Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ravi Bapna

2026-05-08T07:02:18Z

Lpsglobalschool: new a pg

{{Short description|Indian-born American data scientist}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Ravi Bapna
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| nationality =
| occupation = Data scientist, digital transformationalist, business academic and speaker
| title =
| awards = The Inaugural Practical impacts Award, [[Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences|INFORMS Information Systems Society]] Distinguished Academic Fellow, INFORMS Information Systems Society
| website =
| education = B. Comm. B. Tech., Computer Engineering Ph.D., Information Systems
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] [[Manipal Institute of Technology]] [[University of Connecticut]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| workplaces = [[University of Minnesota]]’s [[Carlson School of Management]]
}}
'''Ravi Bapna''' is an Indian-born American data scientist, digital transformationalist, business academic, executive educator and speaker. He is the Curtis L. Carlson Chair in Business Analytics and Information Systems, the Associate Dean for Executive Education and the Academic Director of the Carlson Analytics Lab and the Analytics for Good Institute at the [[University of Minnesota]]’s [[Carlson School of Management]].<ref name=ooq>{{cite web|url=https://carlsonschool.umn.edu/executive-education/person/ravi_bapna|title=Ravi Bapna}}</ref>

Bapna’s research falls in the areas encompassing social media, peer influence, [[monetization]] and design of [[Freemium]] communities, big-data analytics, online dating and matching, economics of information systems, human capital issues in the IT services industry, [[online auctions]], e-market design, [[grid computing]], and the design of the IT organization. He has also worked extensively on the emerging digital transformation of business and society, considering it as a giant global laboratory<ref>{{cite web|url=https://simon.rochester.edu/it-teaching/2021/08_RaviBapna.mp4|title=RaviBapna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/13/tech/whitney-wolfe-herd-bumble-risk-takers/index.html|title=She sued Tinder, founded Bumble and now, at 30, is the CEO of a $3 billion dating empire|date=13 December 2019 }}</ref>

Bapna is a member of several professional societies and organizations, including the Information Systems Society, where he was elected as president for 2013-2015. He also serves as a Senior Editor for ''[[Information Systems Research]]''.

==Education==
Bapna received his [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1989, and a bachelor’s degree in Computer Engineering from the [[Manipal Institute of Technology]] in 1993. He then moved to the United States, earning his Doctoral Degree in Information Systems from the [[University of Connecticut]] in 1999.<ref name=RB>{{cite web|url=https://carlsonschool.umn.edu/faculty/ravi-bapna|title=Ravi Bapna}}</ref>

==Career==
Following his doctoral degree, Bapna started his career as an assistant professor at the [[University of Texas at Dallas]] in 1999. In the following year, he held appointment at [[Northeastern University]] as an assistant professor. In 2001, he joined the University of Connecticut as an assistant professor, and became an associate professor and Ackerman Scholar in 2004. From 2006 till 2008, he was appointed by the [[Indian School of Business]] as an associate professor of information systems. He then held appointment at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, as a tenured associate professor till 2010, and as Board of Overseers (Full) Professor till 2015.<ref name=RB/>

During his tenure at the University of Minnesota, Bapna also held several administrative appointments. He served as a Department Chair for Information and Decision Science till 2015, as Program Director for MS-Business Analytics Program till 2017, and became an Academic Director of Carlson Analytics Lab, and Curtis L. Carlson Chair in Business Analytics and Information Systems in 2015, an Associate Dean for Executive Education in 2017, and Academic Director for Analytics for Good Institute in 2020.<ref name=ooq/> From 2012 to 2016, he was the founding academic co-director (with Professor Joe Konstan) of University of Minnesota's Social Media and Business Analytics Collaborative (SOBACO).

In 2021, Bapna was appointed as Area Leader of the Information Systems area at the Indian School of Business with the role of providing academic leadership and counsel to the ISB Dean [[Madan Pilutla]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isb.edu/en/research-thought-leadership/faculty/area-leaders.html|title=Area Leaders}}</ref>

==Research==
Bapna primarily focuses on big-data analytics, peer influence, social media, monetization and design of Freemium communities, online dating and matching, economics of information systems, online auctions, e-market design, and grid computing, etc.

===Online auctions===
In his study regarding online auctions, Bapna highlighted the weakness of the approaches where a majority of auctions are multiunit in nature, studied the largely ignored discrete and sequential nature of such auctions, and showed the non-uniformity of consumer bidding strategies.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.49.1.85.12754|title=Analysis and Design of Business-to-Consumer Online Auctions|year=2003 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.49.1.85.12754 |last1=Bapna |first1=Ravi |last2=Goes |first2=Paulo |last3=Gupta |first3=Alok |journal=Management Science |volume=49 |pages=85–101 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> He explored the simulation approach, and examined the decision space for both bid takers and bid makers in web-based dynamic price setting processes. He also found out that hybrid strategies have the potential of significantly altering bidders' likelihood of winning, as well as their surplus.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/isre.14.3.244.16562|title=Replicating Online Yankee Auctions to Analyze Auctioneers' and Bidders' Strategies|year=2003 |doi=10.1287/isre.14.3.244.16562 |last1=Bapna |first1=Ravi |last2=Goes |first2=Paulo |last3=Gupta |first3=Alok |journal=Information Systems Research |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=244–268 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2020, he focused the allocative efficiency in online auctions, and improved the performance of multiple online auctions while using seek-and-protect agents.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/poms.13194|title=Allocative Efficiency in Online Auctions: Improving the Performance of Multiple Online Auctions Via Seek-and-Protect Agents|year=2020 |doi=10.1111/poms.13194 |last1=Bapna |first1=Ravi |last2=Day |first2=Robert |last3=Rice |first3=Sarah |journal=Production and Operations Management |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1878–1893 |s2cid=219072518 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Furthermore, he demonstrated how the taxonomy of bidder behavior can be used to enhance the design of some types of information systems.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25148623|title=User Heterogeneity and Its Impact on Electronic Auction Market Design: An Empirical Exploration|jstor=25148623 |last1=Bapna |first1=Ravi |last2=Goes |first2=Paulo |last3=Gupta |first3=Alok |last4=Jin |first4=Yiwei |journal=MIS Quarterly |year=2004 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=21–43 |doi=10.2307/25148623 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Social media- randomized field experiments===
Bapna conducted a randomized experiment and tested the existence of causal peer influence in the general population.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2081|title=Do Your Online Friends Make You Pay? A Randomized Field Experiment on Peer Influence in Online Social Networks|year=2015 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.2014.2081 |last1=Bapna |first1=Ravi |last2=Umyarov |first2=Akhmed |journal=Management Science |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=1902–1920 |s2cid=18907499 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This paper received the best paper award from Management Science (IS area) in 2018. He has recently developed ‘honest-bagging’ approach based on the principles of causal forests, and discussed its role in personalizing the high-dimensional treatment around which images to show to what types of users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3796254|title=Social Learning in Prosumption: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment|ssrn=3796254 }}</ref> In his study, he also focused online dating platforms, and highlighted the impact of a particular anonymity feature, which is unique to online environments, on matching outcomes. He further demonstrated that weak signaling is a key mechanism in achieving higher levels of matching outcomes.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2301|title=One-Way Mirrors in Online Dating: A Randomized Field Experiment|year=2016 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.2015.2301 |last1=Bapna |first1=Ravi |last2=Ramaprasad |first2=Jui |last3=Shmueli |first3=Galit |last4=Umyarov |first4=Akhmed |journal=Management Science |volume=62 |issue=11 |pages=3100–3122 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2017, he conducted randomized experiments to test the efficacy of using financial incentives, and social norms in terms of motivating consumers, and to evaluate the treatment-induced self-selection and sentiment bias.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2715|title=Stimulating Online Reviews by Combining Financial Incentives and Social Norms|year=2018 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.2016.2715 |last1=Burtch |first1=Gordon |last2=Hong |first2=Yili |last3=Bapna |first3=Ravi |last4=Griskevicius |first4=Vladas |journal=Management Science |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=2065–2082 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Experiential learning and teaching innovation===
Being the Academic Director of the Carlson Analytics Lab, Bapna focuses on different kinds of business analytics problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carlsonschool.umn.edu/academics/carlson-analytics-lab|title=Carlson Analytics Lab}}</ref>

As an Academic Director of the AGI, Bapna along with Mary Zellmer-Bruhn and Ellen Trader leads a research group which addresses issues related to gender equality in the workplace, with a particular attention on three major themes: Funding & Founders, Entry & Advancement, and Value & Voice. He also works on an engagement model which is built around two kinds of projects: Business Analytics Consulting and Collaborative Research with Data.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carlsonschool.umn.edu/faculty-research/analytics-for-good-institute|title=Analytics for Good Institute}}</ref>

=== Executive education ===
Bapna leads Executive education unit at the Carlson School of Management and serves on the serves on the executive education faculty at NYU Stern,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://execed.stern.nyu.edu/pages/ravi-bapna|title=Ravi Bapna}}</ref> Vienna University of Business and Economics (WU), and the Indian School of Business.

==Awards and honors==
*2004, 2005 - Treibeck Electronic Commerce Institute (TECI) Fellow, UConn School of Business
*2014 - Dean’s Exceptional Engagement Award, Carlson School of Management
*2015 - Long-Term Service Award, Carlson School of Management
*2018 - Distinguished Academic Fellow, INFORMS Information Systems Society
*2020 - The Inaugural Practical impacts Award, INFORMS Information Systems Society<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.informs.org/Recognizing-Excellence/Community-Prizes/Information-Systems-Society/ISS-Practical-Impacts-Award|title=ISS Practical Impacts Award}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*Warkentin, M., Bapna, R., & Sugumaran, V. (2001). E‐knowledge networks for inter‐organizational collaborative e‐business. Logistics Information Management.
*Bapna, R., Goes, P., & Gupta, A. (2003). Analysis and design of business-to-consumer online auctions. Management science, 49(1), 85-101.
*Bapna, R., Goes, P., Gupta, A., & Jin, Y. (2004). User heterogeneity and its impact on electronic auction market design: An empirical exploration. MIS quarterly, 21-43.
*Bapna, R., & Umyarov, A. (2015). Do your online friends make you pay? A randomized field experiment on peer influence in online social networks. Management Science, 61(8), 1902-1920.
*Baesens, B., Bapna, R., Marsden, J. R., Vanthienen, J., & Zhao, J. L. (2016). Transformational issues of big data and analytics in networked business. MIS quarterly, 40(4).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Connecticut alumni]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences]]

{{cat improve|date=November 2021}}

Bimal Sinha

2026-05-06T20:36:31Z

Lpsglobalschool: starting a data

{{Short description|Indian politician (1949–1998}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bimal Sinha
| image =
| office1 = Minister of Health, Urban Development
| term_start1 = 1995
| term_end1 = 31 March 1998
| predecessor1 =
| office3 = [[List of speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|6th Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 14 May 1993
| term_end3 = 22 September 1995
| predecessor3 = Jyotirmoy Nath
| successor3 = Jitendra Sarkar
| office4 = [[List of speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4= 11 February 1983
| term_end4 = 4 February 1988
| predecessor4 = Jyotirmoy Das
| successor4 = Rati Mohan Jamatia
| office5 = Member of The Tripura Legislative Assembly
| term_start5= 1978
| term_end5 = 1998
| predecessor5 = Sunil Chandra Datta
| successor5 = Bijoy Lakshmi Singha
| 1blankname2 =
| 1namedata2 =
| cabinet = [[Government of Tripura|State Government of Tripura]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 16 October 1949
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|3|31|1949|10|16|df=y}}
| death_place = Avanga, Ambassa-Kamalpur Road
| birth_place = [[Kamalpur, Tripura]], India
| party = [[CPI(M)]]
| spouse = Bijoy Laxmi Sinha<ref>{{cite news |title=Manik Sarkar takes oath as Tripura CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manik-sarkar-takes-oath-as-tripura-cm/articleshow/39557819.cms#:~:text=Apart%20from%20Sarkar%2C%2017%20other,be%20inducted%20into%20the%20cabinet. |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=7 March 2003}}</ref>
}}

'''Bimal Sinha''' (16 October 1949 – 31 March 1998) was an Indian Communist politician from [[Tripura]] and was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. He served as the Deputy Speaker and later as the Speaker in the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|5th Tripura Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tripura 1993 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1993/tripura/112/25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He represented the [[Kamalpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kamalpur constituency]] as the member of [[CPI(M)]] in Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tripura 1983 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1983/tripura/51/25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

==Political career==
Sinha started his political career as member of [[Students Federation of India]] during 1967. He became member of [[CPI(M)]] in 1970 and state committee member in 1978. Sinha became MLA for the first time winning the [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tripura 1977 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1977/tripura/1/25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> In 1983, he elected as Deputy Speaker of Tripura Legislative Assembly and later became the Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=INTRODUCTION Tripura Legislative Assembly |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm |publisher=Tripura Legislative Assembly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015195024/https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm |archive-date=15 Oct 2021}}</ref> He was the MLA for five consecutive terms 1978 to 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1983 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1983-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1988 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1988-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1993 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1993-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1998 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1998-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

==Death==
Bikram Sinha (adopted brother of Bimal) was kidnapped on 9 February 1998 by [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]], ahead of the State Assembly elections that resulted in the return to power of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). After a month at 10:00 a.m. on 31 March 1998, Bidyut Sinha (younger brother of Bimal) informed his brother Bimal by telephone that a local leader of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress (I)]] had asked him to go to the Samthung crossing on the Dhalai River to secure the release of Bikram Sinha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yusuf Commission Report.pdf |url=https://tripuraassembly.nic.in/Yusuf%20Commission%20Report.pdf |publisher=Tripura Legislative Assembly |access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref> Bimal Sinha and Bidyut Sinha then proceeded to Avanga, where they visited the residence of a Congress activist. The minister and his brother were informed that Bikram Sinha was waiting on the bank of the [[Dhalai River]]. They should go there without security personnel. Accordingly, Bimal Sinha instructed his bodyguards to remain behind.<ref>{{cite web |title=STATEMENT BY MINISTER Killing of Shri Bimal Singha, Minister for Health and Family Welfare, Government of Tripura on 31.03.1998 |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/127292/1/PD_183_01041998_5_p131_p156_9.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TRIPURAINFOWAY : Tripura's Latest News, Views & IT Portal |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/50909/cpi-m-trying-to-escape-its-alleged-link-with-terrorist-groups-slams-cong-for-bimal-sinha-murder-on-his-19th-death-anniversary.html |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=www.tripurainfoway.com}}</ref> Bimal and his brother along with the Congree (I) activist walked towards river bank.<ref>{{cite news |title=TRIPURAINFOWAY : Tripura's Latest News, Views & IT Portal |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/142367/bimal-sinha-the-symbol-of-tripura-rsquo-s-anti-terrorism-battle-remembered-on-death-anniversary.html |work=www.tripurainfoway.com}}</ref> Sinha sensed danger and declined to move forward. About twenty militants, hiding in nearby bushes, opened fire as he turned around. The two died on the spot.<ref>{{cite news |last1=CHAUDHURI |first1=KALYAN |title=A Minister killed in Tripura |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30161226.ece |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=Frontline |date=10 April 1998 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bimal Sinha |url=https://bishnupriyamanipurisahityasabha.com/2025/04/22/bimal-sinha/#:~:text=Born%201949%20%E2%80%93%20Death%201998,%2C%20a%20tribal%2Ddominated%20region. |website=BM Sahitya |date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb |first1=Debraj |title=Former Tripura health minister and CPM leader Bimal Sinha's statue 'defaced' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/former-tripura-health-minister-and-cpm-leader-bimal-sinhas-statue-defaced-8817367/ |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Bimal}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dhalai district]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1977–1983]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1983–1988]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1988–1993]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]

Architecture of Bengal

2026-05-06T03:20:30Z

Lpsglobalschool:

{{Short description|Overview of architecture in the Bengal region of South Asia|}}
The '''architecture of Bengal''', which comprises the modern country of [[Bangladesh]] and the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]]s of [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]]'s [[Karimganj district]], has a long and rich history, blending indigenous elements from the [[Indian subcontinent]], with influences from different parts of the world. Bengali architecture includes ancient urban architecture, religious architecture, rural [[vernacular architecture]], colonial [[townhouse]]s and [[country house]]s and modern urban styles. The [[bungalow]] style is a notable architectural export of Bengal. The corner towers of Bengali religious buildings were replicated in medieval Southeast Asia. [[Bengal roofs|Bengali curved roofs]], suitable for the very heavy rains, were adopted into a distinct local style of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], and used decoratively elsewhere in north India in [[Mughal architecture]].

Bengal is not rich in good stone for building, and traditional Bengali architecture mostly uses brick and wood, often reflecting the styles of the wood, bamboo and thatch styles of local vernacular architecture for houses. Decorative carved or moulded plaques of terracotta (the same material as the brick) are a special feature. The brick is extremely durable and disused ancient buildings were often used as a convenient source of materials by local people, often being stripped to their foundations over the centuries[[File:Ramchandra Temple of Guptipara, Hooghly, WB.jpg|thumb|Ramachandra Temple, Guptipara]]
==Antiquity and Buddhism==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Paharpur Buddhist Bihar.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the central Buddhist [[stupa]] of the [[Somapura Mahavihara|Grand Vihara of Somapura]] in modern Bangladesh, a Pala royal project of around 800.]]
[[Urbanization]] is recorded in the region since the first millennium BCE. This was part of the second wave of [[urban civilization]] in the Indian subcontinent, following the decline of the [[Indus Valley civilization]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Ancient Bengal was part of a network of urban and trading hubs stretching to [[Ancient Persia]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} The archaeological sites of [[Mahasthangarh]], Paharpur, [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins]], [[Chandraketugarh]] and [[Mainamati]] provide evidence of a highly organized urban civilization in the region. [[Terracotta]] became a hallmark of Bengali construction, as the region lacked stone reserves. Bricks were produced with the clay of the [[Bengal delta]].<ref>Hasan, 34-35</ref>

Ancient Bengali architecture reached its pinnacle during the [[Pala Empire]] (750–1120); this was Bengali-based and the last Buddhist imperial power in the Indian subcontinent. Most patronage was of Buddhist [[vihara]]s, temples and [[stupa]]s. Pala architecture influenced Tibetan and Southeast Asian architecture {{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}. The most famous monument built by the Pala emperors was the [[Somapura Mahavihara|Grand Vihara of Somapura]], now a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. Historians believe Somapura was a model for the architects of [[Angkor Wat]] in Cambodia.<ref name="Bernier1997">{{cite book |author=Ronald M. Bernier |year=1997 |title=Himalayan Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanarchite00bern |url-access=registration |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/himalayanarchite00bern/page/22 22] |isbn=978-0-8386-3602-2}}</ref>

==Medieval and early modern periods==
===Hindu and Jain===
[[File:Finest artwork and terracotta of Kantanagar temple 05.jpg|thumb|[[Terracotta]] [[relief]] at [[Kantanagar Temple]]]]
Bengal was one of the [[Decline of Buddhism in India|last strongholds of Indian Buddhism]] in the medieval period, and Hindu temples before the Muslim conquest (starting in 1204) were relatively small. Most of the Hindu temples were built in [[Gupta dynasty|Gupta]] era, [[Shashanka]], [[Pala Empire|Pala]] and [[Sena dynasty]] who ruled since the 5th century until the conquest. However, most of the temples are in ruins and relatively small. The [[Sena dynasty]] built the relatively modest [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] in [[Dhaka]], although this has been greatly rebuilt, which is the national temple of Bangladesh now. The stone temple at Garui in Bardhaman district of West Bengal, was built in the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASI, Kolkata Circle |url=http://www.asikolkata.in/barddhaman.aspx#Stone |access-date=2023-02-04 |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204045425/http://www.asikolkata.in/barddhaman.aspx#Stone |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Jor-Bangla Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Jor Bangla Temple]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] with a curved Do-chala style roof]]

The term ''[[deula]]'', ''deul'' or ''deoul'' is used for a style of [[Jain]] and [[Hindu temple architecture]] of Bengal, where the temple lacks the usual [[mandapa]] beside the main shrine, and the main unit consists only of the shrine and a ''[[deul]]'' above it. The type arose between the 6th and 10th centuries, and most examples are now ruins; it was revived in the 16th to 19th century.<ref name="Amit">{{citation|url=https://www.aishee.org/bengal-temple-architecture|title=Bengal Temple Architecture|author=Amit Guha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607154233/https://www.aishee.org/bengal-temple-architecture |archive-date=2023-06-07}}</ref> The later representatives of this style were generally smaller and included features influenced by Islamic architecture.<ref name="Amit"/>
[[File:Rasmancha, Bishnupur.JPG|thumb|Hindu ritual platform, the [[Rasmancha, Bishnupur]], c. 1600]]

Most temples surviving in reasonable condition date from about the 17th century onwards, after temple building revived; it had stopped after the Muslim conquest in the 13th century.<ref name="Michell, 156">Michell, 156</ref> The roofing style of [[Bengal temple architecture|Bengali Hindu temple architecture]] is unique and closely related to the paddy roofed traditional building style of rural Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm |title=Temples of West Bengal |website=Kamat's Potpourri}}</ref> The "extensive improvisation within a local architectural idiom"<ref name="Michell, 156"/> which the temples exhibit is often ascribed to a local shortage of expert [[Brahmin]] priests to provide the rather rigid guidance as to correct forms that governed temple architecture elsewhere. In the same way, the terracotta reliefs often depict secular subjects in a very lively fashion.

Roofing styles include the ''jor-bangla'', ''do-chala'', ''char-chala'', ''at-chala'', and ''ek-ratna''. The ''do-chala'' type has only two hanging roof tips on each side of a roof divided in the middle by a ridge-line; in the rare ''char-chala'' type, the two roof halves are fused into one unit and have a dome-like shape; the double-storey ''at-chala'' type has eight roof corners.<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite web
|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture
|title=Architecture
|publisher=Banglapedia
|access-date=6 September 2009
|archive-date=16 November 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116231638/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="Amit"/>

Many of these temples are covered on the outer walls with [[terracotta]] (carved brick) [[relief]]s. [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] in [[West Bengal]] has a remarkable set of 16th and 17th - century temples with a variety of roof styles built by the [[Mallabhum kingdom|Malla dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Biswas |first1=S. S. |title=Bishnupur |date=1992 |publisher=Director General, Archaeological Survey of India |pages=9, 10 |edition=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypxFqTmRsgC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bishnupur Terracotta Temples, Crafts & Culture Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bishnupur |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Samuel |title=From Praśasti to Political Culture: The Nadia Raj and Malla Dynasty in Seventeenth-Century Bengal |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=2014 |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=397–418 |doi=10.1017/S002191181300243X |jstor=43553294 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43553294 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In larger, and later, temples, small towers rise up from the centre or corners of the curving roof. These are straight-sided, often with conical roofs. They have little resemblance to a typical north Indian [[shikara]] temple tower. The [[pancharatna (architecture)|pancharatna]] ("five towers") and [[Navaratna (architecture)|navaratna]] ("nine towers") styles are varieties of this type.<ref name="Amit"/>

The temple structures contain gabled roofs which are colloquially called the chala, For example, a gabled roof with an eight sided pyramid structured roof will be called "ath chala" or literally the eight faces of the roof. And frequently there is more than one tower in the temple building. These are built of laterite and brick bringing them at the mercy of severe weather conditions of southern Bengal. [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] is a nine-spired temple <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dakshineswar |url=https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/details/dakshineswar}}</ref> while the additional small temples of [[Shiva]] along the river bank are example of southern Bengal roof style though in much smaller dimension.
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="240" heights="240">
File:SUN TEMPLE (Around 11th Century AD).jpg|A deul Jain temple
File:Puthia Mandirs10.JPG|A Pancharatna temple
File:Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture 12.jpg|Classification of Bengal Temple Architecture
</gallery>

===Islamic===
[[File:Choto Sona Mosque (side view).jpg|thumb|[[Choto Sona Mosque]] (around 1500)]]
[[Indo-Islamic architecture]] in the Bengali architecture can be seen from the 13th century, but before the Mughals has usually strongly reflected local traditions. The oldest surviving [[mosque]] was built during the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The mosque architecture of the independent [[Bengal Sultanate]] period (14th, 15 and 16th centuries) represents the most important element of the Islamic architecture of Bengal. This distinctive regional style drew its inspiration from the indigenous vernacular architecture of Bengal, including curved chala roofs, corner towers and complex floral carvings. Sultanate-era mosques featured multiple [[dome]]s or a single dome, richly designed [[mihrab]]s and [[minbar]]s and an absence of [[minarets]]. While clay bricks and terracotta were the most widely used materials, stone was used from mines in the [[Rarh region]]. The Sultanate style also includes gateways and bridges. The style is widely scattered across the region.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Perween Hasan |author2=Oleg Grabar |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0}}</ref>

[[Mughal Bengal]] saw the spread of [[Mughal architecture]] in the region, including [[fort]]s, [[haveli]]s, [[Mughal garden|gardens]], [[caravanserai]]s, [[Turkish bath|hammams]] and [[fountain]]s. Mughal Bengali mosques also developed a distinct provincial style. [[Dhaka]] and [[Murshidabad]] were the hubs of Mughal architecture. The Mughals copied the do-chala roof tradition in North India.<ref name="Petersen2002">{{cite book |author=Andrew Petersen |year=2002 |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9A-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |publisher=Routledge |page=34 |isbn=978-1-134-61365-6}}</ref>

====Bengal Sultanate====
[[File:ADINA MOSQUE.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[hypostyle]] hall of the [[Adina Mosque]]]]
The [[Bengal Sultanate]] (1352–1576) normally used brick as the primary construction material, as pre-Islamic buildings had done.<ref name="ReferenceA">Banglapedia</ref> Stone had to be imported to most of [[Bengal]], whereas clay for bricks is plentiful. But stone was used for columns and prominent details, often re-used from Hindu or Buddhist temples.<ref>Hasan, 34-35</ref> The early 15th century [[Eklakhi Mausoleum]] at [[Pandua, Malda]] or Adina, is often taken to be the earliest surviving square single-domed Islamic building in Bengal, the standard form of smaller mosques and mausoleums. But there is a small mosque at Molla Simla, [[Hooghly district]], that is probably from 1375, earlier than the mausoleum.<ref>Hasan, 36-39</ref> The Eklakhi Mausoleum is large and has several features that were to become common in the Bengal style, including a slightly curved [[cornice]], large round decorative [[buttress]]es and decoration in carved [[terracotta]] brick.<ref>Hasan, 36-37; Harle, 428</ref>

These features are also seen in the [[Choto Sona Mosque]] (around 1500), which is in stone, unusually for Bengal, but shares the style and mixes domes and a curving "paddy" roof based on village house roofs made of vegetable thatch. Such roofs feature even more strongly in later [[Bengal temple architecture|Bengal Hindu temple architecture]], with types such as the [[do-chala]], [[Jor-bangla Style]], and [[char-chala]].<ref>Hasan, 23-25</ref> For larger mosques, Bengali architects multiplied the numbers of domes, with a nine-domed formula (three rows of three) being one option, surviving in four examples, all 15th or 16th century and now in Bangladesh,<ref>Hasan, 41-44</ref> although there were others with larger numbers of domes.<ref>Hasan, 44-49</ref>
[[File:Asiatic Society Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|A 17th century [[haveli]] in [[Old Dhaka]]]]

Buildings in the style are the [[Nine Dome Mosque]] and the [[Sixty Dome Mosque]] (completed 1459) and several other buildings in the [[Mosque City of Bagerhat]], an abandoned city in Bangladesh now featured as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. These show other distinctive features, such as a multiplicity of doors and ''mihrab''s; the Sixty Dome Mosque has 26 doors (11 at the front, 7 on each side, and one in the rear). These increased the light and ventilation. Further mosques include the [[Baro Shona Masjid]]; the [[Pathrail Mosque]], the [[Bagha Mosque]], the [[Darasbari Mosque]], and the [[Kusumba Mosque]]. Single-domed mosques include the [[Singar Mosque]], and the [[Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid]].

Both capitals of the Bengal Sultanate, first [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua or Adina]], then from 1450 [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda or Gaur]], started to be abandoned soon after the conquest of the sultanate by the Mughals in 1576, leaving many grand buildings, mostly religious. The materials from secular buildings were recycled by builders in later periods.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> While minarets are conspicuously absent in most mosques, the [[Firoz Minar]] was built in Gauda to commemorate Bengali military victories.

The ruined [[Adina Mosque]] (1374–75) is very large, which is unusual in Bengal, with a [[barrel vault]]ed central hall flanked by hypostyle areas. It is said to be the largest mosque in the sub-continent, and modeled after the [[Taq Kasra|Ayvan-e Kasra]] of Ctesiphon, Iraq, as well as the [[Umayyad Mosque]] of Damascus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal#pt1|title=BENGAL – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=2019-07-15|archive-date=2018-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103102347/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal#pt1|url-status=live}}</ref> The heavy rainfall in Bengal necessitated large roofed spaces, and the nine-domed mosque, which allowed a large area to be covered, was more popular there than anywhere else.<ref>Hasan, 35-36, 39</ref> After the Islamic consolidation of Bengal was complete, some local features continued, especially in smaller buildings, but the Mughals used their usual style in imperial commissions.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Faridpur PatrailMoshjid MG 2977.jpg|A multi-domed Sultanate era mosque
File:Pulpit of Bagha Mosque.jpg|A Bengali [[mihrab]]
File:Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore Fort.jpg|The [[Naulakha Pavilion]] at the [[Lahore Fort]] in [[Pakistan]] displays the distinct Bengali [[Do-chala]] style roof.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dani |first1=A. H. |editor1-last=Adle |editor1-first=Chahryar |editor2-last=Habib |editor2-first=Irfan |editor3-last=Baipakov |editor3-first=Karl M. |chapter=The Architecture of the Mughal Empire (North-Western Regions) |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000130205?posInSet=4&queryId=a6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9 |year=2003 |volume=V |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |page=523 |archive-date=2024-06-27 |access-date=2024-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627185128/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000130205?posInSet=4&queryId=a6dad7c3-cad4-47e1-a5ef-49a1cd6d31f9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Model of Bara Katra.png|3D model of a reconstructed [[Bara Katra]] (Great [[Caravanserai]] of Dhaka) from the Mughal era
File:Katra Mosque from inside.jpg|Mughal era domes in Murshidabad
File:Lukochuri Darwaja.jpg|A Sultanate era gateway
File:Firoz Minar at Gaur.jpg|A Sultanate era standalone minaret
File:Dakhil Darwaja alias Salami Darwaja at Gaur 16.jpg|A Sultanate era arch
File:Chapai ChotoSonaMashjid MG 5054.jpg|A Sultanate era stone mosque
File:Zafar Khan Ghazi Masjid - Tribeni - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7697.JPG|An early Sultanate era mosque and tomb
File:Malda ~ Adina Mosque 5.JPG|The Sultanate era [[Adina Mosque]]
File:Inside the Qutab Shahi Masjid.jpg|Interior of a Sultanate era imperial mosque
File:The Tomb of Fateh Khan.jpg|A Sultanate era mausoleum
File:Baraduari Mosque alias Barasona Mosque at Gaur 03.jpg|A Sultanate era stone mosque
File:Panam Bridge, Sonargaon (117).jpg|A Mughal era bridge in [[Sonargaon]]
File:Lalbagh Fort, south entrance, south view Dhaka 1875.jpg|South-East Gate of Lalbagh Fort in 1875
File:Sixty Dome Mosque at Bagerhat (4).jpg|Sixty Dome Mosque at Bagerhat
</gallery>

==British Colonial period==
[[File:Sonargaon (60).JPG|thumb|The facade of a courtyard in a 19th-century Bengali townhouse.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/02/calcutta-architecture-heritage-destruction-city-campaign-amit-chaudhuri|title=Calcutta's architecture is unique. Its destruction is a disaster for the city|last=Chaudhuri|first=Amit|date=2015-07-02|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-06-23|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>]]
[[File:Curzon Hall Panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Curzon Hall]] at [[University of Dhaka]]]]
The period of [[British India|British rule]] saw wealthy Bengali families, owners of [[zamindar]] estates and wealthy traders, employing European architects to design houses and palaces. The [[Indo-Saracenic]] style was strongly prevalent in the region, but versions of European [[Neo-Classical architecture]] were also found, especially in or near trading cities. While most rural estates featured an elegant [[country house]], the cities of [[Calcutta]], [[Dacca]], [[Sonargaon|Panam]] and [[Chittagong]] had widespread 19th and early 20th century urban architecture, comparable to London, [[Sydney]] or other cities of the [[British Empire]]. [[Art deco]] influences began in Calcutta in the 1930s.

