Meri Izzat Bachao];
# Aap Agar Aap Na Hote To Bhala Kya Hote [Griha Pravesh];
# Koi bhi dil main naa aaya tha [Laparwah]
# Aankhon Mein Hain Aansooon Hothon Par Hansi [Tere Pyar Mein]; and,
# Aaja Ki Teri Raah Mein Palke Bichha Ke Ham [Lalach]
# Is Ishq Mohabbat Ki with Mohammad Rafi (Zulm Ki Pukaar, 1979)

==Award and nominations==
{{awards table}}
|-
| 1981
| "Pehchan To Thi" (''[[Griha Pravesh (1979 film)|Griha Pravesh]]'')
| rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer.]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1982
| "Mohabbat Rang Layegi" (''[[Poonam (film)|Poonam]]'')
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1984
| "Aaja Ki Teri Raahon Mein" (''Lal Chunariya'')
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Chandrani}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

The Boys (2024 film)

2025-12-21T10:02:37Z

LuciaStonor: Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = The Boys (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Santhosh P. Jayakumar]]
| writer = Santhosh P. Jayakumar
| producer = E. Sendhil Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Santhosh P. Jayakumar
*[[Shah Ra]]
*[[Rajendran]]
}}
| cinematography = K. Ahamed Sherief
| editing = Sam RDX
| music = Arun Gautham
| studio = {{plainlist|
*Dark Room Pictures
*Nova Film Studios
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|3|29|}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''The Boys''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil cinema|Tamil-language]] [[adult film|adult]] [[Comedy horror film|comedy horror]] film written and directed by [[Santhosh P. Jayakumar]] starring himself, [[Shah Ra]], Arshad, KPY Vinoth, Yuvaraj Ganesan, [[Redin Kingsley]], and [[Rajendran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2023-12-25 |title=Santhosh P Jayakumar’s next film is titled 'The Boys', team releases first look poster |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Dec/25/santhosh-p-jayakumars-next-film-is-titled-the-boys-team-releases-first-look-poster-2644584.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131172306/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Dec/25/santhosh-p-jayakumars-next-film-is-titled-the-boys-team-releases-first-look-poster-2644584.html |archive-date=2024-01-31 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Five carefree friends, Karthi, Akira, Kolaar, Baby, and James, live life by their own compass, prioritizing fun and avoiding responsibility. Their world gets a hilarious shake-up when they move into a new house brimming with hidden secrets. As they navigate quirky situations and unearth the house's mysteries, their loyalty and laughter are put to the test. Will their unshakeable bond survive the chaos? "The Boys" is a wacky, dramatic comedy that explores the ups and downs of friendship and the challenges of facing the unexpected.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Santhosh P. Jayakumar]] as Karthik (Dio Karthi)
*[[Shah Ra]] as Shanmugam Sundaram @ Akira
*Arshad as Gopal @ Kolaru
*KPY Vinoth as Kuzhanthai Prakasam @ Baby (Baby Bright)
*Yuvaraj Ganesan as James
*[[Baba Bhaskar]] as House owner
*[[Sai Dheena]] as Police Inspector
*[[Redin Kingsley]] as Exorcist
*[[Rajendran]] as Akira's uncle
* Mullai as Police Officer
*[[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Robin Singh ([[Cameo Appearance|Cameo]])
*[[Krishna Kulasekaran|Krishna]] as Krishna ([[Cameo Appearance|Cameo]])
}}

== Release ==
''The Boys'' was released theatrically on 29 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Santhosh P Jayakumar's The Boys gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/21/santhosh-p-jayakumars-the-boys-gets-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404102004/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/21/santhosh-p-jayakumars-the-boys-gets-release-date |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated this film three out of five stars and noted "All in all, ''The Boys'' is a wacky film with many well-thought-out comedy moments. It's a film in which Akira Kurosawa, Amitabh Bachchan, Bumble, and the song Kattipudi Kattipudida almost act as standalone characters, along with five friends and two police officers".<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Boys Movie Review : A wonderfully weird film that's silly in the best way possible |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/the-boys/movie-review/108877285.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404102005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/the-boys/movie-review/108877285.cms |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Narayani M. from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated this film two out of five stars and noted "The film relies on the idea that men are wired a certain way and panders to the problematic notion of ‘Boys will be Boys’. Despite the director mentioning that the film would tackle the ill effects of alcoholism, the film never speaks about it except for the final perfunctory monologue".<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-03-29 |title=The Boys Movie Review: Plenty of horrors in this unfunny adult comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/29/the-boys-movie-review-plenty-of-horrors-in-this-unfunny-adult-comedy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404051434/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/29/the-boys-movie-review-plenty-of-horrors-in-this-unfunny-adult-comedy |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

