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1st Filmfare Awards Marathi

2023-09-07T13:15:24Z

Lucasraven12: Fresh page draft.

{{Short description|Indian film awards}}

{{Infobox film awards
| number = 1
| award = Filmfare Marathi Awards
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| presented_date = 20 November 2015
| site = [[Thane]]
| host = [[Prasad Oak]], [[Pushkar Shrotri]], Kranti Redkar
| organizer = [[Ajeenkya DY Patil University]]
| website =
| best_film = ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]''
| most_wins = ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (5)
| most_nominations = ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi|''Elizabeth Ekadashi'']]'', ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (13)
| best_critic = ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi|''Elizabeth Ekadashi'']]'', ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| last =
| next = [[2nd Filmfare Awards Marathi|2nd]]
}}

The '''1st Filmfare Marathi Awards''' is a ceremony, presented by [[Ajeenkya DY Patil University]], honored the best Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi-language films]] of [[List of Marathi films of 2014|2014]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tabu, Vidya Balan, Urmila Matondkar attend Marathi Filmfare awards in Mumbai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/tabu-vidya-balan-urmila-matondkar-attend-marathi-filmfare-awards-in-mumbai/articleshow/49872471.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Elizabeth Ekadashi|''Elizabeth Ekadashi'']] and ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' led the ceremony with 13 nominations each, followed by ''[[Fandry]]'' with 11 nominations and ''[[Rege]]'' with 10 nominations.

''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' won 5 awards, most in the music category, followed by ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]], [[Fandry]]'' and ''[[Rege]]'' with 4 awards each. ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]'' won 3 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]].

== Ceremony ==
It was held at Thane, the 1st Filmfare Marathi Awards honored the films released in [[List of Marathi films of 2014|2014]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Marathi Filmfare Awards: Nominations |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-filmfare-awards-nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> At a virtual press conference helmed by editor of ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine, revealed [[Ajeenkya DY Patil University]] as the title sponsor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajeenkya DY Filmfare Awards (Marathi): Winners {{!}} Ajeenkya DY Filmfare Awards (Marathi): Winners Celebrity Pics {{!}} Ajeenkya DY Filmfare Awards (Marathi): Winners Photo Gallery - ETimes Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/filmfare-awards/ajeenkya-dy-filmfare-awards-marathi/ajeenkya-dy-filmfare-awards-marathi-winners/articleshow/49869465.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Press conference of Ajeenkya D Y Patil Filmfare Marathi Awards 2014 {{!}} Riteish Deshmukh Images - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/press-conference-of-ajeenkya-d-y-patil-filmfare-marathi-awards-2014/press-conference-of-ajeenkya-d-y-patil-filmfare-marathi-awards-2014-15/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en}}</ref> Actors [[Prasad Oak]], [[Pushkar Shrotri]] and Kranti Redkar were announced as the co-hosts, while singers [[Vaishali Samant]] and actors [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Neha Pendse|Nehha Pendse]], [[Adinath Kothare]], [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] and [[Manasi Naik]] performed during the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farooq |first=Aisha |title=Who won at the Marathi Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/won-marathi-filmfare-awards |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=DESIblitz |language=en}}</ref> Bollywood actors [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Urmila Matondkar]] were also present at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners: Marathi Filmfare Awards 2014 - |url=https://www.friedeye.com/movies/winners-marathi-filmfare-awards-2014/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Celebs grace ‘Ajeenkya DY Patil University Marathi Filmfare Awards 2014’ {{!}} Varun Dhawan, Vidya Balan Images - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/celebs-grace-ajeenkya-dy-patil-university-marathi-filmfare-awards-2014/celebs-grace-ajeenkya-dy-patil-university-marathi-filmfare-awards-2014-2/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |language=en}}</ref> It took place on 20 November 2015, and was broadcast on 28 February 2017 on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards: Dr Prakash Baba Amte and Lai Bhaari rule |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-awards-marathi-winners/articleshow/49868658.cms |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Winners and nominees ==
[[File:Nana patekar.jpg|thumb|186x186px|[[Nana Patekar]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]]]
[[File:Sonali Kulkarni graces the screening of Sonata.jpg|thumb|210x210px|[[Sonali Kulkarni]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]]]
[[File:Mohan Agashe.jpg|thumb|202x202px|[[Mohan Agashe]] – [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor Critics]]]]
[[File:Kishor kadam.jpg|thumb|150x150px|[[Kishor Kadam]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]]]]
[[File:Amruta Subhash at Balak Palak.jpg|thumb|155x155px|[[Amruta Subhash]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]]]]
[[File:Riteish Deshmukh at the Promotion of 'Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum' 06.jpg|thumb|210x210px|[[Riteish Deshmukh]] – [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – Marathi|Best Male Debut]]]]
[[File:RameshDeo (cropped).jpg|thumb|191x191px|[[Ramesh Deo]] – [[Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]]
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]'''''
**''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**''[[Fandry]]''
**''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**''[[Rege]]''
**[[Yellow (2014 film)|''Yellow'']]

| valign="top" |
*'''[[Nagraj Manjule]] – ''[[Fandry]]'''''
**Abhijit Panse – ''[[Rege]]''
**[[Mahesh Limaye]] – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**[[Nishikant Kamat]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**[[Paresh Mokashi]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**Samrudhi Porey – ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero|Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
|-
|
*'''[[Nana Patekar]] – ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero|Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero]]'''''
**[[Atul Kulkarni]] – ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''
**[[Girish Kulkarni]] – ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
**[[Mohan Agashe]] – ''[[Astu]]''
**[[Riteish Deshmukh]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|
*'''[[Sonali Kulkarni]] – ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero|Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero]]'''''
**[[Iravati Harshe]] – ''[[Astu]]''
**[[Mrinal Kulkarni]] – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**[[Priya Bapat]] – ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''
**[[Usha Naik]] – ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
**Veena Jamkar – ''[[Taptapadi]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
|
*'''[[Kishor Kadam]] – ''[[Fandry]]'''''
**[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] – ''[[Rege]]''
**[[Pushkar Shrotri]] – ''[[Rege]]''
**[[Sharad Kelkar]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**[[Upendra Limaye]] – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
|
*'''[[Amruta Subhash]] – ''[[Astu]]'''''
**[[Neena Kulkarni]] – ''[[Taptapadi]]''
**[[Smita Tambe]] – ''[[Candle March (film)|Candle March]]''
**[[Tanvi Azmi]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**Nandita Dhuri – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – Marathi|Best Male Debut]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – Marathi|Best Female Debut]]
|-
|
*'''[[Riteish Deshmukh]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
|
*'''[[Parna Pethe]] – ''[[Rama Madhav]]'''''
**Rajeshwari Kharat – ''[[Fandry]]''
**[[Aditi Pohankar]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Marathi|Best Music Director]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Marathi|Best Lyricist]]
|-
|
* '''[[Ajay–Atul|Ajay-Atul]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
**[[Chinar–Mahesh]] – ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
**[[Anand Modak]] – ''[[Rama Madhav]]''
**Ajay Naik – ''[[Baavare Prem He]]''
**Mahesh Kulkarni – ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''

|
*'''[[Guru Thakur]] – "Mauli Mauli" – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
** [[Guru Thakur]] – "Mala Ved Lagale" – ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
** [[Paresh Mokashi]] – "Dagad" – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
** Dasu Vaidya – "Mani Achanak" – ''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
** Prakash Holkar – "Don Disachi Sawli" – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
** Sudhir Moghe – "Swapani Navhate Disale" – ''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
|
*'''[[Ajay Gogavale]] – "Mauli Mauli" – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
**[[Hrishikesh Ranade]] – "Baavare Prem He" – ''[[Baavare Prem He]]''
**[[Swapnil Bandodkar]] – "Mala Ved Lagale" – ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
**[[Ajay Gogavale]] – "Fandry" – ''[[Fandry]]''
**Mangesh Dhakade – "Mani Achanak" – ''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
|
*'''[[Ketaki Mategaonkar]] - "Mala Ved Lagale" - ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]'''''
**[[Bela Shende]] – "Baavare Prem He" – ''[[Baavare Prem He]]''
**[[Vaishali Samant]] – "Don Disachi Sawli" – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
**Madhura Datar – "Loot Liyo" – [[Rama Madhav|''Rama Madhav'']]
**Kirti Killedar – "Mani Achanak" – ''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
|}

; Critics' awards
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Paresh Mokashi]]''' – '''''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'''''
*'''[[Gajendra Ahire]]''' – '''''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]'''''
|-
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
|-
|
*'''[[Mohan Agashe]] – ''[[Astu]]'''''
|
*'''[[Usha Naik]] – ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]'''''
|}

; Technical Awards
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Story – Marathi|Best Story]]
! style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay – Marathi|Best Screenplay]]
|-
|
*'''[[Madhugandha Kulkarni]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'''''
**Kshitij Hitendra Thakur, Ambar Hadap, Ganesh Pandit, [[Mahesh Limaye]] – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**[[Mangesh Hadawale]] – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
**[[Nagraj Manjule]] – ''[[Fandry]]''
**Sachin Baliram Nagargoje – ''[[Taptapadi]]''
**Shrikant Bojewar – ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
|
*'''[[Paresh Mokashi]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'''''
**[[Mangesh Hadawale]] – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
**[[Nagraj Manjule]] – ''[[Fandry]]''
**Shrikant Bojewar – ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue – Marathi|Best Dialogue]]
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing – Marathi|Best Editing]]
|-
|
*[[Madhugandha Kulkarni|'''Madhugandha Kulkarni''']], '''[[Paresh Mokashi]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]'''''
**Madhugandha Kulkarni, Sachin Baliram Nagargoje – ''[[Taptapadi]]''
**[[Pravin Tarde]], Abhijit Panse – ''[[Rege]]''
**Samruddhi Pore – ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero|Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero]]''
**[[Gajendra Ahire]] – ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
|
*'''Dinesh Poojari – ''[[Rege]]'''''
**Jayant Jathar – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**Aarif Sheikh – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**[[Chandan Arora]] – ''[[Fandry]]''
**Rajesh Rao – ''[[Sau Shashi Deodhar]]''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – Marathi|Best Choreography]]
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – Marathi|Best Cinematography]]
|-
|
*'''[[Ganesh Acharya]] – "Aala Holicha San" – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'''''
**Umesh Jadhav – "Ali Lahar Kela Kahar" – ''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story|Pyar Vali Love Story]]''
**Umesh Jadhav – "Yaha Vaha Sara Jahan" – ''Pyar Vali Love Story''
**[[Saroj Khan]] – "''Loot Liyo''" – ''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|
*'''Vikram Amladi – ''[[Fandry]]'''''
**[[Laxman Utekar]] – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
**[[Mahesh Limaye]] – ''[[Rege]]''
**[[Amol Gole]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**Yogesh Rajguru – ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction – Marathi|Best Production Design]]
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound – Marathi|Best Sound Design]]
|-
|
*'''[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]] – ''[[Rama Madhav]]'''''
**Santosh Phutane – ''[[Candle March (film)|Candle March]]''
**Sachin Bhilare – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**Mahesh Gurunath – ''[[Vitti Dandu]]''
**Devdas Bhandare – ''[[Taptapadi]]''
|
*'''Rohit Pradhan – ''[[Rege]]'''''
**Anmol Bhave – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**Sanjay Maurya, Allwyn Rego – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
**Nimish Chheda, Avinash Sonawne, Christopher Harvey – ''[[Fandry]]''
**Tushar Pandit – ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Marathi|Best Background Score]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
*'''[[Monty Sharma]] – ''[[Rege]]'''''
**Chaitanya Adkar – ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
**[[Narendra Bhide]] – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**[[Kaushal Inamdar]] – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**Saket Kanetkar – ''[[Astu]]''
|}

; Special awards
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| '''Lifetime Achievement Award'''
|-
|colspan=2|

* '''[[Ramesh Deo]]'''
|-
!colspan=2|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director – Marathi|Best Debut Director]]
|-
|colspan=2|

* '''Abhijit Panse – ''[[Rege]]'''''
* '''Mahesh Limaye - ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]'''''
|-
!colspan=2| Best Child Artist
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''Somnath Avghade – ''[[Fandry]]'''''
**Nishant Bhavsar – ''[[Vitti Dandu]]''
**Rohit – ''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
**Shrirang Mahajan – ''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
**Gauri Gadgil – ''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
**Shruti Kalsekar – ''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|}

== Superlatives ==

{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
! rowspan="2" |13
|''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
|-
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|-
!11
|''[[Fandry]]''
|-
!10
|''[[Rege]]''
|-
!9
|''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
|-
!7
|''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |6
|''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
|-
|''[[Tapaal (2014 film)|Tapaal]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |5
|''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]''
|-
|''[[Astu]]''
|-
|''[[Taptapadi]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
|''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
|-
|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |3
|''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''
|-
|''[[Baavare Prem He]]''
|-
|''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple wins
! Awards !! Film
|-
! scope=row|5
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |4
|''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
|-
|''[[Fandry]]''
|-
|''[[Rege]]''
|-
! 3
|''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
|''[[Astu]]''
|-
|''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
[[Category:2015 Indian film awards]]

K. Raghunathan

2023-09-07T04:34:52Z

Lucasraven12: Added article.

{{Short description|Indian Writer}}

'''K.Raghunathan''' is a [[Malayalam]] novelist, journalist and short story writer from [[Kerala]], India. He is best known for his novels ''Pathiravankara'' and ''Ajnathanama''. Raghunathan won the [[Kerala Sahithya Academy]] [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel|award for best novel]] in 2007 for ''Pathira Vankara''. He also won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography]] in 2020 for ''Mukathakandam VKN.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Erumeli Parameswaran |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=jnVkAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%98%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BB&dq=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%98%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BB&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjuksCEzZeBAxVTTmwGHY_GAEAQ6AF6BAgJEAM#%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%20%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%98%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BB |title=മലയാള സാഹിത്യം കാലഘട്ടങ്ങളിലൂടെ: സാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രം |publisher=Prathibha Books |isbn=978-81-240-0615-3 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Life ==
Raghunathan was born in Cheroor, [[Thrissur]] district, [[Kerala]]. After his education he joined ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' daily in 1980 , from where he started writing seriously.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Kerala / Thrissur News : Stories from the world of news |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210201650/http://hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112850110200.htm |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{{additional citations needed}}
* Atharu saheb
* Jvarabadhithamaya chila charithra pashchathalangal
* Ellum poovum chandanavum
* P.Krishna Pillaye kadicha pambu
* 2 Bharyamar
* Curiosity
* Bhoomiyute Pokkil
* Columbia
* Raghunathante novellakal
* Sanjay Gandhiyum Hanumanum
* Narakabhoopatam
* Karingoti
* Pakaram
* Bhoomiyute Pokkil
* Shabdayamounam
* Samadhanathinu Vendiyulla Yudhangal
* Ajnathanama

== Awards and recognition ==
* 1998: [[Edasseri Award|Edasseri Award - Wikipedia]] - ''Samadhanathinnu Vendiyulla Yudhangal''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudhīṣ |first=Vi Ār |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9XxkAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE&dq=%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVoP3ZzZeBAxUgTGwGHQQRBd8Q6AF6BAgKEAM#%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%20%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%20%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE |title=Kathāntaraṃ: kathāvimarśanaṃ |publisher=Haritaṃ Buks |language=ml}}</ref>
* 2007: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] - ''Pathiravankara''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathrubhumi Books - Awards |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809050710/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/awards.php?award=16 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
* 2020: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]]- ''Mukathakandam VKN''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Special |title=Akademi fellowship for Sethu, Perumbadavam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/akademi-fellowship-for-sethu-perumbadavam/article35960287.ece |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghunathan. K}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
{{India-writer-stub}}

Tennis Premier League

2023-07-18T11:18:33Z

Lucasraven12: Shared a valuable publication.

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan}}
{{more citations needed}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox sports league
| logo =
| logo_size =
| caption =
| sport = [[Tennis]]
| founded = 2018
| folded =
| teams =
| country = {{IND}}
| champion =
| most_champs =
| TV = TBD
|website=
}}
'''Tennis Premier League''' ('''TPL''') is a professional [[Tennis]] league in India.<ref>https://tennishub.in/tennis-premier-league</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/leander-paes-tennis-premier-league-tpl-2023-bengal-wizards-indian-tennis-news/article66909259.ece/amp/ | title=Tennis Premier League right step forward for the sport in India: Leander Paes | date=29 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>https://olympics.com/en/news/tennis-premier-league-season-4-start-date</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{uncategorized}}

Kashyap (caste)

2022-09-26T04:21:08Z

Lucasraven12: Introduced a new article.

{{Short description|Indian caste}}

{{use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox name
| name = Kashyap Rajput
| image =
| caption =
| romanisation =
| pronunciation =
| gender =
| masculine =
| feminine =
| meaning =
| motto =
| region = [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[Chandigarh]]
[[Punjab]] [[Haryana]] [[Himachal Pradesh]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu Kashmir]] [[ladakh]]
| language = [[Hindi]] [[English language|English]]
| languageorigin =
| origin =
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| shortform = [[Mehra]], [[Mehra Rajput]]
| petname =
| variant forms =
| related names = [[Kashyap mehra]], [[Mehra]] , [[Mehra Rajput]] , [[Rajput]] [[Koshyal]] [[Kanshilya]]
| cognate =
| anglicisation =
| name day =
| derived =
| derivative =
| derivation =
| seealso =
| popularity = [[Kashyapa]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Kashyap Rajput''' or '''Kashyap''' are a [[caste]] in India. They are sometimes called the '''Koshyal''' or '''Kanshilya'''.{{sfnp|Singh|2012|p=200|ps=}}

==History==
''Kashyap'' is originally one of the eight primary [[gotra]]s (clans) of the [[Brahmin]]s, being derived from [[Kashyapa]], the name of a [[rishi]] (hermit) from whom the eponymous gotra Brahmins believe to have descended. The Brahmanical clan system was later emulated by people as an early example of the [[sanskritisation]] process.{{sfnp|Singh|2012|p=199|ps=}} In more recent times, the All-India Kashyap Rajput Mahasabha pressure group was established prior to the 1941 census of [[British India]] to lobby the census authorities to record the caste as ''Kashyap Rajput'' rather than by any other name.{{sfnp|Maheshwari|1996|pp=109-110|ps=}}

==Kashyap communities==
There were proposals in 2013 that some or all of the communities related to Kashyap in the state should be reclassified as [[Scheduled Castes]] under India's [[Reservation in India|system of positive discrimination]]; this would have involved declassifying them from the [[Other Backwards Class]] category.{{sfnp|Shah|2013|ps=}} Whether or not this would happen was a significant issue in the campaign for the [[2014 Indian general election]].{{sfnp|Srivastava|2014|ps=}}

They are among 17 OBC communities that were again proposed for Scheduled Caste status by the [[Samajwadi Party]]-controlled [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. However, this proposal, which relates to [[votebank politics]], has been stayed by the courts; the prior attempt had been rejected by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Setback for Akhilesh government as High Court stays their order to include 17 sub-castes in the SC category |work=The Financial Express |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/setback-for-akhilesh-government-as-high-court-stays-their-order-to-include-17-sub-castes-in-the-sc-category/520325/ |accessdate=2017-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UP govt to include 17 other backward castes in SC list |agency=PTI |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-govt-to-include-17-other-backward-castes-in-sc-list/story-jQWfybFAcSJTnwj2k4NxqO.html |accessdate=2017-02-04}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kashyap (surname)]]

== References ==
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=The Census Administration Under the Raj and After |first=Shriram |last=Maheshwari |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1996 |isbn=9788170225850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2RP04HHopkC&pg=PA109}}
*{{citation |title=Political parties eye Lok Sabha polls, bank on boatmen to claim pole position |first=Pankaj |last=Shah |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Political-parties-eye-Lok-Sabha-polls-bank-on-boatmen-to-claim-pole-position/articleshow/19409283.cms |accessdate=14 April 2014}}
*{{citation |title=Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response |first=David Emmanuel |last=Singh |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61451-246-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upk5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200}}
*{{citation |title=BJP castes a wider UP net, uses Modi's background to attract OBC votes while seeking blessings by feeding Brahmins |first=Piyush |last=Srivastava |work=India Today |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bjp-leads-in-the-caste-game-in-up-2014-lok-sabha-polls/1/345392.html |accessdate=14 April 2014}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]

Draft:The Times World

2022-04-03T11:35:57Z

Lucasraven12:

{{Infobox website
| name = The Times World
| logo = [[File:The Times World.png|thumb|]]
| logocaption = The Times World
| screenshot =
| collapsible =
| collapsetext =
| caption =
| url = {{URL|www.thetimesworld.com/}}
| commercial =
| type =
| registration =
| language = English
| num_users =
| content_license =
| programming language =
| author = Salman Shaikh
| editor = Danish Maniyar
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2019}}
| revenue =
| current_status =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''The Time World''' web news portal operates from Shahada in Nandurbar tehsil of Nandurbar district of Maharashtra . The Times World publishes english feeds.<ref>https://blog.feedspot.com/the_times_world_websites/</ref><ref>https://www.thetimesworld.com/p/about-us.html</ref>
<ref>https://news.google.com/s/CBIwzIKa-3c?sceid=IN:en&sceid=IN:en&r=11&oc=1</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.thetimesworld.com/}}

[[Category:Online magazines published in India]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]

{{India-media-stub}}
{{en-Wikipedia}}

Anshuman Tiwari (musician)

2022-04-01T01:21:38Z

Lucasraven12:

{{Db-g6|rationale=Promotion article of this person}}
{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Anshuman Tiwari
| image = Anshuman Tiwari (musician).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|07|18}}
| alt = Anshuman Tiwari
| caption = Indian musician
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| nationality = [[India]]n
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = Guitar
| years_active = 2020–present
| website = {{url|anshumantiwari.in}}
}}
'''Anshuman Tiwari''' is an Indian musician from [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://uttrakhandtoday.com/music-composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=uttrakhandtoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="मॉडर्न हिप-हॉप" से बनाई पहचान, कमाल कर रहे हैं उत्तराखंड के अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://uttarakhandpost.com/dehradun/Anshuman-Tiwari-of-Uttarakhand-is-doing-amazing-because-of/cid6446619.htm |newspaper=uttarakhandpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://uttaranchaltv.com/uncategorized/composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=uttaranchaltv.com}}</ref> He is best known for his lively music and for his compositions and sounds.<ref>{{cite news |title=अंशुमन तिवारी ने 'मॉडर्न हिप-हॉप' से म्यूजिक की दुनिया में मचाया तहलका, मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://newstrack.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-boy-anshuman-tiwari-music-composer-modern-hip-hop-leading-artist-upcoming-new-music-shooting-307761 |newspaper=newstrack.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ने मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://m.khaskhabar.com/news/bollywood-news-music-composer-anshuman-tiwari-created-a-separate-identity-with-hard-work-news-hindi-1-506466-KKN.html |newspaper=khaskhabar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=अंशुमन तिवारी - संघर्ष और मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://www.loktej.com/news/anshuman-tiwari-a-separate-identity-created-by-struggle-and-hard-work |newspaper=loktej.com}}</ref> And he was attracted to music from a young age.<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड: देहरादून उत्तराखंड का युवा संगीतकार ने संघर्ष और मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://vidhankesari.com/2022/02/21/142963/ |newspaper=vidhankesari.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड की हसीन वादियों से उभरता हुआ संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://vedantsamachar.in/?p=123789 |newspaper=vedantsamachar.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संघर्ष से अंशुमन ने म्यूजिक में बनाई अलग पहचान, देखें वीडियो |url=https://ghamasan.com/anshuman-made-a-different-identity-in-music-due-to-struggle-watch-video-aj/ |newspaper=ghamasan.com}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Anshuman Tiwari was born on 18 July 1996 in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.<ref>{{cite news |title=खास मुलाकात: सुर संगीत के आसमान का चमकता सितारा है अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://www.ssgjdnews.com/special-meeting-anshuman-tiwari-is-the-shining-star-of-the-sky-of-music/ |newspaper=ssgjdnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी म्यूज़िक बीट के साथ |url=https://www.liveskgnews.com/exclusive/composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=liveskgnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ने संघर्ष और मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://up18news.com/music-composer-anshuman-tiwari-created-a-separate-identity-through-struggle-and-hard-work/ |newspaper=up18news.com}}</ref> Anshuman made his debut as a musician in the year 2021 with Instrumental Audio ''Modern Hip-Hop'' album.<ref>{{cite news |title=जानिये अंशुमन तिवारी देहरादून के प्रमुख कलाकार संगीतकार के बारे में |url=https://www.timesofmalwa.in/2021/05/Know-about-Anshuman-Tiwari-Dehraduns-leading-artist-music-composer.html |newspaper=timesofmalwa.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड का बेटा अंशुमान तिवारी: एक सफल गिटारवादक और संगीतकार हैं, मुंबई में अपना जड़ जमाने की कर रहा है कोशिश |url=https://www.countryinsidenews.com/?p=30256 |newspaper=countryinsidenews.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड के युवा कलाकार अंशुमन तिवारी के संघर्ष की कहानी |url=https://www.gnewsportal.com/uttrakhand-news/63894/ |newspaper=gnewsportal.com}}</ref> Well, he has a good hold on Bollywood and electronic music as well as other genres.<ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी म्यूज़िक बीट के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://dainikuk.com/uttarakhand-news/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE/ |newspaper=dainikuk.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://live24x7uttarakhand.com/uttarakhand/composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=live24x7uttarakhand.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड:देहरादून निवासी अंशुमन तिवारी म्यूजिक बीट के साथ मॉर्डन हिपहॉप से छा रहे है सोशल मीडिया में |url=https://awaaz24x7india.com/news/uttarakhand-anshuman-tiwari-a-resident-of-dehradun-is-dominating-social-media-with-modern-hip-hop-with-music-beat |newspaper=awaaz24x7india.com}}</ref> And he has appeared in musical roles on several music albums.<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड के बेटे ने बनाई अपनी अलग पहचान, बदली खुद की तकदीर |url=https://uttarakhandbulletin.com/uttarakhands-son-created-his-own-identity-changed-his-own-destiny/# |newspaper=uttarakhandbulletin.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीत की दुनिया में बुलंदियों को छूना चाहते हैं उत्तराखण्ड के उभरते संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी, कड़ी मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://haridwarsamachaar.com/uttarakhand/anshuman-tiwari-the-budding-musician-of-uttarakhand-wants-to-touch-the-heights-in-the-world-of-music-created-a-separate-identity-with-hard-work/ |newspaper=haridwarsamachaar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी के ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ ने संगीत की दुनिया में मचाया तहलका |url=https://voiceofkotdwar.com/uttarakhand-news/composer-anshuman-tiwaris-music-beat-creates-panic-in-the-music-world/ |newspaper=voiceofkotdwar.com}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Singles & EP's===
*''Modern Hip-Hop''
*''Modern Beats''
*''Modern Trap''
*''One Beats''
*''Feel Music''
*''Ranjha (LOFI)''
*''Shayad (LOFI)''

== See also ==
* [[List of Musicians of Uttarakhand]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB name|id=nm12591446}}

{{commons category}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Anshuman}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Anshuman Tiwari (musician)

2022-03-07T13:05:58Z

Lucasraven12: It's should be speedy deletion it should be protected to only admin make

{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = Self promotion article it have all sources are paid
|timestamp = 20220307130539
|nom = Lucasraven12
|help =
}}
{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Anshuman Tiwari
| image = Anshuman Tiwari (musician).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|07|18}}
| alt = Anshuman Tiwari
| caption = Indian musician
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| nationality = [[India]]n
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = Guitar
| years_active = 2020–present
| website = {{url|anshumantiwari.in}}
}}
'''Anshuman Tiwari''' is an Indian musician from [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://uttrakhandtoday.com/music-composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=uttrakhandtoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="मॉडर्न हिप-हॉप" से बनाई पहचान, कमाल कर रहे हैं उत्तराखंड के अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://uttarakhandpost.com/dehradun/Anshuman-Tiwari-of-Uttarakhand-is-doing-amazing-because-of/cid6446619.htm |newspaper=uttarakhandpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://uttaranchaltv.com/uncategorized/composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=uttaranchaltv.com}}</ref> He is best known for his lively music and for his compositions and sounds.<ref>{{cite news |title=अंशुमन तिवारी ने 'मॉडर्न हिप-हॉप' से म्यूजिक की दुनिया में मचाया तहलका, मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://newstrack.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-boy-anshuman-tiwari-music-composer-modern-hip-hop-leading-artist-upcoming-new-music-shooting-307761 |newspaper=newstrack.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ने मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://m.khaskhabar.com/news/bollywood-news-music-composer-anshuman-tiwari-created-a-separate-identity-with-hard-work-news-hindi-1-506466-KKN.html |newspaper=khaskhabar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=अंशुमन तिवारी - संघर्ष और मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://www.loktej.com/news/anshuman-tiwari-a-separate-identity-created-by-struggle-and-hard-work |newspaper=loktej.com}}</ref> And he was attracted to music from a young age.<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड: देहरादून उत्तराखंड का युवा संगीतकार ने संघर्ष और मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://vidhankesari.com/2022/02/21/142963/ |newspaper=vidhankesari.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड की हसीन वादियों से उभरता हुआ संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://vedantsamachar.in/?p=123789 |newspaper=vedantsamachar.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संघर्ष से अंशुमन ने म्यूजिक में बनाई अलग पहचान, देखें वीडियो |url=https://ghamasan.com/anshuman-made-a-different-identity-in-music-due-to-struggle-watch-video-aj/ |newspaper=ghamasan.com}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Anshuman Tiwari was born on 18 July 1996 in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.<ref>{{cite news |title=खास मुलाकात: सुर संगीत के आसमान का चमकता सितारा है अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://www.ssgjdnews.com/special-meeting-anshuman-tiwari-is-the-shining-star-of-the-sky-of-music/ |newspaper=ssgjdnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी म्यूज़िक बीट के साथ |url=https://www.liveskgnews.com/exclusive/composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=liveskgnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ने संघर्ष और मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://up18news.com/music-composer-anshuman-tiwari-created-a-separate-identity-through-struggle-and-hard-work/ |newspaper=up18news.com}}</ref> Anshuman made his debut as a musician in the year 2021 with Instrumental Audio ''Modern Hip-Hop'' album.<ref>{{cite news |title=जानिये अंशुमन तिवारी देहरादून के प्रमुख कलाकार संगीतकार के बारे में |url=https://www.timesofmalwa.in/2021/05/Know-about-Anshuman-Tiwari-Dehraduns-leading-artist-music-composer.html |newspaper=timesofmalwa.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड का बेटा अंशुमान तिवारी: एक सफल गिटारवादक और संगीतकार हैं, मुंबई में अपना जड़ जमाने की कर रहा है कोशिश |url=https://www.countryinsidenews.com/?p=30256 |newspaper=countryinsidenews.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड के युवा कलाकार अंशुमन तिवारी के संघर्ष की कहानी |url=https://www.gnewsportal.com/uttrakhand-news/63894/ |newspaper=gnewsportal.com}}</ref> Well, he has a good hold on Bollywood and electronic music as well as other genres.<ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी म्यूज़िक बीट के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://dainikuk.com/uttarakhand-news/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE/ |newspaper=dainikuk.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://live24x7uttarakhand.com/uttarakhand/composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=live24x7uttarakhand.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड:देहरादून निवासी अंशुमन तिवारी म्यूजिक बीट के साथ मॉर्डन हिपहॉप से छा रहे है सोशल मीडिया में |url=https://awaaz24x7india.com/news/uttarakhand-anshuman-tiwari-a-resident-of-dehradun-is-dominating-social-media-with-modern-hip-hop-with-music-beat |newspaper=awaaz24x7india.com}}</ref> And he has appeared in musical roles on several music albums.<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड के बेटे ने बनाई अपनी अलग पहचान, बदली खुद की तकदीर |url=https://uttarakhandbulletin.com/uttarakhands-son-created-his-own-identity-changed-his-own-destiny/# |newspaper=uttarakhandbulletin.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीत की दुनिया में बुलंदियों को छूना चाहते हैं उत्तराखण्ड के उभरते संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी, कड़ी मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://haridwarsamachaar.com/uttarakhand/anshuman-tiwari-the-budding-musician-of-uttarakhand-wants-to-touch-the-heights-in-the-world-of-music-created-a-separate-identity-with-hard-work/ |newspaper=haridwarsamachaar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी के ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ ने संगीत की दुनिया में मचाया तहलका |url=https://voiceofkotdwar.com/uttarakhand-news/composer-anshuman-tiwaris-music-beat-creates-panic-in-the-music-world/ |newspaper=voiceofkotdwar.com}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Singles & EP's===
*''Modern Hip-Hop''
*''Modern Beats''
*''Modern Trap''
*''One Beats''
*''Feel Music''
*''Ranjha (LOFI)''
*''Shayad (LOFI)''

== See also ==
* [[List of Musicians of Uttarakhand]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB name|id=nm12591446}}

{{commons category}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Anshuman}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Anshuman Tiwari (musician)

2022-03-07T01:51:03Z

Lucasraven12: This. Article fully self promotion all News link paid promotion

{{subst:BLPPROD}}
{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Anshuman Tiwari
| image = Anshuman Tiwari (musician).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|07|18}}
| alt = Anshuman Tiwari
| caption = Indian musician
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| nationality = [[India]]n
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = Guitar
| years_active = 2020–present
| website = {{url|anshumantiwari.in}}
}}
'''Anshuman Tiwari''' is an Indian musician from [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://uttrakhandtoday.com/music-composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=uttrakhandtoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="मॉडर्न हिप-हॉप" से बनाई पहचान, कमाल कर रहे हैं उत्तराखंड के अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://uttarakhandpost.com/dehradun/Anshuman-Tiwari-of-Uttarakhand-is-doing-amazing-because-of/cid6446619.htm |newspaper=uttarakhandpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://uttaranchaltv.com/uncategorized/composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=uttaranchaltv.com}}</ref> He is best known for his lively music and for his compositions and sounds.<ref>{{cite news |title=अंशुमन तिवारी ने 'मॉडर्न हिप-हॉप' से म्यूजिक की दुनिया में मचाया तहलका, मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://newstrack.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-boy-anshuman-tiwari-music-composer-modern-hip-hop-leading-artist-upcoming-new-music-shooting-307761 |newspaper=newstrack.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ने मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://m.khaskhabar.com/news/bollywood-news-music-composer-anshuman-tiwari-created-a-separate-identity-with-hard-work-news-hindi-1-506466-KKN.html |newspaper=khaskhabar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=अंशुमन तिवारी - संघर्ष और मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://www.loktej.com/news/anshuman-tiwari-a-separate-identity-created-by-struggle-and-hard-work |newspaper=loktej.com}}</ref> And he was attracted to music from a young age.<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड: देहरादून उत्तराखंड का युवा संगीतकार ने संघर्ष और मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://vidhankesari.com/2022/02/21/142963/ |newspaper=vidhankesari.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड की हसीन वादियों से उभरता हुआ संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://vedantsamachar.in/?p=123789 |newspaper=vedantsamachar.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संघर्ष से अंशुमन ने म्यूजिक में बनाई अलग पहचान, देखें वीडियो |url=https://ghamasan.com/anshuman-made-a-different-identity-in-music-due-to-struggle-watch-video-aj/ |newspaper=ghamasan.com}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Anshuman Tiwari was born on 18 July 1996 in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.<ref>{{cite news |title=खास मुलाकात: सुर संगीत के आसमान का चमकता सितारा है अंशुमन तिवारी |url=https://www.ssgjdnews.com/special-meeting-anshuman-tiwari-is-the-shining-star-of-the-sky-of-music/ |newspaper=ssgjdnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी म्यूज़िक बीट के साथ |url=https://www.liveskgnews.com/exclusive/composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=liveskgnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ने संघर्ष और मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://up18news.com/music-composer-anshuman-tiwari-created-a-separate-identity-through-struggle-and-hard-work/ |newspaper=up18news.com}}</ref> Anshuman made his debut as a musician in the year 2021 with Instrumental Audio ''Modern Hip-Hop'' album.<ref>{{cite news |title=जानिये अंशुमन तिवारी देहरादून के प्रमुख कलाकार संगीतकार के बारे में |url=https://www.timesofmalwa.in/2021/05/Know-about-Anshuman-Tiwari-Dehraduns-leading-artist-music-composer.html |newspaper=timesofmalwa.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड का बेटा अंशुमान तिवारी: एक सफल गिटारवादक और संगीतकार हैं, मुंबई में अपना जड़ जमाने की कर रहा है कोशिश |url=https://www.countryinsidenews.com/?p=30256 |newspaper=countryinsidenews.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड के युवा कलाकार अंशुमन तिवारी के संघर्ष की कहानी |url=https://www.gnewsportal.com/uttrakhand-news/63894/ |newspaper=gnewsportal.com}}</ref> Well, he has a good hold on Bollywood and electronic music as well as other genres.<ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी म्यूज़िक बीट के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://dainikuk.com/uttarakhand-news/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE/ |newspaper=dainikuk.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ के साथ संगीत की दुनिया में तहलका मचाने को तैयार |url=https://live24x7uttarakhand.com/uttarakhand/composer-anshuman-tiwari-is-all-set-to-rock-the-music-world-with-music-beat/ |newspaper=live24x7uttarakhand.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड:देहरादून निवासी अंशुमन तिवारी म्यूजिक बीट के साथ मॉर्डन हिपहॉप से छा रहे है सोशल मीडिया में |url=https://awaaz24x7india.com/news/uttarakhand-anshuman-tiwari-a-resident-of-dehradun-is-dominating-social-media-with-modern-hip-hop-with-music-beat |newspaper=awaaz24x7india.com}}</ref> And he has appeared in musical roles on several music albums.<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तराखंड के बेटे ने बनाई अपनी अलग पहचान, बदली खुद की तकदीर |url=https://uttarakhandbulletin.com/uttarakhands-son-created-his-own-identity-changed-his-own-destiny/# |newspaper=uttarakhandbulletin.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीत की दुनिया में बुलंदियों को छूना चाहते हैं उत्तराखण्ड के उभरते संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी, कड़ी मेहनत से बनाई अलग पहचान |url=https://haridwarsamachaar.com/uttarakhand/anshuman-tiwari-the-budding-musician-of-uttarakhand-wants-to-touch-the-heights-in-the-world-of-music-created-a-separate-identity-with-hard-work/ |newspaper=haridwarsamachaar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=संगीतकार अंशुमन तिवारी के ‘म्यूज़िक बीट’ ने संगीत की दुनिया में मचाया तहलका |url=https://voiceofkotdwar.com/uttarakhand-news/composer-anshuman-tiwaris-music-beat-creates-panic-in-the-music-world/ |newspaper=voiceofkotdwar.com}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Singles & EP's===
*''Modern Hip-Hop''
*''Modern Beats''
*''Modern Trap''
*''One Beats''
*''Feel Music''
*''Ranjha (LOFI)''
*''Shayad (LOFI)''

== See also ==
* [[List of Musicians of Uttarakhand]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB name|id=nm12591446}}

{{commons category}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Anshuman}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Bharatpedia:Requests for adminship/Lucasraven12

2021-11-10T10:24:07Z

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''Another useful thing to consider:''

{{Quote|“Ask him to point to where he thinks the monkey is going to go.”

“[[Pirahã people|They]] don’t point,” [[Daniel Everett|Everett]] said. Nor, he added, do they have words for [[Relative direction#Left-right confusion|right and left]]. Instead, they give directions in absolute terms, telling others to head “upriver” or “downriver,” or “to the forest” or “away from the forest.” Everett told the man to say whether the monkey was going upriver or downriver. The man said something in reply.

“What did he say?” [[Tecumseh Fitch|Fitch]] asked.

“He said, ‘Monkeys go to the jungle.’ ”|[[John Colapinto]]|''[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fa_fact_colapinto The Interpreter - Has a remote Amazonian tribe upended our understanding of language?]'', The New Yorker, April 16, 2007}}

<hr>

MediaWiki has been installed.

Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.

I am Lucas raven . I working Wikipedia.
{{User Proud Indian}}

Hello '''Bharatpedians''' welcome to the Wikipedia of India.

'''New Users if need any kind of help just drop message on Talkpage''' (-[[User:Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]]
== Getting started ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]

User talk:WikiDwarf

2021-11-07T06:10:17Z

Lucasraven12:

{{User talk}}

== Issue with Notice ==

Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)

:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)

== Spamming ==

I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== The Reviewer Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Barnstar-RTFM.png|100px]]}}
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== How to submit the article ==

I have created the article help me in submitting the article — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 

:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Bharatpedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)
Sure thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 
Have edited & summited the draft..

How to disclose the paid contribution?

== Review of article ==

Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)

== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==

Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)

== Article creation ==

Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Bharatpedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

== Question ==

Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)
==A curious query==
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia?
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Bharatpedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)

== Talk back notice ==

Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)

:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me.
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)

::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Sir! (1) I have new import request. Please see. (2) I have more than 500 edits. So, I think I am extended confirmed user now. Could you please grant me the right of importer to me? What special steps are needed for importing? If possible, please teach me. SonOfZeus 20:16, 18 May 2021 (IST)
:::::Your account has not yet reached the extendedconfirmed level. A registered editor becomes extendedconfirmed automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old and has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits) so, I will take a look at the list and import as much as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:30, 21 May 2021 (IST)
::Sir, I have new requests in the request page for import. BTW, due to multiplicity of the articles, I can't put square brackets in every title of the requested article. Please don't mind. Hope you will adjust them easily. At the same time, I will try my best. SonOfZeus 21:50, 4 June 2021 (IST)
:::Hello Sir! As my user account is 1 month old, could you grant me the importer right? If possible, it will definitely help me and you. I might no longer disturb you by requesting exhaustive list of articles for import! SonOfZeus 14:22, 7 June 2021 (IST)
::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Please attach an email id to your account so I can grant you the importer right and share instructions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:::::{{re|WikiDwarf}}(1) Brother! I have attached the email id. Now, please share me the instructions. SonOfZeus 16:36, 2 July 2021 (IST)
::::::(2) And why we're those list of requested articles removed? SonOfZeus 12:18, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for attaching your email address, I will soon send you the instructions. The page ([[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests‎‎]]) was converted to an article by a couple of users but their edits have been reverted and the list is visible now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:40, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::: I received your email, but I think I am still not getting any instruction about how to import an article from the general wikipedia run by Wikimedia Foundation to this Bharatpedia. May I get that, bro! I am eager to learn that! And thank you for all those useful links you send me, those will also help me in future. SonOfZeus 13:23, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::::That might be one of some other automatic emails. I have not yet sent you the instructions to use the import tool, once I do, I will notify you on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 3 July 2021 (IST)
----
Wow! I did it, bro! After properly following your instructions, I succeed in importing files to here! But as I am a birdie, I am importing only one at a time. SonOfZeus 19:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|SonOfZeus}} That's great, please let me know if you need any help. Also, please note that articles created using a tool such as "importer" will not be counted at the edit-a-thon so please only list those you have created manually. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:31, 3 August 2021 (IST)
::But what about the expansion of already existing article? I mean there are some articles brought here through importer before the beginning of this contest. If I expand such article, are they able to be counted for the contest? SonOfZeus 22:28, 3 August 2021 (IST)
:::Yes, they will be counted as valid entries. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:06, 4 August 2021 (IST)
___
Hello brother! Please check if any of the articles I have added for the contest is ineligible or eligible! If found any problem, please tell me so that I may either fix the problem or create a substitute in time. Besides, you have a mail from me. Please check it too. Regards! SonOfZeus 22:26, 4 August 2021 (IST)

== Issue in Reviewing ==
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?

== Revert Rights ==
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)

== Index ==

Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, I created a page can you please approve? thanks

== Review Timeline ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}, I am planning to introduce a good amount of fashion and film people articles to this place. I have auto petrol rights in English Wikipedia so I know what I am doing. I just want to know, what are the indexing/review timelines here. This is just for a better understanding of the process. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 14:50, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Kingfisher}} and thank you for your interest. First of all, there is no fixed timeline for the review process since we have very few reviewers at the moment. Secondly, I will be glad to grant you the same user right(s) that you have on Wikipedia if you can share the details for verification purpose. If you don't want to disclose it publicly for any reason you can mail me. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:35, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:: Here is my user rights screen in en.wikipedia.org. https://tinyurl . com/ykxumuxm. I can't reveal my username because Wiki people keep an eye on everywhere. I find it risky. You can give me the rights for a temporary period and see the work or you may wait. Whatever it is, I am feeling excited about this project. The opportunities are endless. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:::That is totally fine if you don't want to disclose it publicly. Can you attach an email id to your account here so I can share some details? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::::That sounds good. I did that. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 01:03, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== User Rights ==
Hey there, I just saw you changed my user rights to confirmed and later again removed that. I would request you to kindly update my user rights to confirmed. Thank you -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 16:08, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Plts}}, you already have confirmed status. Please verify it by visiting [[Special:UserRights]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:12, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::{{reply to|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for the information. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:50, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== Will making a page here interrupt with Wikipedia English ? ==

I want to know if same article with same name gets made here and wiki English Will there be copyright or interruption cuz the two pages Under same name? [[User:Positivesoul|Positivesoul]] ([[User talk:Positivesoul|talk]]) 10:06, 1 June 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Positivesoul}}, In order to reuse contents from one site to another, you need to provide attribution. This is done by either saying in your edit summary that the material was copied, and where you got it. There will be no interruption in creating two pages under the same name. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:49, 2 June 2021 (IST)

== can you approve this page ? let me know if it qualifies==
https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Emma_Jonnz

Hi sir, I have no conflict of interest with this person. he is a famous youtube in west Bengal. And he got a gold play button from youtube

== Draft Request ==
Hey [[User:WikiDwarf]], I just saw my article was deleted by you under criteria A7. I just read what it means, I would request you to provide me a draft for article [[Piyush Monga]] so that I can improve it. Also, please suggest some improvements to my first article [[Youth Against Rape]]. Thank you soo much for your help. Happy editing -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 17:00, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Plts}} {{done}}. I have restored the article in the draft namespace as per your request above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:43, 8 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:23, 9 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft: Bhupesh Bansal ==

Hello, I submitted a draft. Please check and approve it if it is well.

Thank you.

== Asking a Favour ==
Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] I am a Wikipedia editor from the northern part of the country and I also create articles related to Nepal. is it legal to create articles about people from Nepal or any other country? I have created more than 25 articles on English [[Wikipedia]](directly on namespace) and more than 20 of them got reviewed and are live on the wiki but unfortunately, 5 of them got deleted. I will be happily contributing on [[Bharatpedia]] as well if provided the required access, also I agree to all your terms and conditions if found violating any of them you are free to take the required action. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 08:00, 17 June 2021 (IST)

:Hello {{u|Mailblog34}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. There are no restrictions on creating articles on any topic but the subject must be notable enough to have an independent article. Since your account has not yet reached the autoconfirmed status I would suggest you create new articles in the draft namespace and once your account is autoconfirmed (i.e. four days old and you've made ten edits) then you will be able to move/create articles directly in the main namespace. If you need any help please let me know. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:01, 17 June 2021 (IST)
* Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] i am already four days old and made more than 30 edits but still did not get option of "create the pge" , and did not get option to move pages . Help me out on my limited access .--[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 23:19, 19 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Mailblog34}} Your account was registered on 16 June 2021 at 09:45 (IST) so please wait for one more day and your account will be autoconfirmed. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:26, 19 June 2021 (IST)

== Vandalism ==

Hello sir. Somebody is keep vandalizing [[Harish Pednekar]] please lock the page from spammers. [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.118|206.84.238.118]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.118|talk]]) 17:40, 25 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], Could you please review this article [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], link: https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/User:Alialfaisal/sandbox ,Thank You.--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 17:56, 28 June 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], Sources have been added to the article, I can supplement them with additional sources if you wish, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I hope to review. Thank you. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 18:26, 1 July 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], I did not understand why the article was not approved, even though I added several news sources in it and can supplement it with additional sources?--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)

== I requested that add me admin on Bharatpedia. ==

I will be work forever to wikipedia. Please add me admin group member in Bharat wikipedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]]) 12:09, 29 June 2021 (IST)Hembram Bakhul

== Kindly clear the pending DRAFT ASAP. ==

Hi, kindly Clear the pending draft asap so that a contributor like me gets the motivation to contribute more too this open and neutral place. [[User:Marvel|Marvel]][[User talk:Marvel|(talk)]]

== How to upload image ==

Hi WikiDwarf. I am User:VF814324. I am new here. How can I upload an Image with CC-BY-SA license? Wher to upload ? When I click on 'Upload file' button, it brings me to Wikimedia commons. Can I publish file locally on Bharatpedia? [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 13:45, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|VF814324}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! Unfortunately uploading images locally is only limited to sysops at the moment so you can send the image along with its copyright permission to permission@bharatmedia.org. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 4 July 2021 (IST)
:: Thanks, I've mailed as you said. [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 17:59, 7 July 2021 (IST)

== AFC Submission cleaned? ==
Hey there, I hope you're doing well. I'm writing to get your attention on an error I faced.
[[Draft:Sunil ydv SS]], a draft(stub) that I created and submitted around a month ago to AFC. Now, when I see, the AFC tag has disappeared and no reason is shown for this. I would request you to kindly check this issue as well as review this draft as I believe it qualifies [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thank you & happy editing - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 13:56, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:The same error occurred on another draft that I created [[Draft:Piyush Monga]], the AFC tag has been removed and no reason is shown. I would request you to kindly review this draft too. Thank you & happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 18:50, 5 July 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Plts}} The tags were removed by user [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] at the time they moved both pages to the main namespace, but I have restored the tags on both drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 11:49, 27 July 2021 (IST)

== Copyright issue ==

hey [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] a user - [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] is copying the articles and pasting them here from English Wikipedia without any edits, just informing you as it may violate copyright. Ignore if it doesn't violate copyright policy. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 21:51, 7 July 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Mailblog34}} Hi, I think reusing Wikipedia content is generally allowed as per [[:en:Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content]]. [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 08:42, 9 July 2021 (IST)

== Photo upload ==

Hi i want to upload photo but when I click on upload it take me to wikimedia which is wikipedia portal will you please guide me on it. --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 12:58, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Protection Of Wikipedia Article ==

How to add protection to articles so as to stop dispute and vandalism. 
[[User:Wandererkanishk|Wandererkanishk]] ([[User talk:Wandererkanishk|talk]])

== article review ==

Hi [User:WikiDwarf] thanks for your suggestion on article [Sheikh Asif] will you please review it again thanks .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Grant Me as a auto confirmed user ==

Hi, i want to be an auto confirmed user. As I have experience on english wikipedia. So I am much experienced about it. So I please grant me permission. Thanks [[User:Villageboy|Villageboy]] ([[User talk:Villageboy|talk]]) 16:13, 9 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Villageboy}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! I can see you made 10 edits already so, your account will be automatically flagged as autoconfirmed on or after July 13, 2020. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:43, 10 July 2021 (IST)

== Haters are editing the pages ==

Hey wiki, the pages I have created are of public figures, entrepreneurs and places. But some of the people are editing and using harsh language on the page I have created. I request you to kindly give me permission to lock the pages or do it from your end. It would be great.

I am not contributing since one day because of this issue only. As soon as solved will start adding more pages which should be here.

Thankyou [[User:Saumyasingh|Saumyasingh]] ([[User talk:Saumyasingh|talk]]) 03:15, 11 July 2021 (IST)

== Add me admin member group ==

I am hembram Bakhul saying that I five hundred articles edited. I hoped that I shall work the best on Bharatpedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])Hembram Bakhul

== please publish this ==

hi [User:WikiDwarf] will you please review [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:The_Press_Walla] and publish it .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:58, 14 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|HamzhaSaleem}}, The draft lacks sources that establish notability so, please cite some third party sources that cover the subject and submit it for a review once the draft is ready. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:15, 14 July 2021 (IST)

-- [[User:WikiDwarf]] thanks for your revert actually its a new eMagazine and news website maybe they will get more sources in future.--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 19:08, 14 July 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]],Since June 28, 2021, I am requesting a review of the article. I have attached many news sources and authority control to the article, but so far it has not been approved. I hope you will review the article. Thanks. [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 04:17, 29 July 2021 (IST)

== Premtosh Debnath - Real Name Premtosh Nath ==

Dear Bharatpedia Admin Please Change Name Of Premtosh Debnath to Premtosh Nath, I Have His I card, Media Articles Added His name Premtosh Debnath some issue.[[Special:Contributions/47.29.9.5|47.29.9.5]] ([[User talk:47.29.9.5|talk]]) 01:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)

==Requirements for New page Reviewer==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please help to know the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer? I can not find any article about the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 01:16, 14 August 2021 (IST)
== Request ==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please unprotected the user draft of Danish Maniyar he is Google notable entrepreneur of India guide me with it draft making I can make his name article page with him of urs please unprotected it . I'm help bharatpedia with my contribution I hope I can be patroller in bharatpedia please[[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk:Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page? ==

Dear
Bhartpedia Team,

I am Anshuman Tiwari, better known as Anshuman Tiwari Musician, from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. is an Indian Musician. And I am Verified On different music platforms like Spotify, Google Play Music, Apple Music, iTunes, Amazon Music, JioSaavn and many others international platforms like Deezer, Tidal and Napster. You get Anshuman Tiwari music on TikTok, Instagram or Facebook library also. and i am verified on facebook And Google.

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/anshumantiwariofficials

Google: https://g.co/kgs/knU5xV

https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)

Sir i am verified in so many platforms and i have lot of news on google.
Sir why is my page being deleted from Bharatpedia?

Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page?

Sir like this i got many complaints against in Bharatpedia,
Sir this time I am making last time making a page.
If it is deleted here then we will have to take further action
:{{re|Iamanshumantiwari}} No, Bharatpedia is not a paid platform it's a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Your article was deleted due to a lack of reliable sources that discuss the subject in detail, and cited sources are not reliable. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources]] to understand what we consider reliable and also please see [[Bharatpedia:Notability (music)]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:56, 28 August 2021 (IST)

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:01, 31 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Anjuman}} You can apply for the user-right at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions#Autopatrolled]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:14, 31 August 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Well, both the rights are different. Autopatrolled marks articles as patrolled whilst [[Bharatpedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|autoconfirmed]] is a right lower than that of Extended confirmed. I'll have a look at RfP later as autoconfirmed would be autogranted five days later, perhaps. Thanks. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:26, 31 August 2021 (IST)

==Fix the problem==
Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir I have created a page in the name of [[Deepthi Sunaina]] 1 month ago, the article is marked as an Autopatrolled.But it is not showing on google. please look into it and fix the problem. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 20:16, 11 September 2021 (IST)
:{{re|WikiJoy}} I apologise for replying late. I have reviewed the most recent edit and it will be indexed soon. Also, please see [[Bharatpedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers]] to review the minimum requirements for NPR. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]])

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])
==A mail==
{{ygm}} [[User:SonOfZeus|SonOfZeus]] ([[User talk:SonOfZeus|talk]]) 18:49, 23 September 2021 (IST)

== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Reply ==

Why are you deleted [[Bikram Malati]] Article [[User:Emboy|Emboy]] ([[User talk:Emboy|talk]]) 22:19, 24 October 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Emboy}} I removed the article due to a lack of significant coverage in reliable sources. You can still recreate the article in the draft namespace by citing some reliable sources and then submit it for a review once ready. Also, please disclose if you have a conflict of interest. Thanks. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 22:27, 24 October 2021 (IST)
== Patroller ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me #PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

Talk:Paras Gola

2021-11-02T04:47:33Z

Lucasraven12: /* Contested deletion */

Talk:Paras Gola

2021-11-02T04:46:19Z

Lucasraven12: /* Contested deletion */ new section

== Contested deletion ==

This not notable person have lack of sources

User talk:Lucasraven12

2021-10-01T18:56:23Z

Lucasraven12: /* https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Draft:Abhenav_Mahajit */

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Lucasraven12}}

-- [[User:ShoutWiki|ShoutWiki]] ([[User talk:ShoutWiki|talk]]) 11:02, 2 April 2021 (IST)

== [[Draft:Lucas]] ==

<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit ''when they have been resolved''.
{{clear}}
* If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to the submission and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
* If you now believe the draft cannot meet Bharatpedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to the submission, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "{{tl|Db-g7}}" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit.
* If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and [[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#G13. Abandoned Drafts and Articles for creation submissions|may be deleted]].
* If you need any assistance, or have experienced any [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation/Scam warning|untoward behavior]] associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [http://wikipedia.ind.in/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=User_talk:Lucasraven12 '''Articles for creation help desk'''], on the [http://wikipedia.ind.in/index.php?title=User_talk:Simba&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=User_talk:Lucasraven12 '''reviewer's talk page'''].
[[User:Simba|Simba]] ([[User talk:Simba|talk]]) 23:34, 7 April 2021 (IST)</div>

== June 2021 ==

[[File:Information.svg|left|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello Lucasraven12. The nature of your edits gives the impression you have an undisclosed financial stake in promoting a topic, but you have not complied with Bharatpedia's [[Bharatpedia:Paid-contribution disclosure|mandatory paid editing disclosure requirements]]. Paid advocacy is a category of [[Bharatpedia:Conflict of interest|conflict of interest]] (COI) editing that involves being compensated by a person, group, company or organization to use Bharatpedia to promote their interests. Undisclosed paid advocacy is prohibited by our policies on [[Bharatpedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] and what [[Bharatpedia:What Bharatpedia is not|Bharatpedia is not]], and is an especially serious type of COI; Bharatpedia regards it as a "black hat" practice akin to [[Spamdexing|black-hat search-engine optimization]].

Paid advocates are very strongly discouraged from direct article editing, and should instead propose changes on the talk page of the article in question if an article exists. If the article does not exist, paid advocates are extremely strongly discouraged from attempting to write an article at all. At best, any proposed article creation should be submitted through the [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|articles for creation]] process, rather than directly.

Regardless, if you are receiving or expect to receive compensation for your edits, broadly construed, you are '''required to disclose your employer, client and affiliation.''' You can post such a mandatory disclosure to your user page at [[User:Lucasraven12]]. The template {{tl|Paid}} can be used for this purpose – e.g. in the form: {{tlc|paid|2=user=Lucasraven12|3=employer=<var>InsertName</var>|4=client=<var>InsertName</var>}}. If I am mistaken – you are not being directly or indirectly compensated for your edits – please state that in response to this message. Otherwise, please provide the required disclosure. In either case, '''do not edit further''' until you answer this message. {{Z159}} [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 15:01, 2 June 2021 (IST)

[[File:Information orange.svg|left|25px|alt=Information icon]] As previously advised, your edits give the impression you have a financial stake in promoting a topic, but you have not complied with Wikipedia's [[Bharatpedia:Paid-contribution disclosure|mandatory paid editing disclosure]] requirements. You were asked to cease editing until you responded by either stating that you are not being directly or indirectly compensated for your edits, or by complying with the '''mandatory requirements under the [[wmf:TOU|Wikimedia Terms of Use]] that you disclose your employer, client and affiliation.''' Again, you can post such a disclosure on your user page at [[User:Lucasraven12]], and the template {{tl|Paid}} can be used for this purpose – e.g. in the form: {{tlc|paid|2=user=Lucasraven12|3=employer=<var>InsertName</var>|4=client=<var>InsertName</var>}}. Please respond before making any other edits to Wikipedia. {{Z160}} [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 17:33, 6 June 2021 (IST)

[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px|alt=|link=]] You still have not adequately responded or taken action to the inquiry regarding your appearance as an undisclosed paid editor. If you make any additional edits without complying you may be '''[[Bharatpedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing'''. {{Z161}} [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 16:37, 7 June 2021 (IST)
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:206.84.238.78|206.84.238.78]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/Lucasraven12|your recent contributions]] to [[:Harish Pednekar]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance on my talk page. Thanks.{{Z186}} [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.78|206.84.238.78]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.78|talk]]) 19:37, 17 June 2021 (IST)

== Submission declined ==

<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time.<nowiki> </nowiki>The reason left by Simba was:

{{divbox|gray|3=This submission's references do not show that the subject [[Bharatpedia:Notability|qualifies for a Bharatpedia article]]—that is, they do not show ''significant'' coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in ''published'', [[Bharatpedia:Identifying reliable sources|''reliable'']], [[Bharatpedia:No_original_research#Secondary|''secondary'']] sources that are ''[[Bharatpedia:Identifying and using independent sources|independent]]'' of the subject (see the [[Bharatpedia:Notability (people)|guidelines on the notability of people]]). Before any resubmission, additional references meeting these criteria should be added (see [[Help:Referencing_for_beginners#Inserting_a_reference|technical help]] and learn about [[Bharatpedia:Common sourcing mistakes (notability)|mistakes to avoid]] when addressing this issue). If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Bharatpedia.|}} Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit ''when they have been resolved''.
{{clear}}
* If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to the submission and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
* If you now believe the draft cannot meet Bharatpedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to the submission, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "{{tl|Db-g7}}" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit.
* If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and [[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#G13. Abandoned Drafts and Articles for creation submissions|may be deleted]].
* If you need any assistance, or have experienced any [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation/Scam warning|untoward behavior]] associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [//wikipedia.ind.in/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=User_talk:Lucasraven12 '''Articles for creation help desk'''], on the [//wikipedia.ind.in/index.php?title=User_talk:Simba&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=User_talk:Lucasraven12 '''reviewer's talk page'''].
[[User:Simba|Simba]] ([[User talk:Simba|talk]]) 19:07, 8 June 2021 (IST)</div>
<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time.<nowiki> </nowiki>The reason left by Simba was:

{{divbox|gray|3=This submission's references do not show that the subject [[Bharatpedia:Notability|qualifies for a Bharatpedia article]]—that is, they do not show ''significant'' coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in ''published'', [[Bharatpedia:Identifying reliable sources|''reliable'']], [[Bharatpedia:No_original_research#Secondary|''secondary'']] sources that are ''[[Bharatpedia:Identifying and using independent sources|independent]]'' of the subject (see the [[Bharatpedia:Notability (people)|guidelines on the notability of people]]). Before any resubmission, additional references meeting these criteria should be added (see [[Help:Referencing_for_beginners#Inserting_a_reference|technical help]] and learn about [[Bharatpedia:Common sourcing mistakes (notability)|mistakes to avoid]] when addressing this issue). If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Bharatpedia.|}} Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit ''when they have been resolved''.
{{clear}}
* If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to [[Draft:Danish Maniyar]] and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
* If you now believe the draft cannot meet Bharatpedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to [[Draft:Danish Maniyar]], click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "{{tl|Db-g7}}" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit.
* If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and [[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#G13. Abandoned Drafts and Articles for creation submissions|may be deleted]].
* If you need any assistance, or have experienced any [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation/Scam warning|untoward behavior]] associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [//wikipedia.ind.in/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Danish_Maniyar '''Articles for creation help desk'''], on the [//wikipedia.ind.in/index.php?title=User_talk:Simba&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Danish_Maniyar '''reviewer's talk page'''].
[[User:Simba|Simba]] ([[User talk:Simba|talk]]) 21:23, 20 June 2021 (IST)</div>

== India edit-a-thon: Write for glory ==

[[File:Spinning Ashoka Chakra.gif|right|200px]]
Hello, {{NAME}}, and welcome to Bharatpedia! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|your contributions]]. Bharatpedia is going to organize an edit-a-thon. The aim of this edit-a-thon is to create and improve articles related to India.

We welcome all of you to join this edit-a-thon and get a chance to win exciting prizes. Please see the event and add your name as a participant: '''[[Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Events/Edit-a-thon]]'''.

If you have any questions, no matter what they are, leave me a message on [[User talk:{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}REVISIONUSER}}|my talk page]], or ask a question on [[Bharatpedia talk:WikiProject India/Events/Edit-a-thon]]. Oh, and please [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); this will automatically produce your username and the date. Again, welcome! {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{border|}}}|}}
Feel free to ask if you have a question(s).
Regards,


==[[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Juned king]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read [[BP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].You may want to consider using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.|width=20%|align=right}}
A tag has been placed on [[:Juned king]], requesting that it be deleted from Bharatpedia. This has been done under two or more of the [[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
* It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See [[BP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please read [[Bharatpedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Bharatpedia:FAQ/Organizations]] for more information.
*It appears to be about a person, organization (band, club, company, ''etc.''), individual animal, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. (See [[BP:CSD#A7|section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Such articles may be deleted at any time. Please [[Bharatpedia:Notability|see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable]].

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Juned king|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Bharatpedia:List of policies|Bharatpedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&page=Juned+king|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[BP:RFUD|here]]. [[User:BellaCH|BellaCH]] ([[User talk:BellaCH|talk]]) 08:27, 17 July 2021 (IST)

== Your submission at [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]]: [[Draft:Anshuman Tiwari|Anshuman Tiwari]] (August 28) ==

<div style="border: solid 1px #FCC; background-color: #F8EEBC; padding: 0.5em 1em; color: #000; margin: 1.5em; width: 90%;"> [[File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg|50px|left]]Your recent article submission to [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation|Articles for Creation]] has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit ''when they have been resolved''.
{{clear}}
* If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to [[Draft:Anshuman Tiwari]] and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
* If you now believe the draft cannot meet Bharatpedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to [[Draft:Anshuman Tiwari]], click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "{{tl|Db-g7}}" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit.
* If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and [[Bharatpedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#G13. Abandoned Drafts and Articles for creation submissions|may be deleted]].
* If you need any assistance, or have experienced any [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation/Scam warning|untoward behavior]] associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [//wikipedia.ind.in/index.php?title=Bharatpedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Anshuman_Tiwari '''Articles for creation help desk'''], on the [//wikipedia.ind.in/index.php?title=User_talk:WikiDwarf&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Anshuman_Tiwari '''reviewer's talk page'''].
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 21:18, 28 August 2021 (IST)</div>

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Thank you for participating in the India edit-a-thon (July 2021). Keep up the good work. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf|talk]]) 22:01, 19 September 2021 (IST)
|}

== https://en.bharatpedia.org.in/wiki/Draft:Abhenav_Mahajit ==

The article is encyclopedic & have enough references to pass the wiki criteria. It doesn't make sense to delete the article or nominate for deletion as the article is stub which can be improved in future. I suggest to approve the article & move it in main space.[[User:Wikionsky6061|Wikionsky6061]] ([[User talk:Wikionsky6061|talk]]) 17:27, 27 September 2021 (IST)

== User read ==

Use it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing.