=== Neoclassical ===
[[File:Ahsan Manzil-Front View.jpg|thumb|ahsan manzil dhaka]]

=== European influence on architecture. ===
<gallery>
File:Victoria Memorial Kolkata at night.jpg|[[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] is a famous example is Indo-sarasenic architecture.
File:High Court Kolkata.jpg|[[Calcutta High Court]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]]
File:Marble-palace.jpg|[[Marble Palace (Kolkata)|Marble Palace, Kolkata]]
File:The indian museum kolkata.jpg|[[Indian Museum, Kolkata|Indian Museum]], the oldest Museum in subcontinent, [[Neoclassicism]].
File:Hazarduari Palace, Murshidabad illuminated at night.jpg|[[Hazarduari Palace]], Murshidabad, Palladian style
File:Metropolitan Building, Kolkata.jpg|[[Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)|Metropolitan Building]], Kolkata
File:Metcalfe Hall 1, Kolkata.jpg|[[Metcalfe Hall]], Kolkata
File:Supreme Court 100.jpg|Dhaka high court
File:Writers' Building, Calcutta (8717526010).jpg|[[Writers' Building]], Kolkata, [[Victorian architecture|Victorian style]]
File:Dead Letter.jpg|Telegraph Check Office, Kolkata, [[Italianate architecture|Italianate style]].
File:OberoiGrandHotelKolkata gobeirne.jpg|[[Grand Hotel (Kolkata)|Oberoi Grand Hotel]], Kolkata
File:PrincepGhat.jpg|[[Prinsep Ghat|Princep Ghat]]
File:Town Hall1.jpg|[[Kolkata Town Hall|Town Hall]], Kolkata, [[Doric order|Doric style]]
</gallery>
Indo-Saracenic architecture can be seen in the [[Ahsan Manzil]] and [[Curzon Hall]] in Dhaka, [[Chittagong Court Building]] in Chittagong, and [[Hazarduari Palace]] in Murshidabad. The [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] in Kolkata, designed by [[Vincent Esch]] also has Indo-Saracenic features, possibly inspired from the Taj Mahal.

===Bungalows===
[[File:Momin Mosque after restoration.jpg|thumb|left|A wooden bungalow which serves as [[Momin Mosque]] since 1920]]
The origin of the [[bungalow]] has its roots in the vernacular architecture of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.proz.com/kudoz/english/education_pedagogy/700411-bungalow.html |title=bungalow > common native dwelling in the Indian province of Bengal |access-date=2013-12-30 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082744/http://www.proz.com/kudoz/english/education_pedagogy/700411-bungalow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The term ''baṅgalo'', meaning "Bengali" and used [[Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptically]] for a "house in the Bengal style".<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', "bungalow"; [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bungalow&searchmode=none Online Etymology Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406071037/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bungalow&searchmode=none |date=2016-04-06 }}</ref> Such houses were traditionally small, only one storey and detached, and had a wide [[veranda]] were adapted by the British, who used them as houses for colonial administrators in summer retreats in the Himalayas and in compounds outside Indian cities.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308171939/http://www.bartleby.com/61/12/B0551200.html Bartleby.com]</ref>
The Bungalow style houses are still very popular in the rural Bengal. In the rural areas of Bangladesh, it is often called “Bangla Ghar” (Bengali Style House). The main construction material used in modern time is corrugated steel sheets. Previously they had been constructed from wood, bamboo and a kind of straw called “Khar”. Khar was used in the roof of the Bungalow house and kept the house cold during hot summer days. Another roofing material for Bungalow houses has been red clay tiles.

=== Art Deco ===
Art deco, which originated after the first World war, became prevalent all over India. Art deco is seen in the bungalows of Kolkata as well, which are being destroyed and replaced by high-rise buildings.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/saving-kolkatas-heritage-buildings/article7360740.ece|title=The old Calcutta chromosomes|last1=Singh|first1=Shiv Sahay|date=2015-06-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-23|last2=Bagchi|first2=Suvojit|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2018-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610200530/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/saving-kolkatas-heritage-buildings/article7360740.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33902003|title=The fight to save Kolkata's heritage homes|last=Guha|first=Divya|date=2015-08-25|work=BBC|access-date=2019-06-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> Art Deco influences continued in Chittagong during the 1950s.

==Modernist and contemporary styles==
{{Bengalis}}*
<gallery>
File:Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban Close view.jpg|A closer view of the [[Parliament of Bangladesh]]
File:বায়তুর রউফ মসজিদ.jpg|[[Baitur Rauf Mosque]], [[Dhaka]]
File:Nazrul Tirtha1.JPG|[[Nazrul Tirtha|Nazrul Tirtha, Kolkata]]
File:Meghna Residence.jpg|Rooftop garden of Meghna Residence
File:South Water Garden.jpg|South Water Garden, Dhaka
File:Citibank dhaka.jpg|A Rubik's cube style building in Dhaka
File:IDB Bhaban.jpg|IDB Bhaban, Dhaka
File:Kamal Ataturk Avenue 2.jpg|Skyscrapers of Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Dhaka
</gallery>
[[East Pakistan]] was the center of the Bengali modernist movement started by [[Muzharul Islam]]. Many renowned global architects worked in the region during the 1960s, including [[Louis Kahn]], [[Richard Neutra]], [[Stanley Tigerman]], [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]], [[Robert Boughey]] and [[Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis|Konstantinos Doxiadis]]. Louis Kahn designed the [[Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban]], the preeminent symbol of modern Bangladeshi architecture. The [[cityscape]]s of modern Bengali cities are dominated by midsized skyscrapers and often called concrete jungles. Architecture services form a significant part of urban economies in the region, with acclaimed architects such as [[Rafiq Azam]].

In 2015, [[Marina Tabassum]] and [[Kashef Mahboob Chowdhury]] were declared winners of the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]] for their mosque and community center designs respectively, which were inspired by the region's ancient heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/2016/10/03/2-bangladeshi-projects-among-aga-khan-award-for-architecture-winners/|title = 2 Bangladeshi projects among Aga Khan Award for Architecture winners|date = 3 October 2016|access-date = 26 February 2017|archive-date = 19 June 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170619023318/http://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/2016/10/03/2-bangladeshi-projects-among-aga-khan-award-for-architecture-winners/|url-status = live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Architecture of Bangladesh]]
* [[Architecture of Dhaka]]
* [[Art Deco in Kolkata]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Hasan, Perween, ''Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh'', 2007, I.B.Tauris, {{ISBN|1845113810}}, 9781845113810, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA32 google books]
*Michell, George, (1977) ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms'', 1977, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-53230-1}}

==Further reading==
*Michell, George (Ed.), ''Brick Temples of Bengal - From the Archives of David McCutchion'', Princeton University press, New Jersey, 1983
*Becker-Ritterspach, Raimund O.A., ''Ratna style Temples with an Ambulatory - Selected temple concepts in Bengal and the Kathmandu Valley'', Himal Books, Kathmandu, 2016, {{ISBN|978 9937 597 29 6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Hafizullah |title=Terracotta Ornamentation in Muslim Architecture of Bengal |date=1988 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Terracotta_Ornamentation_in_Muslim_Archi/AaxWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=17 September 2025 |ref=Khan |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sen Gupta |first1=Sanjay |title=Terracotta-ornamentation on the Religious-Architectures of Bengal: Gradual Deconstruction of Cultural-units through the Expanse of Lokāyata |journal=Journal of Bengal Art |date=17 September 2025 |volume=25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339527677 |access-date=17 September 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Guha |first1=Sudeshna |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Dr. Abir |title=Terracotta Temples of Bengal: A Culmination of Pre-existing Architectural Styles |journal=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design |volume=1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320338416_Terracotta_Temples_of_Bengal_A_Culmination_of_Pre-existing_Architectural_Styles |access-date=18 September 2025}}

{{Architecture of Bengal|state=expanded}}
{{Architecture of Bangladesh}}
{{Architecture of India}}
{{Islamic architecture}}
{{West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Architecture Of Bengal}}
[[Category:Indian architecture by state or union territory|+]]
[[Category:Architecture by region]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Architecture in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bengali architecture]]
[[Category:Bengal terracotta]]

Sachin Khilari

2026-04-24T12:09:59Z

Lpsglobalschool: Creating A Stub W/ Sources.

{{short description|Indian paralympic shot putter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sachin Sarjerao Khilari
| image = Sachin Sarjerao Khilari in January 2025.jpg
| caption = Khilari in January 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|10|23}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Para-athletics]]
| disability_class = [[T46 (classification)|F46]]
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[ Para-athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram (Paralympics).svg|30px]]
{{MedalCompetition|[[Paralympic Games]]}}[[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]
{{MedalSilver|[[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|Shot put F46]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 World Para Athletics Championships|2023 Paris]]|[[2023 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's shot put|Shot put F46]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships|2024 Kobe]]|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's shot put|Shot put F46]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Shot put F46]]}}
}}

'''Sachin Sarjerao Khilari'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/sachin-khilari-world-para-athletic-championships-2024-kobe-shot-put-f46-best-ever-medal-tally-athletics-news/article68202730.ece|title=World Para Athletic C'ships 2024: Sachin Khilari defends gold, Dharambir bags bronze; India surpasses best-ever tally|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=May 22, 2024|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/khilari-no-1-sachin-smashes-asian-record-on-way-to-shot-put-gold-624041|title=Khilari No. 1: Sachin smashes Asian record on way to shot put gold|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|date=May 2022|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref> is an Indian [[Paralympic Games|paralympic]] [[Shot put|shot putter]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/news-world-para-athletics-championships-2024-sachin-khilari-defends-shot-put-gold-medal|title=World Para Athletics Championships 2024: Sachin Khilari defends his shot put gold medal|work=[[Nazara Technologies#Sportskeeda|Sportskeeda]]|date=May 22, 2024|first=Aditi|last=Srinivas|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Khilari was born to farmer's family on 23 October 1989, he lost his mother at young age and become clipped at 9 following bicycle accident.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/sports/who-is-sachin-khilari-from-guiding-upsc-aspirants-to-claiming-paralympics-silver-9038686.html|title=Sachin Khilari - From Guiding UPSC Aspirants to Claiming Paralympics Silver|publisher=NEWS18}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khilari competed at the [[2023 World Para Athletics Championships]], winning a [[gold medal]] in the [[2023 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's shot put|men's shot put F46]] event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/athletics/paris-2023/live-results/info-live-results/athd23/eng/zz/ZZS105A_ATHD23ATMS82@@@ENG.htm|title=World Para Athletics Live Results|work=[[World Para Athletics Championships]]|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref> He set a record in [[shot put]] with a best throw of 16.21m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/sachin-khilari-sets-new-asian-record-en-route-to-gold-at-para-athletics-world-cships/article67081529.ece|title=Sachin Khilari sets new Asian record en route to gold at Para Athletics World C'ships|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=July 14, 2023|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/asian-para-games-record-breaking-sachin-sidhartha-shine-as-india-record-best-ever-haul-101698340528268.html|title=Asian Para Games: Record-breaking Sachin, Sidhartha shine as India record best-ever haul|first=Shantanu|last=Srivastava|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=October 26, 2023|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/sachin-khilari-gold-shot-put-world-para-athletics-9345909/|title=From a fracture at 9 that restricted his left-arm movement, Sachin Khilari's journey to shot put gold at World Para Athletics|first=Nitin|last=Sharma|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=May 23, 2024|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref> He also competed at the [[2024 World Para Athletics Championships]], winning a gold medal in the [[2024 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's shot put|same event]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/athletics/kobe-2024/live-results|title=Kobe 2024 - Schedule and Results|work=[[World Para Athletics Championships]]|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref> in September 2024, he won silver medal at 2024 Summer Paralympics <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/paris-paralympics-2024-day-7-live-updates-sachin-sarjerao-khilari-bhavina-patel-harvinder-singh-dharambir-9549333/|title=Paris Paralympics 2024 Day 7 Live Updates: Harvinder Singh's archery R32 soon, Sachin Khilari wins silver in Men's Shot Put F46 for India's 21st medal|publisher=Indian express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Paralympic medalists for India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khilari, Sachin Sarjerao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Indian men shot putters]]
[[Category:Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships]]
[[Category:World Para Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}
{{India-Paralympic-medalist-stub}}

Jannaram, Enkuru mandal

2026-04-17T04:57:45Z

Lpsglobalschool:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jannaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3900
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 507168
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jannaram''' is a populated major village in [[Enkuru mandal]], with an area of 20.88 km2.

Major source of income is agriculture and there's minor service activity. There is no commercial industry located in Jannaram.

==Demography of Jannaram==
As of the 2011 Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Jannaram had a population of 3,900. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Jannaram has an average literacy rate of 78.50%, greater than the Mandal average. In Jannaram, 10% of the population are under 6 years of age. Most of well educated people well settled in towns and most of people in different high positions in different places.

==References==
<references />

{{coord missing|Telangana}}
{{Khammam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Khammam district]]

Daporijo Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:00Z

Lpsglobalschool: starting a data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Daporijo
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| established = 1978
| map_image = Daporijo Assembly constituency map.svg
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Taniya Soki]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 17,044
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 24
}}
'''Daporijo''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Upper Subansiri district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref name="election1999">{{cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 1999 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4036-arunachal-pradesh-1999/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Tadak Dulom]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name="election2004">{{cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2004 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4038-arunachal-pradesh-2004/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Daklo Nidak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Arunachal Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name="election2009">{{cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2009 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4039-arunachal-pradesh-2009/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Tapen Siga]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2014 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4040-arunachal-pradesh-2014/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Dikto Yekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="results2019" />
| rowspan=2|[[Taniya Soki]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==

===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref name="Daporijo (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Daporijo (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/daporijo |accessdate=23 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523140258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/daporijo |archivedate=23 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Daporijo">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Daporijo |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0224.htm |accessdate=23 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523140312/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0224.htm |archivedate=23 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Daporijo Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Taniya Soki wins">{{cite news |title=Daporijo Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Taniya Soki wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/daporijo-assembly-election-results-2024-daporijo-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110636430.cms |accessdate=23 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523140201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/daporijo-assembly-election-results-2024-daporijo-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110636430.cms |archivedate=23 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Taniya Soki]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,671 |percentage=49.70% |change={{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dikto Yekar]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=6,443 |percentage=48.00% |change={{increase}}46.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Reri Kirbe Dulom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=267 |percentage=1.99% |change={{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=41 |percentage=0.31% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=228 |percentage=1.70% |change= {{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,422 |percentage=78.75% |change= {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,044 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Taniya Soki]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,019 |percentage=48.65% |change={{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dikto Yekar]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=5,897 |percentage=47.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Togam Tamin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=233 |percentage=1.88% |change={{decrease}}47.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Porchu Tamin |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=176 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=48 |percentage=0.39% |change={{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=122 |percentage=0.99% |change= {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,373 |percentage=74.96% |change= {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,507 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dikto Yekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,278 |percentage=49.75% |change={{increase}}19.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tapen Siga]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,241 |percentage=49.46% |change={{increase}}10.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=99 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37 |percentage=0.29% |change= {{decrease}}9.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,618 |percentage=74.06% |change= {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,038 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tapen Siga]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,009 |percentage=39.24% |change={{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yari Dulom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,806 |percentage=29.82% |change={{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daklo Nidak |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,874 |percentage=22.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maji Marging |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=684 |percentage=5.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takir Kurdu |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=391 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,203 |percentage=9.42% |change= {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,764 |percentage=74.42% |change= {{increase}}14.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,152 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Arunachal Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daklo Nidak |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=3,652 |percentage=36.29% |change={{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yari Dulom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,260 |percentage=32.39% |change={{decrease}}29.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tapen Siga]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,152 |percentage=31.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=392 |percentage=3.90% |change= {{decrease}}7.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,064 |percentage=59.73% |change= {{decrease}}21.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,848 |ref = |change= {{increase}}69.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Arunachal Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadak Dulom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,116 |percentage=46.09% |change={{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daklo Nidak |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=2,439 |percentage=27.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tapen Siga]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,376 |percentage=26.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,677 |percentage=18.78% |change= {{increase}}16.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,931 |percentage=62.11% |change= {{decrease}}11.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,683 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daklo Nidak |party=Independent politician |votes=3,911 |percentage=51.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadak Dulom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,702 |percentage=48.63% |change={{decrease}}4.82 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=209 |percentage=2.75% |change= {{decrease}}22.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,613 |percentage=74.34% |change= {{increase}}10.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,509 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}15.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadak Dulom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,128 |percentage=53.45% |change={{increase}}8.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daklo Nidak |party=Independent politician |votes=2,197 |percentage=28.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tapen Siga]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,398 |percentage=18.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,931 |percentage=25.00% |change= {{increase}}24.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,723 |percentage=63.16% |change= {{decrease}}16.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,396 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadak Dulom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,651 |percentage=44.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Larbin Nachi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,629 |percentage=44.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tater Uli |party=Independent politician |votes=1,064 |percentage=10.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22 |percentage=0.21% |change= {{decrease}}16.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,344 |percentage=82.14% |change= {{decrease}}2.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,174 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadak Dulom |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=5,077 |percentage=58.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kebom Nguba |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,646 |percentage=41.68% |change={{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,431 |percentage=16.36% |change= {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,748 |percentage=83.02% |change= {{decrease}}4.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,786 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Daporijo<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadak Dulom |party=Janata Party |votes=4,981 |percentage=58.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tabom Nguba |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,480 |percentage=41.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,501 |percentage=17.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,461 |percentage=87.07% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,918 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Upper Subansiri district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.99|94.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Upper Subansiri district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

India–European Union Free Trade Agreement

2026-04-13T19:01:54Z

Lpsglobalschool: New A Details...

{{Short description|2026 trade pact between India and the European Union}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = India–European Union Free Trade Agreement
| long_name = Free Trade Agreement between the Republic of India and the European Union
| image = António Costa, Narendra Modi, and Ursula von der Leyen in India - 2026.jpg
| caption = [[António Costa]], [[Narendra Modi]], and [[Ursula von der Leyen]] during the India-EU Summit.
| type = [[Free trade agreement]]
| date_signed = 27 January 2026
| date_effective =
| condition_effective = Approval by the [[Council of the European Union]], consent of the [[European Parliament]], and the completion of approval by the [[Union Council of Ministers]] in India
| location_signed = [[Hyderabad House]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| negotiators = * {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Piyush Goyal]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the European Union.svg}} [[Maroš Šefčovič]]
| signatories = * {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Narendra Modi]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the European Union.svg}} [[António Costa]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the European Union.svg}} [[Ursula von der Leyen]]
| parties = {{ubl
| {{flag|India}}
| {{flag|European Union}}
}}
| languages = English
}}

The '''India–European Union Free Trade Agreement''' (simply called the '''India–EU FTA''') is a comprehensive [[free trade agreement]] concluded between the [[Republic of India]] and the [[European Union]] (EU) on 27 January 2026, following negotiations that spanned nearly two decades.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |last2=Rankin |first2=Jennifer |date=27 January 2026 |title=‘Mother of all deals’: EU and India sign free trade agreement |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/jan/27/eu-and-india-sign-free-trade-agreement |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=India, EU Seal Free Trade Deal after Nearly 20 Years|url=https://southasia.news.blog/2026/01/28/india-eu-seal-free-trade-deal-after-nearly-20-years/|website=South Asia Newslog|date=28 January 2026|access-date=29 January 2026|language=en|id=DUPN: MO-00989}}</ref> The agreement was announced at an India–European Union summit in [[New Delhi]] and aims to liberalise trade and investment between the two economies through phased commitments covering goods, services, and regulatory cooperation.

In contemporary media coverage, political leaders from both sides described the pact as the "mother of all deals", a phrase used in public statements rather than in the formal treaty text.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Ana Nicolaci da |date=27 January 2026 |title=India and Europe, both stung by Trump, turn to each other in a ‘mother of all deals’ on trade |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/27/asia/india-eu-trade-deal-intl-hnk |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> As of its announcement, the agreement was subject to legal vetting and translation before formal signing. Before entering into force, the agreement requires an approval by the [[Council of the European Union]], consent of the [[European Parliament]], and the approval of the [[Union Council of Ministers]] in India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/eu-india-free-trade-agreement-154359282.html|title=EU-India free trade agreement set to remove most export tariffs|last=Pattanaik|first=Anwesha|date=27 January 2026|work=[[Yahoo Finance]]|access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=“Mother of all deals” India-EU Free Trade Agreement locks in market access, but climate compliance looms large|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/economy/mother-of-all-deals-india-eu-free-trade-agreement-locks-in-market-access-but-climate-compliance-looms-large|website=Down To Earth|date=27 January 2026|access-date=31 January 2026|language=en|first=Puja|last=Das}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |title=Trade deal: India and EU announce FTA amid Trump tariff tensions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crrnee01r9jo |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Background ==
Negotiations for a comprehensive trade agreement between India and the European Union began in 2007 under the framework of a Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement. Talks stalled in 2013 due to disagreements over tariffs, market access, intellectual property rights, and regulatory standards. Negotiations were officially relaunched in July 2022 amid renewed strategic and economic cooperation between India and the EU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-EU conclude 1st round of negotiations for India-EU Trade and Investment Agreements |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1838839 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

The negotiations covered multiple chapters including trade in goods and services, investment protection, sustainable development, intellectual property rights, digital trade, and dispute settlement mechanisms. In February 2025, India and the European Union set a target to conclude negotiations by the end of the year, following talks between Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and European Commission president [[Ursula von der Leyen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=In significant move, India, EU set year-end deadline to conclude mega FTA |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/in-significant-move-india-eu-set-year-end-deadline-to-conclude-mega-fta-3426158 |access-date=6 March 2025 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> In September 2025, European Commission vice-president [[Kaja Kallas]] voiced support for closer trade and security relations between the EU and India,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurniawan|first=Trista|date=27 January 2026|title=India and EU finalize ‘mother of all deals’ with landmark trade pact|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/27/asia/india-eu-trade-deal-intl-hnk|access-date=27 January 2026|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> while criticizing India's close cooperation [[India–Russia relations|with Russia]], including its participation in the [[Zapad 2025]] military exercise.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liboreiro |first1=Jorge |title=EU vows to forge closer ties with India despite 'problematic' Russia factor |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/09/17/eu-vows-to-forge-closer-ties-with-india-despite-problematic-russia-factor |work=Euronews |date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

In January 2026, amid negotiations, both EU Commission president Ursula von der Leyen and Indian trade minister [[Piyush Goyal]] described it as the "mother of all trade deals". Additionally, von der Leyen also stated at the 2026 World Economic Forum that the trade deal would create "a free market of two billion people, accounting for a quarter of global GDP".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2026 |title=FTA: India and EU set for 'mother of all deals' as Trump's tariffs bite |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgyz1ejw9no |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> By January 2026, agreement had been reached on about 20 of the 24 negotiating chapters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |title=Two decades on, India-EU trade deal may happen. But it has to be made to work on the ground |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-eu-trade-deal-fta-ursula-von-der-leyen-modi-republic-day-10496367/ |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Conclusion of negotiations ===
[[File:Prime Minister of Bharat, Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi greets President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen on her arrival on the occasion of 77th Republic Day celebrations at Kartavya Path.jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] and [[Ursula von der Leyen]] in [[New Delhi]] on 26 January 2026]]
The agreement was announced at an India–European Union summit at [[Hyderabad House]] in New Delhi on 27 January 2026 after the negotiations had been concluded the previous night.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah|first=Aditi|last2=Blenkinsop|first2=Philip|date=26 January 2026|title=Exclusive: India to slash tariffs on cars to 40% in trade deal with EU, sources say|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-slash-tariffs-cars-40-trade-deal-with-eu-sources-say-2026-01-25/|work=Reuters}}</ref> India was represented at the summit by prime minister Narendra Modi and the European Union by European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen and European Council President [[António Costa]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2026|title=EU and India announce 'mother of all deals' representing 25% of global GDP|url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20260126-eu-and-india-to-announce-mother-of-all-deals-representing-one-third-of-global-trade|access-date=27 January 2026|website=France 24}}</ref> Von der Leyen and Costa had attended India's [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations as chief guests the previous day.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|title="Successful India Makes World Stable": EU Chief Before "Mother Of All Trade Deals"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/republic-day-2026-eu-chief-ursula-von-der-leyen-before-mother-of-all-trade-deals-with-delhi-successful-india-makes-world-stable-10886465|work=NDTV|access-date=31 January 2026|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260127073544/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/republic-day-2026-eu-chief-ursula-von-der-leyen-before-mother-of-all-trade-deals-with-delhi-successful-india-makes-world-stable-10886465|archive-date=27 January 2026|language=en|last=Tiwari|first=Pushkar|date=26 January 2025}}</ref>

Narendra Modi remarked that a "big agreement" was signed between India and EU and that "people around the world" called it "the mother of all deals." He stated that the agreement would bring "major opportunities for the 1.4 billion people of India and the millions of people in Europe."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kurniawan|first=Trista|date=27 January 2026|title=India and EU finalize ‘mother of all deals’ with landmark trade pact|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/27/asia/india-eu-trade-deal-intl-hnk|access-date=27 January 2026|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Ursula von der Leyen called the agreement "the mother of all deals" and said that "we have created a free trade zone of 2 billion people, with both sides set to benefit."<ref name=":4" />

In addition to the free trade deal, several other agreements were reached between India and the EU at the summit. Under a Security and Defence Partnership, India and the EU will enhance cooperation in maritime security, counterterrorism, cyberdefense, and defence procurement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Other India-EU Deal|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2026/01/28/india-eu-security-defense-partnership/|website=Foreign Policy|date=5 February 2026|access-date=31 January 2026|language=en-US|first=Sumit|last=Ganguly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=India, EU sign new security and defence partnership|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-eu-sign-new-security-and-defence-partnership/articleshow/127645528.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=27 January 2026|access-date=31 January 2026|issn=0013-0389|first=Manu|last=Pubby}}</ref> A [[Migration and asylum policy of the European Union|mobility and migration agreement]] between India and the EU was also signed at the summit. This agreement, finalized alongside a free trade agreement, is set to substantially enhance [[Immigration to Europe|legal pathways to the EU]] for Indian students and skilled workers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshua|first1=Anita|title=India and EU sign mobility pact to ease visas for skilled workers and students|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/india-eu-mobility-pact-boosts-skilled-worker-visas-students-and-services-exports-under-fta-prnt/cid/2144631|work=The Telegraph|date=28 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gloria Singh|first1=Surbhi|title=EU's Legal Gateway in India: Faster, easier routes for students, workers|url=https://www.business-standard.com/immigration/eu-s-legal-gateway-in-india-faster-easier-routes-for-students-workers-126012801056_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

== Key provisions ==
The India–European Union Free Trade Agreement establishes a framework for liberalising trade in goods and services, facilitating investment, and enhancing regulatory and sustainability cooperation. Publicly available information on the agreement’s contents was based on official briefings and reporting by international news organisations, pending publication of the final legal text and annexes.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2026 |title=India and EU agree on ‘mother of all’ trade deals |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/1/27/india-eu-agree-on-mother-of-all-trade-deals |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=EU and India reach free trade agreement after years of talks |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-eu-free-trade-agreement-economy-2026 |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> Both parties committed to phased tariff reductions covering a substantial majority of goods traded by value, with exclusions and transitional arrangements for domestically sensitive sectors. Media reports indicated that tariff liberalisation would be implemented gradually over several years rather than immediately upon entry into force of the agreement.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kate Abnett |date=27 January 2026 |title=Details: EU–India trade deal covers tariffs, quotas and market access |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/details-eu-india-trade-deal-tariffs-quotas-market-access-2026-01-27/ |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Area
!Reported provisions
|-
|Trade in goods
|Phased elimination or reduction of tariffs on a large majority of goods by trade value, with safeguards and exclusions for sensitive sectors
|-
|Industrial products
|Gradual reduction of high tariffs on selected industrial goods, including automobiles, machinery, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
|-
|Agriculture
|Preferential access for certain agricultural and processed food products, while excluding dairy, cereals, and other sensitive items
|-
|Services and investment
|Commitments on services market access and investment facilitation, alongside regulatory cooperation
|-
|Labour mobility
|A parallel framework reported to address mobility for skilled professionals, researchers, and students
|-
|Sustainability
|Provisions for dialogue and cooperation on environmental standards and climate-related regulatory issues
|-
|Trade facilitation
|Measures relating to customs procedures, rules of origin, and regulatory transparency
|}
Reporting cited tariff liberalisation affecting over 90 per cent of traded goods by value, although specific product-level schedules, timelines, and legally binding commitments were expected to be clarified following publication of the treaty text and associated annexes.<ref>{{cite news |author=Phillip Inman |date=27 January 2026 |title=EU and India sign free trade agreement amid global trade tensions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/jan/27/eu-and-india-sign-free-trade-agreement |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Kate Abnett |date=27 January 2026 |title=EU–India trade deal leaves carbon border tariff intact |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/eu-india-trade-deal-leaves-blocs-carbon-border-tariff-intact-2026-01-27/ |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

== Ratification and implementation ==
The agreement is subject to legal vetting and translation before formal signing. The agreement requires an approval by the Council of the European Union under a [[qualified majority vote]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The India–EU trade deal is worth watching, but not overhyping|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/dispatches/the-india-eu-trade-deal-is-worth-watching-but-not-overhyping/|website=Atlantic Council|date=27 January 2026|access-date=31 January 2026|language=en-US|last=Linscott|first=Mark}}</ref>, consent of the European Parliament, and completion of domestic approval processes in India before entering into force.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Trade liberalisation measures are expected to be phased in over several years. The agreement can come into force by early 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2026|title=‘Europe financing war against themselves’: India-EU FTA, ‘mother of all trade deals’, draws US ire|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/europe-financing-war-against-themselves-india-eu-mother-of-all-trade-deals-draws-us-ire/articleshow/127590019.cms|access-date=27 January 2026|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Economic significance ==
The European Commission stated that the agreement would cut or eliminate tariffs on almost 97 percent of European exports to India, saving up to €4 billion annually in duties. It also stated that it expected its exports to India to double by 2032 as a result of the deal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=India, EU agree on ‘mother of all’ trade deals |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/27/india-eu-agree-on-mother-of-all-trade-deals |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> India reportedly planned to cut tariffs on cars imported from the EU to 40% from levels of up to 110% as part of negotiations toward the agreement. The government agreed to immediately lower duties on a limited number of EU-made cars priced above €15,000, with tariffs set to decline further to 10% over time, improving market access for European manufacturers including [[Volkswagen]], [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[BMW]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Aditi |last2=Blenkinsop |first2=Philip |date=26 January 2026 |title=Exclusive: India to slash tariffs on cars to 40% in trade deal with EU, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-slash-tariffs-cars-40-trade-deal-with-eu-sources-say-2026-01-25/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> Both the EU and India stated that India would lower tariffs on up to 250,000 cars imported from the EU, a move expected to provide some relief for Europe’s automotive industry facing pressure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2026 |title=In the Shadow of Trump, India and the European Union Expand Trade Ties |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/27/business/india-europe-trade-tariffs-trump.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

The agreement removes tariffs on a range of EU exports, including fruit juices, processed foods, olive oil and other vegetable oils, and reduces duties on spirits to 40%. It also eliminates tariffs on most European optical, medical, surgical, aircraft, and spacecraft exports to India. Most tariffs, including duties of up to 44% on machinery, 22% on chemicals, and 11% on pharmaceuticals, would be eliminated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2026 |title=India-EU FTA: European beer, cars and food products set to get cheaper — details of the trade deal & what we know so far |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india-eu-fta-european-beer-cars-and-food-products-set-to-get-cheaper-details-of-the-trade-deal-what-we-know-so-far/articleshow/127593301.cms |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The agreement is expected to significantly boost India’s textile, apparel, leather, and footwear sectors by eliminating EU tariffs of up to 12–17%, placing Indian exporters on par with competitors such as Bangladesh, Vietnam, Pakistan, and Turkey, which previously enjoyed zero-duty access, and narrowing the competitiveness gap with other low-cost producers.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2026 |title=India–EU FTA puts leather, footwear exporters on par with Bangladesh, Vietnam |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/news/indiaeu-fta-puts-leather-footwear-exporters-on-par-with-bangladesh-vietnam/4121318/ |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal also stated that Indian textile exports had the potential to grow from $7 billion to $30-40 billion "very quickly."<ref name=":2" />

== Analysis ==
[[File:The signing of India–EU Security and Defence partnership.jpg|thumb|[[Kaja Kallas]] and [[S. Jaishankar]] signing a ''Security and Defence Partnership'' in New Delhi on 27 January 2026]]
[[Jefferies Group]] analysts noted that India had secured preferential access across 97% of EU tariff lines, covering nearly 99.5% of trade value, meaning about 91% of Indian exports to the EU would face no import duties from the agreement’s entry into force.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=EU trade deal to narrow India's textile gap with Bangladesh, Pakistan: Jefferies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/eu-trade-deal-to-narrow-textile-gap-with-bangladesh-pakistan-jefferies/articleshow/127693108.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Both India and the EU sought reliable trade partners amid geopolitical uncertainty, with India looking to offset the impact of [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|US tariffs]] and the EU aiming to reduce its trade dependence on China, according to Sumedha Dasgupta of the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], who said the agreement would reflect India’s continued move away from its traditionally protectionist policies.<ref name=":0" />

Amid trade negotiations, India's Republic Day 2026 invite to Ursula von der Leyen and European Council President António Costa also conveyed a diplomatic message, highlighting India’s efforts to expand strategic and trade relations worldwide as the dispute over US’s 50% tariffs on Indian goods from 2025 extended into 2026. Chietigj Bajpaee of the [[Chatham House]] said the move signaled that India maintained a diversified foreign policy and was "not beholden to the whims of the Trump administration."<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Free trade agreements of India]]
* [[Free trade agreements of the European Union]]
* [[India–European Union relations]]
* [[India–EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Free trade agreements of India]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of the European Union]]
[[Category:India–European Union relations]]
[[Category:2026 treaties]]

Jodi Are U Ready

2026-04-13T12:41:15Z

Lpsglobalschool: New A Details

{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=February 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Jodi Are U Ready.webp
| genre = [[Reality]] [[Dance show]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| screenplay =
| presenter = {{ubl|
* [[Rio Raj]] (S1-S2)
* Angelin (S1-S3)
* [[Rakshan]] (S3)
}}
| judges = {{ubl|
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] (S1)
* [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]] (S1-S3)
* [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]] (S1-S3)
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
* [[Nikki Galrani]]
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] (S2-S3)
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 35
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 60 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|1|20}}
| last_aired = present
| related = [[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi No.1]]
}}

'''''Jodi Are U Ready''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality television [[dance competition]] show and is the eleventh part of ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi No.1]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/reality-dancing-show-jodi-to-premiere-on-soon-details-inside/articleshow/105584539.cms|title=Reality dancing show 'Jodi' to premiere on soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 November 2023|language=en}}</ref> It premiered on 20 January 2024, and airs on [[Star Vijay]] every Saturday and Sunday.<ref name="Jodi">{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/reality-dancing-show-jodi-to-premiere-on-20th-january/articleshow/106890561.cms|title=Reality dancing show 'Jodi Are U Ready' to premiere on 20th January 2024|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> It is also available for streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/vijay-tv-announced-selection-for-jodi-dance#google_vignette|title=மீண்டும் வந்தாச்சு ஜோடி.. டான்ஸ் ஆட தெரியுமா? அப்போ உடனே கலந்துக்கோங்க!|website=kalkionline.com|date=22 November 2023|language=ta}}</ref> The first season premiered on 20 January 2024, and ended on 28 April 2024 with 29 episodes.