Manigandan KR from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated this film {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars and noted "In all, ''The Boys'' is a fairly engaging adult comedy entertainer that is worth a one-time watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-30 |title=The Boys Review: A Horror Comedy That Works in Parts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/the-boys-review-a-horror-comedy-that-works-in-parts-review-108891473 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404052525/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/the-boys-review-a-horror-comedy-that-works-in-parts-review-108891473 |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boys 2024 Film}}
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dylan Bachelet

2025-12-01T12:06:32Z

LuciaStonor: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of The Great British Bake Off finalists (series 8–present)#Dylan Bachelet]]

Y. Srilakshmi

2025-11-25T07:52:15Z

LuciaStonor: New

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
'''Yerra Srilakshmi''' (born 15 July 1966) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in}}</ref> is an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) belonging to 1988 batch. Srilakshmi was the former [[Andhra Pradesh]] Secretary for Industries, she was then appointed by the [[Telangana]] as a [[Chief secretary (India)|Special Chief Secretary]] Chief Secretary of State Government Institutions. In December 2020 she shifted back to the Andhra Pradesh government and was appointed as the Secretary for Municipal Administration and Urban Development.

Srilakshmi has been subject to allegations of corruption and is under investigation for involvement in various controversial decisions and has been jailed for the same, being only let out on grounds of 'ill health'.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-03-22|title=Srilakshmi back in jail|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/srilakshmi-back-in-jail/article4535213.ece|access-date=2021-03-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Cases which are under court trial==
The [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)]] arrested [[V. D. Rajagopal]] and Y. Srilakshmi, as the third and fourth accused respectively in the investigation into illegal mining by [[Obulapuram Mining Company]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2669618.ece|title= Sri Lakshmi arrested in illegal mining case |work=The Hindu|date= 29 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2713127.ece|title= Rajagopal has role in 'benami' mining: CBI|work=The Hindu|date= 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2678413.ece|title= Srilakshmi sent to Chanchalguda jail|work=The Hindu|date= 2 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2654668.ece|title= Rajagopal, Sri Lakshmi accused of fraud|work=The Hindu|date= 24 November 2011}}</ref> The permission for mining in Anantapur was for captive mining, i.e. the ore mined in that region is to be used in the local steel plant and not to be exported. Srilakshmi is accused of dropping the term "captive mining" in the final order approving a mining license to Obulapuram. Srilakshmi suggested that this was done at the insistence of the former [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]] and current Telangana minister [[Sabitha Indra Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2676337.ece|title=Srilakshmi blames Sabita|work=The Hindu|date=December 2011 |last1=Rahul |first1=N. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2722343.ece|title=Sabitha listed as witness in OMC charge sheet|work=The Hindu|date=17 December 2011 }}</ref> However the CBI defended the [[Home Minister (Andhra Pradesh)|Home minister]], who is a senior local politician of the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2679567.ece|title=CBI defends Sabita|work=The Hindu|date=2 December 2011 |last1=Rahul |first1=N. }}</ref> She was suspended from the IAS after 48 hours of police custody.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2679564.ece|title= Government suspends Srilakshmi |work=The Hindu|date= 2 December 2011}}</ref> She received conditional bail on 2 December 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/government-and-policy/article2680872.ece|title= IAS officer Srilakshmi granted bail |work=The Hindu|date= 2 December 2011}}</ref> The [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] cancelled the bail on 2 January 2012 and Srilakshmi was taken into judicial custody.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2769953.ece|title= HC cancels Srilakshmi's bail |work=The Hindu|date= 3 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2768469.ece|title= Illegal mining case: A.P. High Court cancels Srilakshmi's bail |work=The Hindu|date= 3 January 2012}}</ref> Srilakshmi was again granted interim bail on 9 October 2012 till 20 January 2013 with a Rs. 50,000 bond.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/srilakshmi-granted-interim-bail-till-january-20/article3979462.ece|title=Conditional bail for Y srilakshami from 9 Oct 2012 to 20 Jan 2013|work=The Hindu|date= 9 October 2012}}</ref>