User talk:WikiDwarf

2021-10-01T18:52:08Z

Lucasraven12:

Abhenav Mahajit

2021-09-26T17:41:18Z

Lucasraven12: Lack of source and just passing reference read more about how to make Wikipedia article

{{Db-g7}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhenav Mahajit
| image = Abhenav Mahajit.jpg
| birth_name = Abhinav Narayan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|01|07}}
| birth_place = [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = B.E. Computer Science Engineer
| occupation = Actor & Producer
| website = https://www.abhinavpictures.com
}}

Abhenav Mahajit (Born 07 January 1991) is an Indian actor, who works in [[Tamil cinema]]. He is best known for his work in Cybercrime drama film [[X Videos (film)|X Videos]] (2018). <ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=CelPox|date=2021-04-12|title=Abhenav Mahajit Age, Height, Movies, Wife, Family, Biography, Birthday, Filmography, Upcoming Movies, TV, OTT, Latest Photos, Social Media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp, Google YouTube & More » CelPox|url=https://celpox.com/celebs/abhenav-mahajit?ID=18845|access-date=2021-06-11|website=CelPox|language=en}}</ref>

== '''Early Life''' ==
He completed his graduation from Kanchi University SCSVMV in Computer Science Engineering and worked as a software engineer in Cognizant MNC for 2 years. Then he started his career in acting and trained in acting by [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]].

== '''Work''' ==
Ha has a debut in Cybercrime drama film [[X Videos (film)|X Videos]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web|title=X-Videos|url=https://abadgar-q.com/wiki/X_Videos_(film)|url-status=live}}</ref> and then shared the screen as a cop with [[Dhanush]] in Tamil-language romantic thriller film [[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]] (2019) featuring Dhanush and Megha Akash in the lead roles. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhenav Mahajit|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm11241077/|access-date=2021-06-11|website=IMDb}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Menon|first=Gautham Vasudev|title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota|date=2019-11-27|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5483626/|type=Action, Drama, Romance, Thriller|others=Dhanush, Megha Akash, M. Sasikumar, Senthil Veeraasamy|publisher=Escape Artists Motion Pictures, Ondraga Entertainment|access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota|url=https://tvguide.vg.no/program/p_enai-noki-paayum-thota|access-date=2021-06-11|website=VG TV-guide|language=no}}</ref>

He has also worked in CID Sony and Adalat, a Tamil short film “Manampuriya” <ref>{{Citation|title=Manampuriya - New Tamil Short Film 2018 {{!}}{{!}} by Abhishek Leslie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrbJhMvo-zE|language=en|access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=awInsider|title=Tamil Love Short Films 2018 Mp4 HD Video|url=https://www.awinsider.com/p/tamil-love-short-films-2018-828.html|access-date=2021-06-11|website=awInsider|language=en}}</ref> in 2018. He has Nominated for Best Actor for ManamPuriya short film. <ref>{{Citation|title=Manampuriya - New Tamil Short Film 2018 {{!}}{{!}} by Abhishek Leslie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrbJhMvo-zE|language=en|access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/abhenavmahajit Facebook Account]
*[https://twitter.com/amahajit Twitter Account]

{{India-stub}}

{{AfC submission|||ts=20210922151713|u=Wikionsky6061|ns=118}}

Abhenav Mahajit

2021-09-26T17:36:11Z

Lucasraven12: Lack of source and lack of interest

{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = lack of source and not encyclopaedia article just copy paste like bio
|timestamp = 20210926173552
|nom = Lucasraven12
|help =
}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Abhenav Mahajit
| image = Abhenav Mahajit.jpg
| birth_name = Abhinav Narayan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|01|07}}
| birth_place = [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = B.E. Computer Science Engineer
| occupation = Actor & Producer
| website = https://www.abhinavpictures.com
}}

Abhenav Mahajit (Born 07 January 1991) is an Indian actor, who works in [[Tamil cinema]]. He is best known for his work in Cybercrime drama film [[X Videos (film)|X Videos]] (2018). <ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=CelPox|date=2021-04-12|title=Abhenav Mahajit Age, Height, Movies, Wife, Family, Biography, Birthday, Filmography, Upcoming Movies, TV, OTT, Latest Photos, Social Media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp, Google YouTube & More » CelPox|url=https://celpox.com/celebs/abhenav-mahajit?ID=18845|access-date=2021-06-11|website=CelPox|language=en}}</ref>

== '''Early Life''' ==
He completed his graduation from Kanchi University SCSVMV in Computer Science Engineering and worked as a software engineer in Cognizant MNC for 2 years. Then he started his career in acting and trained in acting by [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]].

== '''Work''' ==
Ha has a debut in Cybercrime drama film [[X Videos (film)|X Videos]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web|title=X-Videos|url=https://abadgar-q.com/wiki/X_Videos_(film)|url-status=live}}</ref> and then shared the screen as a cop with [[Dhanush]] in Tamil-language romantic thriller film [[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]] (2019) featuring Dhanush and Megha Akash in the lead roles. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhenav Mahajit|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm11241077/|access-date=2021-06-11|website=IMDb}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Menon|first=Gautham Vasudev|title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota|date=2019-11-27|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5483626/|type=Action, Drama, Romance, Thriller|others=Dhanush, Megha Akash, M. Sasikumar, Senthil Veeraasamy|publisher=Escape Artists Motion Pictures, Ondraga Entertainment|access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Enai Noki Paayum Thota|url=https://tvguide.vg.no/program/p_enai-noki-paayum-thota|access-date=2021-06-11|website=VG TV-guide|language=no}}</ref>

He has also worked in CID Sony and Adalat, a Tamil short film “Manampuriya” <ref>{{Citation|title=Manampuriya - New Tamil Short Film 2018 {{!}}{{!}} by Abhishek Leslie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrbJhMvo-zE|language=en|access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=awInsider|title=Tamil Love Short Films 2018 Mp4 HD Video|url=https://www.awinsider.com/p/tamil-love-short-films-2018-828.html|access-date=2021-06-11|website=awInsider|language=en}}</ref> in 2018. He has Nominated for Best Actor for ManamPuriya short film. <ref>{{Citation|title=Manampuriya - New Tamil Short Film 2018 {{!}}{{!}} by Abhishek Leslie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrbJhMvo-zE|language=en|access-date=2021-06-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/abhenavmahajit Facebook Account]
*[https://twitter.com/amahajit Twitter Account]

{{India-stub}}

{{AfC submission|||ts=20210922151713|u=Wikionsky6061|ns=118}}

Entrepreneur

2021-09-26T05:13:09Z

Lucasraven12: One section is added

[[File:Andrew Carnegie circa 1878 - Project Gutenberg eText 17976.jpg|thumb|right|200px|{{Center|[[Andrew Carnegie]] - a famous entrepreneur}}]]

An '''entrepreneur''' is a person who organizes a venture to benefit from an opportunity, rather than working as an employee. Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy. These are the people who have the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate current and future needs and bring good new ideas to market.

Entrepreneurs who prove to be successful in taking on the risks of a startup are rewarded with profits, fame and continued growth opportunities. Those who fail suffer losses and become less important in the markets. Many fail, lose money, and close the business.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://untamedpotential.com/check-if-you-are-an-entrepreneur/|title=Check if you are an entrepreneur. - Untamed Potential|date=2017-08-28|newspaper=Untamed Potential|access-date=2017-11-22|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Black, Ervin L. ''et al'' 2010. Entrepreneurial success: differing perceptions of entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. ''The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation''. '''11''' (3): 189–198. [http://iei.sagepub.com/content/11/3/189]</ref> The entrepreneur assumes all the risks and rewards of the venture and is usually the sole proprietary, a partner or the owner of the majority of shares in an incorporated venture. As the main decision maker the entrepreneur monitors and controls the business activities.

According to Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883 - 1950) entrepreneurs regard profit as a standard for measuring achievement or success and discovered that they:
* Value self-reliance;
* Strive for distinction through excellence;
* Are highly optimistic;
* Favor challenges of medium risk.

Entrepreneurship is sometimes categorized among the [[factors of production]], along with land/natural resources, labor and capital. An entrepreneur combines these to manufacture goods or provide services. He or she typically creates a [[business plan]], hires labor, acquires resources and financing, and provides leadership and management for the business.

Entrepreneurs commonly face many obstacles when building their companies.

Given the riskiness of a new venture, the acquisition of capital funding is particularly challenging, and many entrepreneurs deal with it via bootstrapping.

While some entrepreneurs are lone players struggling to get small businesses off the ground on a shoestring, others take on partners armed with greater access to capital and other resources.

== Definitions of Entrepreneurship ==
Economists have never had a consistent definition of "entrepreneur" or "entrepreneurship" (the word "entrepreneur" comes from the French verb ''entreprendre'', meaning "to undertake"). Though the concept of an entrepreneur existed and was known for centuries, the classical and neoclassical economists left entrepreneurs out of their formal models:

They assumed that perfect information would be known to fully rational actors, leaving no room for risk-taking or discovery. It wasn't until the middle of the 20th century that economists seriously attempted to incorporate entrepreneurship into their models.

Three thinkers were central to the inclusion of entrepreneurs: Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight and Israel Kirzner. Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs – not just companies – were responsible for the creation of new things in the search of profit. Knight focused on entrepreneurs as the bearers of uncertainty and believed they were responsible for risk premiums in financial markets. Kirzner thought of entrepreneurship as a process that led to discovery.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp|title=Entrepreneur|last=Staff|first=Investopedia|date=2006-05-01|newspaper=Investopedia|access-date=2017-11-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Entrepreneurship training and education ==
Michelacci and Schivardi are a pair of researchers who believe that identifying and comparing the relationships between an entrepreneur's earnings and education level would determine the rate and level of success. Their study focused on two education levels, college degree and post-graduate degree. While Michelacci and Schivardi do not specifically determine characteristics or traits for successful entrepreneurs, they do believe that there is a direct relationship between education and success, noting that having a college knowledge does contribute to advancement in the workforce.<ref name="Michelacci and Schivardi" />

Michelacci and Schivardi state there has been a rise in the number of self-employed people with a baccalaureate degree. However, their findings also show that those who are self-employed and possess a graduate degree has remained consistent throughout time at about 33 percent. They briefly mention those famous entrepreneurs like [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Mark Zuckerberg]] who were college dropouts, but they call these cases all but exceptional as it is a pattern that many entrepreneurs view formal education as costly, mainly because of the [[Opportunity cost|time that needs to be spent on it]].21 Century one young entrepreneur name [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Danish_Maniyar_(_Entrepreneur_) Danish Maniyar] he becomes famous while pushing His Bachelor of pharmacy he becomes famous young Indian Entrepreneur and few are college drop like [[Mark Zuckerberg]] but danish Maniyar said while studying also we can become entrepreneur just have innovative ideas and thinking.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/danish-maniyar-social-media-influencer-with-his-innovative-ideas-101622551005240.html|title=Danish Maniyar: Social media influencer with his innovative ideas|date=June 1, 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>.Michelacci and Schivardi believe that in order for an individual to reach the full success they need to have education beyond high school. Their research shows that the higher the education level the greater the success. The reason is that college gives people additional skills that can be used within their business and to operate on a higher level than someone who only "runs" it.<ref name="Michelacci and Schivardi">{{Cite journal|url = http://www.sciencespo.fr/liepp/sites/sciencespo.fr.liepp/files/paper_Are_They_All_Like_Bill_Michelacci.pdf|title = Are They All Like Bill, Mark, and Steve? The Education Premium for Entrepreneurs|last = Michelacci|first = Claudio|date = 24 June 2015|journal = EIEF|access-date = 27 November 2015}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Historical usage ===
[[File:David Beck - Louis De Geer d.ä. 1587-1657.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|17th-century [[Walloons|Walloon]]-Dutch-Swedish businessman [[Louis De Geer (1587–1652)|Louis De Geer]] (1587–1652) was a pioneering entrepreneur and [[industrialist]] at the dawn of [[modern capitalism]].<ref>Lindblad, J. Thomas (1995), 'Louis de Geer (1587–1652): Dutch Entrepreneur and the Father of Swedish Industry,'; in Clé Lesger & Leo Noordegraaf (eds.), ''Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship in Early Modern Times: Merchants and Industrialists within the Orbit of the Dutch Staple Markets''. (The Hague: Stichting Hollandse Historische Reeks, 1995), pp. 77–85</ref><ref>Müller, Leos (2005), 'The Dutch Entrepreneurial Networks and Sweden in the Age of Greatness,'; in Hanno Brand (ed.), ''Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North Sea Area and the Baltic, c. 1350–1750''. (Hilversum: Verloren, 2005), pp. 58–74</ref>]]
[[File:Wimbit-Jellinek-Phoenix8hp.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Emil Jellinek|Emil Jellinek-Mercedes]] (1853–1918), here at the steering wheel of his Phoenix Double-Phaeton, was a European entrepreneur who helped design the first modern car]]

"Entrepreneur" ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-entrepreneur.ogg|ˌ|ɒ̃|t|r|ə|p|r|ə|ˈ|n|ɜːr|,_|-|ˈ|nj|ʊər}}, {{small|UK also}} {{IPAc-en|-|p|r|ɛ|-}}) is a [[loanword]] from [[French language|French]]. The word first appeared in the French dictionary entitled ''Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce'' compiled by Jacques des Bruslons and published in 1723.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://researchdirection.org/UploadArticle/48.pdf|first=Ashok Bhanudas|last=Navale|title=Developing Entrepreneur Skills for Corporate Work|journal=Research Directions|date=October 2013|volume=1|issue=4|issn=2321-5488|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329060112/http://researchdirection.org/UploadArticle/48.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=22 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Especially in Britain, the term "adventurer" was often used to denote the same meaning.<ref>{{Cite book|title= A Brief History of Entrepreneurship: The Pioneers, Profiteers, and Racketeers Who Shaped Our World|last=Carlen|first=Joe|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|location=New York, NY|pages=1|isbn=9780231542814|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tkbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|language=en}}</ref> The study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Irish-French economist [[Richard Cantillon]], which was foundational to [[classical economics]]. Cantillon defined the term first in his ''Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général'', or ''Essay on the Nature of Trade in General'', a book [[William Stanley Jevons]] considered the "cradle of political economy".<ref>{{cite book|first=Anthony |last=Brewer|title=Richard Cantillon: Pioneer of Economic Theory|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=2yD9NWJ8_mwC}}|year=1992|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-07577-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=William Stanley Jevons|date=January 1881|title=Richard Cantillon and the Nationality of Political Economy|work=Contemporary Review|publisher=The Contemporary Review Company|pages=333–360}}</ref> Cantillon defined the term as a person who pays a certain price for a product and resells it at an uncertain price, "making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise". Cantillon considered the entrepreneur to be a risk taker who deliberately allocates resources to exploit opportunities to maximize the financial return.<ref name="Cantillon, R. 1931">{{cite book|last=Cantillon |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Cantillon |year=1755 |title=Essai sur la nature du commerce en général |location=London |publisher=MacMillan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stevenson |first1=H. |last2=Jarillo |first2=J. |title=A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management, in |editor1-first=Álvaro |editor1-last=Cuervo|editor2-first=Domingo |editor2-last=Ribeiro|editor3-first=Salvador |editor3-last=Roig|work=Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=2v-aWpdgoPQC |pg=5}}|date=26 May 2007|publisher=Springer Science Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-48543-8|pages=5–}}</ref> Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume the risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus he drew attention to the function of the entrepreneur and distinguished between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provided the money.<ref name="Cantillon, R. 1931"/><ref name="Landström, H. 2005">• Landström, H. & SpringerLink 2005, Pioneers in entrepreneurship and small business research, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, N.Y.</ref>

Jean-Baptiste Say also identified entrepreneurs as a driver for economic development, emphasizing their role as one of the collecting factors of production allocating resources from less to fields that are more productive. Both Say and Cantillon belonged to French school of thought and known as the physiocrats.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Enterprise: Entrepreneurship and Innovation|url=https://archive.org/details/enterpriseentrep00lowe_046|url-access=limited|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7506-6920-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/enterpriseentrep00lowe_046/page/n31 5]|last1=Lowe|first1=Robin|last2=Marriott|first2=Sue}}</ref>

Dating back to the time of the medieval [[guilds]] in Germany, a [[craftspeople|craftsperson]] required special permission to operate as an entrepreneur, the small proof of competence (''Kleiner Befähigungsnachweis''), which restricted training of apprentices to craftspeople who held a [[Meister]] certificate. This institution was introduced in 1908 after a period of so-called freedom of trade (''Gewerbefreiheit'', introduced in 1871) in the [[German Reich]]. However, proof of competence was not required to start a business. In 1935 and in 1953, greater proof of competence was reintroduced (''Großer Befähigungsnachweis Kuhlenbeck''), which required craftspeople to obtain a Meister apprentice-training certificate before being permitted to set up a new business.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00181-013-0773-7|title = Entry regulation and entrepreneurship: A natural experiment in German craftsmanship| journal=Empirical Economics| volume=47| issue=3| pages=1067–1101|year = 2013|last1 = Rostam-Afschar|first1 = Davud|s2cid = 154355298}}</ref>

In the [[Ashanti Empire]], successful entrepreneurs who accumulated large wealth and men as well as distinguished themselves through heroic deeds were awarded social and political recognition by being called "Abirempon" which means big men. By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries AD, the appellation "Abirempon" had formalized and politicized to embrace those who conducted trade from which the whole state benefited. The state rewarded entrepreneurs who attained such accomplishments with Mena(elephant tail) which was the "heraldic badge" <ref>{{Cite book|last=Obeng|first=J.Pashington|date= 1996|title=Asante Catholicism; Religious and Cultural Reproduction among the Akan of Ghana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh9jIVu2CyEC&pg=PA23|language=en|volume=1|isbn=978-90-04-10631-4}}</ref>
== References ==
{{commons}}
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Business]]

Entrepreneur

2021-09-26T05:09:26Z

Lucasraven12:

Entrepreneur

2021-09-26T05:07:02Z

Lucasraven12: One section is added

Patrick Gajda

2021-09-25T07:10:10Z

Lucasraven12: Created page with " {{Infobox person | name = Patrick Gajda | image = thumb| | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text..."

{{Infobox person
| name = Patrick Gajda
| image = [[File:Patrick-gajda.jpg|thumb|]]
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|04|25}}
| birth_place = [[Bielsko-Biala]]
| nationality = [[Poland]]
| other_names = Patryk Jaroslaw Gajda
| occupation = ''[[Entrepreneur]]'' and [[Investor]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Entrepreneur
| notable_works = [http://NASA NASA]
}}
'''Patrick Gajda''' (born 25 April 1991) is an Poland entrepreneur, Investor and the founder of Superbid a Poland-based Company. He works as Entrepreneur,digitial expert,Social media advisor,and is a trade advisor.<ref>https://www.ibtimes.sg/superbid-social-auction-app-created-by-patrick-gajda-taking-showbiz-by-storm-57398</ref> Initator and founder of SuperBid.io - the world's frist social auction app which connects fans with thousands of influencer-led auctions for items, experiences, and NFTs, with a record $800M company valuation after three months of operation .<ref>https://www.laprogressive.com/stars-jay-alvarrez/</ref><ref>https://themarketersdaily.com/2021/05/07/stars-jay-alvarrez-natalia-janoszek-joins-patrick-gajda-on-the-upcoming-superbid-app-launch/</ref>

== Career ==
Patrick was born and brought up in Poland on April 25, 1991.He is currently Working Superbid Project.<ref>https://popdiaries.com/superbid-a-social-auction-app-created-by-patrick-gajda-taking-showbiz-by-storm/</ref><ref>https://www.latestly.com/technology/superbid-the-next-app-of-silicon-valley-unicorns-developers-2464293.html</ref>
He started his career in the furniture industry, working for a polish company that became one of the key leaders in the European market. Thanks to the gained experience, he successfully restructured and modernized Polish industrial companies. In 2016, he founded ShootCapsule, which was the first company in the world to develop a project of a server on the Moon. The project attracted the interest of public and private entities from around the world, such as the Luxembourg Space Agency, SES, Canadian Space Agency, Astrobotic, NASA, European Space Agency. The project itself was recommended by the Canadian Space Agency as part of the Canada-Europe partnership in a joint effort to expand the space industry. His mentor in the space industry and investment market was Candace Johnson, a global infrastructure, network, and innovation expert and entrepreneur. She is co-initiator of SES/ASTRA for which she was named an Officer of the Luxembourg Oak Leaf Crown and architect of SES Global, one of the world’s largest satellite systems for which she was named Commander of the Luxembourg Order of Merit.

EBAN member, an angel investor in early-stage startup projects.

Founder of Escape Velocity Venture Builder, a company investing in and developing early-stage startups in the IT, fintech, space, e-commerce industries.

Board Member of VentureDevs, an industry-leading software development firm, based in LA, that builds products and teams for global companies and Silicon Valley unicorns such as Fair.com, and startups such as Trubify.com, and Music.com.

Initiator and founder of SuperBid.io - the world's first social auction app which connects fans with thousands of influencer-led auctions for items, experiences, and NFTs, with a record $800M company valuation after three months of operationg-the-influencer-market<ref>https://www.nifey.com/superbid-a-social-auction-app-created-by-patryk-gajda-taking-showbiz-by-storm-72149.html</ref><ref>https://disruptmagazine.com/superbid-a-social-auction-app-created-by-patryk-gajda-taking-showbiz-by-storm/</ref><ref>https://disruptglobal.io/patrick-gajda-the-man-behind-superbid-the-newest-app-thats-wowing-influencers-around-the-world/</ref><ref>https://www.dailyadvent.com/news/79543f368f3ab547fbc9a44c6377fae1-Patrick-Gajda--the-man-behind-SuperBid-the-newest-app-thats-wowing-influencers-around-the-world</ref><ref>https://www.americadailypost.com/patrick-gajda-the-man-behind-superbid-the-newest-app-thats-wowing-influencers-around-the-world/</ref><ref>https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/superbid-the-next-app-of-silicon-valley-unicorns-developers/amp</ref><ref>https://in.finance.yahoo.com/superbid-next-app-silicon-valley-103111672.html</ref><ref>https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/superbid-next-app-silicon-valley-103111672.html</ref><ref>https://uk.style.yahoo.com/superbid-next-app-silicon-valley-103111672.html</ref><ref>https://boherald.com/patrick-gajda-the-man-behind-superbid-the-newest-app-thats-wowing-influencers-around-the-world/</ref>.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
*{{Twitter|PatrickGajda}}
*{{Facebook|PatrickGajdaCom}}
*{{Instagram|patrickgajda}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Polish businesspeople]]

User talk:WikiDwarf

2021-09-20T18:32:27Z

Lucasraven12:

User:Lucasraven12

2021-09-20T17:30:54Z

Lucasraven12: Undo revision 176095 by WikiDwarf (talk)

{{People
|Name=Lucas raven
|Nationality=Indiana
|Occupation=Author and Wikipedia writer
}}
{{autoconfirmed topicon}}
{{Administrator topicon}}
{{Interface administrator topicon}}
{{Checkuser topicon}}
{{Bureaucrat topicon}}
[[File:Spinning Ashoka Chakra.gif|right|200px]]
[[File:Dwarf by BrokenMachine86.jpg|thumb|250px|A WikiDwarf, ready to repair any damage made by a WikiGoblin|right]]
 
''A useful thing to consider:''
<div style="font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%">Most people don’t know English.</div>
----
''Another useful thing to consider:''

{{Quote|“Ask him to point to where he thinks the monkey is going to go.”

“[[Pirahã people|They]] don’t point,” [[Daniel Everett|Everett]] said. Nor, he added, do they have words for [[Relative direction#Left-right confusion|right and left]]. Instead, they give directions in absolute terms, telling others to head “upriver” or “downriver,” or “to the forest” or “away from the forest.” Everett told the man to say whether the monkey was going upriver or downriver. The man said something in reply.

“What did he say?” [[Tecumseh Fitch|Fitch]] asked.

“He said, ‘Monkeys go to the jungle.’ ”|[[John Colapinto]]|''[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fa_fact_colapinto The Interpreter - Has a remote Amazonian tribe upended our understanding of language?]'', The New Yorker, April 16, 2007}}

<hr>

MediaWiki has been installed.

Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.

I am Lucas raven . I working Wikipedia.
{{User Proud Indian}}

Hello '''Bharatpedians''' welcome to the Wikipedia of India.

'''New Users if need any kind of help just drop message on Talkpage''' (-[[User:Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]]
== Getting started ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]

Draft:Daud ali ( Mr Daud1304 )

2021-09-19T18:41:45Z

Lucasraven12: Not meet Wikipedia policy No reference it's not Wikipedia article

"{{Db-g7}}"
{{AFC submission/draft}}

Hello Guy's In This article i tell You About Daud ali ( Mr Daud1304 )
Daud ali ( Mr Daud1304 ) is a Indian YouTuber , influencer and also an Blogger . he was born on 05 September 2021 in a Muslim Family . he was born in sikar , Rajastan ( India ). Daud ali ( Mr Daud1304 ) belong to a middel-class family . his age is 20 years in 2021 . he is also known as Mr Daud1304 . his Youtube Name is also Mr Daud1304.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Name || Daud Ali (Mr Daud1304)
|-
| Born || 05 September 2001
|-
| Occupation || YouTuber , influencer , Blogger
|-
| Years active || 2018-present
|}
[https://dtvhindi.blogspot.com/2021/07/daud-ali-biography-age-family-brother.html Daud Ali Biography, Age , Family, brother, Height and More]
|
[https://www.dcooz.com/p/about-mr-daud1304-who-is-mr-daud1304-mr.html who is Mr Daud1304]
|
[https://www.dikibio.com/2021/07/daud-ali.html Daud ali]
|

== Daud ali ==

Hello Guy's In This article i tell You About Daud ali ( Mr Daud1304 )
Daud ali ( Mr Daud1304 ) is a Indian YouTuber , influencer and also an Blogger . he was born on 05 September 2021 in a Muslim Family . he was born in sikar , Rajastan ( India ). Daud ali ( Mr Daud1304 ) belong to a middel-class family . his age is 20 years in 2021 . he is also known as Mr Daud1304 . his Youtube Name is also Mr Daud1304.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Name || Daud Ali (Mr Daud1304)
|-
| Born || 05 September 2001
|-
| Occupation || YouTuber , influencer , Blogger
|-
| Years active || 2018-present
|}
[https://dtvhindi.blogspot.com/2021/07/daud-ali-biography-age-family-brother.html Daud Ali Biography, Age , Family, brother, Height and More]
|
[https://www.dcooz.com/p/about-mr-daud1304-who-is-mr-daud1304-mr.html who is Mr Daud1304]
|
[https://www.dikibio.com/2021/07/daud-ali.html Daud ali]
|

Draft:Kowshik Saha

2021-09-19T18:38:41Z

Lucasraven12: Just mentioned it doesn't meet Wikipedia guidelines

{{Db-g7}}
{{AFC submission/draft}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Kowshik Saha
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|12|29}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indo-Bangladeshi
| occupation = Singer, songwriter, record producer
| years_active = 2019-present
| known_for = Just Gotta Know (2021), Just Gotta Know Remix (2021), Love Yourself (2020)
}}

'''Kowshik Saha''' is an Indo-Bangladeshi singer, songwriter, record producer and a health-care professional, known for singing in multiple languages. He makes music in different genres and came to the limelight by recreating popular songs. His most notable works include "Just Gotta Know", "Love yourself" and "Cheap Thrills".

==Early life==
Kowshik was a trained vocalist at an early stage of life. His passion for music came from his family. After high school he pursued medical school after which during the pandemic of 2020 he started recording his music and came to the public attention.

==Career==
Kowshik's debut single was "Just Gotta Know", it received a lot of media mentions for it's lyrics and composition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/kowshik-saha-debuts-his-first-single-just-gotta-know-1791676/|title=Kowshik Saha debuts his first single, “Just Gotta Know”|work=Bollywoodlife.com}}</ref>

In July of 2021, he released his EP "Just Gotta Know REMIX", which consists of two tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/amidst-the-pandemic-kowshik-saha-is-about-to-drop-his-latest-edm-single-just-gotta-know-remix-23176493|title=Amidst the pandemic, Kowshik Saha is about to drop his latest EDM Single: Just Gotta Know – Remix|work=Mid-Day}}</ref> <ref>https://rollingstoneindia.com/rolling-stone-india-monthly-playlist-june-3/</ref> <ref>https://edmallday.com/kowshik-saha-released-just-gotta-know-remix-2/</ref>

==Discography==
===Extended plays===
*''One Point Zero'' (2020)

===Single albums===
*"Just Gotta Know (Remix)" (2021)

===Singles===
*"Zara Zara" (2020)
*"Nitol Paye" (2020)
*"Rolling In The Deep" (2020)
*"Cheap Thrills" (2020)
*"Love Yourself" (2020)
*"Just Gotta Know" (2021)
*"Thrift Shop" (2021)
*"At My Worst" (2021)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://twitter.com/Kowshikrsaha Twitter]
*[https://www.facebook.com/kowshiksahaofficial Facebook]
*[https://www.instagram.com/kowshikrsaha Instagram]
*[https://www.youtube.com/Kowshikdj YouTube]
*[https://soundcloud.com/KowshikrSaha SoundCloud]

[[:Category:1992 births]]
[[:Category:Music producers]]

Draft:Ranjeet Kumar Sharma

2021-09-19T18:35:35Z

Lucasraven12: Not meet Wikipedia policy

{{Db-g7}}
[[File:Ranjeet Kumar Sharma.jpg|thumb|Ranjeet Kumar Sharma]]

{{AFC submission/draft}}

Ranjeet Kumar Sharma (Journalist) is an Indian Journalist. He is Founder and Editor-In-Chief of The Real Khabar a hindi based News Website.
Born-25 November 2000 in Ranchi, Jharkhand, INDIA.
In the past he has worked in many recognized media institutions. Earlier he was Special Correspondent in Jan Josh News a RNI registered weekly Newspaper. He has worked as a reporter in THE HD NEWS YouTube channel and as the chief editor in a web portal named News of States. After gaining experience in many media organizations, he startd his own news portal THE REAL KHABAR, a company providing news in Hindi.
== Refrences ==
[https://yourstory.com/people/ranjeet-kumar-95?origin=awards Article about Ranjeet Kumar Sharma on YourStory]
[https://therealkhabar.in/editor-in-chief-of-the-real-khabar/ Article about Ranjeet Kumar Sharma on The Real Khabar News Website.]

Hindu–German Conspiracy

2021-09-19T18:26:23Z

Lucasraven12: Created page with "{{short description|Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Raj during World War I}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} {{Anushilan S..."

{{short description|Pan-Indian rebellion against the British Raj during World War I}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Anushilan Samiti |collapsed}}
{{Campaignbox Asian and Pacific Campaign}}

The '''Hindu–German Conspiracy'''[[#Note on the name|(Note on the name)]] was a series of attempts between 1914 and 1917 by [[Indian nationalist movement|Indian nationalist]] groups to create a Pan-Indian rebellion against the [[British Empire]] during [[World War I]]. This rebellion was formulated between the [[Indian revolutionary underground]] and exiled or self-exiled nationalists in the United States. It also involved the [[Ghadar Party]], and in Germany the [[Indian independence committee]] in the decade preceding the Great War.<ref name="Plowman 84">{{Harvnb|Plowman|2003|p=84}}</ref><ref name=Hoover252>{{Harvnb|Hoover|1985|p=252}}</ref><ref name=GBrown300>{{Harvnb|Brown|1948|p=300}}</ref> The conspiracy began at the start of the war, with extensive support from the [[Auswärtiges Amt|German Foreign Office]], the German consulate in [[San Francisco]], and some support from [[Ottoman Turkey]] and the [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican movement]]. The most prominent plan attempted to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian [[mutiny]] in the [[British Indian Army]] from [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] to [[Singapore]]. It was to be executed in February 1915, and overthrow British rule in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The [[Ghadar Conspiracy|February mutiny]] was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the [[Ghadarite]] movement and arrested key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

The Indo-German [[alliance]] and conspiracy were the target of a worldwide British intelligence effort, which successfully prevented further attempts. American intelligence agencies arrested key figures in the aftermath of the ''Annie Larsen'' affair in 1917. The conspiracy resulted in the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial|Lahore conspiracy case]] trials in India as well as the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial]] — at the time the longest and most expensive trial ever held in the United States.<ref name="Plowman 84" />

This series of events was pivotal for the [[Indian independence movement]], and became a major factor in reforming the Raj's Indian policy.<ref name=Popplewell4>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=4}}</ref> Similar efforts were made during [[World War II]] in Germany and in Japanese-controlled [[Southeast Asia]]. [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] formed the [[Indische Legion]] and the [[Indian National Army]], and in Italy [[Mohammad Iqbal Shedai]] formed the [[Battaglione Azad Hindoustan]].

==Background==
[[Nationalism]] had become more and more prominent in India throughout the last decades of the 19th century as a result of the [[social]], [[Economics|economic]] and political changes instituted in the country through the greater part of the century.<ref name=Desai30>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=30}}
</ref><ref name=Desai43>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=43}}
</ref><ref name=Desai93>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=93}}
</ref><ref name=Desai125>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=125}}
</ref><ref name=Desai154>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=154}}
</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]], founded in 1885, developed as a major platform for loyalists' demands for [[political liberalization]] and for increased autonomy. The nationalist movement grew with the founding of underground groups in the 1890s. It became particularly strong, radical and violent in [[Bengal]] and in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], along with smaller but nonetheless notable movements in [[Maharashtra]], [[Presidency of Madras|Madras]] and other places of South India.<ref name=Yadav6>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=6}}
</ref> In Bengal the revolutionaries more often than not recruited the educated youth of the urban [[middle-class]] ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community that epitomized the "classic" [[Indian revolutionary movement|Indian revolutionary]], while in Punjab the rural and military society sustained organized violence.<ref name=Fraser257>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=257}}
</ref>

Other related events include:
* the [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]],
* the [[Annie Larsen affair|Annie Larsen arms plot]],
* the [[Christmas Day Plot|Jugantar–German plot]],
* the [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition|German mission to Kabul]],
* the mutiny of the [[Connaught Rangers]] in India
* by some accounts, the [[Black Tom explosion]] in 1916.

Parts of the [[conspiracy]] also included efforts to subvert the [[British Indian Army]] in the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]].

===Indian revolutionary underground===
{{Main|Anushilan Samiti}}
{{See also|Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy|Rash Behari Bose|Jugantar|India House}}

[[File:Rash bihari bose.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Rash Behari Bose]], key leader of the [[Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy]] and, later, of the [[Ghadar conspiracy|February plot]]]]

The controversial [[1905 partition of Bengal]] had a widespread political impact. Acting as a stimulus for radical nationalist opinion in India and abroad, it became a focal issue for Indian revolutionaries.<ref name=Bose117>{{Harvnb|Bose|Jalal|1998|p=117}}</ref><ref name=Dutta135>{{Harvnb|Dutta|Desai|2003|p=135}}</ref><ref name=Bhatt83>{{Harvnb|Bhatt|2001|p=83}}</ref> Revolutionary organizations like [[Jugantar]] and [[Anushilan Samiti]] emerged in the 20th century. Significant events took place, including assassinations and attempted assassinations of [[Civil service|civil servants]], prominent public figures and Indian informants, including an attempt in 1907 to kill Bengal Lieutenant-Governor Sir [[Andrew Fraser (Governor of Bengal)|Andrew Fraser]]. Matters came to a head when the 1912 [[Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy]], led by erstwhile Jugantar member [[Rash Behari Bose]], attempted to assassinate the then-[[Viceroy of India]], [[Charles Hardinge]]. In the aftermath of this event, the British Indian police made concentrated efforts to destroy the Bengali and Punjabi revolutionary underground. Though the movement came under intense pressure for some time, [[Rash Behari Bose|Rash Behari]] successfully evaded capture for nearly three years. By the time World War I began in 1914, the revolutionary movement had revived in Punjab and Bengal. In Bengal the movement, with a safe haven in the French base of [[Chandernagore]], had sufficient strength to all but paralyze the state administration.<ref name=Gupta12>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1997|p=12}}
</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=201}}
</ref><ref name=Strachan795/>

The earliest mention of a conspiracy for armed revolution in India appears in ''Nixon's Report on Revolutionary Organization'', which reported that [[Jatin Mukherjee]] (Bagha Jatin) and [[Naren Bhattacharya]] had met with the [[William, German Crown Prince|Crown Prince of Germany]] during the latter's visit to [[Calcutta]] in 1912, and received assurances that he would receive arms and ammunition<ref>''Terrorism in Bengal'', Compiled and Edited by A.K. Samanta, Government of West Bengal, 1995, Vol. II, p625.
</ref> At the same time, an increasingly strong [[pan-Islamic movement]] began to develop, mainly in the North and North-West regions of India. At the onset of the war in 1914, members of this movement formed an important element of the conspiracy.<ref name=Qureshi78/>
{{See also|Sinn Féin|Roger Casement|John Devoy}}

At the time of the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] founded [[India House]] in London and received extensive support from notable expatriate Indians including [[Madam Bhikaji Cama]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[S. R. Rana]], and [[Dadabhai Naoroji]]. The organization – ostensibly a residence for Indian students – in reality sought to promote nationalist opinion and pro-independence work. India House drew young radical activists like [[Madan Lal Dhingra|M. L. Dhingra]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|V. D. Savarkar]], [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya|V. N. Chatterjee]], [[M. P. T. Acharya]] and [[Har Dayal|Lala Har Dayal]].<ref name=Bhavans/><ref name=Strachan794/><ref name=Yadav8>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=8}}</ref> It developed links with the revolutionary movement in India and nurtured it with arms, funds and propaganda. Authorities in India banned ''[[The Indian Sociologist]]'' and other literature published by the House as "seditious". Under V. D. Savarkar's leadership, the House rapidly developed into a centre for intellectual and political activism and a meeting-ground for radical revolutionaries among Indian students in Britain,<ref name=Hopkirk44>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|1997|p=44}}</ref><ref name=Owen65>{{Harvnb|Owen|2007|p=65}}</ref><ref name=Owen66>{{Harvnb|Owen|2007|p=66}}</ref> earning it the moniker "The most dangerous organization outside India" from [[Valentine Chirol]].<ref name=Chirol148>{{Harvnb|Chirol|2006|p=148}}</ref><ref name=vonPochhammer435>{{Harvnb|von Pochhammer|2005|p=435}}</ref> In 1909 in London M. L. Dhingra fatally shot [[William Hutt Curzon Wyllie|Sir W. H. Curzon Wyllie]], political [[aide-de-camp]] to the [[Secretary of State for India]]. In the aftermath of the assassination, the [[Metropolitan Police]] and the [[Home Office]] rapidly suppressed [[India House]].<ref name=Popplewell132>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=132}}</ref> Its leadership fled to Europe and to the United States. Some, like Chatterjee, moved to Germany; Har Dayal and many others moved to [[Paris]].<ref name=Bhavans>{{cite web
| publisher = Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
| url=http://www.bhavans.info/heritage/champakchatto.asp
| title=Champak-Chatto" And the Berlin Committee
| access-date=4 November 2007
}}
</ref><ref name=Strachan794>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=794}}</ref>

Organizations founded in the United States and in [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] emulated the example of London's India House.<ref name="Fischer-Tinē333">{{Harvnb|Fischer-Tinē|2007|p=333}}</ref> Krishna Varma nurtured close interactions with [[Turkish people|Turkish]] and [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] nationalists and with [[Clan na Gael]] in the United States. The joint efforts of [[Mohammed Barkatullah]], [[S. L. Joshi]] and [[George Freeman (newspaper editor)|George Freeman]] founded the Pan-Aryan Association — modelled after Krishna Varma's [[Indian Home Rule Society]] — in New York in 1906.<ref name="FischerTine333">{{Harvnb|Fischer-Tinē|2007|p=334}}</ref> Barkatullah himself had become closely associated with Krishna Varma during a previous stay in London, and his subsequent career in Japan put him at the heart of Indian political activities there.<ref name="FischerTine333"/> Myron Phelp, an acquaintance of Krishna Varma and an admirer of [[Swami Vivekananda]], founded an "India House" in [[Manhattan]], New York, in January 1908.<ref name="FischerTine333"/> Amidst a growing Indian student population, erstwhile members of the India House in London succeeded in extending the nationalist work across the Atlantic. The ''[[Gaelic American]]'' reprinted articles from the ''Indian Sociologist'', while liberal press-laws allowed free circulation of the ''Indian Sociologist''. Supporters could ship such nationalist literature and pamphlets freely across the world.<ref name="FischerTine333"/> New York increasingly became an important centre for the Indian movement, such that ''Free Hindustan''— a political revolutionary journal closely mirroring the ''Indian Sociologist'' and the ''[[The Gaelic American|Gaelic American]]'' published by [[Taraknath Das]]—<ref name="Plowman 84" /> moved in 1908 from [[Vancouver]] and [[Seattle]] to New York. Das established extensive collaboration with the ''Gaelic American'' with help from George Freeman before it was proscribed{{by whom|date=June 2013}} in 1910 under British diplomatic pressure.<ref name=FischerTine335>{{Harvnb|Fischer-Tinē|2007|p=335}}</ref> This Irish collaboration with Indian revolutionaries led to some of the early but failed efforts to smuggle arms into India, including a 1908 attempt on board a ship called the SS ''Moraitis'' which sailed from New York for the [[Persian Gulf]], before it was searched at [[Smyrna]].<ref name="Plowman82"/><ref name=Popplewell148>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=148}}</ref> The [[Irish community in Britain|Irish community]] later provided valuable intelligence, [[logistics]], communication, media, and legal support to the German, Indian, and Irish conspirators. Those involved in this liaison, and later involved in the plot, included major Irish republicans and Irish-American nationalists like [[John Devoy]], [[Joseph McGarrity]], [[Roger Casement]], [[Éamon de Valera]], [[Father Peter Yorke]] and Larry de Lacey.<ref name="Plowman 84" /> These pre-war contacts effectively set up a network which the German foreign office tapped into as war began in Europe.<ref name="Plowman 84" />

===Ghadar Party===
[[File:Early Punjabi Immigrants to America.gif|thumb|left|An immigrant Punjabi family in America. ''c.'' 1900s]]
{{Main|Ghadar Party}}
{{See also|Har Dayal|Sohan Singh Bhakna|Tarak Nath Das}}

Large-scale Indian [[immigration]] to the [[Pacific coast]] of [[North America]] took place in the 20th-century, especially from Punjab, which faced an [[economic depression]]. The [[Government of Canada|Canadian government]] met this influx with legislation aimed at limiting the entry of [[South Asia]]ns into [[Canada]] and at restricting the political rights of those already in the country. The Punjabi community had hitherto been an important loyal force for the [[British Empire]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. The community had expected that its commitment would be honored with the same welcome and rights which the British and colonial governments extended to British and white immigrants. The restrictive legislation fed growing discontent, [[Protest|protests]] and anti-colonial sentiments within the community. Faced with increasingly difficult situations, the community began organizing itself into political groups. Many Punjabis also moved to the United States, but they encountered similar political and social problems.<ref name=Strachan795>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=795}}
</ref> Meanwhile, India House and nationalist activism of Indian students had begun declining on the east coast of North America towards 1910, but activity gradually shifted west to San Francisco. The arrival at this time of [[Har Dayal]] from Europe bridged the gap between the intellectual agitators in New York and the predominantly Punjabi labor workers and migrants in the west coast, and laid the foundations of the [[Ghadar Party|Ghadar movement]].<ref name="FischerTine335"/>
[[File:Ghadar di gunj.jpg|thumb|right|180px|''[[Ghadar di gunj]]'', an early Ghadarite compilation of [[nationalist]] and [[socialist]] literature, was banned in India in 1913.]]
The Ghadar Party, initially the 'Pacific Coast Hindustan Association', was formed in 1913 in the United States under the leadership of [[Har Dayal]], with [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]] as its president. It drew members from Indian immigrants, largely from Punjab.<ref name=Strachan795/> Many of its members were also from the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley]] including Dayal, [[Tarak Nath Das]], [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] and [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle|V.G. Pingle]]. The party quickly gained support from Indian expatriates, especially in the United States, Canada and Asia. Ghadar meetings were held in [[Los Angeles]], [[Oxford]], [[Vienna]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Shanghai]].<ref name=Deepak441/>

Ghadar's ultimate goal was to overthrow [[British India|British colonial authority in India]] by means of an armed [[revolution]]. It viewed the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-led [[Indian independence movement|mainstream movement]] for [[dominion status]] as modest and its constitutional methods as soft. Ghadar's foremost strategy was to entice [[British Indian Army|Indian soldiers]] to revolt.<ref name=Strachan795/> To that end, in November 1913 Ghadar established the ''[[Yugantar Ashram]]'' press in [[San Francisco]]. The press produced the ''[[Hindustan Ghadar]]'' newspaper and other nationalist literature.<ref name=Deepak441/>

Towards the end of 1913, the party established contact with prominent revolutionaries in India, including [[Rash Behari Bose]]. An Indian edition of the ''[[Hindustan Ghadar]]'' essentially espoused the philosophies of [[anarchism]] and [[revolutionary terrorism]] against British interests in India. Political discontent and violence mounted in Punjab, and Ghadarite publications that reached [[Bombay]] from California were deemed seditious and banned by the Raj. These events, compounded by evidence of prior Ghadarite incitement in the [[Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy]] of 1912, led the British government to pressure the American State Department to suppress Indian revolutionary activities and Ghadarite literature, which emanated mostly from San Francisco.<ref name=Sarkar146>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1983|p=146}}</ref><ref name=Deepak439>{{Harvnb|Deepak|1999|p=439}}</ref>

===Germany and the Berlin Committee===
{{Main|Berlin Committee}}
{{See also|Imperial Germany|Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg|Arthur Zimmermann|Franz von Papen}}
With the onset of [[World War III|World War I]], an Indian revolutionary group called the [[Berlin Committee]] (later called the Indian Independence Committee) was formed in Germany. Its chief [[Architect|architects]] were [[Chempakaraman Pillai|C. R. Pillai]] and [[V. N. Chatterjee]].<ref name=Hoover251/><ref name=Strachan798>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=798}}</ref> The committee drew members from Indian students and erstwhile members of the India House including [[Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya|Abhinash Bhattacharya]], Dr. Abdul Hafiz, Padmanabhan Pillai, [[A. R. Pillai]], [[M. P. T. Acharya]] and Gopal Paranjape. Germany had earlier opened the [[Intelligence Bureau for the East]] headed by archaeologist and historian [[Max von Oppenheim]]. Oppenheim and [[Arthur Zimmermann]], the State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire, actively supported the Berlin committee, which had links with [[Bagha Jatin|Jatin Mukherjee]]— a [[Jugantar Party]] member and at the time one of the leading revolutionary figures in Bengal.<ref name=Gupta12/><ref name=Bhavans/><ref name=Gupta11/><ref name="Puri 1980 p=60">{{Harvnb|Puri|1980|p=60}}</ref> The office of the 25-member committee at No.38 Wielandstrasse was accorded full embassy status.<ref name=Hopkirk96>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|2001|p=96}}</ref>

German [[Chancellor]] [[Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg]] authorized German activity against British India as World War I broke out in September 1914. Germany decided to actively support the Ghadarite plans.<ref name=Hoover251>{{Harvnb|Hoover|1985|p=251}}</ref> Using the links established between Indian and [[Irish people|Irish]] residents in Germany (including Irish nationalist and poet [[Roger Casement]]) and the German Foreign Office, Oppenheim tapped into the Indo-Irish network in the United States. Har Dayal helped organise the Ghadar party before his arrest in the United States in 1914. He jumped bail and made his way to Switzerland, leaving the party and its publications in the charge of [[Ram Chandra Bharadwaj]], who became the Ghadar president in 1914. The German [[consulate]] in San Francisco was tasked to make contact with Ghadar leaders in California. A [[Navy|naval]] [[lieutenant]] by the name of Wilhelm von Brincken with the help of the Indian nationalist [[journalist]] [[Tarak Nath Das]] and an intermediary by the name of Charles Lattendorf established links with Bharadwaj. Meanwhile, in Switzerland the Berlin committee was able to convince Har Dayal that organising a revolution in India was feasible.<ref name=Hoover252/>

==Conspiracy==
{{See also|SS Komagata Maru|Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914}}
[[File:Komogata Maru LAC a034014 1914.jpg|thumb|right|Punjabi [[Sikhs]] aboard the ''[[Komagata Maru]]'' in Vancouver's [[English Bay (Vancouver)|English Bay]], 23 May 1914. The Canadian government banned the passengers from landing in Canada and the ship was forced to return to India. The events surrounding the ''Komagata Maru'' incident served as a catalyst for the Ghadarite cause.]]

In May 1914, the Canadian government refused to allow the 400 Indian passengers of the ship ''[[Komagata Maru]]'' to disembark at [[Vancouver]]. The voyage had been planned by [[Baba Gurdit Singh|Gurdit Singh Sandhu]] as an attempt to circumvent Canadian exclusion laws that effectively prevented Indian immigration. Before the ship reached Vancouver, German radio announced its approach, and [[British Columbia]]n authorities prepared to prevent the passengers from entering Canada. The ship was escorted out of Vancouver by the [[protected cruiser]] {{HMCS|Rainbow|1891|6}} and returned to India.

The incident became a focal point for the Indian community in Canada, which rallied in support of the passengers and against the government's policies. After a two-month legal battle, 24 of the passengers were allowed to immigrate. On reaching Calcutta, the passengers were detained under the [[Defence of India Act 1915|Defence of India Act]] at [[Budge Budge]] by the British Indian government, which tried to forcibly transport them to Punjab. This caused rioting at Budge Budge, resulting in fatalities on both sides.<ref name=Ward79>{{Harvnb|Ward|2002|pp=79–96}}</ref> Ghadar leaders like Barkatullah and [[Tarak Nath Das]] used the inflammatory passions surrounding the ''Komagata Maru'' event as a rallying point and successfully brought many disaffected Indians in North America into the party's fold.<ref name="strachan796">{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=796}}</ref>

The [[British Indian Army]], meanwhile, contributed significantly to the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] war effort in World War I. Consequently, a reduced force, an estimated 15,000 troops in late 1914, was stationed in India.<ref name=Strachan793>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=793}}</ref> It was in this scenario that concrete plans for organising [[Rebellion|uprisings]] in India were made.

In September 1913 a Ghadarite named Mathra Singh visited [[Shanghai]] to promote the nationalist cause amongst Indians there, followed by a visit to India in January 1914, when Singh circulated Ghadar literature amongst Indian soldiers through clandestine sources before leaving for [[Hong Kong]]. Singh reported that the situation in India was favorable for revolution.<ref name="strachan796"/><ref name=Deepak442>{{Harvnb|Deepak|1999|p=442}}</ref>

By October 1914, many Ghadarites had returned to India and were assigned tasks like contacting Indian revolutionaries and organizations, spreading propaganda and literature, and arranging to get arms into the country.<ref name=Sarkar148>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1983|p=148}}</ref> The first group of 60 Ghadarites led by Jawala Singh left San Francisco for [[Guangzhou|Canton]] aboard the steamship ''Korea'' on 29 August. They were to sail on to India, where they would be provided with arms to organise a revolt. At Canton, more Indians joined, and the group, now numbering about 150, sailed for Calcutta on a Japanese vessel. They were to be joined by more Ghadarites arriving in smaller groups. During September and October, about 300 Indians left for India in various ships like the SS ''Siberia'', ''Chinyo Maru'', ''China'', ''Manchuria'', ''[[SS Tenyo Maru]]'', SS ''Mongolia'' and ''[[SS Shinyō Maru]]''.<ref name=Hoover251/><ref name=Deepak442/><ref name=Sarkar148/> Although the ''Korea'''s party was uncovered and arrested on their arrival at Calcutta, a successful underground network was established between the United States and India, through Shanghai, [[Swatow]], and [[Siam]]. Tehl Singh, the Ghadar operative in Shanghai, is believed to have spent $30,000 on helping revolutionaries to get into India.<ref name=GBrown303>{{Harvnb|Brown|1948|p=303}}</ref> The Ghadarites in India were able to establish contact with sympathisers in the [[British Indian Army]] and build networks with underground revolutionary groups.

===East Asia===
Efforts had begun as early as 1911 to procure arms and smuggle them into India.<ref name=Plowman87>{{Harvnb|Plowman|2003|p=87}}</ref> When a clear idea of the conspiracy emerged, more earnest and elaborate plans were made to obtain arms and to enlist international support. [[Herambalal Gupta]], who had arrived in the United States in 1914 at the [[Berlin Committee]]'s directive, took over the leadership of American wing of the conspiracy after the failure of the SS ''Korea'' mission. Gupta immediately began efforts to obtain men and arms. While men were in plentiful supply with more and more Indians coming forward to join the Ghadarite cause, obtaining arms for the uprising proved to be more difficult.<ref name="GBrown301"/>

The revolutionaries started negotiations with the Chinese government through James Dietrich, who held [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s power of attorney, to buy a million [[rifle]]s. However, the deal fell through when they realized that the weapons offered were obsolete [[flintlock]]s and [[muzzle loader]]s. From China, Gupta went to Japan to try to procure arms and to enlist Japanese support for the Indian independence movement. However, he was forced into hiding within 48 hours when he came to know that the Japanese authorities planned to hand him over to the British.<ref name=GBrown301>{{Harvnb|Brown|1948|p=301}}</ref> Later reports indicated he was protected at this time by [[Toyama Mitsuru]], right-wing political leader and founder of the [[Genyōsha|Genyosha]] nationalist secret society.<ref name=Popplewell276>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=276}}</ref>

The Indian [[Nobel laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]], a strong supporter of [[Pan-Asianism]], met Japanese premier [[Count Terauchi]] and [[Count Okuma]], a former premier, in an attempt to enlist support for the Ghadarite movement.<ref name=GBrown306>{{Harvnb|Brown|1948|p=306}}</ref> [[Tarak Nath Das]] urged Japan to align with Germany, on the grounds that American war preparation could actually be directed against Japan.<ref name=GBrown306/> Later in 1915, [[Abani Mukherji]]— a Jugantar activist and associate of [[Rash Behari Bose]]— is also known to have tried unsuccessfully to arrange for arms from Japan.The ascendancy of [[Li Yuanhong]] to Chinese Presidency in 1916 led to negotiations reopening through his former private secretary, who resided in the United States at the time. In exchange for allowing arms shipments to India through China, China was offered German military assistance and the rights to 10% of any material shipped to India via China. The negotiations were ultimately unsuccessful due to [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s opposition to an alliance with Germany.<ref name=GBrown307>{{Harvnb|Brown|1948|p=307}}</ref>

===Europe and United States===
{{Main|Annie Larsen affair}}
{{See also|Black Tom explosion}}
[[File:Vonpapen1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Franz von Papen]], later the [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] briefly before [[Hitler]]'s rise to power. Papen was key in organising [[Annie Larsen affair|the arms shipments]].]]

The Indian nationalists then [[Paris Indian Society|in Paris]] had, with Egyptian revolutionaries, made plans to assassinate [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] as early as 1911, but did not implement them.<ref name=Popplewell224>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=224}}</ref> After the war began, this plan was revived, and Har Dayal's close associate [[Gobind Behari Lal]] visited [[Liverpool]] in March 1915 from New York to put this plan in action. He may also have intended at this time to bomb the docks in Liverpool. However, these plans ultimately failed.<ref name=Popplewell224/> [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya|Chattopadhyaya]] also attempted at this time to revive links with the remnants of [[India House]] that survived in London, and through Swiss, German and English sympathisers then resident in Britain. Among them were Meta Brunner (a Swiss woman), Vishna Dube (an Indian man) and his common law German wife Anna Brandt, and Hilda Howsin (an English woman in Yorkshire). Chattopadhyaya's letters were however traced by the censors, leading to the arrest of the cell members.<ref name=Popplewell225>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=225}}</ref> Among other plans that were considered at this time were conspiracies in June 1915 to assassinate Foreign Secretary [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Sir Edward Grey]] and War Minister [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]]. In addition, they also intended to target French President [[Raymond Poincaré]] and Prime Minister [[René Viviani]], King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] and his prime minister [[Antonio Salandra]]. These plans were coordinated with the [[Italian anarchist]]s, with explosives manufactured in Italy. Barkatullah, by now in Europe and working with the Berlin Committee, arranged for these explosives to be sent to the German consulate in Zurich, from where they were expected to be taken charge of by an Italian anarchist named Bertoni. However, British intelligence was able to infiltrate this plot, and successfully pressed Swiss police to expel Abdul Hafiz.<ref name=Popplewell225/>

In the United States, an elaborate plan and arrangement was made to ship arms from the country and from the [[Far East]] through Shanghai, [[Jakarta|Batavia]], [[Bangkok]] and [[Burma]].<ref name="GBrown301"/> Even while Herambalal Gupta was on his mission in China and Japan, other plans were explored to ship arms from the United States and East Asia. The German high command decided early on that assistance to the Indian groups would be pointless unless given on a substantial scale.<ref name=Fraser261/> In October 1914, German Vice Consul E.H von Schack in San Francisco approved the arrangements for the funds and armaments. The German military attaché Captain [[Franz von Papen]] acquired $200,000 worth of small arms and ammunition through [[Krupp]] agents, and arranged for its shipment to India through San Diego, Java, and Burma. The arsenal included 8,080 [[Springfield rifle]]s of [[Spanish–American War]] vintage, 2,400 [[M1903 Springfield rifle|Springfield carbines]], 410 [[Hotchkiss et Cie|Hotchkiss]] [[repeating rifle]]s, 4,000,000 [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridges]], 500 [[Colt revolver]]s with 100,000 cartridges, and 250 [[Mauser#Mauser 1910 and 1914 Pocket Pistols|Mauser pistols]] along with ammunition.<ref name=Fraser261>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=261}}</ref> The [[schooner]] ''[[Annie Larsen]]'' and the sailing ship SS ''Henry S'' were hired to ship the arms out of the United States and transfer it to the {{SS|Maverick}}. The ownership of ships were hidden under a massive smokescreen involving fake companies and oil business in south-east Asia. For the arms shipment itself, a successful cover was set up to lead British agents to believe that the arms were for the warring factions of the [[Mexican Revolution|Mexican Civil War]].<ref name=Hoover252/><ref name=GBrown303/><ref>{{Harvnb|Plowman|2003|p=90}}</ref><ref name=Gupta3>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1997|p=3}}</ref><ref name=Hoover255>{{Harvnb|Hoover|1985|p=255}}</ref><ref name=HistoryLink>{{cite web
| author =Wilma D
| publisher =HistoryLink.org
| url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7753
| title=U.S. Customs at Grays Harbor seizes the schooner Annie Larsen loaded with arms and ammunition on June 29, 1915
| date=18 May 2006
| access-date=22 September 2007
}}</ref><ref name=Hoover256>{{Harvnb|Hoover|1985|p=256}}</ref> This ruse was successful enough that the rival Villa faction offered $15,000 to divert the shipment to a Villa-controlled port.<ref name=Hoover252/>

Although the shipment was meant to supply the mutiny planned for February 1915, it was not dispatched until June. By then the conspiracy had been uncovered in India, and its major leaders had been arrested or gone into hiding. The shipment itself failed when disastrous co-ordination prevented a successful rendezvous off [[Socorro Island]] with the ''Maverick''. The plot had already been infiltrated by British intelligence through Indian and Irish agents linked closely with the conspiracy. Upon her return to [[Hoquiam, Washington]] after several failed attempts, the cargo of the ''Annie Larsen'' was seized by US customs.<ref name=HistoryLink/><ref name=Hoover256/> The cargo was sold at auction despite German Ambassador Count [[Johann von Bernstoff]]'s attempts to take possession, insisting it was meant for [[German East Africa]].<ref name=GBrown304>{{Harvnb|Brown|1948|p=304}}</ref> The [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial]] opened in 1917 in the United States on charges of gun running and at the time was one of the lengthiest and most expensive trials in American legal history.<ref name="Plowman 84" />
Franz von Papen attempted to sabotage rail lines in Canada and destroy the [[Welland Canal]]. He also
attempted to supply rifles and dynamite to Sikhs in British Columbia for blasting railway bridges. These plots in Canada did not materialise.
Among other events in the United States that have been linked to the conspiracy is the [[Black Tom explosion]] when, on the night of 30 July 1916, saboteurs blew up nearly 2 million tons of arms and ammunition at the Black Tom terminal at New York harbour, awaiting shipment in support of the British war effort. Although blamed solely on German agents at the time, later investigations by the Directorate of Naval Intelligence in the aftermath of the ''Annie Larsen'' incident unearthed links between the Black Tom explosion and Franz von Papen, the Irish movement, the Indian movement as well as Communist elements active in the United States.<ref name=NYTimes>{{cite web
| author = Stafford, D
| work = The New York Times
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/stafford-roosevelt.html
| title= Men of Secrets. Roosevelt and Churchill
| access-date=24 October 2007
}}</ref><ref name=FAS>{{cite web
|author = Myonihan, D.P
| publisher = Fas.org
| url=https://fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/appa2.html
| title= Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Senate Document 105-2
| access-date=24 October 2007
}}</ref>

===Pan-Indian mutiny===
{{Main|Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{See also|1915 Singapore Mutiny|Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914}}
By the start of 1915, many Ghadarites (nearly 8,000 in the Punjab province alone by some estimates) had returned to India.<ref name=Gupta12/><ref>{{Harvnb|Chhabra|2005|p=597}}</ref> However, they were not assigned a central leadership and begun their work on an ''ad hoc'' basis. Although some were rounded up by the police on suspicion, many remained at large and began establishing contacts with garrisons in major cities like [[Lahore]], [[Ferozepur]] and [[Rawalpindi]]. Various plans had been made to attack the military arsenal at Mian Meer, near Lahore and initiate a general uprising on 15 November 1914. In another plan, a group of Sikh soldiers, the ''manjha jatha'', planned to start a mutiny in the 23rd Cavalry at the Lahore cantonment on 26 November. A further plan called for a mutiny to start on 30 November from Ferozepur under Nidham Singh.<ref name=Deepak443>{{Harvnb|Deepak|1999|p=443}}</ref> In Bengal, the Jugantar, through [[Jatindranath Mukherjee|Jatin Mukherjee]], established contacts with the garrison at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in Calcutta.<ref name=Gupta12/><ref name=Gupta11>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1997|p=11}}</ref> In August 1914, Mukherjee's group had seized a large consignment of guns and ammunition from the Rodda company, a major gun manufacturing firm in India. In December 1914, several politically motivated [[robbery|armed robberies]] to obtain funds were carried out in Calcutta. Mukherjee kept in touch with Rash Behari Bose through Kartar Singh and V.G. Pingle. These rebellious acts, which were until then organised separately by different groups, were brought into a common umbrella under the leadership of Rash Behari Bose in North India, V. G. Pingle in [[Maharashtra]], and [[Sachindranath Sanyal]] in [[Benares]].<ref name=Gupta12/><ref name=Gupta11/><ref name="Puri 1980 p=60"/> A plan was made for a unified general uprising, with the date set for 21 February 1915.<ref name=Gupta12/><ref name=Gupta11/>

===February 1915===
[[File:1915 Singapore Mutiny.jpg|thumb|The public executions of convicted mutineers at [[Outram Road]], Singapore, c. March 1915]]
In India, unaware of the delayed shipment and confident of being able to rally the Indian [[sepoy]], the plot for the mutiny took its final shape. Under the plans, the 23rd Cavalry in Punjab was to seize weapons and kill their officers while on roll call on 21 February.<ref name=strachan796/> This was to be followed by mutiny in the 26th Punjab, which was to be the signal for the uprising to begin, resulting in an advance on Delhi and Lahore. The Bengal cell was to look for the ''Punjab Mail'' entering the [[Howrah Station]] the next day (which would have been cancelled if Punjab was seized) and was to strike immediately.
However, Punjab CID [[#In Asia|successfully infiltrated]] the conspiracy at the last moment through a sepoy named [[Kirpal Singh (spy)|Kirpal Singh]].<ref name="strachan796"/> Sensing that their plans had been compromised, D-Day was brought forward to 19 February, but even these plans found their way to the intelligence.<ref name="strachan796"/> Plans for revolt by the [[130th Baluchis|130th Baluchi Regiment]] at [[Rangoon]] on 21 January were thwarted. Attempted revolts in the 26th Punjab, 7th Rajput, 130th Baluch, 24th Jat Artillery and other regiments were suppressed. Mutinies in [[Firozpur]], [[Lahore]], and [[Agra]] were also suppressed and many key leaders of the conspiracy were arrested, although some managed to escape or evade arrest. A last-ditch attempt was made by Kartar Singh and V. G. Pingle to trigger a mutiny in the 12th Cavalry regiment at [[Meerut]].<ref name=Gupta3/> Kartar Singh escaped from Lahore, but was arrested in [[Varanasi]], and V. G. Pingle was apprehended in Meerut. Mass arrests followed as the Ghadarites were rounded up in Punjab and the [[Central Provinces]]. Rash Behari Bose escaped from Lahore and in May 1915 fled to Japan. Other leaders, including [[Giani Pritam Singh]], [[Bhavabhushan Mitra|Swami Satyananda Puri]] and others fled to [[Thailand]].<ref name="strachan796"/><ref name=Gupta3/>

On 15 February, the [[5th Light Infantry]] stationed at [[Singapore]] was among the few units [[Singapore Mutiny|to mutiny]] successfully. Nearly eight hundred and fifty of its troops mutinied on the afternoon of the 15th, along with nearly a hundred men of the [[Malay States Guides]]. This mutiny lasted almost seven days, and resulted in the deaths of 47 British soldiers and local civilians. The mutineers also released the interned crew of the [[SMS Emden (1906)|SMS ''Emden'']], who were asked by the mutineers to join them but refused and actually took up arms and defended the barracks after the mutineers had left (sheltering some British refugees as well) until the prison camp was relieved.<ref name=Herbert223/> The mutiny was suppressed only after French, Russian and Japanese ships arrived with reinforcements.<ref name=Sareen1415>{{Harvnb|Sareen|1995|p=14,15}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Kuwajima|1988|p=23}}</ref> Of 200 people tried at Singapore, 47 mutineers were shot in public executions,<ref name=Farwell244>{{Harvnb|Farwell|1992|p=244}}</ref><ref name=Corr15>{{Harvnb|Corr|1975|p=15}}</ref> and the rest were transported for life to East Africa, or given jail terms ranging between seven and twenty years.<ref name=Sareen1415/> In all, 800 mutineers were either shot, imprisoned or exiled.<ref name=Herbert223>{{Harvnb|Herbert|2003|p=223}}</ref> Some historians, including [[Hew Strachan]], argue that although Ghadar agents operated within the Singapore unit, the mutiny was isolated and not linked to the conspiracy.<ref name=Strachan797>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=797}}</ref> Others deem this as instigated by the [[Silk Letter Movement]] which became intricately related to the Ghadarite conspiracy.<ref name=Qureshi78>{{Harvnb|Qureshi|1999|p=78}}</ref>

===Christmas Day plot===
{{Main|German plot|Bagha Jatin}}
{{See also|Jugantar}}
[[File:BaghaJatin13.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Bagha Jatin]], wounded after his final battle at the banks of Burha Balang, off [[Balasore]]. His enterprise was deemed one of the most significant threats to British India in autumn 1915.]]
In April 1915, unaware of the failure of the ''Annie Larsen'' plan, Papen arranged, through [[Krupp]]'s American representative Hans Tauscher, a second shipment of arms, consisting of 7,300 Springfield rifles, 1,930.3 pistols,{{dubious|date=May 2021}} ten [[Gatling gun]]s and nearly 3,000,000 cartridges.<ref name=Fraser263>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=263}}</ref><ref name=Strachan800/> The arms were to be shipped in mid June to [[Surabaya]] in the [[East Indies]] on the [[Holland America Line|Holland American]] [[steamship]] ''SS Djember''. However, the intelligence network operated by Courtenay Bennett, the [[Consul General]] to New York, was able to trace the cargo to Tauscher in New York and passed the information on to the company, thwarting these plans as well.<ref name=Fraser263/> In the meantime, even after the February plot had been scuttled, the plans for an uprising continued in Bengal through the Jugantar cohort under [[Jatin Mukherjee]] (Bagha Jatin). German agents in Thailand and Burma, most prominently Emil and Theodor Helferrich— brothers of the German Finance minister [[Karl Helfferich]]— established links with Jugantar through [[Jitendra Nath Lahiri|Jitendranath Lahiri]] in March that year. In April, Jatin's chief lieutenant [[Narendranath Bhattacharya]] met with the Helfferichs and was informed of the expected arrival of the ''Maverick'' with arms. Although these were originally intended for Ghadar use, the Berlin Committee modified the plans, to have arms shipped into India by the eastern coast of India, through Hatia on the [[Chittagong]] coast, [[Raimangal River|Raimangal]] in the [[Sundarbans]] and [[Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], instead of [[Karachi]] as originally decided.<ref name=Strachan800/> From the coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]], these would be collected by Jatin's group. The date of insurrection was fixed for Christmas Day 1915, earning the name "The Christmas Day Plot".<ref name=Hopkirk189>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|2001|p=189}}</ref> Jatin estimated that he would be able to win over the 14th [[Rajput Regiment]] in Calcutta and cut the line to [[Madras]] at Balasore and thus take control of Bengal.<ref name=Strachan800/> Jugantar also received funds (estimated to be Rs 33,000 between June and August 1915) from the Helfferich brothers through a fictitious firm in Calcutta.<ref name=Fraser264>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=264}}</ref> However, it was at this time that the details of the ''Maverick'' and Jugantar plans were leaked to Beckett, the British Consul at Batavia, by a defecting Baltic-German agent under the alias "[[Oren (spy)|Oren]]". The ''Maverick'' was seized, while in India, police destroyed the underground movement in Calcutta as an unaware Jatin proceeded according to plan to the Bay of Bengal coast in [[Balasore]]. He was followed there by Indian police and on 9 September 1915, he and a group of five revolutionaries armed with [[Mauser]] pistols made a last stand on the banks of the river Burhablanga. Seriously wounded in a gun battle that lasted seventy five minutes, Jatin died the next day in Balasore.<ref name=Gupta12/><ref name=Strachan802/>

To provide the Bengal group enough time to capture Calcutta and to prevent reinforcements from being rushed in, a mutiny coinciding with Jugantar's Christmas Day insurrection was planned for Burma with arms smuggled in from neutral Thailand.<ref name=Strachan802>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=802}}</ref><ref name=Hopkirk179>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|2001|p=179}}</ref><ref name="Majumdar 1971 p=382">{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1971|p=382}}</ref> Thailand (Siam) was a strong base for the Ghadarites, and plans for rebellion in [[Burma]] (which was a part of [[British India]] at the time) had been proposed by the Ghadar party as early as October 1914, which called for Burma to be used as a base for subsequent advance into India.<ref name=Strachan802/><ref name="Majumdar 1971 p=382"/> This ''Siam-Burma plan'' was finally concluded in January 1915. Ghadarites from branches in China and United States, including Atma Ram, Thakar Singh, and Banta Singh from Shanghai and Santokh Singh and Bhagwan Singh from San Francisco, attempted to infiltrate Burma Military Police in Thailand, which was composed mostly of Sikhs and Punjabi Muslims. Early in 1915, Atma Ram had also visited Calcutta and Punjab and linked up with the revolutionary underground there, including [[Jugantar]].<ref name=Deepak442/><ref name="Puri 1980 p=60" /> [[Herambalal Gupta]] and the German consul at Chicago arranged to have German operatives George Paul Boehm, Henry Schult, and Albert Wehde sent to Siam through [[Manila]] with the purpose of training the Indians. Santokh Singh returned to Shanghai tasked to send two expeditions, one to reach the Indian border via [[Yunnan]] and the other to penetrate upper Burma and join with revolutionary elements there.<ref name=Deepak443/> The Germans, while in Manila, also attempted to transfer the arms cargo of two German ships, the ''Sachsen'' and the ''Suevia'', to Siam in a [[schooner]] seeking refuge at Manila harbour. However, US customs stopped these attempts. In the meantime, with the help of the German Consul to Thailand Remy, the Ghadarite established a training headquarters in the jungles near the Thai-Burma border for Ghadarites arriving from China and Canada. German Consul General at Shanghai, Knipping, sent three officers of the [[Peking]] Embassy Guard for training and in addition arranged for a Norwegian agent in [[Swatow]] to smuggle arms through.<ref name=Fraser266>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=266}}</ref> However, the Thai Police high command, which was largely British, discovered these plans and Indian police infiltrated the plot through an Indian secret agent who was revealed the details by the [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]] [[chargé d'affaires]]. Thailand, although officially neutral, was allied closely with Britain and British India. On 21 July, the newly arrived British Minister Herbert Dering presented Foreign Minister Prince Devawongse with the request for arrest and extradition of Ghadarites identified by the Indian agent, ultimately resulting in the arrest of leading Ghadarites in August. Only a single raid into Burma was launched by six Ghadarites, who were captured and later hanged.<ref name=Strachan802/><ref name=Fraser266/><ref name=Fraser267>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=267}}</ref>

Also to coincide with the proposed Jugantar insurrection in Calcutta was a planned raid on the [[penal colony]] in the [[Andaman Islands]] with a German volunteer force raised from East Indies. The raid would release the political prisoners, helping to raise an expeditionary Indian force that would threaten the Indian coast.<ref name=Fraser264/><ref name=Hopkirk180>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|2001|p=180}}</ref> The plan was proposed by [[Vincent Kraft]], a German planter in Batavia who had been wounded fighting in France. It was approved by the foreign office on 14 May 1915, after consultation with the Indian committee, and the raid was planned for [[Christmas Day]] 1915 by a force of nearly one hundred Germans. Knipping made plans for shipping arms to the Andaman islands. However, Vincent Kraft was a [[double agent]], and leaked details of Knipping's plans to British intelligence. His own bogus plans for the raid were in the meantime revealed to Beckett by "[[Oren (spy)|Oren]]", but given the successive failures of the Indo-German plans, the plans for the operations were abandoned on the recommendations of both the Berlin Committee and Knipping.<ref name=Fraser265>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=265}}</ref>

===Afghanistan===
{{Main|Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition|Provisional Government of India|}}
{{See also|Silk Letter Conspiracy|Oskar von Niedermayer|Werner Otto von Hentig}}
[[File:Indian,German and Turkish delegates of Niedermayer Mission.jpg|thumb|right|Mahendra Pratap (centre) at the head of [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition|the Mission]] with the German and Turkish delegates in Kabul, 1915. Seated to his right is [[Werner Otto von Hentig]].]]