The second season premiered on 25 January 2025 and ended on 4 May 2025 with 29 episodes. The season was won by Abhinav and Rani Kumari,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jodi-are-you-ready-2-title-winner-rani-kumari-expresses-heartfelt-gratitude-to-fans/articleshow/120893216.cms|title=Jodi Are You Ready 2 title winner Rani Kumari expresses heartfelt gratitude to fans|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2025|language=en}}</ref> while Gowri Shankar and Ananya emerged as the runner up of the show. Gurunath and Arunima won third place.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jodi-are-you-ready-2-grand-finale-abhinav-rani-kumari-lifts-the-trophy/articleshow/120898088.cms|title=Jodi Are You Ready 2 grand finale: Abhinav-Rani Kumari lifts the trophy|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>

The third season of this show is premiered 7 February 2026.

==Overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
! rowspan="2" |Winner
! rowspan="2" |Runner up
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:green"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 1|1]]'''
|align="center"| 29
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2024|1|20}}
|{{start date|df=yes|2024|4|28}}
|style="background:yellow;" |Dhanush & Justina
|{{Runner-up| Vignesh & [[Raveena Daha]]}}
|-
|style="background:#7600EC"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 2|2]]'''
|align="center"| 29
|align="center"| 25 January 2025
|4 May 2025
|style="background:yellow;" |Abhinav & Rani Kumari
|{{Runner-up| 1.Gurunath & Arunima 2.Gowri shankar & Ananya}}
|-
|style="background:red"|
|align="center"| '''[[#Season 3|3]]'''
|align="center"| TBA
|align="center"| 7 February 2026
|TBA
|style="background:yellow;" | TBA
| TBA
|}

== Judges and hosts ==
=== Judges ===
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] (Season 1)
** Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://oruvan.com/entertainment/2023/12/24/meena-and-sridevi-actresses-back-to-screen-agains|title=மீண்டும் வரும் நடிகை மீனா: சின்னத்திரையில் புதிய அவதாரம்|website=oruvan.com|date=24 December 2023|language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]] (Season 1-)
** Actress and television personality.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/dec/24/actress-sridevi-as-judge-on-small-screen-4127966.html|title=சின்னத்திரையில் நடுவராக நடிகை ஸ்ரீதேவி |website=www.dinamani.com|date=24 December 2023|language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]] (Season 1-)
** Indian choreographer, dancer and actor who works primarily in Tamil cinema and television. Sandy Master gained popularity after his participation as a contestant in the [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 3)|Bigg Boss 3]].
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] (Season 1; Guest)
** Indian Indian actress known for her works in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi films.
* [[Nikki Galrani]] (Season 1; Guest)
** Indian actress known for her works in Tamil and Malayalam films.
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] (Season 2-)
** Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil and Telugu films.<ref>{{cite web|author=Deepa S|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/actress-rambha-seems-to-join-vijay-tvs-jodi-are-you-ready-next-season-150499.html|title=ரம்பா சார்.. மீனாவிற்கு பதில் சின்னத்திரையில் என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் ரம்பா!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=9 January 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

=== Hosts ===
* [[Rio Raj]] (Season 1-2)
** Indian actor and video jockey, who has appeared in Tamil language films and television.
* Angelin
** Tamil television anchor. She appeared in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] as a television shows.
* Rakshan (Season 3)

== Season 1 ==
The first season was launched on 20 January and held its finale episode on 28 April 2024. [[Rio Raj]]<ref name="Jodi" /> and Angelin<ref name="Jodi" /> were as hosts of the show which was judged by Actress [[Meena (actress)|Meena]],<ref name="Jodi" /> Choreographer Sandy Master<ref name="Jodi" /> and [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]].<ref name="Jodi" />

The show was won by duo Dhanush and Justina.,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jodi-are-you-ready-grand-finale-dhanush-justina-lifts-the-trophy-wins-cash-reward-rs-5-lakh/articleshow/109720743.cms|title=Jodi Are You Ready grand finale: Dhanush-Justina lifts the trophy; wins cash reward Rs 5 lakh|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> while Vignesh and [[Raveena Daha]] finished in second place. Prajwal and Ramya won third place. Actresses [[Nikki Galrani]] and [[Sayyeshaa]] also appeared as a special guest and judge during the grand finale.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actresses-nikkigalrani-and-sayyeshaa-to-grace-the-grand-finale-jodi-are-you-ready-as-guest-judges-deets-inside/articleshow/109665426.cms|title=Actresses Nikkigalrani and Sayyeshaa to grace the grand finale 'Jodi are you ready' as guest judges|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>

=== Contestants ===
List of contestants and celebrities.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jodi-season-11-full-and-final-list-of-contestants-who-participate-in-the-dancing-reality-show/photostory/107523080.cms|title=contestants and Celebrities|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

{| class = "wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Jodi
! rowspan="2" |Week entered
! rowspan="2" |Week exited
! rowspan="2" |Status
! rowspan="2" |Zone
! rowspan="2" |Encounter faced
! rowspan="2" |Top Jodi won - week
|-
! Contestants
! scope="col" |Celebrities
|-
|1
|Dhanush
|Justina
|Week 2
|Week 15
|style="background:#73FB76";|'''Winner'''
|{{dash}}
|1
|3 (Week 9, 12, 13)
|-
|2
|Vignesh
|[[Raveena Daha]]
|Week 2
|Week 15
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up'''
|{{dash}}
|1
|2 (Week 5, 7)
|-
|3
|Prajwal
|Ramya Kole
|Week 2
|Week 15
|Style="background:#DDA0DD;"|'''2nd Runner-Up'''
|{{dash}}
|2
|2 (Week 4, 10)
|-
|4
|Priyadharshan
|VJ Tharshika
|Week 2
|Week 15
|Style="background:#7FFFD4;"|'''3rd Runner-Up'''
|{{dash}}
|2
|2 (Week 6, 8)
|-
|5
|Vinith
|Krishna Shilpa
|Week 2
|Week 15
|Style="background:#FF69B4;"|'''4th Runner-Up'''
|{{dash}}
|1
|1 (Week 3)
|-
|6
|Kabeer
|Dolly
|Week 2
|Week 14
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|rowspan=2 style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
|5
|—
|-
|7
|Rishi
|Deepika Deedoll
|Week 2
|Week 13
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|2
|1 (Week 11)
|-
|rowspan=2|8
|rowspan=2|Mohan
|rowspan=2|Divyadharshini
|Week 2
|Week 8
|{{eliminated|Encountered}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|rowspan=2|3
|rowspan=2|—
|-
|Week 11
|Week 12
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
|-
|rowspan=3|9
|rowspan=3|Prashanth
|rowspan=3|Thamizhselvi
|Week 2
|Week 4
|{{eliminated|Encountered}}
|style ="background:#c0c0c0;" | Silver Zone
|rowspan=3|3
|rowspan=3|—
|-
|Week 7
|Week 10
|{{eliminated|Re-encountered}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|-
|colspan=2|Week 11
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
|-
|rowspan=2|10
|rowspan=2|Kalai
|rowspan=2|Deepika Damu
|Week 2
|Week 9
|{{eliminated|Encountered}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|rowspan=2|5
|rowspan=2|—
|-
|-
|colspan=2|Week 11
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
|-
|rowspan=2|11
|rowspan=2|Shubham
|rowspan=2|Reshma
|Week 2
|Week 6
|{{eliminated|Encountered}}
|style ="background:#c0c0c0;" | Silver Zone
|rowspan=2|2
|rowspan=2|—
|-
|colspan=2|Week 7
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|-
|rowspan=2|12
|rowspan=2|Sohail
|rowspan=2|Shubangi
|Week 2
|Week 5
|{{eliminated|Encountered}}
|style ="background:#c0c0c0;" | Silver Zone
|rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|—
|-
|colspan=2|Week 7
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|}

=== Top Jodi Of The Week ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="1" |Week
! rowspan="2" |Jodi
! rowspan="2" |Light
! colspan="1" |Zone
! colspan="1" |Special power
! colspan="1" |Round
|-
|3
|Krishna Shilpa & Vinith
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|rowspan="4" style ="background:#c0c0c0;"|Silver
|style="background:#FFFDD0;" | No Encounter
|First look (Introduction round)
|-
|4
|Prajwal & Ramya Kole
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|style ="background:#BFFF00;" | Encounter
|Dance Express
|-
|5
|[[Raveena Daha]] & Vignesh
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|style ="background:#BFFF00;" | Encounter
|90's Hits
|-
|6
|Tharshika & Priyadarshan
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Save
|2 in 1
|-
|7
|[[Raveena Daha]] & Vignesh
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|rowspan="4" style ="background:#ffd700;"| Gold
|style="background:#FFFDD0;" | No Encounter
|Double Dhamaka (Wildcard Round)
|-
|8
|Tharshika & Priyadarshan
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Save
|Keep in Touch
|-
|9
|Dhanush & Justina
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Save
|2K Trending
|-
|10
|Prajwal & Ramya Kole
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Save
|Naattukuthu
|-
|11
|Rishi & Deepika Deedoll
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|rowspan="3" style ="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond
|rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFDD0;" | No Encounter
|Style Style (Wildcard Round)
|-
|12
|Dhanush & Justina
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|Creative Property Round
|-
|13
|Dhanush & Justina
|style ="background:#73FB76;" | Green
|Triples Round
|}

=== Notes ===
# Grand Launch (episode 1) and introduction of female contestants of this season (episode 2) on week 1
# Bidding process for selecting male contestants by female contestants (episode 3) and Introduction of Jodi (episode 4) on week 2

=== Wild Card Round ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="1" |S.No
! rowspan="2" |Jodi
! colspan="1" |Evicted week
! colspan="1" |Status
! colspan="1" |Evicted (zone)
! colspan="1" |Round (zone)
|-
|1
|Prashanth & Tamizhselvi
|Week 4
|{{selected|Selected}}
|rowspan=3 style="background:#c0c0c0;"|Silver
|rowspan=3 style ="background:#ffd700;"|Double Dhamaka (Gold Zone)
|-
|2
|Sohail & Shubangi
|Week 5
|rowspan=2 {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|3
|Shubham & Reshma Muralidharan
|Week 6
|-
|4
|Mohan & Divyadharshini
|Week 8
|{{selected|Selected}}
|rowspan=3 style ="background:#ffd700;"|Gold
|rowspan=3 style ="background:#b9f2ff;"|Style Style (Diamond Zone)
|-
|5
|Kalai & Deepika
|Week 9
|rowspan=2 {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|6
|Prashanth & Tamizhselvi
|Week 10
|-
|colspan=6 style="background:#c0c0c0;"|Wildcard Entry Closed
|}

== Season 2 ==
{{main|Jodi Are U Ready season 2}}
The second season of the ''Jodi Are U Ready'' show, it is premiere on 25 January 2025 on every Saturday and Sunday.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/jodi-are-you-ready-season-2-announcement-1735990304|title=மீண்டும் வந்தது விஜய் டிவியின் சூப்பர் ஹிட் ஷோ.. இதோ வந்த விவரம் |website=cineulagam.com|date=2 January 2025|language=ta}}</ref> [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], Sandy Master and [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jodi-are-you-ready-sridevi-vijaykumar-stuns-with-azhage-bhrammanidam-after-two-decades/articleshow/118216523.cms|title=Jodi Are You Ready: Sridevi Vijaykumar stuns with 'Azhage Bhrammanidam' after two decades|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 February 2025|language=en}}</ref> are the judges of the show.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/actress-ramba-joins-vijay-tvs-jodi-are-you-ready-as-judge-following-the-legacy-of-sridevi-meena-669805.html|title=விஜய் டிவியில் களமிறங்கும் நடிகை ரம்பா.. இனி இவருக்கு பதில் தான் இவர்..! வேற லெவலில் இருக்க போகுது...|website=[[Oneindia]]|date=9 January 2025|language=ta}}</ref> [[Rio Raj]] and Angelin return as the hosts.

=== Contestants ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Jodi
! rowspan="2" |Week entered
! rowspan="2" |Week exited
! rowspan="2" |Status
! rowspan="2" |Zone
! rowspan="2" |Encounter faced
! rowspan="2" |Top Jodi Won - Week
|-
! Contestants
! scope="col" |Celebrities
|-
| 1
| Abhinav
| Rani Kumari
|Week 2
| Week 15
|style="background:#73FB76";|'''Winner'''
| -
| 2
|2(week 3,12)
|-
| 2
| Gowri shankar
| Ananya
|Week 2
|Week 15
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up'''
| -
|1
|3 (Week 8,9,14)
|-
| 3
| Gurunath
| Arunima
|Week 2
|Week 15
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up'''
| -
|1
|2 (Week 4,6)
|-
| 4
| Avinash
| Deeshal
|Week 2
|Week 15
|Style="background:#7FFFD4;"|'''2nd Runner-Up'''
| -
| -
|3(Week 5,7,13)
|-
| 5
| Vijay
| Shreya
|Week 2
|Week 15
|Style="background:#FF69B4;"|'''3rd Runner-Up'''
| -
| -
| -
|-
| 6
| Aravind
| Riya Ruth
|Week 2
|Week 14
|{{ Eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
|1
| -
|-
| 7
| Pradeep
| Priyanka
|Week 3
|Week 14
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
| -
| -
|-
| 8
| Manikanta
| Harshita
|Week 6
|Week 12
|{{Eliminated| Evicted}}
|style="background:#b9f2ff;" | Diamond Zone
|1
| -
|-
| 9
|Sanjay
|Athira
|Week 2
|Week 8
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
|2
| -
|-
|10
|B-Trixx
|Akshitha
|Week 2
|Week 8
|{{Eliminated| Evicted}}
|style="background:#ffd700;" | Gold Zone
| 2
| -
|-
| 11
| Bhaskar
| Kavya
|Week 2
|Week 5
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jodi-are-you-ready-2-kavya-sivakumar-and-bhaskar-get-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/118677946.cms|title=Jodi Are You Ready 2: Kavya Sivakumar and Bhaskar get evicted from the show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|style ="background:#c0c0c0;" | Silver Zone
|2
| -
|-
| 12
| Sandy Sundar
| Anshitha
|Week 2
|Week 4
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jodi-are-you-ready-2-anshitha-and-sandy-sundar-get-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/118525973.cms|title=Jodi Are You Ready 2: Anshitha and Sandy Sundar get evicted from the show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 February 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|style ="background:#c0c0c0;" | Silver Zone
|1
| -
|-
| 13
| Manikanta
| Jasmeen
| Week 2
| Week 4
|{{Eliminated|Disqualified}}
|style ="background:#c0c0c0;" | Silver Zone
|0
| -
|}

== Season 3 ==
{{main|Jodi Are U Ready season 3}}
The third season of the ''Jodi Are U Ready'' show, it is premiere on 7 February 2026 on every Saturday and Sunday at 18:30.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-reality-show-jodi-are-u-ready-3-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/127884073.cms| title=New reality show ‘Jodi Are U Ready 3’ to premiere soon| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=3 February 2026|language=en}}</ref> [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] and [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]] returned to the judging panel, Angelin returned as the host along with a then a second new host [[Rakshan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vj-rakshan-joins-as-new-host-in-upcoming-show-jodi-are-u-ready-3/articleshow/127902805.cms| title=VJ Rakshan joins as new host in upcoming show Jodi Are U Ready 3| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=4 February 2026|language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Auditions ===
It is a dancing talent hunt for the men of age group under the 18. The major auditions took place on 26 November 2023 in [[Madurai]],<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Audition|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIvZACP7d10|title=Jodi Are U Ready? From 20th Jan 2024 {{!}} Jodi Are U Ready.? Audition, 26th November 2023{{!}} Star Vijay}}</ref> 3 December 2023 in [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Audition|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m16xWIr56og|title=Jodi Are U Ready? From 20th Jan 2024 {{!}} Jodi Are U Ready.? Audition, 3rd December 2023 {{!}} Star Vijay}}</ref> and 17 December 2023 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Audition|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfeJLNZiIac|title=Jodi Are U Ready? From 20th Jan 2024 {{!}} Jodi Are U Ready.? Audition, 17th December 2023 {{!}} Star Vijay}}</ref> After the audition round, there several rounds of performances take place with eliminations as a process to select the title winner of the season.

=== Contestants ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Jodi
! rowspan="2" |Week entered
! rowspan="2" |Week exited
! rowspan="2" |Status
! rowspan="2" |Zone
! rowspan="2" |Encounter faced
! rowspan="2" |Top Jodi Won - Week
|-
! Contestants
! scope="col" |Contestants
|-
| 1
| Chahat
| Shashank
| Week 2
| -
| -
| -
| 2
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12404058}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language dance television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television spinoffs]]

Duvvada–Vijayawada section

2026-04-11T07:32:36Z

Lpsglobalschool:

{{short description|Indian railway route}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Vijayawada–Duvvada section
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = 12717 Ratnachal Express at Marripalem 04.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| caption = [[Ratnachal Express]] is one of the fastest and prestigious trains on Vijayawada- Duvvada section
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Vijayawada}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Duvvada}}
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1897
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|350|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification =
| speed = up to {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = [[File:Visakhapatnam - Vijayawada route.png|300px|Duvvada–Vijayawada section map]]{{Duvvada–Vijayawada section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Vijayawada-Duvvada section''' (also known as Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada line) is a railway line connecting {{stnlnk|Duvvada}} in the city of {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}} and {{stnlnk|Vijayawada}}, both in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Surveys |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1438144370646-Annexure-1.pdf |website=South Central Railway, Indian Railways |access-date=3 May 2019 |page=14 |format=PDF |date=24 July 2015}}</ref> The main line is part of the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]].<ref>{{cite news|title=RPF rededicates itself to passenger safety|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-09-02/RPF-rededicates-itself-to-passenger-safety-174017|access-date=26 March 2016|work=The Hans India|date=2 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=3rd rail line joining Duvvada, Gudur to be completed in 5 yrs|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/3rd-rail-line-joining-duvvada-gudur-to-be-completed-in-5-yrs-115110301307_1.html|access-date=26 March 2016|work=The Business Standard|date=3 November 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref> The track from [[Duvvada railway station|Duvvada]] to [[Thadi railway station|Thadi]] is under the administrative jurisdiction of [[East Coast Railway zone]], and the rest of the line from [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]] to [[Anakapalle railway station|Anakapalle]] is under the administrative jurisdiction of [[South Central Railway zone]].

== History ==
Some years before passenger railways started functioning in India railway lines were laid for carrying construction materials. Amongst these were a line used for construction of the Solani aqueduct over the Ganges Canal near [[Roorkee]] in the 1830s, the Red Hill Railroad in 1837 used for construction of a canal near [[Chennai]], and the Godavari Dam Construction Railway used for transporting materials for the construction of the Dowlaisweram Anicut at [[Rajahmundry]] around 1845. The project was completed in 1852 and the railway was closed down.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/india-first-railways.html#godavari |title = India's first railways|work= Godavari Dam Construction Railway|last=Darvill |first= Simon| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-19}}</ref>

The Red Hill Railroad near Chennai, used in 1837 for transporting granite, is considered by many as the first operational railway in India. Madras Railway was incorporated in 1853 the Great Southern Railway of India was formed in 1858.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title = IR History – Early days|work= 1832–1869| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-19}}</ref> The Great Southern of India Railway was merged with the Carnatic Railway in 1872 and renamed [[South Indian Railway]] in 1874. The main eastward route of Southern Mahratta Railway connected with other routes till Vijayawada (then known as Bezwada) in 1888. The mainline of [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] was extended to Vijayawada in 1889.<ref name=irii>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II|work= 1870–1899| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-19}}</ref>

During the period 1893 to 1896, {{convert|1287|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the [[East Coast State Railway]], from [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]] to [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack]] was built and opened to traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2013-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date= 1 April 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mannanna.com/mannannaArt1.html | title = History of Waltair Division | publisher = Mannanna.com | access-date = 2013-01-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121011235936/http://www.mannanna.com/mannannaArt1.html | archive-date = 11 October 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The construction of the [[Old Godavari Bridge]] in 1897<ref name=irii /> and construction of the Vijayawada–Madras link in 1899 enabled the through running of trains.<ref name=irii />

The southern part of the East Coast State Railway (from Waltair to Vijayawada) was taken over by [[Madras Railway]] in 1901.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part III (1900–1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-19}}</ref>

=== Railway reorganization ===
In the early 1950s legislation was passed authorizing the central government to take over independent railway systems that were there. On 14 April 1951 the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]], the [[South Indian Railway Company]] and Mysore State Railway were merged to form [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]. Subsequently, [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] was also merged into Southern Railway. On 2 October 1966, the Secunderabad, Solapur, Hubli and Vijayawada Divisions, covering the former territories of Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway and certain portions of Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway were separated from Southern Railway to form the [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]. In 1977, Guntakal division of Southern Railway was transferred to South Coast Railway and the Solapur division transferred to Central Railway. Amongst the seven new zones created in 2010 was [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]], which was carved out of Southern Railway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-23}}</ref> In 2019 it was moved to [[South Coast Railway zone]].

== Stations ==
*{{stnlnk|Eluru}}
*{{stnlnk|Bhimadole}}
*{{stnlnk|Duvvada}}
*{{stnlnk|Anakapalle}}
*{{stnlnk|Kasimkota}}
* Bayyavaram
*{{stnlnk|Narasingapalli}}
*{{stnlnk|Elamanchili}}
*{{stnlnk|Regupalem}}
*{{stnlnk|Narsipatnam Road}}
*{{stnlnk|Gullipadu}}
*{{stnlnk|Tuni|Andhra Pradesh}}
*{{stnlnk|Hamsavaram}}
*{{stnlnk|Timmapuram}}
*{{stnlnk|Annavaram}}
*{{stnlnk|Ravikampadu}}
*{{stnlnk|Durgada Gate}}
*{{stnlnk|Gollaprolu}}
*{{stnlnk|Pithapuram}}
*{{stnlnk|Samalkot Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Gudaparti}}
*{{stnlnk|Medapadu}}
*Pedabramadvam (alternatively ''Peddabrahmadevam'')<ref name="pbd">{{cite web |title=PBD/Peddabrahmadevam |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/peddabrahmadevam-pbd/3364 |publisher=India Rail Info |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref>
*{{stnlnk|Bikkavolu}}
*{{stnlnk|Balabhadrapuram}}
*{{stnlnk|Anaparti}}
*{{stnlnk|Anaparti}}
*{{stnlnk|Dwarapudi}}
*{{stnlnk|Kesavaram}}
*{{stnlnk|Kadiyam}}
*{{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}
*Marripalem<ref name="mipm">{{cite web |title=Arrivals at MIPM/Marripalem |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/marripalem-mipm/5851 |publisher=India Rail Info |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref>
*{{stnlnk|Simhachalam}}
*Pendurthi (alternatively ''Pendurti'')<ref name="pdt">{{cite web |title=Departures from PDT/Pendurti |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/pendurti-pdt/3354 |publisher=India Rail Info |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref>
*{{stnlnk|Peda Avutapalle}}
*{{stnlnk|Gunadala}}
*{{stnlnk|Vijayawada}}
*{{stnlnk|Tadepalligudem}}

== Electrification ==
[[Howrah–Chennai Mail]] was the first train in South Eastern Railway to be hauled by a diesel engine ([[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-1]]) in 1965.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part – IV (1947–1970)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21}}</ref>

== Speed limits ==
The entire Kharagpur–Duvvada–Vijayawada main line is classified as a "Group B" line which can take speeds up to 130 km/h. On the branch lines the speed limit is 100 km/h.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title=Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way |access-date=2013-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030524/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

== Passenger movement ==
{{stnlnk|Eluru}}, {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}} and [[Vijayawada Junction|Vijayawada]], on this line, are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{South Coast Railway zone}}
{{Godavari basin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duvvada-Vijayawada section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vijayawada railway division|*]]
[[Category:Waltair railway division|*]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1897]]

Shontaan

2026-04-09T06:33:09Z

Lpsglobalschool:

{{Short description|2024 Indian Bengali legal drama film by Raj Chakraborty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shontaan
| image = File:Shontaan poster.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| director = [[Raj Chakraborty]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| screenplay = Sreejib '''Additional screenplay:''' Anuja Chattopadhyay Soumyabrata Rakshit (also dialogues)
| story = Sreejib
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Anashua Majumdar]] [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] [[Subhashree Ganguly]] [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Jeet Ganguli]] '''Background score:''' Amit Chaterjee
| cinematography = Manas Ganguly
| editing = MD. Kalam
| studio =
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|12|20}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| gross = {{INR|10}} crore<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Khadaan Box Office: বাংলায় ধামাল খাদানের! এবার দেবের ছবি মুম্বই, পুণে-সহ ৯ রাজ্যে, ১৪ দিনে মোট আয় কত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-will-now-release-in-9-state-other-than-bengal-with-nearly-45-show-know-total-box-office-collection-31735893353868.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103140824/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-will-now-release-in-9-state-other-than-bengal-with-nearly-45-show-know-total-box-office-collection-31735893353868.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date=3 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
| budget = 
}}

'''''Shontaan''''' ({{IPA|bn|ʃon.tan}}; {{Translation|'''''Offspring'''''}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Action film|action]]-[[Drama (film and television)|legal drama film]] directed by [[Raj Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-story-of-abandonment-and-its-aftermath-mithun-chakraborty-starrer-shontaan-unveils-its-first-trailer/articleshow/114850384.cms|title=The story of abandonment and its aftermath; Mithun Chakraborty starrer 'Shontaan' unveils its first trailer|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 November 2024|access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/mithun-starrer-bengali-film-shontaan-to-be-released-in-december/articleshow/114973515.cms|title=Mithun-starrer Bengali film 'Shontaan' to be released in December|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 November 2024|access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref> Produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]] and Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], the film stars [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] and [[Anashua Majumdar]] in lead roles, while [[Sohini Sengupta]], [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] and Ahona Dutta play other pivotal roles, with [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] and [[Subhashree Ganguly]] in extended appearances. It revolves around a poignant courtroom battle between Saradindu and his self-centric son Indranil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Shontaan trailer: A film about family bonds and sacrifice starring Mithun Chakraborty |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shontaan-trailer-a-film-about-family-bonds-and-sacrifice-starring-mithun-chakraborty/cid/2060034 |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

[[Jeet Ganguli]] composed the music of the film. Manas Ganguly is the director of photography and MD. Kalam is the editor. It released in the theatres on 20 December 2024 on the eve of [[Christmas]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mithun-starrer-bengali-film-shontaan-to-be-released-in-december-3262462|date=5 November 2024|access-date=21 November 2024|title=Mithun-starrer Bengali film 'Shontaan' to be released in December|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=পুজোর পর বছর শেষেও মিঠুন, আসছে রাজের 'সন্তান', কবে মুক্তি পাবে ছবিটি? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/makers-have-revealed-the-first-look-poster-of-bengali-film-shontaan-starring-mithun-chakraborty-dgtl/cid/1556966 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=31 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> to positive reviews from the audience and critics alike.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Shontaan Audience Review |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/videos/audience-review-for-raj-chakrabortys-film-shontaan-31734800225605.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225054614/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/videos/audience-review-for-raj-chakrabortys-film-shontaan-31734800225605.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Grossing over {{INR|10.02}} crore, it ran in the theaters for over 100 days and emerged as a superhit at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=২০২৪ এর ব্লকবাস্টার ছবি 'খাদান', 'বহুরূপী' - সুপারহিট হল 'টেক্কা' ও 'সন্তান' - হিট ছবি হল 'অযোগ্য' এবং 'এটা আমাদের গল্প' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/superstar-dev-film-khadaan-see-the-15-days-box-office-report-31736007794978.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107050542/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/superstar-dev-film-khadaan-see-the-15-days-box-office-report-31736007794978.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film depicts the tussles and difficulties in the troubled relationship between a son and his aged, ailing parents. Saradindu is an old man, battered down and tired from the daily struggles of life. He lives with his wife Mala who suffers from severe arthritis. Their son Indranil is a self-centric and selfish man who doesn't care about his parents. He works in a multinational company. With a high income, he lives a life of luxury with his wife Ria, and his son Pablo, away from his parents. He travels in a Mercedes, parties frequently with his colleagues, goes on international holidays, but is reluctant to provide time for his parents or to pay for his ailing mother's knee surgery when her health deteriorates.

When Saradindu goes to Indranil to ask for money for Mala's surgery, he humiliates his father and denies to give any financial assistance. He declares that he has many other important expenses and can't give money for his mother's surgery. In profound agony and rage, Saradindu files a case against his son in court, on the grounds of ill treatment and neglect of old parents. Indrani fights for Saradindu against Indranil's lawyer, Bikash Munsi.

But things take a turn when Mala, torn between her moralities and her responsibilities as a mother and a wife, chooses to prioritize her motherhood over her principles. She asks her husband to withdraw the case against her son despite all their suffering because she can't see her son getting hurt. But Saradindu insists on sticking by his decision in order to teach a lesson to his son for taking his parents for granted. The story further illustrates the emotional drama between Indranil and his old, helpless parents, which unfolds inside and outside the courtroom. Tragedy intensifies when the turmoil takes a toll on Mala's health and she passes away. Although late, Indranil realises his mistakes at the end and Saradindu forgives him because he had promised so to his late wife. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Mithun Chakraborty discusses generational conflicts in Shontaan |url=https://t2online.in/tech/tech-news/mithun-chakraborty-discusses-generational-conflicts-in-shontaan/1256605 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=16 December 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Saradindu Bose
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] as Indranil "Babui" Bose, Saradindu and Mala's son
* [[Anashua Majumdar]] as Meghomala "Mala" Bose, Saradindu's wife
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]] as Indrani Sen, Saradindu's lawyer
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Bikash Munshi, Indranil's lawyer
* [[Sohini Sengupta]] as Lata, Mala's domestic help
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Amitava, Saradindu's friend
* Ahana Dutta as Ria Bose, Indranil's wife
}}

== Production ==
=== Announcement ===
The first look poster was revealed on 31 October 2024, on the occasion of [[Kali Puja]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Poster of "Shontaan" revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/poster-of-shontaan-revealed/articleshow/114809159.cms |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=31 October 2024}}</ref> The trailer was unveiled on 1 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Samadder|first1=Tulika |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/svf-new-bengali-film-shontaan-with-subhashree-ganguly-ritwick-chakraborty-mithun-trailer-is-out-31730436612364.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107093053/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/svf-new-bengali-film-shontaan-with-subhashree-ganguly-ritwick-chakraborty-mithun-trailer-is-out-31730436612364.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2024|title=Shontaan: বৃদ্ধ বাবা-মাকে দেখে না ছেলে! মিঠুনের হয়ে মামলা লড়বে শুভশ্রী, বিপাকে ঋত্বিক, সন্তানের ট্রেলার, পরিচালনায় রাজ|access-date=23 December 2024|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 November 2024|language=bn}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
As a part of the promotions, the makers visited some old age homes to speak to them about their relationship with their children and how they ended up there.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title=কাউন্টডাউন শুরু, সিনেমার প্রচারে এবার ময়দানে রাজ-শুভশ্রীর 'সন্তান' ইউভান |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/how-raj-chakrabarty-promots-upcoming-movie-shontaan-through-his-son-yuvaan-8440147 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=14 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The premiere was on 17 December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title=Shontaan Premiere: শাশুড়ি মায়ের চিবুক ধরে হালকা আদর শুভশ্রীর, হুইল চেয়ারে মাকে নিয়ে সন্তানের প্রিমিয়ারে রাজ |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/raj-chakrabarty-brought-his-mother-with-subhashree-ganguly-and-yuvaan-at-shontaan-premiere-8545605 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=21 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Shontaan Premier: রাজ-শুভশ্রীর সন্তানের প্রিমিয়ারে 'খাদান' টি-শার্টে সৃজিত, হাজির শ্রীময়ী-কাঞ্চনও |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rajshubahsree-shontaan-premier-show-srijit-mukherji-spotted-with-khadan-t-shirt-kanchan-sreemoyee-also-present-31734453357123.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225054614/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rajshubahsree-shontaan-premier-show-srijit-mukherji-spotted-with-khadan-t-shirt-kanchan-sreemoyee-also-present-31734453357123.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shontaan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = December 2024
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio = Playhead Studio VM Studio
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:40<ref>{{cite news |title=Shontaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/shontaan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/122947633/ |work=[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama Music]]}}</ref>
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer =
| misc =
}}

The music of the film has been composed by [[Jeet Ganguli]]. The lyrics have been penned by Priyo Chattopadhyay and [[Anindya Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Music is the soul of my films, says Raj Chakrabarty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/music-is-the-soul-of-my-films-says-raj-chakrabarty/articleshow/115926439.cms |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

The first song "Thakur Thakbe Kotokkhon" was released on 16 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=The song Thakur Thakbe Kotokkhon from Shontaan is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-song-thakur-thakbe-kotokkhon-from-shontaan-is-out/articleshow/115406730.cms |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=18 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das Banerjee |first1=Swati |title=নভেম্বরেও দুর্গাপুজোর আমেজ! সন্তানের প্রথম গানে চেনা মেজাজে 'ডিস্কো ড্যান্সার' মিঠুন |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-new-film-shontaan-song-released-svf-cinema-entertainment-news-31731918786794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207000810/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mithun-chakraborty-new-film-shontaan-song-released-svf-cinema-entertainment-news-31731918786794.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The second single "Tomar Akashey" was released on 1 December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Classical strains of 'Tomar Akashey' tug at heartstrings in Shontaan |url=https://t2online.in/music/western/classical-strains-of-tomar-akashey-tug-at-heartstrings-in-shontaan/1239782 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=4 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Poddar |first1=Atreyee |title=Vishal Mishra's soulful voice lights up 'Tomar Akashey' from 'Shontaan' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Dec/02/vishal-mishras-soulful-voice-lights-up-tomar-akashey-from-shontaan |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=Indulge Express |date=2 December 2024}}</ref> The third and the last song "Pablo" was released along with the full album.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 10:40
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thakur Thakbe Kotokkhon
| length1 = 4:12
| lyrics1 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra1 = [[Amit Kumar]], [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| title2 = Tomar Akashey
| length2 = 3:26
| lyrics2 = [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| extra2 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| title3 = Pablo
| length3 = 3:02
| lyrics3 = Anindya Chatterjee
| extra3 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
Initially scheduled to release during [[Durga Puja]] festivities in 2024, it was delayed to release in the theatres on 20 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghatak |first=Anuska |date=2024-09-11 |title=SVF's Pujo Release Uncertain: Mithun Chakraborty's 'Santan' Delayed Amidst RG Scandal |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/svfs-pujo-release-uncertain-mithun-chakrabortys-santan-delayed-amidst-rg-scandal/2024/09/11 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-12-21 |title=In images: Premiere of Raj Chakraborty's Shontaan starring Mithun Chakraborty, Ritwick, Subhashree {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/photo-gallery/in-images-premiere-of-raj-chakrabortys-shontaan-starring-mithun-chakraborty-ritwick-subhashree/details |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Shontaan'' is streaming on the Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi.