==CBI chargesheet in OMC case==
The CBI alleged that Srilakshmi and Rajagopal demanded huge bribes from mine owners for prospecting licences. The CBI said in the [[chargesheet]] that Srilakshmi showed preferential treatment to [[Obulapuram Mining Company]] even with respect to the state owned Mineral Development Corporation (APMDC) for mining leases. On Srilakshmi, the charge sheet said that the senior IAS officer, as secretary of industries and commerce, also deliberately favoured the OMC in allotting mining area. The department had received more than 30 applications for lease of the six mining areas in the state and Srilakshmi deliberately allocated three areas to OMC. Among those rejected by her were Ch. Shasi Kumar (11 May 2005) and Gimpex Limited (26 April 2007). Favouring OMC, Srilakshmi wrote a letter to the ministry of mines that OMC was a bonafide firm.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2782421.ece|title= CBI probing demand for bribe by Srilakshmi |work=The Hindu|date= 7 January 2012 }}</ref>

==Conflict between AP state government ministers and IAS officers==
The conflict between the ministers of the state of Andhra Pradesh, who are elected politicians and the officers from the IAS cadre came to public view in February 2012.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/ap-ysr-reddy-helped-built-the-kingdom-on-jaganmohan-reddy-140637-2011-09-07|title=Andhra Pradesh: YSR Reddy helped build son Jaganmohan's kingdom|publisher=The India Today|date= 8 September 2011}}</ref> The extent of corruption in the [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|YSR government]] was even highlighted in US state department cables exposed by Wikileaks.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/ysr-reddy-government-was-engaged-in-corruption-wikileaks-140949-2011-09-12|title=YSR Reddy's government was engaged in corruption: WikiLeaks|publisher=The India Today |date= 13 September 2011}}</ref> In the inter-related investigations into the [[Obulapuram Mining Company|OMC mining scandal]], the [[Emaar India|EMAAR-MGF]] Boulder Hills scam and the inquiry into the inordinate wealth of [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] allegedly accumulated as a quid-pro-quo for favours received from the [[Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] government, the CBI has focused on various IAS officers. IAS officers from Andhra Pradesh including Srilakshmi, [[V. D. Rajagopal IAS|Rajagopal]], [[B. P. Acharya]], L. V. Subrahmanyam, K. V. Rao, K. Ratna Prabha, etc., have been arrested, charge-sheeted or have been questioned by the CBI in the investigation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2861854.ece|title= IAS officer appears before CBI in Jagan case|work=The Hindu|date= 5 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2861986.ece|title=Jagan case: Ratna Prabha appears before CBI |work=The Hindu|date=5 February 2012}}</ref>

The AP IAS Officers Association alleged that they were made scapegoats for the decisions forced by the supervising ministers.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article2860922.ece|title= CBI probe: IAS officers launch tirade against Ministers|work=The Hindu|date= 4 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/article2858532.ece|title=IAS officers express concern over CBI probes |work=Business Line|date= 4 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2861935.ece|title= IAS officers launch tirade against Ministers|work=The Hindu|date=5 February 2012}}</ref> They suggested that the decisions that incriminated the IAS officers took, could not have been implemented without the approval of concerned members of the [[Council of Ministers (India)|Council of Ministers]]. The officers have challenged the CBI procedures in these arrests.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/andhra-pradesh/ias-officers-in-andhra-pradesh-revolt-against-ministers-173939|title= IAS officers in Andhra Pradesh revolt against ministers|publisher=NDTV|date= 7 February 2012}}</ref> While opposition political parties have suggested that the IAS officers name the ministers responsible for corruption in Andhra Pradesh,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/article2865524.ece| title=Reveal names of corrupt ministers: TDP | work=The Hindu|date= 6 February 2012}}</ref> the Congress party functionaries have denied that the officers are being made scapegoats.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article2863230.ece|title= AP Congress denies IAS officers being made scapegoats|work=The Hindu|date= 5 February 2012}}</ref> Several other voices including the former vigilance commissioner, Ramachandra Samal, have reiterated that the system is deep in corruption.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/most-of-andhra-ias-officers-are-corrupt-samal/227835-60-114.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210143225/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/most-of-andhra-ias-officers-are-corrupt-samal/227835-60-114.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=10 February 2012|title= Most of Andhra IAS officers are corrupt: Samal |publisher=IBN Live|date=7 February 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srilakshmi, Y.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Illegal mining in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:1966 births]]