Efforts were directed at drawing Afghanistan into the war on the side of the [[Central Powers]], which it was hoped would incite a nationalist or pan-Islamic uprising in India and destabilise the British recruiting grounds in Punjab and across India. After Russia's defeat in the 1905 Russo-Japanese war, her influence had declined, and it was Afghanistan that was at the time seen by Britain as the only power in the sub-continent capable of directly threatening India.<ref name=Hughes453>{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=453}}</ref>

In the spring of 1915, an [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition|Indo-German expedition]] was sent to Afghanistan via the overland route through Persia. Led by the exiled Indian prince [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], this mission sought to invite the Afghan Emir [[Habibullah Khan]] to break with Britain, declare his independence, join the war on the Central side, and invade British India. It managed to evade the considerable Anglo-Russian efforts that were directed at intercepting it in Mesopotamia and in the Persian deserts before it reached Afghanistan in August 1915.<ref name=Hopkirk98>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|2001|p=98}}</ref><ref name=Hopkirk13>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|2001|pp=136–140}}</ref> In Afghanistan, it was joined in Kabul by members of the pan-Islamic group [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] led by Maulana [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]]. This group had left India for Kabul at the beginning of the war while another group under [[Mahmud al-Hasan]] made its way to [[Hijaz]], where they hoped to seek support from the [[List of leaders of Afghanistan|Afghan Emir]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Imperial Germany]] for a pan-Islamic insurrection beginning in the [[tribal belt (India)|tribal belt]] of [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|north-west India]].<ref name=Jalal2007105>{{Harvnb|Jalal|2007|p=105}}</ref><ref name=Reetz142>{{Harvnb|Reetz|2007|p=142}}</ref> The Indo-German mission pressed Emir Habibullah to break from his neutral stance and open diplomatic relations with Germany, eventually hoping to rally the Emir to the German war effort.<ref name=Hughes466>{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=466}}</ref><ref name=Hopkirk160>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|2001|p=160}}</ref> Habibullah Khan vacillated on the mission's proposals through much of the winter of 1915, hoping to maintain his neutral stance till the course of the war offered a concrete picture. However, the mission opened at this time secret negotiations with the pro-German elements in the Emir's court and advisory council, including his brother Nasrullah Khan and son [[Amanullah Khan]]. It found support among Afghan intellectuals, religious leaders and the Afghan press which rallied with increasingly anti-British and pro-Central articles. By 1916 the Raj was forced to intercept copies of the Afghan newspaper ''Siraj al Akhbar'' sent to India.<ref name=Sims-Williams120>{{Harvnb|Sims-Williams|1980|p=120}}</ref> It raised to the Emir a threat of a coup d'état in his country and unrest among his tribesmen, who were beginning to see him as subservient to British authority even as Turkey called for a pan-Islamic Jihad.

In December 1915, the Indian members founded the [[Provisional Government of India]], which it was hoped would weigh on Habibullah's advisory council to aid India and force the Emir's hands. In January 1916, the Emir approved a draft treaty with Germany to buy time. However, the Central campaign in the Middle East faltered at around this time, ending hopes that an overland route through Persia could be secured for aid and assistance to Afghanistan. The German members of the mission left Afghanistan in June 1916, ending the German intrigues in the country.<ref name=Hughes472>{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=472}}</ref> Nonetheless, Mahendra Pratap and his Provisional Government stayed behind, attempting to establish links with Japan, Republican China and Tsarist Russia. After the Russian revolution, Pratap opened negotiations with the Soviet Union, visiting Trotsky in Red Petrograd in 1918, and Lenin in Moscow in 1919 and he visited the Kaiser in Berlin in 1918.<ref name=Andreyev95>{{Harvnb|Andreyev|2003|p=95}}</ref> He pressed for a joint Soviet-German offensive through Afghanistan into India. This was considered by the Soviets for some time after the 1919 coup in Afghanistan in which Amanullah Khan was instated as the Emir and the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|third Anglo-Afghan war]] began. Pratap may also have influenced the "[[Kalmyk Project]]", a Soviet plan to invade India through Tibet and the Himalayan buffer states.<ref name=Andreyev87>{{Harvnb|Andreyev|2003|p=87}}</ref><ref name=Andreyev96>{{Harvnb|Andreyev|2003|p=96}}</ref>

===Middle East===
{{See also|Middle Eastern theatre of World War I}}
Another arm of the conspiracy was directed at the Indian troops who were serving in Middle East. In the Middle Eastern theatre, members of the Berlin Committee, including [[Har Dayal]] and [[M. P. T. Acharya]], were sent on missions to Baghdad and Syria in the summer of 1915, tasked with infiltrating the Indian Expeditionary Force in southern Mesopotamia and Egypt and to attempt to assassinate British officers.<ref name=McKale127>{{Harvnb|McKale|1998|p=127}}</ref> The Indian effort was divided into two groups, one consisting of a Bengali revolutionary P.N. Dutt (alias Dawood Ali Khan) and [[Pandurang Khankoje]]. This group arrived at Bushire, where they worked with [[Wilhelm Wassmuss]] and distributed nationalist and revolutionary literature among Indian troops in Mesopotamia and Persia. The other group, working with Egyptian nationalists, attempted to block the [[Suez Canal]].<ref name=Acharya35>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=35}}</ref> These groups carried out successful clandestine work in spreading nationalist literature and propaganda amongst the Indian troops in Mesopotamia, and on one occasion even bombed an officer's [[mess]].<ref name="McKale127"/> Nationalist work also extended at this time to recruiting Indian prisoners of war in [[Constantinople]], [[Bushire]], and [[Kut|Kut-al-Amara]].<ref name=Qureshi78/><ref name=Yadav36/> M. P. T. Acharya's own works were directed at forming the Indian National Volunteer Corps with the help of Indian civilians in Turkey, and to recruiting Indian prisoners of war. He is further known to have worked along with [[Wilhelm Wassmuss]] in Bushire amongst Indian troops.<ref name="Acharya35"/><ref name=Yadav36>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=36}}</ref> The efforts were, however, ultimately hampered by differences between the Berlin committee members who were predominantly Hindus, and Indian revolutionaries already in Turkey who were largely Muslims.<ref name=McKale127/> Further, the Egyptian nationalists distrusted the Berlin Committee, which was seen by the former as a German instrument.<ref name="Acharya35"/>

Nonetheless, in culmination of these efforts, Indian prisoners of war from France, Turkey, Germany, and [[Mesopotamia]]—especially [[Basra]], [[Bushehr]], and [[Siege of Kut|from Kut al Amara]]—were recruited, raising the Indian Volunteer Corps that fought with Turkish forces on many fronts.<ref name=Qureshi79>{{Harvnb|Qureshi|1999|p=79}}</ref> The Deobandis, led by [[Amba Prasad Sufi]], attempted to organise incursions to the western border of India from Persia, through [[Balochistan]], to Punjab. Amba Prasad was joined during the war by Kedar Nath Sondhi, Rishikesh Letha and Amin Chaudhry. These Indian troops were involved in the capture of the frontier city of Karman, Uzbekistan and the detention of the British consul there, and also successfully harassed [[Percy Sykes]]' Persian campaign against the Baluchi and Persian tribal chiefs who were aided by the Germans.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sykes|1921|p=101}}</ref><ref name=Herbert>{{Harvnb|Herbert|2003|p=}}</ref> The [[Aga Khan]]'s brother was killed while fighting the rebels.<ref>{{cite web
| author = Singh, Jaspal
| publisher = panjab.org.uk
| url=http://www.panjab.org.uk/english/histGPty.html
| title= History of the Ghadar Movement
| access-date=31 October 2007
}}</ref> The rebels also successfully harassed British forces in [[Sistan]] in Afghanistan, confining them to Karamshir in Balochistan, and later moving towards Karachi. Some reports indicate they took control of the coastal towns of Gawador and Dawar. The Baluchi chief of Bampur, having declared his independence from British rule, also joined the Ghadarites. But the war in Europe turned for the worse for Turkey and [[Baghdad]] was captured by the British forces. The Ghadarite forces, their supply lines starved, were finally dislodged. They retreated to regroup at Shiraz, where they were finally defeated after a bitter fight during the siege of [[Shiraz]]. Amba Prasad Sufi was killed in this battle, but the Ghadarites carried on guerrilla warfare along with Iranian partisans until 1919.<ref name=Herbert/><ref>{{cite news
| author = Asghar, S.B
| newspaper = dawn.com
| url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/050612/dmag14.htm
| title= A famous uprising
| date=12 June 2005
| access-date=2 November 2007
}}</ref>
By the end of 1917, divisions had begun appearing between the Ghadar Party in America on the one hand, and the Berlin Committee and the German high command on the other. Reports from German agents working with Ghadarites in Southeast Asia and the United States clearly indicated to the European wing a significant element of disorganisation, as well as unrealism in gauging public mood and support within the Ghadarite organisation. The failure of the February plot, the lack of bases in Southeast Asia following China's participation in the war in 1917, and the problems of supporting a Southeast Asian operation through the sea stemmed the plans significantly. Infiltration by British agents, change in American attitude and stance, and the changing fortunes of the war meant the massive conspiracy for revolution within India never succeeded.<ref name=Strachan805>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=805}}</ref>

==Counter-intelligence==
{{Main|British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I}}
British intelligence began to note and track outlines and nascent ideas of the conspiracy as early as 1911.<ref name=Hopkirk41>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|2001|p=41}}</ref> Incidents like the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy and the ''[[Komagata Maru]]'' incident had already alerted the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) of the existence of a large-scale network and plans for pan-Indian militant unrest. Measures were taken which focussed on Bengal—the seat of the most intense revolutionary terrorism at the time—and on Punjab, which was uncovered as a strong and militant base in the wake of ''Komagata Maru''.<ref name=Popplewell168>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=168}}</ref><ref name=Popplewell200>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=200}}</ref> Har Dayal's extant group was found to have strong links with Rash Behari Bose, and were "cleaned up" in the wake of the Delhi bomb case.<ref name=Popplewell200/>

===In Asia===
{{See also|Charles Tegart|Oren (spy)|l2=Oren|Vincent Kraft|Kirpal Singh (spy)|l4=Kirpal Singh}}

At the outbreak of the war, Punjab CID sent teams to Hong Kong to intercept and infiltrate the returning Ghadarites, who often made little effort to hide their plans and objectives.<ref name=Popplewell168/> These teams were successful in uncovering details of the full scale of the conspiracy, and in discovering Har Dayal's whereabouts. Immigrants returning to India were double checked against a list of revolutionaries.<ref name=Popplewell194>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=194}}</ref>

In Punjab, the CID, although aware of possible plans for unrest, was not successful in infiltrating the conspiracy for the mutiny until February 1915. A dedicated force was formed, headed by the Chief of Punjab CID, and including amongst its members [[Liaqat Hayat Khan]] (later head of Punjab CID himself). In February that year, the CID was successful in recruiting the services of Kirpal Singh to infiltrate the plan. Singh, who had a Ghadarite cousin serving in the 23rd Cavalry, was able to infiltrate the leadership, being assigned to work in his cousin's regiment. Singh was soon under suspicion of being a spy, but was able to pass on the information regarding the date and scale of the uprising to British Indian intelligence.<ref name=Popplewell173>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=173}}</ref> As the date for the mutiny approached, a desperate Rash Behari Bose brought forward the mutiny day to the evening of 19 February, which was discovered by Kirpal Singh on the very day. No attempts were made by the Ghadarites to restrain him, and he rushed to inform Liaqat Hayat Khan of the change of plans. Ordered back to his station to signal when the revolutionaries had assembled, Singh was detained by the would-be mutineers, but managed to escape under the cover of answering the call of nature.<ref name=Popplewell173/>

The role of German or Baltic-German double-agents, especially the agent named [[Oren (spy)|"Oren"]], was also important in infiltrating and preempting the plans for autumn rebellions in Bengal in 1915 and in as scuttling [[Bagha Jatin]]'s winter plans that year. Another source, the German double agent [[Vincent Kraft]], a planter from [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], passed information about arms shipments from Shanghai to British agents after being captured. Maps of the Bengal coast were found on Kraft when he was initially arrested and he volunteered the information that these were the intended landing sites for German arms.<ref name=Hopkirk182>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|2001|p=182}}</ref> Kraft later fled through Mexico to Japan where he was last known to be at the end of the war.<ref name="Strachan802"/> Later efforts by [[Mahendra Pratap]]'s Provisional Government in Kabul were also compromised by [[Herambalal Gupta]] after he defected in 1918 and passed on information to Indian intelligence.<ref name=Strachan788>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=788}}</ref>

===Europe and the Middle East===
{{See also|John Wallinger|Indian Political Intelligence Office|East Persia Cordon}}
By the time the war broke out, the [[Indian Political Intelligence Office]], headed by [[John Wallinger]], had expanded into Europe. In scale this office was larger than those operated by the British War Office, approaching the European intelligence network of the [[Secret Service Bureau]]. This network already had agents in Switzerland against possible German intrigues. After the outbreak of the war Wallinger, under the guise of an officer of the British General Headquarters, proceeded to France where he operated from Paris, working with the French political police, the [[Sûreté]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=216,217}}</ref> Among Wallinger's recruits in the network was [[Somerset Maugham]], who was recruited in 1915 and used his cover as an author to visit Geneva without Swiss interference.<ref name=Popplewell230>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=230}}</ref><ref name=Woods55>{{Harvnb|Woods|2007|p=55}}</ref>

Among other enterprises, the European intelligence network attempted to eliminate some of the Indian leaders in Europe. A British agent named Donald Gullick was dispatched to assassinate [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]] while the latter was on his way to Geneva to meet [[Mahendra Pratap]] to offer him [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]]'s invitation. It is said that Somerset Maugham based several of his stories on his first-hand experiences, modelling the character of [[John Ashenden]] after himself and Chandra Lal after Virendranath. The short story "Giulia Lazzari" is a blend of Gullick's attempts to assassinate Virendranath and [[Mata Hari]]'s story. [[Winston Churchill]] reportedly advised Maugham to burn 14 other stories.<ref>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=234}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Barooah|2004|p=}}</ref>

The [[Czechoslovakia|Czech]] revolutionary network in Europe also had a role in uncovering [[Bagha Jatin]]'s plans. The network was in touch with the members in the United States, and may have also been aware of and involved in the uncovering of the earlier plots.<ref>{{Harvnb|Voska|Irwin|1940|p=98,108,120,122,123}}</ref><ref name=Masaryk50>{{Harvnb|Masaryk|1970|p=50,221,242}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Bose|1971|p=233,233}}</ref> The American network, headed by [[E. V. Voska]], was a counter-espionage network of nearly 80 members who, as [[Habsburg]] subjects, were presumed to support Germany, but were involved in spying on German and Austrian diplomats. Voska had begun working with [[Guy Gaunt]], who headed [[Courtenay Bennett]]'s intelligence network, at the outbreak of the war and on learning of the plot from the Czech European network, passed on the information to Gaunt and to [[Tomáš Masaryk]] who further passed on the information the American authorities.<ref name=Masaryk50/><ref>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=237}}</ref>

In the Middle East, British counter-intelligence was directed at preserving the loyalty of the Indian sepoy in the face of Turkish propaganda and the concept of ''The Caliph's Jihad'', while a particularly significant effort was directed at intercepting the [[Kabul Mission]]. The [[Seistan Force|East Persian Cordon]] was established in July 1915 in the [[Sistan]] province of Persia to prevent the Germans from crossing into Afghanistan, and to protect British supply caravans in [[Sarhad, Sindh|Sarhad]] from Damani, Reki and Kurdish [[Baloch people|Baluchi]] tribal raiders who may have been tempted by German gold. Among the commanders of the Sistan force was [[Reginald Dyer]] who led it between March and October 1916.<ref name=Collett144>{{Harvnb|Collett|2006|p=144}}</ref><ref name=Popplewell182>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=182,183,187}}</ref><ref name=Seidt4>{{Harvnb|Seidt|2001|p=4}}</ref>

===United States===
{{See also|W. C. Hopkinson}}
In the United States, the conspiracy was successfully infiltrated by British intelligence through Irish and Indian channels. The activities of the [[Ghadar Conspiracy|Ghadar]] on the Pacific coast were noted by [[W. C. Hopkinson]], who was born and raised in India and spoke fluent Hindi. Initially Hopkinson had been despatched from Calcutta to keep the Indian Police informed about the doings of [[Taraknath Das]].<ref>{{cite web
| publisher = UC, Berkeley, Bancroft Library
| url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/echoes/chapter7/chapter7.html
| title=Echoes of Freedom: South Asian pioneers in California 1899–1965
| access-date=11 November 2007
}}</ref>
The Home department of the British Indian government had begun the task of actively tracking Indian seditionists on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] as early as 1910.
[[File:Francis Philip Cunliffe-Owen, Vanity Fair, 1878-11-23.jpg|thumb|Francis Cunliffe-Owen]]

Francis Cunliffe Owen, the officer heading the Home Office agency in New York, had become thoroughly acquainted with [[George Freeman (newspaper editor)|George Freeman]] alias Fitzgerald and [[Myron Phelps]], the famous New York advocate, as members of the [[Clan-na-Gael]]. Owens' efforts were successful in thwarting the SS ''Moraitis'' plan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=147}}</ref> The [[Ghadar Party]] was incidentally established after Irish Republicans, sensing infiltration, encouraged formation of an exclusively Indian society.<ref name="Popplewell148"/>

Following this, several approaches were adopted, including infiltration through an Indian national named Bela Singh who successfully set up a network of agents passing on information to Hopkinson, and through the use of the famous American [[Pinkerton's]] detective agency.<ref name=Popplewell148/><ref name=Radhan259>{{Harvnb|Radhan|2002|p=259}}</ref> Bela Singh was later murdered in India in the 1930s. Hopkinson was assassinated in a Vancouver courthouse by a Ghadarite named [[Mewa Singh Lopoke|Mewa Singh]], in October, 1914.<ref name=Radhan261>{{Harvnb|Radhan|2002|p=261}}</ref>
Charles Lamb, an Irish double agent, is said to have passed on the majority of the information that compromised the ''Annie Larsen'' affair, and ultimately helped the construction of the prosecution. An Indian operative, codenamed "''C''" and described most likely to have been the adventurous Chandra Kanta Chakravarty (later the chief prosecution witness in the trial), also passed on the details of the conspiracy to British and American intelligence.<ref name=Plowman93>{{Harvnb|Plowman|2003|p=93}}</ref>

==Trials==
{{Main|Lahore Conspiracy trial|Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial}}

The conspiracy led to several trials in India, most famous among them the [[Lahore Conspiracy trial]], which opened in Lahore in April 1915 in the aftermath of the failed February mutiny. Other trials included the [[Varanasi|Benares]], [[Shimla]], Delhi, and [[Ferozepur]] conspiracy cases, and the trials of those arrested at Budge Budge.<ref name=Chhabra598>{{Harvnb|Chhabra|2005|p=598}}</ref> At Lahore, a special tribunal was constituted under the [[Defence of India Act 1915]] and a total of 291 conspirators were put on trial. Of these 42 were awarded the death sentence, 114 [[Cellular Jail|transported for life]], and 93 awarded varying terms of imprisonment. Several of these were sent to the [[Cellular Jail]] in the [[Andaman Islands]]. Forty two defendants in the trial were acquitted.
The Lahore trial directly linked the plans made in United States and the February mutiny plot. Following the conclusion of the trial, diplomatic efforts to destroy the Indian revolutionary movement in the United States and to bring its members to trial increased considerably.<ref name=Talbot124>{{Harvnb|Talbot|2000|p=124}}</ref><ref name=Andaman>{{cite web
|publisher=Andaman [[Cellular Jail]] heritage committee
|url=http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm#Link9
|title=History of Andaman Cellular Jail
|access-date=8 December 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209031136/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm
|archive-date=9 February 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| author = Khosla, K
| work= The Tribune
| location=Chandigarh
| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020623/spectrum/book2.htm
| title= Ghadr revisited
| date=23 June 2002
| access-date=8 December 2007}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial]] commenced in the District Court in San Francisco on 12 November 1917 following the uncovering of the Annie Larsen affair. One hundred and five people participated, including members of the Ghadar Party, the former German Consul-General and Vice-Consul, and other members of staff of the German consulate in San Francisco. The trial itself lasted from 20 November 1917 to 24 April 1918. The last day of the trial was notable for the sensational assassination in a packed courtroom of the chief accused, [[Ram Chandra Bharadwaj|Ram Chandra]], by a fellow defendant, Ram Singh, who believed he was a spy for the British. Singh himself was immediately shot dead by a [[US Marshal]].

In May 1917, eight Indian nationalists of the Ghadar Party were indicted by a federal grand jury on a charge of conspiracy to form a military enterprise against Britain. In later years the proceedings were criticised as being largely a [[show trial]] designed to appease the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]].<ref name=Fraser257/> The jury during the trial was carefully selected to exclude any Irish person with republican views or associations.<ref name=Jensen65/>  Strong public support in favour of the Indians, especially the revived Anglophobic sentiments following the provisions of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] which were perceived as being overtly favorable towards Britain, allowed the Ghadarite movement to be revived despite British concerns.<ref name=Dignan75>{{Harvnb|Dignan|1971|p=75}}</ref>

==Impact==
{{Main|Impact of the Hindu–German Conspiracy}}
The conspiracy had a significant impact on Britain's policies, both within the empire and in international relations.<ref name=GBrown300/><ref name=Sarkar146/><ref>{{Harvnb|Dignan|1971|p=57}}</ref><ref name=Majumderxix>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1971|p=xix}}</ref><ref name=Dignan60>{{Harvnb|Dignan|1971|p=60}}</ref><ref name=Cole>{{Harvnb|Cole|2001|p=572}}</ref> The outlines and plans for the nascent ideas of the conspiracy were noted and tracked by British intelligence as early as 1911.<ref name=Hopkirk41/> Alarmed at the agile organisation, which repeatedly reformed in different parts of the country despite being subdued in others, the chief of Indian Intelligence Sir Charles Cleveland was forced to warn that the idea and attempts at pan-Indian revolutions were spreading through India "like some hidden fire".<ref name=Hopkirk41/><ref>{{harvnb|Hopkirk|1997|p=43}}</ref> A massive, concerted, and coordinated effort was required to subdue the movement. Attempts were made in 1914 to prevent the naturalisation of Tarak Nath Das as an American citizen, while successful pressure was applied to have Har Dayal interned.<ref name="Dignan60"/>

===Political impact===
{{Main|Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|Rowlatt Act|Rowlatt Committee|Amritsar Massacre}}
{{See also|Defence of India Act 1915}}
The conspiracy, an important set of events in the Indian independence movement, according to the British Indian Government's own evaluation at the time, as well as those of several contemporary and modern historians, and it was one of the significant threats faced by the Raj in the second decade of the 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Sinha|1971|p=153}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ker|1917|p=}}</ref>

Amid the British war effort and the threat from the militant movement in India, the British passed the [[Defence of India Act 1915]]. [[Michael O'Dwyer]], then the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, was among the strongest proponents of the Act, largely due to the Ghadarite movement.<ref name=Popplewell175>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=175}}</ref> It was also a factor that guided British political concessions and Whitehall's India Policy during and after World War I, including the passage of [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] which initiated the first round of political reform in the Indian subcontinent in 1917.<ref name=Majumderxix/><ref name=Dignan60/><ref name=Cole/> The events of the conspiracy during World War I, the presence of Pratap's Kabul mission in Afghanistan and its possible links to the Soviet Union, and a still-active revolutionary movement especially in Punjab and Bengal (as well as worsening civil unrest throughout India) led to the appointment of a [[Rowlatt Committee|Sedition committee]] in 1918 chaired by [[Sidney Rowlatt]], an English judge. It was tasked to evaluate German and [[Bolshevik]] links to the militant movement in India, especially in Punjab and Bengal. On the recommendations of the committee, the [[Rowlatt Act]], an extension of the Defence of India Act 1915, was enforced in India.<ref name=Popplewell175/><ref name=Lovett>{{Harvnb|Lovett|1920|pp=94, 187–191}}</ref><ref name=Sarkar1921>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1921|p=137}}</ref><ref name=Tinker92>{{Harvnb|Tinker|1968|p=92,93}}</ref><ref name=Fisher129>{{Harvnb|Fisher|1972|p=129}}</ref>

The events that followed the passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 were also influenced by the conspiracy. At the time, British Indian Army troops were returning from the battlefields of Europe and [[Mesopotamia]] to an economic depression in India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1983|pp=169–172,176}}</ref><ref name=FLJR>{{cite web
|author=Swami P
|work=The Hindu
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1422/14220500.htm
|title=Jallianwala Bagh revisited
|date=1 November 1997
|access-date=7 October 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128143651/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1422/14220500.htm
|archive-date=28 November 2007
}}</ref> The attempted mutinies in 1915 and the Lahore conspiracy trials still had the public's attention. News of young [[Muhajir people|Mohajirs]] who had fought on behalf of the Turkish Caliphate and later in the ranks of the [[Red Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]] had also begun to reach India. The Russian Revolution had also cast its long shadow into India.<ref>{{harvnb|Sarkar|1983|p=177}}</ref> It was at this time that [[Mahatma Gandhi]], until then relatively unknown on the Indian political scene, began to emerge as a mass leader.

Ominously, in 1919, the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] began in the wake of Amir [[Habibullah Khan|Habibullah]]'s assassination and institution of [[Amānullāh Khān|Amanullah]] in a system blatantly influenced by the Kabul mission. In addition, in India, Gandhi's call for protest against the Rowlatt Act achieved an unprecedented response of furious unrest and protests. The situation, especially in Punjab, was deteriorating rapidly, with disruptions of rail, telegraph and communication systems. The movement was at its peak before the end of the first week of April, with some recording that "practically the whole of Lahore was on the streets, the immense crowd that passed through Anarkali was estimated to be around 20,000."<ref name=FLJR/> In [[Amritsar]], over 5,000 people gathered at [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh]]. This situation deteriorated perceptibly over the next few days. Michael O'Dwyer is said to have been of the firm belief that these were the early and ill-concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated uprising around May, on the lines of the [[1857 revolt]], at a time when the British would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer. The [[Amritsar massacre]], as well as responses before and after it, was the end result of a concerted plan of response from the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cell|2002|p=67}}</ref> [[James Houssemayne Du Boulay]] is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the massacre.<ref name=Brown1973>{{Harvnb|Brown|1973|p=523}}</ref>

Lastly, British efforts to downplay and disguise the nature and impact of the revolutionary movement at this time also resulted in a policy designed to strengthen the moderate movement in India, which ultimately saw Gandhi's rise in the Indian movement.<ref name=Popplewell4/>

===International relations===
{{See also|Anglo-American relations|Anglo-Japanese relations}}
The conspiracy influenced several aspects of Great Britain's international relations, most of all [[Anglo-American relations]] during the war, as well as, to some extent, [[China–United Kingdom relations|Anglo-Chinese relations]]. After the war, it also influenced Anglo-Japanese relations.

At the start of the war, the American government's refusal to check the Indian seditionist movement was a major concern for the British government. By 1916, a majority of the resources of the American department of the British Foreign Office were related to the Indian seditionist movement. Before the outbreak of the war, the political commitments of the [[Woodrow Wilson]] government (especially of [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[William Jennings Bryan]] who, eight years previously, had authored "British Rule in India", a highly critical pamphlet, that was classified as seditionist by the Indian and Imperial governments) and the political fallouts of the perception of British persecution of oppressed people prevented then-ambassador [[Cecil Spring Rice]] from pressing the issue diplomatically.<ref name=Strachan800>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=800}}</ref><ref name=Fraser260>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=260}}</ref><ref name=Strachan804>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=804}}</ref> After [[Robert Lansing]] replaced Bryan as Secretary of State in 1916, [[Secretary of State for India]] [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|Marquess of Crewe]] and Foreign Secretary [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Edward Grey]] forced Spring Rice to raise the issue, and in February the evidence obtained in the Lahore Conspiracy trial were presented to the American government. The first investigations were opened in America with the raid of the Wall Street office of [[Wolf von Igel]], which resulted in seizures of papers that were later presented as evidence in the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial]].<ref name=Strachan804/> However, a perceptibly slow and reluctant American investigation triggered an intense neutrality dispute through 1916, aggravated by belligerent preventive measures of the [[China Station|British Far-Eastern fleet]] on the high seas that threatened the sovereignty of American vessels. German and Turkish passengers were seized from the American vessel ''China'' by ''[[SS Laurentic (1908)|HMS Laurentic]]'' at the mouth of the [[Yangtze River]]. Several incidents followed, including the SS ''Henry S'', which were defended by the British government on grounds that the seized ship planned to foment an armed uprising in India. These drew strong responses from the US government, prompting the [[United States Fleet Forces Command|US Atlantic Fleet]] to dispatch destroyers to the Pacific to protect the sovereignty of American vessels. Authorities in the Philippines were more cooperative, which assured Britain of knowledge of any plans against Hong Kong. The strained relations were relaxed in May 1916 when the Britain released the ''China'' prisoners and relaxed its aggressive policy seeking co-operation with the United States. However, diplomatic exchanges and relations did not improve before November that year.<ref name="Fraser260"/><ref name="Strachan804"/><ref name="Dignan 1971 p">{{Harvnb|Dignan|1971|p=}}</ref>

The conspiracy issue was ultimately addressed by [[William G. E. Wiseman]], head of British intelligence in the United States, when he passed details of a bomb plot directly to the [[New York City Police Department|New York Police]] bypassing diplomatic channels. This led to the arrest of Chandra Kanta Chuckrevarty. As the links between Chuckervarty's papers and the Igel papers became apparent, investigations by federal authorities expanded to cover the entire conspiracy. Ultimately, the United States agreed to forward evidence so long as Britain did not seek admission of liability for breaches of neutrality. At a time that diplomatic relations with Germany were deteriorating, the British Foreign Office directed its embassy to co-operate with the investigations resolving the Anglo-American diplomatic disputes just as the United States entered the war.<ref name=Strachan804/><ref name="Dignan 1971 p"/>

Through 1915–16, China and Indonesia were the major bases for the conspirators, and significant efforts were made by the British government to coax China into the war to attempt to control the German and Ghadar intrigues. This would also allow free purchase of arms from China for the [[Triple Entente|Entente powers]].<ref name=Strachan802/> However, Yuan's proposals for bringing China into the war were against Japanese interests and gains from the war. This, along with Japanese support for [[Sun Yat-Sen]] and rebels in southern China laid the foundations for deterioration of Anglo-Japanese relations as early as 1916.<ref name=Strachan803>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=803}}</ref> After the end of the Great War, Japan increasingly became a haven for radical Indian nationalists in exile, who were protected by patriotic Japanese societies. Notable among these were Rash Behari Bose, Tarak Nath Das, and [[A. M. Sahay]]. The protections offered to these nationalists, most notably by Toyama Mitsuru's [[Black Dragon Society]],<ref name=Tagore486>{{Harvnb|Tagore|1997|p=486}}</ref><ref name="Brown 1986 p=421">{{Harvnb|Brown|1986|p=421}}</ref> effectively prevented British efforts to repatriate them and became a major policy concern.<ref name="Brown 1986 p=421"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Dignan|1983|p= }}</ref>

===Ghadar Party and IIC===
The IIC was formally disbanded in November 1918. Most of its members became closely associated with [[communism]] and the Soviet Union.<ref name=Strachan815>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=815}}</ref> [[Bhupendranath Dutta]] and [[Virendranath Chattopadhyay]] alias Chatto arrived in Moscow in 1920. [[Narendranath Bhattacharya]], under a new identity of [[M. N. Roy]], was among the first Indian communists and made a memorable speech in the second congress of the [[Communist International]] that rejected Leninist views and foreshadowed [[Maoist]] peasant movements.<ref name="Tinker92" /> Chatto himself was in Berlin until 1932 as the general secretary of the [[League Against Imperialism]] and was able to convince [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to affiliate the [[Indian National Congress]] with the league in 1927. He later fled [[Nazi Germany]] for the Soviet Union but disappeared in 1937 under [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge]].<ref name=Fraser269>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=269}}</ref>

The Ghadar Party, suppressed during the war, revived itself in 1920 and openly declared its communist beliefs. Although sidelined in California, it remained relatively stronger in East Asia, where it allied itself with the [[Chinese Communist Party]].<ref name=Deepak441>{{Harvnb|Deepak|1999|p=441}}</ref><ref name=Fraser269/>

===World War II===
{{Main|Indian Independence League|Indian National Army|Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind}}
Although the conspiracy failed during World War I, the movement being suppressed at the time and several of its key leaders hanged or incarcerated, several prominent Ghadarites also managed to flee India to Japan and Thailand. The concept of a revolutionary movement for independence also found a revival amongst later generation Indian leaders, most notably [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] who, towards the mid-1930s, began calling for a more radical approach towards colonial domination. During World War II, several of these leaders were instrumental in seeking [[Axis powers|Axis support]] to revive such a concept.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=23}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=24}}</ref> Bose himself, from the very beginning of World War II, actively evaluated the concept of revolutionary movement against the Raj, interacting with Japan and subsequently escaping to Germany to raise an Indian armed force, the [[Indische Legion]], to fight in India against Britain.<ref name=ThomsonBBC>{{cite news
| author = Thomson M
| work = bbc.co.uk
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3684288.stm
| title= Hitler's secret Indian Army
| date=23 September 2004
| access-date=2 September 2007
}}</ref> He later returned to Southeast Asia to take charge of the [[Indian National Army]] which was formed following the labour of exiled nationalists, efforts from within Japan to revive a similar concept, and the direction and leadership of people like [[Mohan Singh Deb|Mohan Singh]], [[Giani Pritam Singh]], and Rash Behari Bose. The most famous of these saw the formation of the [[Indian Independence League]], the [[Indian National Army]] and ultimately the [[Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind]] in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| publisher = National Archives of Singapore
| url=http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/revival.htm
| title= Historical Journey of the Indian National Army
| year= 2003
| access-date=7 July 2007
}}</ref>
{{See also|Indische Legion}}

==Commemoration==
[[File:1915 Singapore Mutiny Memorial Tablet.jpg|thumb|The [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]] memorial tablet at the entrance of the [[Victoria Memorial Hall]], [[Singapore]]]]
The Ghadar Memorial Hall in San Francisco honours members of the party who were hanged following the Lahore conspiracy trial,<ref name=Radhan203>{{Harvnb|Radhan|2002|p=203}}</ref> and the Ghadar Party Memorial Hall in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab commemorates the Ghadarites who were involved in the conspiracy. Several of those executed during the conspiracy are today honoured in India. Kartar Singh is honoured with a memorial at his birthplace of the Village of Sarabha. The [[Ayurvedic Medicine]] [[College]] in [[Ludhiana]] is also named in his honour.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sikhpioneers.org/gadarphoto.html | title = Pioneer Asian Indian immigration to the Pacific coast | access-date = 9 December 2007 | publisher = Sikhpioneers.org | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071217042511/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/gadarphoto.html | archive-date = 17 December 2007}}</ref> The Indian government has produced [[Postage stamp|stamps]] honouring several of those involved in the conspiracy, including [[Har Dayal]], [[Bhai Paramanand]], and [[Rash Behari Bose]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Color/Blue%20Gray/BHAI%20PARMANAND | title = Bhai Paramanand | access-date =9 December 2007 | publisher = IndianPost, Adarsh Mumbai News and Feature Agency}}</ref> Several other revolutionaries are also honoured through India and the Indian American population.
A memorial [[Commemorative plaque|plaque]] commemorating the ''[[Komagata Maru]]'' was unveiled by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] at Budge Budge in Calcutta in 1954, while a second plaque was unveiled in 1984 at Gateway Pacific, Vancouver by the Canadian government. A heritage foundation to commemorate the passengers from the Komagata Maru excluded from Canada was established in 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.komagatamaru.ca/foundation.asp?id=3 | title = Komagata Maru Walk 2006 | access-date = 9 December 2007 | publisher = Komagata Maru Heritage Foundation | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071214205422/http://www.komagatamaru.ca/foundation.asp?id=3 | archive-date = 14 December 2007}}</ref>
In Singapore, two memorial tablets at the entrance of the [[Victoria Memorial Hall]] and four plaques in [[St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore|St Andrew's Cathedral]] commemorate the British soldiers and civilians killed during the [[1915 Singapore Mutiny|Singapore Mutiny]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_570_2005-01-24.html |title=1915 Indian (Singapore) Mutiny |access-date=14 June 2007 |publisher=Singapore Infopedia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612152816/http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_570_2005-01-24.html |archive-date=12 June 2007 }}</ref>
In Ireland, a memorial at the [[Glasnevin Cemetery]] in [[Dublin]] commemorates the dead from the Jalandhar mutiny of the Connaught Rangers.<ref name=Wilkinson48>{{Harvnb|Wilkinson|Ashley|1993|p=48}}</ref> The Southern Asian Institute of [[Columbia University]] today runs the Taraknath Das foundation to support work relating to India.<ref name=SIPA>{{cite web | url = http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/sai/tdas.html
| title = The Taraknath Das Foundation| access-date =21 May 2008 | publisher = Columbia University | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080327045244/http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/sai/tdas.html  | archive-date = 27 March 2008}}</ref> Famous awardees include [[R. K. Narayan]], [[Robert Goheen]], [[Philip Talbot]], [[Anita Desai]] and SAKHI and Joseph Elder.

==Note on the name==
The conspiracy is known under several different names, including the 'Hindu Conspiracy', the 'Indo-German Conspiracy', the 'Ghadar conspiracy' (or 'Ghadr conspiracy'), or the 'German plot'.<ref name=Plowman82>{{Harvnb|Plowman|2003|p=82}}</ref><ref name=Jensen83>{{Harvnb|Jensen|1979|p=83}}</ref><ref name=PlowmanFN2>{{Harvnb|Plowman|2003|p=Footnote 2}}</ref><ref name=Isemonger>{{Harvnb|Isemonger|Slattery|1919|p=}}</ref><ref name=Waldorfweb/> The term ''Hindu–German Conspiracy'' is closely associated with the uncovering of the [[Annie Larsen plot]] in the United States, and the ensuing trial of Indian nationalists and the staff of the German Consulate of San Francisco for violating American neutrality. The trial itself was called the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial]], and the conspiracy was reported in the media (and later studied by several historians) as Hindu–German Conspiracy.<ref name=Jensen65/> However, the conspiracy involved not only Hindus and Germans, but also substantial numbers of Muslims and Punjabi Sikhs, and strong Irish support that pre-dated German and Turkish involvement. The term ''Hindu'' (or ''Hindoo'') was used commonly in opprobrium in America to identify [[Indian people|Indians]] regardless of religion. Likewise, conspiracy was also a term with negative connotations. The term ''Hindu Conspiracy'' was used by the government to actively discredit the Indian revolutionaries at a time the United States was about to join the war against Germany.<ref name=Jensen65>{{harvnb|Jensen|1979|p=65}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jensen|1979|p=67}}</ref><ref name=Strother308>{{harvnb|Strother|2004|p=308}}</ref>

The term '[[Ghadar Conspiracy]]' may refer more specifically to the mutiny planned for February 1915 in India, while the term '[[German plot]]' or '[[Christmas Day Plot]]' may refer more specifically to the plans for shipping arms to Jatin Mukherjee in Autumn 1915. The term ''Indo-German conspiracy'' is also commonly used to refer to later plans in Southeast Asia and to the [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition|mission to Kabul]] which remained the remnant of the conspiracy at the end of the war. All of these were parts of the larger conspiracy. Most scholars reviewing the American aspect use the name Hindu–German Conspiracy, the Hindu-Conspiracy or the Ghadar Conspiracy, while most reviewing the conspiracy over its entire span from Southeast Asia through Europe to the United States more often use the term Indo-German conspiracy.<ref name=Waldorfweb>{{cite web| publisher = whereinthecity.com
| url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/great-indians/freedom-fighters/bagha-jatin.php| title=Bagha Jatin| access-date=10 December 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| date=14 April 2005| publisher=Waldorf College| url=http://www.waldorf.edu/news/nm/anmviewer.asp?a=360| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215115635/http://www.waldorf.edu/news/nm/anmviewer.asp?a=360| url-status=dead| archive-date=15 December 2012| title=Dr. Matt Plowman to have conference paper published| access-date=10 December 2007}}</ref> In British-India, the [[Rowlatt committee]] set up investigate the events referred to them as "The Seditious conspiracy".

==See also==
* [[Horst von der Goltz]]

==Further reading==
* Tadhg Foley (Editor), Maureen O'Connor (Editor), [https://books.google.ca/books?id=vQduAAAAMAAJ Ireland and India - Colonies, Culture and Empire], [[Irish Academic Press]], {{ISBN|9780716528371}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box| title= [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]] | years = |before =[[India House]], [[Anushilan samiti]], [[Jugantar]] | after = [[Indian independence movement|Gandhian movement]], [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Army]], [[Jugantar]], [[Indian National Army]] }}
{{s-end}}

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|20em}}

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{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070225/edit.htm#1 "In the Spirit of Ghadar"]. ''The Tribune'', Chandigarh
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071205071748/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/hindu.htm Kim, Hyung-Chan, ''Dictionary of Asian American History'', New York: Greenwood Press,1986].
*[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A04EFDB123BEE3ABC4852DFB566838C609EDE India rising a Berlin plot]. ''[[New York Times]]'' archives.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071205082856/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/rebellion.html The Ghadr Rebellion] by [[Khushwant Singh]], sourced from [[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] 26 February 1961, pp. 34–35; 5 March 1961, p. 45; and 12 March 1961, p. 41.
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/gadarcol.html The Hindustan Ghadar Collection], Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/subject/hindu-german-conspiracy-trial Hindu-German Conspiracy Trial on] [[South Asian American Digital Archive]] (SAADA)

{{Hindu-German Conspiracy|state=expanded}}
{{World War I}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{IRB}}
{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy| ]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:British Empire in World War I]]
[[Category:German Empire in World War I]]
[[Category:India in World War I]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:1910s in India]]
[[Category:1910s in British India]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
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Sohan Singh Bhakna

2021-09-19T18:25:07Z

Lucasraven12: Created page with "{{redirect|Sohan Singh}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}} {{Infobox person | name = Sohan Singh Bhakna | birth_date..."

{{redirect|Sohan Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sohan Singh Bhakna
| birth_date = 22 January 1870
| death_date = 21 December 1968 (Aged 98)
| image = File:Baba Sohan Singh Bakna.jpg
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_place = [[Amritsar district|Khutrai Khurd]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[Amritsar]], [[India]]
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]], [[1907 Punjab unrest]], [[Ghadar Conspiracy]], [[Communism]]
| organization = [[Ghadar Party]], [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha]], [[Communist Party of India]].
}}
'''Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna''' (22 January 1870 - 21 December 1968)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCsdAAAAMAAJ&q=born|title=Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna :life of founder of Ghadar party|last=Josh|first=Sohan Singh|publisher=People Publishing House|year=1970|pages=ii}}</ref> was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian revolutionary]], the founding president of the [[Ghadar Party]], and a leading member of the party involved in the [[Ghadar Conspiracy]] of 1915. Tried at the [[Lahore Conspiracy trial]], Sohan Singh served sixteen years of a life sentence for his part in the conspiracy before he was released in 1930. He later worked closely with the Indian labour movement, devoting considerable time to the [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha]] and the [[Communist Party of India]].

==Early life==
Sohan Singh was born on 22 January 1870 at the village of Khutrai Khurd, north of [[Amritsar]], which was the ancestral home of his mother Ram Kaur. His father was Bhai Karam Singh, who lived with his family in the village of Bhakna, 16 km southwest of [[Amritsar]]. He was born into a [[Shergill|Sikh]] family. Young Sohan Singh spent his childhood at Bhakhna, where he received his childhood education in the village [[Gurudwara]] and by the [[Arya Samaj]]. He learnt to read and write in the [[Punjabi language]] at an early age, and was also instructed on the rudiments of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Sikhism|Sikh]] traditions. Sohan Singh was married at the age of ten to Bishan Kaur, daughter of a landlord near [[Lahore]] by the name of Khushal Singh. Sohan Singh finished primary school at the age of sixteen in 1896, which he started at age eleven when primary school was first opened in his village, by which time he was also proficient in [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].

Sohan Singh became involved in the nationalist movement and the agrarian unrest that emerged in Punjab in the 1900s. He participated in the protests against the anti-Colonization Bill in 1906-07. Two years later, in February 1909, he left home to sail for the United States. After a two-month journey, Singh reached [[Seattle]] on 4 April 1909.

==United States==
Sohan Singh soon found work as a labourer in a timber mill being constructed near the city. In this first decade of the 1900s, the Pacific coast of [[North America]] saw large scale Indian immigration. A large proportion of the immigrants were especially from [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] [[British India]] which was facing an economic depression and agrarian unrest. The [[Canadian government]] met this influx with a series of legislations aimed at limiting the entry of South Asians into Canada, and restricting the political rights of those already in the country. The Punjabi community had hitherto been an important loyal force for the [[British Empire]] and the [[Commonwealth of nations|Commonwealth]], and the community had expected, to honour its commitment, equal welcome and rights from the British and commonwealth governments as extended to British and white immigrants. These legislations fed growing discontent, protests and anti-colonial sentiments within the community. Faced with increasingly difficult situations, the community began organising itself into political groups. A large number of Punjabis also moved to the United States, but they encountered similar political and social problems.<ref name=Strachan795>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=795}}</ref> Early works among these groups date back to the time around 1908 when Indian students and Punjabi immigrants of the likes of [[P S Khankhoje]], [[Pandit Kanshi Ram]], [[Taraknath Das]] and [[Bhai Bhagwan Singh]] were working towards and for a political movement. Khankhoje himself founded the Indian Independence League in [[Portland, Oregon]]. Sohan Singh at this time came to be strongly associated with this political movement taking shape among Indian immigrants. His works also brought him close to other Indian nationalists in United States at the time.

Meanwhile, [[India House]] and nationalist activism of Indian students had begun declining in the East Coast towards 1910, but gradually shifted west to [[San Francisco]]. The arrival at this time of [[Har Dayal]] from Europe bridged the gap between the intellectual agitators in New York and the predominantly Punjabi labour workers and migrants in the west coast, and laid the foundations of the [[Ghadar Party|Ghadar movement]].<ref name=FischerTine335>{{Harvnb|Fischer-Tinē|2007|p=335}}</ref> In the summer of 1913, representatives of Indians living in Canada and the United States met at [[Stockton, California|Stockton]], where the decision was taken to establish an organization, Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast. The ''Pacific Coast Hindustan Association'', was formed in 1913 in the United States under the leadership of [[Har Dayal]], [[P.S. Khankhoje]] and Sohan Singh Bhakna. Bhakna was its president. It drew members from [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian immigrants]], largely from [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name=Strachan795/> Many of its members were also from the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley]] including Dayal, [[Tarak Nath Das]], [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] and [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle|V.G. Pingle]]. The party quickly gained support from Indian expatriates, especially in the United States, [[Canada]] and Asia. Ghadar meetings were held in [[Los Angeles]], [[Oxford]], [[Vienna]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Shanghai]].<ref name=Deepak441>{{Harvnb|Deepak|1999|p=441}}</ref>

==Ghadar Movement==
{{Main|Ghadar Movement}}
The Ghadar Party evolved from the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association. The Ghadar's ultimate goal was to overthrow [[British India|British colonial authority in India]] by means of an armed revolution. It viewed the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-led [[Indian independence movement|mainstream movement]] for [[dominion status]] modest and the latter's constitutional methods as soft. Ghadar's foremost strategy was to entice [[British Indian Army|Indian soldiers]] to revolt.<ref name=Strachan795/> To that end, in November 1913 Ghadar established the ''Yugantar Ashram'' press in [[San Francisco]]. The press produced the ''[[Hindustan Ghadar]]'' newspaper and other nationalist literature.<ref name=Deepak441/>
The Ghadar leadership, under Sohan Singh Bhakna, began at this time their first plans for mutiny. The inflammatory passions surrounding the ''[[Komagata Maru]]'' incident helped the Ghadarite cause, and Ghadar leaders including Sohan Singh, [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]] and [[Taraknath Das]] used it as a rallying point and successfully brought many disaffected Indians in North America into the party's fold.<ref name=Strachan796>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=796}}</ref> Sohan Singh himself had contacted the returning Komagata Maru at [[Yokohama]] and delivered to [[Baba Gurdit Singh]] a consignment of arms when he learnt of hostilities breaking out in July 1914.
The war in Europe hastened Ghadar's plans. It was already in touch with Indian revolutionaries [[Berlin Committee|in Germany]] and with the German consulate in San Francisco. Ghadar also had party members in South-East Asia and had made contact with the Indian revolutionary underground. Elaborate plans were made to ship funds and arms from the United States and from South-East Asia, to India in what came to be called the [[Hindu German Conspiracy]]. These were to be used for a planned mutiny in India sometime in late 1914 or early 1915. The plans for the latter came to be known as the [[Ghadar Conspiracy]]. Sohan Singh, as one of the top of the Ghadar leadership, sailed to India in the ''SS Namsang'' at the outbreak of the war, in the wake of the ''[[Komagata Maru]]'' incidence to organise and direct the rebellion from India. However, British intelligence was already picking up traces of the revolutionary conspiracy. Returning to India, Singh was arrested in Calcutta on 13 October 1914 and sent to [[Ludhiana]] for interrogation. He was subsequently sent to the Central Jail in [[Multan]] and later tried in the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial|Lahore Conspiracy Case]] and sentenced to death, with forfeiture of property. The death sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment in the Andamans, where he reached on 10 December 1915 and where he undertook several hunger strikes successively to secure the detainees better treatment.<ref name="Gill2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0SOfZwnXZIC&q=Lahore+Conspiracy+Case+trial+1915&pg=PA94|title=Trials that Changed History: From Socrates to Saddam Hussein|last=Gill|first=M. S.|date=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-797-8|location=New Delhi|pages=92–99|language=en}}</ref>

==Later life==
In 1921, Sohan Singh was transferred to [[Coimbatore]] jail and then to [[Yervada]]. Here however, Singh embarked on a [[hunger strike]] in protest against Sikh prisoners not being allowed to wear [[turban]]s and their [[Kacchera]], amongst their religious obligations. In 1927, he was shifted to the Central Jail at [[Lahore]], where he again went on hunger strike in June 1928 to protest against the segregation of the so-called low-caste [[Mazhabi]] Sikhs from other 'high-caste' Sikhs during meals. In 1929, while still interned, he went on a hunger strike in support of Bhagat Singh. He ultimately served sixteen years before he was released early in July 1930.

After his release, he continued working in the nationalist movement and labour politics. His works were identified closely with the works of the [[Communist party of India]], devoting most of his time to organizing the [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabhas]]. He also made the release of interned Ghadarites a key part of his political work.

He was interned a second time during World War II, when he was jailed at the Deoli Camp in what is today [[Rajasthan]]. He remained incarcerated for nearly three years. After Independence he veered decisively towards the [[Communist Party of India]]. He was arrested on 31 March 1948, but released on 8 May 1948. However, he was seized again, but jail-going ended for him finally at the intervention of Independent India's first Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Bent with age and ravaged by pneumonia, Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna died, at Amritsar, on 21 December 1968.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070829162623/http://www.searchsikhism.com/sohan.html Sohan Singh Bhakna] from searchsikhism.com
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Deepak
| given1 = B. R.
| year = 1999
| title = Revolutionary Activities of the Ghadar Party in China. China Report 1999; 35; 439
| journal = China Report
| publisher = Sage Publications
| issn = 0009-4455
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Fischer-Tinē
| given1 = Harald
| author-link=Harald Fischer-Tiné
| year = 2007
| title = Indian Nationalism and the 'world forces': Transnational and diasporic dimensions of the Indian freedom movement on the eve of the First World War. Journal of Global History (2007) 2, pp. 325–344
| journal = Journal of Global History
| publisher = Cambridge University Press.
| doi = 10.1017/S1740022807002318
| issn = 1740-0228
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Puri
| given1 = Harish K
| year = 1980
| title = Revolutionary Organization: A Study of the Ghadar Movement.Social Scientist, Vol. 9, No. 2/3. (Sep. - Oct., 1980), pp. 53-66
| journal = Social Scientist
| doi = 10.2307/3516925
| jstor = 3516925
| issn = 0970-0293
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Sarkar
| given1 = Sumit
| year = 1984
| title = The Communists and 1942.Social Scientist, Vol. 12, No. 9. (Sep., 1984), pp. 45-53
| journal = Social Scientist
| issn = 0970-0293
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Strachan
| given1 = Hew
| year = 2001
| title = The First World War. Volume I: To Arms
| publisher = Oxford University Press. USA
| isbn= 0-19-926191-1
}}.

{{Sikh politics}}
{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhakna, Sohan Singh}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

Kartar Singh Sarabha

2021-09-19T18:23:37Z

Lucasraven12: Short description indian revolutionary

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kartar Singh Sarabha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 24 May 1896
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana district|Sarabha]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])
| death_date = 16 November 1915 (aged 19)
| death_place = [[Lahore]], Lahore Central Jail, Punjab Province, British India (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_cause = Execution
| organization = [[Ghadar Party]]
| known_for = Most active member [[Ghadar Party]]
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
}}

'''Kartar Singh Sarabha''' (24 May 1896 – 16 November 1915)<ref name="nbt"/> was an Indian revolutionary. He was 15-years-old when he became a member of [[Ghadar Party]]; he then became a leading luminary member and started fighting for the [[Indian independence movement]]. He was one of the most active members of the movement. In November 1915 at [[Lahore]], he was executed for his role in the movement when he was 19 years old.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Chaman Lal]]|date=2018|pages=1–2|title=Gadar Party Nayak: Kartar Singh Sarabha|url=http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__9__national-biography__323__gadar-party-nayak-kartar-singh-sarabha-hindi-.nbt}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kartar Singh Sarabha was born in Sarabha village to a [[Grewal]] [[Jat]] family. His father was Mangal Singh and his mother was Sahib Kaur. He was very young when his father died and his grandfather brought him up. After receiving his initial education in his village, Singh entered the Malwa Khalsa high school in Ludhiana; he studied there until 8th standard. Then he went to his uncle (father's brother) in [[Odisha|Orissa]] and stayed there for over a year.<ref name="nbt">{{Cite web|title=Ghadar Party Hero Kartar Singh Sarabha|url=https://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__9__national-biography__1203__ghadar-party-hero-kartar-singh-sarabha.nbt|access-date=2020-09-12|website=[[National Book Trust]]}}</ref>

After coming back to his grandfather, his family decided to board him to the [[United States]] for higher education. He sailed to [[San Francisco]] in July 1912. He was supposed to get enrolled in [[University of Berkeley]] but the evidence that he did study there varies. A historical note by Baba Jwala Singh mentions that when he went to [[Astoria, Oregon]] in December 1912, he found Kartar Singh working in a mill factory. Some say that he studied in the Berkeley, but the college did not find any record of enrollment with his name.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-24|title=शहीद करतार सिंह सराभा की जयंती पर विशेष लेख|url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/aapki-kalam-se/news/special-article-on-the-birth-anniversary-of-shaheed-kartar-singh-sarabha-1171976|access-date=2020-09-12|website=[[Punjab Kesari]]}}</ref>

His association with Nalanda club of Indian students at Berkeley aroused his patriotic sentiments and he felt agitated about the treatment of immigrants from India, especially manual, worker received in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=देश का वो गुमनाम हीरो, जिसकी तस्वीर भगत सिंह हमेशा अपने साथ रखते थे|url=https://www.jansatta.com/lifestyle/kartar-singh-sarabha-who-was-the-hero-of-bhagat-singh-fight-against-british-government-and-sacrifice-life-in-just-19-years-old/1223071/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Jansatta|language=hi}}</ref>

[[Sohan Singh Bhakna]] founder of [[Ghadar Party]] inspired Singh to revolt against British colonial India for the sake of an independent country. Sohan Singh Bhakna called Kartar Singh "Baba Gernal". He learnt from Americans how to shoot a gun, and how to make detonating devices. Kartar Singh also took lessons for flying aeroplanes.<ref name="nbt"/>

In 1914, Indians worked in foreign countries either as indentured labourers or soldiers fighting for the consolidation of British rule or extending the boundaries of the British Empire. He frequently spoke with other Indians about freeing India from the British rule.

== Ghadar Party and newspaper ==
{{Main|Ghadar Party}}

When the Ghadar party was founded in mid-1913 with Sohan Singh, a Sikh peasant from Bhakna village in the Amritsar district, as president and Lala Hardyal as secretary, Kartar Singh stopped his university work, moved in with Lala Hardyal and became his helpmate in running the revolutionary newspaper Ghadar (revolt). He undertook the responsibility for printing of the Gurmukhi edition of the paper. He composed patriotic poetry for it and wrote articles.

On 15 July 1913, the Punjabi Indians of [[California]] assembled and formed the Ghadar Party (Revolution Party). The aim of the Ghadar Party was to get rid of the slavery of the British by means of an armed struggle. On 1 November 1913, the Ghadar Party started printing a paper named ''[[Hindustan Ghadar|Ghadar]]'', which was published in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Pushto]] languages. Kartar Singh was quite heavily involved in the publishing of that paper.

This paper was sent to Indians living in all countries throughout the world. Its purpose was to unmask the atrocities being committed on Indians by the colonial British government.

Within a short time, the Ghadar Party became famous through ''The Ghadar''. It drew Indians from all walks of life.