== Reception ==
Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Shontaan is a good film with a strong moral standpoint that definitely leaves the audience with a message. It draws out quite long and could have been slightly tighter during the second half, but solid moments of emotional drama compensate for that." She praised the music, background score and the performance of the whole cast, specially Mithun and Anashua.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shontaan Movie Review : Mithun-Ritwik clash in this sentimental drama is worth watching |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/shontaan/movie-review/116495367.cms |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the film and noted "With Shontaan, Raj Chakrabarty delivers a family drama that stays with you even after you have left the hall. It takes the well-worn premise of a parent suing their child over charges of neglect but packs in all the right emotions to tug at the heartstrings." Although he mentioned the first half to be draggy and melodramatic with a rushed climax and preachy tone, he praised the acting of the whole cast, specially Mithun, Anashua, Ritwick and Subhashree.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Shontaan: Mithun and Ritwick Chakraborty clash in court in Raj Chakrabarty's family drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mithun-and-ritwick-clash-in-court-in-raj-chakrabartys-family-drama/cid/2072835 |access-date=23 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=23 December 2024}}</ref>

Ranita Goswami of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and opined "Even though the film is based on an old story palette, Raj's storytelling accompanied by the actors' remarkable acting makes this film a family entertainer." She particularly applauded Mithun's seasoned acting besides praising Anashua, Kharaj, Subhashree and Ritwick for their acting skills.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Goswami|first1=Ranita|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shontaan-review-mithun-chakraborty-ritwick-chakraborty-starrer-film-is-sentimental-drama-directed-by-raj-chakraborty-31734761961528.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222111207/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shontaan-review-mithun-chakraborty-ritwick-chakraborty-starrer-film-is-sentimental-drama-directed-by-raj-chakraborty-31734761961528.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2024|title=Shontaan Review: পথভ্রষ্ট 'সন্তান'দের গালে ঠাস করে একটা চড়! চোখের জলে হল ছাড়লেন অভিভাবকরা, কেমন হল রাজের ছবি?|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=21 December 2024|language=bn}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

Akash Misra of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "The film is a mirror to the reality of our present society. Even after coming out from the theatres after all the tears shedding, it will leave a deep longing impact on the viewers." He also praised the acting acumen of Mithun and Ritwick.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Misra|first1=Akash|url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/film-review/mithun-chakraborty-and-ritwick-chakrabortys-shontaan-movie-review|title=মিঠুন-ঋত্বিক জুটির দাপুটে অভিনয়, আয়নার সামনে দাঁড় করিয়ে দেয় রাজের 'সন্তান', পড়ুন রিভিউ|access-date=23 December 2024|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|date=20 December 2024|language=bn}}</ref>

Amay Deb Roy of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the film 8/10 stars and highlighted "Although the film is based on the old "chanch" of emotional drift and family drama, Raj Chakroborty's direction and storytelling is what that makes this simple story look astounding." He also praised Mithun, Anushua, Ritwick, Subhashree and Kharaj for their seamless acting.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=রায়|first1=অময় দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-film-shontaan-directed-by-raj-chakraborty-starring-mithun-chakraborty-anashua-majumdar-ritwick-chakraborty-and-subhashree-ganguly-dgtl/cid/1568543|title=দশকের পর দশক বাংলা ছবিতে এসেছে 'সন্তান'-এর চেনা গল্প, রাজ নাটক ধরে রাখেন কথন ভঙ্গিতে|access-date=23 December 2024|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=19 December 2024|language=bn}}{{rating|8|10}}</ref>

Snigdha Dey of ''[[Aajkal]]'' reviewed the film and opined "In an unequal fight between the father and his son, "Shontaan" will have a special place in the inner core of our heart. This film will surely force all the parents and children to rethink their relationship and the bond which they share." Besides, she praised Mithun, Ritwick and Anashua for their intensive emotional portrayal and also applauded Subhashree for playing a different role.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=চক্রবর্তী ভার্সেস চক্রবর্তীর লড়াই, মিঠুন-ঋত্বিকের অসম দ্বন্দেই পাশ রাজের 'সন্তান' |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/review-of-bengali-movie-shontaan-which-starring-mithun-chakraborty-ritwick-chakraborty-subhashree-ganguly-and-directed-by-raj-chakraborty-ent-125414 |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=18 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Artist
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
| rowspan="3" | [[Anandalok Puraskar]]
| [[Anandalok Best Actress Award]]
| [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|-
| Best Actor in Negative Role
| [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
|-
| Best Director
| [[Raj Chakraborty]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt34386263}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Chakraborty]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian legal films]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]

Pithampur, Chhattisgarh

2026-04-07T02:51:38Z

Lpsglobalschool: new details

{{Short description|Village in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Pithampur''' is a village located in the Janjgir Tehsil of [[Janjgir-Champa district]] in Chhattisgarh, India.<ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1991: District census handbook, A & B. Village and town directory : village & townwise primary census abstract 24 v. : Bhind |date=1997 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh |pages=625 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krebXRBvsGoC&q=PITHAMPUR+CHAMPA |access-date=19 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> It is situated 15km away from [[Janjgir]], which is both the district and the sub-district headquarters. [[Champa, Chhattisgarh|Champa]], located 10km from the village, is the nearest significant town in the district and is also a railway station. It is located on the banks of the [[Hasdeo River]]. [[Kaleshwarnath Temple, Pithampur|Kaleshwarnath Temple]], one of the most important [[Shiva]] temples of [[ Chhattisgarh]], is situated here.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Sir Arthur Edward |title=Bilaspur District |date=1910 |publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press |pages=288 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK0yAQAAMAAJ&q=Pithampur+village+Chhattisgarh |access-date=19 July 2025 |language=en|quote=Pithampur . - A village in the Chāmpa zamīndāri on the western bank of the river Hasdeo}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh |first1=India Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya |title=District Census Handbook, Madhya Pradesh: Bilaspur |date=1964 |publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHpTAAAAYAAJ&q=Pithampur+ |access-date=19 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=पीथमपुर (शिव मंदिर) जिला जांजगीर-चांपा छत्तीसगढ़ शासन India |url=https://janjgir-champa.gov.in/gallery/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0/ |website=Government of Chhatisgarh |access-date=19 July 2025 |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khare |first1=Gaṇeśa |title=Paryaṭana kā svarga: Chattīsagaṛha |date=2005 |publisher=Śānti Prakāśana |isbn=978-81-902474-1-2 |pages=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ThuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE |access-date=19 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Janjgir-Champa district]]

Subhasish Mukherjee

2026-04-05T07:30:05Z

Lpsglobalschool:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subhasish Mukherjee
| image = Subhasish Mukherjee 2024.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mukherjee in 2023
| birth_name = 5 June 1961
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| years_active = 1981–present
| known_for =
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|Ishita Mukherjee|1986}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title='আমি বাবা হতে পারিনি তো কী আছে, ঈশিতা আদর্শ জীবনসঙ্গী' ৩৮ বছরের সম্পর্ক নিয়ে বললেন শুভাশিস |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-subhasish-mukherjee-talks-about-his-wife-ishita-and-not-having-child-31711177601284.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328055136/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-subhasish-mukherjee-talks-about-his-wife-ishita-and-not-having-child-31711177601284.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
| notable_works = ''[[Herbert (film)|Herbert]]'' ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' ''[[Mahalaya (film)|Mahalaya]]'' ''[[Professor Shonku O El Dorado]]''
}}

'''Subhasish Mukherjee''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Subhasish Mukherjee: গ্রুপ থিয়েটার থেকে টলিউড, প্রিয় খাবার থেকে পলিটিক্স |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/video/actor-subhasish-mukherjee-personal-life-controversy-herbert-movie-comedian-subhasish-mukherjee-interview-subhasish-mukherjee-comedy-scene-and-movies-suc-suk-638654-2023-08-22 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=22 August 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='কাজের লোকের প্রয়োজন এখনও রয়েছে', 'বাবুর্চি'র রিমেক প্রসঙ্গে মুখ খুললেন শুভাশিস |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/bengali-actor-subhasish-mukhopadhyay-talks-about-rajesh-khannas-acting-in-bawarchi-and-its-hindi-remake-dgtl/cid/1496384 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=15 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> He generally appears in [[Comedian|comedic]] and [[Supporting character|supporting roles]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title='আলাদা আবেগ...' মহানায়ক সম্মানে সম্মানিত শুভাশিস মুখোপাধ্যায়, মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর হাত থেকে পুরস্কার নিয়েই আপ্লুত অভিনেতা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/subhasish-mukherjee-shares-his-experience-of-getting-mahanayak-samman-this-year-31721911554055.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807182420/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/subhasish-mukherjee-shares-his-experience-of-getting-mahanayak-samman-this-year-31721911554055.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> but has proven his versatility as an actor in films like ''[[Herbert (film)|Herbert]]'' and ''[[Mahalaya (film)|Mahalaya]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=An ode to Birendra Krishna Bhadra's Bengali radio show in 'Mahalaya' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/897449/an-ode-to-birendra-krishna-bhadras-bengali-radio-show-in-mahalaya-teaser |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=8 October 2018}}</ref> Some of his well-known films include ''[[Guru Shisya]]'', ''Shatrur Mokabila'', ''[[Surya (2004 film)|Surya]]'', ''[[Coolie (2004 film)|Coolie]]'', ''[[Greptar]]'' and ''[[Besh Korechi Prem Korechi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=বসু |first1=ঊর্মিমালা |title=মুভি রিভিউ: 'মহালয়া' ফিরে দেখার ছবি, ইতিহাসের উজ্জ্বল উদ্ধারও |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/movie-review-mahalaya-a-look-back-into-history-dgtl-1.960287 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=1 March 2019 |language=bn}}</ref> In 2024 the [[Government of West Bengal]] conferred him the prestigious "Mahanayak Samman".<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahanayak Award: মহানায়কের প্রয়াণ দিবসে 'বিশেষ চলচ্চিত্র সম্মান' পুরস্কার অম্বরীশ-শুভাশিস-রুক্মিণীকে |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/mahanayak-award-ambarish-bhattacharya-subhasish-mukherjee-rukmini-maitra-receive-awards-from-wb-cm-mamata-banerjee-entertainment-news-1084553 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=24 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Career==
He made his debut in 1981 through [[Purnendu Patri]]'s film ''Choto Bakulpurer Jatri''. In the following years, he became a regular actor in Tollywood. His performance in the Bengali film ''[[Herbert (film)|Herbert]]'' was well received by the audience and media, globally.<ref name="Storm Advisory: Cyclone of a Life on the Horizon">{{cite news|title=Storm Advisory: Cyclone of a Life on the Horizon|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/movies/11herb.html|accessdate=28 June 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=10 December 2008}}</ref> Mukherjee served as the lead actor in the 2011 Bengali fictional movie, ''[[Tenida (film)|Tenida]]''. Some of his other notable works are in the movies [[Teen Kanya (2012 film)|''Teen Kanya'']] and [[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|''Meghe Dhaka Tara'']]. Besides, he has acted in several telefilms.<ref name="No small wonder">{{cite news|title=No small wonder|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120205/jsp/7days/story_15093174.jsp#.T-xQBeLJVVg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619210608/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120205/jsp/7days/story_15093174.jsp#.T-xQBeLJVVg|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2013|accessdate=28 June 2012|newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta|date=5 February 2012}}</ref> He is known for comedic roles in movies like ''Sasur Bari Zindabad'', ''Streer Maryada'', ''Protisodh'', ''Praner Cheye Priyo'', ''Surya'', ''Akrosh'', ''Dada Thakur'', ''Sakal Sandhya'', ''Besh Korechi Prem Korechi'', ''Mon Mane Na'', ''Saat Pake Bandha'', ''Madhu Malati'' and many others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Subhasish, a part of interesting projects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subhasish-a-part-of-interesting-projects/articleshow/67421466.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=7 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=শুভাশিসের সঙ্গে বিয়ের পিঁড়িতে মনামী? ৪০-এ এসে আইবুড়ো নাম ঘোচানোর তোড়জোর শুরু |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/monami-ghosh-paired-opposite-subhasish-mukherjee-in-fonibabu-jug-jug-jio-31721499535410.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815100350/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/monami-ghosh-paired-opposite-subhasish-mukherjee-in-fonibabu-jug-jug-jio-31721499535410.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

In 2019, he acted in [[Sandip Ray]]'s ''[[Professor Shonku O El Dorado]]'' and played the titular role in [[Birendra Krishna Bhadra]]'s biopic titled ''[[Mahalaya (film)|Mahalaya]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterji |first1=Shoma |title=Mahalaya film review: Making a cultural statement |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/music/mahalaya-film-review-making-a-cultural-statement-1502735041.html |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=2 March 2019}}</ref> His performance in the latter was critically acclaimed and he had received numerous awards for his portrayal of Birendra Krishna Bhadra in the movie.<ref>{{cite news |title='Mahalaya' earns Subhashish Mukherjee this prestigious award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/mahalaya-earns-subhashish-mukherjee-this-prestigious-award/articleshow/69726212.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Mahalaya' wins Best Screenplay award at Dada Saheb Phalke Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/mahalaya-wins-best-screenplay-award-at-dada-saheb-phalke-film-festival/articleshow/69249971.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=9 May 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Films should be listed in chronological order, not in reverse chronological order|date=December 2024}}
{{col div|colwidth=18em}}
* ''Choto Bakulpurer Jatri'' (1981) - debut film
* ''Surer Bhubane'' (1992)
* ''Koto Bhalobasha''(1992)
* ''Anubhav'' (1993)
* ''Kaalpurush'' (1994)
* ''Sansar Sangram'' (1995)
* ''Ujaan'' (1995)
* ''[[Bhoy (film)]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Bhai Amar Bhai]]'' (1996)
* ''Sakhi Tumi Kar'' (1996)
* ''[[Bakul Priya]]'' (1997)
* ''Baba Keno Chakor'' (1998)
* ''Swamir Adesh'' (1998)
* ''Ami Sei Meye'' (1998)
* [[Ranokhetro|''Ranokkhetra'']] (1998)
* ''Amar Maa'' (1998)
* ''Santan Jakhon Shatru'' (1999)
* ''[[Sasurbari Zindabad]]'' (2000)
* ''Bhalobasar Chowa'' (2000)
* ''Bhalobasi Tomake'' (2000)
* ''[[Har Jeet]]'' (2000) as Bhola
* ''[[Guru Shisya]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Dada Thakur]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Kurukshetra (2002 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Shatrur Mokabila]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Sabuj Saathi]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Rakhe Hari Mare Ke]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Mayer Anchal]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Champion (2003 film)|Champion]]'' (2003) as Kanu
* ''Aakrosh'' (2004)
* ''[[Kalo Chita]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Badsha The King]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Tyaag (2004 film)|Tyaag]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Sajani (2004 film)|Sajani]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Premi]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Surya]]'' (2004) as Shambhu
* ''[[Coolie]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Barood (2004 film)|Barood]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Pratisodh]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Rajmohol]]'' (2005)
* ''Amu'' (2005)
* ''[[Shakal Sandhya]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Chore Chore Mastuto Bhai]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Bazi (2005 film)|Bazi]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Shubhodrishti]]'' (as Nitai Pondit)(2005)
* ''[[Herbert (film)|Herbert]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Nayak The Real Hero]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Eri Naam Prem]]'' (2006)
* ''[[I Love You (2007 Bengali film)|I Love You]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Sangharsha]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Greptar]]'' (2007) as Hitler
* ''[[Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (2008 film)|Bhalobasa Bhalobasa]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Mon Mane Na (2008 film)|Mon Mane Na]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Olot Palot]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Hangover (2010 film)|Hangover]]'' (2010)
* ''Export'' (2010)
* ''Pratidwandi'' (2010)
* ''Mon Chay Tomay'' (2010)
* ''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]'' ([[Feluda in film|Feluda movie]], 2010) as William Girindranath Biswas
* ''[[Tenida (film)|Tenida]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Mon Bole Priya Priya]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Faande Poriya Boga Kaande Re]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Khokababu]]'' (2011)
* ''Chalo Patol Tuli'' (2011)
* ''Haatchhani'' (2012)
* ''[[Awara (film)|Awara]]'' (2012)
* ''Baghini Kanya'' (2012)
* ''Bangal Ghoti Phataphati'' (2012)
* ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Teen Kanya (2012 film)|Teen Kanya]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Mrs. Sen]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Nirbhoya]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Game (2014 film)|Game]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Gogoler Kirti]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Pendulum (2014 film)|Pendulum]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Arshinagar]]'' (2015) as Purohit
* ''[[Besh Korechi Prem Korechi]]'' (2015) as Tab Shastri
* ''Hera Pheri'' (2016)
* ''[[Prem Ki Bujhini]]'' (2016) as Principal
* ''[[Sultan: The Saviour]]'' (2018) as Disha's father
* Signature (2018), short film by kolkotha production.
* ''[[Mahalaya (film)|Mahalaya]]'' (as [[Birendra Krishna Bhadra]]) (2019)
* ''Hullor''
* ''[[Professor Shonku O El Dorado]] (as Nakur Babu)'' (2019)
* ''Paran Bandhu Re'' (2019)
* ''[[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Cholo Potol Tuli]]'' (2020)
* ''Sohorer Upokotha'' (2021)
* ''[[Habu Chandra Raja Gobu Chandra Montri]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Hatyapuri]]'' (2022)
* ''Nonte Fonte'' (2023)
* ''Chalchitra Ekhon'' (2024)
* ''[[Oti Uttam]]'' (2024)
* ''Jamalaye Jibonto Bhanu'' (2024)
*''Phonybabu viral'' (2026)
* ''[[Bike Ambulance Dada]]'' (2026)
{{div col end}}

==Web series==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Web series
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Platform
! scope="col" | Note
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|2020
|''[[Tansener Tanpura]]''
|Ramnidhi Gosain
|Soumik Chattopadhyay
|Hoichoi
|Web series debut
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Debolina |title=Tansener Tanpura Season 1 Review : A musical thriller that engages with a simple treasure hunt tale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/tansener-tanpura/seasonreview/76708704.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=31 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2021-2022
|''Rudrabinar Obhishaap''
|
|Joydeep Mukherjee
|Hoichoi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Hoichoi's 'Rudrabinar Obhishaap' is about solving mystery through musical clues |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/hoichois-rudrabinar-obhishaap-is-about-solving-mystery-through-musical-clues/cid/1843998 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=20 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2024–present
|''Necro''
|
|Dip Modak
|Fridaay
|Debut in lead role
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Torsha |title='নেক্রোফিলিয়া' নিয়ে থ্রিলার ওয়েব সিরিজ, গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকায় শুভাশিস-অর্ণ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/subhasish-mukhopadhyay-and-arna-mukherjee-new-thriller-web-series-necro-trailer-released-1085482 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=29 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter]]''
|Shirshendu Das, the Chief Minister of West Bengal
|Charector: Shirshendu Das, the Chief Minister of West Bengal|Directed By:Tushar Kanti Roy, Debatma Mandal
|Netflix
|Hindi web series debut
|
|}

==Television appearances==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Soap opera
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Note
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[Byomkesh (2014 TV series)|Byomkesh]]''
|Boroda
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|[[Byomkesh (2014 TV series)#Episodic appearance|Episodic appearance]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Ananya |title=Sharadindu's Byomkesh to Dibakar's Detective Bakshy: Did you know these? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/detective-byomkesh-bakshy-dibakar-banerjee-film-release-bollywood-unknown-facts-did-you-know-these-243875-2015-03-11 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Detective''
|Jal Mohan Ganguly
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Aditi |title=From Felu-da to Sona-da: The new mystery moshai in town |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/the-new-bengali-detectives-from-felu-da-to-sona-da/article27350167.ece |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=31 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Taranath Tantrik]]''
|Kapalik
|[[Colors Bangla]]
|Unnamed character
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Tota makes a comeback after 15 years on telly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tota-makes-a-comeback-after-15-years-on-telly/articleshow/52239582.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=12 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2016-2017
|''[[Jarowar Jhumko]]''
|Ajit Karmakar, Jarowa and Jhumko's father
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=এক বছর পূর্ণ করল 'জড়োয়ার ঝুমকো' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/jarowar-jhumko-complets-one-year-dgtl-1.663247 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=24 August 2017 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2016-2019
|''[[Rakhi Bandhan]]''
|Amaresh Chatterjee
|rowspan="3"|[[Star Jalsha]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV show 'Rakhi Bandhan' to bring a new twist t |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-rakhi-bandhan-to-bring-a-new-twist/articleshow/65652632.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=3 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2019-2020
|''Koler Bou''
| Nakuleshwar Ghatak
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV show 'Koler Bou' to go off-air |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-koler-bou-to-go-off-air/articleshow/73265538.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=15 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2020-2022
|''[[Khelaghor]]''
|Sarbojit Roy, Ranjit, Ajit and Shantanu's father
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Khelaghor' crosses 500 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/syed-arefin-swikriti-majumder-starrer-khelaghor-crosses-500-episodes/articleshow/90951994.cms |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=20 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Mukut]]''
|Paresh Karmakar
|''[[Zee Bangla]]''
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1910815}}

{{Tenida}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Subhasish}}
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scottish Church Collegiate School alumni]]
[[Category:Seth Anandram Jaipuria College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rakshitha Ramraj

2026-04-03T14:01:32Z

Lpsglobalschool:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2007)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Rakshitha Ramraj
| full_name = Rakshitha Sree Santhosh Ramraj
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2007|4|4}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, India
| height = 1.68 m
| handedness = Right
| years_active = 2021–present
| coach = {{ubl
| [[Pullela Gopichand]]
| [[Rahul Yadav Chittaboina]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Badminton: Rakshitha Ramraj, with a push from coach Gopichand to attack more, registers big win at Hylo Open
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/rakshitha-sree-hylo-open-badminton-gilmour-9647609/|access-date=9 November 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
| event = Women's singles
| career_record = 59 wins, 33 losses
| highest_ranking = 38
| date_of_highest_ranking = 24 June 2025
| current_ranking = 48
| date_of_current_ranking = 31 March 2026
| bwfbadminton_id = 91807
| bwf_id = f66dc9c4-6f69-4a16-8e08-0749dcf551b9
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 BWF World Junior Championships|2025 Guwahati]]|[[2025 Suhandinata Cup|Mixed team]]}}
}}

'''Rakshitha Sree Santhosh Ramraj''' (born 4 April 2007) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Players: Rakshitha Sree Santhosh Ramraj |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/91807/rakshitha-sree-santhosh-ramraj/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] }}</ref> She won two BWF international titles winning the Slovenia Open and India International in 2024.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
Ramraj is from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. She is trained by Pullela Gopichand and Rahul Yadav Chittaboina.<ref name=":0" />

== Achievements ==
=== BWF International (3 titles, 4 runners-up) ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Sri Lanka International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Isharani Baruah]]
| align="left" | 20–22, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Slovenia Open (badminton)|Slovenia Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shriyanshi Valishetty]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Réunion Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tasnim Mir]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024 (I)
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Isharani Baruah]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 21–9, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024 (II)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanvi Patri]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 21–12, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025 (II)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mansi Singh]]
| align="left" | 9–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2026
| align="left" | [[Vietnam International Challenge|Vietnam International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Lo Sin Yan]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 21–15, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

=== BWF Junior International (1 runner-up) ===
''Girls' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tara Shah]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 23–25, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

== Performance timeline ==
{{Performance key (badminton)}}

=== National team ===
* ''Junior level''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
! Team events !! 2022 !! 2023 !! Ref
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2023 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Teams event|QF]]
| <ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=India's campaign ends in team event of Badminton Asia Junior Championships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/indias-campaign-ends-in-team-event-of-badminton-asia-junior-championships/articleshow/101643442.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 July 2023 |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 BWF World Junior Championships|13th]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
|}

* ''Senior level''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
! Team events !! 2026 !! Ref
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asian Championships]]
| bgcolor="FFEBCD" | [[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships|7th]]
|}

=== Individual competitions ===
==== Junior level ====
* ''Girls' singles''
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! Events !! 2022 !! 2023 !! 2024 !! 2025 !! Ref
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asia Junior Championships]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Girls' singles|4R]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Badminton Asia Junior Championships 2023 results for Indian shuttlers |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/badminton-asia-junior-championships-2023-india-medal-winners-results |publisher=[[Olympic Games]] |date=14 July 2023 |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 BWF World Junior Championships – Girls' singles|3R]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 BWF World Junior Championships – Girls' singles|4R]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=BWF World Junior C'ships: Unnati Hooda, S Sankar progress; top seed Anupama Upadhyaya bows out |url=https://scroll.in/field/1035952/bwf-world-junior-c-ships-unnati-hooda-s-sankar-progress-top-seed-anupama-upadhyaya-bows-out |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=26 October 2022 |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

==== Senior level ====
* ''Women's singles''
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! rowspan="2" | Tournament !! colspan="3" | [[BWF World Tour]] !! rowspan="2" | Best !! rowspan="2" | Ref
|-
! [[2024 BWF World Tour|2024]] !! [[2025 BWF World Tour|2025]] !! [[2026 BWF World Tour|2026]]
|-
| align=left | [[India Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 India Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=India Open 2025: Anupama wins next gen battle against Rakshitha but her journey has just begun |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/anupama-upadhyaya-rakshitha-ramraj-india-open-2025-badminton-training-gopichand-academy-season-goals/article69101871.ece |publisher=[[Sportstar]] |date=15 January 2025 |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Indonesia Masters|1R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Thailand Masters (badminton)|Thailand Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2025 Thailand Masters (badminton)|QF]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2026 Thailand Masters (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[German Open (badminton)|German Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2025 German Open (badminton)|QF]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2026 German Open (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Swiss Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Orléans Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 Orléans Masters|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Taipei Open (badminton)|Taipei Open]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Taipei Open|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Taipei Open|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('24, '25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Thailand Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Singapore Open (badminton)|Singapore Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Singapore Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Open (badminton)|Indonesia Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Indonesia Open|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Japan Open (badminton)|Japan Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Japan Open|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Macau Open Badminton Championships|Macau Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Macau Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Vietnam Open (badminton)|Vietnam Open]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Vietnam Open|2R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Hong Kong Open (badminton)|Hong Kong Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Hong Kong Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters Super 100]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Indonesia Masters Super 100 I|QF]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Kaohsiung Masters]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Kaohsiung Masters|2R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Hylo Open]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Hylo Open|QF]]'''
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2025 Hylo Open|QF]]'''
|
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('24, '25)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Malvika Bansod, Ayush Shetty cruise into semi-finals of Hylo Open 2024 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/malvika-bansod-ayush-shetty-cruise-into-semi-finals-of-hylo-open-202420241101231454/ |publisher=[[Asian News International]] |date=1 November 2024 |access-date=9 November 2024 |archive-date=3 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103031414/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/malvika-bansod-ayush-shetty-cruise-into-semi-finals-of-hylo-open-202420241101231454/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Syed Modi International|2R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2025 Syed Modi International|QF]]'''
|
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Guwahati Masters]]
| [[2024 Guwahati Masters|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
|
|
|-
| align=left | [[Odisha Masters]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Odisha Masters|QF]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Odisha Masters|1R]]
|
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | '''Year-end ranking'''
| 2024; | 50
| 2025; | 45
| 2026; |
| Best; | '''38'''
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramraj, Rakshitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Khakha–Bomba Rebellion (1843–1844)

2026-03-24T20:05:43Z

Lpsglobalschool: New Post

{{Short description|1844 uprising in Hazara and the Kashmir borderlands against Sikh rule}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Khakha-Bomba Rebellion
|partof =
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|date = May–November 1844
|place = [[Hazara region]] and [[Kashmir]]
|territory =
|result = Sikh victory{{efn|name=gupta|"A number of rebellions took place during the ministry of Hira Singh, but all of them failed."{{sfn|Gupta|1975|p=ixvi}}}}{{efn|name=kohli|"The whole of the Jhelum Valley and the bordering region of Muzaffarabad was reconquered (November 1844)."{{sfn|Kohli|1967|p=85}}}}
|combatant1 = [[Sikh Empire]]
|combatant2 = Muslim Confederation
|commander1 = Wazir Hira Singh [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din]] [[Shaikh Imam-ud-Din]] Hukam Singh Malwai Gulab Singh Pahuvind Dewan Mulraj of Hazara Colonel Dhoukal Singh {{KIA}}
|commander2 = Zabardast Khan {{POW}} Sultan Najaf Khan of Khori Sher Ahmad Khan Habibullah Khan of Pakhli{{KIA}} Husain Khan of Muzaffarabad Maulavi Mohammad Ismail
|strength1 = ~6,500 hill troops, with additional battalions, cavalry and artillery reported under the main field command{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=231–233}}{{sfn|Kohli|1967|pp=84–85}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|pp=321–323}}
|strength2 = Unknown; assemblies reported as 5,000+ in some localities{{sfn|Gupta|1975|p=322}}
|casualties1 = Unknown
|casualties2 = Unknown
|notes =
}}

The '''Khakha-Bomba Rebellion''' (1843–1844) was a major uprising against [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] rule that began in [[Hazara region|Hazara]] and spread toward [[Muzaffarabad]] on the Kashmir frontier, before entering the north-western [[Kashmir Valley]] (Baramulla and Sopore). The rising occurred amid violent factional politics at Lahore after a succession of assassinations and was described in several accounts as taking on the character of a religious war against Sikh authority.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=229–230}}{{sfn|Kohli|1967|p=84}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|pp=317–318}}

==Background==
In the early 1840s the Sikh Empire experienced acute political instability. A compromise involving the [[Sandhawalia]] chiefs and leading court figures broke down, followed by a sequence of assassinations between 1842 and 1844. This violence enabled Hira Singh, Son of [[Dhian Singh]], to assume effective control of government in the name of the minor [[Maharaja Duleep Singh]], but factional rivalries intensified, particularly with the vassal Jammu ruler [[Gulab Singh]] and his allies.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=229–230}}

Kashmir was governed by [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din]] after 1841, with responsibilities extending to frontier security and the management of garrisons in the hill tracts west of the Valley.{{sfn|Malik|1983|p=108}} The [[Hazara region|Hazara]]–[[Kaghan Valley|Kaghan]]–[[Muzaffarabad]] region contained chiefs and religious networks that had previously supported anti-Sikh mobilisation in the north-west.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=229}} In this context, local unrest could rapidly expand into a broader frontier revolt when Lahore's authority appeared weakened.{{sfn|Kohli|1967|pp=84–85}}