== Revolt in Punjab ==
{{Main|Hindu–German Conspiracy}}

With the start of [[World War I]] in 1914, the British became thoroughly engrossed in the war effort. Thinking it to be a good opportunity, the leaders of the Ghadar Party published the "Decision of Declaration of War" against the British in issue of 'The Ghadar' dated 5 August 1914. Thousands of copies of the paper were distributed among army cantonments, villages and cities. Singh reached Calcutta via [[Colombo]] on board SS Salamin in October 1914: he accompanied two other Gadhar leaders, [[Satyen Sen]] and [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], along with a large number of Gadhar freedom fighters. With a letter of introduction from [[Jatin Mukherjee]], the [[Jugantar]] leader, Singh and Pingle met [[Rash Behari Bose]] at [[Banaras]] to inform him that 20,000 more Gadhar members were expected very soon.<ref>''Militant Nationalism in India'', Bimanbehari Majumdar (p. 167); ''Sadhak biplabi jatindranath'', [[Prithwindra Mukherjee]] pp. 283-284.</ref> A large number of leaders of the Ghadar Party were arrested by the government at the ports. In spite of these arrests, a meeting was held by members of the Ghadar Party at Ladhouwal near Ludhiana in which it was decided to commit robberies in the houses of the rich to meet requirements of finance for armed action. Two Ghadris, Waryam Singh and Bhai Ram Rakha, were killed in a bomb blast in one such raid.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ritwik|date=2018-09-07|title=Relevance of Kartar Singh Sarabha, a revolutionary of the Ghadar movement|work=[[Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/relevance-of-kartar-singh-sarabha-a-revolutionary-of-the-ghadar-movement-118090701179_1.html|access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Sally|last=Dugman|date=2018-05-25|title=Kartar Singh Sarabha - A Hero Who Inspired Bhagat Singh|url=https://countercurrents.org/2018/05/kartar-singh-sarabha-a-hero-who-inspired-bhagat-singh/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=[[Countercurrents.org|Countercurrents]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

After the arrival of [[Rash Behari Bose]] at [[Amritsar]] on 25 January 1915, it was decided in a meeting on 12 February that the uprising should be started on 21 February. It was planned that after capturing the cantonments of Mian Mir and [[Ferozepur]], mutiny was to be engineered near [[Ambala]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=करतार सिंह सराभा - भारतकोश, ज्ञान का हिन्दी महासागर|url=https://m.bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Bharat Discovery}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=September 2020}}
== Betrayal ==
Kirpal Singh, a police informer in the ranks of the [[Ghadar party|Ghadar Party]], had a large number of members arrested on 19 February and informed the government of the planned revolt. The government disarmed the native soldiers and the revolt failed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://sikhnationalarchives.com/book/read/eminent-freedom-fighters-of-punjab/|title=Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab}}</ref>

After the failure of the revolution, the members who had escaped arrest decided to leave India. Kartar Singh, Harnam Singh Tundilat, Jagat Singh, and others were asked to go to Afghanistan and made a move towards that area. But Kartar's conscience did not permit him to run away when his comrades had been held. On 2 March 1915, he came back with two friends and went over to Chak No. 5 in Sargodha where there was a military stud and started propagating rebellion amongst the army men. Risaldar Ganda Singh had Kartar Singh, Harnam Singh Tundilat, and Jagat Singh arrested from Chak No. 5, district [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Pran Nath|url=http://archive.org/details/whoswhoofindianm01chop|title=Who's Who of Indian Martyrs, Vol. 1|date=2013|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|others=Public Resource|isbn=978-81-230-1757-0}}</ref>

== Execution ==
All of these accussed in the Conspiracy Case, for India's freedom who had worked long years and suffered privations and sacrificed everything that man runs after, were executed in the Lahore Central Jail on November 17, 1915. In the Court room as also standing before the gallows the condemned men refused to accept their endeavour to be termed a 'conspiracy'. They contended that it was an open challenge to the foreigners who charged the patriots, those who were sacrificing everything for the freedom of their Motherland with the offence of sedition, of waging war against the King. Kartar Singh was not at all sorry for what he had done; rather he felt proud for enjoying the privilege of throwing out the challenge at the face of a lot of usurpers. He was really sorry over the outcome of their efforts. He averred that every slave had a right to revolt and it could never be a crime to rise in defence of the primary rights of the sons of the very soil. When he was being tried on the charge of sedition, he took the entire blame upon himself. The Judge was astounded to see such a young boy behaving in such a non-chalant manner. In view of his tender age he advised the young revolutionary to modify his statement, but the result was the very opposite of what was desired by him. When asked to appeal he retorted, "Why should I? If I had more lives than one, it would have been a great honour to me to sacrifice each of them for my country." He was later sentenced to death and hanged in 1916. During the period of his detention in Lahore Central jail, Kartar Singh managed to get hold of some instruments. With their help he wanted to cut the iron-bars of his window and escape in company with some other revolutionarie. The authorities who learnt about his designs well in time and seized the instruments from underneath an earthen pitcher in his room, But the plan was rendered abortive by the jail authorities. At the time of his execution Kartar Singh was hardly nineteen years old. But such was his courage that in the course of his detention he gained 14 pounds of fresh weight.

==Legacy==

[[Bhagat Singh]] was inspired by him. "On Bhagat Singh’s arrest, a photo of Sarabha was recovered from him. He always carried this photo in his pocket. Very often, Bhagat Singh would show me that photograph and say, 'Dear mother, this is my hero, friend and companion.' "
- Bhagat Singh's mother.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=कहानी उस दिलेर की जिसे शहीद भगत सिंह अपना गुरु मानते थे|url=https://www.sirfsach.in/brave-hearts/krantikari-kartar-singh-sarabha-birth-anniversary-story-of-his-bravery/5390/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Sirf Sach|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kartar Singh Sarabha to Bhagat Singh|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280308332_Kartar_Singh_Sarabha_to_Bhagat_Singh|access-date=12 September 2020|website=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

''Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha'', an Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language biographical film on the revolutionary was released in 1977.<ref>{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=Wimal Dissanayake|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA168|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9|page=168}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Udham Singh]]
*[[Sukhdev]]
*[[Harnam Singh Saini]]
*[[Bhagat Singh]]
*[[Lala Lajpat Rai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/search/Kartar%20Singh%20Sarabha Kartar Singh Sarabha materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]

{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kartar Sarabha}}
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:Indian anarchists]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]

Amarendranath Chatterjee

2021-09-19T18:21:49Z

Lucasraven12: Created page with "{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Amarendranath Chatterjee অমরেন্দ্রন..."

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amarendranath Chatterjee অমরেন্দ্রনাথ চট্টোপাধ্যায়
| image = AMARENDRA CHATTERJEE.JPG
| image_size = 200
| caption = Amarendranath Chatterjee
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1880|07|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Uttarpara]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1957|09|04|1880|07|11|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Uttarpara]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Revolutionary
| nationality = [[India]]n
| parents = Upendranath Chatterjee
}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''Amarendranath Chatterjee''' ({{lang-bn|অমরেন্দ্রনাথ চট্টোপাধ্যায়}}) (01July 1880 – 4 September 1957) was an [[Indian independence movement]] activist. In charge of raising funds for the [[Jugantar]] movement, his activities largely covered revolutionary centres in [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]].

==Early life==
Born 1 July 1879 at [[Uttarpara]], in the [[Hooghly district]], near [[Kolkata]], Amarendra was the son of Upendranath Chatterjee. On completing his primary education at Uttarpara and secondary at [[Bhagalpur]], Amarendra joined the well-respected Duff College (now [[Scottish Church College]]) at Kolkata, where his classmates included [[Upendranath Banerjee]] and [[Hrishikesh Kanjilal]], future revolutionary colleagues. After graduation, he and his friends accompanied [[Surendranath Banerjee]] in his lecture tours throughout India and, under the latter's influence, opened centres of social service. During the anti-Partition agitations, identifying with the programme of boycotting British goods, Amarendra led the National Volunteer Movement.

==First steps==
Sponsored by Raja Pyarimohan and his son Rajendranath Mukherjee ('Misri Babu'), he established the Uttarpara Shilpa-Samiti, installed carpentry, bought six handlooms and began selling homespun textile. Very soon he looked after the Poragacha unit in Nadia, giving assistance to [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] ([[Bagha Jatin]] or Jatin Mukherjee). They collaborated in the formation of the Chhatra Bhandar ("Students' Emporium"), which would be transformed later into the Shramajibi Samabaya ("Workers' Cooperative").

While Jatin Mukherjee "worked directly under the orders of [[Aurobindo Ghose]]" since 1903,<ref>''Terrorism in Bengal'',[abbrev. ''Terrorism''], by A.K. Samanta (editor), Vol. V, p. 63</ref> Amarendra met [[Sri Aurobindo]] in 1907 and received initiation with these words: "Surrender yourself to God and in the name of the Divine Mother get along with the service of India. That is my Diksha to you." He was further told by Sri Aurobindo: "If we want to secure the freedom of the country, we have to sacrifice everything for it, and we should be ready to give up even our life for it. If we want to free the country, we shall have to conquer the fear of death."<ref>K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar, ''Sri Aurobindo, a biography and a history'', Vol. I, p. 493</ref> Encouraged by Sri Aurobindo to collect funds for the Extremists' movement, he came closer to [[Bagha Jatin|Jatin Mukherjee]]. Behind their commercial activities, their centres sheltered freedom fighters from regional units, as well as provided meeting places for Jatin and other Jugantar leaders.

==Jugantar==
Jatin's elderly revolutionary associate Preonath Karar ([[Sri Yukteswar Giri]]) of Serampore – friend of Hrishikesh Kanjilal and of the restless Vedic Pandit [[Mokshada Samadhyayi]] – had founded an Ashram at Puri in 1900; it had been in connection with [[Lokamanya Tilak]]'s initiative to turn Benares and other Hindu shrines into seats of Extremist politics. Long before the hatching of the daily ''Jugantar'' at Benares, Puri instituted a religious procession in celebration of the advent of a New Era (''yuga+antar''). Sealy in his Report admits: "It would be extremely rash to argue that the place has not been freely used by the anarchist for sealing the compact of many a vow against the Government or that it has not been a recognised place of refuge for the fugitive from justice or surveillance by the police."<ref>"Connections with Bihar and Orissa", in ''Terrorism'', Vol. V, p. 104</ref>

A few months before the Surat Congress, Suranath Bhaduri of Benares, on reaching Calcutta after travelling all over Bengal, "formed a central committee at the Sandhya office, with the help of [[Jatin Banerji]] (alias Niralamba Swami) and with Kartik Dutta; Mukhada Samadhyayi, [[Shyam Sundar Chakravarthy|Shyamsundar Chakravarti]], Arabindo Ghose, Tarakhepa, Annada Charan Kaviraj and others as members(…) Measures are being devised for freeing India and for proclaiming the divine commands which have been received in the matter (…) After this Suranath went to Puri with Preo Nath Karar alias [[Sri Yukteswar Giri]] (…) Attempts are being made to get hold of such of the ruling Chiefs as are patrons of the Bharat Dharma Mahamandal. Raja Sasisekhareswar of Tahirpur … is being fully converted to this creed."<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. V, pp. 106–107</ref> The Maharaj of Darbhanga was the General President of the Mahamandal; Suranath's father, Somnath Bhaduri, was the Maharaja's Private Secretary; Amarendra Chatterjee's father-in-law, Preonath Banerjee, was the manager of the [[Darbhanga Raj]]; the link was further close because one of Preonath Banerjee's nephews, Natbihari Chatterjee (son-in-law of the great [[Surendranath Banerjee]]), was munsif at [[Cuttack]]; another nephew, Dhiren Mukherjee, taught at the Ravenshaw Collegiate School. Amarendra had free access not only to these patriots but, also, to the headmaster of this school (later principal of the Ravenshaw College), Khirodchandra Ray Chaudhuri, who edited and published the "scurrilous" (to quote Sealy) daily, Star of Utkal.

Khirodchandra's son, Sukumar, practised as a barrister at Cuttack and had married a daughter of Dr [[Aghore Nath Chatterjee]] "who was deported by the Nizam of Hyderabad for intriguing against the British Government." The most illustrious of Aghore Nath's children was [[Virendranath Chattopadhyay]] ("Chatto", the revolutionary of international reputation); among the others was the patriotic Mrinalini Chatterjee who formed a trio with Kumudini Mitra and Sarojini Ghose (respectively cousin and sister of [[Sri Aurobindo]]). The poet Harin and the politician [[Sarojini Naidu]] were two other of Aghore Nath's children. Another member of this circle was the pleader Bishwanath Kar of Cuttack who enjoyed a close friendship with eminent national leaders such as Dr [[Sundari Mohan Das]], [[Surendranath Banerjee]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]].<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. V, pp11, 115</ref>

These leaders had also been mentors for the significant revolutionary [[Bairagi Tripathi]] of Patia (district Cuttack) who was personally helped in his education by [[Madhusudan Das]] and the Raja of Kanika; on reaching Calcutta, Bairagi had become – in imitation of the Hyde Park spirit in London - "a troublesome agitator and lecturer of the Calcutta open-air platform. His first appearance was at a meeting presided over by Amarendra Chatterjee and after [[Liaqat Hossain]] was served with an order under the Calcutta Police Act, Bairagi became very vehement at meetings organised by Liaqat and himself on almost all political questions (…) Bairagi himself was evicted from Bengal and was eventually interned at Cuttack."<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. V, p. 116</ref>

The Ramakrishna Mission had a branch at Puri, known as the Sashi Niketan and, according to the Police reports, this place had always been visited by "suspicious strangers", including Jatin Mukherjee and Amarendra Chatterjee. According to Sealy's Report, in 1910, the latter made a determined effort to establish an Ashram at Puri, in a building near the Jagannath Temple, called Srikshetra Sevashram, ostensibly for philanthropic purposes but, in reality, for the education and training of political missionaries. This institution, too, was under the patronage of the Raja of Tahirpur. In addition to [[Basanta Biswas]], Amarendra was helped by Sushil and Sushen, brothers of Satish Mukherjee (who had been sentenced in 1908 in connection with the [[Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others|Alipore Bomb Case]], and came to be known as Swami Muktananda) : all of them served as links with the Benares unit. During the ''ratha-yatra'' festival, Amarendra and his associates wore red crosses and distributed medicines to pilgrims. The Temple Manager wrote to the District Magistrate in 1911 that he had "noticed signs of attempts by Bengali agitators to turn the temple into a centre for the Swadeshi movement and political agitation." This letter rejoiced the divide and rule policy of the English, while Amarendra had to abandon the idea.<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. V, pp. 104–105</ref>

==Indo-German conspiracy==
{{Main|Hindu German Conspiracy}}
Since [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s retiring to [[Pondicherry]] in 1910, Amarendra closely associated with Jatin's followers such as [[Atulkrishna Ghosh]], [[M.N. Roy]] and Bepin Ganguli, and served as intermediary between [[Jatin Mukherjee]] and [[Rasbehari Bose]], becoming a key-figure in the Indo-German Conspiracy under Jatin during World War I. Two of his faithful lieutenants – Basanta and Manmatha Biswas went to North India to assist Rasbehari in an attempt to murder [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]]; immediately after Basanta's capital punishment in this connection, Amarendra was blacklisted by the Police.

Bholanath Chatterjee and Parikhit Mukherjee had been working with [[M.N. Roy|Naren Bhattacharya]] under Jatin Mukherjee's direct leadership. Since March 1915, they were "sent off to Sambalpur side, to prospect establishing connection along the [[Mumbai|Bombay]] line to Nagpur connected up with Nilgiri and Mayurbhanj."<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. V, p. 75</ref> At Chakradharpur they received hospitality from Ashu Kundu of Kumarkhali (Nadia) and stayed in Manoharpur, hired a house at Kalunga in August, went to Banposh, Bisra, Mohanpur, and Sonua, where they stayed with [[Girindra Mukerji|Girindra Mukherjee]] who had visited [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] in [[Europe]] and Myron Phelps in the US, and had been in correspondence with them. Reminding that one of the addresses to which money from the Far East could reach the revolutionaries was Sonua Stone & Lime Co. with its office at 101/1 Clive Street, Calcutta, Sealy points out how its owner, Sudhangshu Mukherjee – one of the directors of the Shramajibi Samabaya – was "a puppet in Amarendra Chatterji’s hands."<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. V, p. 78</ref>

In 1909, Amarendra brought out a Bengali edition of Sri Aurobindo's ''Karmayogin''; the paper collapsed in 1910 after having published a violent letter. He adopted the guise of a monk. Amarendra's next enterprise was the above-mentioned "Labour League" (Shramajibi Samabaya), a flourishing Limited Liability Company, with the real object of defraying the expenses of preaching Nationalism. In 1911, at Puri, he became the leader of a "gang of sannyasis" banded together with the object of disseminating sedition. He was found selling a book entitled ''The Life of Arabindo Ghose''. In "A Note on the Ramakrishna Mission", Charles Tegart recognised that the flood relief in 1913 in the districts of Burdwan, Hooghly, and Midnapore "was eagerly seized upon by the revolutionary parties, both of the Eastern and Western Bengal, who (…) doubtless utilised the opportunity thus afforded to map out their future plan of campaign." Describing Amarendra "to be an exceedingly active and dangerous conspirator at the present time," [[Charles Tegart|Tegart]] proved how the Mission financed him for these relief operations.<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. IV, p1364</ref>

Denham, in 1914, kept under observation for a considerable time Naren Bhattacharya's mess at 133 Lower Circular Road in Calcutta, which was visited by Amarendra and Makhan Sen to see and confer with Jatin Mukherjee.<ref>G.C. Denham, « Revolutionary Activities in Benares », in ''Terrorism'', Vol. V, p. 193</ref> In the same Report, dated 22 April 1914, Tegart states that even up to date, the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur and its recognised branches were not entirely free from objectionable features: "For instance, on the seventy-ninth birthday anniversary of Ramakrishna, which was celebrated at Belur on 1 March last, in the presence of a very large gathering, it is reported that Amarendra Nath Chatterjee and Makhan Sen (…), [[Bagha Jatin|Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] and other prominent members of the revolutionary party, were noticed feeding the poor and generally assisting the authorities of the Math in attending to the welfare of their visitors."<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. IV, p1366</ref>

In April, 1915, Jatin Mukherjee agreed to leave Calcutta for Balasore: having supervised the expedition, Amarendra and Ramchandra Majumdar reminded the escorts: "Never forget that the Soul of Bengal is entrusted to you."<ref>[[Jadu Gopal Mukherjee]], ''biplabi jibaner smriti'',[abbrev. ''smriti''], 2nd ed., p. 363</ref> After spending a few days with the regional leader Atul Sen, Headmaster of the local school, the party left with Pandit Hem Mukherjee to his village Kumar-Ada near Mahishadal. Then, via Balasore and Nilgiri, they reached Kaptipoda.

At this juncture, before setting out for the Far East, Naren Bhattacharya – after having brought to his colleagues at Calcutta the good news of Jatin Mukherjee's convenient settling at Kaptipoda and the exact modes of getting orders from Balasore for the route to Kaptipoda – returned there to receive blessings from his Guru, Jatin. With a passport issued in the name of C.A. Martin, he arrived at Batavia (Djakarta) on 30 April, and was welcomed by Erich Windels, the German Consul, who presented him also to the brothers Helfferich, Theodor and Emil, officially designated by the German Government to deal with the Maverick project. In addition to their family plantations, the Helfferichs looked after a flourishing business there; as manager of the Behn Meyers Company, Theodor took down from Naren detailed instructions sent by Jatin Mukherjee concerning the delivery of the Maverick consignment. He noted also the addresses of Harry & Sons ([[Harikumar Chakravarti]]) and of Shramajibi Samabaya (Amarendra Chatterjee) at Calcutta for all urgent communications.

Satisfied with his trip to Batavia, on 15 May 1915, Naren sent a telegram to Harikumar from Weltevreden, Java: "Sugar business helpful. Martin". Having probably made a detour by China, on 29 May he sent another message to Calcutta: "Back here ; business good; sugar contracted; shipment after 2 weeks; anxious for affairs there. Wire. Martin." Having received from the Helfferichs a first remittance of 43.000 rupees, Naren worked out with Abdur Salam – a Kashmiri Muslim actively involved in the Extremists' project – to transfer a great portion of this money to Harry & Sons through the intermediary of the firm Chotirmull & Co, belonging to Indian tradesmen from the Sindh, having its dynamic branch offices in the Far East.<ref>Nixon's Report in ''Terrorism'', Vol. II, pp. 612–621 (several letters);''Rowlatt'' §111; Report from the British Consul (Batavia) to Secretary Foreign Office/ Polit. Of India, dated 30 July 1915 : F.P. 1917, June 1-46; D.I.C. dated 21 September 1915, F.P. 1917, June 1-46</ref>

==Fish of the deep==
At the top of a period of hectic preparations from the revolutionaries' side, when on 7 August 1915, Denham searched the Harry & Sons and the Shramajibi Samabaya, he had no warrant for arresting Amarendra, but warned the latter: "You are a fish of the deep water!"<ref>''smriti'', p334; [[Prithwindra Mukherjee]], ''sadhak biplabi jatindranath'', p. 378</ref> That was the last contact the police had with Amarendra, just before he absconded. Sealy's Report desperately added: "In 1915 his very important share in the gun-running conspiracy [under Jatin Mukherjee] and its ramifications came to light but he disappeared and has completely baffled all efforts to trace him."<ref>Sealy, ''Terrorism'', Vol. V, p. 119</ref>

While absconding in [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] after [[Bagha Jatin|Jatin Mukherjee]]'s heroic self-undoing in 1915, Amarendra narrowly escaped in the teeth of an armed Police cordon, travelled through [[Assam]], Uttar Pradesh and [[Punjab]], received initiation as a Sikh monk, tirelessly visiting pilgrimages all over India, under the identity of the Punjabi Sadhu ("Hermit"). After the War, on learning about the amnesty during a lecture tour in the South, still disguised as a sannyasi, he paid a visit to [[Sri Aurobindo]], who received heartily the old disciple.

==Later life==
On returning to Bengal, Amarendra took up the Cherry Press to issue the ''Atmashakti'', offering to Deshabandhu [[Chitta Ranjan Das]] the full sympathy of his Jugantar fellows within the framework of the [[Swarajya Party]]. On serving a short term prison, he was released in 1923 and was appointed by Suresh Majumdar (Bagha Jatin's follower) as the President of the Karmi Sangha ("Community of Workers"). In the early 1920s, Suresh is said to have received considerable help from Amarendra in financing and founding the [[Anandabazar]] group of papers. Elected to the Assembly in 1929, he joined the Dundee March in 1930 and spent a year in the prison. As a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], representing [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]'s Congress Nationalist Party (1937-1945), he preferred the programme of his revolutionary associate [[M.N. Roy]] (Naren Bhattacharya) and joined the [[Radical Democratic Party (India)|
Radical Democratic Party]] in 1945. He died in [[Uttarpara]] in 1957.<ref>''Dictionary of National Biography'', Vol. I, p. 268</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Amarendra}}
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India]]

Atulkrishna Ghosh

2021-09-19T18:20:24Z

Lucasraven12: Created page with "{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Atulkrishna Ghosh | image = ATULKRISHNA GHOSE.JPG | image_s..."

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Atulkrishna Ghosh
| image = ATULKRISHNA GHOSE.JPG
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = 1890
| birth_place = Jaduboyra-Etmampur, [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 4 May 1966 (aged 76)
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation =
}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''Atulkrishna Ghosh''' ({{lang-bn|অতুলকৃষ্ণ ঘোষ}}; 1890 – 4 May 1966)<ref>{{cite news|script-title=bn:৪ মে: ইতিহাসের এই দিনে|url=http://www.sahos24.com/history-and-traditions/20878/%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87|access-date=24 July 2017|work=Sahos 24|date=4 May 2017|language=bn}}</ref> was an [[India]]n revolutionary, member of the [[Anushilan Samiti]], and a leader of the [[Jugantar]] movement involved in [[Hindu German Conspiracy]] during [[World War I]].

==Early life==
Atul was born in 1890, in a [[Bengali Hindu]] middle-class Kayastha family of the village Jaduboyra-Etmampur in [[Kushtia]] Sub-division, which was then in [[Nadia district]], now in [[Bangladesh]]. His parents were Taresh Chandra and Binodini Devi. The couple had six children. The eldest, [[Meghamala]] was married to the famous Professor of Algebra, [[K.P. Basu]], both connected with the revolutionary movement. Their son [[Jitendranath Basu]], along with Atul and his youngest brother Amar, was blacklisted, too, for participation in seditious activities. After his primary classes at [[Kumarkhali]], Atul passed brilliantly his Matriculation in 1909 from the Kolkata [[Hindu School]], to join the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta|Scottish Churches College]] for Intermediate, and the [[Krishnath College]] at Berhampur for B.Sc. While preparing for his final M.Sc. examination at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]], Atul had to interrupt his studies for his political commitment. The college and its hostel were humming with his radical associates, all future celebrities mostly in scientific research, like [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], [[Megh Nad Saha]], [[Jnan Ghosh]], [[Jnan Mukherjee]], [[Sishir Mitra]], [[Sushil Acharya]], [[Sailen Ghosh]], [[Harish Simha]], [[Jatin Sheth]], [[Hiralal Ray]].<ref>[[Ghose, Atulkrishna]] in ''Dictionary of National Biography'',[abbrev. ''DNB''], Edited by S.P. Sen, Volume II, Calcutta, 1974</ref>

==Political background==
Since 1906, with his cousin [[Nolinikanta Kar]], Atul had been frequenting [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]] (Bagha Jatin) who was their neighbour in Kushtia Sub-division. They both entered the local [[Anushilan Samiti]]. W. Sealy in his Report will note "Atul Ghosh and Nolini Kanta Kar, two dangerous and important absconders of the gun-running conspiracy." (p23).<ref>''Terrorism in Bengal'',[abbrev. ''Terrorism''], Government of West Bengal, Volume V, 1995, p23</ref> At Kolkata, thanks to Jatin, they both came very close to Sri Aurobindo. Whereas Nolini practised wrestling with [[Kikkar Singh]], Atul became an expert trainer in self-defence at the Pataldanga branch of the Anushilan Samiti: Atul Krishna Ghosh & Jatindranath Mukherjee founded PATHURIAGHATA BYAM SAMITY which was an important centre of armed revolution of Indian national movement. He came across a number of revolutionaries, including [[Sachin Sanyal]]’s Benares group and [[Biren Datta Gupta]] whom he recommended to Jatindranath. Biren received from the latter, in January 1910, the mandate to assassinate [[Samsul Alam]], Deputy Superintendent of Police, who was man-handling the under-trial prisoners of the [[Alipore Bomb case]].<ref>Notes given by Atulkrishna Ghosh and Nalinikanta Kar in ''sadhak-biplabi jatindranath'', [abbrev. ''jatindranath''], by Dr Prithwindra Mukherjee, West Bengal State Book Board, 1990, several references</ref> In connection with Biren’s successful mission, Jatindranath with forty-six associates were placed on trial in the [[Howrah]] conspiracy case. Inside the prison, Jatindranath learnt from his emissaries abroad that Germany was preparing for war against Great Britain. After his release in 1911, Jatindranath suspended all extremist activities, left Kolkata under the responsibility of Atul, himself forging a grand federation of regional units in the districts. A relentless organiser, Atul sheltered revolutionaries from various units as much in his parents’ house at Jaduboyra, as at the Kolkata residence of Meghamala and K.P. Basu, at 11 Mahendra Gossain's Lane, where there was a free dormitory with homely meals. Even leaders of rival parties like [[Pratul Ganguli]] of Dhaka admit having enjoyed this hospitality, at great expense and risk on Atul's side: "We became great friends with Atulkrishna and had confidence in him. I have very often been to his Darjipara residence and spent nights there. He had grown intimate with several of our members, almost close friends. We considered him to be, somewhat, our own colleague and he sincerely hoped to unite our parties so that we could all work together. Frankly speaking, it was thanks to his wish that I met [[Jatin Mukherjee]]…".<ref>''biplabir jiban darshan'', by Pratulchandra Ganguli, Calcutta, 1976, p23</ref> Disappointed by the duplicity of the Dhaka branch, "some of its important workers, however, like [[Sachin Sanyal]] and [[Nagen (Girija) Datta]], severed their connection with it and, introduced by Atulkrishna, worked with [[Rasbehari Bose]] in Upper India." Atul's elder brother Aghorenath, a civil surgeon, often looked after the bullet wounds received by the patriots.<ref>''DNB'', II/p37</ref>

==Jatin Mukherjee's right-hand man==
According to Nixon's Report, probably in about 1913, or perhaps a little before, certain of the old members of the Kolkata Anushilan Samiti who, in the meantime, had been members of various athletic clubs, formed themselves into a branch of the ''Seva Samiti'' under Atulkrishna Ghosh: "The ostensible object of this ''samiti'' was a benevolent one. The first centre was at the house of Atul Ghosh. During the [[Burdwan floods]], in 1913, many members of this ''samiti'' went there for the purpose of affording relief to the afflicted people.".<ref>[[Nixon's Report]] in ''Terrorism'', Volume II, p590</ref> Atul's efficiency and generosity as a leader became evident during this relief.

Nixon further informs that the headquarters of the samiti were later shifted to the house of [[Jibantara Haldar]], and later still to No. 83 Hari Ghosh's Street. "Of this organisation Amar Ghosh, the brother of Atul, was an important figure," mentioned Nixon. "It was this ''samiti'' which formed the nucleus of the combined party which operated in Bengal in 1915. [[Purna Das]] of [[Madaripur]] brought some of his more audacious spirits along to it and later [[Pulin Mukherji]] alias Thakur, previously a member of the Dacca Anushilan Samiti, joined it and took a prominent part in the commission of outrages. Other members of the Dacca Anushilan Samiti severed their connection with that society and joined the party of Atul Ghosh. [[Bipin Behari Ganguli]] was in close connection with it and also the members of the Northern Bengal party. [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]] seems to have been in touch with the members of this ''samiti'' from the time of its formation, and immediately he came into Calcutta, the Seva Samiti acknowledged his leadership and became the real West Bengal party of 1915.".<ref>[[Nixon's Report]], ''Terrorism'', Vol. II, p590.</ref> During the [[Alipore Bomb]] prosecutions, though [[Rasbehari Bose]] had settled in North India with the help of [[Shashibhushan Raychaudhury]], he maintained his contact with Bengal through Atul. [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] and Atul supplied him bombs for actions in up-country and, even, the one thrown on Viceroy Hardinge. Informed by Atul, Rasbehari could participate in the flood relief and the significant meetings of leaders. It was Atul, again, in September 1914, who was contacted by [[Gurudit Singh]] and other [[Komagata Maru]] patriots, coming from Vancouver with recommendation from [[Taraknath Das]] : he and [[Satish Chakravarti]] arranged with various regional units of the [[Jugantar]] to shelter them, before sending them to destinations in North India, fixed by Rasbehari. Furious to hear about the death of a jute-mill worker at Jagaddal, caused by the kick from a booted leg of an English supervisor, Atul was desperately looking for arms to avenge this atrocity.

==In need of arms==
{{Main|Hindu–German Conspiracy}}
"The outbreak of war revivified the vague ideas of revolution which had been floating about in the mind of young Bengal for the last ten years and the hopes of those who had throughout been waiting for the opportunity, and the possibility of a successful revolt seemed imminent," wrote Nixon. "It was probably some time in September 1914 that Jatin Mukherjee came to Calcutta in order to take such steps as England’s participation in a war with Germany seemed to call for in this direction.".<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. II, p627</ref> Judging the time ripe for them to make full preparations for a revolution, Jatin's men undertook taxi-cab robberies to provide funds for this purpose, as described in the Rowlatt Report. Hence, on 26 August 1914, [[Shrish Chandra Mitra]] (Habu), one of his loyal associates, smuggled fifty Mauser pistols and forty-six thousand cartridges from the [[Rodda (arms dealers)]] in Kolkata, handed them over to Atul, before disappearing for good. Jatin Mukherjee distributed these dreadful arms to various units. Conceived by Jatin, as does a skilful stage manager, Atul chalked out a series of daring overt acts under the immediate leadership of Naren Bhattacharya alias [[M.N. Roy]]: these are all duly catalogued in the Rowlatt Report. Successive emissaries returned from Europe and America with the good news of the arrival of arms obtained from German authorities by the [[Berlin Committee]]. [[Balasore]] was chosen by Germany to land a shipment. Jatin with a handful of associates took shelter there. Then Atul dispatched [[Harikumar Chakravarti]], Dr [[Jatin Ghoshal]], [[Satish Chakravarti]] and a batch of workers with boats, rifles and other requisites to the other selected port at [[Raymangal]] in the Sundarbans. When information came that the Police had discovered Jatin's hideout in Balasore, [[Naren Ghose Chaudhury]] proposed spontaneously to rush to the spot for a showdown; [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]] objected: "Dada is big enough to look after himself. Let us disperse." Atul was stunned by this cynical order. After the failure of the Indo-German conspiracy and after Jatin's untimely death, disheartened Atul and other Jugantar leaders went underground in 1915, remaining so for about seven years. Even then, for several years, the revolutionaries entertained the hope of smuggling arms for an insurrection. In June 1916, Atul sent through [[Ananta Haldar]] a letter for [[Bhavabhushan Mitra]] at Deoghar, "who was one of the trusted men of the party. Both Ananta and Bhava Bhushan were dealt with under the Defence Rules and interned in Bengal." (Sealy, p24). In the teeth of sporadic police attempts to arrest them, once, in Chandernagore, while nursing Charu Ghose, Atul with the ailing co-worker on his shoulders, scaled the hospital wall. Dr Govindin, the Civil Surgeon, narrated this to Bhupendrakumar Datta. According to Nixon: "Jatin Mukherjee had at this time gone to Balasore, and Atul Ghosh was a big figure in the arrangement for these outrages." In July 1916, "Atul Ghosh was still the prompting spirit of all these gangs, and in the Barisal party, too, he seems to have wielded some influence.".<ref>''Terrorism'', Vol. II, p610</ref>

==The last phase==
After the end of the War, [[Surendranath Banerjee]], followed by [[Barin Ghose]] and [[Motilal Roy]], successfully negotiated the withdrawal of warrants against the fugitives accused of the Indo-German plot. Atul was adamant in obtaining a promise on these points : (a) there would be no question of surrendering arms; (b) no questions would be raised on their past activities; (c) no parole would be demanded concerning their future conducts. Atul came out in 1921. But his Dada's (Jatin Mukherjee's) heroic death, "had knocked out his revolutionary ardour and he gave up active politics." Yet, in January 1924, when [[Gopinath Saha]] killed an Englishman, mistaking him to be Tegart, the much-hated Commissioner of Kolkata Police (reputed to have shot Jatin Mukherjee dead), Atul was made a state-prisoner, to be released in 1926. The same year he married Menokarani Rakshit of [[Majilpur]] and took to business, dissociating himself completely from politics. They had no issues. In an interview with Prithwindra Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin's grandson), on 27 October 1963 - shortly before his death -, Atul sighed: "Dada was a magnet; we all, iron scraps, received our energy from him. When he was no more, we all became iron scraps. I still do not know whether my first allegiance went to Dada, or to the Motherland." Asked about the source of Jatindranath's tremendous force, Atul replied: "He was a very well trained wrestler and an all-round sportsman. But what characterised him was his soul force and his power of concentration. He could pin-point all his energy to a single part of his body, for instance his fist. A single blow from that fist was equivalent to an electric charge of God knows how many volts!"<ref>''jatindranath''</ref>

Atul died peacefully in his Kolkata residence, on 4 May 1966.

==A tribute==
Bhupendrakumar Datta, his young associate, recalled: "Instinctively liberal in idea, Atulkrishna hated caste and religious distinction. Democracy in the political sphere and justice in the social sphere were what he cherished most. During the last years he turned to spiritual life."<ref>''DNB'', Vol. II, p37</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*''Biplabi atulkrishna ghosh'', by Bhupendrakumar Datta, Shri Sarasvati Library, Kolkata, 1966 (abbr. BKD)
*"Ghosh, Atulkrishna (1890-1966)" by Bhupendrakumar Datta in ''Dictionary of National Biography'', (ed.) S.P. Sen, Vol. II, 1973, pp37–38 (abbr. DNB)
*J. C. Nixon's Report "On Revolutionary Organisation" in ''Terrorism in Bengal'', ed. by Amiya K. Samanta, Vol II, 1995 (abbr. Nixon).
*W. Sealy's Report, "Connections with Bihar and Orissa" in ''Terrorism in Bengal'', ed. by Amiya K. Samanta, Vol V, 1995 (abbr. Sealy).
*''Sadhak biplabi jatindranath'', by Prithwindra Mukherjee, West Bengal State Book Board, 1990
*''Biplabir jiban-darshan'', autobiography, by Pratulchandra Ganguli, 1976
*''Amader Badi'', Reminiscences, Chhanda Sen, Published by Jayanta Basu, Kolkata, November 2005

{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atulkrishna Ghosh}}
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]
[[Category:People from Kushtia District|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]
[[Category:History of Bengal|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]
[[Category:1890 births|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]
[[Category:1966 deaths|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]
[[Category:Bengali people|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing|Ghosh, Atulkrishna]]

Anushilan Samiti

2021-09-19T18:17:28Z

Lucasraven12: Short description a

{{short description|Bengali Indian organisation supporting violence to end British rule in India}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Anushilan Samiti
|image = Anushilan samiti symbol.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|alt =
|caption = The [[Coat of arms]] of Anushilan Samiti
|motto = United India
|formation = {{start date and years ago|1902|df=yes}}
|dissolved = 1930s
|type = Secret Revolutionary Society
|purpose = Indian Independence
|key_people =
|location = [[Bengal]]
}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''Anushilan Samiti''' ({{lang-bn|অনুশীলন সমিতি||bodybuilding society}}) was an Indian organisation in the first quarter of the 20th century that supported revolutionary violence as the means for ending [[British rule in India]]. The organisation arose [[History of the Anushilan Samiti|from a conglomeration]] of local youth groups and gyms (akhara) in [[Bengal]] in 1902. It had two prominent, somewhat independent, arms in [[East Bengal|East]] and [[West Bengal]], [[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]] (centred in [[Dhaka]], modern day [[Bangladesh]]), and the [[Jugantar]] group (centred at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]).

From its foundation to its dissolution during the 1930s, the Samiti challenged British rule in India by engaging in militant nationalism, including bombings, assassinations, and politically motivated violence. The Samiti collaborated with other [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary organisations in India]] and abroad. It was led by the nationalists [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] and his brother [[Barindra Ghosh]], and influenced by philosophies as diverse as [[Hindu]] [[Shakti|Shakta philosophy]], as set forth by Bengali authors [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bankim]] and [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]], [[Carbonari|Italian Nationalism]], and the [[Pan-Asianism]] of [[Kakuzo Okakura]]. The Samiti was involved in a number of noted incidents of revolutionary attacks against British interests and administration in India, including [[Alipore bomb case|early attempts]] to assassinate [[British Raj]] officials. These were followed by the [[Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy|1912 attempt]] on the life of the Viceroy of India, and the [[Hindu-German Conspiracy|Seditious conspiracy]] during World War I, led by [[Rash Behari Bose]] and [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]] respectively.

The organisation moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s due to the influence of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Indian independence movement|Gandhian non-violent movement]]. A section of the group, notably those associated with [[Sachindranath Sanyal]], remained active in the revolutionary movement, founding the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] in north India. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], were accused by the British Government of having links with the organisation during this time.

The Samiti's violent and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s, when it was involved in the [[Kakori conspiracy]], the [[Chittagong armoury raid]], and other actions against the administration in British-occupied India.

Shortly after its inception, the organisation became the focus of an extensive police and intelligence operation which led to the founding of the [[Special Branch|Special branch]] of the [[Calcutta Police]]. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against the ''Samiti'' at various times included [[Sir Robert Nathan]], [[Sir Harold Stuart]], [[Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore]] and [[Sir Charles Tegart]]. The threat posed by the activities of the ''Samiti'' in Bengal during [[World War I]], along with the threat of a [[Ghadar mutiny|Ghadarite uprising in Punjab]], led to the passage of [[Defence of India Act 1915]]. These measures enabled the arrest, internment, transportation and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, which crushed the East Bengal Branch. In the aftermath of the war, the [[Rowlatt committee]] recommended extending the Defence of India Act (as the [[Rowlatt Act]]) to thwart any possible revival of the ''Samiti'' in Bengal and the Ghadarite movement in Punjab. After the war, the activities of the party led to the implementation of the [[Bengal Criminal Law Amendment]] in the early 1920s, which reinstated the powers of incarceration and detention from the Defence of India Act. However, the ''Anushilan Samiti'' gradually disseminated into the Gandhian movement. Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress then led by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], while others identified more closely with [[Communism]]. The ''Jugantar'' branch formally dissolved in 1938. In independent India, the party in West Bengal evolved into the [United] [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party]] and[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]], while the Eastern Branch later evolved into the ''[[Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal]]'' (Workers and Peasants Socialist Party) in present-day [[Bangladesh]].

==Background==
The growth of the Indian middle class during the 19th century led to a growing sense of Indian identity<ref name=Mitra63>{{Harvnb|Mitra|2006|p=63}}</ref> that fed a rising tide of nationalism in India in the last decades of the 1800s.<ref name=Desai30>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=30}}</ref> The creation of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885 by [[A.O. Hume]] provided a major platform for the demands of political liberalisation, increased autonomy and social reform.<ref name=Yadav6>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=6}}</ref> The nationalist movement became particularly strong, radical and violent in [[Bengal]] and, later, in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Notable, if smaller, movements also appeared in [[Maharashtra]], [[Presidency of Madras|Madras]] and other areas in the South.<ref name=Yadav6/> The movement in Maharashtra, especially Mumbai (formerly Bombay) and Poona, preceded most revolutionary movements in the country. This movement was supported ideologically by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], who may also have offered covert active support.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} The Indian Association was founded in [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta) in 1876 under the leadership of [[Surendranath Banerjee]]. The Association became the mouthpiece of an informal constituency of students and middle-class gentlemen. It sponsored the Indian National Conference in 1883 and 1885, which later merged with the Indian National Congress.<ref name=Heehs2>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1992|p=2}}</ref> Kolkata - formerly Calcutta was at the time the most prominent centre for organised politics, and some of the students who attended the political meetings began to organise "secret societies" that cultivated a culture of physical strength and nationalist feelings.

==Timeline==
{{Main|History of the Anushilan Samiti}}
{{See also|Jugantar|Dhaka Anushilan Samiti}}

===Origins===
By 1902, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India: one founded by Calcutta student Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of Calcutta barrister [[Pramatha Mitra]], another led by [[Sarala Devi]], and the third founded by [[Aurobindo Ghose]]. Ghose and his brother [[Barin Ghosh|Barin]] were among the strongest proponents of militant Indian nationalism at the time.<ref name=Sen244>{{Harvnb|Sen|2010|p=244}} The militant nationalists thought of more direct and violent ways of ending British rule in India ... The chief apostle of militant nationalism in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghose. In 1902, there were three secret societies in Calcutta - Anushilan Samiti, founded by Pramatha Mitra, a barrister of the High Court of Calcutta; a society sponsored by Aurobindo Ghose and a society started by Sarala Devi ... the government found it difficult to suppress revolutionary activities in Bengal owing to ... leaders like Jatindranath Mukherjee, Rashbehari Bose and Jadugopal Mukherjee.</ref><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Mitra, Pramathanath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Pramathanath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and Barin, including ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]]'' and ''[[Jugantar Patrika]](Yugantar)'', had a widespread influence on Bengal youth and helped Anushilan Samiti to gain popularity in Bengal. The [[1905 partition of Bengal]] stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in Bengal's [[Bhadralok]] community, helping the Samiti to acquire the support of educated, politically conscious and disaffected members of local youth societies. The Samiti's program emphasized physical training, training its recruits with daggers and lathis (bamboo staffs used as weapons). The [[Dhaka]] branch was led by [[Pulin Behari Das]], and branches spread throughout East Bengal and Assam.<ref name=Popplewell104>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=104}}</ref> More than 500 branches were opened in [[eastern Bengal and Assam]], linked by "close and detailed organization" to Pulin's headquarters at Dhaka. This branch soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti emerged in [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]], [[Khulna]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Rajnagar Upazila|Rajnagar]], Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali and Bakarganj, with an estimated membership of 15,000 to 20,000. Within two years, Dhaka Anushilan changed its aims from those of the [[Swadeshi movement]] to that of political terrorism.<ref name=Heehs6>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1992|p=6}}</ref><ref name=Gupta160>{{Harvnb|Gupta|2006|p=160}}</ref>

The organisation's political views were expressed in the journal ''Jugantar'', founded in March 1906 by [[Abhinash Bhattacharya]], Barindra, [[Bhupendranath Dutt]] and [[Debabrata Basu]].<ref name=Sanyalp30>{{harvnb|Sanyal|2014|p=30}}</ref> It soon became an organ for the radical views of Aurobindo and other Anushilan leaders, and led to the Calcutta Samiti group being dubbed the "Jugantar party".{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Early leaders were [[Rash Behari Bose]], [[Bhavabhushan Mitra]], [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]] and [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]].<ref name="Sen244" /> Aurobindo published similar messages of violent nationalism in journals such as ''Sandhya'', ''[[Navashakti]]'' and ''[[Bande Mataram]]''.

===Nationalism and violence===
{{See also|Delhi conspiracy case|Alipore bomb case|Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case}}
The Dhaka Anushilan Samiti broke with the Jugantar group in [[West Bengal]] due to disagreements with Aurobindo's approach of slowly building a mass base for revolution. The Dhaka group instead sought immediate action and results through political terrorism.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} The two branches of the Samiti engaged in [[dacoity]] to raise money, and performed a number of political assassinations.<ref name="Roy5">{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|pp=5–6}} The first such dacoity was committed by Naren ... Around this time, revolutionaries threw a bomb at the carriage of Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy ... in Muzaffarpur, under the mistaken notion that the 'notorious' Magistrate Kingsford was in the carriage. This led to the arrest of Kshudiram Bose and the discovery of the underground conspiratorial centre at Manicktala in eastern Calcutta ... Nandalal Banerjee, an officer in the Intelligence Branch of the Bengal Police was shot dead by Naren ... This was followed by the arrest of Aurobindo, Barin and others.</ref> In December 1907, the Bengal branch derailed a train carrying Bengal Lieutenant Governor [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser]] in a plot led by the Ghosh brothers. In the same month, the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti assassinated former Dhaka district magistrate D. C. Allen. The following year, the Samiti engineered eleven assassinations, seven attempted assassinations and explosions and eight dacoities in West Bengal. Their targets included British police officials and civil servants, Indian police officers, informants, public prosecutors of political crimes, and wealthy families.<ref name="Popplewell108">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=108}}</ref> Under Barin Ghosh's direction, the Samiti's members also attempted to assassinate French colonial officials in [[Chandernagore]] who were seen as complicit with the Raj.

Anushilan Samiti established early links with foreign movements and Indian nationalists abroad. In 1907, Barin Ghosh sent [[Hem Chandra Kanungo]] (Hem Chandra Das) to [[Paris]] to learn bomb-making from Nicholas Safranski, a Russian revolutionary in exile.<ref name="Popplewell104"/> In 1908, young recruits [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] were sent on a mission to [[Muzaffarpur]] to assassinate chief presidency magistrate D. H. Kingsford.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} They bombed a carriage they mistook for Kingsford's,<ref name="Roy5" /> killing two Englishwomen. Bose was arrested while attempting to flee and Chaki committed suicide. Police investigation of the killers connected them with Barin's country house in [[Manicktala]] (a suburb of Calcutta) and led to a number of arrests, including Aurobindo and Barin.<ref name="Roy5" /> The ensuing trial, held under tight security, led to a death sentence for Barin (later commuted to life imprisonment). The case against Aurobindo Ghosh collapsed after Naren Gosain, who had turned crown witness, was shot in [[Alipore jail]] by [[Satyendranath Basu]] and [[Kanailal Dutta]], who were also being tried.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Aurobindo retired from active politics after being acquitted.<ref name="Roy6" /> This was followed by a 1909 Dhaka conspiracy case, which brought 44 members of the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti to trial.<ref name="Popplewell111">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=111}}</ref><ref name="Roy105">{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=105}}</ref> Nandalal Bannerjee (the officer who arrested Khudiram) was shot and killed in 1908, followed by the assassinations of the prosecutor and informant for the Alipore case in 1909.

After Aurobindo's retirement, the western Anushilan Samiti found a more prominent leader in [[Bagha Jatin]] and emerged as the [[Jugantar]]. Jatin revitalised links between the central organisation in Calcutta and its branches in [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], establishing hideouts in the [[Sunderbans]] for members who had gone underground.<ref>''M. N. Roy's Memoirs'' p3</ref> The group slowly reorganised, aided by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]], [[M. N. Roy|Naren Bhattacharya]] and other younger leaders. Some of its younger members, including [[Taraknath Das]], left India.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Over the next two years, the organisation operated under the cover of two apparently-separate groups: Sramajeebi Samabaya (the Labourer's Cooperative) and S.D. Harry and Sons.<ref name="Roy6">{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|p=6}} Aurobihdo's retirement from active politics after his acquittal ... Two centres were established, one was the Sramajibi Samabaya ... and the other in the name of S.D. Harry and Sons.</ref> Around this time Jatin attempted to establish contacts with the [[10th Jat Regiment]], garrisoned at [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]] in Calcutta, and Narendra Nath committed a number of robberies to raise money.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Shamsul Alam, a Bengal police officer preparing a conspiracy case against the group, was assassinated by Jatin associate Biren Dutta Gupta. His assassination led to the arrests which precipitated the [[Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|pp=6–7}} Shamsul Alam, an Intelligence officer who was then preparing to arrest all the revolutionaries ... was murdered by Biren Datta Gupta, one of Jatin Mukherjee's associates. This led to the arrests in the Howrah Conspiracy case.</ref>

In 1911, Dhaka Anushilan members shot dead Sub-inspector Raj Kumar and Inspector Man Mohan Ghosh, two Bengali police officers investigating unrest linked to the group, in [[Mymensingh]] and [[Barisal]]. This was followed by the assassination of [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CID]] head constable Shrish Chandra Dey in Calcutta. In February 1911, Jugantar bombed a car in Calcutta, mistaking an Englishman for police officer Godfrey Denham. [[Rash Behari Bose]] (described as "the most dangerous revolutionary in India")<ref name="Popplewell112">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=112}}</ref> extended the group's reach into [[north India]], where he found work in the Indian Forest Institute in [[Dehra Dun]]. Bose forged links with radical nationalists in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], including those later connected to [[Har Dayal]].<ref name="Popplewell167">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=167}}</ref> During the 1912 transfer of the imperial capital to New Delhi, Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge]]'s [[howdah]] was bombed; his [[mahout]] was killed, and Lady Hardinge was injured.<ref name="Popplewell114">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=114}}</ref>

===World War I===
{{see also|Hindu–German Conspiracy|Ghadar Mutiny|Christmas Day Plot|Rodda company arms heist}}
[[File:BaghaJatin13.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photo of young, seated, injured man|[[Bagha Jatin]], wounded after his final battle on the banks of Burha Balang off [[Balasore]].]]
As war between Germany and Britain began to seem likely, Indian nationalists at home and abroad decided to use the war for the nationalist cause. Through Kishen Singh, the Bengal Samiti cell was introduced to [[Har Dayal]] when Dayal visited India in 1908.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|pp=7–8}} The group foresaw the possibility of a world war and planned to launch a guerrilla war at that time, expecting assistance from Germany. ... Lala Hardayal, on his return to India in 1908, also became interested in the programme of the Bengal revolutionaries through Kissen Singh.</ref> Dayal was associated with India House, then headed by V. D. Savarkar. By 1910, Dayal was working closely with Rash Behari Bose.<ref name="Desai320">{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=320}}</ref> After the decline of India House, Dayal moved to San Francisco after working briefly with the [[Paris Indian Society]]. Nationalism among Indian immigrants (particularly students and the working class) was gaining ground in the United States. Taraknath Das, who left Bengal for the United States in 1907, was among the Indian students who engaged in political work. In California, Dayal became a leading organiser of Indian nationalism amongst predominantly-Punjabi immigrant workers and was a key member of the [[Ghadar Party]].

With [[Naren Bhattacharya]], Jatin met the crown prince of Germany during the latter's 1912 visit to Calcutta and obtained an assurance that arms and ammunition would be supplied to them.<ref>{{Harvnb|Samanta|1995|p=625}}</ref> Jatin learned about Bose's work from [[Niralamba Swami]] on a pilgrimage to [[Brindavan]]. Returning to Bengal, he began reorganising the group. Bose went into hiding in [[Benares]] after the 1912 attempt on Hardinge but he met Jatin towards the end of 1913, outlining prospects for a pan-Indian revolution. In 1914 Bose, the Maharashtrian [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]] and Sikh militants planned simultaneous troop uprisings for February 1915. In Bengal, Anushilan and Jugantar launched what has been described by historians as "a reign of terror in both the cities and the countryside ... [which] ... came close to achieving their key goal of paralysing the administration". An atmosphere of fear severely affected morale in both the police and courts.<ref name="Popplewell201">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=201}}</ref> In August 1914, Jugantar seized a large amount of arms and ammunition from the [[Rodda company arms heist|Rodda company]], a Calcutta arms dealer, and used them in robberies in Calcutta for the next two years. In 1915, only six revolutionaries were successfully tried.

Both the February 1915 plot and a December 1915 plot were thwarted by British intelligence. Jatin and a number of fellow revolutionaries were killed in a firefight with police at [[Balasore]], in present-day Orissa, which brought Jugantar to a temporary end. The [[Defence of India Act 1915]] led to widespread arrests, internments, deportations and executions of members of the revolutionary movement. By March 1916, widespread arrests helped Bengal police crush the [[Dacca Anushilan Samiti]] in Calcutta.<ref name="Popplewell210">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=210}}</ref> Regulation III and the Defence of India Act were enforced throughout Bengal in August 1916. By June 1917, 705 people were under house arrest under the Act and 99 were imprisoned under Regulation III.<ref name="Popplewell210" /> In Bengal, revolutionary violence fell to 10 incidents in 1917.<ref name="Bates118">{{Harvnb|Bates|2007|p=118}}</ref> According to official lists, 186 revolutionaries were killed or convicted by 1918.<ref name="Sarkar2014p107">{{Harvnb|Sarkar|2014|p=107}} "Hemchandra Kanungo, to cite the earliest example, came back from Paris as an atheist with some interest in Marxism ... a street-beggar's lament for Kshudiram, for instance, could still be heard in Bengal decades after his execution ... In a 1918 official list of 186 killed or convicted revolutionaries, no less than 165 came from the three upper castes, Brahman, Kayastha, and Vaidya".</ref> After the war, the Defence of India Act was extended by the [[Rowlatt Act]], the passage of which was a prime target of the protests of [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K. Gandhi]]'s non-cooperation movement. Many revolutionaries released after the war escaped to Burma to avoid repeated incarceration.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morton|2013|p=80}} "Following ... the first two decades of the twentieth century, the Indian government's law enforcement officials had claimed that the detention of alleged Bengali terrorists was a success, a claim that served to justify the Rowlatt Report's recommendation of emergency measures in 1918. In response to this, many leaders of the revolutionary movement went underground in the 1920s and fled Bengal to other British territories, particularly Burma."</ref>

==={{anchor|Post World War I}}After the war===
{{See also|Kakori conspiracy|Hindustan Socialist Republican Association}}
The first non-cooperation movement, the [[Rowlatt Satyagraha]]s led by Gandhi, was active from 1919 to 1922. It received widespread support from prominent members of the Indian independence movement. In Bengal, Jugantar agreed to a request by [[Chittaranjan Das]] (a respected leader of the Indian National Congress) to refrain from violence. Although Anushilan Samiti did not adhere to the agreement, it sponsored no major actions between 1920 and 1922. During the next few years, Jugantar and the Samiti became active again. The resurgence of radical nationalism linked to the Samiti during the 1920s led to the passage of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance in 1924. The act restored extraordinary powers of detention to the police; by 1927 more than 200 suspects were imprisoned under the act, including [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], curtailing the resurgence of nationalist violence in Bengal.<ref name="Hees2010p171-172" /> Branches of Jugantar formed in Chittagong and Dhaka, in present-day Bangladesh. The Chittagong branch, led by [[Surya Sen]], robbed the Chittagong office of the Assam-Bengal Railway in December 1923. In January 1924 a young Bengali, Gopi Mohan Saha, shot dead a European he mistook for Calcutta police commissioner [[Charles Tegart]]. The assassin was praised by the Bengali press and, to Gandhi's chagrin, proclaimed a martyr by the Bengal branch of the Congress. Around this time, Jugantar became closely associated with the [[Calcutta Corporation]], headed by Das and Subhas Chandra Bose, and terrorists (and ex-terrorists) became significant factors in local Bengali government.

In 1923 another group linked to Anushilan Samiti, the Hindustan Republican Association, was founded in Benares by [[Sachindranath Sanyal]] and [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]], helping to radicalise north India. It soon had branches from Calcutta to [[Lahore]]. A series of successful dacoities in Uttar Pradesh were followed by a train robbery in Kakori, and subsequent investigations and two trials broke the organization. Several years later, it was reborn as the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA).

In 1927, the [[Indian National Congress]] came out in favour of independence from Britain. Bengal had quietened over a four-year period, and the government released most of those interned under the Act of 1925 despite an unsuccessful attempt to forge an alliance between Jugantar and Anushilan Samiti. Some younger radicals struck out in new directions, and many (young and old) took part in Congress activities such as the 1928 anti-[[Simon Commission]] protests. Congress leader [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] died of injuries received when police broke up a Lahore protest march in October, and [[Bhagat Singh]] and other members of the HSRA avenged his death in December; Singh also later bombed the legislative assembly. He and other HSRA members were arrested, and three went on a hunger strike in jail; Bengali bomb-maker [[Jatindra Nath Das]] persisted in his strike until his death in September 1929. The Calcutta Corporation passed a condolence resolution after his death, as did Congress when Bhagat Singh was executed.

==={{anchor|Last phase}}Final phase===
{{See also|Chittagong armoury raid|Benoy Basu|Dinesh Gupta|Badal Gupta}}
[[File:Surya Sen before 1934.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|alt=Photo of a serious-looking man|[[Surya Sen]], Jugantar leader and mastermind of the [[Chittagong armoury raid|Chittagong raid]].]]
As the Congress-led movement picked up its pace during the early 1930s, some former revolutionaries identified with the Gandhian political movement and became influential Congressmen (notably [[Surendra Mohan Ghose]]). Many Bengali Congressmen also maintained links with the Samiti. Simultaneously with the nonviolent protests of the Gandhi-led [[Salt March]], in April 1930, a group led by [[Surya Sen]] raided the Chittagong Armoury. In 1930 eleven British officials were killed, notably during the Writer's Building raid of December 1930 by [[Benoy Basu]], [[Dinesh Gupta]] and [[Badal Gupta]]. Three successive district magistrates in [[Midnapore]] were assassinated, and dozens of other actions were carried out during the first half of the decade. By 1931 a record 92 violent incidents were recorded, including the murders of the British magistrates of [[Tippera]] and Midnapore.<ref name="Chowdhry2000p138">{{Harvnb|Chowdhry|2000|p=138}}</ref> However, soon afterwards, in 1934, the revolutionary movement in Bengal ended.

{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| image1 = Benoy Krishna Basu.jpg
| image2 = Badal gupta.jpg
| image3 = Dinesh Gupta 1.jpg
| footer = <div style="text-align: center;">[[Benoy Basu]], [[Badal Gupta]], and [[Dinesh Gupta]] were noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building - the [[Writers' Building]] in the [[B.B.D. Bagh|Dalhousie square]] in [[Kolkata]].</div>
}}
A large portion of the Samiti movement was attracted to left-wing politics during the 1930s, and those who did not join left-wing parties identified with Congress and the [[Congress Socialist Party]]. During the mass detentions of the 1930s surrounding the civil-disobedience movement, many members joined Congress. Jugantar was formally dissolved in 1938; many former members continued to act together under Surendra Mohan Ghose, who was a liaison between other Congress politicians and Aurobindo Ghose in Pondicherry. During the late 1930s, Marxist-leaning members of the Samiti in the CSP announced the formation of the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP).

==Organisation==

===Structure===
Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were organised on different lines, reflecting their divergence. The Samiti was centrally organised, with a rigid discipline and vertical hierarchy. Jugantar was more loosely organised as an alliance of groups under local leaders that occasionally coordinated their actions. The prototype of Jugantar's organisation was Barin Ghosh's organisation set up in 1907, in the run-up to the Manicktala conspiracy. It sought to emulate the model of Russian revolutionaries described by Frost.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} The regulations of the central Dhaka organization of the Samiti were written down, and reproduced and summarised in government reports.

According to one estimate, the Dacca Anushilan Samiti at one point had 500 branches, mostly in the eastern districts of Bengal, and 20,000 members. Branches were opened later in the western districts, [[Bihar]], and the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]. Shelters for absconders were established in Assam and in two farms in Tripura. Organisational documents show a primary division between the two active leaders, Barin Ghosh and Upendranath Bannerjee, and the rank-and-file. Higher leaders such as Aurobindo were supposed to be known only to the active leaders. Past members of the Samiti asserted that the groups were interconnected with a vast web of secret societies throughout British India. However, historian [[Peter Heehs]] concluded that the links between provinces were limited to contacts between a few individuals like Aurobindo who was familiar with leaders and movements in Western India, and that relationships among the different revolutionary groups were more often competitive than co-operative.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} An internal document of circa 1908 written by [[Pulin Behari Das]] describes the division of the organisation in Bengal, which largely followed British administrative divisions.

===Cadre===
Samiti membership was predominantly made up of Hindus, at least initially, which was ascribed to the religious oath of initiation being unacceptable to Muslims. Each member was assigned to one or more of three roles: collection of funds, implementation of planned actions and propaganda. In practice, however, the fundamental division was between "military’’ work and ‘‘civil’’ work. Dals (teams) consisting of five or ten members led by a ''dalpati'' (team leader) were grouped together in local Samiti led by ''adhyakshas'' (executive officers) and other officers. These reported to district officers appointed by and responsible to the central Dhaka organization, commanded by Pulin Das and those who deputised for him during his periods of imprisonment.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} Samitis were divided into four functional groups: violence, organisation, keepers of arms, and householders. Communications were carried by special couriers and written in secret code. These practices and others were inspired by literary sources and were partly a concession to the desire of young men to act out romantic drama. Less is known about the Jugantar network, which took the place of the Manicktala society after the [[Alipore bomb case]]. It faced divisions similar to the Samiti. Historian [[Leonard A. Gordon|Leonard Gordon]] notes that at least in the period between 1910 and 1915, the dals in the Jugantar network were separate units, led by a dada (lit: elder brother). The dada was also [[guru]], teaching those under his command practical skills, revolutionary ideology, and strategy. Gordon suggests that the dada system developed out of pre-existing social structures in rural Bengal. Dadas both co-operated and competed with each other for men, money, and material.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Many members of the Samiti came from upper castes. By 1918, nearly 90% of the revolutionaries killed or convicted were [[Brahmin]]s, [[Kayastha]]s or [[Vaishya]]s.<ref name="Sarkar2014p107" /> As the Samiti spread its influence to other parts of the country, particularly north India, it began to draw in people of other religions and of varying religious commitments. For example, many who joined the Hindustan Republican Socialist Association were [[Marxist]]s and many were militant [[atheist]]s.<ref name="Chowdhry2000p138" /> By the late 1930s, members with a more secular outlook were beginning to participate. Some components of the Samiti also included prominent participation from women, including [[Pritilata Waddedar]] who led a Jugantar attack during the [[Chittagong Armoury raid]], and [[Kalpana Dutta]] who manufactured bombs at Chittagong.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/bollywood-revolutionary-bengal-revisiting-the-chittagong-uprising-1930-34/ |title=Bollywood & Revolutionary Bengal: Revisiting the Chittagong Uprising (1930-34) |website=[[History Workshop]]}}</ref>

==Ideologies==

===Indian philosophies===
The Samiti was influenced by the writings of the Bengali nationalist author [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]. The name of the organisation, Anushilan, is derived from Bankim's works espousing hard work and spartan life. Bankim's cultural and martial nationalism, exemplified in [[Anandamath]],{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} along with his reinterpretation of the [[Bhagavat Gita]], were strong influences on the strain of nationalism that inspired the early societies that later became Anushilan Samiti.<ref name="Sisson1988p83">{{Harvnb|Ray|1988|p=83|ps=: "To explain the direct reason for the conversions to revolutionary terrorism, one must turn to the intellectual origins of the movement. Perhaps the single most efficient instrument of conversion was the ''Bhagavad Gita'' ... An entirely new ''Gita'' emerged from the reinterpretation of Bankim."}}</ref> A search of the Dacca Anushilan Samiti library in 1908 showed that Bankim's Bhagavat Gita was the most widely read book in the library.<ref name="Sisson1988p84">{{Harvnb|Ray|1988|p=84|ps=: "A sudden search of the Dacca Anushilan Samiti library in November 1908 by the police ... shows the books that were most read by revolutionaries ... the library issue book proved that the ''Gita'' was in great demand ... Among the books recommended in rule 7 of the "Rules of Membership" discovered in the library, the works of Vivekananda were given first place."}}</ref>

The philosophies and teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]] were later added to this philosophy. The "Rules of Membership" in the Dacca library strongly recommended reading his books.<ref name="Sisson1988p84" /> These books emphasised "Strong muscles and nerves of steel", which some historians consider to be strongly influenced by the Hindu [[Shakta Philosophy]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} This interest in physical improvement and proto-national spirit among young Bengalis was driven by an effort to break away from the stereotype of effeminacy that the British had imposed on the Bengalis. Physical fitness was symbolic of the recovery of masculinity, and part of a larger moral and spiritual training to cultivate control over the body, and develop national pride and a sense of social responsibility and service.<ref name="Bandyopadhyaya260">{{Harvnb|Bandyopadhyaya|2004|p=260}} The physical culture movement became a craze ... this was a psychological attempt to break away from the colonial stereotype of effeminacy imposed on the Bengalees. Their symbolic recovery of masculinity ... remained parts of a larger moral and spiritual training to achieve mastery over body, develop a national pride and a sense of social service.</ref><ref name="Heehs3">{{Harvnb|Heehs|1992|p=3}}</ref> Peter Heehs, writing in 2010, notes the Samiti had three pillars in their ideologies: "cultural independence", "political independence", and "economic independence".{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} In terms of economic independence, the Samiti diverged from the [[Swadeshi]] movement, which they decried as a "trader's movement".<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|2010|p=161}} "The ideology of revolutionary publicists such as Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghose ... had three major components: political independence or ''swaraj''; economic independence as promoted by the swadeshi-boycott movement; and the drive for cultural independence by means of national education ... A circular of the Anushilan Samiti states: "This ''Samiti'' has no open relationship with any kind of popular and outward ''Swadeshi'', that is (the boycott of) ''belati'' [foreign] articles ... To be mixed up in ... such affairs is entirely against the principles of the ''Samiti''" (Ghosh 1984: 94). Members of Barin Ghose's group likewise stigmatized the swadeshi-boycott movement as ''bania'' (shopkeeper) politics."</ref>

===European influences===
{{See also|Carbonari}}
When the Samiti first came into prominence following the Muzaffarpur killings, its ideology was felt to be influenced by European [[anarchism]]. [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] resisted the notion that its action might be the manifestation of political grievance by concluding that: {{quote|Murderous methods hitherto unknown in India ... have been imported from the West, ... which the imitative Bengali has childishly accepted.<ref name="Heehs2010p160paras1-2">{{Harvnb|Heehs|2010||loc=p. 160, paras 1–2}} "[Morley] wrote to Viceroy Lord Minto, 'that Indian antagonism to Government would run slowly into the usual grooves, including assassination' ... he considered Bengali terrorism to be an almost natural result of political discontent. Minto, on the other hand, considered it entirely imitative. Writing to Morley after the Muzaffarpur attempt, Minto declared that the conspirators aimed 'at the furtherance of murderous methods hitherto unknown in India which have been imported from the West, and which the imitative Bengali has childishly accepted' ... the terrorists were playing at being 'anarchists.'"</ref>|sign=|source=}}
However others disagreed. [[John Morley]] was of the opinion that the political violence exemplified by the Samiti was a manifestation of Indian antagonism to the government,<ref name="Heehs2010p160paras1-2" /> although there were also influences of European nationalism and philosophies of liberalism.<ref name="Heehs2010p160para3" /> In the 1860s and 1870s, large numbers of akhras (gymnasiums) arose in Bengal that were consciously designed along the lines of the Italian [[Carbonari]].<ref name="HeehsMAS534">{{Harvnb|Heehs|1994|p=534}} "[Around 1881] a number of self-styled 'secret societies' were set up in Calcutta that were consciously modelled on the Carbonari and Mazzini's Young Italy Society ... They were in fact simply undergraduate clubs, long on nebulous ideals but short on action."</ref> These were influenced by the works of Italian nationalist [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] and his [[Young Italy (historical)|Young Italy movement]]. Aurobindo himself studied the revolutionary nationalism of Ireland, France and America.<ref name="Heehs2010p160para3">{{Harvnb|Heehs|2010|loc=p. 160 para 3}} "There were ... some foreign influences on Bengali Terrorism ... Aurobindo Ghose's study of the revolutionary movements of Ireland, France, and America. Members of the early 'secret societies' drew some of their inspiration from Mazzini ... The Japanese critic Kakuzo Okakura inspired Pramathanath Mitra and others with revolutionary and pan-Asiatic ideas just when the ''samiti'' movement was getting started. The Irishwoman Margaret Noble, known as Sister Nivedita after she became a disciple of Swami Vivekananda, had some contact with Aurobindo Ghose and with younger men like Satish Bose and ''Jugantar'' sub-editor Bhupendranath Bose. Nivedita was in correspondence with the non-terroristic anarchist Peter Kropotkin, and she is known to have had revolutionary beliefs. She gave the young men a collection of books that included titles on revolutionary history and spoke to them about their duty to the motherland ... undoubted connection of Hem Chandra Das with European revolutionaries in Paris in 1907."</ref> [[Hem Chandra Das]], during his stay in Paris, is also noted to have interacted with European radical nationalists in the city,<ref name="Heehs2010p160para3" /> returning to India an atheist with Marxist leanings.<ref name="Sarkar2014p107" />

===Okakura and Nivedita===
{{See also|Sister Nivedita|Kakuzo Okakura|Pan-Asianism}}
Foreign influences on the Samiti included the Japanese artist [[Kakuzo Okakura]] and Margaret Noble, an Irish woman known as [[Sister Nivedita]]. Okakura was a proponent of [[Pan-Asianism]]. He visited [[Swami Vivekananda]] in Calcutta in 1902, and inspired [[Pramathanath Mitra]] in the early days of the Samiti.<ref name="Heehs2010p160para3" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Samanta|1995|p=257}}</ref> However the extent of his involvement or influence is debated.<ref name="Heehs1993p260">{{Harvnb|Heehs|1993|p=260}}</ref> Nivedita was a disciple of Swami Vivekananda. She had contacts with Aurobindo, with Satish Bose and with Jugantar sub-editor Bhupendranath Bose. Nivedita is believed to have influenced members of the Samiti by talking about their duties to the motherland and providing literature on revolutionary nationalism. She was a correspondent of [[Peter Kropotkin]], a noted anarchist.<ref name="Heehs2010p160para3" />

===Major influences===
{{See also|Communist Party of India|M.N. Roy}}
A major section of the Anushilan movement had been attracted to Marxism during the 1920s and 1930s, many of them studying Marxist–Leninist literature whilst serving long jail sentences. A majority broke away from the Anushilan Samiti and joined the [[Communist Consolidation]], and later the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). Some of the Anushilan Marxists were hesitant to join the Communist Party, few joined the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] however, since they distrusted the political lines formulated by the [[Communist International]].<ref name="Saha, Murari Mohan 2001. p. 20-21">Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), ''Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947''. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. pp. 20–21</ref> They also did not embrace [[Trotskyism]], although they shared some Trotskyite critiques of the leadership of [[Joseph Stalin]].

==Impact==

===Police reaction and reforms===
{{See also|Sir Harold Stuart|Charles Tegart}}
Shortly after its inception, the Samiti became the focus of extensive police and intelligence operation. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against them at various times included [[Sir Robert Nathan]], [[Sir Harold Stuart]], [[Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore]] and [[Sir Charles Tegart]].

The [[Criminal Investigations Department|CIDs]] of Bengal and the provinces of Eastern Bengal and Assam were founded in response to the revolutionary movement led by the Samiti.<ref name="Popplewell104" /> By 1908, political crime duties took the services of one deputy Superintendent of Police, 52 Inspectors and Sub-Inspectors, and nearly 720 constables. Foreseeing a rise in the strength of the revolutionary movement, [[Sir Harold Stuart]] (then [[Secretary of State for India]]) implemented plans for secret service to fight the menace posed by the Samiti.<ref name="Popplewell105">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=105}}</ref> A Political Crime branch of the C.I.D. (known as the "Special Department") was developed in September 1909, staffed by 23 officers and 45 men. The government of India allocated Rs 2,227,000 for the Bengal Police alone in the reforms of 1909–1910.<ref name="Popplewell105" />

By 1908 a Special Officer for Political Crime was appointed from the Bengal Police, with the Special Branch of Police working under him. This post was first occupied by C.W.C. Plowden and later by F.C. Daly.<ref name="Popplewell105" /> Godfrey Denham, then Assistant Superintendent of Police, served under the Special Officer.<ref name="Popplewell105" /> Denham was credited with uncovering the Manicktala safe house of the Samiti, raiding it in May 1908, which ultimately led to the Manicktala conspiracy case. This case led to further expansion of the Special Branch in Bengal. The CID in Eastern Bengal and Assam (EBA) were founded in 1906 and expanded from 1909 onwards. However, the EBA police's access to informers and secret agents remained difficult.<ref name="Popplewell105to107">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|pp=105–107}}</ref> In EBA, a civil servant, H.L. Salkeld, uncovered the eastern branch of Anushilan Samiti, producing a four-volume report and placing 68 suspects under surveillance.<ref name="Popplewell108" /> However the Samiti evaded detailed intrusion by adopting the model of Russian revolutionaries. Until 1909, the police were unclear whether they were dealing with a single organisation or with a conglomeration of independent groups.<ref name="Popplewell108" />

The [[visit of King George V to India]] in 1911 catalyzed improvements in police equipment and staffing in Bengal and EBA. In 1912, the political branch of the Bengal CID was renamed the Intelligence Branch, staffed with 50 officers and 127 men. The branch had separate sections dealing with explosives, assassinations, and robberies.<ref name="Popplewell114" /> It was headed by [[Charles Tegart]], who built up a network of agents and informers to infiltrate the Samiti.<ref name="Popplewell114" /> Tegart would meet his agents under cover of darkness, at times disguising himself as a [[pathan]] or [[Pashtun diaspora|kabuliwallah]].<ref name="Popplewell114" /> Assisting Denham and Petrie, Tegart led the investigation in the aftermath of the [[Dalhi-Lahore Conspiracy]] and identified [[Chandernagore]] as the main hub for the Samiti.<ref name="Popplewell114" /> Tegart remained in the Bengal police until at least the 1930s, earning notoriety amongst the Samiti for his work, and was subjected to a number of assassination attempts. In 1924, Ernest Day, an Englishman, was shot dead by [[Gopinath Saha]] at [[Chowringhee Road]] in Calcutta, due to being mistaken for Tegart. In 1930, a bomb was thrown into Tegart's car at [[Dalhousie Square]] but Tegart managed to shoot the revolutionary and escaped unhurt. His efficient curbing of the revolutionary movement earned praise from [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]] and he was awarded the King's medal. In 1937 Tegart was sent to the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], then in the throes of [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|the Arab Revolt]], to advise the Inspector General on security.<ref name="BritishSpies">{{cite web|title=Londonderry born imperial policeman remembered|url=http://sluggerotoole.com/2012/09/10/londonderry-born-imperial-policeman-remembered|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

===Criminal Law Amendment 1908===
In its fight against the Raj, the Samiti{{'}}s members who turned [[approver]]s (i.e. gave evidence against their colleagues) and the Bengal Police staff who were investigating the Samiti were consistently targeted. A number of assassinations were carried out of approvers who had agreed to act as crown witnesses. In 1909 Naren Gossain, crown witness for the prosecution in [[Alipore bomb case]], was shot dead within [[Alipore Jail]] by [[Satyendranath Bosu|Satyendranath Boseu]] and Kanai Lal Dutt. Ashutosh Biswas, an advocate of Calcutta High Court in charge of prosecution of Gossain murder case, was shot dead within Calcutta High Court in 1909. In 1910, Shamsul Alam, Deputy Superintendent of Bengal Police responsible for investigating the Alipore bomb case, was shot dead on the steps of Calcutta High Court. The failures of a number of prosecutions of violence linked to the Samiti under the Criminal Procedures Act of 1898 led to a special act that provided for crimes of nationalist violence to be tried by a special tribunal composed of three high-court judges. In December 1908 the Criminal Law amendments were passed under the terms of Regulation III of 1818, with the goal of suppressing associations formed for seditious conspiracies.<ref name="Riddick93">{{Harvnb|Riddick|2006|p=93}}</ref> The act was first applied to deport nine Bengali revolutionaries to [[Mandalay prison]] in 1908.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Despite these measures however, the high standards of evidence demanded by the [[Calcutta High Court]], insufficient investigations by police, and at times outright fabrication of evidence, led to persistent failures to tame nationalist violence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Horniman|1984|p=42}} [There are] records of cases during the years from 1908 to 1914 which were abortive ... due to the usual faults of police work in India—the hankering~after approvers and confessions, to be obtained by any means, good or bad; the concoction of a little evidence to make a bad case good- or a good case better; and the suppression of facts which fail to fit the theory.</ref> The police forces felt unable to deal with the operations of secretive nationalist organisations, leading to demands for special powers. The Indian press opposed these demands strenuously, arguing against any extension of the already wide powers enjoyed by the police forces in India, which they claimed were already being used to oppress the Indian people.<ref>{{Harvnb|Horniman|1984|p=43}} Police authorities took up the attitude that ... they were helpless in the face of a secret organisation ... Demands were put forward for special powers, the lowering of the standard of evidence, and other devices for the easy success of the police ... the whole Indian Press anticipated with the liveliest apprehension the prospect of any extension of those wide powers which already enabled the police to oppress the people.</ref>

===Defence of India Act===
{{see also|Defence of India Act 1915}}
The threat posed by the activities of the Samiti in Bengal during [[World War I]], along with the threat of a [[Ghadar mutiny|Ghadarite uprising in Punjab]], led to the passage of [[Defence of India Act 1915]]. The act received universal support from Indian non-officiating members in the Governor General's council and from moderate leaders within the Indian political movement. The British war effort had received popular support within India and the act received support on the understanding that the measures enacted were necessary in the war situation. These measures enabled the arrest, internment, transportation, and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, which crushed the East Bengal branch of the Samiti. Its application led to 46 executions, as well as 64 life sentences given to revolutionaries in Bengal and Punjab in the Lahore Conspiracy Trial and Benares Conspiracy Trial, and in tribunals in Bengal,<ref name="Bates118" /> effectively crushing the revolutionary movement. By March 1916, widespread arrests had helped Bengal Police crush the [[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]] in Calcutta.<ref name="Popplewell210" /> The power of preventive detention was used extensively in Bengal, and revolutionary violence in Bengal plummeted to 10 incidents in 1917.<ref name="Bates118" /> By the end of the war there were over 800 detainees under the act in Bengal under the act. However, indiscriminate application of the act made it increasingly unpopular with the Indian public.

===Rowlatt act===
The 1915 act was designed to expire in 1919, and the [[Rowlatt Committee]] was appointed to recommend measures to continue to suppress the revolutionary movement. The committee recommended an extension of the provisions of the Defence of India Act for a further three years with the removal of [[habeas corpus]] provisions. However this was met with universal opposition by the Indian members of the Viceroy's council, as well as the population in general, and Gandhi called the proposed act "The Black Bills". [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]] left the Viceroy's council in protest, after having warned the council of the danger of enacting such an unpopular bill. Nevertheless, the recommendations were enacted in the [[Rowlatt Bills]]. Gandhi then led a protest, the [[Rowlatt Satyagraha]], one of the first civil disobedience movements that would become the [[Indian independence movement]]. The protests included [[hartal]]s in Delhi, public protests in Punjab, and other protest movements across India. In Punjab, the protests culminated in the [[Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre]] in April 1919. After nearly three years of agitation, the government finally repealed the Rowlatt act and its component sister acts.

===Bengal Criminal Law Amendment===
{{Main|Bengal Criminal Law Amendment}}
A resurgence of radical nationalism linked to the Samiti after 1922 led to the implementation of the [[Bengal Criminal Law Amendment]] in 1924, which reinstated the powers of incarceration and detention from the Defence of India Act. The act re-introduced extraordinary powers of detention to the police, and by 1927 more than 200 suspects had been imprisoned, including [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. The implementation of the act successfully curtailed a resurgence in nationalist violence in Bengal, at a time when the Hindustan Republican Association was rising in the United Provinces.<ref name="Hees2010p171-172">{{Harvnb|Heehs|2010|pp=171–172}} "The activity and influence of the Bengal terrorists led to the passage in 1924 of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, extended the next year as an Act. This again gave the police extraordinary powers, and between 1924 and 1927 almost 200 suspects were imprisoned, among them Subhas Bose. Acts of terrorism in Bengal dropped off, but an Anushilan-linked group in the United Provinces [the Hindustan Republican Association] grew to some importance."</ref>

After the 1920s, the Anushilan Samiti gradually dissolved into the Gandhian movement. Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress, then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified more closely with [[Communism]]. The Jugantar branch formally dissolved in 1938. In independent India, the party in West Bengal evolved into the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]], while the Eastern Branch later evolved into the [[Sramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal]] (Workers and Peasants Socialist Party) in present-day [[Bangladesh]].

==Influence==

===Revolutionary nationalism===
The nationalist publication ''[[Jugantar Patrika|Jugantar]]'', which served as the organ of the Samiti, inspired fanatical loyalty among its readers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|p=89}} "The ''Jugantar'' newspaper served as the propaganda vehicle for a loose congregation of revolutionaries led by individuals like Jain Banerjee and Barin Ghose who drew inspiration from ... Aurobindo Ghose."</ref><ref name=Sanyal2014p93>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|p=93}} "This attitude cost the paper dearly. It suffered five more prosecutions that, by July 1908, brought about its financial ruin … The trials brought the paper a great deal of publicity and helped greatly in the dissemination of the revolutionary ideology ... testimony to the fanatical loyalty that the paper inspired in its readers and the deep impression that the ''Jugantar'' writings made on them ... revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win if not overt, then at least the tacit, support of Bengalis."</ref> By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies, which later rose to 20,000. Its message was aimed at elite politically conscious readers and was essentially a critique of British rule in India and justification of political violence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|pp=90–91}} "[Sanyal translates from ''Jugantar'':] "In a country where the ruling power relies on brute force to oppress its subjects, it is impossible to bring about Revolution or a change in rulers through moral strength. In such a situation, subjects too must rely on brute force." ... The ''Jugantar'' challenged the legitimacy of British rule ... [its] position thus amounted to a fundamental ''critique'' of the British government ... By 1907 the paper was selling 7000 copies, a figure that went up to 20,000 soon after. The ''Jugantar'' ideology was basically addressed to an elite audience that was young, literate and politically radicalized."</ref> Several young men who joined the Samiti credited ''Jugantar'' with influencing their decisions.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} The editor of the paper, [[Bhupendranath Datta]], was arrested and sentenced to one year's rigorous imprisonment in 1907.<ref name=Sanyal2014p91-92>{{Harvnb|Sanyal|2014|pp=91–92}} "Bhupendranath Dutt, the editor and proprietor of the ''Jugantar'' was arrested in July 1907 and charged under section 124 A ... Bhupendranath was sentenced to a year's rigorous imprisonment ... The Jugantar's stance was typically defiant ... The paper did nothing to tone down the rhetoric in its future editions."</ref> The Samiti responded by attempting to assassinate Douglas Kingsford, who presided over the trial,{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} and ''Jugantar'' responded with defiant editorials.<ref name=Sanyal2014p91-92/> ''Jugantar'' was repeatedly prosecuted, leaving it in financial ruins by 1908. However, the prosecutions brought the paper more publicity and helped disseminate the Samiti''<nowiki/>'''s ideology of revolutionary nationalism. Historian Shukla Sanyal has commented that revolutionary terrorism as an ideology began to win at least tacit support amongst a significant populace at this time.<ref name=Sanyal2014p93/>


[[Keshav Baliram Hedgewar]], the founder of the Hindu nationalist organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), was an alumnus of the Anushilan Samiti. He was sent to Calcutta by [[B. S. Moonje]] in 1910 to study medicine, and to learn techniques of violent nationalism from secret revolutionary organizations in Bengal.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jaffrelot|1996|p=33}}</ref> There he lived with independence activist [[Shyam Sundar Chakravarty]],<ref>M. L. Verma ''Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas'' (Part-2) p.466</ref> and had contacts with revolutionaries like [[Ram Prasad Bismil]].

===Indian independence movement===
James Popplewell, writing in 1995, noted that the Raj perceived the Samiti in its early days as a serious threat to its rule.<ref name="Popplewell109">{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=109}}</ref> However, historian Sumit Sarkar noted that the Samiti never mustered enough support to offer an urban rebellion or a guerrilla campaign. Both Peter Heehs and Sumit Sarkar have noted that the Samiti called for complete independence over 20 years before the Congress adopted this as its aim.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} A number of landmark events early in the Indian independence movement, including the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy|revolutionary conspiracies of World War I]], involved the Samiti, as noted in the [[Rowlatt report]]. Later the ascendant left-wing of the Congress, particularly [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], was suspected of having links with the Samiti.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Heehs argued that the actions of the revolutionary nationalists exemplified by the Samiti forced the government to parley more seriously with the leaders of the legitimate movement, and that Gandhi was always aware of this. "At the Round Table Conference of 1931, the apostle of non-violence declared that he held 'no brief for the terrorists', but added that if the government refused to work with him, it would have the terrorists to deal with. The only way to 'say good-bye to terrorism' was 'to work the Congress for all it is worth'".<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|2010|p=174}}</ref>

===Social influences===
{{See also|Raja Subodh Mallik|National Council of Education}}
The founders of the Samiti were among the leading luminaries of Bengal at the time, advocating for social change in ways far removed from the violent nationalist works that identified the Samiti in later years. The young men of Bengal were among the most active in the [[Swadeshi movement]], prompting [[Robert Warrand Carlyle|R.W. Carlyle]] to prohibit the participation of students in political meetings on the threat of withdrawal of funding and grants.<ref name="Heehs2008p93">{{Harvnb|Heehs|2008|p=93}}</ref> Bengali intellectuals were already calling for indigenous schools and colleges to replace British institutions,<ref name="Heehs2008p93" /> and seeking to build indigenous institutions. [[Surendranath Tagore]], of the [[Tagore family|Tagore family of Calcutta]] financed the establishment of Indian-owned banks and insurance companies. The 1906 Congress session in Calcutta established the [[National Council of Education]] as a nationalist agency to promote Indian institutions with their own independent curriculum designed to provide skills in technical and technological education that its founders felt would be necessary for building indigenous industries. With the financial backing of [[Subodh Chandra Mallik]], the [[Bengal National College]] (which later grew to be [[Jadavpur University]]) was established with Aurobindo as Principal.<ref name="Heehs2008p93" /> Aurobindo participated in the Indian National Congress at the time. He used his platform in the Congress to present the Samiti as a conglomeration of youth clubs, even as the government raised fears that it was a revolutionary nationalist organisation. During his time as Principal, Aurobindo started the nationalist publications ''Jugantar'', ''Karmayogin'' and ''[[Bande Mataram]]''.<ref name="Heehs2008p93" /> The student's mess at the college was frequented by students of East Bengal who belonged to the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti, and was known to be a hotbed of revolutionary nationalism, which was uncontrolled or even encouraged by the college.<ref>{{Harvnb|Samanta|1995|p=303}}</ref> Students of the college who later rose to prominence in the Indian revolutionary movement include [[M. N. Roy]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} The Samiti{{'}}s ideologies further influenced patriotic nationalism.

===Communism in India===
{{Main|Socialism in India}}
{{See also|M. N. Roy|Communist Party of India|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
[[File:Mn_roy2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[M. N. Roy]], one of the founding fathers of [[Communist Party of India|Indian Communism]] as well as the [[Mexican Communist Party]]. He was a member of the [[Comintern]].]]
Through the 1920s and 1930s, many members of the Samiti began identifying with Communism and leftist ideologies. Many of them studied Marxist–Leninist literature while serving long jail sentences. A minority section broke away from the Anushilan movement and joined the [[Communist Consolidation]], and later the Communist Party of India. Former Jugantar leader Narendranath Bhattacharya, now known as [[M. N. Roy]], became an influential member of the [[Communist International]], helping to found the Communist Party of India. The majority of the Anushilanite Marxists hesitated to join the Communist Party.<ref name="Saha, Murari Mohan 2001. p. 20-21" /> Instead, they joined the [[Congress Socialist Party]] (CSP), but kept a separate identity within the party as the Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP).<ref>Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), ''Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947''. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 35-37</ref> The RSP held a strong influence in parts of Bengal. The party sent two parliamentarians to the 1952 [[Lok Sabha]] elections, both previously Samiti members. In 1969, RSP sympathizers in [[East Pakistan]] formed the [[Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal]] (SKSD). RSP and SKSD have maintained close ties ever since. The RSP is currently a minor partner in the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], which ruled the Indian state of West Bengal for 34 uninterrupted years. It also holds influence in South India, notably in parts of [[Kerala]]. The [[SUCI]], another left-wing party with a presence in Bengal, was founded in 1948 by Anushilan members.

==In popular culture==
The revolutionaries of the Samiti became household names in Bengal. Many of these educated and youthful men were widely admired and romanticised throughout India.<ref name="Chowdhry2000p138" /> ''[[Ekbar biday de Ma ghure ashi]]'' (Bid me farewell, mother), a 1908 song written by Bengali folk poet Pitambar Das that describes the execution of [[Khudiram Bose]],{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} was popular in Bengal decades after Bose's death.<ref name="Sarkar2014p107" /> The railway station where Bose was arrested is now named Khudiram Bose Pusa Railway Station in his honour.

The 1926 nationalist novel ''Pather Dabi'' (Right of the way) by Bengali author [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] tells the story of a secret revolutionary nationalist organisation fighting the Raj. The protagonist of the novel, Sabyasachi, is believed to have been modelled after [[Rash Behari Bose]], while the revolutionary organisation is thought to have been influenced by the Bengali Samiti. The novel was banned by The Raj as "seditious", but acquired wild popularity. It formed the basis of a 1977 Bengali language film, ''Sabyasachi'', with [[Uttam Kumar]] playing the lead role of the protagonist.

''[[Do and Die]]'' is a historical account of the Chittagong armoury raid published in 2000 by Indian author Manini Chatterjee. It was awarded the [[Rabindra Puraskar]], the highest literary award in Bengal. The book formed the basis of ''[[Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey]]'' (We Play with Our Lives), a 2010 [[Bollywood]] film with [[Abhishek Bachchan]] playing the role of Surya Sen.


A marble plaque marks the building in Calcutta where the Samiti was founded. A plaque at the site of Barin Ghose's country house (in present-day [[Ultadanga]]) marks the site where Ghosh and his group was arrested in the [[Alipore bomb case]]. Many of the Samiti's members are known in India and abroad, and are commemorated in different forms. A number of Calcutta suburbs are today named after revolutionaries and nationalists of the Samiti. Grey Street, where Aurobindo Ghosh's press office stood, is today named Aurobido Sarani (Aurobindo Avenue). Dalhousie Square was renamed [[B.B.D Bag]], named after Benoy, Badal, and Dinesh who raided the [[Writer's Building]] in 1926. Mononga lane, the site of [[Rodda & Co. heist]], houses the busts of Anukul Mukherjee, Srish Chandra Mitra, Haridas Dutta, and Bipin Bihary Ganguly who participated in the heist. Chashakhand, a location 15 km east of Balasore where [[Bagha Jatin]] and his group made their last stand against Tegart's forces, commemorates the battlefield in Jatin's honour. The locality of [[Baghajatin]] in [[Kolkata]] is named after Jatin. In Bangladesh, the gallows where Surya Sen was executed are preserved as a historical monument.

==Citations==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==References==
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{{Refend}}

{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Anushilan Samiti| ]]
[[Category:1906 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1906]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]

Abraham Lincoln

2021-09-19T18:12:52Z

Lucasraven12: This article is about the 16th president of the United States

{{Short description|16th president of the United States (1861–65)}}
{{About|the 16th president of the United States}}
{{Redirect|Abe Lincoln|the jazz musician|Abe Lincoln (musician)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Alexander Gardner (photographer)|Alexander Gardner]], {{nowrap|November 1863}}
| alt = An iconic photograph of a bearded Abraham Lincoln showing his head and shoulders.
| order = 16th
| office = President of the United States
| vicepresident = {{plainlist|
* [[Hannibal Hamlin]] (1861–1865)
* Andrew Johnson (Mar–Apr 1865)
}}
| term_start = March 4, 1861
| term_end = April 15, 1865
| predecessor = [[James Buchanan]]
| successor = [[Andrew Johnson]]
| state1 = [[Illinois]]
| district1 = {{ushr|IL|7|7th}}
| term_start1 = March 4, 1847
| term_end1 = March 3, 1849
| predecessor1 = [[John Henry (representative)|John Henry]]
| successor1 = [[Thomas L. Harris]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Illinois House of Representatives]] from [[Sangamon County]]
| term_start2 = December 1, 1834
| term_end2 = December 4, 1842
| birth_date = {{birth date|1809|2|12}}
| birth_place = [[Sinking Spring Farm]], [[Kentucky]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1865|4|15|1809|2|12}}
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Assassination]] (gunshot wound to the head)
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}}
| resting_place = [[Lincoln Tomb]]
| height = 6 ft 4 in<ref name="LincolnHeight">{{cite book|last=Carpenter|first=Francis B.|title=Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture|url=https://archive.org/details/sixmonthsatwhit02carpgoog|year=1866|publisher=Hurd and Houghton.|page=[https://archive.org/details/sixmonthsatwhit02carpgoog/page/n225 217]}}</ref>
| party = {{plainlist|
* [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (before 1854)
* [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1854–1864)
* [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] (1864–1865)
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Todd Lincoln|Mary Todd]]|November 4, 1842}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Robert Todd Lincoln|Robert]]|[[Edward Baker Lincoln|Edward]]|[[William Wallace Lincoln|Willie]]|[[Tad Lincoln|Tad]]}}
| parents = [[Thomas Lincoln]] [[Nancy Hanks Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]
| relatives = [[Lincoln family]]
| signature = Abraham Lincoln 1862 signature.svg
| signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
| allegiance = {{plainlist|
* United States
* [[Illinois]]
}}
| branch = [[Illinois Militia]]
| serviceyears = 1832
| rank = {{plainlist|
* [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]]{{Efn|name="Ranks"|Discharged from command-rank of Captain and re-enlisted at rank of Private.}}
* [[Private (United States)|Private]]{{Efn|name="Ranks"}}
}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[American Indian Wars]]
** [[Black Hawk War]]
*** [[Battle of Kellogg's Grove]]
*** [[Battle of Stillman's Run]]
}}
{{Abraham Lincoln series}}

'''Abraham Lincoln''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|ŋ|k|ən}}; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th [[president of the United States]] from 1861 until [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|his assassination]] in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the [[American Civil War]], and succeeded in preserving the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]], [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolishing]] [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]], bolstering the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]], and modernizing the [[U.S. economy]].

Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin and was raised on the [[American frontier|frontier]] primarily in [[Indiana]]. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] leader, [[Illinois]] state [[Illinois House of Representatives|legislator]], and U.S. Congressman [[List of United States Representatives from Illinois|from Illinois]]. In 1849, he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]]. He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], and he reached a national audience in the [[Lincoln–Douglas debates|1858 debates]] against [[Stephen Douglas]]. Lincoln ran for President [[1860 United States presidential election|in 1860]], sweeping the [[Northern United States|North]] in victory. Pro-slavery elements in the [[Southern United States|South]] equated his success with the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began [[Secession|seceding from the Union]]. To secure its independence, the new [[Confederate States]] [[Battle of Fort Sumter|fired on Fort Sumter]], a U.S. fort in the South, and Lincoln called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and Republican parties. His allies, the [[War Democrat]]s and the [[Radical Republicans]], demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called "[[Copperhead (politics)|Copperheads]]") despised Lincoln, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. His [[Gettysburg Address]] appealed to [[nationalistic]], [[Republicanism|republican]], [[egalitarian]], [[libertarian]], and [[Democracy|democratic]] sentiments. Lincoln scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the [[Union blockade|naval blockade]] of the South's trade. He suspended ''[[habeas corpus]]'' in [[Maryland]], and he averted British intervention by defusing the [[Trent Affair|''Trent'' Affair]]. He engineered the end to slavery with his [[Emancipation Proclamation]], including his order that the Army and Navy liberate, protect, and recruit former slaves. He also encouraged [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]] to outlaw slavery, and promoted the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], which outlawed slavery across the country.

Lincoln managed his own successful [[1864 United States presidential election|re-election campaign]]. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at [[Battle of Appomattox Court House|Appomattox]], he was attending a play at [[Ford's Theatre]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with his wife [[Mary Todd Lincoln|Mary]] when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer [[John Wilkes Booth]]. Lincoln is remembered as a [[martyr]] and hero of the United States and is consistently [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States#Scholar survey summary|ranked]] as one of the greatest presidents in American history.
{{TOC_limit|3}}

==Family and childhood==
===Early life===
{{Main|Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln}}
Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of [[Thomas Lincoln]] and [[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks Lincoln]], in a log cabin on [[Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park|Sinking Spring Farm]] near [[Hodgenville, Kentucky]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=20–22}} He was a descendant of [[Samuel Lincoln]], an Englishman who migrated from [[Hingham, Norfolk]], to its namesake, [[Hingham, Massachusetts]], in 1638. The family then migrated west, passing through [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Virginia]].{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=3–4}} Lincoln's paternal grandparents, his namesake [[Abraham Lincoln (captain)|Captain Abraham Lincoln]] and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to [[Jefferson County, Kentucky]]. The captain was killed in an [[Northwest Indian War|Indian raid]] in 1786.{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=4}} His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=21}}{{efn|Thomas, born January 1778, would have been 8 at the attack, May 1786. Older sources use six.{{sfn|Wilson|Davis|Wilson|Herndon|1998|pp=35-36}}}} Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and [[Tennessee]] before the family settled in [[Hardin County, Kentucky]], in the early 1800s.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=21}}

The [[Nancy Hanks Lincoln heritage|heritage of Lincoln's mother Nancy]] remains unclear, but it is widely assumed that she was the daughter of Lucy Hanks.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|p=79}} Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to [[Elizabethtown, Kentucky]].{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=9}} They had three children: [[Sarah Lincoln Grigsby|Sarah]], Abraham, and Thomas, who died as infant.{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=9–10}}

Thomas Lincoln bought or leased farms in Kentucky before losing all but {{convert|200|acre|ha}} of his land in court disputes over [[Title (property)|property titles]].{{sfn|Sandburg|1926|p=20}} In 1816, the family moved to [[Indiana]] where the land surveys and titles were more reliable.{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=13}} Indiana was a [[Slave states and free states|"free" (non-slaveholding)]] territory, and they settled in an "unbroken forest"{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=26}} in Hurricane Township, [[History of Perry County, Indiana|Perry County, Indiana]].{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=16, 43}}{{efn|Their land eventually became part of Space, when the county was established in 1818.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|pp=3, 5, 16}}}} In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties.{{sfnm|Sandburg|1926|1p=20|Donald|1996|2pp=23–24}}
[[File:Log Cabin at the Lincoln Living Historical Farm.jpg|thumb|right|The farm site where Lincoln grew up in [[Spencer County, Indiana]]]]
In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|pp=34, 156}} At various times, he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a [[Separate Baptists]] church, which forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=22–24}}

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained [[clear title]] to {{convert|80|acre|ha}} in Indiana, an area which became the [[Little Pigeon Creek Community]].{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|pp=24, 104}}

===Mother's death===
On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln succumbed to [[milk sickness]], leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|pp=22–23, 77}} Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a [[stillborn]] son, devastating Lincoln.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=34, 116}}

On December 2, 1819, Thomas married [[Sarah Bush Lincoln|Sarah Bush Johnston]], a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|pp=23, 83}} Abraham became close to his stepmother and called her "Mother".{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=26–27}} Lincoln disliked the hard labor associated with farm life. His family even said he was lazy, for all his "reading, scribbling, writing, ciphering, writing Poetry, etc".{{sfn|White|2009|pp=25, 31, 47}} His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy "physical labor", but loved to read.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|p=66}}

===Education and move to Illinois===
Lincoln was largely self-educated.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|pp=10, 33}} His formal schooling was from [[itinerant teacher]]s. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read but probably not to write, at age seven,{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=23}} and in Indiana, where he went to school sporadically due to farm chores, for a total of less than 12 months in aggregate by the age of 15.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p= 29}} He persisted as an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning.{{sfn|Madison|2014|p=110}} Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his reading included the [[King James Version|King James Bible]], [[Aesop's Fables]], [[John Bunyan]]'s ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'', [[Daniel Defoe]]'s ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'', and ''[[The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin]]''.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=29–31, 38–43}}

As a teen, Lincoln took responsibility for chores and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was 21.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=30–33}} Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an ax.{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=134–135}} He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough [[Catch wrestling|catch-as-catch-can]] style (also known as catch wrestling). He became county wrestling champion at the age of 21.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dellinger |first1=Bob |title=Wrestling in the USA |url=https://nwhof.org/stillwater/resources-library/history/wrestling-in-the-usa/ |website=National Wrestling Hall of Fame |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as "the Clary's Grove Boys".{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=41}}

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in [[Macon County, Illinois|Macon County]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=36}}{{efn|Historians disagree on who initiated the move; Thomas Lincoln had no obvious reason to do so. One possibility is that other members of the family, including Dennis Hanks, may not have matched Thomas's stability and steady income.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|pp=38–40}}}} Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part due to his father's lack of education.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|p=71}} In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a [[Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site|new homestead]] in [[Coles County, Illinois]], Abraham struck out on his own.{{sfn|Oates|1974|pp=15–17}} He made his home in [[Lincoln's New Salem|New Salem, Illinois]], for six years.{{sfn|Thomas|2008|pp=23–53}} Lincoln and some friends took goods by [[flatboat]] to [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], where he was first exposed to slavery.{{sfnm|Sandburg|1926|1pp=22–23|Donald|1996|2p=38}}

In 1865, Lincoln was asked how he came to acquire his rhetorical skills. He answered that in the practice of law he frequently came across the word "demonstrate" but had insufficient understanding of the term. So, he left Springfield for his father's home to study until he "could give any proposition in the six books of [[Euclid]] [here, referencing Euclid's [[Euclid's Elements| ''Elements'']]] at sight."{{sfn|Ellenberg|2021}}

===Marriage and children===
{{Further|Lincoln family|Health of Abraham Lincoln|Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln}}
{{Multiple image
| direction=horizontal
| width=
| footer=
| width1=192
| image1=A&TLincoln.jpg
| alt1=A seated Lincoln holding a book as his young son looks at it
| caption1=1864 photo of President Lincoln with youngest son, [[Tad Lincoln|Tad]]
| width2=164
| image2=Mary Todd Lincoln2crop.jpg
| alt2=Black and white photo of Mary Todd Lincoln's shoulders and head
| caption2=[[Mary Todd Lincoln]], wife of Abraham Lincoln, in 1861
}}

Lincoln's first romantic interest was [[Ann Rutledge]], whom he met when he moved to New Salem. By 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gannett |first=Lewis |date=Winter 2005 |title="Overwhelming Evidence" of a Lincoln-Ann Rutledge Romance?: Reexamining Rutledge Family Reminiscences |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0026.104/--overwhelming-evidence-of-a-lincoln-ann-rutledge-romance?rgn=main;view=fulltext |magazine=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association |location=Springfield, IL |publisher=The Abraham Lincoln Association |pages=28–41 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403014805/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0026.104/--overwhelming-evidence-of-a-lincoln-ann-rutledge-romance?rgn=main;view=fulltext |archive-date=April 3, 2017 }}</ref> She died on August 25, 1835, most likely of [[typhoid fever]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=55–58}} In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky.{{sfn|Thomas|2008|pp=56–57, 69–70}}

Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=67}}

In 1839, Lincoln met [[Mary Todd Lincoln|Mary Todd]] in [[Springfield, Illinois]], and the following year they became engaged.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=80–86}} She was the daughter of [[Robert Smith Todd]], a wealthy lawyer and businessman in [[Lexington, Kentucky]].{{sfn|Lamb|Swain|2008|p=3}} A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled at Lincoln's request, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister.{{sfn|Sandburg|1926|pp=46–51}} While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose."{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=93}} In 1844, the couple bought [[Lincoln Home National Historic Site|a house]] in Springfield near his law office. Mary kept house with the help of a hired servant and a relative.{{sfn|Baker|1989|p=142}}

Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The oldest, [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], was born in 1843 and was the only child to live to maturity. [[Edward Baker Lincoln]] (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, [[William Wallace Lincoln|"Willie" Lincoln]] was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever at the [[White House]] on February 20, 1862. The youngest, [[Tad Lincoln|Thomas "Tad" Lincoln]], was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=179–181, 476}}{{efn|The Lincolns' last descendant, great-grandson [[Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith]], died in 1985.<ref>{{cite book|author=Emerson, Jason |title=Giant in the Shadows: The Life of Robert T. Lincoln|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=tPqgC3RS-7sC|page=420}}|year=2012|publisher=SIU Press|page=420|isbn=978-0-8093-3055-3|access-date=June 27, 2015}}</ref>}} Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children"{{sfn|White|2009|p=126}} and the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their own.{{sfn|Baker|1989|p=120}} In fact, Lincoln's law partner [[William H. Herndon]] would grow irritated when Lincoln would bring his children to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did not note what his children were doing or had done."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hertz |first1=Emanuel |title=The Hidden Lincoln |date=1938 |publisher=The Viking Press |page=105}}</ref>

The deaths of their sons, Eddie and Willie, had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "[[history of depression|melancholy]]", a condition now thought to be [[major depressive disorder|clinical depression]].<ref name="Atlanticoct2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200510/lincolns-clinical-depression |title=Lincoln's Great Depression |first=Joshua Wolf |last=Shenk |date=October 2005 |work=The Atlantic |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009044732/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/10/lincoln-apos-s-great-depression/4247/ |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=October 8, 2009}}</ref> Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert committed her for a time to an asylum in 1875.{{sfn|Steers Jr.|2010|p=341}}

==Early career and militia service==
{{Further|Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln|Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War}}
In 1832, Lincoln joined with a partner, [[Denton Offutt]], in the purchase of a general store on credit in New Salem.{{sfn|Winkle|2001|pp=72–79}} Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and Lincoln eventually sold his share. That March he entered politics, running for the [[Illinois General Assembly]], advocating navigational improvements on the [[Sangamon River]]. He could draw crowds as a [[raconteur]], but he lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=hN7QQgAACAAJ}}|title=Life and Works of Abraham Lincoln Volume 3 |chapter=The Improvement of Sangamon River|last=Lincoln|first=Abraham|editor-first=Marion Mills |editor-last=Miller |year=1832|publisher=Wildside Press|isbn=978-1-4344-2497-6}} [[s:Life and Works of Abraham Lincoln/Volume 3/The Improvement of Sangamon River|WP article]]</ref>

Lincoln briefly interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the [[Illinois Militia]] during the [[Black Hawk War]].{{sfn|Winkle|2001|pp=86–95}} In his first campaign speech after returning, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=36}} Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.{{sfn|Winkle|2001|pp=114–116}}

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading, and decided to become a lawyer.<ref name="Zofia">{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Zofia |date=2016 |title=Abraham Lincoln: A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlw1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 |publisher=Alpha Editions |page=16 |isbn=978-9-3863-6727-3 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys [[John Todd Stuart]] and [[Thomas Drummond (judge)|Thomas Drummond]], purchased books including [[William Blackstone|Blackstone]]'s ''[[Commentaries on the Laws of England|Commentaries]]'' and [[Joseph Chitty|Chitty]]'s ''Pleadings'', and [[reading law|read law]] on his own.<ref name="Zofia"/> He later said of his legal education that "I studied with nobody."{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=53–55}}

== Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)==
[[File:Abes House.JPG|thumb|left|Lincoln's home in [[Springfield, Illinois]]]]
Lincoln's second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]], was a success over a powerful Whig opponent.{{sfn|White|2009|p=59}} Then followed his four terms in the [[Illinois House of Representatives]] for [[Sangamon County]].{{sfn|Simon|1990|p=283}} He championed construction of the [[Illinois and Michigan Canal]], and later was a Canal Commissioner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/abraham-lincoln-in-depth/abraham-lincoln-and-internal-improvements/#imc|title=Abraham Lincoln and Internal Improvements|last=Weik|first=Jesse William|work=Abraham Lincoln's Classroom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212045823/http://abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/abraham-lincoln-in-depth/abraham-lincoln-and-internal-improvements/#imc|archive-date=February 12, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=February 12, 2015}}</ref> He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and [[abolitionism in the United States|abolition]].{{sfn|Simon|1990|p=130}} In 1837 he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils."{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=134}} He echoed [[Henry Clay]]'s support for the [[American Colonization Society]] which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in [[Liberia]].{{sfn|Foner|2010|p=17–19, 67}}

[[Admission to the bar in the United States|Admitted]] to the Illinois bar in 1836,{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=64}} he moved to Springfield and began to practice law under [[John T. Stuart]], Mary Todd's cousin.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=71, 79, 108}} Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with [[Stephen T. Logan]], and in 1844 began [[Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site|his practice]] with [[William Herndon (lawyer)|William Herndon]], "a studious young man".{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=17}}

==U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)==
[[File:Abraham Lincoln by Nicholas Shepherd, 1846-crop.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Middle aged clean shaven Lincoln from the hips up.|Lincoln in his late 30s as a member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]. Photo taken by one of Lincoln's law students around 1846.]]
True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=222}} Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund [[internal improvements]] including railroads, and urbanization.{{sfn|Boritt|Pinsker|2002|pp=137–153}}

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for [[Illinois's 7th congressional district|Illinois' 7th district seat]] in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]; he was defeated by [[John J. Hardin]] though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term. Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846 but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line.{{sfn|Oates|1974|p=79}} He was assigned to the [[United States House Committee on Post Office and Post Roads|Committee on Post Office and Post Roads]] and the [[United States House Committee on Expenditures in the War Department|Committee on Expenditures in the War Department]].<ref>{{cite web|title=US Congressman Lincoln – Abraham Lincoln Historical Society|url=http://www.abraham-lincoln-history.org/us-congressman-lincoln/|publisher=Abraham-lincoln-history.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215191236/http://www.abraham-lincoln-history.org/us-congressman-lincoln/|archive-date=December 15, 2018|access-date=February 2, 2019}}</ref> Lincoln teamed with [[Joshua R. Giddings]] on a bill to abolish slavery in the [[Washington, District of Columbia|District of Columbia]] with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support.{{sfnm|Harris|2007|1p=54|Foner|2010|2p=57}}

=== Political views ===
On foreign and military policy, Lincoln spoke against the [[Mexican–American War]], which he imputed to President [[James K. Polk]]'s desire for "military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood".{{sfn|Heidler|Heidler|2006|pp=181–183}} He supported the [[Wilmot Proviso]], a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico.{{sfn|Holzer|2004|p=63}}

Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his [[Spot Resolutions]]. The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American soldiers in territory disputed by Mexico, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil".{{sfn|Oates|1974|pp=79–80}} Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil.{{sfn|Graebner|1959|pp=199–202}} The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost Lincoln political support in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty Lincoln".<ref name="MuellerSchamel">{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/lincoln-resolutions/ |title=Lincoln's Spot Resolutions |publisher=National Archives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920053345/http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/lincoln-resolutions/ |archive-date=September 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 12, 2009}}</ref> Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=128}}

Lincoln had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House. Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General [[Zachary Taylor]] for the Whig nomination in the [[1848 United States presidential election|1848 presidential election]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=124–126}} Taylor won and Lincoln hoped in vain to be appointed Commissioner of the [[General Land Office]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=140}} The administration offered to appoint him secretary or governor of the [[Oregon Territory]] as consolation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Isaac Newton |date=1885 |title=The Life of Abraham Lincoln |volume=2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3zgDAAAAYAAJ|page=81}} |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=Janses, McClurg, & Company |page=81 }}</ref> This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice.{{sfn|Harris|2007|pp=55–57}}

==Prairie lawyer==
{{See also|List of cases involving Abraham Lincoln}}
[[File:Abraham Lincoln by Hesler, 1857.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Lincoln in 1857]]
In his Springfield practice, Lincoln handled "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer".{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=96}} Twice a year he appeared for 10 consecutive weeks in county seats in the Midstate county courts; this continued for 16 years.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=105–106, 158}} Lincoln handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges. As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=142–143}} He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in [[Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company]], a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=o30wBAAAQBAJ}}|title=Lincoln's Greatest Case: The River, the Bridge, and the Making of America|last=McGinty|first=Brian|date=February 9, 2015|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-87140-785-6}}</ref> In 1849, he received [[Abraham Lincoln's patent|a patent for a flotation device]] for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but it made Lincoln the only president to hold a patent.<ref>{{cite web |title= Abraham Lincoln's Patent Model: Improvement for Buoying Vessels Over Shoals |publisher= Smithsonian Institution |url= http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_213141 |access-date= April 28, 2017 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170825232337/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_213141 |archive-date= August 25, 2017 |df= mdy-all}}</ref>

Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor.{{sfn|Richards|2015|p=440}} From 1853 to 1860, one of his largest clients was the [[Illinois Central Railroad]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=155–156, 196–197}} His legal reputation gave rise to the nickname "Honest Abe".<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=5GJ6Un1JA_8C}}|title=The Wisdom of Abraham Lincoln|last=Library|first=Philosophical|date=November 9, 2010|publisher=Open Road Media|isbn=978-1-4532-0281-4}}</ref>

Lincoln argued in an 1858 criminal trial, defending [[William "Duff" Armstrong]], who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=150–151}} The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by [[judicial notice]] to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a ''[[Farmers' Almanac]]'' showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Armstrong was acquitted.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=150–151}}

Leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn "Peachy" Harrison who was the third cousin; Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln's political opponent, [[Peter Cartwright (revivalist)|Rev. Peter Cartwright]].<ref name= Harrison1935>{{cite book|oclc=3512772|last=Harrison|first=J. Houston|title=Settlers by the Long Grey Trail|year=1935|publisher=J.K. Reubush}}</ref> Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/abraham-lincoln-last-trial-murder-case|title=The Grisly Murder Trial That Raised Lincoln's Profile|publisher=History Channel|access-date=March 26, 2020}}</ref> Lincoln angrily protested the judge's initial decision to exclude Cartwright's testimony about the confession as inadmissible [[hearsay]]. Lincoln argued that the testimony involved a [[dying declaration]] and was not subject to the hearsay rule. Instead of holding Lincoln in contempt of court as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison's acquittal.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=150–151}}

==Republican politics (1854–1860)==
{{Main|Abraham Lincoln in politics, 1849–1861}}

===Emergence as Republican leader===
{{Further|Slave states and free states|Abraham Lincoln and slavery}}
[[File:Abraham Lincoln by Byers, 1858 - crop.jpg|thumb|upright|Lincoln in 1858, the year of [[Lincoln–Douglas debates|his debates]] with [[Stephen A. Douglas|Stephen Douglas]] over slavery]]

The debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the [[Compromise of 1850]], a legislative package designed to address the issue.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=175–176}} In his 1852 eulogy for Clay, Lincoln highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to "both extremes" on the slavery issue.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=182–185}} As the slavery debate in the [[Nebraska Territory|Nebraska]] and [[Kansas Territory|Kansas]] territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed [[Popular sovereignty in the United States#Emergence of the term "popular sovereignty" and its pejorative connotation|popular sovereignty]] as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the resulting spread of slavery, but Douglas's [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] narrowly passed Congress in May 1854.{{sfn|White|2009|p=188–190}}

Lincoln did not comment on the act until months later in his "[[Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech|Peoria Speech]]" in October 1854. Lincoln then declared his opposition to slavery which he repeated en route to the presidency.{{sfn|Thomas|2008|pp=148–152}} He said the Kansas Act had a "''declared'' indifference, but as I must think, a covert ''real'' zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world ..."{{sfn|Graebner|1959|p=255}} Lincoln's attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=203–205}}

Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue. Reflecting on the demise of his party, Lincoln wrote in 1855, "I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist...I do no more than oppose the ''extension'' of slavery."{{sfn|White|2009|pp=215–216}} The new [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] was formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery, drawing from the antislavery wing of the Whig Party, and combining [[Free Soil Party|Free Soil]], [[Liberty Party (United States, 1840)|Liberty]], and antislavery [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] members,{{sfn|McGovern|2009|pp=38–39}} Lincoln resisted early Republican entreaties, fearing that the new party would become a platform for extreme abolitionists.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=203–204}} Lincoln held out hope for rejuvenating the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist [[Know Nothing]] movement.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=191–194}}

In 1854 Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature but declined to take his seat. The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath, Lincoln sought election to the United States Senate.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=203–205}} At that time, senators were elected by the state legislature.{{sfn|Oates|1974|p=119}} After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority. Lincoln instructed his backers to vote for [[Lyman Trumbull]]. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, [[Joel Aldrich Matteson]].{{sfn|White|2009|pp=205–208}}

==== 1856 campaign ====
[[Bleeding Kansas|Violent political confrontations in Kansas]] continued, and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. As the [[United States elections, 1856|1856 elections]] approached, Lincoln joined the Republicans and attended the [[Bloomington Convention]], which formally established the [[Illinois Republican Party]]. The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories and backed the admission of Kansas as a free state. Lincoln gave the [[Lincoln's Lost Speech|final speech]] of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=216–221}} At the June [[1856 Republican National Convention]], though Lincoln received support to run as vice president, [[John C. Frémont]] and [[William Dayton]] comprised the ticket, which Lincoln supported throughout Illinois. The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State [[James Buchanan]] and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President [[Millard Fillmore]].{{sfn|White|2009|pp=224–228}} Buchanan prevailed, while Republican [[William Henry Bissell]] won election as Governor of Illinois, and Lincoln became a leading Republican in Illinois.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=229–230}}{{efn|[[Eric Foner]] contrasts the abolitionists and anti-slavery Radical Republicans of the Northeast, who saw slavery as a sin, with the conservative Republicans, who thought it was bad because it hurt white people and blocked progress. Foner argues that Lincoln was a moderate in the middle, opposing slavery primarily because it violated the [[republicanism in the United States|republicanism principles]] of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]], especially the equality of all men and democratic self-government as expressed in the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfn|Foner|2010|pp=84–88}}}}
[[File:Oil on Canvas Portrait of Dred Scott (cropped).jpg|alt=Painting|thumb|A [[portrait]] of [[Dred Scott]], [[petitioner]] in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'']]

==== ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'' ====
[[Dred Scott]] was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a free territory under the Missouri Compromise. After Scott was returned to the slave state he petitioned a federal court for his freedom. His petition was denied in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' (1857).{{Efn|While the name of the Supreme Court case is ''Dred Scott vs. Sandford'', the respondent's [[surname]] was actually "Sanford". A [[court clerk|clerk]] misspelled the name, and the court never corrected the error.<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Vishneski|first=John| year=1988| title=What the Court Decided in Dred Scott v. Sandford|journal= The American Journal of Legal History|volume=32|issue=4|pages=373–390|jstor= 845743|publisher=Temple University|doi=10.2307/845743}}</ref>}} Supreme Court Chief Justice [[Roger B. Taney]] in the decision wrote that blacks were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution. While many Democrats hoped that ''Dred Scott'' would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=236–238}} Lincoln denounced it as the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the [[Slave Power]].{{sfn|Zarefsky|1993|pp=69–110}} He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal "in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness".{{sfn|Jaffa|2000|pp=299–300}}

===Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech===
{{Further|Lincoln–Douglas debates|Cooper Union speech}}

In 1858 Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and Lincoln hoped to defeat him. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and Lincoln's 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=247–248}} Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas from his opposition to the [[Lecompton Constitution]] and admission of Kansas as a [[slave state]].{{sfn|Oates|1974|pp=138–139}} Many Illinois Republicans resented this eastern interference. For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=247–250}}
[[File:Lincoln O-17 by Brady, 1860.png|thumb|left|Abraham Lincoln (1860) by [[Mathew Brady]], taken the day of the Cooper Union speech]]

Lincoln accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm and zeal. After his nomination he delivered his [[Lincoln's House Divided Speech|House Divided Speech]], with the biblical reference [[Mark 3]]:25, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other."{{sfn|White|2009|p=251}} The speech created a stark image of the danger of disunion.{{sfn|Harris|2007|p=98}} The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=209}} When informed of Lincoln's nomination, Douglas stated, "[Lincoln] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won."{{sfn|White|2009|pp=257–258}}

The Senate campaign featured seven [[Lincoln–Douglas debates|debates]] between Lincoln and Douglas. These were the most famous political debates in American history; they had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=214–218}} The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically. Lincoln warned that Douglas’ "Slave Power" was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers' premise that [[all men are created equal]]. Douglas emphasized his [[Freeport Doctrine]], that local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery and accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=214–224}} Lincoln's argument assumed a moral tone, as he claimed Douglas represented a conspiracy to promote slavery. Douglas's argument was more legal, claiming that Lincoln was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court in the ''Dred Scott'' decision.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=223}}

Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas. Lincoln's articulation of the issues gave him a national political presence.{{sfn|Carwardine|2003|pp=89–90}} In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the ''Illinois Staats-Anzeiger'', a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratically but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=242, 412}} In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by [[William H. Seward]], [[Salmon P. Chase]], [[Edward Bates]], and [[Simon Cameron]]. While Lincoln was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek office.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=291–293}} In January 1860, Lincoln told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination if offered, and in the following months' several local papers endorsed his candidacy.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=307–308}}

Traveling untiringly Lincoln made about fifty speeches. By their quality and simplicity, he quickly became the champion of the Republican party. However, unlike his overwhelming support in the [[Midwestern United States]] his support in the east was not as great, where he sometimes encountered a lack of appreciation and in some quarters was met with much indifference. [[Horace Greeley]], editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of Lincoln's compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=200}}{{sfn|Morse|1893|p=112}}

On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to give a [[Cooper Union speech|speech at Cooper Union]], in which he argued that the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery, and rejected any "groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong".{{sfn|Jaffa|2000|p=473}} Many in the audience thought he appeared awkward and even ugly.{{sfn|Holzer|2004|pp=108–111}} But Lincoln demonstrated intellectual leadership that brought him into contention. Journalist [[Noah Brooks]] reported, "No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience."{{sfnm|Carwardine|2003|1p=97|Holzer|2004|2p=157}}

Historian [[David Herbert Donald]] described the speech as a "superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's (Seward) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's (Chase) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery".{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=240}} In response to an inquiry about his ambitions, Lincoln said, "The taste ''is'' in my mouth a little."{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=241}}

===1860 presidential election===
{{Main|1860 United States presidential election}}
[[File:AbrLincoln1860ColeT.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Timothy Cole]] wood engraving taken from a May 20, 1860, ambrotype of Lincoln, two days following his nomination for president]]

On May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=244}} Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by [[David Davis (Supreme Court justice)|David Davis]], [[Norman B. Judd|Norman Judd]], [[Leonard Swett]], and Jesse DuBois, and Lincoln received his first endorsement.{{sfn|Oates|1974|pp=175–176}} Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of "The Rail Candidate".{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=245}} In 1860, Lincoln described himself: "I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes."<ref>{{cite letter |first=Abraham |last=Lincoln |recipient=Jesse W. Fell |subject=Herewith is a little sketch, as you requested |date=December 20, 1859 |url=https://www.nps.gov/libo/learn/historyculture/abraham_lincoln.htm |access-date=November 6, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024658/https://www.nps.gov/libo/learn/historyculture/abraham_lincoln.htm |archive-date=November 7, 2017 }}</ref> Michael Martinez wrote about the effective imaging of Lincoln by his campaign. At times he was presented as the plain-talking "Rail Splitter" and at other times he was "Honest Abe", unpolished but trustworthy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martinez, J. Michael |title=Coming for to Carry Me Home: Race in America from Abolitionism to Jim Crow|url={{google books|plainurl=y| id=PoJ2uyDrg5MC |page=59}}|year=2011 |page=59|isbn=978-1-4422-1500-9}}</ref>

On May 18, at the [[1860 Republican National Convention|Republican National Convention]] in Chicago, Lincoln won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase. A former Democrat, [[Hannibal Hamlin]] of Maine, was nominated for vice president to [[Ticket balance|balance the ticket]]. Lincoln's success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements and the tariff.{{sfn|Luthin|1944|pp=609–629}}
Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support.{{sfn|Hofstadter|1938|pp=50–55}} Lincoln's managers had focused on this delegation while honoring Lincoln's dictate to "Make no contracts that will bind me".{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=247–250}}

As the Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government, most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party. Throughout the 1850s, Lincoln had doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession.{{sfn|Boritt|Pinsker|2002|pp=10, 13, 18}} When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the [[1860 Democratic National Convention|Democratic convention]]; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President [[John C. Breckinridge]] as their candidate.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=253}} A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the [[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional Union Party]] and nominated [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] of Tennessee. Lincoln and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South.{{sfn|White|2009|pp=247–248}}

{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width = 500
| image1 = The Rail Candidate.jpg |alt1= Lincoln being carried by two men on a long board. | caption1 = ''The Rail Candidate''—Lincoln's 1860 platform, portrayed as being held up by a slave and his party

| image2 = ElectoralCollege1860.svg |alt2= Map of the U.S. showing Lincoln winning the North-east and West, Breckinridge winning the South, Douglas winning Missouri, and Bell winning Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky.| caption2 = In 1860, northern and western [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral]] votes (shown in red) put Lincoln into the White House.
}}
Prior to the Republican convention, the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the [[Wide Awakes]], which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties.<ref name=Audacious>{{cite book|title=Lincoln for President: An Unlikely Candidate, An Audacious Strategy, and the Victory No One Saw Coming|last=Chadwick|first=Bruce|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=2PQqZzyw4uAC|page=l49}}|pages=147–149|publisher=Sourcebooks|location=Naperville, Illinois|date=2009|access-date=April 1, 2017|isbn=978-1-4022-4756-9}}</ref> People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against Lincoln and rallied supporters for Lincoln.<ref name="murrin">Murrin, John (2006). ''Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People''. Belmont: Clark Baxter. p. 464. {{ISBN|978-0-495-91588-1}}</ref>

As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, Lincoln gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty. The goal was to demonstrate the power of "free labor", which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top by his own efforts.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=254–256}} The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a ''Chicago Tribune'' writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=254}} Though he did not give public appearances, many sought to visit him and write him. In the runup to the election, he took an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the influx of attention. He also hired [[John George Nicolay]] as his personal secretary, who would remain in that role during the presidency.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=251-252|p=}}

On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president. He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West. No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War.{{sfn|Mansch|2005|p=61}}{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=256}} Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon.{{sfn|White|2009|p=350}} His victory in the [[United States Electoral College|electoral college]] was decisive: Lincoln had 180 votes to 123 for his opponents.{{sfn|Nevins|1947|p=4:312}}

==Presidency (1861–1865)==
{{Main|Presidency of Abraham Lincoln}}

===Secession and inauguration===
{{See main|Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln}}
{{Further|Secession winter|Baltimore Plot}}
[[File:18610304 Affairs of the Nation - Abraham Lincoln inauguration - The New York Times.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5 | Headlines on the day of Lincoln's inauguration portended hostilities with the Confederacy, Fort Sumter being attacked less than six weeks later.<ref name=NYTimes_18610304>{{cite news |title=Affairs of the Nation / The Change of Administration To-Day |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-mar-04-1861-p-1/ |work=The New York Times |date=March 4, 1861 |page=1}}</ref>]]
The South was outraged by Lincoln's election, and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861.{{sfn|Edgar|1998|p=350}} On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.{{sfnm|Donald|1996|1p=267|Potter|1977|p2=498}} Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the [[Confederate States of America]], and adopted a constitution.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=267}} The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal.{{sfn|White|2009|p=362}} President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal.{{sfn|Potter|1977|pp=520, 569–570}} The Confederacy selected [[Jefferson Davis]] as its provisional president on February 9, 1861.{{sfn|White|2009|p=369}}

Attempts at compromise followed but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected the proposed [[Crittenden Compromise]] as contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the [[Territories of the United States|territories]].{{sfn|White|2009|pp=360–361}} Lincoln said, "I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right."{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=268}}

Lincoln tacitly supported the [[Corwin Amendment]] to the Constitution, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when Lincoln took office. That doomed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed.{{sfnm|Vorenberg|2001|1p=22|Vile|2003|2pp=280–281}} A few weeks before the war, Lincoln sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution.{{sfn|Lupton|2006|p=34}}

[[File:Abraham lincoln inauguration 1861.jpg|thumb|alt=A large crowd in front of a large building with many pillars.|March 1861 inaugural at the [[U.S. Capitol Building|Capitol building]]. [[United States Capitol dome|The dome]] above the rotunda was still under construction.]]

En route to his inauguration, Lincoln addressed crowds and legislatures across the North.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=273–277}} He gave a particularly emotional [[Abraham Lincoln's farewell address|farewell address]] upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Broadside, "President Lincoln's Farewell Address to His Old Neighbors, Springfield, February 12, 1861" - The Henry Ford|url=https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/236607/|access-date=2020-12-05|website=www.thehenryford.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lincoln's Farewell Address – Illinois History & Lincoln Collections|url=https://publish.illinois.edu/ihlc-blog/2018/01/27/lincolns-farewell-address/|access-date=2020-12-05|language=en-US}}</ref> The president-elect evaded suspected [[Baltimore Plot|assassins in Baltimore]]. On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=277–279}} Lincoln directed [[Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address|his inaugural address]] to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states:
{{Quote|Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States that by the accession of a Republican Administration their property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so."|[[Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address|First inaugural address]], 4 March 1861{{sfn|Sandburg|2002|p=212}}|source=}} Lincoln cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating "One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute." The president ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: "We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies ... The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature."{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=283–284}} The failure of the [[Peace Conference of 1861]] signaled that legislative compromise was impossible. By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. Meanwhile, Lincoln and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=268, 279}} In his [[Lincoln's second inaugural address|second inaugural address]], Lincoln looked back on the situation at the time and said: "Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came."

===Civil War===
{{Main|American Civil War|Battle of Fort Sumter}}

[[File:Maryland, Antietam, President Lincoln on the Battlefield - NARA - 533297.jpg|thumb|Lincoln with officers after the [[Battle of Antietam]]. Notable figures (from left) are 1. Col. [[Delos Bennett Sackett|Delos Sackett]]; 4. Gen. [[George W. Morell]]; 5. [[Alexander S. Webb]], Chief of Staff, V Corps; 6. McClellan;. 8. Dr. [[Jonathan Letterman]]; 10. Lincoln; 11. [[Henry J. Hunt]]; 12. [[Fitz John Porter]]; 15. [[Andrew A. Humphreys]]; 16. Capt. [[George Armstrong Custer]].|alt=Lincoln among a group of soldiers in a military camp]]
[[Robert Anderson (Civil War)|Major Robert Anderson]], commander of the Union's [[Fort Sumter]] in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and Lincoln's order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops [[Battle of Fort Sumter|at Fort Sumter]] and began the fight. Historian [[Allan Nevins]] argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking [[Southern Unionist]] opposition to an invasion.{{sfn|Nevins|1959|p=5:29}}

[[William Tecumseh Sherman]] talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war.{{sfn|Sherman|1990|pp=185–186}} Donald concludes that, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he also vowed not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that."{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=293}}

On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send a total of [[President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers|75,000 volunteer troops]] to recapture forts, protect Washington, and "preserve the Union", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states. This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral.{{sfn|Oates|1974|p=226}} The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the [[Mason-Dixon line]] to defend the nation.