== Prelude ==
===Zabardast Khan's Revolt of 1837-1838===
In 1837–1838, during the governorship of Col. [[Mihan Singh]], Zabardast Khan declared independence and, for a time, Sikh control over the district was seriously undermined. He was assisted by Sultan Najaf Khan of Kahori, and the movement advanced toward [[Baramulla]] before being checked near [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], where Sikh forces regained the initiative and Zabardast Khan's only son was killed in the fighting. The subsequent crackdown included the taking of hostages, including Zabardast Khan's grandson Rehmatullah, who later died in prison during the governorship of [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din]] and Rehmatullah's widow was later married by [[Shaikh Imam-ud-Din]].{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=80}}

===Revolt of 1844===
Despite this earlier confrontation, Zabardast Khan is described as having remained broadly loyal to Sikh authority until the murder of Maharaja [[Sher Singh]] in 1843, after which conditions in the frontier hill tracts deteriorated rapidly.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=230}} Muzaffarabad was an early disturbed spot in 1844. Raja Zabardast Khan was reported to have revolted again against the [[Sikh Empire]] and to have been defeated and arrested by the Kashmir governor toward the end of May 1844. He was then called upon to pay a fine of one lakh of rupees; on declaring inability to pay, he resigned his rights to the territory in return for a [[jagir]] of ten thousand rupees a year.{{sfn|Gupta|1975|p=ixix}}

Later Zabardast Khan was arrested while he was praying in a mosque, followed by imprisonment at Hari Parbat in [[Srinagar]].{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=230–231}}{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=81}}{{sfn|Malik|1983|p=109}} His removal is consistently presented as a trigger for wider mobilisation among allied hill chiefs and communities in the Muzaffarabad sector. Early rebel action included expansion of attacks on Sikh positions a relief force from Srinagar was dispatched but failed to restore control, and rebel pressure began to extend toward the Kashmir Valley.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=231–232}}{{sfn|Saraf|1977|pp=81–82}}

== Course of the insurrection ==
=== Hazara rising and expansion toward Muzaffarabad ===
The uprising is consistently linked to the [[Hazara region]], where Habibullah Khan of [[Pakhli]] attacked a Sikh garrison at [[Ghori, Azad Kashmir|Khori]]. Relief troops from Srinagar repelled the attack and Habibullah Khan was killed.{{sfn|Kohli|1967|p=84}}{{sfn|Malik|1983|p=109}}{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=81}} Within months, a renewed coalition reported to include Habibullah Khan's son and allied hill chiefs captured [[Ghori, Azad Kashmir|Khori]] and advanced toward Muzaffarabad, defeating small garrisons along the route.{{sfn|Kohli|1967|pp=84–85}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|p=319}}{{sfn|Malik|1983|p=109}}

Intelligence reports reaching Lahore described heavy fighting around Kuttor/Khuttour and large assemblies of insurgents, with Sikh detachments forced to retire in the face of superior numbers.{{sfn|Gupta|1975|p=322}} By late 1844 unrest extended across a wide arc from [[Peshawar]] to the [[Jhelum]], with disturbances reported in the [[Derajat]] and [[Multan]] as well.{{sfn|Kohli|1967|pp=84–85}}

===Entry into the Kashmir Valley===
After gaining momentum on the frontier, rebel forces entered the [[Kashmir Valley]], occupying [[Baramulla]] and threatening [[Sopore]], placing them within striking distance of Srinagar.{{sfn|Kohli|1967|pp=84–85}}{{sfn|Malik|1983|pp=109–110}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|p=319}} Reports described widespread violence in the Baramulla-Sopore sector, including looting and arson during the incursion.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=231–232}}

The breakdown of local security was compounded by reported desertions among Muslim troops in provincial service and by the disruption of communications with the northern dependencies.{{sfn|Kohli|1967|p=84}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|pp=322–323}} Additional anxieties at [[Lahore]], the Capital of the Sikh Empire, included frontier threats around Peshawar and concerns over foreign observation and intrigue during the crisis.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=232–233}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|p=324}}

===Jammu-Kabul intrigues===
The crisis unfolded alongside rivalry between the Lahore ministry and Jammu. One account describes [[Gulab Singh]] as attempting to pressure the Lahore government by fostering conditions that would embarrass it, including encouraging opposition among [[Pathans]] in the Peshawar and Derajat zones and promoting instability on the Kashmir frontier.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=230–232}} In parallel, intelligence reported petitions and coordination requests moving between Kashmir and Jammu during the disturbances, underscoring Jammu's importance to relief routes and auxiliary manpower.{{sfn|Gupta|1975|p=324}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|pp=321–322}}

The [[Sikh Empire]] also faced anxiety from the [[Barakzai Dynasty]] and the Peshawar frontier. [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] was described as intriguing with Gulab Singh regarding Peshawar and, as pressure mounted, issuing demands that contributed to uneasiness at Lahore.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=233}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|p=324}} The same narrative links this frontier situation to wider mobilisation Khybaris and Yusufzais were reported as being excited against Sikh authority, with northern Yusufzais assisting insurgents in Hazara, while the insurgency among groups in Pakhli, Dhamtur and the Khakha and Bhumbha tracts was described as becoming increasingly violent and religiously framed, communications with Gilgit were also disrupted.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=233}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|p=324}}

==Sikh resurgence==
===Sikh preparations and mobilisation===
As communications with Kashmir became unreliable and large parts of the frontier districts were reported in rebel hands, the Sikh Empire treated the crisis as a strategic emergency and prepared a multi-column relief and reconquest effort.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=232–233}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|pp=322–323}} In Kashmir, the governor requested immediate assistance only after the scale of the outbreak became clear, while also facing constraints on releasing troops for sustained operations in the Baramulla-Sapore sector and for a subsequent advance into the hill country.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=231–232}}

Several developments intensified the urgency of preparations, including concerns over heightened British attention in the [[Sutlej]] region and suspicion generated by the movements of an English deserter in Srinagar.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=232}} The Lahore leadership also sought to stabilise internal politics sufficiently to conduct operations, including reconciliation measures with Jammu in order to secure hill auxiliaries and routes for reinforcement.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=232}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|pp=321–322}}

Operational preparations focused concentration of forces from multiple directions. Columns were ordered to enter Kashmir by the [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] road and from Jammu, and field forces in Hazara were directed to advance toward Muzaffarabad troop movements were also ordered from the Peshawar area toward the Jhelum frontier.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=232–233}}{{sfn|Kohli|1967|p=85}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|pp=321–323}}

===Suppression and Pacification===
As rebel gains expanded toward [[Muzaffarabad]] and into the north-western Kashmir Valley, the Lahore government ordered a coordinated response from Hazara and Kashmir. Orders were issued for General Dhounkal Singh in [[Hazara region|Hazara]] to move troops toward Muzaffarabad in concert with the Kashmir authorities. His battalions reportedly achieved initial successes, but he died during the campaign.{{sfn|Chopra|1969|p=321}}

Following his death, unified field command was assigned to General Gulab Singh Pahuvind. The main field force under this command is described as including ten battalions of disciplined infantry, one regiment of cavalry, and twenty guns, although operational tempo was affected by reported shortages of transport and supplies on the mountain routes.{{sfn|Chopra|1969|p=321}} Reinforcements were also directed to advance by the Jammu and Punch approaches, with the intention of restoring communications and relieving threatened garrisons.{{sfn|Chopra|1969|pp=321–323}}{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=232–233}}

In the Hazara sector, Gulab Singh Pahuvind was joined by the forces of Dewan Mulraj of Hazara, the provincial administrator there. Together they advanced on [[Muzaffarabad]] and retook it after defeating the Muslim Confederation.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=82}} One account further states that, during the reconquest, punitive measures were applied in the surrounding countryside, including the burning of Muslim-inhabited villages, looting, and the taking of large numbers of prisoners (including non-combatants).{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=82}} After securing Muzaffarabad, the field forces moved toward [[Srinagar]], where the rebel confederates were again defeated the same account describes comparable massacres following these operations.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=82}}

==Aftermath and consequences==
The post-campaign settlement combined coercion with political restoration. Zabardast Khan was released and restored at Muzaffarabad, on terms that included payment of Rs. 50,000 on a bond earlier executed, described in the same account as having been treated by the Sikh authorities as forfeited.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=82}} Other accounts likewise describe Zabardast Khan's reinstatement and the reassertion of Sikh paramountcy in the frontier hill tracts after the reconquest.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=233}}{{sfn|Malik|1983|p=110}}

Although the insurrection was suppressed, the insurrection exposed the vulnerability of Sikh authority in the north-west during the Lahore court crisis.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=230–232}}{{sfn|Chopra|1969|pp=321–322}}{{sfn|Kohli|1967|pp=84–85}} The Kashmir governorship later passed to [[Shaikh Imam-ud-Din]], who remained in office when Kashmir was transferred to [[Gulab Singh]] under the treaty of 16 March 1846 following the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]].{{sfn|Malik|1983|p=110}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Parmu |first=R. K. |year=1977 |title=A History of Sikh Rule in Kashmir, 1819–1846 |publisher=Department of Education, Jammu and Kashmir Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8u4LAAAAIAAJ |ref={{harvid|Parmu|1977}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Sita Ram |year=1967 |title=Sunset of the Sikh Empire |publisher=Orient Longmans |isbn=9780804688147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7w9AAAAMAAJ |ref={{harvid|Kohli|1967}} }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Hari Ram |year=1975 |edition=2nd rev.|title=Panjab on the Eve of First Sikh War: A Documentary Study of the Political, Social, and Economic Conditions of the Panjab as Depicted in the Daily Letters Written Chiefly from Lahore by British Intelligencers During the Period from 30 December 1843 to 31 October 1844 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University |location=Chandigarh |isbn=978-0-88386-653-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oEBAAAAMAAJ|ref={{harvid|Gupta|1975}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Malik |first=Ikram Ali |year=1970 |title=The History of the Punjab, 1799–1947 |publisher=Neeraj Publishing House |location=Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ4BAAAAMAAJ |ref={{harvid|Malik|1983}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |year=1977 |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819–1946 |publisher=Ferozsons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72BDAAAAYAAJ |ref={{harvid|Saraf|1977}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Barkat Rai |year=1969 |title=Kingdom of the Punjab: 1829–45 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Institute |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuVQzQEACAAJ |ref={{harvid|Chopra|1969}} }}

[[Category:1800s conflicts]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]

Rama Varma of Venad

2026-03-24T11:44:56Z

Lpsglobalschool: minor edit

{{Short description|Ruler of the Indian kingdom of Venad from 1724 to 1729}}
{{No footnotes|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''[[Raja]]h Rama Varma''' was the ruler of the Indian kingdom of [[Venad]], later known as [[Travancore]], in the modern day state of [[Kerala]], [[India]] between 1724 and 1729, having succeeded his brother Aditya Varma. He is better known as the uncle of Maharajah Padmanabha Dasa Vanchi Pala [[Marthanda Varma]] Kulasekhara Perumal, the "maker of modern [[Travancore]]". He was born into the Royal Family of [[Kolathunadu]], as the second son of Rajah Ittamar of Thattari Kovilakam (who in turn belonged to the [[Parappanad]]u Royal Family). It was princes from the Parappanadu family who customarily married Kolathunadu princesses. Rama Varma's entire family, including himself, four sisters and his elder brother Aditya Varma, were adopted into the [[Venad]] house as members of the [[Travancore Royal Family]] by Rajah Ravi Varma, son of [[Umayamma Rani]] due to the failure of heirs there. Ittammar Raja's sister and her sons, Rama Varma and Raghava Varma (who were descendants of Parappanadu due to ''[[marumakkathayam]]''), settled in [[Kilimanoor Palace|Kilimanoor]] and married the now adopted sisters. Of the adopted sisters, one died soon after her adoption while the other was the mother of the Maharajah [[Marthanda Varma]].

==Reign==
Rajah Rama Varma was a weak ruler during whose reign the [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]], the [[Ettara Yogam]] and other nobles had more power than the King himself, as had been the case since the middle of the 17th century. However, on the advice of [[Marthanda Varma]], the Rajah signed a treaty of subordination with the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]] and secured a [[Vatuka]] force in [[Venad]]. This frightened the disloyal nobles for sometime, who now, however, turned their attention towards killing [[Marthanda Varma]], the heir apparent under the [[Marumakkathayam]] law. Previously, the [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]] had been responsible for the assassination of prince Kerala Varma.

==The Kunju Thampimar==
The Rajah Rama Varma had married a princess known as Abhirami alias Shrimathi Avirama Kochamma from whom he had issue, two sons, Padmanabhan and Raman Thampi, known as the ''[[Thampi#The Thampi Insurrection|Kunju Thampimar]]'' and a daughter Ummini Thankachi. On the demise of the Rajah in 1729, Maharajah [[Marthanda Varma]] succeeded to the throne under the ''[[Marumakkathayam]]'' law of inheritance.

However, the succession of their cousin to their father's throne, infuriated the ''[[Thampi#The Thampi Insurrection|Kunju Thampimar]]'' (because their mother was from a caste that didn't follow matriliny, they thought they will succeed their father) who allied themselves with the [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]], Marthanda Varma's foes. On their instigation, the Thampi brothers proceeded to Trichonopoly and succeeded in making the nayak government there believe that [[Marthanda Varma]] was a usurper and that they were the rightful heirs to the throne of [[Venad]]. The Madurai nayak Government deputed a Commander known as Azhagappa Mudaliar to install the ''Kunju Thampimar'' in Venad and punish [[Marthanda Varma]]. However the Mudaliar was bribed by the King, and the Thampi brothers were severely reprimanded for their actions.

Soon after this, in 1733, the Thampi brothers made a visit to their cousin while he was at Nagercoil Palace where they were both killed by [[Marthanda Varma]]. While the traditional accounts state that they attempted to assassinate Marthanda Varma and were hence killed, it is not clear as to why their sister Ummini Thankachi was also killed by Marthanda Varma. There is also another local legend that she committed suicide following the killings of her brothers. Thus the sons of Rajah Rama Varma were vanquished and [[Marthanda Varma]] became the Rajah of Venad which he expanded into modern [[Travancore]].

==References==
* ''[[Travancore]]'' State Manual by [[V. Nagam Aiya]]
* ''History of Travancore'' by Shungunny Menon
* ''A Survey of Kerala history'' by [[A. Sreedhara Menon]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Travancore]]
* [[Venad]]
* [[Marthanda Varma]]
* [[Thampi#The Thampi Insurrection|The Kunju Thampimar]]
* [[Marumakkathayam]]
* [[Kanjirottu Yakshi]]
* ''[[Marthandavarma (novel)|Marthandavarma]]'' (novel)

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Chera dynasty#Kodungallur Cheras/Kulasekharas|Kulasekhara Dynasty]]||16-||1729}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef
| before = Unni Kerala Varma (as Raja of Venad)
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Kingdom of Travancore|Raja of Venad]]
| years = 1721–1729
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Marthanda Varma]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Kollam}}

[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Kollam]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Travancore|Venad, Rama Varma]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]

Banmankhi (community development block)

2026-03-23T16:25:34Z

Lpsglobalschool: starting the details from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banmankhi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Community Development Block|Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|53|0|N|87|11|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Purnia district|Purnia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 37
| population_total = 2,80,542
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Regional
| demographics1_info1 =[[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 854202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06467
| registration_plate = BR11
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Purnia
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Purnia
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|23-38]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|38|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|23|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Banmankhi''' is a [[community development block|block]] in [[Purnia district]] of [[Bihar]] state, [[India]].<ref>https://purnea.nic.in/tehsil/</ref>

==Demographics==
{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Banmankhi C.D. Block (2011)<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] |value1 = 41.15| color1 = Pink
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 40.82 |color2 = Orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 6.97 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value4 = 4.25 |color4 = darkturquoise
|label5 = Others |value5 = 6.81 |color5 = grey
}}

==Geography==
Banmankhi is located at an elevation of 37 m above mean sea level.

The town was famous for its sugar mills in the past but now it is most famous for cattle, where nearly 1,000 such as buffalo, cow, goat and many pet animals are for sale. Places of tourist interest include [[Prahlad Stambh|Prahalad Khamba]] (an ancient history about why Indians celebrate Holi festivals,) Maharshi Mehi asharam (including the birthplace and Meditation Ashram) and Kajha Kothi, Kali Bari Mandir, Railway Matha Asthan. This place is known for its festival in holi time.

==Location==
Banmankhi is located 34 km from the District Headquarter [[Purnia]]. [[National Highway 231 (India)|NH 231]] passes through Banmankhi. The railway access point is Banmankhi Junction Railway Station.There are daily trains to Purnia, Saharsa, Bihariganj, Patna, Gaya, and Ranchi. The nearest airports are [[Darbhanga Airport]], [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna Airport]] and [[Bagdogra Airport]] located at 162 km, 324 km and 193 km away respectively. [[Purnea Airport]] (ICAO: VEPU) is located 32 km from Banmankhi.

==See also==
[[Chandpur Bhangaha]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Banmankhi.html]
* [https://www.navyugfoundation.org]
* [https://www.india9.com/i9show/-Bihar/Banmankhi-65891.htm About Banmankhi]
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/bihar/purnia/banmankhi/ Satellite map of Banmankhi]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Purnia district]]

{{Purnia-geo-stub}}

Bhavish Aggarwal

2026-03-17T12:43:56Z

Lpsglobalschool:

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhavish Aggarwal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|8|28}}
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| alma_mater = [[IIT Bombay]] ([[B.Tech]])
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| title = Co-founder and CEO of [[Ola Cabs|Ola Consumer]] Founder and CEO of [[Ola Electric]] Founder of Ola Krutrim
| spouse = Rajalakshmi Aggarwal
| children = 2
| website =
}}

'''Bhavish Aggarwal''' (born 28 August 1985) is an Indian entrepreneur. He is the co-founder and CEO of [[Ola Cabs|Ola Consumer]], founder of [[Ola Electric]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Startup-IndiaOla-Cabs-Bhavish-Aggarwal-is-conscious-thatsecurity-is-a-concern-more-measures-need-to-be-taken/articleshow/50602554.cms|title=#Startup India:Ola Cabs' Bhavish Aggarwal is conscious that security is a concern, more measures need to be taken|last=Das|first=Purba|date=16 Jan 2016|work=Business Insider|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220083250/http://www.businessinsider.in/Startup-IndiaOla-Cabs-Bhavish-Aggarwal-is-conscious-thatsecurity-is-a-concern-more-measures-need-to-be-taken/articleshow/50602554.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> and founder of Ola Krutrim, a [[large language model]] [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) company which became India's first AI unicorn in 2024 an estimated valuation of $1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2024-01-26 |title=Ola founder's Krutrim becomes India's first AI unicorn |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/01/26/ola-founder-ai-startup-krutrim-unicorn-in-50m-funding/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2024-04-12 |title=Ola Krutrim Makes History with In-House Cloud Infrastructure, Skips AWS and Azure |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ola-krutrim-makes-history-with-in-house-cloud-infrastructure-skips-aws-and-azure/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

Aggarwal was included in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine's ''100 Most Influential People of 2018.'' <ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Bhavish Aggarwal: The World's 100 Most Influential People|url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5238150/bhavish-aggarwal/|access-date=2020-09-22|magazine=Time|language=en-us}}</ref> With a net worth of $2.3 billion, Aggarwal is one of the youngest self-made billionaires in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/indias-elon-musk-bhavish-aggarwal-doubles-his-net-worth-with-ola-electric-ipo-listing-101723179800449.html|title='India's Elon Musk' Bhavish Aggarwal doubles his net worth with Ola Electric IPO listing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhavish Aggarwal |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/bhavish-aggarwal/?list=rtb/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Aggarwal was born and brought up in [[Ludhiana]], Punjab.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/achiever-punjab-to-new-york-ola-co-founder-bhavish-aggarwals-red-carpet-journey/20180426.htm|title=Punjab to New York: Ola co-founder Bhavish Aggarwal's red carpet journey|date=26 August 2018|publisher=rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/from-ludhiana-to-uk-via-australia-how-bhavish-aggarwals-drove-to-amazing-success/articleshow/65411768.cms|title=From Ludhiana to UK via Australia: How Bhavish Aggarwal drove to success|last=Arora|first=Prashasti|date=2018-08-27|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-09-27}}</ref> He completed a bachelor's degree in [[computer engineering]] at [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] in 2008.<ref name=econtimes>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-25/news/55421979_1_olacabs-indian-internet-kunal-bahl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028032519/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-25/news/55421979_1_olacabs-indian-internet-kunal-bahl|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2014|title=Bhavish Aggarwal & Ankit Bhati: The men behind Olacabs|date=25 Oct 2014|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> He started his career with [[Microsoft]] Research India as a research intern and later got reinstated as an assistant researcher.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.yosuccess.com/success-stories/bhavish-aggarwal-olacabs/|title=Bhavish Aggarwal - Yo! Success|date=2015-08-12|work=Yo! Success|access-date=2018-09-27|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
He began his career with [[Microsoft]], where he worked for two years, filed two patents and published three papers in international journals.<ref name=econtimes/> In January 2011 he co-founded Ola Cabs with Ankit Bhati in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Specials/NJKWoleEbzYoqz3UGWDvdO/Leader-in-the-spotlight--Bhavish-Aggarwal.html|title=Leader in the spotlight-Bhavish Aggarwal|date=4 Nov 2014|work=Live Mint}}</ref>

===Ola Consumer (formerly Ola Cabs)===
The idea for a cab company struck Aggarwal when he had a bad experience with a taxi, which led him and Ankit Bhati to co-found Ola Cabs in 2010.

In May 2020, Ola Cabs announced a huge layoff of around 5000 employees in a move to survive the economic repercussions of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]]. It had suffered an overwhelming loss of revenue by about 95%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ola lays off 1,400 people, co-founder Bhavish Aggarwal explains the move in a letter to survive Covid|date=May 20, 2020|work=Financial Express|url= https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/ola-lays-off-1400-employees-bhavish-aggarwal-writes-letter-to-employees-on-plan-to-survive-covid/1965007/}}</ref> In a webinar addressed to the students of Bennet University, Bhavish said that the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] pandemic was about to accelerate the innovations in technologies. He claimed that the markets might move towards more car rentals and subscription-based ownerships of cars.<ref>{{cite web|title=Covid-19 accelerating innovation in mobility, says Ola's Bhavish Aggarwal|date=October 19, 2020|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/covid-19-accelerating-innovation-in-mobility-says-olas-bhavish-aggarwal/articleshow/78746524.cms}}</ref>

In April 2022, An internal email to Ola employees was sent out, announcing that Bhavish Aggarwal would be stepping down from day-to-day operations of the company to focus on the future of Ola’s venture into electric vehicles and quick-commerce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Ola CEO Bhavish Aggarwal to focus on future businesses like EVs; step away from day-to-day management |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/ola-ceo-bhavish-aggarwal-to-focus-on-future-businesses-like-evs-step-away-from-day-to-day-management-article-90796767 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2024, Ola Cabs was rebranded to Ola Consumer to offer a broader range of consumer services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Rishabh |date=2024-08-15 |title=Ola Cabs Rebranded To Ola Consumer, To Launch 100% Automated Dark Store |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/ola-cabs-rebranded-to-ola-consumer-to-launch-100-automated-dark-store |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ola Electric ===
Ola electric is known for its high number of patents (46){{Expand section|date=September 2024}}

==Personal views==

=== Views on Work Culture ===
In 2022, Bhavish was criticized for creating a toxic work environment, with reports of him tearing up presentations over missing page numbers, using Punjabi epithets, and making an employee run laps for a minor mistake.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2022 |title=Tearing presentations, making staff run laps: How CEO Bhavish Aggarwal made Ola a 'toxic' workplace |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/tearing-presentations-making-staff-run-laps-how-ceo-bhavish-aggarwal-made-ola-a-toxic-workplace-11479481.html |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2022 |title='Toxic' work culture at Ola? 'We're not here to have nice easy time', says CEO |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/toxic-work-culture-at-ola-we-re-not-here-to-have-nice-easy-time-says-ceo-101666516941274.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It was allegedly due to his 'aggressive' behaviour that company saw a string of high profile exits, such as [[Ola Consumer|Ola]] Cars CEO, Ola CFO, Ola Electric’s chief marketing officer, among others.<ref name=":0" /> He defended his 'hostile' behaviour as his personal style and reportedly said that, "passions and emotions run high and we are not on an easy journey." He reportedly also said that he is not building a '[[MeToo movement|me too]]' company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2022 |title=Bhavish Aggarwal defends hostile behaviour with employees, says they aren't at Ola for a good time |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/bhavish-aggarwal-defends-hostile-behaviour-with-employees-says-they-arent-at-ola-for-a-good-time |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=What has turned Ola Electric into a toxic workplace? |url=https://qz.com/bhavish-aggarwal-is-turning-ola-electric-toxic-employer-1849675814 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |language=en}}</ref>

Bhavish made his support for [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] public supporting his views for 70 hours [[Working time|work per week]] and made remarks against the concept of [[work–life balance]].<ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title='I Don't Agree With Work-Life Balance': Ola CEO Backs 70-Hour Work Week; Doctor Warns of Premature Death |url=https://www.news18.com/business/i-dont-agree-with-work-life-balance-ola-ceo-backs-70-hour-work-week-doctor-warns-of-premature-death-8963106.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Some doctors noted that 70-hours per week might cause pre-mature death among other problems due to [[overwork]] and 70-hours of work a week only profit the CEOs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Sanya |date=13 July 2024 |title=Ola CEO calls for 70-hour work week, doctor warns of health risks: 'even premature death' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/ola-ceo-calls-for-70-hour-work-week-doctor-warns-of-health-risks-even-premature-death-101720849906040.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title='70-Hour Work Week Exploitative, Increases Risk of Stroke': Doctors Differ With Ola CEO's Work-Life Balance Remark |url=https://www.news18.com/india/70-hour-work-week-exploitative-increases-risk-of-stroke-doctors-differ-with-ola-ceos-work-life-balance-remark-8966142.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news18.com"/> He said that he instead believes that people who enjoy their work, will find happiness in work and life, and both will be in harmony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=From Narayana Murthy to Bhavish Aggarwal: Indian entrepreneurs who believe employees don't deserve work-life balance |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/from-narayana-murthy-to-bhavish-aggarwal-entrepreneurs-who-believe-employees-dont-deserve-work-life-balance-642166.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

He also said that doesn't believe in the concept of working of 5 days a week and said that [[weekend]]s are a "western concept".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ola CEO Bhavish Aggarwal's 3 controversial statements: 70-hour work week to Saturday Sunday debate - Bhavish Aggarwal opinions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/ola-ceo-bhavish-aggarwals-3-controversial-statements-70-hour-work-week-to-saturday-sunday-debate/te-saturday-sunday-debate/slideshow/111688354.cms |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

=== Views on the use of gender pronouns ===
In May 2024, Bhavish made remarks via his [[Twitter|Twitter/X]] account.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Anoushka |date=6 May 2024 |title=Ola CEO Bhavish Aggarwal Sparks Debate On Gender Pronouns, Calls It "Illness" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/ola-ceo-bhavish-aggarwal-sparks-debate-on-gender-pronouns-calls-it-illness-5600728 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2024 |title=Ola's Bhavish Aggarwal: Better to send this illness back where it came from ... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/social/olas-bhavish-aggarwal-better-to-send-this-illness-back-where-it-came-from-/articleshow/109894800.cms |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Hoping that this “pronoun illness” doesn’t reach India.

Many “big city schools” in India are now teaching it to kids. Also see many CVs with pronouns these days. Need to know where to draw the line in following the west blindly!|author=Bhavish Aggarwal}}He termed the use of [[preferred gender pronoun]]s as a "western illness", which caused an online backlash from some on [[Twitter|X]] with some users labelling him as [[Homophobia|homophobic]], [[Transphobia|transphobic]] and [[Conservatism|conservative]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Ola CEO Bhavish Aggarwal calls non-binary gender pronouns 'western illness'; draws online flak |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ola-ceo-bhavish-aggarwal-calls-non-binary-gender-pronouns-western-illness-draws-online-flak-3011424 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karan |first=Rewati |date=12 May 2024 |title=They/them and everything in between |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/theythem-and-everything-in-between/3484501/ |work=Financial Express}}</ref> [[LinkedIn]] removed his posts on "gender illness" citing community guidelines,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2024 |title=Ola's Bhavish Aggarwal reacts after LinkedIn removes his post on 'pronoun illness': 'Rich of you to call...' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/olas-bhavish-aggarwal-reacts-after-linkedin-removes-his-post-on-pronoun-illness-rich-of-you-to-call-12718167.html |work=MoneyControl}}</ref> following which [[Ola Cabs|Ola Consumer]] switched cloud services from [[Microsoft Azure]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2024 |title=Bhavish Aggarwal vs LinkedIn: Ola to switch from Microsoft Azure to its own Krutrim Cloud |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/bhavish-aggarwal-vs-linkedin-ola-to-switch-from-microsoft-azure-to-its-own-krutrim-cloud-101715423560969.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[ET Awards]], Richest of the year, 2017<ref name="et awards">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/et-awards-2017-the-best-and-the-brightest/entrepreneur-of-the-year/slideshow/61311783.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |title=ET Awards 2017: The best and the brightest |date=28 October 2017 |accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Bhavish}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ola Cabs]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]

Pal, Mahendragarh

2026-03-17T03:34:31Z

Lpsglobalschool: new new pg

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox village
| area_total_ha = 144
| population_total = 1,136
| population_as_of = 2011
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 123028
}}

'''Pal''' is a village in [[Mahendragarh district]] of [[Haryana]], India. It is part of the [[Mahendragarh Assembly constituency]] and the Bhiwani-Mahendragarh parliament constituency. The nearest town Mahendragarh.

Pal has a total land area of 144 hectares with a population of 1,136 people in 209 households. The village has a literacy rate of 76.79%, with 90.28% of men and 61.23% of women being literate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pal Village Population - Mahendragarh - Mahendragarh, Haryana |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/62042-pal-haryana.html |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Villages in Mahendragarh district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

M. N. Appu

2026-03-14T21:59:11Z

Lpsglobalschool: put up some post basic info

{{Short description|Indian film editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = MN Appu
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| image =
| parents =
| occupation = Film editor
|
}}
'''MN Appu''' was a film editor who was active in Malayalam cinema between 1974 and 1990. In a career spanning nearly two decades, he edited more than 25 feature films in Malayalam. He worked predominantly with director [[K. G. George|KG George]], having edited 12 of his movies. He also collaborated with [[Ramu Kariat]], [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]], [[K. P. Kumaran|KP Kumaran]], [[Sathyan Anthikad|Sathyan Anthikkad]], and [[K. P. Pillai|KP Pillai]].

He won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]] twice: for [[Nellu (1974 film)|''Nellu'']] (1974), which was co-edited with [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]], and for ''[[Yavanika]]'' (1982).<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala State Awards 1985|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|publisher=PRD Kerala|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=5 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|url-status=dead}}, 2 July 2006</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nellu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jc-FBrHyYdI|date=11 October 2013}}</ref>

In addition, five feature films edited by him—[[Nellu (1974 film)|''Nellu'']], ''[[Rappadikalude Gatha]]'', [[Kolangal (1981 film)|''Kolangal'']], ''[[Yavanika]]'', and ''[[Irakal]]''—have won a total of nine Kerala State Film Awards in various categories. ''[[Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback]]'' was selected for the Indian Panorama category<ref>{{cite news|title=About Indian Panorama|url=https://dff.nfdcindia.com/IndianPanorama.aspx|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals of India}}</ref> of the International Film Festival of India held in Mumbai. Another film edited by him, ''[[Pappan Priyappetta Pappan]]'', has attained a cult following over the years.

==Filmography==
*[[Nellu (1974 film)|''Nellu'']] (1974)
*''[[Madhurappathinezhu]]'' (1975)
*''[[Rappadikalude Gatha]]'' (1978)
*''[[Ashtamudikkaayal]]'' (1978)
*[[Oolkatal|''Ulkadal'']] (1979)
*[[Kolangal (1981 film)|''Kolangal'']] (1981)
*''[[Yavanika]]'' (1982)
*''[[Kaattile Paattu]]'' (1982)
*''[[Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback]]'' (1983)
*''[[Adaminte Vaariyellu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Panchavadi Palam]]'' (1984)
*''[[Principal Olivil]]'' (1985)
*''[[Irakal]]'' (1985)
*''[[Puzhayozhukum Vazhi]]'' (1985)
*''[[Pappan Priyappetta Pappan]]'' (1986)
*''[[Kathakku Pinnil]]'' (1987)
*''[[Mattoral]]'' (1988)
*''Thaala'' (1988)<ref>{{cite news|title=Thaala|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2pCSlWmg8k}}</ref>
*''[[Ee Kanni Koodi]]'' (1990)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Malayalam film editors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Bavla taluka

2026-03-12T12:39:08Z

Lpsglobalschool: starting new entry with sources

{{Short description|Sub-district in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bavla
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bavla]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 158191
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.com/subdistrict/bavla-taluka-ahmadabad-gujarat-3784|title=Bavla Taluka Population, Religion, Caste Ahmadabad district, Gujarat - Census India|website=www.censusindia.co.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-079
| registration_plate = GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
| image_map = BAVLA-TALUKA MAP (Eng A).jpg
| Literacy =
}}

'''Bavla taluka''' is a taluka of [[Ahmedabad district]] of [[Gujarat|Gujarat state]] in the western part of [[India]]. Bavla is the headquarters of this taluka. [[Bhogavo River]] passes through this taluka.