As States sent Union regiments south, on April 19, Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links [[Baltimore riot of 1861|attacked Union troops]] who were changing trains. Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital and the Army responded by arresting [[Maryland in the American Civil War#Imposition of martial law|local Maryland]] officials. Lincoln suspended the writ of ''[[Habeas corpus in the United States#Suspension during the Civil War|habeas corpus]]'' where needed for the security of troops trying to reach Washington.{{sfn|Heidler|Heidler|Coles|2002|p=174}} [[John Merryman]], one Maryland official hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of ''habeas corpus.'' In June Taney, ruling only for the lower circuit court in [[ex parte Merryman]], issued the writ which he felt could only be suspended by Congress. Lincoln persisted with the policy of suspension in select areas.{{sfn|Harris|2011|pp=59–71}}{{sfn|Neely Jr.|1992|pp=3–31}}

====Union military strategy====
Lincoln took executive control of the war and shaped the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] military strategy. He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as [[commander-in-chief]] by exercising unprecedented authority. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended ''habeas corpus'', and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers. Lincoln gained the support of Congress and the northern public for these actions. Lincoln also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict.{{sfnm|Donald|1996|1pp=303–304|Carwardine|2003|2pp=163–164}}

[[File:RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg|thumb|alt=A group of men sitting at a table as another man creates money on a wooden machine.|''Running the Machine'': An 1864 political cartoon satirizing Lincoln's administration – featuring [[William Fessenden]], [[Edwin Stanton]], [[William H. Seward|William Seward]], [[Gideon Welles]], Lincoln, and others]]

It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. Copperheads criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on slavery. The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=315–339, 417}} On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the [[Confiscation Act of 1861|Confiscation Act]] that authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates. The law had little practical effect, but it signaled political support for abolishing slavery.{{sfnm|Donald|1996|1p=314|Carwardine|2003|2p=178}}

In August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting Washington, issued a martial edict freeing slaves of the rebels. Lincoln canceled the illegal proclamation as politically motivated and lacking military necessity.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=314–317}} As a result, Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000.{{sfn|Carwardine|2003|p=181}}

Internationally, Lincoln wanted to forestall foreign military aid to the Confederacy.{{sfn|Boritt|Pinsker|2002|pp=213–214}} He relied on his combative Secretary of State [[William Seward]] while working closely with [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] chairman [[Charles Sumner]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=322}} In the 1861 [[Trent Affair]] which threatened war with Great Britain, the U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the ''Trent'', on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered. Lincoln ended the crisis by releasing the two diplomats. Biographer [[James G. Randall]] dissected Lincoln's successful techniques:<ref>{{cite book|first=James Garfield|last= Randall|title=Lincoln the President: Springfield to Gettysburg|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Vi8aAQAAIAAJ|page=50}}|year=1946|page=50|isbn=978-0-306-80754-1}} quoted in Peraino, Kevin (2013) ''Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power''. pp. 160–61. {{ISBN|978-0-307-88720-7}}</ref>
{{Quote|his restraint, his avoidance of any outward expression of truculence, his early softening of State Department's attitude toward Britain, his deference toward Seward and Sumner, his withholding of his paper prepared for the occasion, his readiness to arbitrate, his golden silence in addressing Congress, his shrewdness in recognizing that war must be averted, and his clear perception that a point could be clinched for America's true position at the same time that satisfaction was given to a friendly country.}}

Lincoln painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party. In January 1862, after complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced [[United States Secretary of War|War Secretary]] Simon Cameron with [[Edwin Stanton]]. Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and canceling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000.{{sfn|Oates|1974|p=115}} Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward the Radical Republican faction. He worked more often and more closely with Lincoln than any other senior official. "Stanton and Lincoln virtually conducted the war together", say Thomas and Hyman.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=WTGTAAAAIAAJ|page=385}}|title=Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War|last1=Thomas|first1=Benjamin Platt|last2=Hyman|first2=Harold Melvin|date=1962|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|pages= 71, 87, 229–30, 385 (quote)}}</ref>

Lincoln's war strategy embraced two priorities: ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a prompt, decisive victory.{{efn|Major Northern newspapers, however, demanded more—they expected victory within 90 days.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=295–296}}}} Twice a week, Lincoln met with his cabinet in the afternoon. Occasionally Mary prevailed on him to take a carriage ride, concerned that he was working too hard.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=391–392}} For his edification Lincoln relied upon a book by his chief of staff General [[Henry Halleck]] entitled ''Elements of Military Art and Science''; Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist [[Antoine-Henri Jomini]]. Lincoln began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the [[Mississippi River]].{{sfn|Ambrose|1996|pp=7, 66, 159}} Lincoln saw the importance of [[Vicksburg, Mississippi|Vicksburg]] and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=432–436}}

====General McClellan====
After the Union rout at [[First Battle of Bull Run|Bull Run]] and [[Winfield Scott]]'s retirement, Lincoln appointed Major General [[George B. McClellan]] general-in-chief.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=318–319}} McClellan then took months to plan his Virginia [[Peninsula Campaign]]. McClellan's slow progress frustrated Lincoln, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan, in turn, blamed the failure of the campaign on Lincoln's reservation of troops for the capitol.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=349–352}}

[[File:Lincoln and McClellan 1862-10-03.jpg|alt=Photograph of Lincoln and McClellan sitting at a table in a field tent|thumb|Lincoln and McClellan]]
In 1862 Lincoln removed McClellan for the general's continued inaction. He elevated Henry Halleck in July and appointed [[John Pope (military officer)|John Pope]] as head of the new [[Army of Virginia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/henry-w-halleck|title=Henry W. Halleck|date=June 15, 2011|website=American Battlefield Trust|access-date=October 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008062810/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/henry-w-halleck|archive-date=October 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Pope satisfied Lincoln's desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thus protecting Washington from counterattack.{{sfn|Nevins|1947|pp=159–162}} But Pope was then soundly defeated at the [[Second Battle of Bull Run]] in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington.{{sfn|Nevins|1959|pp=159–162}}

Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington.{{sfn|Goodwin|2005|pp=478–479}} Two days after McClellan's return to command, General [[Robert E. Lee]]'s forces crossed the [[Potomac River]] into Maryland, leading to the [[Battle of Antietam]].{{sfn|Goodwin|2005|pp=478–480}} That battle, a Union victory, was among the bloodiest in American history; it facilitated Lincoln's [[Emancipation Proclamation]] in January.{{sfn|Goodwin|2005|p=481}}

McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's withdrawing army, while General [[Don Carlos Buell]] likewise refused orders to move the [[Army of the Ohio]] against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. Lincoln replaced Buell with [[William Rosecrans]]; and after the [[1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections|1862 midterm elections]] he replaced McClellan with [[Ambrose Burnside]]. The appointments were both politically neutral and adroit on Lincoln's part.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=389–390}}

Burnside, against presidential advice, launched an offensive across the [[Rappahannock River]] and was [[Battle of Fredericksburg|defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg]] in December. Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so Lincoln replaced Burnside with [[Joseph Hooker]].{{sfnm|Nevins|1947|1pp=433–444|Donald|1996|2pp=429–431}}

In the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of ''habeas corpus'', [[Conscription|military draft law]], and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations.{{sfn|Nevins|1947|p=322}}

In the spring of 1863 Lincoln was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, [[Ulysses S. Grant|Grant]] on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=422–423}}

Hooker was routed by Lee at the [[Battle of Chancellorsville]] in May, then resigned and was replaced by [[George Meade]].{{sfn|Nevins|1947|pp=432–450}} Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the [[Gettysburg Campaign]], but then failed to follow up despite Lincoln's demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=444–447}}

====Emancipation Proclamation====
{{Main|Abraham Lincoln and slavery|Emancipation Proclamation}}

<imagemap>
Image:Emancipation proclamation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''[[First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln]]'' by [[Francis Bicknell Carpenter]] (1864) ''(Clickable image—use cursor to identify.)''|alt=A dark-haired, bearded, middle-aged man holding documents is seated among seven other men.

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The Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865 delegated the issue to the individual states. Lincoln argued that slavery would be rendered obsolete if its expansion into new territories were prevented. He sought to persuade the states to agree to [[compensated emancipation|compensation]] for emancipating their slaves in return for their acceptance of abolition.<ref name="Mackubin">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/books/owens200403251139.asp |title=The Liberator |first=Thomas Owens |last=Mackubin |date=March 25, 2004 |work=National Review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216125903/http://old.nationalreview.com/books/owens200403251139.asp |archive-date=February 16, 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=December 12, 2008}}</ref> Lincoln rejected Fremont's two emancipation attempts in August 1861, as well as one by Major General [[David Hunter]] in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and would upset loyal border states.{{sfn|Guelzo|1999|pp=290–291}}

In June 1862, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory, which Lincoln signed. In July, the [[Confiscation Act of 1862]] was enacted, providing court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion; Lincoln approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional. He felt such action could be taken only within the war powers of the commander-in-chief, which he planned to exercise. Lincoln at this time reviewed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=364–365}}

Privately, Lincoln concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated. Copperheads argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification; Republican editor [[Horace Greeley]] of the ''New York Tribune'' agreed.{{sfn|McPherson|1992|p=124}} In a letter of August 22, 1862, Lincoln said that while he personally wished all men could be free, regardless of that, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union:{{sfn|Guelzo|2004|pp=147–153}}

{{Quote|My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union ... [¶] I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free.{{sfn|Graebner|1959|p=388}}}}

The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and effective January 1, 1863, affirmed the freedom of slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas under such control.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=364, 379}} Lincoln's comment on signing the Proclamation was: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper."{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=407}} He spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites.<ref>Louis P. Masur. (2012). ''Lincoln's Hundred Days: The Emancipation Proclamation and the War for the Union.'' Harvard University Press.</ref>

With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south liberated three million slaves.

Enlisting former slaves became official policy. By the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. In a letter to Tennessee military governor [[Andrew Johnson]] encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, "The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once".{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=430–431}} By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General [[Lorenzo Thomas]] had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=431}}

The Proclamation included Lincoln's earlier plans for [[Abraham Lincoln on slavery#Colonization|colonies]] for newly freed slaves, though that undertaking ultimately failed.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=408}}

====Gettysburg Address (1863)====
{{Main|Gettysburg Address}}
[[File:Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, Gettysburg, highlighted version.png|thumb|Lincoln, absent his usual top hat, is highlighted at Gettysburg.|alt=Large group of people]]
Lincoln spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=453–460}} In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal". He defined the war as dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and the future of democracy would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth".{{sfnm|Donald|1996|1pp=460–466|Wills|2012|2pp=20, 27, 105, 146}}

Defying his prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history.{{sfn|Bulla|Borchard|2010|p=222}}

====General Grant====
<imagemap>
Image:The Peacemakers 1868.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''[[The Peacemakers]]'', an 1868 painting by [[George P.A. Healy]] of events aboard the ''[[River Queen (steamboat)|River Queen]]'' in March 1865 ''(Clickable image—use cursor to identify.)''|alt=Painting of four men conferring in a ship's cabin, entitled "The Peacemakers".

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</imagemap>

[[Ulysses S. Grant|Grant's]] victories at the [[Battle of Shiloh]] and in the [[Vicksburg campaign]] impressed Lincoln. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, Lincoln had said, "I can't spare this man. He fights."{{sfn|Thomas|2008|p=315}} With Grant in command, Lincoln felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, while also including black troops. Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln to promote Grant to supreme commander. Grant then assumed command of Meade's army.{{sfn|Nevins|1947|pp=4:6–17}}

Lincoln was concerned that Grant might be considering a presidential candidacy in 1864. He arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions, and once assured that he had none, Lincoln promoted Grant to the newly revived rank of Lieutenant General, a rank which had been unoccupied since [[George Washington]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=490–492}} Authorization for such a promotion "with the advice and consent of the Senate" was provided by a new bill which Lincoln signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, 1864.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/grant|title=Message of President Abraham Lincoln Nominating Ulysses S. Grant to Be Lieutenant General of the Army|date=August 15, 2016|website=National Archives}}</ref>

Grant in 1864 waged the bloody [[Overland Campaign]], which exacted heavy losses on both sides.{{sfn|McPherson|2009|p=113}} When Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer."{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=501}} Grant's army moved steadily south. Lincoln traveled to Grant's headquarters at [[City Point, Virginia]], to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman.<ref name="whitehousehistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_about/whitehouse_collection/whitehouse_collection-art-06.html |title=The Peacemakers |publisher=The White House Historical Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927000627/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_about/whitehouse_collection/whitehouse_collection-art-06.html |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 3, 2009}}</ref> Lincoln reacted to Union losses by mobilizing support throughout the North.{{sfn|Thomas|2008|pp=422–424}} Lincoln authorized Grant to target infrastructure—plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability. He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies over destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake.{{sfn|Neely Jr.|2004|pp=434–458}} Lincoln's engagement became distinctly personal on one occasion in 1864 when Confederate general [[Jubal Early]] [[Battle of Fort Stevens|raided Washington, D.C.]]. Legend has it that while Lincoln watched from an exposed position, Union Captain (and future [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court Justice]]) [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!"{{sfn|Thomas|2008|p=434}}

As Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. Confederate Vice President [[Alexander H. Stephens|Stephens]] led a group meeting with Lincoln, Seward, and others at [[Hampton Roads Conference|Hampton Roads]]. Lincoln refused to negotiate with the Confederacy as a coequal; his objective to end the fighting was not realized.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=565}} On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg in a siege. The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and Lincoln visited the conquered capital. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at [[Appomattox Court House National Historical Park|Appomattox]], officially ending the war.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=589}}

===Re-election===
{{Main|1864 United States presidential election}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege1864.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of the U.S. showing Lincoln winning all the Union states except for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Delaware. The Southern states are not included.|An [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral]] landslide for Lincoln (in red) in the 1864 election; southern states (brown) and territories (gray) not in play]]
[[File:Republican presidential ticket 1864b.jpg|thumb|A poster of the 1864 election campaign with Lincoln as the candidate for president and [[Andrew Johnson]] as the candidate for vice president]]

Lincoln ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions, along with [[War Democrats]] [[Edwin M. Stanton]] and Andrew Johnson. Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him.{{sfnm|Fish|1902|1pp=53–69|Tegeder|1948|2pp=77–90}} At its convention, the Republicans selected Johnson as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new [[National Union Party (United States)|Union Party]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=494–507}}

Grant's bloody stalemates damaged Lincoln's re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat. Lincoln confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House;{{sfn|Grimsley|Simpson|2001|p=80}} Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. The pledge read as follows:{{quote|text=This morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be re-elected. Then it will be my duty to so co-operate with the President elect, as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground that he cannot possibly save it afterward.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lincoln|first=Abraham|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln7/1:1124?rgn=div1;view=fulltext|title=Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 7|orig-date=1953|page=514|chapter=Memorandum Concerning His Probable Failure of Re-election|year=2001}}</ref>}}

The Democratic platform followed the "Peace wing" of the party and called the war a "failure"; but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. Meanwhile, Lincoln emboldened Grant with more troops and Republican party support. Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and [[David Farragut]]'s capture of Mobile ended defeatism.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=531}} The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln. The National Union Party was united by Lincoln's support for emancipation. State Republican parties stressed the [[perfidy]] of the Copperheads.{{sfn|Randall|Current|1955|p=307}} On November 8, Lincoln carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers.{{sfnm|1a1=Grimsley|1a2=Simpson|1y=2001|1p=80|2a1=Paludan|2y=1994|2pp=274–293}}

[[File:Abraham Lincoln second inaugural address.jpg|thumb|alt=A large crowd in front of a large building with many pillars|Lincoln's second inaugural address in 1865 at the almost completed Capitol building]]
On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will. Historian [[Mark Noll]] places the speech "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;" it is inscribed in the [[Lincoln Memorial]].{{sfn|Noll|2002|p=426}} Lincoln said:

{{Quote|Fondly do we hope—fervently do we pray—that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the [[wikt:bondman|bond-man's]] 250 years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said 3,000 years ago, so still it must be said, "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether". With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.<ref>Lincoln, Abraham ''Abraham Lincoln: Selected Speeches and Writings'' (Library of America edition, 2009) p 450</ref>}}

===Reconstruction===
{{Main|Reconstruction era}}
Reconstruction preceded the war's end, as Lincoln and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy."{{sfn|Thomas|2008|pp=509–512}} Lincoln was determined to find meaning in the war in its aftermath, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Legendary Leaders|last=Koehn|first=Nancy|publisher=Scribner|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5011-7444-5|location=NY|page=191}}</ref> Lincoln led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. [[Thaddeus Stevens]], Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. [[Benjamin Wade]], who otherwise remained Lincoln's allies. Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held. His [[Ten percent plan|Amnesty Proclamation]] of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=471–472}}

[[File:Lincoln and Johnsond.jpg|alt=Cartoon of Lincoln and Johnson attempting to stitch up the broken Union|thumb|A political cartoon of Vice President Andrew Johnson (a former tailor) and Lincoln, 1865, entitled ''The 'Rail Splitter' At Work Repairing the Union''. The caption reads (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended."]]

As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations were restored. In Tennessee and Arkansas, Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson and [[Frederick Steele]] as military governors. In Louisiana, Lincoln ordered General [[Nathaniel P. Banks]] to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery. Democratic opponents accused Lincoln of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the 1864 [[Wade–Davis Bill]], which Lincoln vetoed. The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=485–486}}

Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies.{{sfn|Nevins|1947|p=4:206}}

After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment. He declared that such an amendment would "clinch the whole matter" and by December 1863 an amendment was brought to Congress.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=561}} This first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. Passage became part of Lincoln's reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865.{{sfnm|Donald|1996|1pp=562–563|History.com}} With ratification, it became the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] on December 6, 1865.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Documents in American History: 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html |publisher=Library of Congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010110013/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html |archive-date=October 10, 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref>

Lincoln believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's [[Freedmen's Bureau]] bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists.{{sfn|Carwardine|2003|pp=242–243}}

Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly how Reconstruction would have proceeded had Lincoln lived. Biographers James G. Randall and [[Richard Current]], according to David Lincove, argue that:<ref>{{cite book|last=Lincove|first=David A.|title=Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3EQcT7-Dpi0C|page=80}}|year= 2000|publisher=Greenwood|page=80|isbn=978-0-313-29199-9}}</ref>
{{Quote|It is likely that had he lived, Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson's, that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals, that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred, and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson's mistakes.}}

[[Eric Foner]] argues that:{{sfn|Foner|2010|p=335}}
{{Quote|Unlike Sumner and other Radicals, Lincoln did not see Reconstruction as an opportunity for a sweeping political and social revolution beyond emancipation. He had long made clear his opposition to the confiscation and redistribution of land. He believed, as most Republicans did in April 1865, that the voting requirements should be determined by the states. He assumed that political control in the South would pass to white Unionists, reluctant secessionists, and forward-looking former Confederates. But time and again during the war, Lincoln, after initial opposition, had come to embrace positions first advanced by abolitionists and Radical Republicans. ... Lincoln undoubtedly would have listened carefully to the outcry for further protection for the former slaves ... It is entirely plausible to imagine Lincoln and Congress agreeing on a Reconstruction policy that encompassed federal protection for basic civil rights plus limited black suffrage, along the lines Lincoln proposed just before his death.}}

===Native American policy===
Lincoln's experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather Abraham at their hands, in the presence of his father and uncles. Lincoln claimed Indians were antagonistic toward his father, Thomas Lincoln, and his young family. Although Lincoln was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, which was fought in Wisconsin and Illinois in 1832, he saw no significant action.{{sfn|Nichols|1974|p=3}} During his presidency, Lincoln's policy toward Indians was driven by politics.{{sfn|Nichols|1974|p=3}} He used the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage, making appointments to his loyal followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin.{{sfn|Nichols|1974|p=4}} He faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks.{{sfn|Nichols|1974|p=4}}

On August 17, 1862, the [[Dakota War of 1862|Dakota uprising]] in Minnesota, supported by the [[Yankton Sioux Tribe|Yankton Indians]], killed hundreds of white settlers, forced 30,000 from their homes, and deeply alarmed the Lincoln administration.{{sfn|Bulla|Borchard|2010|p=480}} Some believed it was a conspiracy by the Confederacy to launch a war on the Northwestern front.{{sfn|Nichols|1974|pp=4–5,7}} Lincoln sent General John Pope, the former head of the Army of Virginia, to Minnesota as commander of the new [[Department of the Northwest]].{{sfn|Nichols|1974|p=7}} Lincoln ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners of war sent by railroad to put down the Dakota Uprising.{{sfnm|Burlingame|2008|1p=481|Nichols|1974|2p=7}} When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, Lincoln revoked the policy.{{sfn|Bulla|Borchard|2010|p=481}} Pope fought against the Indians mercilessly, even advocating their extinction. He ordered Indian farms and food supplies be destroyed, and Indian warriors be killed.{{sfn|Nichols|1974|p=7}} Aiding Pope, Minnesota Congressman Col. [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry H. Sibley]] led militiamen and regular troops to defeat the Dakota at [[Battle of Wood Lake|Wood Lake]].{{sfn|Bulla|Borchard|2010|p=481}} By October 9, Pope considered the uprising to be ended; hostilities ceased on December 26.{{sfn|Nichols|1974|p=8}} An unusual military court was set up to prosecute captured natives, with Lincoln effectively acting as the route of appeal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Chomsky|first=Carol|date=1990|title=The United States-Dakota War Trials: A Study in Military Injustice|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1228993|journal=Stanford Law Review|volume=43|issue=1|pages=13–98|doi=10.2307/1228993|jstor=1228993|issn=0038-9765}}</ref>

Lincoln personally reviewed each of 303 execution warrants for [[Sioux#Santee (Isáŋyathi or Eastern Dakota)|Santee Dakota]] convicted of killing innocent farmers; he commuted the sentences of all but 39 (one was later reprieved).{{sfn|Cox|2005|p=182}}<ref name=":1" /> Lincoln sought to be lenient, but still send a message. He also faced significant public pressure, including threats of mob justice should any of the Dakota be spared.<ref name=":1" /> Former Governor of Minnesota [[Alexander Ramsey]] told Lincoln, in 1864, that he would have gotten more presidential election support had he executed all 303 of the Indians. Lincoln responded, "I could not afford to hang men for votes."{{sfn|Bulla|Borchard|2010|p=483}}

===Other enactments===

In the selection and use of his cabinet, Lincoln employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency. Lincoln commented on his thought process, "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet. We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men. Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services." {{sfn|Goodwin|2005|p=319}} Goodwin described the group in her biography as a ''[[Team of Rivals]]''.{{sfn|Goodwin|2005}}

Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws while deferring to Congress' responsibility for legislating. Lincoln vetoed only four bills, including the [[Wade-Davis Bill]] with its harsh Reconstruction program.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=137}} The [[1862 Homestead Act]] made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost. The 1862 [[Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act]] provided government grants for [[List of agricultural universities and colleges|agricultural colleges]] in each state. The [[Pacific Railway Acts]] of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' [[First Transcontinental Railroad]], which was completed in 1869.{{sfn|Paludan|1994|p=116}} The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s.{{sfn|McPherson|2009|pp=450–452}}

{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
| Name = Lincoln
| President = Abraham Lincoln
| President date = 1861–1865
| Vice President = [[Hannibal Hamlin]]
| Vice President date = 1861–1865
| Vice President 2 = [[Andrew Johnson]]
| Vice President date 2 = 1865
| State = [[William H. Seward]]
| State date = 1861–1865
| Treasury = [[Salmon P. Chase]]
| Treasury date = 1861–1864
| Treasury 2 = [[William P. Fessenden]]
| Treasury date 2 = 1864–1865
| Treasury 3 = [[Hugh McCulloch]]
| Treasury date 3 = 1865
| War = [[Simon Cameron]]
| War date = 1861–1862
| War 2 = [[Edwin M. Stanton]]
| War date 2 = 1862–1865
| Justice = [[Edward Bates]]
| Justice date = 1861–1864
| Justice 2 = [[James Speed]]
| Justice date 2 = 1864–1865
| Post = [[Montgomery Blair]]
| Post date = 1861–1864
| Post 2 = [[William Dennison Jr.]]
| Post date 2 = 1864–1865
| Navy = [[Gideon Welles]]
| Navy date = 1861–1865
| Interior = [[Caleb Blood Smith]]
| Interior date = 1861–1862
| Interior 2 = [[John Palmer Usher]]
| Interior date 2 = 1863–1865
| source =<ref>{{cite web |author=Summers, Robert |title=Abraham Lincoln |url=http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/alincoln.html |work=Internet Public Library 2 (IPL2) |publisher=U. Michigan and Drexel U. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002203536/http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/alincoln.html |archive-date=October 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=December 9, 2012}}</ref>
}}
There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a [[Income tax in the United States|Federal income tax]]. In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third [[Morrill Tariff]]s, following the first enacted by Buchanan. He also signed the [[Revenue Act of 1861]], creating the first U.S. income tax—a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|800|1861|r=-2}}}} in current dollar terms).{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=424}} The [[Revenue Act of 1862]] adopted rates that increased with income.{{sfn|Paludan|1994|p=111}}

Lincoln presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The [[National Banking Act]] created the system of national banks. The US issued paper currency for the first time, known as [[Greenback (1860s money)|greenbacks]]—printed in green on the reverse side.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brands |first=H. W. |year=2011 |title=Greenback Planet: How the Dollar Conquered the World and Threatened Civilization as We Know It |publisher=University of Texas Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3IweU12jH0C |page=1|isbn=978-0-292-73933-8 }}</ref> In 1862, Congress created the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=424}}

In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the ''[[New York World]]'' and the ''[[The Journal of Commerce|Journal of Commerce]]'' published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market. Lincoln attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=501–502}}

Lincoln is largely responsible for the [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving holiday]].{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=471}} Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during [[James Madison]]'s presidency 50 years earlier. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=471}}

In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as [[Yosemite National Park]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Schaffer|first=Jeffrey P.|title=Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and Its Trails|publisher=Wilderness Press|page=48|location=Berkeley|year=1999|isbn=978-0-89997-244-2}}</ref>

===Judicial appointments===
{{Main|List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln}}
[[File:Mathew Brady, Portrait of Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, officer of the United States government (1860–1865, full version).jpg|thumb|upright|Salmon Portland Chase was Lincoln's [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]].|alt=Seated man]]

====Supreme Court appointments====
{| class="wikitable"
|+Supreme Court Justices
!Justice
!Nominated
!Appointed
|-
|[[Noah Haynes Swayne]]
|January 21, 1862
|January 24, 1862
|-
|[[Samuel Freeman Miller]]
|July 16, 1862
|July 16, 1862
|-
|[[David Davis (Supreme Court justice)|David Davis]]
|December 1, 1862
|December 8, 1862
|-
|[[Stephen Johnson Field]]
|March 6, 1863
|March 10, 1863
|-
|[[Salmon P. Chase|Salmon Portland Chase]] (Chief Justice)
|December 6, 1864
|December 6, 1864
|}
Lincoln's philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known."{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=471}} Lincoln made five appointments to the Supreme Court. [[Noah Haynes Swayne]] was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. [[Samuel Freeman Miller]] supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where Lincoln practiced. Democrat [[Stephen Johnson Field]], a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.{{sfn|Blue|1987|p=245}}

====Other judicial appointments====
Lincoln appointed 27 judges to the [[United States district courts]] but no judges to the [[United States circuit court]]s during his time in office.<ref name="FJCdotGOV">{{cite web|title=Biographical Directory of Federal Judges|url=http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj|website=Federal Judicial Center|access-date=August 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730115701/http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj|archive-date=July 30, 2016}}</ref><ref name="FedJudgeListLincoln">{{cite web|title=Federal judges nominated by Abraham Lincoln|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Federal_judges_nominated_by_Abraham_Lincoln|website=BallotPedia|access-date=August 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909092944/http://ballotpedia.org/Federal_judges_nominated_by_Abraham_Lincoln|archive-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref>

===States admitted to the Union===
[[West Virginia]] was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. [[Nevada]], which became the third state in the far-west of the continent, was admitted as a free state on October 31, 1864.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=300, 539}}
{{Clear}}

===Assassination===
{{Main|Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|}}
[[File:Lincoln assassination slide c1900 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Painting of Lincoln being shot by Booth while sitting in a theater booth.|Shown in the presidential booth of Ford's Theatre, from left to right, are assassin [[John Wilkes Booth]], Abraham Lincoln, [[Mary Todd Lincoln]], [[Clara Harris]], and [[Henry Rathbone]].]]

[[John Wilkes Booth]] was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=586–587}} After attending an April 11, 1865 speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President.{{sfn|Harrison|2010|pp=3–4}} When Booth learned of the Lincolns' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at [[Ford's Theatre]]. Lincoln and his wife attended the play ''[[Our American Cousin]]'' on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the [[Battle of Appomattox Courthouse]]. At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=594–597}}

At 10:15 pm, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln's guest Major [[Henry Rathbone]] momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped.{{sfnm|Donald|1996|1p=597|Martin|2010}} After being attended by [[Charles Leale|Doctor Charles Leale]] and two other doctors, Lincoln was taken across the street to [[Petersen House]]. After remaining in a [[coma]] for eight hours, Lincoln died at 7:22 am on April 15.{{sfn|Steers Jr.|2010|p=153}}{{efn|At the moment of death some observers said his face seemed to relax into a smile.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fox|first1=Richard|title=Lincoln's Body: A Cultural History|date=2015|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-24724-4}}</ref><ref name="Abel4">{{cite book|last1=Abel|first1=E. Lawrence|isbn=978-1-4408-3118-8|title=A Finger in Lincoln's Brain: What Modern Science Reveals about Lincoln, His Assassination, and Its Aftermath|date=2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|at= Chapter 14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1865/04/17/news/our-great-loss-assassination-president-lincolndetails-fearful-crimeclosing.html|title=OUR GREAT LOSS; The Assassination of President Lincoln.|date=April 17, 1865|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113072328/http://www.nytimes.com/1865/04/17/news/our-great-loss-assassination-president-lincolndetails-fearful-crimeclosing.html|archive-date=January 13, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hay|first=John|title=The Life and Letters of John Hay Volume 1|date=1915|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company.|url=https://archive.org/stream/lifeandlettersof007751mbp/lifeandlettersof007751mbp_djvu.txt|access-date=July 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809132012/http://archive.org/stream/lifeandlettersof007751mbp/lifeandlettersof007751mbp_djvu.txt|archive-date=August 9, 2016|url-status=live}} Quote's original source is Hay's diary which is quoted in "Abraham Lincoln: A History", Volume 10, Page 292 by John G. Nicolay and John Hay</ref>}} Stanton saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages."{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=598–599, 686}}{{efn|Witnesses have provided other versions of the quote, i.e. "He now belongs to the ages." and "He is a man for the ages."}} Lincoln's body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoch|first=Bradley R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VKaCgAAQBAJ&q=lincoln+body+escorted+%22white+house%22&pg=PA123|title=The Lincoln Trail in Pennsylvania: A History and Guide|date=September 4, 2001|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-07222-7|pages=121–123|language=en}}</ref> President Johnson was sworn in the next morning.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Trefousse|first1=Hans L.|title=Andrew Johnson: A Biography|date=1989|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|page=194}}</ref>

Two weeks later, Booth was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and refusing to surrender, he was mortally shot by Sergeant [[Boston Corbett]] and died on April 26. Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested for court martial. After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge.{{sfnm|Steers Jr.|2010|1p=153|Donald|1996|2p=599}}

=== Funeral and burial ===
[[File:LincolnTrain.jpeg|thumb|Funeral of Lincoln]]
{{Main|Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln}}
The late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21. The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the ''Lincoln Special'' [[Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln#Funeral train|funeral train]].{{sfn|Trostel|2002|pp=31–58}} The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands. Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing{{sfnm|Trostel|2002|1pp=31–58|Goodrich|2005|2pp=231–238}} or in silent grief. Poet [[Walt Whitman]] composed "[[When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd]]" to eulogize him, one of [[Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln|four poems he wrote about Lincoln]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Peck |first=Garrett |title=Walt Whitman in Washington, D.C.: The Civil War and America's Great Poet |year=2015 |publisher=The History Press |location=Charleston, SC |isbn=978-1-62619-973-6 |pages=118–23}}</ref> African Americans were especially moved; they had lost 'their [[Moses]]'.{{sfn|Hodes|2015|p=164}} In a larger sense, the reaction was in response to the deaths of so many men in the war.{{sfn|Hodes|2015|pp=197–199}} Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some Lincoln haters celebrated his death.{{sfn|Hodes|2015|pp=84, 86, 96–97}} Lincoln's body was buried at [[Oak Ridge Cemetery]] in Springfield and now lies within the [[Lincoln Tomb]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings - Lincoln Tomb, Illinois |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/site19.htm |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830182658/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/site19.htm |archive-date=August 30, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Religious and philosophical beliefs==
{{Further|Religious views of Abraham Lincoln}}
[[File:AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Lincoln sitting with his hand on his chin and his elbow on his leg.|''[[Abraham Lincoln (Healy)|Abraham Lincoln]]'', painting by [[George Peter Alexander Healy]] in 1869]]

As a young man, Lincoln was a [[religious skepticism|religious skeptic]].{{sfnm|Carwardine|2003|1p=4|Wilson|1999|2p=84}} He was deeply familiar with the [[Bible]], quoting and praising it.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=48–49, 514–515}} He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lincoln|first=Abraham|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln1/1:403?rgn=div1;view=fulltext|title=Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 1.|orig-date=1953|page=383|chapter=Handbill Replying to Charges of Infidelity|year=2001}}</ref> He never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs.{{sfn|Noll|1992}} Through his entire public career, Lincoln had a proneness for quoting Scripture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/faithquotes.htm|title=Religious Quotations by Abraham Lincoln|website=www.abrahamlincolnonline.org|access-date=March 14, 2020}}</ref> His three most famous speeches—[[Lincoln's House Divided Speech|the House Divided Speech]], [[Gettysburg Address|the Gettysburg Address]], and [[Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address|his second inaugural]]—each contain direct allusions to Providence and quotes from Scripture.

In the 1840s, Lincoln subscribed to the [[The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated|Doctrine of Necessity]], a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=48–49}} With the death of his son Edward in 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence on God.{{sfn|Parrillo|2000|pp=227–253}} He never joined a church, although he frequently attended [[First Presbyterian Church (Springfield, Illinois)|First Presbyterian Church]] with his wife beginning in 1852.{{sfn|White|2009|p=180}}{{efn|On claims that Lincoln was baptized by an associate of [[Alexander Campbell (clergyman)|Alexander Campbell]], see {{cite journal|url=http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_38_no_2_contents/martin.html |last=Martin |first=Jim |title=The secret baptism of Abraham Lincoln |journal=Restoration Quarterly |volume=38 |issue=2 |year=1996 |access-date=May 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019204330/http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_38_no_2_contents/martin.html |archive-date=October 19, 2012 }}}}

In the 1850s, Lincoln asserted his belief in "providence" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=g9EynQEACAAJ}}|title="Our Country": Northern Evangelicals and the Union During the Civil War and Reconstruction|last=Brodrecht|first=Grant R.|date=2008|publisher=University of Notre Dame}}</ref> The death of son Willie in February 1862 may have caused him to look toward religion for solace.{{sfn|Wilson|1999|pp=251–254}} After Willie's death, he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity. He wrote at this time that God "could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun, He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds."{{sfn|Wilson|1999|p=254}}

Lincoln did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing those beliefs in major speeches.{{sfn|Noll|1992}} By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky: <blockquote>I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/hodges.htm|title=Letter by Abraham Lincoln to Albert Hodges|website=www.abrahamlincolnonline.org|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref></blockquote>This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/09/lincolns-greatest-speech/306551/|title=Lincoln's Greatest Speech|last=Wills|first=Garry|date=September 1, 1999|website=The Atlantic|access-date=March 14, 2020}}</ref> as the greatest such address in American history, and by Lincoln himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least.{{efn|Lincoln wrote to Thurlow Weed on March 4, 1865, ", and on the recent Inaugeral Address. I expect the latter to wear as well as---perhaps better than---any thing I have produced,"}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lincoln|first=Abraham|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln8/1:764?rgn=div1;view=fulltext|title=Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 8.|year=2001|orig-date=1953|page=}}</ref> Lincoln explains therein the cause, purpose, and result of the war was God's will.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln2.asp|title=Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States : from George Washington 1789 to George Bush 1989|website=avalon.law.yale.edu|access-date=March 14, 2020}}</ref> Later in life, Lincoln's frequent use of religious imagery and language might have reflected his own personal beliefs and might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly [[evangelicalism|evangelical]] [[Protestantism|Protestants]].{{sfn|Carwardine|2003|pp=27–55}} On the day Lincoln was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the [[Holy Land]].{{sfn|Guelzo|1999|p=434}}

==Health==
{{Main|Health of Abraham Lincoln}}
[[File:Abraham Lincoln O-116 by Gardner, 1865-crop.png|thumb|upright|alt=An older, tired-looking Abraham Lincoln with a beard.|Lincoln in February 1865, two months before his death]]

Lincoln is believed to have had [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[smallpox]], and [[malaria]].<ref name="Newsweek - DNA">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-can-lincolns-dna-tell-us-82789 |title=What Can Lincoln's DNA Tell Us? |date=February 13, 2009 |access-date=February 20, 2020 }}</ref> He took [[blue mass]] pills, which contained [[mercury (element)|mercury]],<ref name=Hirschhorn >{{cite journal |last1=Hirschhorn |first1=Norbert |last2=Feldman |first2=Robert G. |last3=Greaves |first3=Ian |date=Summer 2001 |title=Abraham Lincoln's Blue Pills: Did Our 16th President Suffer from Mercury Poisoning? |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/26064 |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=315-322 |doi=10.1353/pbm.2001.0048 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> to treat [[constipation]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Physical Lincoln Sourcebook |last=Sotos |first=John G. |publisher= Mt. Vernon Book Systems |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9818193-3-4|ref=Sotos2}} Full-text index [http://www.physical-lincoln.com/sbindex]{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} paragraphs 612-626.</ref> It is unknown to what extent he may have suffered from [[mercury poisoning]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0717_lincoln.html |title=Did Mercury in 'Little Blue Pills' Make Abraham Lincoln Erratic? |last=Mayell |first=Hillary |publisher=National Geographic News |date=July 17, 2001 |access-date=October 12, 2009}}</ref>

Several claims have been made that Lincoln's health was declining before the assassination. These are often based on [[list of photographs of Abraham Lincoln|photographs of Lincoln]] appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting.<ref name="theatlantic.com" /> It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as [[Marfan syndrome]] or [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B]].<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite web|first=Abraham|last=Verghese|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2009/05/was-lincoln-dying-before-he-was-shot/17955/ |title=Was Lincoln Dying Before He Was Shot? |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |location=Palo Alto, California|date=May 20, 2009|access-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145051/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2009/05/was-lincoln-dying-before-he-was-shot/17955/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{See also|Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln}}

=== Republican values ===
Lincoln's redefinition of ''[[Republicanism in the United States|republican values]]'' has been stressed by historians such as [[John Patrick Diggins]], [[Harry V. Jaffa]], [[Vernon Burton]], Eric Foner, and Herman J. Belz.{{sfn|Thomas|2008|p=61}} Lincoln called the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]—which emphasized freedom and equality for all—the "[[sheet anchor]]" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s. He did this at a time when the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]], which "tolerated slavery", was the focus of most political discourse.{{sfnm|Jaffa|2000|1p=399|Thomas|2008|2p=61}} Diggins notes, "Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself" in the 1860 Cooper Union speech.{{sfnm|Diggins|1986|1p=307|Thomas|2008|2p=61}} Instead of focusing on the legality of an argument, he focused on the moral basis of republicanism.{{sfnm|Foner|2010|1p=215|Thomas|2008|2p=61}}

His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract. Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state.{{sfnm|Jaffa|2000|1p=263|Thomas|2008|2p=61}} Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=_zaSs2HzEEwC|page=243}}|title=The Age of Lincoln: A History|last=Burton|first=Orville Vernon|date=2008|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-1-4299-3955-3}}</ref>

As a Whig activist, Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to [[Jacksonian democrats]].{{sfn|Boritt|Pinsker|2002|pp=196–198, 229–231, 301}} [[William C. Harris (historian)|William C. Harris]] found that Lincoln's "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism."{{sfn|Harris|2007|p=2}} James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform." Randall concludes that "he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders."{{sfn|Randall|1962|p=175}}

===Reunification of the states===
{{CSS image crop|Image=LINCOLN, Abraham-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg |bSize= 226|cWidth= 165|cHeight= 195|oTop= 33|oLeft= 31|Location= right|Description= [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] portrait of Lincoln as president}}
In Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people."{{sfn|Belz|1998|p=86}}

The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used, sometimes in the plural ("these United States"), and other times in the singular. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Burt |first=Andrew |date=May 13, 2013 |title='These United States': How Obama's Vocal Tic Reveals a Polarized America |magazine=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/these-united-states-how-obamas-vocal-tic-reveals-a-polarized-america/275739/ |access-date=February 14, 2020}}</ref>

=== Historical reputation ===
{{Quote|text=In his company, I was never reminded of my humble origin, or of my unpopular color.{{sfn|Douglass|2008|pp=259–260}}|sign=[[Frederick Douglass]]}}
In [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States|surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents]] conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are Lincoln, Washington, and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], although the order varies.<ref name="Ranking Our Presidents">{{Cite web |last=Lindgren |first=James |author-link=James Lindgren |date=November 16, 2000 |title=Rating the Presidents of the United States, 1789–2000 |website=The Federalist Society |access-date=February 14, 2020 |url=https://fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/rating-the-presidents-of-the-united-states-1789-2000-a-survey-of-scholars-in-history-political-science-and-law}}</ref>{{efn|While the book ''Rating The Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. Leaders, From the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent'' acknowledges that polls have rated Lincoln among the top presidents since 1948, the authors find him to be among the two best presidents, along with Franklin Delano Roosevelt.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=John V.|editor-last=Densen|title=Reassessing The Presidency, The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom|publisher=[[Ludwig von Mises Institute]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJGpAT7IWhwC&pg=PAix|location=Auburn, Alabama|date=2001|isbn=978-0-945466-29-1|pages=ix, 1–32}}</ref>}} Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, [[John F. Kennedy]], and [[Ronald Reagan]] have been the top-ranked presidents in eight surveys, according to Gallup.<ref name="gallup">{{Cite web |last=Newport |first=Frank |date=February 28, 2011|title=Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President|website=Gallup.com|access-date=February 13, 2019|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/146183/Americans-Say-Reagan-Greatest-President.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314210856/http://www.gallup.com/poll/146183/Americans-Say-Reagan-Greatest-President.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2012}}</ref> A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington.{{sfn|Taranto|Leo|2004|p=264}}

[[File:Aerial view of Lincoln Memorial - west side.jpg|upright=1.25|thumb|left|alt=An aerial photo a large white building with big pillars.|[[Lincoln Memorial]] in Washington, D.C.]]

Lincoln's assassination left him a national martyr. He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty. Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party. Many, though not all, in the South considered Lincoln as a man of outstanding ability.{{sfn|Chesebrough|1994|pp=76, 79, 106, 110}} Historians have said he was "a [[classical liberal]]" in the 19th-century sense. [[Allen C. Guelzo]] states that Lincoln was a "classical liberal democrat—an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright", whose portrait Lincoln hung in his White House office.<ref name="Fornieri">{{cite book|first1=Joseph R.|last1=Fornieri|first2=Sara Vaughn|last2=Gabbard|title=Lincoln's America: 1809–1865|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Xarqzbuf43sC|page=19}}|year=2008|publisher=[[SIU Press]]|location=Carbondale, Illinois|isbn=978-0-8093-8713-7|page=19}}</ref>{{sfn|Randall|1962|pp=65–87}}

Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the [[Progressive Era]] (1900–1920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the [[National Mall]] in Washington, D.C.{{sfn|Schwartz|2000|p=109}}

Union nationalism, as envisioned by Lincoln, "helped lead America to the nationalism of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], and Franklin Delano Roosevelt."{{sfn|Boritt|Pinsker|2002|p=222}} In the [[New Deal]] era, liberals honored Lincoln not so much as the [[self-made man]] or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the [[welfare state]].{{sfn|Schwartz|2008|pp=23, 91–98}}
[[File:United States penny, obverse, 2002.png|thumb|The [[Lincoln cent]], an American coin portraying Lincoln]]

Sociologist [[Barry Schwartz (sociologist)|Barry Schwartz]] argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life." During the [[Great Depression]], he argues, Lincoln served "as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful". Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan. Americans asked, "What would Lincoln do?"{{sfn|Schwartz|2008|pp=xi, 9, 24}} However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this "fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness." He suggested that [[postmodernism]] and [[multiculturalism]] have diluted greatness as a concept.{{sfn|Schwartz|2008|pp=xi, 9}}

In the [[Cold War]] years, Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by [[Communist regime]]s.{{sfn|Schwartz|2008|pp=23, 91–98}} By the late 1960s, some African-American intellectuals, led by [[Lerone Bennett Jr.]], rejected Lincoln's role as the Great Emancipator.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Arthur|last=Zilversmit|title=Lincoln and the Problem of Race: A Decade of Interpretations|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0002.104/--lincoln-and-the-problem-of-race-a-decade-of-interpretations?rgn=main;view=fulltext|journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|publisher=Abraham Lincoln Association|location=Springfield, Illinois|volume=2|issue=1|date=1980|pages=22–24|access-date=December 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025185706/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0002.104/--lincoln-and-the-problem-of-race-a-decade-of-interpretations?rgn=main;view=fulltext|archive-date=October 25, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=John M.|last=Barr|title=Holding Up a Flawed Mirror to the American Soul: Abraham Lincoln in the Writings of Lerone Bennett Jr.|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0035.105/--holding-up-a-flawed-mirror-to-the-american-soul-abraham?keywords=rgn...;rgn=main;view=fulltext|journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|publisher=Abraham Lincoln Association|location=Springfield, Illinois|volume=35|issue=1|date=Winter 2014|pages=43–65}}</ref> Bennett won wide attention when he called Lincoln a [[white supremacist]] in 1968.{{sfn|Bennett Jr.|1968|pp=35–42}} He noted that Lincoln used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks. Bennett argued that Lincoln opposed social equality, and proposed sending freed slaves to another country. Defenders, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day;{{sfn|Dirck|2008|p=31}} and that he was a "moral visionary" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible.{{sfn|Striner|2006|pp=2–4}} The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government on emancipation.{{sfnm|1a1=Cashin|1y=2002|1p=61|2a1=Kelley|2a2=Lewis|2y=2005|2p=228}}

By the 1970s, Lincoln had become a hero to [[Conservatism in the United States|political conservatives]],<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=p6yMTe4j_YEC|page=96}}|title=Lincoln and the Politics of Christian Love|last=Havers|first=Grant N.|page=96|date=November 13, 2009|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=978-0-8262-1857-5}}</ref> apart from [[neo-Confederates]] such as [[Mel Bradford]] who denounced his treatment of the white South, for his intense nationalism, support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage, his acting in terms of [[Lockean]] and [[Burkean]] principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers.{{sfnm|Belz|2014|1pp=514–518|Graebner|1959|2pp=67–94|Smith|2010|3pp=43–45}} Lincoln became a favorite exemplar for liberal intellectuals across the world.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Richard|editor1-last=Carwardine|editor2-first=Jay|editor2-last=Sexton|title=The Global Lincoln|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Gs_1lpJvF34C|page=54}}|year=2011|publisher=Oxford UP|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-537911-2|pages=7, 9–10, 54}}</ref>

Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century.{{sfn|Schwartz|2008|p=146}} On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of [[negative capability]], defined by the poet [[John Keats]] and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason".{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=15}}

In the 21st century, President [[Barack Obama]] named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the [[Lincoln Bible]] for his inaugural ceremonies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hirschkorn|first=Phil|title=The Obama-Lincoln Parallel: A Closer Look|website=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=January 17, 2009|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-obama-lincoln-parallel-a-closer-look/|access-date=January 26, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822114242/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-obama-lincoln-parallel-a-closer-look/|archive-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Jackson|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/theovall/2013/01/10/obama-inaugural-bible-kennedy-king/1821363/ |title=Obama to be sworn in with Lincoln, King Bibles |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |location=Mclean, Virginia|date=January 10, 2013 |access-date=March 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324044349/http://www.usatoday.com/story/theovall/2013/01/10/obama-inaugural-bible-kennedy-king/1821363/ |archive-date=March 24, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ed|last=Hornick|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/17/lincoln.obsession/index.html/|title=For Obama, Lincoln was model president|website=[[CNN]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting Systems]]|location=Atlanta, Georgia|date=January 18, 2009|access-date=August 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718224232/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/17/lincoln.obsession/index.html|archive-date=July 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light.<ref>{{cite magazine|first1=Steven|last1=Spielberg|author-link1=Steven Spielberg|first2=Tony|last2=Kushner|author-link2=Tony Kushner|first3=Doris|last3=Kearns Goodwin|author-link3=Doris Kearns Goodwin|title=Mr. Lincoln Goes to Hollywood|magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=2012|volume=43|issue=7|pages=46–53}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14664658.2011.594651|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Movies|year=2011|last1=Stokes|first1=Melvyn|s2cid=146375501|journal=American Nineteenth Century History|volume=12|issue=2|pages=203–231}}</ref>

===Memory and memorials===
{{Main|Memorials to Abraham Lincoln}}

Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of [[United States currency]], the [[Penny (United States coin)|penny]] and the [[United States five-dollar bill|$5 bill]]. His likeness also appears on many [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps#Abraham Lincoln|postage stamps]].<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=lhB5tAEACAAJ}}|title=Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers 2019 |last1=Houseman |first1=Donna|last2=Kloetzel|first2=James E.|last3=Snee|first3=Chad|date=October 2018|publisher=Amos Media Company|isbn=978-0-89487-559-5}}</ref> While he is usually portrayed bearded, he didn't grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old [[Grace Bedell]]. He was the first of 16 presidents to do so.{{sfn|Collea|2018|pp=13-14}}

He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names,{{sfn|Dennis|2018|p=194}} including the [[Lincoln, Nebraska|capital]] of Nebraska.{{sfn|Dennis|2018|p=197}} The [[United States Navy]] {{sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|1}} {{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72}} is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.public.navy.mil/airfor/cvn72/Pages/CVN72History.aspx |title=History of USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72) |website=United States Department of the Navy |access-date=February 13, 2020 |archive-date=June 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627065558/https://www.public.navy.mil/airfor/cvn72/Pages/CVN72History.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Lincoln Memorial]] is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pearson |first=Michael |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/lincoln-memorial-refurbishment/index.html |title=$18.5 million gift to help refurbish Lincoln Memorial |date=February 16, 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=February 13, 2020 }}</ref> and is one of the top five visited [[National Park Service]] sites in the country.<ref name="Atlantic - Nyce">{{Cite magazine |last=Nyce |first=Caroline Mimbs |date=May 21, 2015 |title=15 Most Visited National Landmarks in Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/15-most-visited-national-landmarks-in-washington-dc/451941/ |magazine=The Atlantic |access-date=February 13, 2020}}</ref> Ford's Theatre, among the top sites in Washington, D.C.,<ref name="Atlantic - Nyce" /> is across the street from Petersen House (where he died).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/foth/the-petersen-house.htm |title=The Petersen House – Ford's Theatre |website=U.S. National Park Service |access-date=February 13, 2020}}</ref> Memorials in Springfield, Illinois include [[Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum]], Lincoln's home, as well as [[Lincoln Tomb|his tomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lincolnlibraryandmuseum.com/lincoln-tour.htm |title=Abraham Lincoln Historical Tours in Springfield, Illinois |website=lincolnlibraryandmuseum.com |access-date=February 13, 2020}}</ref> A portrait carving of Lincoln appears with those of three other presidents on [[Mount Rushmore]], which receives about 3 million visitors a year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mount Rushmore National Memorial |url=http://www.nps.gov/moru/historyculture/index.htm |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001021548/http://www.nps.gov/moru/historyculture/index.htm |archive-date=October 1, 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=November 13, 2010}}</ref>
<gallery widths="140px" heights="200px" class="center">
File:Head of Abraham Lincoln at Mount Rushmore.jpg|Lincoln's image carved into the stone of [[Mount Rushmore]]|alt=See caption
File:Lincoln Heritage Scenic Highway - Adolph Weinman's Abraham Lincoln Statue - NARA - 7720071 (cropped).jpg|[[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Hodgenville, Kentucky)|''Abraham Lincoln'']], a 1909 bronze statue by [[Adolph Alexander Weinman|Adolph Weinman]], sits before a historic church in Hodgenville, Kentucky.|alt=See caption
File:Lincoln 1866 Issue-15c.jpg|The Lincoln memorial postage stamp of 1866 was issued by the U.S. Post Office exactly one year after Lincoln's death.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|American Civil War|Politics|Law|Kentucky|Illinois|United States}}
* [[Outline of Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Grace Bedell]]
* [[Dakota War of 1862]]
* [[The Towers (Ohio State)|Lincoln Tower]]
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Lincoln (film)|''Lincoln'' (film)]]: [[2012]] [[film]] by [[Steven Spielberg]].
* [[Linconia]] Proposed colony in Central America named for Lincoln
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{See also|Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Ambrose|first=Stephen E.|author-link=Stephen E. Ambrose|year=1996|title=Halleck: Lincoln's Chief of Staff|publisher=LSU Press|location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=mNYeG7Qrw7UC}}|isbn=978-0-8071-5539-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Baker|first=Jean H.|author-link=Jean H. Baker|year=1989|title=Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-393-30586-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Bartelt|first=William E.|author-link=William Bartelt|year=2008|title=There I Grew Up: Remembering Abraham Lincoln's Indiana Youth|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|location=Indianapolis, Indiana|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Ed-NAAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-87195-263-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Belz|first=Herman|year=1998|title=Abraham Lincoln, constitutionalism, and equal rights in the Civil War era|publisher=Fordham University Press|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=GbztAAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-8232-1768-7}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Belz|first=Herman|editor1-last=Frohnen|editor1-first=Bruce|editor-link1=Bruce Frohnen|editor2-last=Beer|editor2-first=Jeremy|editor3-last=Nelson|editor3-first=Jeffrey O|year=2014|encyclopedia=American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia|title=Lincoln, Abraham|publisher=Open Road Media|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=T1yOAwAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-1-932236-43-9}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Bennett Jr.|first=Lerone|author-link=Lerone Bennett Jr.|year=1968|title=Was Abe Lincoln a White Supremacist?|magazine=Ebony|volume=23|issue=4|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=H84DAAAAMBAJ|page=35}}|issn=0012-9011}}
* {{cite book|last=Blue|first=Frederick J.|year=1987|title=Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics|publisher=Kent State University Press|location=Kent, Ohio|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Wyxj7Y3Fh7AC}}|isbn=978-0-87338-340-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Boritt|first1=Gabor S.|last2=Pinsker|first2=Matthew|editor-last=Graff|editor-first=Henry|editor-link=Henry Graff|year=2002|title=The Presidents: A reference History|chapter=Abraham Lincoln|edition=7th|isbn=978-0-684-80551-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bulla|first1=David W.|last2=Borchard|first2=Gregory A.|year=2010|title=Journalism in the Civil War Era|publisher=Peter Lang|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=U67N0GsAUosC}}|isbn=978-1-4331-0722-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Burlingame|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Burlingame (historian)|year=2008|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Life|volume=2|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, Maryland|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=fcBd_-O8QC}}|isbn=978-1-4214-1067-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Carwardine|first=Richard J.|author-link=Richard Carwardine|year=2003|title=Lincoln|publisher=Pearson Longman|location=London, England|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=UrAOAQAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-582-03279-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cashin|first1=Joan E.|year=2002|title=The War was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=XDGYzuPW3PoC}}|isbn=978-0-691-09174-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Chesebrough|first=David B.|year=1994|title=No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow: Northern Protestant Ministers and the Assassination of Lincoln|publisher=Kent State University Press|location=Kent, Ohio|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=OHRNdDC54ooC}}|isbn=978-0-87338-491-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Collea |first=Joseph D. Collea Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XFuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=New York and the Lincoln Specials: The President's Pre-Inaugural and Funeral Trains Cross the Empire State |date=September 20, 2018 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-3324-4 |pages=13–14}}
* {{cite book|last=Cox|first=Hank H.|year=2005|title=Lincoln and the Sioux Uprising of 1862|publisher=Cumberland House|location=Nashville, Tennessee|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=gAUUbzGzg-ECL}}|isbn=978-1-58182-457-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Dennis|first=Matthew|year=2018|title=Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=a6JhDwAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-1-5017-2370-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Diggins|first=John P.|author-link=John Patrick Diggins|year=1986|title=The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=O3vYavMFE2MC}}|isbn=978-0-226-14877-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Dirck|first=Brian R.|year=2008|title=Lincoln the Lawyer|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Champaign, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=N1FEs-pDrT8C}}|isbn=978-0-252-07614-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Donald|first=David Herbert|author-link=David Herbert Donald|year=1996|title=Lincoln|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=fuTY3mxs9awC}}|isbn=978-0-684-82535-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Douglass|first=Frederick|author-link=Frederick Douglass|year=2008|title=The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass|publisher=Cosimo Classics|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-1-60520-399-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Edgar|first=Walter B.|author-link=Walter Edgar|year=1998|title=South Carolina: A History|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|location=Columbia, South Carolina|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EFSbwGk2szgC}}|isbn=978-1-57003-255-4}}
* {{cite journal|last=Ellenberg|first=Jordan|author-link=Jordan Ellenberg|date= May 23, 2021|title= What Honest Abe Learned from Geometry|journal=Wall Street Journal|volume=278|issue=119|pages=C3}} Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his 2021 book, ''Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else'', Penguin Press. ISBN 9781984879059
* {{cite journal|last=Fish|first=Carl Russell|author-link=Carl Russell Fish|year=1902|title=Lincoln and the Patronage|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–69|jstor=1832574|doi=10.2307/1832574}}
* {{cite journal|last=Foner|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Foner|year=2010|title=The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery|journal=The SHAFR Guide Online|doi=10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim040100206}}
* {{cite book|last=Goodrich|first=Th|year=2005|title=The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Indianapolis, Indiana|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=8Fv6ngEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-253-34567-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Doris Kearns|author-link=Doris Kearns Goodwin|year=2005|title=Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=4MS3BQAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-0-684-82490-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Graebner|first=Norman|editor-last=Basler|editor-first=Roy Prentice|editor-link=Roy Basler|year=1959|title=The enduring Lincoln: Lincoln sesquicentennial lectures at the University of Illinois|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Champaign, Illinois|chapter=Abraham Lincoln: Conservative Statesman|chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=zlxKAAAAMAAJ}}|oclc=428674}}
* {{cite book|last1=Grimsley|first1=Mark|author-link1=Mark Grimsley|last2=Simpson|first2=Brooks D.|author-link2=Brooks D. Simpson|year=2001|title=The Collapse of the Confederacy|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln, Nebraska|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=joh3AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-8032-2170-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|author-link=Allen C. Guelzo|year=1999|title=Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President|publisher=Wm.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=FmB3AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-8028-3872-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|year=2004|title=Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=DJmTUq9hYUoC}}|isbn=978-0-7432-2182-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lowell|author-link=Lowell H. Harrison|year=2010|title=Lincoln of Kentucky|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington, Kentucky|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=TYNsQ7iky2MC}}|isbn=978-0-8131-2940-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Harris|first=William C.|author-link=William C. Harris (historian)|year=2007|title=Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lawrence, Kansas|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Bbt2AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-7006-1520-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Harris|first=William C.|author-link=William C. Harris (historian)|year=2011|title=Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lawrence, Kansas}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Heidler|editor-first1=David Stephen|editor-last2=Heidler|editor-first2=Jeanne T.|editor-last3=Coles|editor-first3=David J.|year=2002|title=Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=1IhZngEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-393-04758-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Heidler|first1=David Stephen|last2=Heidler|first2=Jeanne T.|year=2006|title=The Mexican War|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Santa Barbara, California|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=I9hD60q4MsQC}}|isbn=978-0-313-32792-6}}
* {{cite web|last=History.com|first=Editors|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/house-passes-the-13th-amendment |title=House passes the 13th Amendment|publisher=History.com |access-date=May 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110065228/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/house-passes-the-13th-amendment |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Hodes|first=Martha|author-link=Martha Hodes|year=2015|title=Mourning Lincoln|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Connecticut|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=59ZtBgAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-0-300-21356-0}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hofstadter|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Hofstadter|year=1938|title=The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=44|issue=1|pages=50–55|doi=10.2307/1840850|jstor=1840850}}
* {{cite book|last=Holzer|first=Harold|author-link=Harold Holzer|year=2004|title=Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lQmUab8SnhQC}}|isbn=978-0-7432-9964-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Jaffa|first=Harry V.|author-link=Harry V. Jaffa|year=2000|title=A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Maryland|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=SzA4Zdd6mJoC}}|isbn=978-0-8476-9952-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kelley|first1=Robin D. G.|author-link1=Robin Kelley|last2=Lewis|first2=Earl|author-link2=Earl Lewis|year=2005|title=To Make Our World Anew: Volume I: A History of African Americans to 1880|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ua0dld3camgC}}|isbn=978-0-19-804006-4}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Lamb|editor1-first=Brian P.|editor-link1=Brian Lamb|editor2-last=Swain|editor2-first=Susan|editor-link2=Susan Swain|year=2008|title=Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President|publisher=PublicAffairs|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolngr0000unse|isbn=978-1-58648-676-1}}
* {{cite journal|last=Lupton|first=John A.|year=2006|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Corwin Amendment|journal=Illinois Heritage|volume=9|issue=5|page=34|url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824072958/http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|archive-date=August 24, 2016}}
* {{cite journal|last=Luthin|first=Reinhard H.|author-link=Reinhard H. Luthin|year=1944|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=609–629|jstor=1850218|doi=10.2307/1850218}}
* {{cite book|last=Madison|first=James H.|year=2014|title=Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Indianapolis, Indiana|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=2DvwnQEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-253-01308-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Mansch|first=Larry D.|year=2005|title=Abraham Lincoln, President-elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=NMt-yrjVE50C}}|isbn=978-0-7864-2026-1}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html |title=Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard |first=Paul |last=Martin |date=April 8, 2010 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221216/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=October 15, 2010}}
* {{cite book|last=McGovern|first=George S.|author-link=George McGovern|year=2009|title=Abraham Lincoln: The American Presidents Series: The 16th President, 1861–1865|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=oytingEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-8050-8345-3}}
* {{cite book|last=McPherson|first=James M.|author-link=James M. McPherson|year=1992|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=vFNppNaal6AC}}|isbn=978-0-19-507606-6}}
* {{cite book|last=McPherson|first=James M.|year=2009|title=Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3BMSDAAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-0-19-537452-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Morse |first=John Torrey |title=Abraham Lincoln |volume=I |authorlink= |publisher=Cambridge, Mass., Riverside Press |year=1893 |url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnv1mors }}
* {{cite book |last=Morse |first=John Torrey |title=Abraham Lincoln |volume=II |authorlink= |publisher=Cambridge, Mass. Riverside Press |year=1893 |url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnv2mors |ref=morse2}}
* {{cite book|last=Neely Jr.|first=Mark E.|author-link=Mark E. Neely Jr.|year=1992|title=The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=New York, New York|url=https://www.questia.com/library/79055660/the-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029142532/https://www.questia.com/library/79055660/the-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties|archive-date=October 29, 2014|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Neely Jr.|first=Mark E.|year=2004|title=Was the Civil War a Total War?|journal=Civil War History|volume=50 |issue=4|pages=434–458|doi=10.1353/cwh.2004.0073}}
* {{cite book|last=Nevins|first=Allan|year=1959|title=The War for the Union|publisher=Scribner|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=88PUvgEACAAJallan}}|isbn=978-0-684-10416-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Nevins| first=Allan |year=1947|title=The War for the Union and Ordeal of the Union, and the Emergence of Lincoln|publisher=Scribner|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=88PUvgEACAAJ}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Nichols|first=David A. |year=1974| title=The Other Civil War Lincoln and the Indians|journal=Minnesota History|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/44/v44i01p002-015.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=Noll|first=Mark A. |author-link=Mark Noll |year=1992 |title=A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=VGF3wbzzy9QC|page=322}}|isbn=978-0-8028-0651-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Noll|first1=Mark A.|year=2002|title=America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=i4kRDAAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-0-19-515111-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Oates|first=Stephen B. |author-link=Stephen B. Oates |editor-last=Woodward|editor-first=Comer Vann|editor-link=C. Vann Woodward|year=1974|title=Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct |publisher=Dell Publishing|location=New York, New York|chapter=Abraham Lincoln 1861–1865 |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ecKHAAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-440-05923-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Paludan|first=Phillip Shaw |author-link=Phillip S. Paludan| year=1994 |title=The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lawrence, Kansas|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Qi4aAQAAIAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-7006-0671-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Parrillo|first=Nicholas|year=2000|title=Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War|journal=Civil War History|volume=46| issue=3|pages=227–253|doi=10.1353/cwh.2000.0073|issn=1533-6271}}
* {{cite book| last=Potter|first=David M.|author-link=David M. Potter|year=1977|title=The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861 |publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=S7Qk9nIwk14C}}|isbn=978-0-06-131929-7}}
* {{cite book| last=Randall|first=James Garfield|author-link=James G. Randall|year=1962|title=Lincoln: The Liberal Statesman|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=DHUqAAAAYAAJ}}|asin=B0051VUQXO}}
* {{cite book|last1=Randall|first1=James Garfield|last2=Current|first2=Richard Nelson|author-link2=Richard N. Current|year=1955|title=Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure|series=Lincoln the President|volume=IV|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=KBrdeG8hMhwC}}|oclc=950556947}}
* {{cite book |last=Richards|first=John T.|year=2015|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Lawyer-Statesman (Classic Reprint)|publisher=Fb&c Limited|location=London, England|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3uEUswEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-1-331-28158-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Sandburg|first=Carl|author-link=Carl Sandburg|year=1926|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years|publisher=Harcourt|location=San Diego, California|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=deFCAAAAIAAJ}}|oclc=6579822}}
* {{cite book |last=Sandburg|first=Carl|year=2002|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|location=Boston, Massachusetts|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EPmfzxRags0C}}|isbn=978-0-15-602752-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Schwartz|first=Barry|author-link=Barry Schwartz (sociologist)|year=2000|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=XZwX9ANHHbUC}}|isbn=978-0-226-74197-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|year=2008|title=Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=1p9T8drMHeYC}}|isbn=978-0-226-74188-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Sherman|first=William T.|author-link=William Tecumseh Sherman|year=1990|title=Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman|publisher=BiblioBazaar|location=Charleston, South Carolina|isbn=978-1-174-63172-6}}
* {{cite book| last=Simon|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Simon (politician)|year=1990|title=Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Legislative Years|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Champaign, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=WSm1wQEACAAJ}} |isbn=978-0-252-00203-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Robert C.|author-link=Robert C. Smith (political scientist)|year=2010|title=Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ueQjmQEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-1-4384-3233-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Steers Jr.|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Steers Jr.|year=2010|title=The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=5XbXsdrLwn8C}}|isbn=978-0-06-178775-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Striner|first=Richard|year=2006|title=Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=England, London|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EuR2AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-19-518306-1}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Taranto|editor1-first=James|editor-link1=James Taranto|editor2-last=Leo|editor2-first=Leonard|editor-link2=Leonard Leo|year=2004|title=Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House|publisher=Free Press|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=myl2AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-7432-5433-5}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tegeder|first=Vincent G.|year=1948|title=Lincoln and the Territorial Patronage: The Ascendancy of the Radicals in the West|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=35|issue=1|pages=77–90|jstor=1895140|doi=10.2307/1895140}}
* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Benjamin P.|author-link=Benjamin P. Thomas|year=2008|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|location=Carbondale, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=fkB_E9GM0XoC}}|isbn=978-0-8093-2887-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Trostel|first=Scott D.|year=2002|title=The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Cam-Tech Publishing|location=Fletcher, Ohio|url=http://www.lincolnfuneraltrain.com/html/funeral_train.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712183544/http://lincolnfuneraltrain.com/html/funeral_train.html|archive-date=2013|isbn=978-0-925436-21-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Vile|first=John R.|year=2003|title=Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments: Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues 1789–2002|edition=2nd|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-428-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=Vorenberg|first=Michael|year=2001|title=Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=f-UQWNPD5qgC}}|isbn=978-0-521-65267-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Warren|first=Louis A.|year=2017|title=Lincoln's Youth: Indiana Years, Seven to Twenty-One, 1816-1830 (Classic Reprint)|publisher=Fb&c Limited|location=London, England|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=1zo7tAEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-282-90830-0}}
* {{cite book|last=White|first=Ronald C.|author-link=Ronald C. White|year=2009|title=A. Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Random House|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=6kf6Kzz4otYCA.}}|isbn=978-1-58836-775-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Wills|first=Garry|author-link=Garry Wills|year=2012|title=Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=7-aynIQRkYcC}}|isbn=978-1-4391-2645-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Douglas Lawson|last2=Davis |first2=Rodney O.|last3=Wilson|first3=Terry |first4=William Henry|last4=Herndon|first5=Jesse William|last5=Weik|title=Herndon's Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements about Abraham Lincoln|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=s2gilcp4yYQC|page=35}}|year=1998|publisher=Univ of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-02328-6|pages=35–36}}
*{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Douglas L. |title=Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln|year=1999|publisher=A. A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-76581-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Winkle|first=Kenneth J.|year=2001|title=The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing|location=Lanham, Maryland|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=JcEVAAAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-1-4617-3436-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Zarefsky|first=David|author-link=David Zarefsky|year=1993|title=Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=SlCU9PS9VGcC}}|isbn=978-0-226-97876-5}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==

{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Abraham Lincoln |b=no |n=no |q=Abraham Lincoln |s=Author:Abraham Lincoln|v=no|voy=no|species=no|display=Abraham Lincoln|d=Q91}}

===Official===
* [https://presidentlincoln.illinois.gov/ Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum]
* [https://papersofabrahamlincoln.org/about The Lincoln Presidential Library's ongoing digitization of all documents written by or to Abraham Lincoln during his lifetime]
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/ Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln - complete collected works as edited by Basler et al (1958)] - an online edition available through University of Michigan Library Digital Collections
* [https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/abraham-lincoln/ White House biography]

===Organizations===
* [http://www.abrahamlincolnassociation.org/ Abraham Lincoln Association]
* [http://www.lincolnbicentennial.org/ Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation]

===Media coverage===
* {{NYTtopic|people/l/abraham_lincoln}}

===Other===
{{Biographical Directory of Congress|L000313|ref=no}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/lincoln/ Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress]
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?125640-1/life-portrait-abraham-lincoln "Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln"], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''American presidents: Life Portraits'', June 28, 1999
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?164439-1/writings-abraham-lincoln "Writings of Abraham Lincoln"] from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]''
* [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/The-Lincoln-Collection Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts] – [[Shapell Manuscript Foundation]]
* [http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/ Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project] – Northern Illinois University Libraries
* [http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470 Teaching Abraham Lincoln] – [[National Endowment for the Humanities]]
* {{Gutenberg author|id=3}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Abraham Lincoln}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2233}}
* [http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200002063/default.html In Popular Song: Our Noble Chief Has Passed Away by Cooper/Thomas]
* [http://www.mchistory.org/perch/resources/Finding%20Aid%20PDFs/lincoln-abraham-miscellaneous-publications-1.pdf Abraham Lincoln Recollections and Newspaper Articles Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113063456/http://www.mchistory.org/perch/resources/Finding%20Aid%20PDFs/lincoln-abraham-miscellaneous-publications-1.pdf |date=November 13, 2018 }}, McLean County Museum of History
* Digitized items in [https://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/ the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana] in the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] in the [[Library of Congress]]

{{Abraham Lincoln|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Offices and distinctions
|list1=
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Henry (representative)|John Henry]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from Illinois|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Illinois's 7th congressional district]]|years=1847–1849}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas L. Harris|Thomas Harris]]}}

{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John C. Frémont|John Frémont]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for President of the United States |years=[[1860 United States presidential election|1860]], [[1864 United States presidential election|1864]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ulysses S. Grant|Ulysses Grant]]}}

{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[James Buchanan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=1861–1865}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Andrew Johnson]]}}

{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry Clay]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Persons who have [[lying in state|lain in state or honor]] in the [[United States Capitol rotunda]]|years=1865}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thaddeus Stevens]]}}
{{s-end}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Articles related to Abraham Lincoln
|list1=
{{Lincoln–Douglas debates}}
{{US Presidents}}
{{Republican Party (United States)}}
{{USCongRep-start|congresses= 30th [[United States Congress]] |state=[[Illinois]]}}
{{USCongRep/IL/30}}
{{USCongRep-end}}
{{Anti-slavery parties (US)}}
{{Hall of Fame for Great Americans}}
{{Lincoln cabinet}}
{{United States presidential election, 1856}}
{{United States presidential election, 1860}}
{{United States presidential election, 1864}}
{{American Civil War}}
{{Reconstruction Era}}
{{Lain in State (USA)|state=collapsed}}
{{Appalachian people}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lincoln, Abraham}}
[[Category:Abraham Lincoln| ]]
[[Category:1809 births]]
[[Category:1865 deaths]]
[[Category:1865 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:19th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:American abolitionists]]
[[Category:American colonization movement]]
[[Category:American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Indian Wars]]
[[Category:American militia officers]]
[[Category:American nationalists]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American political party founders]]
[[Category:Illinois postmasters]]
[[Category:American surveyors]]
[[Category:Assassinated presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Burials at Oak Ridge Cemetery]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1864 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees]]
[[Category:Illinois Central Railroad people]]
[[Category:Illinois Republicans]]
[[Category:Illinois Whigs]]
[[Category:Illinois lawyers]]
[[Category:Lincoln family|Abraham]]
[[Category:Male murder victims]]
[[Category:Members of the Illinois House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois]]
[[Category:People associated with the assassination of Abraham Lincoln]]
[[Category:People from Coles County, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from LaRue County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:People from Macon County, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Spencer County, Indiana]]
[[Category:People murdered in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:People of Illinois in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:People with mood disorders]]
[[Category:Politicians from Springfield, Illinois]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees]]
[[Category:Republican Party presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Union political leaders]]
[[Category:Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]

User talk:WikiDwarf

2021-09-19T18:05:45Z

Lucasraven12: /* Autoconfirmed... */

User talk:WikiDwarf

2021-09-19T18:04:30Z

Lucasraven12: /* Autoconfirmed... */

{{User talk}}

== Issue with Notice ==

Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)

:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)

== Spamming ==

I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== The Reviewer Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Barnstar-RTFM.png|100px]]}}
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== How to submit the article ==

I have created the article help me in submitting the article — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 

:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Bharatpedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)
Sure thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 
Have edited & summited the draft..

How to disclose the paid contribution?

== Review of article ==

Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)

== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==

Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)

== Article creation ==

Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Bharatpedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

== Question ==

Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)
==A curious query==
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia?
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Bharatpedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)

== Talk back notice ==

Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)

:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me.
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)

::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Sir! (1) I have new import request. Please see. (2) I have more than 500 edits. So, I think I am extended confirmed user now. Could you please grant me the right of importer to me? What special steps are needed for importing? If possible, please teach me. SonOfZeus 20:16, 18 May 2021 (IST)
:::::Your account has not yet reached the extendedconfirmed level. A registered editor becomes extendedconfirmed automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old and has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits) so, I will take a look at the list and import as much as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:30, 21 May 2021 (IST)
::Sir, I have new requests in the request page for import. BTW, due to multiplicity of the articles, I can't put square brackets in every title of the requested article. Please don't mind. Hope you will adjust them easily. At the same time, I will try my best. SonOfZeus 21:50, 4 June 2021 (IST)
:::Hello Sir! As my user account is 1 month old, could you grant me the importer right? If possible, it will definitely help me and you. I might no longer disturb you by requesting exhaustive list of articles for import! SonOfZeus 14:22, 7 June 2021 (IST)
::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Please attach an email id to your account so I can grant you the importer right and share instructions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:::::{{re|WikiDwarf}}(1) Brother! I have attached the email id. Now, please share me the instructions. SonOfZeus 16:36, 2 July 2021 (IST)
::::::(2) And why we're those list of requested articles removed? SonOfZeus 12:18, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for attaching your email address, I will soon send you the instructions. The page ([[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests‎‎]]) was converted to an article by a couple of users but their edits have been reverted and the list is visible now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:40, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::: I received your email, but I think I am still not getting any instruction about how to import an article from the general wikipedia run by Wikimedia Foundation to this Bharatpedia. May I get that, bro! I am eager to learn that! And thank you for all those useful links you send me, those will also help me in future. SonOfZeus 13:23, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::::That might be one of some other automatic emails. I have not yet sent you the instructions to use the import tool, once I do, I will notify you on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 3 July 2021 (IST)
----
Wow! I did it, bro! After properly following your instructions, I succeed in importing files to here! But as I am a birdie, I am importing only one at a time. SonOfZeus 19:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|SonOfZeus}} That's great, please let me know if you need any help. Also, please note that articles created using a tool such as "importer" will not be counted at the edit-a-thon so please only list those you have created manually. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:31, 3 August 2021 (IST)
::But what about the expansion of already existing article? I mean there are some articles brought here through importer before the beginning of this contest. If I expand such article, are they able to be counted for the contest? SonOfZeus 22:28, 3 August 2021 (IST)
:::Yes, they will be counted as valid entries. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:06, 4 August 2021 (IST)
___
Hello brother! Please check if any of the articles I have added for the contest is ineligible or eligible! If found any problem, please tell me so that I may either fix the problem or create a substitute in time. Besides, you have a mail from me. Please check it too. Regards! SonOfZeus 22:26, 4 August 2021 (IST)

== Issue in Reviewing ==
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?

== Revert Rights ==
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)

== Index ==

Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, I created a page can you please approve? thanks

== Review Timeline ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}, I am planning to introduce a good amount of fashion and film people articles to this place. I have auto petrol rights in English Wikipedia so I know what I am doing. I just want to know, what are the indexing/review timelines here. This is just for a better understanding of the process. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 14:50, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Kingfisher}} and thank you for your interest. First of all, there is no fixed timeline for the review process since we have very few reviewers at the moment. Secondly, I will be glad to grant you the same user right(s) that you have on Wikipedia if you can share the details for verification purpose. If you don't want to disclose it publicly for any reason you can mail me. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:35, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:: Here is my user rights screen in en.wikipedia.org. https://tinyurl . com/ykxumuxm. I can't reveal my username because Wiki people keep an eye on everywhere. I find it risky. You can give me the rights for a temporary period and see the work or you may wait. Whatever it is, I am feeling excited about this project. The opportunities are endless. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:::That is totally fine if you don't want to disclose it publicly. Can you attach an email id to your account here so I can share some details? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::::That sounds good. I did that. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 01:03, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== User Rights ==
Hey there, I just saw you changed my user rights to confirmed and later again removed that. I would request you to kindly update my user rights to confirmed. Thank you -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 16:08, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Plts}}, you already have confirmed status. Please verify it by visiting [[Special:UserRights]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:12, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::{{reply to|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for the information. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:50, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== Will making a page here interrupt with Wikipedia English ? ==

I want to know if same article with same name gets made here and wiki English Will there be copyright or interruption cuz the two pages Under same name? [[User:Positivesoul|Positivesoul]] ([[User talk:Positivesoul|talk]]) 10:06, 1 June 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Positivesoul}}, In order to reuse contents from one site to another, you need to provide attribution. This is done by either saying in your edit summary that the material was copied, and where you got it. There will be no interruption in creating two pages under the same name. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:49, 2 June 2021 (IST)

== can you approve this page ? let me know if it qualifies==
https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Emma_Jonnz

Hi sir, I have no conflict of interest with this person. he is a famous youtube in west Bengal. And he got a gold play button from youtube

== Draft Request ==
Hey [[User:WikiDwarf]], I just saw my article was deleted by you under criteria A7. I just read what it means, I would request you to provide me a draft for article [[Piyush Monga]] so that I can improve it. Also, please suggest some improvements to my first article [[Youth Against Rape]]. Thank you soo much for your help. Happy editing -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 17:00, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Plts}} {{done}}. I have restored the article in the draft namespace as per your request above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:43, 8 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:23, 9 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft: Bhupesh Bansal ==

Hello, I submitted a draft. Please check and approve it if it is well.

Thank you.

== Asking a Favour ==
Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] I am a Wikipedia editor from the northern part of the country and I also create articles related to Nepal. is it legal to create articles about people from Nepal or any other country? I have created more than 25 articles on English [[Wikipedia]](directly on namespace) and more than 20 of them got reviewed and are live on the wiki but unfortunately, 5 of them got deleted. I will be happily contributing on [[Bharatpedia]] as well if provided the required access, also I agree to all your terms and conditions if found violating any of them you are free to take the required action. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 08:00, 17 June 2021 (IST)

:Hello {{u|Mailblog34}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. There are no restrictions on creating articles on any topic but the subject must be notable enough to have an independent article. Since your account has not yet reached the autoconfirmed status I would suggest you create new articles in the draft namespace and once your account is autoconfirmed (i.e. four days old and you've made ten edits) then you will be able to move/create articles directly in the main namespace. If you need any help please let me know. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:01, 17 June 2021 (IST)
* Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] i am already four days old and made more than 30 edits but still did not get option of "create the pge" , and did not get option to move pages . Help me out on my limited access .--[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 23:19, 19 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Mailblog34}} Your account was registered on 16 June 2021 at 09:45 (IST) so please wait for one more day and your account will be autoconfirmed. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:26, 19 June 2021 (IST)

== Vandalism ==

Hello sir. Somebody is keep vandalizing [[Harish Pednekar]] please lock the page from spammers. [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.118|206.84.238.118]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.118|talk]]) 17:40, 25 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], Could you please review this article [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], link: https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/User:Alialfaisal/sandbox ,Thank You.--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 17:56, 28 June 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], Sources have been added to the article, I can supplement them with additional sources if you wish, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I hope to review. Thank you. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 18:26, 1 July 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], I did not understand why the article was not approved, even though I added several news sources in it and can supplement it with additional sources?--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)

== I requested that add me admin on Bharatpedia. ==

I will be work forever to wikipedia. Please add me admin group member in Bharat wikipedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]]) 12:09, 29 June 2021 (IST)Hembram Bakhul

== Kindly clear the pending DRAFT ASAP. ==

Hi, kindly Clear the pending draft asap so that a contributor like me gets the motivation to contribute more too this open and neutral place. [[User:Marvel|Marvel]][[User talk:Marvel|(talk)]]

== How to upload image ==

Hi WikiDwarf. I am User:VF814324. I am new here. How can I upload an Image with CC-BY-SA license? Wher to upload ? When I click on 'Upload file' button, it brings me to Wikimedia commons. Can I publish file locally on Bharatpedia? [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 13:45, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|VF814324}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! Unfortunately uploading images locally is only limited to sysops at the moment so you can send the image along with its copyright permission to permission@bharatmedia.org. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 4 July 2021 (IST)
:: Thanks, I've mailed as you said. [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 17:59, 7 July 2021 (IST)

== AFC Submission cleaned? ==
Hey there, I hope you're doing well. I'm writing to get your attention on an error I faced.
[[Draft:Sunil ydv SS]], a draft(stub) that I created and submitted around a month ago to AFC. Now, when I see, the AFC tag has disappeared and no reason is shown for this. I would request you to kindly check this issue as well as review this draft as I believe it qualifies [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thank you & happy editing - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 13:56, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:The same error occurred on another draft that I created [[Draft:Piyush Monga]], the AFC tag has been removed and no reason is shown. I would request you to kindly review this draft too. Thank you & happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 18:50, 5 July 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Plts}} The tags were removed by user [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] at the time they moved both pages to the main namespace, but I have restored the tags on both drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 11:49, 27 July 2021 (IST)

== Copyright issue ==

hey [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] a user - [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] is copying the articles and pasting them here from English Wikipedia without any edits, just informing you as it may violate copyright. Ignore if it doesn't violate copyright policy. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 21:51, 7 July 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Mailblog34}} Hi, I think reusing Wikipedia content is generally allowed as per [[:en:Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content]]. [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 08:42, 9 July 2021 (IST)

== Photo upload ==

Hi i want to upload photo but when I click on upload it take me to wikimedia which is wikipedia portal will you please guide me on it. --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 12:58, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Protection Of Wikipedia Article ==

How to add protection to articles so as to stop dispute and vandalism. 
[[User:Wandererkanishk|Wandererkanishk]] ([[User talk:Wandererkanishk|talk]])

== article review ==

Hi [User:WikiDwarf] thanks for your suggestion on article [Sheikh Asif] will you please review it again thanks .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Grant Me as a auto confirmed user ==

Hi, i want to be an auto confirmed user. As I have experience on english wikipedia. So I am much experienced about it. So I please grant me permission. Thanks [[User:Villageboy|Villageboy]] ([[User talk:Villageboy|talk]]) 16:13, 9 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Villageboy}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! I can see you made 10 edits already so, your account will be automatically flagged as autoconfirmed on or after July 13, 2020. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:43, 10 July 2021 (IST)

== Haters are editing the pages ==

Hey wiki, the pages I have created are of public figures, entrepreneurs and places. But some of the people are editing and using harsh language on the page I have created. I request you to kindly give me permission to lock the pages or do it from your end. It would be great.

I am not contributing since one day because of this issue only. As soon as solved will start adding more pages which should be here.

Thankyou [[User:Saumyasingh|Saumyasingh]] ([[User talk:Saumyasingh|talk]]) 03:15, 11 July 2021 (IST)

== Add me admin member group ==

I am hembram Bakhul saying that I five hundred articles edited. I hoped that I shall work the best on Bharatpedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])Hembram Bakhul

== please publish this ==

hi [User:WikiDwarf] will you please review [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:The_Press_Walla] and publish it .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:58, 14 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|HamzhaSaleem}}, The draft lacks sources that establish notability so, please cite some third party sources that cover the subject and submit it for a review once the draft is ready. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:15, 14 July 2021 (IST)

-- [[User:WikiDwarf]] thanks for your revert actually its a new eMagazine and news website maybe they will get more sources in future.--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 19:08, 14 July 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]],Since June 28, 2021, I am requesting a review of the article. I have attached many news sources and authority control to the article, but so far it has not been approved. I hope you will review the article. Thanks. [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 04:17, 29 July 2021 (IST)

== Premtosh Debnath - Real Name Premtosh Nath ==

Dear Bharatpedia Admin Please Change Name Of Premtosh Debnath to Premtosh Nath, I Have His I card, Media Articles Added His name Premtosh Debnath some issue.[[Special:Contributions/47.29.9.5|47.29.9.5]] ([[User talk:47.29.9.5|talk]]) 01:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)

==Requirements for New page Reviewer==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please help to know the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer? I can not find any article about the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 01:16, 14 August 2021 (IST)
== Request ==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please unprotected the user draft of Danish Maniyar he is Google notable entrepreneur of India guide me with it draft making I can make his name article page with him of urs please unprotected it . I'm help bharatpedia with my contribution I hope I can be patroller in bharatpedia please[[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk:Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page? ==

Dear
Bhartpedia Team,

I am Anshuman Tiwari, better known as Anshuman Tiwari Musician, from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. is an Indian Musician. And I am Verified On different music platforms like Spotify, Google Play Music, Apple Music, iTunes, Amazon Music, JioSaavn and many others international platforms like Deezer, Tidal and Napster. You get Anshuman Tiwari music on TikTok, Instagram or Facebook library also. and i am verified on facebook And Google.

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/anshumantiwariofficials

Google: https://g.co/kgs/knU5xV

https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)

Sir i am verified in so many platforms and i have lot of news on google.
Sir why is my page being deleted from Bharatpedia?

Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page?

Sir like this i got many complaints against in Bharatpedia,
Sir this time I am making last time making a page.
If it is deleted here then we will have to take further action
:{{re|Iamanshumantiwari}} No, Bharatpedia is not a paid platform it's a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Your article was deleted due to a lack of reliable sources that discuss the subject in detail, and cited sources are not reliable. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources]] to understand what we consider reliable and also please see [[Bharatpedia:Notability (music)]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:56, 28 August 2021 (IST)

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:01, 31 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Anjuman}} You can apply for the user-right at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions#Autopatrolled]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:14, 31 August 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Well, both the rights are different. Autopatrolled marks articles as patrolled whilst [[Bharatpedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|autoconfirmed]] is a right lower than that of Extended confirmed. I'll have a look at RfP later as autoconfirmed would be autogranted five days later, perhaps. Thanks. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:26, 31 August 2021 (IST)

==Fix the problem==
Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir I have created a page in the name of [[Deepthi Sunaina]] 1 month ago, the article is marked as an Autopatrolled.But it is not showing on google. please look into it and fix the problem. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 20:16, 11 September 2021 (IST)
:{{re|WikiJoy}} I apologise for replying late. I have reviewed the most recent edit and it will be indexed soon. Also, please see [[Bharatpedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers]] to review the minimum requirements for NPR. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]])

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me PATROLLERS, rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

User talk:WikiDwarf

2021-09-19T06:58:52Z

Lucasraven12: /* Autoconfirmed... */

{{User talk}}

== Issue with Notice ==

Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)

:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)

== Spamming ==

I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== The Reviewer Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Barnstar-RTFM.png|100px]]}}
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== How to submit the article ==

I have created the article help me in submitting the article — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 

:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Bharatpedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)
Sure thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 
Have edited & summited the draft..

How to disclose the paid contribution?

== Review of article ==

Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)

== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==

Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)

== Article creation ==

Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Bharatpedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

== Question ==

Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)
==A curious query==
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia?
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Bharatpedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)

== Talk back notice ==

Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)

:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me.
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)

::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Sir! (1) I have new import request. Please see. (2) I have more than 500 edits. So, I think I am extended confirmed user now. Could you please grant me the right of importer to me? What special steps are needed for importing? If possible, please teach me. SonOfZeus 20:16, 18 May 2021 (IST)
:::::Your account has not yet reached the extendedconfirmed level. A registered editor becomes extendedconfirmed automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old and has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits) so, I will take a look at the list and import as much as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:30, 21 May 2021 (IST)
::Sir, I have new requests in the request page for import. BTW, due to multiplicity of the articles, I can't put square brackets in every title of the requested article. Please don't mind. Hope you will adjust them easily. At the same time, I will try my best. SonOfZeus 21:50, 4 June 2021 (IST)
:::Hello Sir! As my user account is 1 month old, could you grant me the importer right? If possible, it will definitely help me and you. I might no longer disturb you by requesting exhaustive list of articles for import! SonOfZeus 14:22, 7 June 2021 (IST)
::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Please attach an email id to your account so I can grant you the importer right and share instructions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:::::{{re|WikiDwarf}}(1) Brother! I have attached the email id. Now, please share me the instructions. SonOfZeus 16:36, 2 July 2021 (IST)
::::::(2) And why we're those list of requested articles removed? SonOfZeus 12:18, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for attaching your email address, I will soon send you the instructions. The page ([[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests‎‎]]) was converted to an article by a couple of users but their edits have been reverted and the list is visible now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:40, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::: I received your email, but I think I am still not getting any instruction about how to import an article from the general wikipedia run by Wikimedia Foundation to this Bharatpedia. May I get that, bro! I am eager to learn that! And thank you for all those useful links you send me, those will also help me in future. SonOfZeus 13:23, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::::That might be one of some other automatic emails. I have not yet sent you the instructions to use the import tool, once I do, I will notify you on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 3 July 2021 (IST)
----
Wow! I did it, bro! After properly following your instructions, I succeed in importing files to here! But as I am a birdie, I am importing only one at a time. SonOfZeus 19:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|SonOfZeus}} That's great, please let me know if you need any help. Also, please note that articles created using a tool such as "importer" will not be counted at the edit-a-thon so please only list those you have created manually. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:31, 3 August 2021 (IST)
::But what about the expansion of already existing article? I mean there are some articles brought here through importer before the beginning of this contest. If I expand such article, are they able to be counted for the contest? SonOfZeus 22:28, 3 August 2021 (IST)
:::Yes, they will be counted as valid entries. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:06, 4 August 2021 (IST)
___
Hello brother! Please check if any of the articles I have added for the contest is ineligible or eligible! If found any problem, please tell me so that I may either fix the problem or create a substitute in time. Besides, you have a mail from me. Please check it too. Regards! SonOfZeus 22:26, 4 August 2021 (IST)

== Issue in Reviewing ==
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?

== Revert Rights ==
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)

== Index ==

Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, I created a page can you please approve? thanks

== Review Timeline ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}, I am planning to introduce a good amount of fashion and film people articles to this place. I have auto petrol rights in English Wikipedia so I know what I am doing. I just want to know, what are the indexing/review timelines here. This is just for a better understanding of the process. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 14:50, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Kingfisher}} and thank you for your interest. First of all, there is no fixed timeline for the review process since we have very few reviewers at the moment. Secondly, I will be glad to grant you the same user right(s) that you have on Wikipedia if you can share the details for verification purpose. If you don't want to disclose it publicly for any reason you can mail me. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:35, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:: Here is my user rights screen in en.wikipedia.org. https://tinyurl . com/ykxumuxm. I can't reveal my username because Wiki people keep an eye on everywhere. I find it risky. You can give me the rights for a temporary period and see the work or you may wait. Whatever it is, I am feeling excited about this project. The opportunities are endless. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:::That is totally fine if you don't want to disclose it publicly. Can you attach an email id to your account here so I can share some details? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::::That sounds good. I did that. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 01:03, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== User Rights ==
Hey there, I just saw you changed my user rights to confirmed and later again removed that. I would request you to kindly update my user rights to confirmed. Thank you -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 16:08, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Plts}}, you already have confirmed status. Please verify it by visiting [[Special:UserRights]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:12, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::{{reply to|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for the information. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:50, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== Will making a page here interrupt with Wikipedia English ? ==

I want to know if same article with same name gets made here and wiki English Will there be copyright or interruption cuz the two pages Under same name? [[User:Positivesoul|Positivesoul]] ([[User talk:Positivesoul|talk]]) 10:06, 1 June 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Positivesoul}}, In order to reuse contents from one site to another, you need to provide attribution. This is done by either saying in your edit summary that the material was copied, and where you got it. There will be no interruption in creating two pages under the same name. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:49, 2 June 2021 (IST)

== can you approve this page ? let me know if it qualifies==
https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Emma_Jonnz

Hi sir, I have no conflict of interest with this person. he is a famous youtube in west Bengal. And he got a gold play button from youtube

== Draft Request ==
Hey [[User:WikiDwarf]], I just saw my article was deleted by you under criteria A7. I just read what it means, I would request you to provide me a draft for article [[Piyush Monga]] so that I can improve it. Also, please suggest some improvements to my first article [[Youth Against Rape]]. Thank you soo much for your help. Happy editing -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 17:00, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Plts}} {{done}}. I have restored the article in the draft namespace as per your request above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:43, 8 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:23, 9 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft: Bhupesh Bansal ==

Hello, I submitted a draft. Please check and approve it if it is well.

Thank you.

== Asking a Favour ==
Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] I am a Wikipedia editor from the northern part of the country and I also create articles related to Nepal. is it legal to create articles about people from Nepal or any other country? I have created more than 25 articles on English [[Wikipedia]](directly on namespace) and more than 20 of them got reviewed and are live on the wiki but unfortunately, 5 of them got deleted. I will be happily contributing on [[Bharatpedia]] as well if provided the required access, also I agree to all your terms and conditions if found violating any of them you are free to take the required action. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 08:00, 17 June 2021 (IST)

:Hello {{u|Mailblog34}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. There are no restrictions on creating articles on any topic but the subject must be notable enough to have an independent article. Since your account has not yet reached the autoconfirmed status I would suggest you create new articles in the draft namespace and once your account is autoconfirmed (i.e. four days old and you've made ten edits) then you will be able to move/create articles directly in the main namespace. If you need any help please let me know. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:01, 17 June 2021 (IST)
* Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] i am already four days old and made more than 30 edits but still did not get option of "create the pge" , and did not get option to move pages . Help me out on my limited access .--[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 23:19, 19 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Mailblog34}} Your account was registered on 16 June 2021 at 09:45 (IST) so please wait for one more day and your account will be autoconfirmed. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:26, 19 June 2021 (IST)

== Vandalism ==

Hello sir. Somebody is keep vandalizing [[Harish Pednekar]] please lock the page from spammers. [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.118|206.84.238.118]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.118|talk]]) 17:40, 25 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], Could you please review this article [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], link: https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/User:Alialfaisal/sandbox ,Thank You.--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 17:56, 28 June 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], Sources have been added to the article, I can supplement them with additional sources if you wish, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I hope to review. Thank you. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 18:26, 1 July 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], I did not understand why the article was not approved, even though I added several news sources in it and can supplement it with additional sources?--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)

== I requested that add me admin on Bharatpedia. ==

I will be work forever to wikipedia. Please add me admin group member in Bharat wikipedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]]) 12:09, 29 June 2021 (IST)Hembram Bakhul

== Kindly clear the pending DRAFT ASAP. ==

Hi, kindly Clear the pending draft asap so that a contributor like me gets the motivation to contribute more too this open and neutral place. [[User:Marvel|Marvel]][[User talk:Marvel|(talk)]]

== How to upload image ==

Hi WikiDwarf. I am User:VF814324. I am new here. How can I upload an Image with CC-BY-SA license? Wher to upload ? When I click on 'Upload file' button, it brings me to Wikimedia commons. Can I publish file locally on Bharatpedia? [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 13:45, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|VF814324}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! Unfortunately uploading images locally is only limited to sysops at the moment so you can send the image along with its copyright permission to permission@bharatmedia.org. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 4 July 2021 (IST)
:: Thanks, I've mailed as you said. [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 17:59, 7 July 2021 (IST)

== AFC Submission cleaned? ==
Hey there, I hope you're doing well. I'm writing to get your attention on an error I faced.
[[Draft:Sunil ydv SS]], a draft(stub) that I created and submitted around a month ago to AFC. Now, when I see, the AFC tag has disappeared and no reason is shown for this. I would request you to kindly check this issue as well as review this draft as I believe it qualifies [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thank you & happy editing - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 13:56, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:The same error occurred on another draft that I created [[Draft:Piyush Monga]], the AFC tag has been removed and no reason is shown. I would request you to kindly review this draft too. Thank you & happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 18:50, 5 July 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Plts}} The tags were removed by user [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] at the time they moved both pages to the main namespace, but I have restored the tags on both drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 11:49, 27 July 2021 (IST)

== Copyright issue ==

hey [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] a user - [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] is copying the articles and pasting them here from English Wikipedia without any edits, just informing you as it may violate copyright. Ignore if it doesn't violate copyright policy. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 21:51, 7 July 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Mailblog34}} Hi, I think reusing Wikipedia content is generally allowed as per [[:en:Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content]]. [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 08:42, 9 July 2021 (IST)

== Photo upload ==

Hi i want to upload photo but when I click on upload it take me to wikimedia which is wikipedia portal will you please guide me on it. --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 12:58, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Protection Of Wikipedia Article ==

How to add protection to articles so as to stop dispute and vandalism. 
[[User:Wandererkanishk|Wandererkanishk]] ([[User talk:Wandererkanishk|talk]])

== article review ==

Hi [User:WikiDwarf] thanks for your suggestion on article [Sheikh Asif] will you please review it again thanks .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Grant Me as a auto confirmed user ==

Hi, i want to be an auto confirmed user. As I have experience on english wikipedia. So I am much experienced about it. So I please grant me permission. Thanks [[User:Villageboy|Villageboy]] ([[User talk:Villageboy|talk]]) 16:13, 9 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Villageboy}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! I can see you made 10 edits already so, your account will be automatically flagged as autoconfirmed on or after July 13, 2020. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:43, 10 July 2021 (IST)

== Haters are editing the pages ==

Hey wiki, the pages I have created are of public figures, entrepreneurs and places. But some of the people are editing and using harsh language on the page I have created. I request you to kindly give me permission to lock the pages or do it from your end. It would be great.

I am not contributing since one day because of this issue only. As soon as solved will start adding more pages which should be here.

Thankyou [[User:Saumyasingh|Saumyasingh]] ([[User talk:Saumyasingh|talk]]) 03:15, 11 July 2021 (IST)

== Add me admin member group ==

I am hembram Bakhul saying that I five hundred articles edited. I hoped that I shall work the best on Bharatpedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])Hembram Bakhul

== please publish this ==

hi [User:WikiDwarf] will you please review [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:The_Press_Walla] and publish it .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:58, 14 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|HamzhaSaleem}}, The draft lacks sources that establish notability so, please cite some third party sources that cover the subject and submit it for a review once the draft is ready. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:15, 14 July 2021 (IST)

-- [[User:WikiDwarf]] thanks for your revert actually its a new eMagazine and news website maybe they will get more sources in future.--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 19:08, 14 July 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]],Since June 28, 2021, I am requesting a review of the article. I have attached many news sources and authority control to the article, but so far it has not been approved. I hope you will review the article. Thanks. [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 04:17, 29 July 2021 (IST)

== Premtosh Debnath - Real Name Premtosh Nath ==

Dear Bharatpedia Admin Please Change Name Of Premtosh Debnath to Premtosh Nath, I Have His I card, Media Articles Added His name Premtosh Debnath some issue.[[Special:Contributions/47.29.9.5|47.29.9.5]] ([[User talk:47.29.9.5|talk]]) 01:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)

==Requirements for New page Reviewer==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please help to know the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer? I can not find any article about the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 01:16, 14 August 2021 (IST)
== Request ==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please unprotected the user draft of Danish Maniyar he is Google notable entrepreneur of India guide me with it draft making I can make his name article page with him of urs please unprotected it . I'm help bharatpedia with my contribution I hope I can be patroller in bharatpedia please[[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk:Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page? ==

Dear
Bhartpedia Team,

I am Anshuman Tiwari, better known as Anshuman Tiwari Musician, from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. is an Indian Musician. And I am Verified On different music platforms like Spotify, Google Play Music, Apple Music, iTunes, Amazon Music, JioSaavn and many others international platforms like Deezer, Tidal and Napster. You get Anshuman Tiwari music on TikTok, Instagram or Facebook library also. and i am verified on facebook And Google.

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/anshumantiwariofficials

Google: https://g.co/kgs/knU5xV

https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)

Sir i am verified in so many platforms and i have lot of news on google.
Sir why is my page being deleted from Bharatpedia?

Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page?

Sir like this i got many complaints against in Bharatpedia,
Sir this time I am making last time making a page.
If it is deleted here then we will have to take further action
:{{re|Iamanshumantiwari}} No, Bharatpedia is not a paid platform it's a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Your article was deleted due to a lack of reliable sources that discuss the subject in detail, and cited sources are not reliable. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources]] to understand what we consider reliable and also please see [[Bharatpedia:Notability (music)]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:56, 28 August 2021 (IST)

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:01, 31 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Anjuman}} You can apply for the user-right at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions#Autopatrolled]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:14, 31 August 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Well, both the rights are different. Autopatrolled marks articles as patrolled whilst [[Bharatpedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|autoconfirmed]] is a right lower than that of Extended confirmed. I'll have a look at RfP later as autoconfirmed would be autogranted five days later, perhaps. Thanks. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:26, 31 August 2021 (IST)

==Fix the problem==
Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir I have created a page in the name of [[Deepthi Sunaina]] 1 month ago, the article is marked as an Autopatrolled.But it is not showing on google. please look into it and fix the problem. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 20:16, 11 September 2021 (IST)
:{{re|WikiJoy}} I apologise for replying late. I have reviewed the most recent edit and it will be indexed soon. Also, please see [[Bharatpedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers]] to review the minimum requirements for NPR. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]])

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

User talk:WikiDwarf

2021-09-18T16:45:46Z

Lucasraven12: /* Autoconfirmed... */

{{User talk}}

== Issue with Notice ==

Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)

:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)

== Spamming ==

I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== The Reviewer Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Barnstar-RTFM.png|100px]]}}
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== How to submit the article ==

I have created the article help me in submitting the article — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 

:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Bharatpedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)
Sure thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 
Have edited & summited the draft..

How to disclose the paid contribution?

== Review of article ==

Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)

== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==

Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)

== Article creation ==

Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Bharatpedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

== Question ==

Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)
==A curious query==
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia?
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Bharatpedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)

== Talk back notice ==

Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)

:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me.
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)

::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Sir! (1) I have new import request. Please see. (2) I have more than 500 edits. So, I think I am extended confirmed user now. Could you please grant me the right of importer to me? What special steps are needed for importing? If possible, please teach me. SonOfZeus 20:16, 18 May 2021 (IST)
:::::Your account has not yet reached the extendedconfirmed level. A registered editor becomes extendedconfirmed automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old and has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits) so, I will take a look at the list and import as much as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:30, 21 May 2021 (IST)
::Sir, I have new requests in the request page for import. BTW, due to multiplicity of the articles, I can't put square brackets in every title of the requested article. Please don't mind. Hope you will adjust them easily. At the same time, I will try my best. SonOfZeus 21:50, 4 June 2021 (IST)
:::Hello Sir! As my user account is 1 month old, could you grant me the importer right? If possible, it will definitely help me and you. I might no longer disturb you by requesting exhaustive list of articles for import! SonOfZeus 14:22, 7 June 2021 (IST)
::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Please attach an email id to your account so I can grant you the importer right and share instructions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:::::{{re|WikiDwarf}}(1) Brother! I have attached the email id. Now, please share me the instructions. SonOfZeus 16:36, 2 July 2021 (IST)
::::::(2) And why we're those list of requested articles removed? SonOfZeus 12:18, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for attaching your email address, I will soon send you the instructions. The page ([[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests‎‎]]) was converted to an article by a couple of users but their edits have been reverted and the list is visible now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:40, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::: I received your email, but I think I am still not getting any instruction about how to import an article from the general wikipedia run by Wikimedia Foundation to this Bharatpedia. May I get that, bro! I am eager to learn that! And thank you for all those useful links you send me, those will also help me in future. SonOfZeus 13:23, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::::That might be one of some other automatic emails. I have not yet sent you the instructions to use the import tool, once I do, I will notify you on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 3 July 2021 (IST)
----
Wow! I did it, bro! After properly following your instructions, I succeed in importing files to here! But as I am a birdie, I am importing only one at a time. SonOfZeus 19:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|SonOfZeus}} That's great, please let me know if you need any help. Also, please note that articles created using a tool such as "importer" will not be counted at the edit-a-thon so please only list those you have created manually. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:31, 3 August 2021 (IST)
::But what about the expansion of already existing article? I mean there are some articles brought here through importer before the beginning of this contest. If I expand such article, are they able to be counted for the contest? SonOfZeus 22:28, 3 August 2021 (IST)
:::Yes, they will be counted as valid entries. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:06, 4 August 2021 (IST)
___
Hello brother! Please check if any of the articles I have added for the contest is ineligible or eligible! If found any problem, please tell me so that I may either fix the problem or create a substitute in time. Besides, you have a mail from me. Please check it too. Regards! SonOfZeus 22:26, 4 August 2021 (IST)

== Issue in Reviewing ==
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?

== Revert Rights ==
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)

== Index ==

Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, I created a page can you please approve? thanks

== Review Timeline ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}, I am planning to introduce a good amount of fashion and film people articles to this place. I have auto petrol rights in English Wikipedia so I know what I am doing. I just want to know, what are the indexing/review timelines here. This is just for a better understanding of the process. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 14:50, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Kingfisher}} and thank you for your interest. First of all, there is no fixed timeline for the review process since we have very few reviewers at the moment. Secondly, I will be glad to grant you the same user right(s) that you have on Wikipedia if you can share the details for verification purpose. If you don't want to disclose it publicly for any reason you can mail me. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:35, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:: Here is my user rights screen in en.wikipedia.org. https://tinyurl . com/ykxumuxm. I can't reveal my username because Wiki people keep an eye on everywhere. I find it risky. You can give me the rights for a temporary period and see the work or you may wait. Whatever it is, I am feeling excited about this project. The opportunities are endless. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:::That is totally fine if you don't want to disclose it publicly. Can you attach an email id to your account here so I can share some details? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::::That sounds good. I did that. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 01:03, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== User Rights ==
Hey there, I just saw you changed my user rights to confirmed and later again removed that. I would request you to kindly update my user rights to confirmed. Thank you -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 16:08, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Plts}}, you already have confirmed status. Please verify it by visiting [[Special:UserRights]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:12, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::{{reply to|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for the information. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:50, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== Will making a page here interrupt with Wikipedia English ? ==

I want to know if same article with same name gets made here and wiki English Will there be copyright or interruption cuz the two pages Under same name? [[User:Positivesoul|Positivesoul]] ([[User talk:Positivesoul|talk]]) 10:06, 1 June 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Positivesoul}}, In order to reuse contents from one site to another, you need to provide attribution. This is done by either saying in your edit summary that the material was copied, and where you got it. There will be no interruption in creating two pages under the same name. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:49, 2 June 2021 (IST)

== can you approve this page ? let me know if it qualifies==
https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Emma_Jonnz

Hi sir, I have no conflict of interest with this person. he is a famous youtube in west Bengal. And he got a gold play button from youtube

== Draft Request ==
Hey [[User:WikiDwarf]], I just saw my article was deleted by you under criteria A7. I just read what it means, I would request you to provide me a draft for article [[Piyush Monga]] so that I can improve it. Also, please suggest some improvements to my first article [[Youth Against Rape]]. Thank you soo much for your help. Happy editing -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 17:00, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Plts}} {{done}}. I have restored the article in the draft namespace as per your request above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:43, 8 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:23, 9 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft: Bhupesh Bansal ==

Hello, I submitted a draft. Please check and approve it if it is well.

Thank you.

== Asking a Favour ==
Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] I am a Wikipedia editor from the northern part of the country and I also create articles related to Nepal. is it legal to create articles about people from Nepal or any other country? I have created more than 25 articles on English [[Wikipedia]](directly on namespace) and more than 20 of them got reviewed and are live on the wiki but unfortunately, 5 of them got deleted. I will be happily contributing on [[Bharatpedia]] as well if provided the required access, also I agree to all your terms and conditions if found violating any of them you are free to take the required action. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 08:00, 17 June 2021 (IST)

:Hello {{u|Mailblog34}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. There are no restrictions on creating articles on any topic but the subject must be notable enough to have an independent article. Since your account has not yet reached the autoconfirmed status I would suggest you create new articles in the draft namespace and once your account is autoconfirmed (i.e. four days old and you've made ten edits) then you will be able to move/create articles directly in the main namespace. If you need any help please let me know. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:01, 17 June 2021 (IST)
* Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] i am already four days old and made more than 30 edits but still did not get option of "create the pge" , and did not get option to move pages . Help me out on my limited access .--[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 23:19, 19 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Mailblog34}} Your account was registered on 16 June 2021 at 09:45 (IST) so please wait for one more day and your account will be autoconfirmed. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:26, 19 June 2021 (IST)

== Vandalism ==

Hello sir. Somebody is keep vandalizing [[Harish Pednekar]] please lock the page from spammers. [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.118|206.84.238.118]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.118|talk]]) 17:40, 25 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], Could you please review this article [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], link: https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/User:Alialfaisal/sandbox ,Thank You.--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 17:56, 28 June 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], Sources have been added to the article, I can supplement them with additional sources if you wish, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I hope to review. Thank you. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 18:26, 1 July 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], I did not understand why the article was not approved, even though I added several news sources in it and can supplement it with additional sources?--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)

== I requested that add me admin on Bharatpedia. ==

I will be work forever to wikipedia. Please add me admin group member in Bharat wikipedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]]) 12:09, 29 June 2021 (IST)Hembram Bakhul

== Kindly clear the pending DRAFT ASAP. ==

Hi, kindly Clear the pending draft asap so that a contributor like me gets the motivation to contribute more too this open and neutral place. [[User:Marvel|Marvel]][[User talk:Marvel|(talk)]]

== How to upload image ==

Hi WikiDwarf. I am User:VF814324. I am new here. How can I upload an Image with CC-BY-SA license? Wher to upload ? When I click on 'Upload file' button, it brings me to Wikimedia commons. Can I publish file locally on Bharatpedia? [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 13:45, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|VF814324}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! Unfortunately uploading images locally is only limited to sysops at the moment so you can send the image along with its copyright permission to permission@bharatmedia.org. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 4 July 2021 (IST)
:: Thanks, I've mailed as you said. [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 17:59, 7 July 2021 (IST)

== AFC Submission cleaned? ==
Hey there, I hope you're doing well. I'm writing to get your attention on an error I faced.
[[Draft:Sunil ydv SS]], a draft(stub) that I created and submitted around a month ago to AFC. Now, when I see, the AFC tag has disappeared and no reason is shown for this. I would request you to kindly check this issue as well as review this draft as I believe it qualifies [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thank you & happy editing - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 13:56, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:The same error occurred on another draft that I created [[Draft:Piyush Monga]], the AFC tag has been removed and no reason is shown. I would request you to kindly review this draft too. Thank you & happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 18:50, 5 July 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Plts}} The tags were removed by user [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] at the time they moved both pages to the main namespace, but I have restored the tags on both drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 11:49, 27 July 2021 (IST)

== Copyright issue ==

hey [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] a user - [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] is copying the articles and pasting them here from English Wikipedia without any edits, just informing you as it may violate copyright. Ignore if it doesn't violate copyright policy. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 21:51, 7 July 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Mailblog34}} Hi, I think reusing Wikipedia content is generally allowed as per [[:en:Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content]]. [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 08:42, 9 July 2021 (IST)

== Photo upload ==

Hi i want to upload photo but when I click on upload it take me to wikimedia which is wikipedia portal will you please guide me on it. --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 12:58, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Protection Of Wikipedia Article ==

How to add protection to articles so as to stop dispute and vandalism. 
[[User:Wandererkanishk|Wandererkanishk]] ([[User talk:Wandererkanishk|talk]])

== article review ==

Hi [User:WikiDwarf] thanks for your suggestion on article [Sheikh Asif] will you please review it again thanks .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Grant Me as a auto confirmed user ==

Hi, i want to be an auto confirmed user. As I have experience on english wikipedia. So I am much experienced about it. So I please grant me permission. Thanks [[User:Villageboy|Villageboy]] ([[User talk:Villageboy|talk]]) 16:13, 9 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Villageboy}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! I can see you made 10 edits already so, your account will be automatically flagged as autoconfirmed on or after July 13, 2020. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:43, 10 July 2021 (IST)

== Haters are editing the pages ==

Hey wiki, the pages I have created are of public figures, entrepreneurs and places. But some of the people are editing and using harsh language on the page I have created. I request you to kindly give me permission to lock the pages or do it from your end. It would be great.

I am not contributing since one day because of this issue only. As soon as solved will start adding more pages which should be here.

Thankyou [[User:Saumyasingh|Saumyasingh]] ([[User talk:Saumyasingh|talk]]) 03:15, 11 July 2021 (IST)

== Add me admin member group ==

I am hembram Bakhul saying that I five hundred articles edited. I hoped that I shall work the best on Bharatpedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])Hembram Bakhul

== please publish this ==

hi [User:WikiDwarf] will you please review [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:The_Press_Walla] and publish it .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:58, 14 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|HamzhaSaleem}}, The draft lacks sources that establish notability so, please cite some third party sources that cover the subject and submit it for a review once the draft is ready. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:15, 14 July 2021 (IST)

-- [[User:WikiDwarf]] thanks for your revert actually its a new eMagazine and news website maybe they will get more sources in future.--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 19:08, 14 July 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]],Since June 28, 2021, I am requesting a review of the article. I have attached many news sources and authority control to the article, but so far it has not been approved. I hope you will review the article. Thanks. [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 04:17, 29 July 2021 (IST)

== Premtosh Debnath - Real Name Premtosh Nath ==

Dear Bharatpedia Admin Please Change Name Of Premtosh Debnath to Premtosh Nath, I Have His I card, Media Articles Added His name Premtosh Debnath some issue.[[Special:Contributions/47.29.9.5|47.29.9.5]] ([[User talk:47.29.9.5|talk]]) 01:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)

==Requirements for New page Reviewer==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please help to know the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer? I can not find any article about the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 01:16, 14 August 2021 (IST)
== Request ==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please unprotected the user draft of Danish Maniyar he is Google notable entrepreneur of India guide me with it draft making I can make his name article page with him of urs please unprotected it . I'm help bharatpedia with my contribution I hope I can be patroller in bharatpedia please[[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk:Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page? ==

Dear
Bhartpedia Team,

I am Anshuman Tiwari, better known as Anshuman Tiwari Musician, from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. is an Indian Musician. And I am Verified On different music platforms like Spotify, Google Play Music, Apple Music, iTunes, Amazon Music, JioSaavn and many others international platforms like Deezer, Tidal and Napster. You get Anshuman Tiwari music on TikTok, Instagram or Facebook library also. and i am verified on facebook And Google.

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/anshumantiwariofficials

Google: https://g.co/kgs/knU5xV

https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)

Sir i am verified in so many platforms and i have lot of news on google.
Sir why is my page being deleted from Bharatpedia?

Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page?

Sir like this i got many complaints against in Bharatpedia,
Sir this time I am making last time making a page.
If it is deleted here then we will have to take further action
:{{re|Iamanshumantiwari}} No, Bharatpedia is not a paid platform it's a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Your article was deleted due to a lack of reliable sources that discuss the subject in detail, and cited sources are not reliable. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources]] to understand what we consider reliable and also please see [[Bharatpedia:Notability (music)]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:56, 28 August 2021 (IST)

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:01, 31 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Anjuman}} You can apply for the user-right at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions#Autopatrolled]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:14, 31 August 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Well, both the rights are different. Autopatrolled marks articles as patrolled whilst [[Bharatpedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|autoconfirmed]] is a right lower than that of Extended confirmed. I'll have a look at RfP later as autoconfirmed would be autogranted five days later, perhaps. Thanks. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:26, 31 August 2021 (IST)

==Fix the problem==
Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir I have created a page in the name of [[Deepthi Sunaina]] 1 month ago, the article is marked as an Autopatrolled.But it is not showing on google. please look into it and fix the problem. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 20:16, 11 September 2021 (IST)
:{{re|WikiJoy}} I apologise for replying late. I have reviewed the most recent edit and it will be indexed soon. Also, please see [[Bharatpedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers]] to review the minimum requirements for NPR. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]])

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

User talk:WikiDwarf

2021-09-18T16:37:40Z

Lucasraven12: /* Autoconfirmed... */

{{User talk}}

== Issue with Notice ==

Hi, I have joined wikipedia India just today. I noticed some buggy notice coming up in misaligned manner. Just wanted to let you know about this. I can appreciate the initiative and I found only you to be doing most of the administrative works as of now here, so thought to drop a message. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 15:51, 22 September 2020 (IST)

:Hello and welcome to Bharatpedia, can you be more specific what buggy notice coming up so I can look up at? Thanks for notifying and happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:12, 22 September 2020 (IST)

== Spamming ==

I found a number of new users using their user space for link spamming. So I reverted those. Hope it was fine to do so. Please let me know if it is otherwise.

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Admin Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You are doing a great work. Keep going. [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:34, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== The Reviewer Barnstar ==

{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[File:Reviewer Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]|[[File:Barnstar-RTFM.png|100px]]}}
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Reviewer Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thanks for review [[User:Kannadaguy|Kannadaguy]] ([[User talk:Kannadaguy|talk]]) 17:42, 6 October 2020 (IST)
|}

== How to submit the article ==

I have created the article help me in submitting the article — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 

:{{re|Digitalpivot30}} Hello and welcome, please start a new page in the [[Bharatpedia:Drafts#Creating and editing drafts|draft namespace]] and once it's ready for the mainspace please submit it for a review by placing the {{tl|submit}} template at the top of the page. Thanks - [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:12, 27 November 2020 (IST)
Sure thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Digitalpivot30|Digitalpivot30]] ([[User talk:Digitalpivot30#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Digitalpivot30|contribs]]) 
Have edited & summited the draft..

How to disclose the paid contribution?

== Review of article ==

Hello, can you please review my article [[Shalkal]] and delete the page [[Draft:Shalkal Carty]]. --[[User:Guy|Guy]] ([[User talk:Guy|talk]]) 22:07, 3 December 2020 (IST)

== Thanks for creating article of Mukesh Ambani bomb scare case ==

Thank you. [[User:Subhash Rama|Subhash Rama]] ([[User talk:Subhash Rama|talk]]) 11:15, 22 March 2021 (IST)

== Article creation ==

Hi, why can't I create new page about person? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 16:24, 10 April 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Rehan}} and welcome! As I can see your account hasn't reached the [[Bharatpedia:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed]] level yet so you won't be able to create a page in the main namespace, but you can create an article in the draft namespace using the [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard|article wizard]] and submit it for a review by placing <code><nowiki>{{subst:submit}}</nowiki></code> at the top of the article once it's ready. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Articles for creation]] for more and let me know if you need any help. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 16:48, 10 April 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for your response. I have created the draft [[Draft:Syed_Falak]] now I need to add image. How can I add?
[[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

== Question ==

Hi, thank you so much for your help. I want to know are you an admin in this Wikipedia? [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 01:19, 13 April 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Rehan}} Hello Rehan, yes I'm an admin here. Please let me know if you need any help. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:35, 13 April 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, i created a page can you approve? thanks — Preceding [[Bharatpedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ajay Kumar|contribs]]) 18:47, 19 April 2021 (IST) (UTC)
:{{re|Ajay Kumar}} I have moved the page to main namespace after some improvements in sources and added some categories. The subject looks notable so please try to add some more sources. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:23, 19 April 2021 (IST)
Thank you sir. I added more details with source. [[User:Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar]] ([[User talk:Ajay Kumar|talk]]) 19:29, 19 April 2021 (IST)
==A curious query==
Hello Wiki Dwarf! I am an old user in English Wikipedia. When I tried to log in here with the same account and password, it failed. Btw, my queries are: 1) Is this wikipedia a part of Wikimedia sister projects? 2) Sometimes, I found some articles, though not original of here (I mean they seems to be imported from the simple English wikipedia), does this mean that all the articles are imported? 3) Can I create my user account here and at the same time, can I create original articles here? Though articles with similar names exist in the en wikipedia?
[[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:04, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:{{re|47.29.19.238}} Hello there, Bharatpedia is an independent platform (please see [[Bharatpedia:General disclaimer]]) so you won't be able to login using your Wikipedia account details, but you may create a new account under the same username. Account creation is not required in order to read or edit this site, but if you wish to create new articles you can sign up with a new account and can create articles on notable topics, no matter if the particular article exists on Wikipedia under the same or similar name. Some articles here are imported from Wikipedia and you may notice a disclosure at the end of each page such as [[Achappam]] and if you can't find such disclosure, you can add one by placing <code><nowiki>{{en-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of the article. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 00:36, 8 May 2021 (IST)
:::Finally, I read the article you cited. Next, 4) Is it mandatory for me to create my new user account here with the exactly same username from the wikipedia org? Next, 5) Do I need special permission to edit, create an article here? 6) Like wikipedia, can I perform edits here normally? 7) Can I import article from the wikipedia? For that, do I need special rights or powers here? I mean all these in good faith. And I have a strong desire to have my service here. [[Special:Contributions/47.29.19.238|47.29.19.238]] ([[User talk:47.29.19.238|talk]]) 00:59, 8 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{re|47.29.19.238}} No it's not mandatory to create a new account with exactly the same user name on Wikipedia, it's your choice if you wish to keep both accounts under the same username. You don't need special user rights to edit pages on this site, but several actions including article creation in the main namespace are restricted to user accounts that are at least 4 days old and have made at least 10 edits. The use of the tool to import pages is only limited to admins, patrollers and extended-confirmed users, but a user without these rights can still import pages manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:17, 8 May 2021 (IST)

== Talk back notice ==

Hello brother! I have a talk back for you in my talk page. Besides, I want to know something from you. Is this wikipedia still have connection with Wikimedia Commons and translate wiki? I saw this very wikipedia supports some Manipuri language technical version. Next, does this wikipedia also have multiple language wiki versions? SonOfZeus 10:48, 9 May 2021 (IST)

:{{re|SonOfZeus}} Hello and welcome! this is an independent platform unrelated to the Wikimedia Foundation and is currently only available in the English language. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:54, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::Brother! Can I create my sandbox here in this wiki too? And, where shall I see the number of articles of this wiki? And, about the list of active users, if I want to see! And lastly, does this wiki also follow the INDIC SCRIPT policy of English wikipedia? SonOfZeus 18:46, 9 May 2021 (IST)

::And, another thing, can I create a draft page and how should I start that? SonOfZeus 18:49, 9 May 2021 (IST)
:::Yes you can experience in your sandbox. The number of articles you can see on the main page and unfortunately the list of active users is only limited to sysops. To create a draft you can visit [[Bharatpedia:Article wizard]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 10:12, 10 May 2021 (IST)
::::And lastly, does Indic script policy also apply here? SonOfZeus 18:29, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, you can use the Indic script in the lead and infobox to address the name of the subject. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:30, 10 May 2021 (IST)
:::::: Thank you. SonOfZeus 20:55, 11 May 2021 (IST)
::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Hello WikiDwarf, I don't find any user with your name in English wikipedia. Are you there in English wikipedia? If yes, may I know what is your username there? If that affects your privacy, then I am sorry. Else, please tell me.
::And another thing, can I request you for importing articles from wikipedia? SonOfZeus 12:30, 12 May 2021 (IST)
:::Sure you can list the articles [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles|on this page]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:40, 12 May 2021 (IST)
::::But sir, I don't find any link to go to any particular page where I can write the name of the article which I want to request for import.(1) Could you please show me the link for the page where I could write the request? (2) At the same, if I could personally request you at your talk page, please import [[Meitei deities]] and [[List of figures in Meitei mythology]] from simple English Wikipedia. SonOfZeus 11:57, 13 May 2021 (IST)

::::::Thank you for pointing it out. I have created a button that will take you to the request page and also imported the two pages you requested above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:50, 13 May 2021 (IST)
:: But sir, (1) [[Meitei deities]] is a redirect page of another page. The main page is not imported yet from Simple English Wikipedia. (2) How many articles can I request at a time? Is there any limitation of number of articles at a single request? (3) If something gets changed in the article at general wikipedia, will it's imported equivalent article in this wikipedia get affected? For example, an article "x" has been deleted in general wiki, what about its equivalent article "x" in this wiki? SonOfZeus 10:55, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I have imported its corresponding article please see [[List of Meitei gods and goddesses]]. You can request as many articles as you wish as there is no limit. If an article is changed or deleted on Wikipedia it will not automatically affect its copy on Bharatpedia so one need to update the particular article manually. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:02, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::: Thank you sir. And, one thing is that can a page be created or imported by anonymous users? I saw [[Irai Leima]] being imported by an anonymous. Is that a vandalism? As you are a check user also, what do you see. Who's that? SonOfZeus 13:27, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::No, that article was imported using the tool by an admin and the most recent revision was included so that's the reason [[Irai Leima]] looks like created/imported by anon. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:06, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::::I have imported all the articles as per your request at [[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests]], please place <code><nowiki>{{simple-Wikipedia}}</nowiki></code> at the end of each article to avoid copyright issue. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 14:32, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::::::Sure, sir! I will do as soon as possible. Thanks! I have more request in the page. Please import those too. SonOfZeus 15:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::Thanks for those import! And one thing, (1) I am trying my best to put the "simple English wikipedia template " at the bottom of every imported article. But if I missed some, will there be assured chance of facing copyright issues? (2) In case of edits performed by myself in the general wikipedia, can I directly copy and paste those here? SonOfZeus 20:08, 14 May 2021 (IST)
::(3) The page [[Khamba Thoibi]] has a very important long infobox and some wiki tables in the [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] (general English wikipedia). Can we import those partially here? SonOfZeus 20:10, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:::I don't see any issue if you wish to directly copy and paste your edits from Wikipedia, but it still needs a disclosure at the end of the page. I have imported the contents from [[:en:Khamba Thoibi]] into [[Khamba Thoibi]] please let me know if there is anything else I can do. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:35, 14 May 2021 (IST)
:: Hello brother! (1) In the main page of the Bharatpedia, some names of religions are given. Could you add [[Sanamahism]] also? SonOfZeus 22:37, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Done. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::(2) Please create infobox religion. (3) Please create Template:Lang-zh_TW (language template for traditional Chinese) and Template:Lang-zh_CN (language template for simplified Chinese). SonOfZeus 23:46, 15 May 2021 (IST)
:::Please use [[:Template:Infobox religious group]] instead of Infobox religion and for the traditional Chinese, please use <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|t=中國}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{Lang-zh|s=中国}}</nowiki></code> for simplified Chinese. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 01:47, 16 May 2021 (IST)
::::{{Ping|WikiDwarf}} Sir! (1) I have new import request. Please see. (2) I have more than 500 edits. So, I think I am extended confirmed user now. Could you please grant me the right of importer to me? What special steps are needed for importing? If possible, please teach me. SonOfZeus 20:16, 18 May 2021 (IST)
:::::Your account has not yet reached the extendedconfirmed level. A registered editor becomes extendedconfirmed automatically when the account is both at least 30 days old and has made at least 500 edits (including deleted edits) so, I will take a look at the list and import as much as possible. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:30, 21 May 2021 (IST)
::Sir, I have new requests in the request page for import. BTW, due to multiplicity of the articles, I can't put square brackets in every title of the requested article. Please don't mind. Hope you will adjust them easily. At the same time, I will try my best. SonOfZeus 21:50, 4 June 2021 (IST)
:::Hello Sir! As my user account is 1 month old, could you grant me the importer right? If possible, it will definitely help me and you. I might no longer disturb you by requesting exhaustive list of articles for import! SonOfZeus 14:22, 7 June 2021 (IST)
::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Please attach an email id to your account so I can grant you the importer right and share instructions. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:::::{{re|WikiDwarf}}(1) Brother! I have attached the email id. Now, please share me the instructions. SonOfZeus 16:36, 2 July 2021 (IST)
::::::(2) And why we're those list of requested articles removed? SonOfZeus 12:18, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::{{reply|SonOfZeus}} Thank you for attaching your email address, I will soon send you the instructions. The page ([[Bharatpedia:Requested articles/requests‎‎]]) was converted to an article by a couple of users but their edits have been reverted and the list is visible now. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:40, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::: I received your email, but I think I am still not getting any instruction about how to import an article from the general wikipedia run by Wikimedia Foundation to this Bharatpedia. May I get that, bro! I am eager to learn that! And thank you for all those useful links you send me, those will also help me in future. SonOfZeus 13:23, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:::::::::That might be one of some other automatic emails. I have not yet sent you the instructions to use the import tool, once I do, I will notify you on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:33, 3 July 2021 (IST)
----
Wow! I did it, bro! After properly following your instructions, I succeed in importing files to here! But as I am a birdie, I am importing only one at a time. SonOfZeus 19:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|SonOfZeus}} That's great, please let me know if you need any help. Also, please note that articles created using a tool such as "importer" will not be counted at the edit-a-thon so please only list those you have created manually. Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 21:31, 3 August 2021 (IST)
::But what about the expansion of already existing article? I mean there are some articles brought here through importer before the beginning of this contest. If I expand such article, are they able to be counted for the contest? SonOfZeus 22:28, 3 August 2021 (IST)
:::Yes, they will be counted as valid entries. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:06, 4 August 2021 (IST)
___
Hello brother! Please check if any of the articles I have added for the contest is ineligible or eligible! If found any problem, please tell me so that I may either fix the problem or create a substitute in time. Besides, you have a mail from me. Please check it too. Regards! SonOfZeus 22:26, 4 August 2021 (IST)

== Issue in Reviewing ==
([[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]]) Hello editor, I'm New user of Bharatpedia.My published two articles are still in review. will you please explain me review submission process please ? & when my articles will be reviewed ?

== Revert Rights ==
[[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] hello,i had requested you to tell me about how to submit article drafts in afc after 10+ edits but someone demotes my user right will you please revert it...because of this my direct page move option is not appearing please do promote me again so i can move page.Thank You.Waiting For Your Response(-[[User:Pixerark|Pixerark]] ([[User talk:Pixerark|talk]]) 22:16, 14 May 2021 (IST))
:Please see my reply on your talk page. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:36, 14 May 2021 (IST)

== Index ==

Hi, I created page many days ago and it is still not visible in Google search results. Please review [[Reza Abbaszadeh]] page and index it. Thank you! [[User:Rehan|Rehan]] ([[User talk:Rehan|talk]]) 22:49, 17 May 2021 (IST)

== Please approve my page ==

Hello sir, I created a page can you please approve? thanks

== Review Timeline ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}, I am planning to introduce a good amount of fashion and film people articles to this place. I have auto petrol rights in English Wikipedia so I know what I am doing. I just want to know, what are the indexing/review timelines here. This is just for a better understanding of the process. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 14:50, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{re|Kingfisher}} and thank you for your interest. First of all, there is no fixed timeline for the review process since we have very few reviewers at the moment. Secondly, I will be glad to grant you the same user right(s) that you have on Wikipedia if you can share the details for verification purpose. If you don't want to disclose it publicly for any reason you can mail me. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 15:35, 29 May 2021 (IST)
:: Here is my user rights screen in en.wikipedia.org. https://tinyurl . com/ykxumuxm. I can't reveal my username because Wiki people keep an eye on everywhere. I find it risky. You can give me the rights for a temporary period and see the work or you may wait. Whatever it is, I am feeling excited about this project. The opportunities are endless. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:::That is totally fine if you don't want to disclose it publicly. Can you attach an email id to your account here so I can share some details? Thank you. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:06, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::::That sounds good. I did that. [[User:Kingfisher|Kingfisher]] ([[User talk:Kingfisher|talk]]) 01:03, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== User Rights ==
Hey there, I just saw you changed my user rights to confirmed and later again removed that. I would request you to kindly update my user rights to confirmed. Thank you -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 16:08, 30 May 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Plts}}, you already have confirmed status. Please verify it by visiting [[Special:UserRights]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 18:12, 30 May 2021 (IST)
::{{reply to|WikiDwarf}} Thanks for the information. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:50, 31 May 2021 (IST)

== Will making a page here interrupt with Wikipedia English ? ==

I want to know if same article with same name gets made here and wiki English Will there be copyright or interruption cuz the two pages Under same name? [[User:Positivesoul|Positivesoul]] ([[User talk:Positivesoul|talk]]) 10:06, 1 June 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Positivesoul}}, In order to reuse contents from one site to another, you need to provide attribution. This is done by either saying in your edit summary that the material was copied, and where you got it. There will be no interruption in creating two pages under the same name. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 13:49, 2 June 2021 (IST)

== can you approve this page ? let me know if it qualifies==
https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Emma_Jonnz

Hi sir, I have no conflict of interest with this person. he is a famous youtube in west Bengal. And he got a gold play button from youtube

== Draft Request ==
Hey [[User:WikiDwarf]], I just saw my article was deleted by you under criteria A7. I just read what it means, I would request you to provide me a draft for article [[Piyush Monga]] so that I can improve it. Also, please suggest some improvements to my first article [[Youth Against Rape]]. Thank you soo much for your help. Happy editing -- [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 17:00, 8 June 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Plts}} {{done}}. I have restored the article in the draft namespace as per your request above. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:43, 8 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. Happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 14:23, 9 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft: Bhupesh Bansal ==

Hello, I submitted a draft. Please check and approve it if it is well.