== Villages ==

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ahmedabad district}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]

{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Cars24

2026-03-10T16:38:29Z

Lpsglobalschool: starting new article

{{short description|Online used car marketplace}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Cars24 Services Private Limited
| logo = Cars24_logo.svg
| logo_caption =
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2015}}
| area_served = India Thailand Australia UAE<ref>{{cite news |title=Cars24 to reduce burn rate further, target 'sustainable growth' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/cars24-to-reduce-burn-rate-further-target-sustainable-growth/articleshow/96033010.cms |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| location_city = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]
| hq_location_country = India
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list| Vikram Chopra|Gajendra Jangid|Ruchit Agarwal|Mehul Agarwal}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|5535|c|lk=on}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|-468|c|lk=on}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=Cars24 registered marginal growth in revenues in FY23 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/earnings/cars24-registered-marginal-growth-in-revenues-in-fy23-losses-widened-11623181.html |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |date=30 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| industry = [[Used car]]s
| services = {{Unbulleted list|Car sales|Resale Paperwork|Loans}}
| num_employees = 6,000+ (2023)<ref name="fy23"/>
| subsid = Cars24 Financial Services
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.cars24.com/|cars24.com}}
}}
'''Cars24''' is an Indian multinational online [[used car]] marketplace headquartered in [[Gurgaon]].<ref name="gurgaon">{{cite news |last1=Gooptu |first1=Biswarup |title=Cars24 set to pick up $80 million from backers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/cars24-set-to-pick-up-80-million-from-backers/articleshow/69317411.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=14 May 2019}}</ref> The company is considered among the four major organised players in the used car segment in India.<ref name="major players">{{cite news |title=Mahindra First Choice plans to have 1,300 dealerships by Mar |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/mahindra-first-choice-plans-to-have-1300-dealerships-by-mar/1883111 |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=Outlook India |agency=PTI}}</ref>

==History==

Cars24 was founded in 2015 by Vikram Chopra, Mehul Agrawal, Gajendra Jangid and Ruchit Agarwal as a platform to buy and sell used cars.<ref name="sales"/> In 2021, the company expanded its operations internationally in several countries, including the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Thailand]] and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-06|title=CARS24 Eyes $2 Bn In Revenue By FY23 On Back Of International Expansion, Financing Services|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/cars24-eyes-2-bn-in-revenue-by-fy23-on-back-of-international-expansion-financing-services/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Cars24 platform facilitates the transaction and has an offline presence.<ref name="facilitating transactions">{{cite news |last1=Ghaswalla |first1=Amrita Nair |title=A new turn to used-car sales |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/emerging-entrepreneurs/a-new-turn-to-usedcar-sales/article9552050.ece |access-date=14 July 2020 |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=20 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Apart from selling used cars, the company's services include paperwork such as transferring the car to the name of the new owner which enables end-to-end transactions and offers an online auction platform to businesses looking to sell their pre-owned cars.<ref name="other services">{{cite news |last1=Mukul |first1=Jyoti |title=Used auto startup CARS24 develops vehicle matching app for dealers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/used-auto-dealer-cars24-develops-vehicle-matching-app-to-clear-unsold-stock-120062800493_1.html |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=Business Standard India |date=28 June 2020}}</ref> In 2019, the company started offering verified used cars where the company offered a buyback guarantee on the vehicles verified by inspection.<ref name="verified">{{cite news |title=Consumers Can now Buy Cars from CARS24 |url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Consumers-Can-now-Buy-Cars-from-CARS24/16-12-2019-180527/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=Business World India |language=en}}</ref>

The company operates 202 branches across 73 cities in India as of 2019.<ref name="reach">{{cite news |title=The One Who Solves Supply Shall Create The Biggest Auto Company In India Vikram Chopra CARS24 |url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/The-One-Who-Solves-Supply-Shall-Create-The-Biggest-Auto-Company-In-India-Vikram-Chopra-CARS24/15-06-2020-287427/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=Business World India |language=en}}</ref> Apart from its own branches, the company has a tie-up with more than 10,000 channel partners across 230 cities in India.<ref name="other services"/> The company touched 150,000 annual car sales in 2019.<ref name="sales">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Sudhir |title=Cars 24: Now buy and sell used cars sans any hassles |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/cars-24-now-buy-and-sell-used-cars-sans-any-hassles/1658946/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=29 July 2019}}</ref>

[[File:CARS24 Official New Logo.png|thumb|Old logo of CARS24]]
In May 2020, the company launched Cars24 Moto.<ref name="CARS24 moto">{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Vikram |title=Cars24's two-wheeler vertical to be called Cars24 Moto: 200+ bikes, scooters sold post lockdown |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/cars24s-two-wheeler-vertical-to-be-called-cars24-moto-200-used-pre-owned-second-hand-bikes-scooters-sold-post-lockdown/1999210/ |access-date=14 July 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> Cars24 Moto is a service which allows customers to sell used two-wheelers such as [[motorbike]]s, [[moped]]s and [[scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]]s on its platform. It also launched a service offering vehicles inspection services at the customers location in place of their branch.<ref name="bikes">{{cite news |title=CARS24 introduces pre-owned two-wheeler sales on its platform |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/cars24-introduces-preowned-twowheeler-sales-on-its-platform/1839408 |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=Outlook India |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref name="home inspection">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rajiv |title=Cover Story: How Covid-19 Has Forced A Clutch Of Startups To Pivot |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/coronavirus/cover-story-how-covid19-has-forced-a-clutch-of-startups-to-pivot/60163/1 |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

==Funding and endorsements==

Cars24 raised US$50 million in Series A and Series B rounds combined. In 2018, it raised a further US$50 million in Series C round of funding.<ref name="series c">{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Supraja |last2=Gooptu |first2=Biswarup |title=CARS24 tanks up for a Rs 340 crore ride |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/cars24-tanks-up-for-a-rs-340-crore-ride/articleshow/65033011.cms |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=18 July 2018}}</ref>

Cars24 raised US$100 million in a Series D round of funding in 2019. Investors in the company include [[Sequoia Capital]], Exor Seeds, partners of [[DST Global]], Kingsway Capital, KCK and Unbound and Moore Strategic Ventures.<ref name="series d">{{cite news |last1=Gooptu |first1=Biswarup |title=Cars24 has closed $100 million in Series D funding |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/cars24-has-closed-100-million-in-series-d-funding/articleshow/71624311.cms |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=18 October 2019}}</ref> As a part of the series D round of funding, the company received an investment from cricketer [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], who simultaneously became the company's brand ambassador.<ref name="dhoni">{{cite news |title=MS Dhoni invests in CARS24, roped in as brand ambassador |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/ms-dhoni-invests-cars24-brand-ambassador-5901921/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=13 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Cars24 raised US$200 million in Series E round of funding in 2020 and became a unicorn startup as it was valued at over a $1 billion.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

Apart from Dhoni, actors [[Boman Irani]],<ref name="boman irani">{{cite news |last1=Tanwar |first1=Sangeeta |title=Selling a used car made easy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/selling-a-used-car-made-easy-117072000031_1.html |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=Business Standard India |date=20 July 2017}}</ref> [[Mandira Bedi]] and [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] have endorsed the company in [[commercial advertisement]]s.<ref name="mandira bedi nawazuddin siddiqui">{{cite news |title=Cars24 appoints Hypersonic to lead new marketing campaign |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/cars24-appoints-hypersonic-to-lead-new-marketing-campaign201809141826480001/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=ANI News |agency=ANI |language=en}}</ref>

Cars24 became the primary and front-of-shirt sponsor of [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (SRH) for [[2022 Indian Premier League]]. Cars24's sponsorship of SRH marks the first time that a company from the second-hand cars category has sponsored an IPL team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=Sunrisers Hyderabad names Cars24 as principal sponsor |url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/sunrisers-hyderabad-names-cars24-as-principal-sponsor/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=SportsMint Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Subsidiaries==

The company established Cars24 Financial Services as a subsidiary in 2019.<ref name="launch financial services">{{cite news |title=Cars 24 gets NBFC licence |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/cars-24-gets-nbfc-licence/1656748/ |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=26 July 2019}}</ref> The company received an [[NBFC]] license from [[Reserve Bank of India]] in July 2019.<ref name="nbfc">{{cite news |title=New consumer lending business key growth driver: Cars24 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/sep/24/new-consumer-lending-business-key-growth-driver-cars24-2038334.html |access-date=14 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=24 September 2019}}</ref> Cars24 Financial Services provides [[consumer loan]] facilities to [[car dealer]]s and end customers in the used car segment across 50 cities in India.<ref name="launch financial services"/> In 2019-20 the company claimed to have disbursed loans worth {{INRConvert|400|c|lk=on|year=2019}}.<ref name="financial services">{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Nandita |title=Cars24 Financial Services raises ₹10 crore in first debt funding |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/cars24-financial-services-raises-rs-10-crore-in-first-debt-funding-11594275951270.html |access-date=10 July 2020 |work=Livemint |date=9 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Online automotive companies]]
[[Category:Used car market]]

G. Gangadharan Nair

2026-03-05T07:46:49Z

Lpsglobalschool: starting a info

{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1946)}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. Gangadharan
| image =
| image_size = 270px
| birth_name = G. Gangadharan Nair
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|10|02}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
}}
'''G. Gangadharan Nair''' (born October 2, 1945) is a Sanskrit scholar and a pioneer in the field of spoken Sanskrit. He has a PhD in Sanskrit grammar and Master of Arts degrees in Russian and Sanskrit. He has taught in Sanskrit colleges and universities. He was the research guide of Fathima Beevi, "the first Muslim lady to get her PhD in Vedanta (the supreme branch of Hindu philosophy)".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/apr/28sans.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Kerala lady becomes the first Muslim to earn doctorate in Sanskrit|website=www.rediff.com|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Nair was born on October 2, 1946, at Vazhoor, [[Kerala]] as son of V. K. Gopala Pillai, a freedom fighter and a scholar of Sanskrit and indigenous medicine. He had his traditional education of Sanskrit Grammar from Swami Vidyananda Tirthapada, grand disciple of [[Chattampi Swamikal]]. He had Oriental and Western type of Sanskrit education, especially of Sanskrit Grammar and linguistics in the Government Sanskrit College, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and the [[University of Kerala]]. At the same time, he received Master of Arts degree in Russian language and literature from the Department of Russian, [[University of Kerala]]. He studied under M. H. Shastri(whom he later succeeded in the Government Sanskrit College, Trivandrum).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/|title=Archive News|website=The Hindu|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref> He obtained his PhD degree for his thesis on the [[Unadi Sutras]], Ancient Indian etymological treatise under the guidance of V. Venkatasubramania Iyer and R. Karunakaran.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

==Career==
He was professor and head of Department of Sanskrit Grammar and director of planning and development in the Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady. He was member of the senate of the Cochin University of Science and Technology, member of the senate of Rashtriya Sanskrit University, [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]. He was expert member in the faculty of Oriental studies, A.P. Singh University, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. He is a UGC nominee on the advisory committee of DRS programme of the Department of Sanskrit, [[Rabindra Bharati University]], Kolkota. He is currently the Dean of Faculty of Sanskrit Grammar of the Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady. He is also the chairman of the academic council of Sukrtindra Oriental Research Institute, Cochin and member of the editorial board of the journal of the same institute.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sukrtindraoriental.org/Journal.htm |title=Journal |access-date=2009-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619081345/http://sukrtindraoriental.org/Journal.htm |archive-date=2010-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has done extensive research on Indian theories of hermeneutics and has made valuable contribution to the studies on ancient hermeneutics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDJ443/|title=Indian Theories of Hermeneutics|website=exoticindiaart.com|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref> His paper on Non-Paninian Influence on Narayanabhatta <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aggarwaloverseas.com/TocBooks/45173.html |title=Introduction - N |access-date=2011-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707093524/http://www.aggarwaloverseas.com/TocBooks/45173.html |archive-date=2011-07-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is considered an extensive study on the alternative pargmatice approaches to Paninian Grammar in Sanskrit.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, G. Gangadharan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Linguists of Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scholars]]
{{improve categories|date=February 2024}}

Manthoppu Kiliye

2026-03-04T04:46:30Z

Lpsglobalschool: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manthoppu Kiliye
| image = Manthoppu Kiliye.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M. A. Kaja
| producer = M. A. Kaja S. Bhoominathan Bros. Amuthua
| screenplay = M. A. Kaja
| story = Ram-Rahim
| starring = [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] [[Unni Mary|Deepa]]
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| cinematography = T. V. Balu
| editing = M. Umanath – Mani
| studio = Kadayanallur Cine Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1979|10|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Manthoppu Kiliye''''' ({{Translation|Mango grove's parrot}}) is 1979 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by M. A. Kaja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=9 September 2020 |title='குருவம்மா', 'ஒச்சாயி கிழவி', 'கஞ்சப்புருஷனின் மனைவி'; நிகரில்லா நடிகை; 'நடிப்பு ராட்சஷி' காந்திமதி! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/576556-actress-gandhimathi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607080253/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/576556-actress-gandhimathi.html |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> It stars [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] and [[Unni Mary|Deepa]], with [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Gandhimathi]] and [[Suruli Rajan]] in supporting roles. The film was released on 20 October 1979.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 1979 |title=மாந்தோப்புக் கிளியே! |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-4-4 |access-date=23 May 2024 |work=Anna |pages=8 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Suruli Rajan played a niggard in the film which got very popular among the people. The film did well at the box office for his comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மாதவன் |first=பிரதீப் |date=25 July 2014 |title=அந்த நாள் ஞாபகம் : எளிய மனிதர்களின் பிரதிநிதி! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/10585-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820043722/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/10585-.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2013 |title=புகழின் சிகரத்தில் இருந்தபோது சுருளிராஜன் திடீர் மரணம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/13215301/surulirajan-cinema-history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220171345/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/12/13215301/surulirajan-cinema-history.html |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: ஒரே ஆண்டில் 50 படங்களில் நடித்த சுருளிராஜன் |trans-title=Suruli Rajan acted 50 films in a year |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/59034/cinema/Kollywood/Surulirajan-acted-50-films-in-a-year.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201033647/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/59034/cinema/Kollywood/Surulirajan-acted-50-films-in-a-year.htm |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=1 February 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2014 |title=Kollywood characters |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kollywood-characters/article6283360.ece/photo/12/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820051051/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kollywood-characters/article6283360.ece/photo/12/ |archive-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
Raghupathy is an honest manager of a cement company, Arun is a worker of this company Mohan, the dishonest owner of another cement company tries to persuade Raghupathy to buy his products and promises commission of {{INR}}1 for each cement bag but he fails due to Raghupathy's honest nature. Late Mohan persuades Arun who accepts this plan due to his greed for money but the plan fails when Raghupathy discovers it, to take revenge he befriends Madan, who wants to marry Arun's sister Saratha who refuses this proposal due to bad nature of Madan and is wed to Shiva, brother of Raghupathy this event is opposed by Arun, however he is unsuccessful in cancelling Saratha's marriage, later Arun succeeds in dismissing Raghupathy from his job by falsely accusing him of stealing the company's money. The three families live separately.

Arun and Jayanthi's family is destroyed by Arun's greed, as he offers his wife to Madan for sex due to his greed for money, but his wife refuses to satisfy sexual favours of Madan. The second family prospers due to wise use of money. Due to which Raghupathy and Saratha are hired. Sulochana and Kasi's family is destroyed due to the misery nature of Kasi Nathan, predominantly due to the death of Kasi Nathan's son.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Siva
*[[Unni Mary|Deepa]] as Saratha
*[[Suruli Rajan]] as <nowiki>''Kanjan''</nowiki> Kasinathan
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Raghupathy
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Sulochana<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |title=9வது ஆண்டு நினைவு நாள்: கதாநாயகி காந்திமதி |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=91060 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820050416/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=91060 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] as Homeopathy doctor
*[[Shanthi Williams]] as Lakshmi
*[[Praveena Bhagyaraj]] as Jayanthi
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as Iyer
*[[S. N. Parvathy]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Lyrics were written By M. A. Kaja and Poonkuyilan. The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanthoppu Kiliye Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganehsh |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/maanthoppu-kiliye-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganehsh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223090624/https://macsendisk.com/product/maanthoppu-kiliye-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganehsh/ |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Length
|-
|"Machana Paaru"
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|4:01
|-
|"Poovum Malarnthirukku"
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Vani Jairam
|4:12
|-
|"Vellikilamai Vidikaalai"
|Vani Jairam
|4:53
|-
|"Pullimaan Pola"
|Vani Jairam
|4:17
|}

== Reception ==
Nagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' wrote Kaja's desire to give a different kind of film can be seen here and there, the courage to criticize the corrupt society is commendable but the story begins and ends when you think, there is no completeness in anything.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 1979 |title=மாந்தோப்புக் கிளியே! |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-4-26 |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|first=நாகை |last=தருமன் }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1979 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pudhu Manithan

2026-03-03T05:01:28Z

Lpsglobalschool: new new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pudhu Manithan
| image = Pudhu Manithan.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| screenplay = Manivannan [[R. M. Veerappan]]
| story = R. M. Veerappan [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
| producer = R. M. Veerappan V. Tamil Azhagan V. Selvam V. Thangaraj
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Bhanupriya]]|[[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]]}}
| cinematography = S. Sankar
| editing = K. R. Krishnan
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Sathya Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|03|22}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pudhu Manithan''''' ({{translation|New person}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[Manivannan]]. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Bhanupriya]], with [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] as the antagonist. It was released on 22 March 1991 and became a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=31 March 1991 |title=புது மனிதன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-03-31/page/n55/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230523045652/https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-03-31/page/n55/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-05-23 |access-date=2023-05-23 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=55 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=புது மனிதன் / Pudhu Manithan (1991) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/pudhu-manithan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226144058/https://screen4screen.com/movies/pudhu-manithan |archive-date=26 December 2021 |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
Kabali, an orphan, lives in a slum with an old [[Brahmin]] woman named Pangajam, and he considers her like his mother. Kabali is a fisherman and also the slum's rowdy, but he has a heart of gold. He went to jail many times only because he fought against injustice.

Suganthi, a chorus singer who is also an orphan, often returns home late. For her safety, she uses Kabali's name to avoid the rowdies and lies that she is his girlfriend. One day, Kabali meets her and slaps her for misusing his name. Thereafter, he falls in love with her.

Sundar is a rich man and womanizer. He is able to have any girls he wants by money or force. His mother sympathizes with Suganthi and decides to get her married to Sundar.

When Kabali decides to propose his love to Suganthi, she first tells him that she has accepted Sundar's marriage proposal, and she invites him to the wedding. Kabali is then heartbroken as he knows about Sundar's bad habits, but he decides to hide the truth because he does not want to hurt her feelings.

At the wedding day, however, Sundar stops the marriage because he thinks that Suganthi has an illicit affair with Kabali. Kabali tells him that he is wrong and challenges him to arrange their marriage another day. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Kabali
*[[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] as Sundar
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Suganthi
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Pankajam
*[[Goundamani]] as Rasappa
*[[Madhuri (Tamil actress)|Madhuri]] as Lakshmi
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Saradha
*[[Thalapathi Dinesh]] as Henchman
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Henchman
*[[Manivannan]]
*[[Halwa Vasu|Vasu]]
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya]]
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] in a cameo appearance
*[[L. R. Eswari]] in a cameo appearance
*[[Shankar–Ganesh]] in a cameo appearance
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 1991 |title=Pudhu Manithan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pudhu-manithan/VOlzEwk0nxg_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226140727/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pudhu-manithan/VOlzEwk0nxg_ |archive-date=26 December 2021 |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pudhu Vasantham – Pudhu Manithan Tamil Film Audio CD |url=https://mossymart.com/product/pudhu-vasantham-pudhu-manithan-tamil-film-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226140935/https://mossymart.com/product/pudhu-vasantham-pudhu-manithan-tamil-film-audio-cd/ |archive-date=26 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!!lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Angam Unathu Angam" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Vairamuthu]] || 5:49
|-
| "Nilavukku Thaalaattu" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Na. Kamarasan]] || 4:53
|-
| "Othuda Othuda" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Kovai Kamala || Kalidasan || 5:32
|-
| "Valaikku Thappiya Meenu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Vairamuthu || 4:34
|-
| "Thinam Thinam" || K. S. Chithra || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] || 4:30
|-
| "Yelelankuyilae" || K. S. Chithra || Vairamuthu || 4:21
|}

== Reception ==
C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it super entertaining with Manorama, Sathyaraj and director Manivannan as strong pillars.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=7 April 1991 |title=புது மனிதன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-04-07/page/n65/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230523045333/https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-04-07/page/n65/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-05-23 |access-date=2023-05-23 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Deva won the [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Music Director]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 1992 |title='Chinnathambi' Bags ''Cinema Express'' Award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432%2C722114 |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ikk

2026-03-03T02:35:23Z

Lpsglobalschool: New Info

{{Short description|2021 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ikk
| image = Ikk_Tamil_movie_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Babu Tamizh
| writer = Babu Tamizh
| producer = Naveen
| starring = Yogesh [[Guru Somasundaram]] Anicka Vikhraman
| cinematography = K.S.Radhakrishnan
| editing = Manikumaran Sankara
| music = Gavaskar Avinash
| studio = Dharmraj Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2021|12|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Ikk''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action-adventure film|action adventure film]] written and directed by Babu Tamizh (''[[Jiivi]]'''s writer) in his directional debut and produced by Dharmraj Films.<ref name="IKK Teaser1" /> The film stars debutant Yogesh, [[Guru Somasundaram]] and Anicka Vikhraman with a supporting cast including [[Y. G. Mahendran]] and [[Aadukalam Naren]].<ref name="IKK 2" /> The film released in theatres on 10 December 2021.<ref name="IKK Teaser" />

== Cast ==

* Yogesh as Vasanth Chandrasekhar
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Gnanaprakasam
* Anicka Vikhraman as Dhanya Vasanth
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]]
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Kanagavel Rajan

== Reception ==
Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave a rating of 2 out on 5 and wrote, "Writing a story with an unreliable narrator isn't an easy feat, but it is effective only when it translates into an engaging watch. If only Ikk had turned into one, it would have been as unique as the title."<ref name="IKK CE Review" /> ''Behindwoods'' gave a rating of 2.5 out on 5 and wrote, "Babu Tamizh's unique concept and writing makes Ikk an engaging watch."<ref name="IKK BW Review" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="IKK Teaser">{{Cite web |title=First look motion poster of Babu Tamizh's 'Ikk' is out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-motion-poster-of-babu-tamizhs-ikk-is-out/articleshow/88139472.cms |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IKK Teaser1">{{Cite web |title=Teaser of 'Jiivi' writer Babu Tamizh's IKK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/teaser-of-jiivi-writer-babu-tamizhs-ikk/articleshow/79676562.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511085814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/teaser-of-jiivi-writer-babu-tamizhs-ikk/articleshow/79676562.cms |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IKK 2">{{Cite web |title=Gurusomasundaram and Yogesh in an experimental psychological fantasy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gurusomasundaram-and-yogesh-in-an-experimental-psychological-fantasy/articleshow/87740908.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205212854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gurusomasundaram-and-yogesh-in-an-experimental-psychological-fantasy/articleshow/87740908.cms |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IKK CE Review">{{Cite web |title=Ikk Movie Review: Interesting premise doesn't translate into an engaging watch |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/dec/10/ikk-movie-review-interesting-premise-doesnt-translate-into-an-engaging-watch-28351.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210181020/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/dec/10/ikk-movie-review-interesting-premise-doesnt-translate-into-an-engaging-watch-28351.html |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IKK BW Review">{{Cite web |title=Ikk Movie Review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/ikk/ikk-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211093931/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/ikk/ikk-review.html |archive-date=11 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Men Will Be Men

2026-03-02T09:58:48Z

Lpsglobalschool: Refined content and updated sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Men Will Be Men
| image =
| caption =
| director = Gorky
| producer = Samar Khan
| writer = [[Harsh Khurana]]
| starring = [[Men Will Be Men#Cast|See More]]
| music = {{ubl|Harpreet|Advait Nemlekar}}
| screenplay = Harsh Khurana
| cinematography = Sahil Kapoor
| editing = Devang Kakkad
| studio = [[Red Chillies Idiot Box]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.redchillies.com/men-will-be-men/index.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101235419/http://www.redchillies.com/men-will-be-men/index.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2011|title=Idiot Box | Red Chillies Entertainments|date=1 November 2011}}</ref>
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]]
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|4|29}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|19 [[lakh]]}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/men-will-be-men/box-office/|title=Men Will Be Men Box Office Collection | India | Day Wise | Box Office - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama}}</ref>
}}

'''''Men Will Be Men''''' is a 2011 Indian Hindi film starring [[Gaurav Chopra]], [[Rohit Khurana]], [[Zeenal Kamdar]], [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] and [[Rahil Tandon]]. The film was produced by [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] and directed by Gorky.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/bonding-time-for-men-will-be-men-cast/articleshow/8065059.cms|title=Bonding time for Men Will Be Men cast|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Gaurav Chopra]] as Jimmy
*[[Zeenal Kamdar]] as Deepa
*[[Rohit Khurana]] as Sundar
*[[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Preet
*[[Rahil Tandon]] as Bobby
*[[Rajesh Khattar]] as Boss

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "Come on Bollywood. Grow up and give us a good sex caper".<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/men-will-be-men/movie-review/8118755.cms</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|men-will-be-men}}

[[Category:Red Chillies Entertainment films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Thailand]]
[[Category:Red Chillies Idiot Box]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

West Africa

2026-02-25T12:14:45Z

Lpsglobalschool: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Westernmost region of the African continent}}
{{About||the album|West Africa (album){{!}}''West Africa'' (album)|the magazine|West Africa (magazine){{!}}''West Africa'' (magazine)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox
| image = [[File:Western-Africa-map.svg|300px]]
| caption = {{align|left|{{legend|#00a000|Western Africa ([[United Nations geoscheme|UN subregion]])}}}}
| bodyclass = geography
| above = West Africa
| label1 = Area
| data1 = {{convert|6142700|km2|abbr=on}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|7th]])
| label2 = Population
| data2 = {{UN_Population|Western Africa}} ({{UN_Population|Year}} est.) ([[List of countries by population|3rd]]){{UN_Population|ref}} 468,184,000 (2025 est.<ref name="UN Wt Af">[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, custom data acquired via website. [https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/]</ref>)
| label3 = Density
| data3 = 76.21/km2 (197.4/sq mi)
| label4 = [[Demonym]]
| data4 = West African
| label5 = Countries
| data5 = {{collapsible list
| title = {{nowrap|Sovereign states (16)}}
|bwn titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;
|{{BEN}} |{{BUR}} |{{CPV}} |{{GMB}} |{{GHA}} |{{GUI}} |{{GBS}} |{{CIV}} |{{LBR}} |{{MLI}} |{{MTN}} {{small|(sometimes excluded)}} |{{NIG}} |{{NGA}} |{{SEN}} |{{SLE}} |{{TOG}} }}
| label6 = Dependencies
| data6 = {{flagcountry|SHN}}
| label7 = Time zones
| data7 = [[UTC−1]] to [[UTC+1]]
| label8 = Major Regional Organizations
| data8 = [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS; established 1975)
| label9 = Total [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| data9 = {{US$|link=yes}}3.413 trillion (2025) ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|23rd]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&pr.y=13&sy=2012&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=668%2C638%2C748%2C678%2C624%2C692%2C694%2C722%2C662%2C724%2C648%2C652%2C742%2C656&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a= |title=IMF GDP 2011 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>
| label10 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) per capita
| data10 = $7,290 (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=80&pr1.y=16&c=638%2C668%2C748%2C678%2C624%2C692%2C694%2C662%2C722%2C724%2C648%2C652%2C742%2C656%2C654&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=IMF GDP data, September 2011 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>
| label11 = Total [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal)
| data11 = $705 billion (2025)<ref name="IMF GDP Nominal data, October 2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=95&pr.y=7&sy=2013&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=668%2C638%2C748%2C678%2C624%2C692%2C694%2C722%2C662%2C724%2C648%2C652%2C742%2C656&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a= |title=IMF GDP data, October 1515 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-06/nigerian-economy-overtakes-south-africa-s-on-rebased-gdp.html|title=Nigerian Economy Overtakes South Africa's on Rebased GDP|date=7 April 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg News |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>
| label12 = Total [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal) per capita
| data12 = $1,506 (2025)<ref name="IMF GDP Nominal data, October 2013"/>
| label13 = Currency
| data13 = {{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title =
| {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana cedi|Cedi]] {{smaller|(GHS)}} 
| {{flagicon|Gambia}} [[Gambian dalasi|Dalasi]] {{smaller|(GMD)}} 
| {{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinean franc|Franc]] {{smaller|(GNF)}} 
| {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberian dollar|Dollar]] {{smaller|(LRD)}} 
| {{flagicon|Mauritania}}
[[Mauritanian Ouguiya|Ouguiya]]
{{smaller|(MRU)}} 
| {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigerian naira|Naira]] {{smaller|(NGN)}} 
| {{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[Saint Helena pound|Pound]] {{smaller|(SHP)}}
| {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Sierra Leonean leone|Leone]] {{smaller|(SLL)}} 
| {{nowrap|[[West African CFA franc|W. African CFA franc]] {{smaller|(XOF)}}}}}}
| label14 = Largest cities
| data14 = {{collapsible list|
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Lagos]]
* {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Abidjan]]
* {{flagicon|MLI}} [[Bamako]]
* {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Accra]]
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Kano (city)|Kano]]
* {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Dakar]]
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Abuja]]
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ibadan]]
* {{flagicon|BFA}} [[Ouagadougou]]
* {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Kumasi]]
}}
| label15 = [[UN M.49|UN M.49 code]]
| data15 = <code>011</code> – West Africa <code>202</code> – [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] <code>002</code> – [[Africa]] <code>001</code> – [[World]]
}}
[[File:Regions of the African Union.svg|thumb|250px|Regions of the African Union: 
{{Infobox/Columns|
{{legend|#66c2a5|Northern}}
{{legend|#fc8d62|Western}}
{{legend|#8da0cb|Southern}}|
{{legend|#a6d854|Eastern}}
{{legend|#e78ac3|Central}}}}
Note that [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] in [[North Africa|Northern Africa]] are parts of [[Spain]].]]
'''West Africa''', also known as '''Western Africa''', is the westernmost region of [[Africa]]. The [[United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa|United Nations defines]] Western Africa as the 16 countries of [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Cape Verde]], [[The Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Liberia]], [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], [[Senegal]], [[Sierra Leone]], and [[Togo]], as well as [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] ([[United Kingdom Overseas Territories|a United Kingdom Overseas Territory]]).<ref name="UNSD Country and Area Codes">{{cite web|url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-date=13 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm}}</ref><ref name="Paul R. Masson 2001">Paul R. Masson, Catherine Anne Pattillo, "Monetary union in West Africa (ECOWAS): is it desirable and how could it be achieved?" (Introduction). International Monetary Fund, 2001. {{ISBN|1-58906-014-8}}</ref> As of 2021, the population of West Africa is estimated at {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|Western Africa}}|,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million,{{UN_Population|ref}} and approximately 382 million in 2017, of which 189.7 million were female and 192.3 million male.<ref name="UN Wt Af">[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, custom data acquired via website. [https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/]</ref> The region is one of the fastest growing in Africa, both demographically<ref>{{Cite web|title=West African population, 1950–2050 {{!}} West Africa Gateway {{!}} Portail de l'Afrique de l'Ouest|url=http://west-africa-brief.org/content/en/west-african-population-1950-2050|access-date=2021-10-30|website=west-africa-brief.org|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030144214/http://west-africa-brief.org/content/en/west-african-population-1950-2050|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and economically.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UEMOA economies are projected to grow by 6.6% in 2020 {{!}} West Africa Gateway {{!}} Portail de l'Afrique de l'Ouest|url=http://www.west-africa-brief.org/content/en/uemoa-economies-are-projected-grow-66-2020|access-date=2021-10-30|website=west-africa-brief.org|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030144214/http://www.west-africa-brief.org/content/en/uemoa-economies-are-projected-grow-66-2020|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Historically, West Africa was home to several powerful states and empires that controlled regional trade routes, including the [[Mali Empire|Mali]] and [[Gao Empire]]s. Positioned at a crossroads of trade between [[North Africa]] and sub-Saharan Africa, the region supplied goods such as [[gold]], [[ivory]], and advanced [[iron-working]]. During [[European exploration of Africa|European exploration]], local economies were incorporated into the [[Atlantic slave trade]], which expanded existing systems of slavery. Even after the [[Blockade of Africa|end of the slave trade in the early 19th century]], colonial powers — especially [[French West Africa|France]] and [[British West Africa|Britain]] — continued to [[Scramble for Africa|exploit the region through colonial relationships]]. For example, they continued exporting [[Extractive industries|extractive goods]] like [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]], [[tropical timber]], and mineral resources. Since gaining independence, several West African nations, such as the [[Ivory Coast]], [[Ghana]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Senegal]] — have taken active roles in regional and global economies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) |url=https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/regional-economic-communities-rec/economic-community-west-african-states |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=United States Trade Representative |language=en}}</ref>

West Africa has a rich [[ecology]], with significant [[biodiversity]] across various regions. Its climate is shaped by the dry [[Sahara]] to the north and east — producing the [[Harmattan|Harmattan winds]] — and by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the south and west, which brings seasonal monsoons. This climatic mix creates a range of [[biome]]s, from [[tropical forest]]s to [[drylands]], supporting species such as [[pangolin]], [[rhinoceros]], and [[elephant]]. However, West Africa's environment faces major threats due to [[deforestation]], [[biodiversity loss]], [[overfishing]], [[Environmental effects of mining|pollution from mining]], [[Plastics industry|plastics]], and [[Climate change in Africa|climate change]].