Thank you.

== Asking a Favour ==
Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] I am a Wikipedia editor from the northern part of the country and I also create articles related to Nepal. is it legal to create articles about people from Nepal or any other country? I have created more than 25 articles on English [[Wikipedia]](directly on namespace) and more than 20 of them got reviewed and are live on the wiki but unfortunately, 5 of them got deleted. I will be happily contributing on [[Bharatpedia]] as well if provided the required access, also I agree to all your terms and conditions if found violating any of them you are free to take the required action. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 08:00, 17 June 2021 (IST)

:Hello {{u|Mailblog34}} and welcome to Bharatpedia. There are no restrictions on creating articles on any topic but the subject must be notable enough to have an independent article. Since your account has not yet reached the autoconfirmed status I would suggest you create new articles in the draft namespace and once your account is autoconfirmed (i.e. four days old and you've made ten edits) then you will be able to move/create articles directly in the main namespace. If you need any help please let me know. Happy editing. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 09:01, 17 June 2021 (IST)
* Hello [[User:WikiDwarf]] i am already four days old and made more than 30 edits but still did not get option of "create the pge" , and did not get option to move pages . Help me out on my limited access .--[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 23:19, 19 June 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Mailblog34}} Your account was registered on 16 June 2021 at 09:45 (IST) so please wait for one more day and your account will be autoconfirmed. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 23:26, 19 June 2021 (IST)

== Vandalism ==

Hello sir. Somebody is keep vandalizing [[Harish Pednekar]] please lock the page from spammers. [[Special:Contributions/206.84.238.118|206.84.238.118]] ([[User talk:206.84.238.118|talk]]) 17:40, 25 June 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]], Could you please review this article [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]], link: https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/User:Alialfaisal/sandbox ,Thank You.--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 17:56, 28 June 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], Sources have been added to the article, I can supplement them with additional sources if you wish, [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] I hope to review. Thank you. --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 18:26, 1 July 2021 (IST)

* My dear [[User:WikiDwarf]], I did not understand why the article was not approved, even though I added several news sources in it and can supplement it with additional sources?--[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 19:21, 3 July 2021 (IST)

== I requested that add me admin on Bharatpedia. ==

I will be work forever to wikipedia. Please add me admin group member in Bharat wikipedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]]) 12:09, 29 June 2021 (IST)Hembram Bakhul

== Kindly clear the pending DRAFT ASAP. ==

Hi, kindly Clear the pending draft asap so that a contributor like me gets the motivation to contribute more too this open and neutral place. [[User:Marvel|Marvel]][[User talk:Marvel|(talk)]]

== How to upload image ==

Hi WikiDwarf. I am User:VF814324. I am new here. How can I upload an Image with CC-BY-SA license? Wher to upload ? When I click on 'Upload file' button, it brings me to Wikimedia commons. Can I publish file locally on Bharatpedia? [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 13:45, 3 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|VF814324}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! Unfortunately uploading images locally is only limited to sysops at the moment so you can send the image along with its copyright permission to permission@bharatmedia.org. Happy editing, [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 12:04, 4 July 2021 (IST)
:: Thanks, I've mailed as you said. [[User:VF814324|VF814324]] ([[User talk:VF814324|talk]]) 17:59, 7 July 2021 (IST)

== AFC Submission cleaned? ==
Hey there, I hope you're doing well. I'm writing to get your attention on an error I faced.
[[Draft:Sunil ydv SS]], a draft(stub) that I created and submitted around a month ago to AFC. Now, when I see, the AFC tag has disappeared and no reason is shown for this. I would request you to kindly check this issue as well as review this draft as I believe it qualifies [[Bharatpedia:Notability]]. Thank you & happy editing - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 13:56, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:The same error occurred on another draft that I created [[Draft:Piyush Monga]], the AFC tag has been removed and no reason is shown. I would request you to kindly review this draft too. Thank you & happy editing. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 18:50, 5 July 2021 (IST)
::{{re|Plts}} The tags were removed by user [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] at the time they moved both pages to the main namespace, but I have restored the tags on both drafts. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:02, 5 July 2021 (IST)
:::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Thank you. - [[User:Plts|Plts]] ([[User talk:Plts|talk]]) 11:49, 27 July 2021 (IST)

== Copyright issue ==

hey [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] a user - [[User:Hembram_Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] is copying the articles and pasting them here from English Wikipedia without any edits, just informing you as it may violate copyright. Ignore if it doesn't violate copyright policy. --[[User:Mailblog34|Mailblog34]] ([[User talk:Mailblog34|talk]]) 21:51, 7 July 2021 (IST)
:{{reply|Mailblog34}} Hi, I think reusing Wikipedia content is generally allowed as per [[:en:Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content]]. [[User:Pradip89|Pradip89]] ([[User talk:Pradip89|talk]]) 08:42, 9 July 2021 (IST)

== Photo upload ==

Hi i want to upload photo but when I click on upload it take me to wikimedia which is wikipedia portal will you please guide me on it. --[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 12:58, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Protection Of Wikipedia Article ==

How to add protection to articles so as to stop dispute and vandalism. 
[[User:Wandererkanishk|Wandererkanishk]] ([[User talk:Wandererkanishk|talk]])

== article review ==

Hi [User:WikiDwarf] thanks for your suggestion on article [Sheikh Asif] will you please review it again thanks .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2021 (IST)

== Grant Me as a auto confirmed user ==

Hi, i want to be an auto confirmed user. As I have experience on english wikipedia. So I am much experienced about it. So I please grant me permission. Thanks [[User:Villageboy|Villageboy]] ([[User talk:Villageboy|talk]]) 16:13, 9 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|Villageboy}} and welcome to Bharatpedia! I can see you made 10 edits already so, your account will be automatically flagged as autoconfirmed on or after July 13, 2020. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 08:43, 10 July 2021 (IST)

== Haters are editing the pages ==

Hey wiki, the pages I have created are of public figures, entrepreneurs and places. But some of the people are editing and using harsh language on the page I have created. I request you to kindly give me permission to lock the pages or do it from your end. It would be great.

I am not contributing since one day because of this issue only. As soon as solved will start adding more pages which should be here.

Thankyou [[User:Saumyasingh|Saumyasingh]] ([[User talk:Saumyasingh|talk]]) 03:15, 11 July 2021 (IST)

== Add me admin member group ==

I am hembram Bakhul saying that I five hundred articles edited. I hoped that I shall work the best on Bharatpedia.
[[User:Hembram Bakhul|Hembram Bakhul]] ([[User talk:Hembram Bakhul|talk]])Hembram Bakhul

== please publish this ==

hi [User:WikiDwarf] will you please review [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:The_Press_Walla] and publish it .

--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 13:58, 14 July 2021 (IST)
:Hello {{u|HamzhaSaleem}}, The draft lacks sources that establish notability so, please cite some third party sources that cover the subject and submit it for a review once the draft is ready. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 17:15, 14 July 2021 (IST)

-- [[User:WikiDwarf]] thanks for your revert actually its a new eMagazine and news website maybe they will get more sources in future.--[[User:HamzhaSaleem|HamzhaSaleem]] ([[User talk:HamzhaSaleem|talk]]) 19:08, 14 July 2021 (IST)

== Draft Request ==

Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]],Since June 28, 2021, I am requesting a review of the article. I have attached many news sources and authority control to the article, but so far it has not been approved. I hope you will review the article. Thanks. [[Draft:Fuad Al-Qrize]] --[[User:Alialfaisal|Alialfaisal]] ([[User talk:Alialfaisal|talk]]) 04:17, 29 July 2021 (IST)

== Premtosh Debnath - Real Name Premtosh Nath ==

Dear Bharatpedia Admin Please Change Name Of Premtosh Debnath to Premtosh Nath, I Have His I card, Media Articles Added His name Premtosh Debnath some issue.[[Special:Contributions/47.29.9.5|47.29.9.5]] ([[User talk:47.29.9.5|talk]]) 01:49, 1 August 2021 (IST)

==Requirements for New page Reviewer==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please help to know the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer? I can not find any article about the minimum requirements for Bharatpedia New Page Reviewer. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 01:16, 14 August 2021 (IST)
== Request ==
Hi [[User:WikiDwarf]] sir, Could you please unprotected the user draft of Danish Maniyar he is Google notable entrepreneur of India guide me with it draft making I can make his name article page with him of urs please unprotected it . I'm help bharatpedia with my contribution I hope I can be patroller in bharatpedia please[[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk:Lucasraven12|talk]])

== Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page? ==

Dear
Bhartpedia Team,

I am Anshuman Tiwari, better known as Anshuman Tiwari Musician, from Dehradun, Uttarakhand. is an Indian Musician. And I am Verified On different music platforms like Spotify, Google Play Music, Apple Music, iTunes, Amazon Music, JioSaavn and many others international platforms like Deezer, Tidal and Napster. You get Anshuman Tiwari music on TikTok, Instagram or Facebook library also. and i am verified on facebook And Google.

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/anshumantiwariofficials

Google: https://g.co/kgs/knU5xV

https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Draft:Anshuman_Tiwari_(musician)

Sir i am verified in so many platforms and i have lot of news on google.
Sir why is my page being deleted from Bharatpedia?

Sir, is BharatPedia a Paid, is that why he is not approving my page?

Sir like this i got many complaints against in Bharatpedia,
Sir this time I am making last time making a page.
If it is deleted here then we will have to take further action
:{{re|Iamanshumantiwari}} No, Bharatpedia is not a paid platform it's a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Your article was deleted due to a lack of reliable sources that discuss the subject in detail, and cited sources are not reliable. Please see [[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources]] to understand what we consider reliable and also please see [[Bharatpedia:Notability (music)]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 20:56, 28 August 2021 (IST)

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:01, 31 August 2021 (IST)
:{{re|Anjuman}} You can apply for the user-right at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions#Autopatrolled]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]]) 19:14, 31 August 2021 (IST)
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Well, both the rights are different. Autopatrolled marks articles as patrolled whilst [[Bharatpedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|autoconfirmed]] is a right lower than that of Extended confirmed. I'll have a look at RfP later as autoconfirmed would be autogranted five days later, perhaps. Thanks. [[User:Anjuman|Anjuman]] ([[User talk:Anjuman|talk]]) 19:26, 31 August 2021 (IST)

==Fix the problem==
Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}} sir I have created a page in the name of [[Deepthi Sunaina]] 1 month ago, the article is marked as an Autopatrolled.But it is not showing on google. please look into it and fix the problem. [[User:WikiJoy|WikiJoy]] ([[User talk:WikiJoy|talk]]) 20:16, 11 September 2021 (IST)
:{{re|WikiJoy}} I apologise for replying late. I have reviewed the most recent edit and it will be indexed soon. Also, please see [[Bharatpedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers]] to review the minimum requirements for NPR. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]])

== Autoconfirmed... ==

Hi {{u|WikiDwarf}}. I see you've admin rights on this platform. Can you please grant me autoconfirmed rights so that I can easily create a few templates. I was going through Random articles and found that there are a few articles with templates in RED. Hence this, I hope I will get some rights . [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

:{{re|Lucasraven12}} You can apply for the user-right at [[Bharatpedia:Requests for permissions#Autopatrolled]]. [[User:WikiDwarf|WikiDwarf]] ([[User talk:WikiDwarf#top|talk]])
::{{re|WikiDwarf}} Well, both the rights are different. Autopatrolled marks articles as patrolled whilst [[Bharatpedia:User access levels#Autoconfirmed and confirmed users|autoconfirmed]] is a right lower than that of Extended confirmed. I'll have a look at RfP later as autoconfirmed would be autogranted five days later, perhaps. Thanks. [[User: Lucasraven12|Lucasraven12]] ([[User talk: Lucasraven12|talk]])

Lalu Singh Sodha

2021-09-14T14:57:50Z

Lucasraven12: /* External links */

{{short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalu Singh Sodha
| image = Lalusinghsodha0140.png
| caption
| background =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|07|15}}
| birth_place = [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Social worker
| years_active = 2020–present
| website = {{URL|http://www.lalusodha.com}}
}}

Lalu Singh Sodha was born on 15 July 1986 is an [[Indian]] social worker and convener of Bajrang Dal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Protests across Jaisalmer over Taliban cricket club|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/protests-across-jaisalmer-over-taliban-cricket-club/articleshow/85612653.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Talib as Taliban: a slip grounds cricket team in Jaisalmer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/talib-as-taliban-a-slip-grounds-cricket-team-in-jaisalmer-7472795/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan के Jaisalmer में राम मंदिर निर्माण के लिए जमा हुए इतने करोड़ रुपये, सब हैरान|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/10-crores-deposited-for-construction-of-ram-temple-in-jaisalmer-in-rajasthan/854193|newspaper=Zee News|date=23 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Mandir donation: Villagers in Indo-Pak border region show enthusiasm|url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/ram-mandir-donation-villagers-in-indo-pak-border-region-show-enthusiasm/|newspaper=The PinkCity Post|date=16 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=गर्वित हिन्दू का भाव सभी हिंदुओं में हो: सोढ़ा|url=https://m.patrika.com/amp-news/jaisalmer-news/proud-hindu-sentiment-should-be-among-all-hindus-sodha-6657737/|newspaper=Patrika|date=29 January 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=सहयोग:ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पहुंची रथ यात्रा, भामाशाहों ने राम मंदिर निर्माण में दिया सहयोग|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/jaisalmer/news/rath-yatra-reached-rural-areas-bhamashah-provided-support-in-construction-of-ram-temple-128171675.html|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|date=16 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Lalu Singh Sodha was born in [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=RSS & VHP extend help to customers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rss-vhp-extend-help-to-customers/articleshow/55444938.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 November 2021|access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

=Career=
Lalu Singh Sodha is a social worker and convener of Bajrang Dal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Villagers in border areas enthused over Ram temple donation drive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/villagers-in-border-areas-enthused-over-ram-temple-donation-drive/articleshow/81078387.cms?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=TOIMobile|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 February 2021|access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|lalusodha.com|Official website}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodha, Lalu Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Lalu Singh Sodha

2021-09-14T14:25:46Z

Lucasraven12: Lucasraven12 moved page Draft:Lalu Singh Sodha to Lalu Singh Sodha over redirect: Improvement done

{{short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalu Singh Sodha
| image = Lalusinghsodha0140.png
| caption
| background =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|07|15}}
| birth_place = [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Social worker
| years_active = 2020–present
| website = {{URL|http://www.lalusodha.com}}
}}

Lalu Singh Sodha was born on 15 July 1986 is an [[Indian]] social worker and convener of Bajrang Dal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Protests across Jaisalmer over Taliban cricket club|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/protests-across-jaisalmer-over-taliban-cricket-club/articleshow/85612653.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Talib as Taliban: a slip grounds cricket team in Jaisalmer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/talib-as-taliban-a-slip-grounds-cricket-team-in-jaisalmer-7472795/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan के Jaisalmer में राम मंदिर निर्माण के लिए जमा हुए इतने करोड़ रुपये, सब हैरान|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/10-crores-deposited-for-construction-of-ram-temple-in-jaisalmer-in-rajasthan/854193|newspaper=Zee News|date=23 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Mandir donation: Villagers in Indo-Pak border region show enthusiasm|url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/ram-mandir-donation-villagers-in-indo-pak-border-region-show-enthusiasm/|newspaper=The PinkCity Post|date=16 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=गर्वित हिन्दू का भाव सभी हिंदुओं में हो: सोढ़ा|url=https://m.patrika.com/amp-news/jaisalmer-news/proud-hindu-sentiment-should-be-among-all-hindus-sodha-6657737/|newspaper=Patrika|date=29 January 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=सहयोग:ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पहुंची रथ यात्रा, भामाशाहों ने राम मंदिर निर्माण में दिया सहयोग|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/jaisalmer/news/rath-yatra-reached-rural-areas-bhamashah-provided-support-in-construction-of-ram-temple-128171675.html|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|date=16 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Lalu Singh Sodha was born in [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=RSS & VHP extend help to customers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rss-vhp-extend-help-to-customers/articleshow/55444938.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 November 2021|access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

=Career=
Lalu Singh Sodha is a social worker and convener of Bajrang Dal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Villagers in border areas enthused over Ram temple donation drive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/villagers-in-border-areas-enthused-over-ram-temple-donation-drive/articleshow/81078387.cms?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=TOIMobile|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 February 2021|access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.lalusodha.com}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodha, Lalu Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Lalu Singh Sodha

2021-09-14T14:24:03Z

Lucasraven12: Improvement done

{{short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalu Singh Sodha
| image = Lalusinghsodha0140.png
| caption
| background =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|07|15}}
| birth_place = [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Social worker
| years_active = 2020–present
| website = {{URL|http://www.lalusodha.com}}
}}

Lalu Singh Sodha was born on 15 July 1986 is an [[Indian]] social worker and convener of Bajrang Dal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Protests across Jaisalmer over Taliban cricket club|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/protests-across-jaisalmer-over-taliban-cricket-club/articleshow/85612653.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Talib as Taliban: a slip grounds cricket team in Jaisalmer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/talib-as-taliban-a-slip-grounds-cricket-team-in-jaisalmer-7472795/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan के Jaisalmer में राम मंदिर निर्माण के लिए जमा हुए इतने करोड़ रुपये, सब हैरान|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/10-crores-deposited-for-construction-of-ram-temple-in-jaisalmer-in-rajasthan/854193|newspaper=Zee News|date=23 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Mandir donation: Villagers in Indo-Pak border region show enthusiasm|url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/ram-mandir-donation-villagers-in-indo-pak-border-region-show-enthusiasm/|newspaper=The PinkCity Post|date=16 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=गर्वित हिन्दू का भाव सभी हिंदुओं में हो: सोढ़ा|url=https://m.patrika.com/amp-news/jaisalmer-news/proud-hindu-sentiment-should-be-among-all-hindus-sodha-6657737/|newspaper=Patrika|date=29 January 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=सहयोग:ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पहुंची रथ यात्रा, भामाशाहों ने राम मंदिर निर्माण में दिया सहयोग|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/jaisalmer/news/rath-yatra-reached-rural-areas-bhamashah-provided-support-in-construction-of-ram-temple-128171675.html|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|date=16 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Lalu Singh Sodha was born in [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=RSS & VHP extend help to customers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rss-vhp-extend-help-to-customers/articleshow/55444938.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 November 2021|access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

=Career=
Lalu Singh Sodha is a social worker and convener of Bajrang Dal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Villagers in border areas enthused over Ram temple donation drive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/villagers-in-border-areas-enthused-over-ram-temple-donation-drive/articleshow/81078387.cms?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=TOIMobile|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 February 2021|access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.lalusodha.com}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodha, Lalu Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Lalu Singh Sodha

2021-09-14T14:18:02Z

Lucasraven12: Lucasraven12 moved page Lalu Singh Sodha to Draft:Lalu Singh Sodha: Moving back for improvement

{{short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalu Singh Sodha
| image = Lalusinghsodha0140.png
| caption
| background =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|07|15}}
| birth_place = [[ Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Social worker
| years_active = 2020–present
}}
Lalu Singh Sodha was born on 15 July 1986 is an [[Indian]] Social worker and Bajrang Dal convener.<ref>{{cite news|title=Protests across Jaisalmer over Taliban cricket club|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/protests-across-jaisalmer-over-taliban-cricket-club/articleshow/85612653.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Talib as Taliban: a slip grounds cricket team in Jaisalmer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/talib-as-taliban-a-slip-grounds-cricket-team-in-jaisalmer-7472795/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan के Jaisalmer में राम मंदिर निर्माण के लिए जमा हुए इतने करोड़ रुपये, सब हैरान|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/10-crores-deposited-for-construction-of-ram-temple-in-jaisalmer-in-rajasthan/854193|newspaper=Zee News|date=23 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cricket team named ‘Taliban Club C’ found playing in Rajasthan, banned from a tournament after protests erupted|url=https://www.opindia.com/2021/08/cricket-team-named-taliban-club-c-found-playing-in-rajasthan/|newspaper=OpIndia|date=26 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Mandir donation: Villagers in Indo-Pak border region show enthusiasm|url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/ram-mandir-donation-villagers-in-indo-pak-border-region-show-enthusiasm/|newspaper=The PinkCity Post|date=16 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=गर्वित हिन्दू का भाव सभी हिंदुओं में हो: सोढ़ा|url=https://m.patrika.com/amp-news/jaisalmer-news/proud-hindu-sentiment-should-be-among-all-hindus-sodha-6657737/|newspaper=Patrika|date=29 January 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=सहयोग:ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पहुंची रथ यात्रा, भामाशाहों ने राम मंदिर निर्माण में दिया सहयोग|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/jaisalmer/news/rath-yatra-reached-rural-areas-bhamashah-provided-support-in-construction-of-ram-temple-128171675.html|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|date=16 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodha, Singh, Lalu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

User:Lucasraven12

2021-09-08T15:45:17Z

Lucasraven12:

User:Lucasraven12

2021-09-08T15:44:14Z

Lucasraven12:

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''A useful thing to consider:''
<div style="font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%">Most people don’t know English.</div>
----
''Another useful thing to consider:''

{{Quote|“Ask him to point to where he thinks the monkey is going to go.”

“[[Pirahã people|They]] don’t point,” [[Daniel Everett|Everett]] said. Nor, he added, do they have words for [[Relative direction#Left-right confusion|right and left]]. Instead, they give directions in absolute terms, telling others to head “upriver” or “downriver,” or “to the forest” or “away from the forest.” Everett told the man to say whether the monkey was going upriver or downriver. The man said something in reply.

“What did he say?” [[Tecumseh Fitch|Fitch]] asked.

“He said, ‘Monkeys go to the jungle.’ ”|[[John Colapinto]]|''[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fa_fact_colapinto The Interpreter - Has a remote Amazonian tribe upended our understanding of language?]'', The New Yorker, April 16, 2007}}

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User:Lucasraven12

2021-09-08T15:42:04Z

Lucasraven12:

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''A useful thing to consider:''
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----
''Another useful thing to consider:''

{{Quote|“Ask him to point to where he thinks the monkey is going to go.”

“[[Pirahã people|They]] don’t point,” [[Daniel Everett|Everett]] said. Nor, he added, do they have words for [[Relative direction#Left-right confusion|right and left]]. Instead, they give directions in absolute terms, telling others to head “upriver” or “downriver,” or “to the forest” or “away from the forest.” Everett told the man to say whether the monkey was going upriver or downriver. The man said something in reply.

“What did he say?” [[Tecumseh Fitch|Fitch]] asked.

“He said, ‘Monkeys go to the jungle.’ ”|[[John Colapinto]]|''[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fa_fact_colapinto The Interpreter - Has a remote Amazonian tribe upended our understanding of language?]'', The New Yorker, April 16, 2007}}

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I am Lucas raven . I working Wikipedia.

__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__
<div style="background-color: #E0FFFF; border: solid 1px #00a5ff; padding: 1em;">
<div class="usermessage">''' ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ [[{{CURRENTDAY}}]] [[{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}]] ([[{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}]]), [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]]'''</div>
{{userbox
| image = File:Raghunath Murmu.JPG
| border-c = orange
| id = [[Image:India flag-XL-anim.gif|60x43px]]
| id-c = ivory
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| info = ᱱᱩᱭ [[:m:Wikimedian|ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ '''[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ]]''' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾
| info-c = ivory
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ᱤᱧ ᱵᱤᱫᱩ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ( Lucas raven) ᱤᱧ "Lucas raven" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱧᱟ,

ᱤᱧᱟᱝ

ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ= ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱩᱨᱵᱚᱱᱤ

ᱯ.ᱳ = ᱵᱟᱞᱤᱜᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ

ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟ = ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱜᱨᱟᱢ

ᱡᱮᱞᱟ = ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱨᱟᱢ

ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ= ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟ

ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ= ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ[[Image:Vortex-street-animation.gif|100px]][[File:Animalibrí.gif|40px]]

</div>

User:Lucasraven12

2021-09-08T15:41:31Z

Lucasraven12:

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''A useful thing to consider:''
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----
''Another useful thing to consider:''

{{Quote|“Ask him to point to where he thinks the monkey is going to go.”

“[[Pirahã people|They]] don’t point,” [[Daniel Everett|Everett]] said. Nor, he added, do they have words for [[Relative direction#Left-right confusion|right and left]]. Instead, they give directions in absolute terms, telling others to head “upriver” or “downriver,” or “to the forest” or “away from the forest.” Everett told the man to say whether the monkey was going upriver or downriver. The man said something in reply.

“What did he say?” [[Tecumseh Fitch|Fitch]] asked.

“He said, ‘Monkeys go to the jungle.’ ”|[[John Colapinto]]|''[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fa_fact_colapinto The Interpreter - Has a remote Amazonian tribe upended our understanding of language?]'', The New Yorker, April 16, 2007}}

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I am Lucas raven . I working Wikipedia.

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{{userbox
| image = File:Raghunath Murmu.JPG
| border-c = orange
| id = [[Image:India flag-XL-anim.gif|60x43px]]
| id-c = ivory
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| info = ᱱᱩᱭ [[:m:Wikimedian|ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ]] ᱫᱚ '''[[ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ|ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ]]''' ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱾
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ᱤᱧ ᱵᱤᱫᱩ ᱦᱮᱢᱵᱨᱚᱢ( BIDU HEMBRAM) ᱤᱧ "Hembram Bakhul" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱧᱟ,

ᱤᱧᱟᱝ

ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ= ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱩᱨᱩᱨᱵᱚᱱᱤ

ᱯ.ᱳ = ᱵᱟᱞᱤᱜᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ

ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟ = ᱱᱟᱭᱟᱜᱨᱟᱢ

ᱡᱮᱞᱟ = ᱡᱷᱟᱲᱜᱨᱟᱢ

ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ= ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱵᱟᱸᱜᱽᱞᱟ

ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ= ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ[[Image:Vortex-street-animation.gif|100px]][[File:Animalibrí.gif|40px]]

</div>

Prithviraj Productions

2021-09-07T06:46:12Z

Lucasraven12: Created page with "{{short description|Indian film studio}} {{Infobox company | image = Prithvirajproductions-logo.png | image_size = 200px | type = Limited liability partn..."

{{short description|Indian film studio}}
{{Infobox company
| image = Prithvirajproductions-logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| type = [[Limited liability partnership]]
| industry = [[Motion picture]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2017||}}
| location_city = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = [[Motion Picture]]
| owner = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]|[[Supriya Menon]]}}
| subsid =
| homepage = {{official site|http://prithvirajproductions.com}}
}}

'''Prithviraj Productions''' is an [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[film production]] and [[Film distribution|distribution]] company based in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. It was established in 2017 by [[actor]] [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and his [[wife]] and [[BBC India]] [[news reporter]] [[Supriya Menon]], since then, it has produced 6 [[Malayalam films]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prithviraj, wife Supriya launch production company|language=en-IN|work=Mathrubhumi|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/prithviraj-wife-supriya-launch-production-company-malayalam-movie-actor-1.2658516| accessdate =16 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Prithviraj Sukumaran starts new production house with wife Supriya Menon|language=en-IN|work=IBT|first=Shekhar H.|last=Hooli|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/prithviraj-sukumaran-starts-new-production-house-wife-supriya-menon-763265|accessdate =16 March 2021}}</ref>

==History==
Prithviraj Productions debuted in film production through the 2019 Malayalam film ''[[9 (2019 film)|9]]'', directed by Jenuse Mohamed starred Prithviraj in lead role.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prithviraj Announces The First Venture Of Prithviraj Productions!|author=Abhijith|date=23 March 2018|language=en-IN|work=FilmiBeat|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/prithviraj-productions-debut-movie-is-9-malayalam-movie-272579.html| accessdate =16 March 2021}}</ref> Major part of the filming took place in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] and Spiti Valley. It took more than six months for the post-production.<ref name=shoot>{{cite news|last=Shrijith|first=Sajin|title=Prithviraj-starrer 9 is best experienced on the big screen: Jenuse Mohamed|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jan/22/prithviraj-starrer-9-is-best-experienced-on-the-big-screen-jenuse-mohamed-9733.html|access-date=29 January 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 January 2019}}</ref> Production of the film was completed at a cost lower than the estimated budget.<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news|last=Shrijith|first=Sajin|title=Interview {{!}} Supriya Menon Prithviraj on turning producer with '9', motherhood and more|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/feb/06/interview--supriya-menon-prithviraj-on-turning-producer-with-9-motherhood-and-more-1934928.html|access-date=7 February 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 February 2019}}</ref>

The company's second project was ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving License]]'', which was released in 2019. The film was announced on 11 July 2019 and [[principal photography]] began in the following week.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prithviraj's Driving Licence launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jul/12/prithvirajs-driving-licence-launched-2002717.html |access-date=29 December 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 July 2019}}</ref> It had a box office collection around ₹384.5 million.

Prithviraj Productions is now mainly distributing Other language movies in Kerala. His distributed movies are [[Petta (film)|Petta]] (2019) , [[Bigil]] (2019) , [[Master (2021 film)|Master]] (2021) , [[K.G.F: Chapter 2|KGF Chapter 2]] (2021) , [[777 Charlie]] (2021)

[[Kuruthi]] is the third venture under the banner Prithviraj Productions after the movie [[Driving Licence (film)|Driving License]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='Kuruthi' release date: Prithviraj Sukumaran shares new update; take a look|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/regional-indian-cinema/kuruthi-release-date-prithviraj-sukumaran-shares-new-update-take-a-look.html|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Republic World|language=en}}</ref> and is all set to premiere worldwide on [[Amazon Prime]] from 11 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prithviraj Sukumaran's 'Kuruthi' to premiere worldwide on Amazon Prime video this Onam - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumarans-kuruthi-to-premiere-worldwide-on-amazon-prime-video-this-onam/articleshow/84818688.cms|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Director
!class=unsortable| Notes
!class=unsortable| Ref.
|-
| 2019 || ''[[9 (2019 film)|9]]'' || Production || [[Jenuse Mohamed]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/prithviraj-s-maiden-production-titled-nine-first-look-poster-released/story-vgMqphm5xO0icetX05f3bL.html|title=Prithviraj’s maiden production titled Nine, first look poster released|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/03/24/prithviraj-production-maiden-film-titled-nine-first-look-poster-released.html|title=Prithviraj Production's maiden film titled 'Nine', first-look poster released |work=Onmanorama|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-reveals-first-look-and-title-of-nine-1197073-2018-03-24|title=Nine: Prithviraj Sukumaran unveils the first look of his first production, and it is intriguing |work=IndiaToday|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' || Distribution || [[Karthik Subbaraj]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-02|title=Prithviraj acquires Rajinikanth’s Petta rights in Kerala|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/prithviraj-rajinikanth-petta-distribution-rights-in-kerala-5520153/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-16|title=Prithviraj: Petta is performing very well not just in Kerala but across the world|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/prithviraj-rajinikanth-petta-success-kerala-5541913/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bigil]]'' || Distribution || [[Atlee Kumar]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prithviraj bags Kerala distribution rights of Vijay's Bigil - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-bags-kerala-distribution-rights-of-vijays-bigil/articleshow/71554307.cms|access-date=2021-03-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Driving Licence (film)|Driving Licence]]'' || Production || [[Lal Jr.]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prithviraj-produce-driving-license-100073|title=Prithviraj to produce ‘Driving License’|work=The News minute}}</ref>
|-

| 2021
| ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]''|| Distribution || [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] || ||{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
|-
| 2021
|''[[Kuruthi]]'' || Production || Manu Warrier || Amazon Prime Video ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/05/prithviraj-completes-kuruthi-shoot-in-less-than-a-month-22084.html|title=Prithviraj completes Kuruthi shoot in less than a month|work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
|Style="background :#ffc;" |''[[Jana Gana Mana (2021 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]''|| Production || Dijo Jose Antony ||Filming
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/jana-gana-mana-teaser-prithviraj-delivers-a-punch-7162044/|title=Jana Gana Mana movie teaser: Prithviraj delivers a punch|work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| Style="background :#ffc;" |''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''|| Distribution || [[Prashanth Neel]]||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/jan/06/prithviraj-productions-to-distribute-kgf-chapter-2-in-kerala-2245915.html|title=Actor Prithviraj acquires Kerala distribution rights of KGF: Chapter 2|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/actor-prithviraj-acquires-kerala-distribution-rights-of-kgf-chapter-2/story-vncFqdQ1FERYJU3bCGlubN.html|title=Prithviraj Productions to distribute KGF: Chapter 2 in Kerala |work=Hindustan times}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2021
|Style="background :#ffc;" |''[[Kaduva]]''
|Production
|[[Shaji Kailas]]
|Filming
|
|-
| 2021
|Style="background :#ffc;" |''[[777 Charlie]]''
|Distribution
|[[Kiranraj K]]
|
|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran filmography]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Film production companies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Kerala]]

{{film-company-stub}}

Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2

2021-09-07T06:43:14Z

Lucasraven12: Short description about movie

{{short description|2021 Indian horror comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2
| image = Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2 film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster with initial release date
| director = [[Anees Bazmee]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] Murad Khetani [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
| writer = [[Farhad Samji]] Aakash Kaushik
| screenplay =
| story = Anees Bazmee
| starring = [[Kartik Aaryan]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Kiara Advani]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Pritam]]
| cinematography = [[Santosh Thundiyil]]
| editing =
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] Cine1 Studios
| distributor =
| distributors =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|11|19|ref1=<ref name="release date" />}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy horror]] film directed by [[Anees Bazmee]] and produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Basu, Nilanjana|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bhool-bhulaiyaa-2-first-look-kartik-aaryan-is-almost-akshay-kumars-doppelganger-2086984|title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2 First Look: Kartik Aaryan Is (Almost) Akshay Kumar's Doppelganger|date=19 August 2019|website=NDTV|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> It is a standalone sequel to [[Priyadarshan]]'s 2007 iconic horror comedy ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TSeries/status/1163303593279012864|title= Hassoge aur darroge, phir se, kyunki wapas aa rahe hai hum #BhoolBhulaiyaa2 lekar!|publisher=|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2'' stars [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Kiara Advani]] in leading roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1163314811410636800|title=IT'S OFFICIAL... Kartik Aaryan in horror-comedy #BhoolBhulaiyaa2... Directed by Anees Bazmee... Produced by BhushanKumar, Murad Khetani and Krishan Kumar... 31 July 2020 release.|publisher=|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> The filming began on 9 October 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhool-bhulaiyaa-2-kartik-aaryan-and-kiara-advani-kick-start-shooting-for-the-much-awaited-sequel/articleshow/71500362.cms|title = 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2': Kartik Aaryan and Kiara Advani kick-start shooting for the much-awaited sequel |date = 9 October 2019|work = The Times of India |access-date = 9 October 2019 }}</ref> The film is scheduled for release on 19 November 2021.<ref name="release date">{{cite web |title=Anees Bazmee's Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2 starring Kartik Aaryan and Kiara Advani to release on November 19, 2021|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/anees-bazmees-bhool-bhulaiyaa-2-starring-kartik-aaryan-kiara-advani-release-november-19-2021|date=22 February 2021|website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Kartik Aaryan]] as Dr. Neil Bhosale
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Kavita <ref name=“castingdevelopment”>{{cite news|url=https://hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tabu-joins-bhool-bhulaiyaa-2-kartik-aaryan-and-kiara-advani-welcome-her-on-board/story-xj98KZKUdrlvXrjHCPwFoL.html|title =Tabu joins Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2, Kartik Aaryan and Kiara Advani welcome her on board|date = 14 November 2019|work = Hindustan Times |access-date = 17 November 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Kiara Advani]] as Avantika Tripathi
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Chhote Pandit<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kartik-aaryan-shares-hilarious-photo-rajpal-yadav-bhool-bhulaiyaa-2-extend-holi-wishes/|title =Kartik Aaryan shares hilarious photo with Rajpal Yadav from Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2 to extend Holi wishes|date =29 March 2021|work = Bollywood Hungama |access-date = 9 May 2021}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was originally scheduled to be released in theaters on July 31, 2020, but was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=“castingdevelopment” /> The film is scheduled for release on 19 November 2021.<ref name="release date"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt6455162}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|bhool-bhulaiyaa-2}}

{{Anees Bazmee}}

[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Upcoming sequel films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anees Bazmee]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]

Shershaah

2021-09-07T06:40:21Z

Lucasraven12: Short description about movie

{{short description|2021 Indian biographic war film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shershaah
| image = Shershaah film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]
| producer = Hiroo Yash Johar [[Karan Johar]] Apoorva Mehta [[Shabbir Boxwala]] Ajay Shah Himanshu Gandhi
| writer = [[Sandeep Shrivastava]]
| starring = [[Sidharth Malhotra]] [[Kiara Advani]]
| music = '''Score:''' John Stewart Eduri '''Songs''' [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[B Praak]] [[Jasleen Royal]] [[Javed-Mohsin]] [[Vikram Montrose]]
| cinematography = Kamaljeet Negi
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Dharma Productions]] Kaash Entertainment
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|08|12|ref1=<ref name="release date" />}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Shershaah''''' ({{trans|Lion King}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[war film]] directed by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] in his [[Bollywood]] debut and written by [[Sandeep Shrivastava]]. The film follows the life of [[Param Vir Chakra]]-awardee Captain [[Vikram Batra]], from his first posting in the [[Indian Army|army]] to his death in the [[Kargil War]]. The film stars [[Sidharth Malhotra]] as Vikram Batra and [[Kiara Advani]] as his girlfriend Dimple Cheema. The film was produced by [[Dharma Productions]] and Kaash Entertainment, with Hiroo Yash Johar, [[Karan Johar]], Apoorva Mehta, [[Shabbir Boxwala]], Ajay Shah and Himanshu Gandhi serving as co-producers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vikram-batra-biopic-tentatively-titled-shershah-go-floors-summer/|title=Vikram Batra biopic, tentatively titled Shershah, to go on floors this summer|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 January 2019|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

Announced in May 2019, [[principal photography]] began in the same month and concluded in January 2020. Initially slated to be released on 3 July 2020, the film was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shershaah-first-look-sidharth-malhotra-captain-vikram-batra-intriguing-posters-film-release-july-3-2020/|title= Shershaah First Look: Sidharth Malhotra is Captain Vikram Batra in intriguing posters, film to release on July 3, 2020|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=16 January 2020|access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shershaah-on-birthday-sidharth-malhotra-shares-first-look-posters-of-the-vikram-batra-biopic-2164768|title=Shershaah: On Birthday, Sidharth Malhotra Shares First Look Posters Of The Vikram Batra Biopic|publisher=NDTV|date=16 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref> The film then premiered on 12 August 2021 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name="release date">{{cite web |title=Sidharth Malhotra and Kiara Advani starrer Shershaah to release on August 12 on Amazon Prime Video|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sidharth-malhotra-kiara-advani-starrer-shershaah-release-independence-day-amazon-prime-video/|work=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 July 2021|access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from the critics, who praised Malhotra's performance and the action sequences but criticised the writing of the film.<ref name="Shershaah1"/><ref name="Shershaah2"/> On 31 August 2021, Amazon stated that ''Shershaah'' had become the most watched Indian film on the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2021-08-31|title=‘Shershaah’ is most-watched film on Amazon Prime Video in India|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/shershaah-is-most-watched-film-on-amazon-prime-video-in-india-11630394022936.html|url-status=live|website=mint}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vishal Batra delivers a talk on his brother Vikram Batra, narrating the story of his life.

A young Vikram Batra is playing cricket when he gets into a fight with elder teenage kids over a ball, revealing the fearless nature he later became known for. The TV series [[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Vir Chakra]] inspires him to join the [[Indian Army]]. A montage shows his patriotism and his desire to join the army as he grows up. At 23, he gets commissioned into the Delta Company, 13th battalion, [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]] (13 JAK RIF) and posted to [[Sopore]] as a lieutenant. He develops cordial relations with both his men and locals and takes part in [[counterinsurgency]] operations. On one such operation, he defies his CO Lt. Sanjeev "Jimmy" Jamwal but neutralises the perpetrators and saves Jimmy's life. Jimmy reprimands his approach but gets close to him later.

Back at the base, Batra receives a letter from his girlfriend, Dimple Cheema. The film flashes back to 1995 when Batra and Dimple start dating. They decide to get married, however, Dimple's father refuses to accept Batra as they belong to different castes. To please her dad, Batra decides to give up his Army dream and join the Merchant Navy for a higher salary. However, his friend Sunny convinces him to not give up his dream. Consequently, Batra and Dimple fight over their future.

Back in present, Delta Company catches an insurgent group's henchman. In retaliation, the leader Haider ambushes Delta Company by luring them with intel of a weapons cache. Batra's friend [[Naib Subedar]] Bansi Lal is among those killed. Traumatised and vengeful, he tracks down Haider and obtains authorisation from the unit’s CO, [[Lieutenant Colonel|Lt. Col.]] [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]] for an operation. Delta Company led by Batra raids Haider's house, killing him. Subsequently, he prepares to go on leave as unbeknownst to him the Kargil War nears.

In May 1999 in Rawalpindi, [[Pakistan]], General [[Pervez Musharraf]] begins an offensive to capture [[Kashmir]] and sends troops to occupy mountain peaks in [[Kargil]], violating the [[Geneva Convention]] and the [[Shimla Agreement]]. As news about a potential war gains traction, Batra decides to cut short his vacation and return. He makes his famous promise to Sunny "''I'll either come back after raising the Indian flag in victory or return wrapped in it. But I'll come for sure.''"

The unit is moved to the Ghumri Army Base, as a reserve force, along with other regiments to [[Acclimatization|acclimatise]] and prepare. The base comes under artillery fire that results in multiple casualties, including Batra's senior, [[Major|Maj.]] [[Ajay Singh Jasrotia]]. Three weeks into the war, 13 JAK RIF is moved to active-duty to relieve 2nd Rajputana Rifles (2 RAJ RIF) and tasked with recapturing Point 5140 at 17,000 feet. Batra is assigned the codename "''Shershaah''" and victory signal "''[[Yeh Dil Maange More!|Yeh Dil Maange More]]''", for radio communication. Jimmy and Batra lead their companies and recapture Point 5140 without casualties, garnering praise in the army and public. Batra is promoted to [[Captain (military)|Captain]] and nominated for [[Maha Vir Chakra]].

Following their impressive victory, the Army Command tasks 13 JAK RIF with capturing Point 4875 which overlooks [[National Highway 1]] and would figuratively end the war. They begin the assault on Point 4875 the next day, but take heavy casualties due to rough terrain and multiple enemy bunkers. Eventually, they destroy the four bunkers they are aware of. Unaware of a fifth camouflaged bunker, they take heavy fire. Batra tasks [[Rifleman]] Yashpal to use a Pakistani [[Rocket Propelled Grenade|RPG-7]] at the bunker. A sniper however hits him before he can fire. Batra runs across open ground to rescue him and does so successfully but is hit multiple times by both sniper and AK-47 rounds. As he collapses, he watches [[Subedar]] Raghunath Singh take command and charge at the final bunker. He succumbs as the men raise the Indian flag in victory. He is posthumously awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]] for his actions on Point 4875.

The ending shows his funeral in Palampur and a distraught Dimple.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sidharth Malhotra]] as
**Captain [[Vikram Batra]]
***Krishnay Tuteja as young Batra
**Vishal Batra, Vikram's twin brother
***Kavay Tuteja as young Vishal Batra
* [[Kiara Advani]] as Dimple Cheema, Batra's girlfriend and later fiancée
* [[Shiv Panditt]] as Lieutenant Sanjeev "Jimmy" Jamwal, Batra's CO and later friend
* [[Nikitin Dheer]] as Major [[Ajay Singh Jasrotia|Ajay "Jassi" Singh Jasrotia]]
* [[Anil Charanjeett]] as Naib Subedar Bansi Lal, Batra's close friend
* [[Shataf Figar]] as Lieutenant Colonel [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]], CO of 13 JAK RIF
* Abhiroy Singh as Major Subrata "Subbu" Mukherjee
* [[Sahil Vaid]] as Amit "Sunny" Sood, Batra's best friend
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Subedar Raghunath Singh, a platoon commander in Delta Company
* Pranay Singh Pachauri as Rifleman Yashpal
* Atul Verma as Rifleman Meher Singh
* [[Pawan Chopra]] as G.L. Batra, Batra's father
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Haider<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jkmonitor.org/59243-kashmir%E2%80%99s-bollywood-actor-mir-sarwar-in-laxmi-bomb-with-akshay-kumar.html|title=Kashmir's Bollywood actor Mir Sarwar in Laxmi Bomb with Akshay Kumar and Dharma Productions Shershaah|website=www.jkmonitor.org|access-date=17 July 2020|date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
* Bijay Anand as Mr. Cheema, Dimple's Father
* [[Himmanshoo A. Malhotra]] as Major Rajeev Kapoor
* Rakesh Dubey as Major Vijay Bhaskar
* Ankur Sharma as Major Vikas Vohra
* Jaykartik as Lieutenant Naveen Nagappa
}}

==Production==
[[Karan Johar]] confirmed in 2018 that he would be producing a biopic on the life of Captain [[Vikram Batra]]. The Batra family wanted Sidharth Malhotra to play Batra. He was eventually selected to portray the double role of Batra and his identical twin brother Vishal. Several actresses were in discussions to play Batra's fiancée, Dimple Cheema before [[Kiara Advani]] was cast. Malhotra started military training for the film in April 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sidharth-malhotra-begins-training-for-vikram-batra-biopic/articleshow/68942400.cms|title=Sidharth Malhotra begins training for Vikram Batra biopic|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 April 2019|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> Before the official announcement of the film, it was speculated that the title will be "Mera Dil Maange More" but later was changed to "Shershaah".{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The film was officially announced on 2 May 2019, with the title confirmed and shooting locations to be [[Chandigarh]], [[Palampur]], [[Kargil]], [[Ladakh]] and [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shershaah-karan-johar-announces-vikram-batra-biopic-with-sidharth-malhotra-and-kiara-advani-1515406-2019-05-02|title=Shershaah: Karan Johar announces Vikram Batra biopic with Sidharth Malhotra and Kiara Advani|work=[[India Today]]|date=2 May 2019|access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced on 7 May and the film wrapped on 12 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/kiara-advani-sidharth-malhotra-wrap-up-shershaah-shoot-see-pics-2455675.html|title=Kiara Advani, Sidharth Malhotra Wrap up Shershaah Shoot|work=News18|date=13 January 2020|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref> Patchwork shots were completed by 23 October 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sidharth-malhotra-wraps-shershaah-biopic-captain-vikram-batra/|title=Sidharth Malhotra wraps up Shershaah, the biopic on Captain Vikram Batra|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=23 October 2020|access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shershaah
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[B Praak]], [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Javed-Mohsin]] and [[Vikram Montrose]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 16 August 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shershaah-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/R6ANCBJdPQM_|title=Shershaah – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:03
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
}}

The music of film was composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[B Praak]], [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Javed-Mohsin]] and [[Vikram Montrose]] while lyrics written by [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Rashmi Virag]], [[Anvita Dutt]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] and Tanishk Bagchi.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 22:03
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raataan Lambiyan
| extra1 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Asees Kaur]]
| music1 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| length1 = 3:50
| title2 = Ranjha
| extra2 = [[B Praak]], Jasleen Royal
| music2 = [[Jasleen Royal]]
| lyrics2 = [[Anvita Dutt]]
| length2 = 3:48
| title3 = Kabhii Tumhhe
| extra3 = [[Darshan Raval]]
| music3 = [[Javed-Mohsin]]
| lyrics3 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length3 = 3:50
| title4 = Jai Hind Ki Senaa
| extra4 = Vikram Montrose
| music4 = [[Vikram Montrose]]
| lyrics4 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| length4 = 2:31
| title5 = Kabhii Tumhhe
| note5 = Female Version
| extra5 = [[Palak Muchhal]]
| music5 = Javed-Mohsin
| lyrics5 = Rashmi Virag
| length5 = 3:38
| title6 = Mann Bharryaa 2.0
| extra6 = B Praak
| music6 = B Praak
| lyrics6 = [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
| length6 = 4:26
}}

== Release ==
The film was scheduled to release theatrically on 3 July 2020 but was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. On 20 February 2021, the new release date was announced as 2 July 2021, before being postponed again.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sidharth-malhotra-and-kiara-advani-s-shershaah-to-release-on-july-2-1771192-2021-02-20|title=Sidharth Malhotra and Kiara Advani's Shershaah to release on July 2|date=20 February 2021|work=India Today|access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref> The film premiered on 12 August 2021 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name="release date"/> It became Amazon Prime India's most watched movie.<ref name="most watched">{{cite web |title=Shershaah becomes Amazon Prime India's most watched movie, Sidharth Malhotra is 'overwhelmed with love|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shershaah-becomes-amazon-prime-india-s-most-watched-movie-sidharth-malhotra-is-overwhelmed-with-love-101630402634364.html|date=30 September 2021|access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>

==Reception==
Upon release, ''Shershaah'' received mixed reviews from the film critics, who praised Malhotra's performance and the action sequences but criticised the writing of the film.<ref name="Shershaah1">{{Cite news|date=August 12, 2021|title=Shershaah Review: Sidharth Malhotra's War Film Gets Mixed Reactions From Critics, Many Says 'Yeh Dil Maange More'|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/shershaah-review-sidharth-malhotras-war-060009147.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=[[Yahoo! News]] }}</ref><ref name="Shershaah2">{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2021|title=Shershaah Movie Review - Critics|url=https://www.addatoday.com/2021/08/shershaah-movie-review-critics.html?m=1|url-status=live|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=www.addatoday.com}}</ref> On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film currently holds a rating of 54% based on 13 reviews and an [[Weighted arithmetic mean|average rating]] of 5.2/10.<ref>{{cite web|title=SHERSHAAH (2021)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shershaah|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=August 17, 2021}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 calling ''Shershaah'' "power-packed" and wrote, "''Shershaah'' salutes the valor, courage and bravery of Kargil war hero Captain Vikram Batra, Inspirational and emotional. A game changer for Sidharth Malhotra. Commanding act. Unmissable!. Director Vishnu Varadhan narrates the story of Shershaah with utmost competency. Screenwriting is absorbing for most parts. The war sequences are executed with flourish. The finale is sure to leave you moist-eyed".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|author-link=Taran Adarsh|title=Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1425648324313378820|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>

[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film 2.75 stars out 5 opining "Captain Vikram Batra biopic is gripping as an Army procedural", noting it as Malhotra's best performance since ''[[Kapoor and Sons]]'', and that "Vishnu Varadhan could not have found a more suitable mainstream star to join him in memorialising one of India’s favorite war heroes."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-12|title=Shershaah movie review: Captain Vikram Batra biopic is gripping as an Army procedural, dips outside conflict zones|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shershaah-movie-review-captain-vikram-batra-biopic-is-gripping-as-an-army-procedural-dips-outside-conflict-zones-9881091.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Firstpost}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars by saying Malhotra "has what it takes to portray Batra with efficiency." He concluded "The cinematic firepower and flint take Shershaah much higher - and further - as a war drama".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-12|title=Shershaah Review: Sidharth Malhotra Has What It Takes But A War Hero Deserves A More Energetic Film|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shershaah-review-sidharth-malhotra-has-what-it-takes-but-a-war-hero-deserves-a-more-energetic-film-2508487|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-17|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

[[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "The film's clunky structure doesn’t allow it to accrue tension or exert a grip, but it comes to life in the second hour once the battle begins".<ref>{{cite web|first=Anupama|last=Chopra|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/shershaah-review-amazon-prime-video-doesnt-have-the-daring-of-its-subject-sidharth-malhotra-kiara-advani-anupama-chopra/|title=Shershaah, On Amazon Prime Video, Doesn’t Have The Daring Of Its Subject |access-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5 saying that "the Sidharth Malhotra film has neither the necessary drama inherent in a cracking war film, nor does it raise patriotic goosebumps”.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-12|title=Shershaah movie review: Sidharth Malhotra-starrer needed to soar, for yeh dil maange more|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/shershaah-movie-review-sidharth-malhotra-starrer-needed-to-soar-7449827/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Rohan Nahaar praised the screenplay but criticised the direction stating that the "smartly choreographed action, a reverent tone, and Sidharth Malhotra's sincere performance can't make up for Vishnu Varadhan's uneven direction".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-12|title=Shershaah review: Sidharth Malhotra plays Vikram Batra with saintly sincerity in Amazon's simplistic war drama|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shershaah-movie-review-sincere-sidharth-malhotra-plays-vikram-batra-with-saintly-swagger-in-amazon-s-simplistic-war-drama-101628692350461.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-18|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Historical accuracy==
{{original research|section|date=August 2021}}
The talk Vishal Batra gives in the beginning of the film resembles the [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] talk he gave in 2017 (evident from the same title and similar clothes.)<ref name="scoopwhoop">{{cite web |last1=Magan |first1=Srishti |title=This Tribute By Captain Vikram Batra’s Twin Is The Most Inspiring Ted Talk You Will Ever Hear |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/the-tedx-talk-by-capt-vikram-batra-s-twin-vishal-batra/ |website=www.scoopwhoop.com |publisher=ScoopWhoop |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=English |date=13 August 2021}}</ref>

The film depicts Vikram Batra and Dimple Cheema getting married, while she is unaware. In an interview with [[The Quint]] in 2016, Cheema revealed that, "while doing the ''[[parikrama]]'' of the ''[[Nishan Sahib]]'', he was walking behind me. On completing the ''parikrama'', he said 'Congratulations, Mrs. Batra'. I swirled around to see him holding one end of my ''[[dupatta]]''." In Sikhism, completion of four rounds around the ''Nishan Sahib'' is considered a [[Sikh marriage|marriage ritual]]. The depiction of Batra filling Cheema's hair parting with his blood (a [[Hindu marriage]] ritual) was also confirmed by her in the same interview.<ref name="quint">{{cite web |last1=Talwar |first1=Sushant |title=‘I Wish He Was Here’: The Heartbreaking Love Story of Vikram Batra |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/late-captain-vikram-batra-dimple-cheema-girlfriend-love-story-kargil-war-death#read-more |website=TheQuint |publisher=TheQuint |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=en |date=9 September 2016}}</ref>

The film shows Batra telling his friend, "I'll either come back after raising the Indian flag in victory or return wrapped in it. But I'll come for sure." Although, his twin, Vishal Batra confirmed Batra saying the words to "a friend",<ref name="ted">{{cite AV media | people=Vishal Batra| date=September 22, 2017 | title=My Brother, My Pride | medium=Conference talk | location=Mangalore, Karnataka | publisher=TEDx}}</ref><ref name="scoopwhoop2">{{cite web |last1=Magan |first1=Srishti |title=8 Powerful Dialogues From 'Shershaah' That Were Actually Spoken By Capt. Vikram Batra IRL |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/powerful-dialogues-from-shershaah-that-were-actually-spoken-by-capt-vikram-batra-irl/ |website=www.scoopwhoop.com |publisher=ScoopWhoop |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=English |date=13 August 2021}}</ref> it has been disputed as to who he actually said those words to.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |title='Shershaah' review: Casualty of war |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/reviews-recommendations/shershaah-review-casualty-of-war |website=National Herald |publisher=National Herald (India) |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=en |date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

The movie portrays a Pakistani troop threatening Batra over the radio. Batra himself narrated this himself in his famous interview with [[Barkha Dutt]] recalling, "Oh ''Shershaah'', you've come. Don't try to come up, otherwise you'll have a tough time... and that was the time they gave us a challenge and my guys they... they went wild."<ref name="ndtv">{{cite interview |last=Batra |first=Vikram |subject-link=Vikram Batra |interviewer=[[Barkha Dutt]] |title=An Interview with Vikram Batra |work=[[NDTV]] |publisher=NDTV |location=Kargil |date=12 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Yeh Dil Maange More": Kargil Hero Captain Vikram Batra's Story |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/yeh-dil-maange-more-kargil-hero-captain-vikram-batra-s-story-522288 |website=ndtv.in |publisher=NDTV |access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> The film also shows Pakistani troops asking the Indians to give them [[Madhuri Dixit]]. This has been previously confirmed by others who served in the unit.<ref name="ted" /><ref name="scoopwhoop2" /><ref>{{cite web |title='From Madhuri Dixit, with love': What real Shershaah Captain Vikram Batra told Pakistani soldiers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-madhuri-dixit-with-love-what-real-shershaah-captain-vikram-batra-told-pakistani-soldiers-101628692570754.html |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 August 2021 |language=en |date=11 August 2021}}</ref>

In the aftermath of capture of 5140, Batra is shown to use a journalist's satellite phone to call Cheema. In reality, he had borrowed a satellite phone but had called his father instead. His incomplete message, "Daddy, I've captured", was initially misinterpreted as a message of his capture.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |last1=Masih |first1=Archana |title=rediff.com: The soldier who became a legend |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/17batra.htm |website=rediff.com |publisher=Rediff |access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

While climbing 4875, Batra is shown to charge at a bunker and kill three enemy troops alone in [[hand-to-hand combat]]. However, in reality, he had killed five enemy troops and sustained multiple injuries while doing so.<ref name="rawat">{{cite book |last=Rawat |first=Rachna Bisht |year=2014 |title=The Brave: Param Vir Chakra Stories |publisher=Penguin Books India Private Limited |isbn=9780143422358 |page=247}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bammi |first=Y. M. |year=2002 |title=Kargil 1999, impregnable conquered |publisher=Gorkha Publishers |isbn=9788175253520 |page=279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sawant |first=Gaurav C. |year=2000 |title=Dateline Kargil: A Correspondent's Nine-week Account from the Battlefront |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=9780333934081 |page=187}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Malik |first=V. P. |year=2006 |title=Kargil from Surprise to Victory |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=9788172236359 |page=180}}</ref><ref name="cardozo">{{cite book |last=Cardozo |first=Ian |year=2003 |title=Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=9789351940296 |page=124}}</ref>

Unlike the film, Batra died instantly after being hit by the sniper and did not live to see his men capture the point.<ref name="rawat" /><ref name="cardozo" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10295212}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shershaah/ Shershaah] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Amazon Video Original Films}}
{{Dharma Productions}}
{{Vishnuvardhan (director)}}

[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Indian war films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kargil]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Films based on Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films set in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Kargil War]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:Pervez Musharraf]]

Lalu Singh Sodha

2021-09-04T16:19:48Z

Lucasraven12: Created page with "{{short description|Indian social worker}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Lalu Singh Sodha | image = Lalu..."

{{short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalu Singh Sodha
| image = Lalusinghsodha0140.png
| caption
| background =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|07|15}}
| birth_place = [[ Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Social worker
| years_active = 2020–present
}}
Lalu Singh Sodha was born on 15 July 1986 is an [[Indian]] Social worker and Bajrang Dal convener.<ref>{{cite news|title=Protests across Jaisalmer over Taliban cricket club|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/protests-across-jaisalmer-over-taliban-cricket-club/articleshow/85612653.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Talib as Taliban: a slip grounds cricket team in Jaisalmer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/talib-as-taliban-a-slip-grounds-cricket-team-in-jaisalmer-7472795/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan के Jaisalmer में राम मंदिर निर्माण के लिए जमा हुए इतने करोड़ रुपये, सब हैरान|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/10-crores-deposited-for-construction-of-ram-temple-in-jaisalmer-in-rajasthan/854193|newspaper=Zee News|date=23 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cricket team named ‘Taliban Club C’ found playing in Rajasthan, banned from a tournament after protests erupted|url=https://www.opindia.com/2021/08/cricket-team-named-taliban-club-c-found-playing-in-rajasthan/|newspaper=OpIndia|date=26 August 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Mandir donation: Villagers in Indo-Pak border region show enthusiasm|url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/ram-mandir-donation-villagers-in-indo-pak-border-region-show-enthusiasm/|newspaper=The PinkCity Post|date=16 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=गर्वित हिन्दू का भाव सभी हिंदुओं में हो: सोढ़ा|url=https://m.patrika.com/amp-news/jaisalmer-news/proud-hindu-sentiment-should-be-among-all-hindus-sodha-6657737/|newspaper=Patrika|date=29 January 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=सहयोग:ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पहुंची रथ यात्रा, भामाशाहों ने राम मंदिर निर्माण में दिया सहयोग|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/jaisalmer/news/rath-yatra-reached-rural-areas-bhamashah-provided-support-in-construction-of-ram-temple-128171675.html|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar|date=16 February 2021|access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodha, Singh, Lalu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Manju Latha Kalanidhi

2021-08-31T17:13:48Z

Lucasraven12: Short description about journalist

{{short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manjulatha Kalanidhi
| image = Manju Latha Kalanidhi.jpg
| occupation = Journalist, creator [[rice bucket challenge]]
| years active = 1997 –present
| awards = [[Karmaveer Chakra Award]] and REX Karmaveer Global Fellowship Points of Light Award
| spouse = Vijeye Devuni
| children = Vanshika Devuni
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Manju Latha Kalanidhi''' is an Indian journalist, feature writer, columnist and creator of [[Rice Bucket Challenge]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-interior/bucketfuls-of-nourishment-for-the-needy/article9941895.ece|title = Bucketfuls of nourishment for the needy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/the-rice-bucket-challenge-a-new-made-in-india-charity-chain-656158|title = The Rice Bucket Challenge, a New Made-in-India Charity Chain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/08/25/indians-trade-ice-for-rice-in-new-charity-challenge.html|title = Indians switch ice for rice in new charity challenge|date = 26 August 2014}}</ref> She is currently the City Editor at [[The New Indian Express]]<ref>http://www.newindianexpress.com</ref> in [[Hyderabad]].

==Early life==

Manju Latha Kalanidhi, studied in St. Ann's School in [[Kazipet]], [[Warangal]]. She has obtained her post-graduate diploma in Journalism from [[Asian College of Journalism]],<ref>http://www.asianmedia.org</ref> [[Chennai]].

==Career==

Manjulatha started her career as a journalist in [[Deccan Chronicle]],<ref>http://www.deccanchronicle.com</ref> a Hyderabad-based largest circulated daily English newspaper. She worked there for six years and then joined as an editor in Big Hyderabad. She also worked in WOW! Hyderabad,<ref>http://www.wowhyderabad.com</ref> a lifestyle magazine published by Dr Reddy’s Foundation.<ref>https://drreddysfoundation.org/</ref> She also worked in an online media house, Progressive Digital Media. Later, she joined as features editor in English daily The Hans India,<ref>http://www.thehansindia.com</ref> where she used to handle daily and weekly features. She also led Young Hans, an educational supplement of The Hans India. She worked for Oryza.com<ref>http://oryza.com</ref> a web-based rice research journal, where the idea of rice bucket challenge<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/254910/india-adapts-the-ice-bucket-challenge-to-suit-local-conditions-meet-the-rice-bucket-challenge/|title = The story behind India's rice bucket challenge}}</ref> crossed her mind. Later, she took up a full-time assignment in The New Indian Express.

As part of her job in Oryza.com, she had to do a lot of research on rice crop. She studied a lot of stories on hunger and rice. Inspired by the popular [[ALS Ice Bucket Challenge]], Manju wanted to give a human touch to it and kick-started the [[Rice Bucket Challenge]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rice-bucket-challenge-hyderabads-desi-rival-to-the-als-ice-bucket-challenge-1679309.html|title = Rice bucket challenge: Hyderabad's desi rival to the ALS ice bucket challenge-India News , Firstpost|date = 25 August 2014}}</ref> that touched several lives. She donated a bucket full of rice to a daily wage-earner who sells idli/dosa (snacks in Indian breakfast) on a bicycle. She posted a photograph of it on her Facebook wall and tagged some of her friends and challenged them to continue it. She has chosen this because rice is the staple food in many parts of India and also the world. This would satiate the hunger of several millions of hungry stomachs, especially those who cannot make their ends meet. Thousands of people in India<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/sep/06/Rice-bucket-challenge-for-Onam-at-capital-city-1516467.html|title=Rice bucket challenge for Onam at capital city|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> and abroad took up the challenge and actively participated<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/Indias-ice-bucket-challenge-Manju-Latha-Kalanidhis-idea-of-giving-rice-to-the-needy-goes-viral/articleshow/41166318.cms|title = India's ice bucket challenge: Manju Latha Kalanidhi's idea of giving rice to the needy goes viral|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Pillandi|first1 = Rohit}}</ref> in it. A lot of corporate houses, private organizations, educational institutions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2014-08-28/Students-rise-for-the-Rice-Challenge/106186|title=Students rise for the 'Rice Challenge'!|date=28 August 2014}}</ref> and individuals actively took part in the campaign and donated generously.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/narendra-modi-bill-gates-roger-federer-india-ice-bucket-challenge/story/209832.html|title = In India, rice replaces ice in bucket challenge}}</ref>

==Awards==

An International Confederation of United Nations and NGOs (iCONGOs)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rice-bucket-challenge-pioneer-gets-un-award/article6370306.ece|title = Rice bucket challenge pioneer gets U.N. Award|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2 September 2014|last1 = Reddem|first1 = Appaji}}</ref> [[Karmaveer Chakra Award]] and REX Karmaveer Global Fellowship<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rice-bucket-challenge-pioneer-gets-un-award/article6370306.ece|title = Rice bucket challenge pioneer gets U.N. Award|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2 September 2014|last1 = Reddem|first1 = Appaji}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/jul/25/britain-queen-elizabeth-ii-honours-for-hyderabad-journalist-for-feeding-needy-amid-covid-19-crisis-2174477.html

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalanidhi, Manju Latha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:Journalists from Telangana]]
[[Category:Women writers from Telangana]]