==History==
{{Main|History of West Africa}}

{{Further|Sub-Saharan Africa#Western Africa|African empires#West Africa|List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa#West Africa}}

The history of West Africa can be divided into five major periods: first, its prehistory, in which the first [[human]] settlers arrived, developed [[agriculture]], and made contact with peoples to the north; the second, the Iron Age empires that consolidated both intra-Africa, and extra-Africa trade, and developed centralized states; third, major polities flourished, which would undergo an extensive history of contact with non-Africans; fourth, the colonial period, in which [[Great Britain]] and [[France]] controlled nearly the entire region; and fifth, the post-independence era, in which the current nations were formed.

===Prehistory===
{{Main|Prehistoric West Africa#Early Stone Age 2}}

[[File:Two steatopyous figures said to represent Dahomey pygmies, Wellcome M0012407.jpg|thumb|200px|Representations of [[West African hunter-gatherers]] from the [[Dahomey]] region of [[Benin]]]]

West African populations were considerably mobile and interacted with one another throughout the [[population history of West Africa]].<ref name="Haour II">{{cite book |last1=Haour |first1=Anne |title=Outsiders and Strangers: An Archaeology of Liminality in West Africa |date=25 July 2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969774-8 |page=38 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYBpAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22population+history+of+west+africa%22&pg=PP1 |chapter=Wealth-in-people |doi=10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199697748.001.0001 |oclc=855890703 |s2cid=127485241}}</ref> Acheulean tool-using [[archaic humans]] may have dwelled throughout West Africa since at least between 780,000 BP and 126,000 BP ([[Middle Pleistocene]]).<ref name="Scerri">{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.137 |chapter=The Stone Age Archaeology of West Africa |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |date=2017 |last1=Scerri |first1=Eleanor |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 }}</ref> During the [[Pleistocene]], [[Middle Stone Age]] peoples (e.g., [[Iwo Eleru skull|Iwo Eleru people]],<ref name="MacDonald">{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=Kevin C. |title=Korounkorokalé Revisited: The Pays Mande and the West African Microlithic Technocomplex |journal=The African Archaeological Review |date=1997 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=161–200 |doi=10.1007/BF02968406 |jstor=25130625 |s2cid=161691927 }}</ref> possibly [[Aterians]]), who dwelled throughout West Africa between [[MIS 4]] and [[MIS 2]],<ref name="Niang">{{cite journal |last1=Niang |first1=Khady |last2=Blinkhorn |first2=James |last3=Ndiaye |first3=Matar |last4=Bateman |first4=Mark |last5=Seck |first5=Birame |last6=Sawaré |first6=Gora |title=The Middle Stone Age occupations of Tiémassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |date=December 2020 |volume=34 |article-number=102658 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658 |bibcode=2020JArSR..34j2658N |s2cid=228826414 }}</ref> were gradually replaced by incoming [[Central African foragers|Late Stone Age peoples]], who migrated into West Africa<ref name="Schlebusch">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |last2=Jakobsson |first2=Mattias |title=Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |date=31 August 2018 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=405–428 |doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759 |pmid=29727585 }}</ref> as an increase in humid conditions resulted in the subsequent expansion of the [[Guinean Forests of West Africa|West African forest]].<ref name="Scerri II">{{cite journal |last1=Scerri |first1=Eleanor M. L. |title=Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene |journal=Scientific Reports |year=2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |article-number=70 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4 |pmid=33431997 |pmc=7801626 |oclc=8878081728 |s2cid=231583475}}</ref> [[West African hunter-gatherers]] occupied western [[Central Africa]] (e.g., [[Shum Laka]]) earlier than 32,000 BP,<ref name="MacDonald" /> dwelled throughout [[Guinea (region)|coastal West Africa]] by 12,000 BP,<ref name="MacDonald X">{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Kevin C. |title=Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses |chapter=Archaeology, language and the peopling of West Africa: a consideration of the evidence |date=2 September 2003 |publisher=Routledge |pages=39–40, 43–44 |isbn=978-0-203-20291-3 |doi=10.4324/9780203202913-11 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |oclc=815644445 |s2cid=163304839 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48iKiprsRMwC&q=%22West+African+hunter-gatherers%22&pg=PA37}}</ref> and migrated northward between 12,000 BP and 8000 BP as far as Mali, Burkina Faso,<ref name="MacDonald X" /> and Mauritania.<ref name="Abd-El-Moniem">{{cite book |last1=Abd-El-Moniem |first1=Hamdi Abbas Ahmed |title=A New Recording of Mauritanian Rock Art |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444476/1/U591781.pdf |date=May 2005 |page=221 |publisher=University of London |oclc=500051500 |s2cid=130112115}}</ref>

[[File:Fondazione Passaré V31 474.jpg|thumb|200px|upright=1.15|[[Round Head Period|Round Head]] figure wearing a [[Barbary sheep]]-styled mask<ref name="Soukopova XX">{{cite book |last1=Soukopova |first1=Jitka |title=Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara |chapter=Round Head Paintings and Landscape |date=16 January 2013 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |pages=45–55 |isbn=978-1-4438-4579-3 |oclc=826685273 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07wwBwAAQBAJ&q=Tuareg&pg=PR5}}</ref>]]

During the [[Holocene]], [[Niger-Congo]] speakers independently created pottery in [[Ounjougou]], Mali<ref name="Ness">{{cite book |last1=Ness |first1=Immanuel |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |chapter=Sub-Saharan Africa: Linguistics |date=10 November 2014 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |page=100 |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |oclc=890071926 |s2cid=160957067 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&q=niger+congo+bce&pg=PA100}}</ref><ref name="Ehret V">{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher |title=Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE |date=2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24410-5 |pages=14–17 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5KjEAAAQBAJ |chapter=African Firsts in the History of Technology |doi=10.2307/j.ctv34kc6ng.5 |jstor=j.ctv34kc6ng.5 |oclc=1330712064}}</ref><ref name="Jesse">{{cite journal |last1=Jesse |first1=Friederike |title=Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview |journal=Journal of African Archaeology |date=December 2010 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=219–238 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10171 |jstor=43135518 }}</ref> – the earliest [[Pottery#Africa|pottery in Africa]]<ref name="Huysecom X">{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.66 |chapter=The First Emergence of Ceramic Production in Africa |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology |date=2020 |last1=Huysecom |first1=Eric |isbn=978-0-19-085458-4 }}</ref> – by at least 9400 BCE,<ref name="Ness" /> and along with their pottery,<ref name="Huysecom X" /> as well as wielding independently invented [[bows and arrows]],<ref name="Blench">{{cite web|last1=Blench |first1=Roger |title=Africa over the last 12000 years: how we can interpret the interface of archaeology and linguistics? |date=21 October 2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/28768228 |pages=13, 25 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref><ref name="Roy">{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: Before the Rise of the West, 10,000 BCE–1500 CE |date=15 September 2021 |page=Unnumbered |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-43212-1 |oclc=1261367188 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yE85EAAAQBAJ&q=Bows+arrows+West+Africa+independently+hunting |chapter=Military Convergence and the Bronze Age Civilisations of Eurasia}}</ref> migrated into the Central Sahara,<ref name="Huysecom X" /> which became their primary region of residence by 10,000 BP.<ref name="Blench" /> The emergence and expansion of ceramics in the Sahara may be linked with the origin of Round Head and Kel Essuf rock art, which occupy rockshelters in the same regions (e.g., [[Djado]], [[Tadrart Acacus|Acacus]], [[Tadrart Rouge|Tadrart]]).<ref name="Achrati">{{cite journal |last1=Achrati |first1=Ahmed |title=What ever Happened to the People? Humans and Anthropomorphs in the Rock Art of Northern Africa: International Conference (Brussels, 17, 18 & 19 September 2015) |journal=Rock Art Research |date=May 2020 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=109–112 |id={{Gale|A623569190}} {{ProQuest|2403309251}} }}</ref> Hunters in the Central Sahara farmed, stored, and cooked undomesticated central Saharan [[flora]],<ref name="Mercuri">{{cite journal |last1=Mercuri |first1=Anna Maria |title=Plant behaviour from human imprints and the cultivation of wild cereals in Holocene Sahara |journal=Nature Plants |date=29 January 2018 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=73 |doi=10.1038/s41477-017-0098-1 |pmid=29379157 |s2cid=3302383 |hdl=11380/1153032 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> underwent domestication of [[antelope]],<ref name="Aïn-Séba">{{cite journal |last1=Aïn-Séba |first1=Nagète |title=Saharan rock art, a reflection of climate change in the Sahara |journal=Tabona |date=2022 |volume=22 |pages=303–317 |doi=10.25145/j.tabona.2022.22.15 }}</ref> and [[domesticated]] and shepherded [[Barbary sheep]].<ref name="Mercuri" /> After the [[Kel Essuf Period]] and [[Round Head Period]] of the Central Sahara, the [[Pastoral Period]] followed.<ref name="Soukopova I">{{cite journal |last1=Soukopova |first1=Jitka |title=Central Saharan rock art: Considering the kettles and cupules |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |date=August 2017 |volume=143 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.1016/J.JARIDENV.2016.12.011 |s2cid=132225521 |bibcode=2017JArEn.143...10S }}</ref> Some of the hunter-gatherers who created the Round Head rock art may have adopted pastoral culture, and others may have not.<ref name="Soukopova X">{{cite journal |last1=Soukopova |first1=Jitka |title=Tassili Paintings: Ancient roots of current African beliefs? |date=September 2015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/24483825 |journal=Expression |issn=2499-1341 |pages=116–120}}</ref> As a result of increasing [[aridification]] of the [[Green Sahara]], Central Saharan [[hunter-gatherers]] and cattle [[herders]] may have used seasonal [[waterway]]s as the migratory route taken to the [[Niger River]] and [[Chad Basin]] of West Africa.<ref name="Soukopova II">{{cite journal |last1=Soukopova |first1=Jitka |title=Rain and rock art in the Sahara: a possible interpretation |date=2020 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43418786 |journal=Expression |issn=2499-1341 |pages=79–90}}</ref> In 2000 BCE, "[[Thiaroye]] Woman",<ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{cite book |last1=LaGamma |first1=Alisa |title=Sahel: Art and Empires on the Shores of the Sahara |date=2020 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-687-7 |pages=74–75}}</ref> also known as the "[[Venus figurine|Venus]] of Thiaroye",<ref name="Thiam">{{cite journal |last1=Thiam |first1=Mandiomé |title=Milieu et culture matérielle dans le Néolithique sénégambien |journal=Antropo |date=2012 |volume=27 |pages=13–121 |url=http://www.didac.ehu.es/antropo/27/27-16/Thiam.pdf |oclc=884501689 |s2cid=160637192}}</ref><ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art"/> may have been the earliest [[statuette]] created in [[Sub-Saharan]] West Africa; it may have particularly been a [[Fertility rite|fertility]] statuette, created in the region of [[Senegambia]],<ref name="Thiam" /> and may be associated with the emergence of [[complex society|complexly organized]] [[Pastoral period|pastoral societies]] in [[History of West Africa#Iron Age|West Africa]] between 4000 BCE and 1000 BCE.<ref name="LaGamma">{{cite book |last1=LaGamma |first1=Alisa |title=Sahel: Art and Empires on the Shores of the Sahara |date=2020 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-687-7 |pages=74–75 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_cfLDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Thiaroye%22+%22Venus%22&pg=PP2 |chapter=Pre-Islamic Artistic Patronage}}</ref> Though possibly developed as early as 5000 BCE,<ref name="Akpan" /> [[Nsibidi]] may have also developed in 2000 BCE,<ref name="Hales">{{cite thesis |last1=Hales |first1=Kevin |title=The Moving Finger: A Rhetorical, Grammatological and Afrinographic Exploration of Nsibidi in Nigeria and Cameroon |date=2015 |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1431071905 |page=15 }}</ref><ref name="Akpan">{{cite book |last1=Akpan |first1=Unwana Samuel |title=African Media Space and Globalization |date=24 August 2023 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-031-35060-3 |page=32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPPSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |chapter=African Traditional Media: Looking Back, Looking Forward |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-35060-3_1 |oclc=1395910241}}</ref> as evidenced by depictions of the [[West African script]] on [[Ikom monoliths]] at [[Ikom]], in [[Nigeria]].<ref name="Akpan" /> Migration of Saharan peoples south of the Sahelian region resulted in seasonal interaction with and gradual absorption of West African hunter-gatherers, who primarily dwelt in the [[West Sudanian savanna|savannas]] and [[Guinean Forests of West Africa|forests]] of West Africa.<ref name="MacDonald X" /> In West Africa, which may have been a major regional cradle in Africa for the [[domestication]] of crops and animals,<ref name="Shen">{{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Quan-Kuan |display-authors=etal |title=Genomic analyses unveil helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) domestication in West Africa |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=1 May 2021 |volume=13 |issue=evab090 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab090 |pmid=34009300 |pmc=8214406 |oclc=9123485061 |s2cid=234783117 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Scarcelli">{{cite journal |last1=Scarcelli |first1=Nora |title=Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication |journal=Science Advances |volume=5 |issue=5 |article-number=eaaw1947 |year=2019 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw1947 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.1947S |oclc=8291779404 |pmid=31114806 |pmc=6527260 |s2cid=155124324}}</ref> Niger-Congo speakers domesticated the [[helmeted guineafowl]]<ref name="Murunga">{{cite journal |last1=Murunga |first1=Philip |display-authors=etal |title=Mitochondrial DNA D-Loop Diversity of the Helmeted Guinea Fowls in Kenya and Its Implications on HSP70 Gene Functional Polymorphism |journal=BioMed Research International |year=2018 |volume=2018 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1155/2018/7314038 |pmid=30539018 |pmc=6258102 |oclc=8754386965 |s2cid=54463512 |doi-access=free}}</ref> between 5500 BP and 1300 BP;<ref name="Shen" /> domestication of field crops occurred throughout various locations in West Africa, such as [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]] (d. praehensilis) in the Niger River basin between eastern Ghana and western Nigeria (northern Benin), [[rice]] ([[oryza glaberrima]]) in the [[Inner Niger Delta]] region of Mali, [[Pearl millet#Africa|pearl millet]] ([[cenchrus americanus]]) in northern Mali and Mauritania, and [[cowpeas]] in northern Ghana.<ref name="Scarcelli"/> After having persisted as late as 1000 BP,<ref name="MacDonald X" /> or some period of time after 1500 CE,<ref name="Van Beek">{{cite book |last1=Van Beek |first1=Walter E.A. |last2=Banga |first2=Pieteke M. |title=Bush Base, Forest Farm: Culture, Environment, and Development |chapter=The Dogon and their trees |date=11 March 2002 |publisher=Routledge |page=66 |isbn=978-1-134-91956-7 |doi=10.4324/9780203036129-10 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |oclc=252799202 |s2cid=126989016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppuKAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Tellem%22+%22Dogon%22&pg=PA57}}</ref> remaining West African hunter-gatherers, many of whom dwelt in the [[Guinean forest-savanna mosaic|forest-savanna]] region, were ultimately acculturated and admixed into the larger groups of West African [[agriculturalists]], akin to the migratory [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]]-speaking agriculturalists and their [[Bantu expansion#Central Africa|encounters]] with [[Central African hunter-gatherers]].<ref name="MacDonald X" />

[[File:West African sites with archaeobotanical remains from third to first millennium cal bc.webp|thumb|300px|West African sites with [[archaeobotany|archaeobotanical]] remains from third to first millennium cal bc. The arrows indicate directions of [[pearl millet]] diffusion into [[sub-Saharan]] West Africa.]]

===Empires===
{{Main|History of West Africa#Iron Age}}

{{Further|History of Africa#West Africa|History of Africa#West Africa 2|Blacksmiths of western Africa}}
{{See also|Jews of Bilad el-Sudan}}
[[File:Mansa Musa.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mansa Musa]] depicted holding a [[gold nugget]] from a 1395 map of [[Africa]] and [[Europe]]]]
The development of the region's economy allowed more centralized states and civilizations to form, beginning with [[Dhar Tichitt]] that began in 1600 B.C. followed by [[Djenné-Djenno]] beginning in 300 B.C. This was then succeeded by the [[Ghana Empire]] that first flourished roughly between the 2nd and 12th centuries C.E., which later gave way to the [[Mali Empire]]. In current-day Mauritania, there exist archaeological sites in the towns of [[Tichit]] and [[Oualata]] that were initially constructed around 2000 B.C., and were found to have originated from the [[Soninke people|Soninke]] branch of the [[Mandé peoples]]. Also, based on the archaeology of the city of [[Kumbi Saleh]] in modern-day Mauritania, the Mali empire came to dominate much of the region until its defeat by [[Almoravid]] invaders in 1052.

Three great kingdoms were identified in ''Bilad al-Sudan'' by the ninth century. They included Ghana, [[Gao]] and [[Kanem Empire|Kanem]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Nehemia Levtzion|last1=Levtzion|first1=Nehemia|title=Ancient Ghana and Mali|date=1973|publisher=Methuen & Co Ltd|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8419-0431-6|page=3}}</ref>

The [[Sosso Empire]] sought to fill the void but was defeated ({{Circa|1240}}) by the [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] forces of [[Sundiata Keita]], founder of the new Mali Empire. The Mali Empire continued to flourish for several centuries, most particularly under Sundiata's grandnephew [[Mansa Musa|Musa I]], before a succession of weak rulers led to its collapse under [[Mossi people|Mossi]], [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] and [[Songhai people|Songhai]] invaders. In the 15th century, the Songhai would form a new dominant state based on [[Gao]], in the [[Songhai Empire]], under the leadership of [[Sonni Ali]] and [[Askia Mohammed]].
[[File:African slave trade.png|thumb|13th-century Africa – map of the main trade routes and states, kingdoms and empires]]
Meanwhile, south of Sudan, strong city-states arose in [[Igboland]], such as the 10th-century [[Kingdom of Nri]], which helped birth the arts and customs of the [[Igbo people]], [[Bono state|Bono State]] in the 11th century, which gave birth to the numerous [[Akan people|Akan]] States, while [[Ife]] rose to prominence around the 12th century. Further east, [[Oyo Empire|Oyo]] arose as the dominant [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] state and the [[Aro Confederacy]] as a dominant Igbo state in modern-day Nigeria.

The Kingdom of Nri was a West African medieval state in present-day southeastern Nigeria and a subgroup of the Igbo people. The Kingdom of Nri was unusual in the history of world government in that its leader exercised no military power over his subjects. The kingdom existed as a sphere of religious and political influence over a third of Igboland and was administered by a priest-king called an [[Eze Nri]]. The Eze Nri managed trade and diplomacy on behalf of the Nri people and possessed divine authority in religious matters.

The [[Oyo Empire]] was a [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] empire of what is today Western, North Central [[Nigeria]] and Southern Republic of [[Benin]]. Established in the 14th century, the Oyo Empire grew to become one of the largest West African states. It rose through the outstanding organizational skills of the Yoruba, wealth gained from trade and its powerful [[cavalry]]. The Oyo Empire was the most politically important state in the region from the mid-17th to the late 18th century, holding sway not only over most of the other kingdoms in [[Yorubaland]], but also over nearby African states, notably the [[Fon people|Fon]] [[Kingdom of Dahomey]] in the modern Republic of Benin to the west.

The [[Efik Kingdom]] was also a prominent early Kingdon and the associated [[Ibibio people|Ibibio]] of the present day Nigeria. [[Calabar]], the seat of the Efik Kingdom was the seat of government of the [[Southern Protectorate]] of Nigeria before the amalgamention of veious parts of the present day Nigeiria. For this reason, [[Calabra]] is often considered as the first capital city of nigeria, followed by [[Lagos]] and now [[Abuja]].

The Benin Empire was a [[post-classical]] empire located in what is now southern [[Nigeria]]. Its capital was Edo, now known as [[Benin City]], [[Edo State|Edo]]. It should not be confused with the modern-day country called [[Benin]], formerly called [[Republic of Dahomey|Dahomey]]. The Benin Empire was "one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa, dating perhaps to the eleventh century CE". The Benin Empire was governed by a sovereign Emperor with hundreds of thousands of soldiers and a powerful council rich in resources, wealth, ancient science and technology with cities described as beautiful and large as [[Haarlem]]. "[[Olfert Dapper]], a Dutch writer, describing Benin in his book ''[[Description of Africa (Olfert Dapper)|Description of Africa]]'' (1668) ". Its craft was the most adored and treasured bronze casting in the history of Africa. It was annexed by the [[British Empire]] in 1897 during the invasion and scramble of Africa.

===European contact and slave trade===
{{Main|Atlantic slave trade}}

[[File:Africa de l'Oèst en 1875-es.svg|thumb|right|260px|West Africa {{Circa|1875}}]]
Portuguese traders began establishing settlements along the coast in 1445, followed by the [[France|French]], [[England|English]], [[Spain|Spanish]], [[Denmark|Danish]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]]; the [[African slave trade]] began not long after, which over the following centuries would debilitate the region's economy and population.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 |title=Historical survey: Slave-owning societies |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090720/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 |archive-date=23 February 2007}}</ref> The slave trade also encouraged the formation of states such as the [[Bono state|Bono State]], [[Bambara Empire]] and [[Dahomey]], whose economic activities include but not limited to exchanging slaves for European [[firearm]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Peterson|first1=Derek R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Om12BgAAQBAJ|title=The Politics of Heritage in Africa|last2=Gavua|first2=Kodzo|last3=Rassool|first3=Ciraj|date=2015-03-02|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-09485-7}}</ref>

===Colonialism===
{{Further|Colonisation of Africa}}
[[File:French West Africa 1913 map.png|thumb|left|French in West Africa {{Circa|1913}}]]
In the early 19th century, a series of Fulani reformist [[jihad]]s swept across Western Africa. The most notable include [[Usman dan Fodio]]'s [[Fulani Empire]], which replaced the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] city-states, [[Seku Amadu]]'s [[Massina Empire]], which defeated the Bambara, and El Hadj [[Umar Tall]]'s [[Toucouleur Empire]], which briefly conquered much of modern-day Mali.

However, the [[France|French]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] continued to advance in the [[Scramble for Africa]], subjugating kingdom after kingdom. With the fall of [[Samory|Samory Ture]]'s established [[Wassoulou Empire]] in 1898 and the [[Ashanti people|Ashanti]] queen [[Yaa Asantewaa]] in 1902, most West African military resistance to colonial rule resulted in failure.

Part of the West African regions underwent an increase in the [[numeracy]] level throughout the 19th century. The reason for such a growth was predetermined by a number of factors. Namely, the [[peanut]] production and trade, which was boosted by the [[demand]] of the [[Colonialism|colonial states]]. Importantly, the rise of numeracy was higher in the regions which were less [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]] and had less dependence on the [[slavery]] trade (e.g. Sine and Salum). Whereas areas with the opposite trends illustrated opposite tendencies (e.g. central and northern Senegal). Those patterns were further even more stimulated by the French colonial campaign.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baten |first1=Jörg |title=European Trade, Colonialism and Human Capital Accumulation in Senegal, Gambia and Western Mali, 1770 – 1900 |journal=CESifo Working Papers |date=May 2017}}</ref>

Britain controlled the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, and Nigeria throughout the colonial era, while France unified Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Ivory Coast, and Niger into [[French West Africa]]. [[Portugal]] founded the colony of [[Guinea-Bissau]], while [[Germany]] claimed [[Togoland]], but was forced to divide it between France and Britain following [[First World War]] due to the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. Only [[Liberia]] retained its independence, at the price of major territorial concessions.

===Postcolonial era===
{{Further|Decolonisation of Africa|Postcolonial Africa#West Africa|Neocolonialism}}
{{See also|Neocolonialism#Françafrique|West African CFA franc|Status of forces agreement|Foreign Aid to Francophone West Africa}}

Following [[World War II]], nationalist movements arose across West Africa. In 1957, Ghana, under [[Kwame Nkrumah]], became the first West African colony to achieve its independence, followed the next year by France's colonies (Guinea in 1958 under the leadership of President Ahmed Sekou Touré); by 1974, West Africa's nations were entirely autonomous.

Since independence, many West African nations have been submerged under political instability, with notable civil wars in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ivory Coast, and a succession of military coups in [[History of Ghana|Ghana]] and [[History of Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]].

Since the end of colonialism, the region has been the stage for some brutal conflicts, including:
* [[Nigerian Civil War]]
* [[First Liberian Civil War]]
* [[Second Liberian Civil War]]
* [[Guinea-Bissau Civil War]]
* [[First Ivorian Civil War|Ivorian Civil War]]
* [[Sierra Leone Civil War|Sierra Leone Rebel War]]
* [[Mali War]]

==Geopolitical division==
[[File:Map of West AFrica.gif|thumb|350px|<div align="center">[[Geopolitical]] [[State (polity)|States]] of West Africa; 
{{Col-begin|width=100%}}
{{Col-break}}
* '''[[Benin]]'''
* '''[[Burkina Faso]]'''
* '''[[Cape Verde]]'''
* '''[[Ivory Coast]]'''
* '''[[The Gambia]]'''
{{Col-break}}
* '''[[Ghana]]'''
* '''[[Guinea]]'''
* '''[[Guinea-Bissau]]'''
* '''[[Liberia]]'''
* '''[[Mali]]'''
{{Col-break}}
* '''[[Niger]]'''
* '''[[Nigeria]]'''
* '''[[Senegal]]'''
* '''[[Sierra Leone]]'''
* '''[[Togo]]'''

{{Col-break}}
{{Col-end}}
</div>
]]
{{clear left}}
[[Geopolitically]], the [[United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa|United Nations definition]] of [[subregion]] Western Africa includes the preceding states with the addition of [[Mauritania]] (which withdrew from ECOWAS in 1999), comprising an area of approximately 6.1 million square km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/unowa/unowa/bckgrdnew.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516091903/https://www.un.org/unowa/unowa/bckgrdnew.pdf|archive-date=2006-05-16|title=''The UN office for West Africa''}}</ref> The UN region also includes the [[United Kingdom Overseas Territories|United Kingdom Overseas Territory]] of [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] in the south [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name="UNSD Country and Area Codes" />
{{clear left}}

===Area===
In the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations geoscheme for Africa|scheme of African regions]], the region of Western Africa includes 16 [[Sovereign state|states]] and the [[United Kingdom Overseas Territories|United Kingdom Overseas Territory]] of [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]:<ref name="UNSD Country and Area Codes"/> [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Senegal]] and the [[Niger]] are mostly in the [[Sahel]], a transition zone between the [[Sahara Desert|Sahara desert]] and the [[Sudanian Savanna]]; [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[The Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Liberia]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Togo]] and [[Nigeria]] compose most of [[Guinea (region)|Guinea]], the traditional name for the area near the [[Gulf of Guinea]]; [[Mauritania]] lies in the [[Maghreb]], the northwestern region of Africa that has historically been inhabited by West African groups such as the [[Fulani]], [[Soninke people|Soninke]], [[Wolof people|Wolof]], [[Serer people|Serer]] and [[Toucouleur people]],<ref>Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, ''Studies on the Developing Countries, Issues 6–8'', [[Polish Institute of International Affairs]] (1988), p. 53</ref> along with [[Arab-Berber]] [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi people]] such as the [[Tuareg]]; [[Cape Verde]] is an island country in the [[Atlantic Ocean]]; and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha consists of eight main islands located in four different parts of the Atlantic. Due to Mauritania's increasingly close ties to the [[Arab World]] and its 1999 withdrawal from the [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), in modern times it is often considered, especially in Africa, as now part of western [[North Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/sro-na|title=Office for North Africa of the Economic Commission for Africa|publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486026.html|title=2014 UNHCR country operations profile – Mauritania|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/north-africa/mauritania/|title=African Development Bank Group: Mauritania|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref>Facts on File, Incorporated, ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East'' (2009), p. 448, {{ISBN|143812676X}}: "The Islamic Republic of Mauritania, situated in western North Africa..."</ref><ref>David Seddon, ''A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East'' (2004), {{ISBN|020340291X}}: "We have, by contrast, chosen to include the predominantly Arabic-speaking countries of western North Africa (the Maghreb), including Mauritania (which is a member of the Arab Maghreb Union)..."</ref><ref>Mohamed Branine, Managing Across Cultures: Concepts, Policies and Practices (2011), p. 437, {{ISBN|1849207291}}: "The Magrebian countries or the Arab countries of western North Africa (Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia)..."</ref>

===List of countries===

* {{flag|Benin}}
* {{flag|Burkina Faso}}
* {{flag|Cape Verde}}
* {{flag|Ivory Coast}}
* {{flag|The Gambia}}
* {{flag|Ghana}}
* {{flag|Guinea}}
* {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
* {{flag|Liberia}}
* {{flag|Mali}}
* {{flag|Mauritania}}
* {{flag|Niger}}
* {{flag|Nigeria}}
* {{flag|Senegal}}
* {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
* {{flag|Togo}}

=== Cities ===
Major and principal cities in West Africa include, geographically eastward:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Dakar]], Senegal
* [[Touba]], Senegal
* [[Serrekunda]], The Gambia
* [[Bissau]], Guinea-Bissau
* [[Conakry]], Guinea
* [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone
* [[Monrovia]], Liberia
* [[Bamako]], Mali
{{col-3}}
* [[Abidjan]], Ivory Coast
* [[Yamoussoukro]], Ivory Coast
* [[Bouaké]], Ivory Coast
* [[Ouagadougou]], Burkina Faso
* [[Bobo-Dioulasso]], Burkina Faso
* [[Accra]], Ghana
* [[Kumasi]], Ghana
* [[Lomé]], Togo
{{col-4}}
* [[Cotonou]], Benin
* [[Abuja]], Nigeria
* [[Lagos]], Nigeria
* [[Ibadan]], Nigeria
* [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
* [[Kano (city)|Kano]], Nigeria
* [[Benin City]], Nigeria
{{col-end}}

==Environment==
===Nature===
[[File:Rhinoceros blanc- réserve de Bandia - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[rhinoceros]] in Bandia Nature Reserve, [[Senegal]]]]
[[File:Yankari Elephants.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[African bush elephants]] in [[Yankari National Park]], Nigeria]]

Before [[Scramble for Africa|European colonisation]], West African countries such as those from the [[Senegambia|Senegambia region]] (Senegal and the Gambia) used to have a diverse [[wildlife]] including [[lion]]s, [[hippopotamus]], [[elephant]]s, [[antelope]]s, [[leopard]]s etc.<ref>Koslow, Philip, ''Senegambia: Land of the Lion'', Chelsea House Publishers (1997), pp. 11, 35–47, {{ISBN|9780791031353}}.</ref> However, during colonization, the European colonizers such as the French and British killed most of the wildlife particularly the lions, using their body parts as trophies. By the turn of the 20th century, the Senegambia region had lost most of its lion population and other exotic animals due to [[poaching]]. By the 1930s, the Gambian elephant population became extinct. That phenomenon was not only limited to the Senegambia region but affected much of West Africa as the region lost much of its "natural resources once tied so closely to its cultural identity. Poaching has stolen most of its wildlife." The British issued poaching licenses, and although they would later try to reverse the damage that had been done by attempting to preserve what was left of the local wildlife, but by that time, it was too late.<ref name="New York Times">''[[The New York Times]]'', [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/30/world/africa/senegal-baobabs-climate-change.html "Across Senegal, the Beloved Baobab Tree Is the 'Pride of the Neighborhood{{'"}}], by Dionne Searcey (30 Sept. 2018) (Retrieved 1 April 2019)</ref><ref name="Somerville">Somerville, Keith, ''Ivory: Power and Poaching in Africa'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2016), p. 84–85 {{ISBN|9781849046763}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=D2sjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85] (Retrieved 1 April 2019)</ref> During the 1930s, the elephant population in the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] was about 300, and Sierra Leone between 500 and 600. Although a small number of elephants survived in Nigeria, hunting, [[agricultural expansion]] and [[Deforestation in Nigeria|clearing of forest in that country]] drastically affected its wildlife population, particularly elephants.<ref name="Somerville"/>

Despite the historical damage that has been done to the region's wildlife populations, there are still some protected nature reserves within the region. Some of these include:

* The Bandia Nature Reserve in Senegal (French: ''Réserve de Bandia''), animal life includes: [[giraffes]], [[zebras]], [[rhinos]], a variety of antelopes, [[African buffalo|buffaloes]], [[monkeys]], [[crocodiles]], [[tortoises]]. apes and a variety of exotic birds.<ref>Bandia Nature Reserve is sometimes called ''Bandia park reserve'', [[Lonely Planet]], ''Half-Day Somone Lagoon and Bandia Park Safari from Dakar'', [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/senegal/dakar/activities/half-day-somone-lagoon-and-bandia-park-safari-from-dakar/a/pa-act/v-28135P1/355589] (Retrieved 1 April 2019)</ref>
* The [[Yankari National Park]] in Nigeria, animal life includes: the [[African bush elephant]], [[olive baboon]], [[patas monkey]], [[Tantalus monkey]], [[roan antelope]], [[Hartebeest|western hartebeest]], [[West African lion]], [[African buffalo]], [[waterbuck]], [[Cape bushbuck|bushbuck]] and [[hippopotamus]].<ref>Lonely Plane, ''Yankari National Park''[https://www.lonelyplanet.com/nigeria/northern-nigeria/yankari-national-park] (Retrieved 1 April 2019)</ref>
#The [[Ankasa Conservation Area]] in Ghana, animal life includes the elephant, [[bongo (antelope)|bongo]], leopard, [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]], [[Diana Monkey|Diana monkey]], and other primates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tilahun|first1=Mesfin|last2=Damnyag|first2=Lawrence|last3=Anglaaere|first3=Luke C.N.|title=The Ankasa Forest Conservation Area of Ghana: Ecosystem service values and on-site REDD + opportunity cost|journal=Forest Policy and Economics|volume=73|pages=168–176|doi=10.1016/j.forpol.2016.08.011|year=2016}}</ref>
* The [[Mole National Park]] is Ghana's biggest wildlife refuge. It is home to over 83 mammal species including about 800 resident elephants, buffalo, hippos, and warthogs<ref>{{Cite book|last=Riley|first=Laura|title=Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves|date=2005|publisher=Princeton University Press|others=William Riley|isbn=0-691-12219-9|location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=59347952}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Brodowsky|first=Pamela K.|title=Destination wildlife: an international site-by-site guide to the best places to experience endangered, rare, and fascinating animals and their habitats|date=2009|publisher=Penguin|others=National Wildlife Federation|isbn=978-0-399-53486-7|location=New York|oclc=233549707}}</ref> as well as various fauna and flora.

West Africa is also home to several [[Adansonia|baobab]] trees and other [[plant life]]. Some baobab trees are several centuries old and form part of the local folklore, for example, a mythical baobab tree named ''Ngoye njuli'' in Senegal which is regarded as a sacred site by the [[Serer people|Serer]]. The tree itself is rather majestic and looks like a huge [[phallus]] and a deformed animal or thing is protruding from it. It is said to be the dwelling place of a [[pangool]]. Ngoye njuli is protected by the Senegalese authorities and attracts visitors. In West Africa, as in other parts of Africa where the baobab tree is found, the leaves are mixed with couscous and eaten, the bark of the tree is used to make ropes, and the fruit and seeds are used for drinks and oils.<ref name="New York Times"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=V. |last2=Becker |first2=C. |title=Lieux de culte et emplacements celebres dans les pays Sereer (Sénégal) |trans-title=Places of worship and famous locations in the Sereer countries (Senegal) |language=fr |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Série B: Sciences humaines |date=1979 |volume=41 |pages=133–189 }}</ref><ref name="SRC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seereer.org/|title=The Seereer Resource Centre (SRC)|website=The Seereer Resource Centre (SRC)|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430163337/https://www.seereer.org/}}</ref>
[[File:Filepine forest.jpg|thumb|200px| [[Deforestation in Nigeria]]]]

===Deforestation===

{{Further|Deforestation in Nigeria}}
West Africa is greatly affected by [[deforestation]] and has one of the worst deforestation rate.<ref name="ThoughtCo"/> Even "the beloved baobab tree" which is viewed as sacred by some West African cultures are under threat due to [[climate change]], [[urbanization]] and population growth. "Huge swaths of forest are being razed to clear space for palm oil and cocoa plantations. Mangroves are being killed off by pollution. Even wispy [[acacia]]s are hacked away for use in cooking fires to feed growing families."<ref name="New York Times"/> Nigeria, Liberia, Guinea, Ghana and the Ivory Coast, have lost large areas of their [[rainforest]].<ref>Deforestation by Country & Region ("Country Forest Data [sorted by region]") [in] [https://data.mongabay.com/deforestation_rate_tables.htm Mongabay.com] (Retrieved 2 April 2019)
</ref><ref>''Rainforest Destruction'' [in] rainforestweb.org. Archived by [[Wayback Machine]] – [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205200836/http://rainforestweb.org/Rainforest_Destruction/] (Retrieved 2 April 2019)</ref> In 2005, the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations ranked [[Deforestation in Nigeria|Nigeria as the state with the worst deforestation rate]] in the entire world. Causes include logging, [[subsistence agriculture]], and the collection of fuelwoods.<ref>[[Mongabay|Mongabay News]], ''Nigeria has worst deforestation rate, FAO revises figures'' (17 November 2005) by Rhett A. Butler, [http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1117-forests.html] (Retrieved 2 April 2019)</ref>

According to a [[ThoughtCo]] publication authored Steve Nix (2018), almost 90 percent of West Africa's original rainforest has been destroyed, and the rest is "heavily fragmented and in a degraded state, being poorly used."<ref name="ThoughtCo">[[ThoughtCo]], ''The Territory and Current Status of the African Rainforest'' by Steve Nix (4 November 2018) [https://www.thoughtco.com/african-rainforest-1341794] (Retrieved 2 April 2019)</ref>

=== Overfishing ===
[[Overfishing]] is a major issue in West Africa. Besides reducing fish stocks in the region, it also threatens [[food security]] and the livelihoods of many coastal communities that largely depend on [[artisanal fishing]]. The overfishing generally comes from [[Trawling|foreign trawlers]] operating in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/may-july-2017/overfishing-destroying-livelihoods|title=Overfishing destroying livelihoods | Africa Renewal|publisher=United Nations|date=12 May 2017}}</ref>

To combat the overfishing, [[Greenpeace]] has recommended countries reduce the number of registered trawlers operating in African waters, increase the monitoring and control and set up regional fisheries organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-04 |title=Greenpeace welcomes cancellation of fishing licences of 29 foreign trawlers |url=https://en.africanmanager.com/greenpeace-welcomes-cancellation-of-fishing-licences-of-29-foreign-trawlers-2/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=African Manager}}</ref> Some steps have already been taken in the form of [[WARFP]] (the World Bank's West Africa Regional Fisheries Program which empowers west-African countries (i.e. Liberia, Sierra Leone, Cape Verde, and Senegal) with information, training and monitoring systems. Furthermore, Liberia enacted a fisheries regulations Act in 2010<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-05 |title=Liberia Gets New Fisheries Regulations. |url=https://fcwc-fish.org/other-news/liberia-gets-new-fisheries-regulations |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Fisheries Committee for the West Central Gulf of Guinea}}</ref> and installed a satellite-based monitoring system and Senegal enacted a fisheries code in 2015. In Cape Verde, the fishermen communities of Palmiera and Santa Maria have organized themselves to protect fishing zones. Mozambique finally created a [[Conservation biology|conservation]] area, including a coastline.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nepadwatercoe.org/cape-verde-greenpeace-raises-awareness-on-the-state-of-fisheries-in-west-africa/|title=Cape Verde: Greenpeace Raises Awareness on the State of Fisheries in West Africa|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728124507/https://nepadwatercoe.org/cape-verde-greenpeace-raises-awareness-on-the-state-of-fisheries-in-west-africa/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/secretariat/201701/overfishing-threatens-food-security-africa%E2%80%99s-western-and-central-coast-many-fish-species-region-face-extinction-%E2%80%93-iucn-report|title=Overfishing threatens food security off Africa's western and central coast as many fish species in the region face extinction – IUCN report|date=19 January 2017|website=IUCN}}</ref>

===Geography and climate===
West Africa, broadly defined to include the western portion of the [[Maghreb]] ([[Western Sahara]], [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], and [[Tunisia]]), occupies an area in excess of 6,140,000 km2, or approximately one-fifth of Africa. The vast majority of this land is plains lying less than 300 meters above sea level, though isolated high points exist in numerous states along the southern shore of West Africa.<ref name=autogenerated1 />


{|style="background-color:darkgray; color:black; border:thin solid black;" height="230" align="center" valign="bottom" cellpadding=10px cellspacing=0px


|||'''''Western [[Afrotropical realm]]'''''


|-align="center"


|
{|
|-style="text-align:left;text-decoration:none;width:220px;" valign="middle"
|
[[Geography of Benin|Benin]] 
[[Geography of Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]] 
[[Geography of The Gambia|The Gambia]] 
[[Geography of Ghana|Ghana]] 
[[Geography of Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]] 
[[Geography of Guinea|Guinea]] 
[[Geography of Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] 
[[Geography of Liberia|Liberia]] 
[[Geography of Mali|Mali]] 
[[Geography of Mauritania|Mauritania]] 
[[Geography of Nigeria|Nigeria]] 
[[Geography of Niger|Niger]] 
[[Geography of Senegal|Senegal]] 
[[Geography of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]] 
[[Geography of Togo|Togo]] 
|}
|[[File:Afrotropic-Ecozone-West Tropical Africa.svg|300px|none]]
|[[File:Afrotropic-West Tropical Africa.svg|300x430px|none]]

|-align="center" valign="top"


|width="200"|'''State'''
|width="100"|'''The biostate'''
|width="100"|'''Location in Afrotropic'''
|}
[[File:West Africa may 8 2001 1200Z.jpg|thumb|right|upright=2.25|{{center|[[Satellite imagery]] from [[outer space]] of West Africa}}]]

The northern section of West Africa (narrowly defined to exclude the western Maghreb) is composed of semi-arid terrain known as [[Sahel]], a transitional zone between the Sahara and the [[West Sudanian savanna]]. [[Forest]]s form a belt between the savannas and the southern coast, ranging from 160 km to 240 km in width.<ref>Peter Speth. ''Impacts of Global Change on the Hydrological Cycle in West and Northwest Africa'', p. 33. Springer, 2010. Prof. Kayode Omitoogun 2011, {{ISBN|3-642-12956-0}}</ref>

The northwest African region of [[Mauritania]] periodically suffers country-wide plagues of [[locust]]s which consume water, salt and crops on which the human population relies.<ref>''National Geographic'', February 2013, p. 8.</ref>

====Background====
West Africa is west of an imagined north–south axis lying close to [[10th meridian east|10° east longitude]].<ref name=autogenerated1>Peter Speth. ''Impacts of Global Change on the Hydrological Cycle in West and Northwest Africa'', p. 33. Springer, 2010. {{ISBN|3-642-12956-0}}</ref> The Atlantic [[The Atlantic Ocean|Ocean]] forms the western as well as the southern borders of the West African region.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The northern border is the [[Sahara Desert]], with the Ranishanu Bend generally considered the northernmost part of the region.<ref>Anthony Ham. ''West Africa'', p. 79. Lonely Planet, 2009. {{ISBN|1-74104-821-4}}</ref> The eastern border is less precise, with some placing it at the [[Benue Trough]], and others on a line running from [[Mount Cameroon]] to [[Lake Chad]].

Colonial boundaries are reflected in the modern boundaries between contemporary West African states, cutting across ethnic and cultural lines, often dividing single ethnic groups between two or more states.<ref>Celestine Oyom Bassey, Oshita Oshita. ''Governance and Border Security in Africa'', p. 261. African Books Collective, 2010. {{ISBN|978-8422-07-1}}</ref>

In contrast to most of Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa, West Africa is not populated by [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-speaking peoples.<ref>Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson. ''A Dictionary of Archaeology'', p. 28. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. {{ISBN|0-631-23583-3}}</ref>

=== Climate change ===
[[File:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Sahel]] has a [[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid climate]].]]
{{Excerpt|Climate change in Africa|West Africa and the Sahel}}

==Transport==

===Rail transport===
{{Main|ECOWAS rail}}

A Trans-ECOWAS project, established in 2007, plans to upgrade railways in this zone. One of the goals of the [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) is the development of an integrated [[railroad]] network.<ref name="Proposed Ecowas railway"/> Aims include the extension of railways in member countries, the interconnection of previously isolated railways and the standardization of gauge, brakes, couplings, and other parameters. The first line would connect the cities and ports of [[Lagos]], [[Cotonou]], [[Lomé]] and [[Accra]] and would allow the largest container ships to focus on a smaller number of large ports, while efficiently serving a larger [[hinterland]]. This line connects {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} gauge and {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} systems, which would require four rail [[dual gauge]], which can also provide [[standard gauge]].<ref name="Proposed Ecowas railway">[http://www.railwaysafrica.com/2009/10/proposed-ecowas-railway/ "Proposed Ecowas railway"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024131043/http://www.railwaysafrica.com/2009/10/proposed-ecowas-railway/ |date=2009-10-24 }}. ''railwaysafrica.com''.</ref>

===Road transport===
{{Main|Trans–West African Coastal Highway}}

[[File:Dakar-Lagos Highway Map.PNG|450px|right]]
The ''Trans–West African Coastal Highway'' is a transnational [[highway]] project to link 12 West African coastal states, from [[Mauritania]] in the north-west of the region to [[Nigeria]]<ref name="Nigeria Real Estate Market Review">{{cite book |url=https://www.northcourtrealestate.com/download/Nigeria_RE_Market_Review_H1_2022.pdf |title=Nigeria Real Estate Market Review |publisher=Northcourt }}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref> in the east, with feeder roads already existing to two landlocked countries, [[Mali]] and [[Burkina Faso]].<ref name="NEPAD">[https://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol20no3/203-highways.html Itai Madamombe (2006): "NEPAD promotes better transport networks"], ''Africa Renewal'', Vol. 20, No. 3 (October 2006), p. 14.</ref>

The eastern end of the highway terminates at [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]].<ref name="Nigeria Real Estate Market Review"/> [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS) consider its western end to be [[Nouakchott]], [[Mauritania]], or to be [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]], giving rise to these alternative names for the road:
* Nouakchott–Lagos Highway
* Lagos–Nouakchott Highway
* Dakar–Lagos Highway
* Lagos–Dakar Highway
* Trans-African Highway 7 in the [[Trans-African Highway]] network

===Air transport===
The capitals' airports include:
*[[Cadjehoun Airport]] (COO) International; Cotonou, Benin
*[[Ouagadougou Airport]] (OUA); Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
*[[Amílcar Cabral International Airport]] (SID); Praia, Cape Verde
*[[Banjul International Airport]] (BJL) International; Banjul, Gambia
*[[Accra International Airport]] (ACC); Accra; Ghana
*[[Conakry International Airport]] (CKY); Conakry, Guinea
*[[Osvaldo Vieira International Airport]] (OXB); Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
*[[Port Bouet Airport]] (ABJ); Abidjan, Ivory Coast
*[[Roberts International Airport]] (ROB); Monrovia, Liberia
*[[Bamako–Sénou International Airport]] (BKO); Bamako, Mali
*[[Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport]] (NKC); Nouakchott, Mauritania
*[[Diori Hamani International Airport]] (NIM); Niamey, Niger
*[[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]] (LOS); Lagos, Nigeria
*[[Saint Helena Airport]]; Jamestown, Saint Helena
*[[Blaise Diagne International Airport]] (DSS); Dakar, Senegal
*[[Lungi International Airport]] (FNA); Freetown, Sierra Leone
*[[Lomé–Tokoin Airport]] (LFW); Lomé, Togo

Of the sixteen, the most important hub and entry point to West Africa are [[Accra International Airport]], and [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]], offering many international connections.

==Health==
{{Main|History of West Africa#Health}}

West Africa has made considerable improvement in the health outcomes of its populations, despite the challenges posed by pervasive poverty, epidemic diseases, and food insecurity. The traditional communicable diseases of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis are still the major reasons for mortality. Primary health care is the best answer to curing diseases, as it provides the basic preventive strategies and it reduce the rate of child and maternal morbidity and mortality—two of the most preventable outcomes that can prolong life expectancy at birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azevedo |first=Mario J. |title=Historical Perspectives on the State of Health and Health Systems in Africa, Volume II |chapter=The State of Health System(s) in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities |date=February 2017 |series=African Histories and Modernities |pages=1–73 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-32564-4_1|pmc=7123888 |isbn=978-3-319-32563-7 }}</ref> Recently, mental health problems are on the rise in West Africa, as they are in many other world regions. However, the subject is largely a taboo, and professional treatment is still rare.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abi|first1=Samir|title=Metaphysical explanations|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/west-africa-traditional-or-religious-practices-are-often-preferred-method-treating-mental|website=D+C, Development and Cooperation|date=12 June 2019 }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Hawan nasarawa 3.jpg|thumb|[[Kano Emirate Council|Emir of Kano]] in Nigeria]]
Despite the wide variety of cultures in West Africa, from [[Nigeria]] through to [[Senegal]], there are general similarities in [[Boubou (clothing)|dress]], [[West African cuisine|cuisine]], [[Music of West Africa|music]] and culture that are not shared extensively with groups outside the geographic region. This long history of cultural exchange predates the colonization era of the region and can be approximately placed at the time of the [[Ghana Empire]] (proper: [[Wagadou]] Empire), [[Mali Empire]] or perhaps before these empires. West Africa varies a series of tribes and cultures that have combined a diverse regional subculture.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The History of West Africa |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |isbn=978-1138094144}}</ref>

===Art===
{{Main|African art#West Africa}}

===Traditional architecture===
{{Further|Architecture of Africa#West Africa}}
[[File:Airport in Timbuktu.jpg|thumb|right|A street and airport in [[Timbuktu]], Mali, showing the Sudano-Sahelian architectural style of the West African interior]]

The main traditional styles of building (in conjunction with modern styles) are the distinct [[Sudano-Sahelian architecture|Sudano-Sahelian]] style in inland areas, and the coastal forest styles more reminiscent of other sub-Saharan areas. They differ greatly in construction due to the demands made by the variety of climates in the area, from tropical humid forests to arid grasslands and deserts. Despite the architectural differences, buildings perform similar functions, including the [[compound (enclosure)|compound]] structure central to West African family life or the strict distinction between the private and public worlds needed to maintain taboos or social etiquette.<ref>{{Cite book |title=African Architecture: Evolution and Transformation |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-1560987429}}</ref>

===Clothing===
{{Further|Folk costume#Western Africa}}
[[File:Philip Emeagwali in white "agbada.".jpg|thumb|left|[[Philip Emeagwali]] wearing the [[Boubou (clothing)|boubou]] (or ''agbada''), a traditional robe symbolic of West Africa]]
In contrast to other parts of the continent south of the [[Sahara Desert]], the concepts of [[hem]]ming and [[embroidered|embroidering]] clothing have been traditionally common to West Africa for centuries, demonstrated by the production of various [[breeches]], [[shirts]], [[tunic]]s and [[jackets]]. As a result, the people of the region's diverse nations wear a wide variety of clothing with underlying similarities. Typical pieces of West African formal attire include the knee-to-ankle-length, flowing [[Boubou (clothing)|boubou]] robe, [[dashiki]], and [[Senegalese]] [[kaftan]] (also known as ''agbada'' and ''babariga''), which has its origins in the clothing of nobility of various West African empires in the 12th century. Traditional half-sleeved, hip-long, woven smocks or tunics (known as ''fugu'' in Gurunsi, ''riga'' in Hausa) – worn over a pair of baggy trousers—are another popular garment.<ref>Barbara K. Nordquist, Susan B. Aradeon, Howard University. School of Human Ecology, Museum of African Art (U.S.). ''Traditional African dress and textiles: an exhibition of the Susan B. Aradeon collection of West African dress at the Museum of African Art'' (1975), pp. 9–15.</ref> In the coastal regions stretching from southern Ivory Coast to Benin, a huge rectangular cloth is wrapped under one arm, draped over a shoulder, and held in one of the wearer's hands—coincidentally, reminiscent of [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]' [[toga]]s. The best-known of these toga-like garments is the [[Kente]] (made by the [[Akan people]] of [[Ghana]] and [[Ivory Coast]]), who wear them as a gesture of national pride.

===Cuisine===
{{Main|West African cuisine}}

{{Further|History of West Africa#Cuisine|African cuisine#West Africa|List of African cuisines#West African cuisine}}
[[File:Jollof rice.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jollof rice]] or ''benachin'', one of many Pan–West African dishes found only in West Africa]]

Scores of foreign visitors to West African nations (e.g., [[merchant|traders]], [[historians]], [[emigrant]]s, colonists, missionaries) have benefited from its citizens' generosity, and even left with a piece of its cultural heritage, via its foods. West African cuisines have had a significant influence on those of [[Western culture|Western civilization]] for centuries; several dishes of West African origin are currently enjoyed in the [[Caribbean]] (such as the [[West Indies]] and [[Haiti]]); Australia; the US (particularly [[Louisiana]], [[Virginia]], [[North Carolina|North]] and [[South Carolina]]); Italy; and other countries. Although some of these recipes have been altered to suit the sensibilities of their adopters, they retain a distinct West African essence.<ref>Chidi Asika-Enahoro. ''A Slice of Africa: Exotic West African Cuisines'', Introduction. iUniverse, 2004. {{ISBN|0-595-30528-8}}.{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref>

West African cuisines include fish (especially among the coastal areas), meat, vegetables, and fruits—most of which are grown by the nation's local farmers. In spite of the obvious differences among the various local cuisines in this multinational region, the foods display more similarities than differences. The small difference may be in the ingredients used. Most foods are cooked via boiling or frying. Commonly featured, starchy vegetables include [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]]s, [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]]s, [[cassava]], and sweet potatoes.<ref>Pamela Goyan Kittler, Kathryn Sucher. ''Food and Culture'', p. 212. Cengage Learning, 2007. {{ISBN|0-495-11541-X}}.</ref> Rice is also a staple food, as is the [[Serer people]]'s [[sorghum]] [[couscous]] (called {{-"}}''chereh''{{-"}} in [[Serer language|Serer]]) particularly in Senegal and [[the Gambia]].<ref>[[UNESCO]]. The Case for indigenous West African food culture, p. 4. BREDA series, Vol. 9 (1995), [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001055/105546E.pdf (UNESCO)].</ref> [[Jollof rice]]—originally from the [[Kingdom of Jolof]] (now part of modern-day Senegal) but has spread to the Wolofs of Gambia—is also enjoyed in many Western nations, as well;<ref>Alan Davidson, Tom Jaine. ''The Oxford Companion to Food'', p. 423. Oxford University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-19-280681-5}}.</ref> [[Maafe|Mafé]] (proper: {{-"}}''tigh-dege-na{{-"}}'' or ''domodah'') from [[Mali]] (via the [[Bambara people|Bambara]] and [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]])<ref>''Mafé'' or ''maafe'' is a Wolof word for it, the proper name is ''"domodah"'' among the [[Mandinka people]] of [[Senegal]] and [[Gambia]], who are the originators of this dish, or {{-"}}''tigh-dege-na''{{-"}} among the [[Bambara people]] or Mandinka people of [[Mali]]. "Domodah" is also used by all [[Senegambians]] borrowed from the [[Mandinka language]].</ref>—a peanut-butter stew served with rice;<ref>James McCann. ''Stirring the Pot: A History of African Cuisine'', p. 132. Ohio University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|0-89680-272-8}}.</ref><ref>Emma Gregg, Richard Trillo. ''Rough Guide to The Gambia'', p. 39. Rough Guides, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84353-083-X}}.</ref> [[Akara]] (fried bean balls seasoned with spices served with sauce and bread) from Nigeria is a favorite breakfast for Gambians and Senegalese, as well as a favorite side snack or side dish in [[Brazil]] and the [[Caribbean]] just as it is in West Africa. It is said that its exact origin may be from [[Yorubaland]] in Nigeria.<ref>[[Carole Boyce Davies]] (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences and Culture'', Volume 1, p. 72. ABC-CLIO, 2008. {{ISBN|1-85109-700-7}}.</ref><ref>Toyin Ayeni. ''I Am a Nigerian, Not a Terrorist'', p. 2. Dog Ear Publishing, 2010. {{ISBN|1-60844-735-9}}.</ref> [[Fufu]] (from the [[Twi language]], a dough served with a spicy stew or sauce—for example, [[okra]] stew) from [[Ghana]] is enjoyed throughout the region and beyond even in [[Central Africa]] with their own versions of it.<ref>Dayle Hayes, Rachel Laudan. ''Food and Nutrition''. Dayle Hayes, Rachel Laudan, editorial advisers. Volume 7, p. 1097. Marshall Cavendish, 2008. {{ISBN|0-7614-7827-2}}.</ref> Dishes such as [[taguella]] and [[eghajira]]. are popular among the [[Tuareg people]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Customs & Cuisine of Niger {{!}} Amman Imman {{!}} Dining for Women|url=https://diningforwomen.org/customsandcuisine/customs-cuisine-of-niger-amman-imman/|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920183119/https://diningforwomen.org/customsandcuisine/customs-cuisine-of-niger-amman-imman/}}</ref>

===Recreation and sports===
{{See also|West Africa cricket team}}
[[File:Supportairemimos.jpg|right|Supporters of [[ASEC Mimosas]]|thumb]]
The board game [[oware]] is quite popular in many parts of Southern Africa. The word ''"Oware"'' originates from the [[Akan people]] of Ghana. However, virtually all African peoples have a version of this board game.<ref>''West Africa'', issues 4106–4119, pp. 1487–8. Afrimedia International, (1996)</ref> The major [[multi-sport event]] of West Africa is the ECOWAS Games which commenced at the [[2012 ECOWAS Games]].

[[Association football|Football]] is also a pastime enjoyed by many, either spectating or playing. The major national teams of West Africa, the [[Ghana national football team]], the [[Ivory Coast national football team]], and the [[Nigeria national football team]] regularly win the [[Africa Cup of Nations]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/piersedwards/2010/11/why_does_the_west_dominate_afr.html "Why does the West dominate African football?"] BBC.</ref> Major [[football team]]s of West Africa are [[Asante Kotoko SC]] and [[Accra Hearts of Oak SC]] of the [[Ghana Premier League]], [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba International]] of the [[Nigerian Premier League]] and [[ASEC Mimosas]] of the [[Ligue 1 (Ivory Coast)]]. The football governing body of West Africa is the [[West African Football Union]] (WAFU) and the major tournament is the [[West African Club Championship]] and [[WAFU Nations Cup]], along with the annual individual award of [[West African Footballer of the Year]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/7642679.stm|title=Wafu Cup to make a comeback |date=29 September 2008|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="WAFU split-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2011/05/17/2490472/caf-have-split-the-west-african-football-union-into-two-separate- |title=Caf have split the West African Football Union into two separate zones |publisher=Goal |date=17 May 2011 |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|Music of West Africa}}

{{Further|Music of Africa#West, Central, Southeast and South Africa|Sub-Saharan African music traditions#West Africa}}
[[File:TalkingDrum.jpg|thumb|left|The [[talking drum]] is an instrument unique to West Africa.]]
[[Mbalax]], [[Highlife]], [[Fuji music|Fuji]], [[Afrobeat]], and [[Afrobeats]] are modern musical genres of West Africa and its diaspora.
Traditional [[folk music]] is also well-preserved. Some types of folk music are religious in nature such as the "Tassou" tradition used in [[Serer religion]].<ref>Ali Colleen Neff, ''Tassou: the Ancient Spoken Word of African Women''. 2010.</ref>

====Griot artists====
[[File:Bijoutier et joueurs de kora.jpg|thumb|Kora-playing [[griots]] in [[Senegal]], 1900. Both the [[Kora (instrument)|Kora]], a 21-stringed harp-lute, and the griot musical caste are unique to West Africa.]]

[[Griot]] artists and praise-singing is an important musical tradition related to the oral history of West African culture. Traditionally, musical and oral history as conveyed over generations by griots are typical of West African culture in [[Mandé peoples|Mande]], [[Wolof people|Wolof]], [[Songhai people|Songhay]], [[Serer people|Serer]] and, to some extent, [[Fula people|Fula]] areas in the far west. A hereditary caste occupying the fringes of society, the griots were charged with memorizing the histories of local rulers and personages and the caste was further broken down into music-playing griots (similar to [[bard]]s) and non-music-playing griots. Like Praise-singers, the griot's main profession was musical acquisition and prowess, and patrons were the sole means of financial support. Modern griots enjoy higher status in the patronage of rich individuals in places such as [[Mali]], [[Senegal]], [[The Gambia|Gambia]], [[Mauritania]] and [[Guinea]], and to some extent make up the vast majority of musicians in these countries. Examples of modern popular griot artists include [[Youssou N'Dour]], [[Mamadou Diabate]], [[Sona Jobarteh|Sona Jobareteh]], and [[Toumani Diabate]].

In other areas of West Africa, primarily among the [[Hausa people|Hausa]], [[Mossi people|Mossi]], [[Dagomba people|Dagomba]] and [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] in the area encompassing [[Burkina Faso]], northern [[Ghana]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Niger]], the traditional profession of non-hereditary praise-singers, [[minstrels]], bards and poets play a vital role in extending the public show of power, lineage and prestige of traditional rulers through their exclusive patronage. Like the griot tradition, praise singers are charged with knowing the details of specific historical events and royal lineages, but more importantly need to be capable of poetic improvisation and creativity, with knowledge of traditional songs directed towards showing a patron's financial and political or religious power. Competition between Praise-singing ensembles and artists is high, and artists responsible for any extraordinarily skilled prose, musical compositions, and panegyric songs are lavishly rewarded with money, clothing, provisions and other luxuries by patrons who are usually politicians, rulers, Islamic clerics and merchants; these successful praise-singers rise to national stardom. Examples include [[Mamman Shata]], [[Souley Konko]], [[Fati Niger]], [[Saadou Bori]] and [[Dan Maraya]]. In the case of Niger, numerous praise songs are composed and shown on television in praise of local rulers, Islamic clerics, and politicians.

===Theatre===
{{Further|History of theatre#West African theatre}}

===Film industry===
{{Further|Cinema of Africa#West Africa}}
[[Nollywood]] of Nigeria, is the main film industry of West Africa. The Nigerian cinema industry is the second largest film industry in terms of number of annual film productions, ahead of the [[Cinema of the United States|American film industry]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 September 2009 |url=https://www.un.org/apps//news/story.asp?NewsID=30707&Cr=nigeria&Cr1= |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second-largest film producer – UN |publisher=United Nations |date=5 May 2009}}</ref> [[Cinema of Senegal|Senegal]] and [[Cinema of Ghana|Ghana]] also have long traditions of producing films. The late [[Ousmane Sembène]], the Senegalese film director, producer and writer is from the region, as is the [[Ghanaian]] [[Shirley Frimpong-Manso]].

=== Writing systems ===
{{Further|Writing systems of Africa#West Africa}}{{Expand section|date=September 2025}}

* [[Vai syllabary|Vai]] [[Vai (Unicode block)|(Unicode block)]]
* [[Tifinagh]] [[Tifinagh (Unicode block)|(Unicode block)]]

==Religion==
===Christianity===
{{Further|Christianity in Africa|Religion in Africa#Christianity}}
[[File:Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity, Onitsha.jpg|thumb|Cathedral [[Basilica]] of the Most [[Trinity|Holy Trinity]], [[Onitsha]], Nigeria]]
[[Christianity]] is largely practiced in west Africa [[Christians]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |last2=Zurlo |first2=Gina A. |last3=Hickman |first3=Albert W. |last4=Crossing |first4=Peter F. |title=Christianity 2018: More African Christians and Counting Martyrs |journal=International Bulletin of Mission Research |date=November 2017 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=20–28 |doi=10.1177/2396939317739833 |s2cid=165905763 }}</ref> Christianity was largely introduced from the late 18th century onward, when missionaries from European countries brought the religion to the region.<ref>Robert O. Collins. ''African History: Western African History'', p. 153. Markus Wiener Publishers, 1990. {{ISBN|1-55876-015-6}}</ref> West African Christians are predominantly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] or [[Anglicanism|Anglican]]; some [[Evangelical Christianity|Evangelical]] churches have also been established. Christianity is the predominant religion in [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Benin Republic]], [[Liberia]] to coastal parts of [[Sierra Leone]] and southern part of [[Religion in Nigeria|Nigeria]] and [[Ivory Coast]] . elements of traditional African religion are mixed with Christianity.<ref>Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong. ''Themes in West Africa's History'', p. 152. James Currey Publishers, 2006. {{ISBN|0-85255-995-X}}</ref>

===Islam===
{{Further|Islam in Africa|Religion in Africa#Islam}}
[[File:Djenné Moschee.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|The 13th-century [[Great Mosque of Djenné]] is a superb example of the indigenous [[Sahelian architecture|Sahelian architectural]] style prevalent in the Savannah and Sahelian interior of West Africa. It is listed an [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]]
[[Islam]] is largely practiced in the West African interior and the far west coast of the continent and was introduced to the region by traders in the 8th century. Islamic rules on livelihood, values, dress and practices had a profound effect on the populations and cultures in their predominant areas, so much so that the concept of tribalism{{Vague|date=June 2024}} is less observed by Islamized groups like the [[Wolof people|Wolof]], [[Hausa people|Hausa]], [[Fula people|Fula]], [[Songhai people|Songhai]], [[Zarma people|Zarma]] or [[Soninke people|Soninke]], than they are by non-Islamized groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/westAfrica.html|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Fractured Caliphate and the Regional Dynasties (West Africa)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025134820/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/westAfrica.html|archive-date=2013-10-25}}</ref> Ethnic intermarriage and shared cultural icons are established through a superseded commonality of belief or community, known as [[ummah]].<ref>''Muslim Societies in African History (New Approaches to African History)'', David Robinson, Chapter 1.</ref> Traditional Muslim areas include [[Senegal]], [[Gambia]], [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], [[Guinea]], [[Niger]]; the upper coast of [[Sierra Leone]] the western, northern and far-eastern regions of [[Burkina Faso]]; and the northern half of [[Nigeria]] and [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spread of Islam in West Africa (part 1 of 3): The Empire of Ghana |url=https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/304/spread-of-islam-in-west-africa-part-1 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.islamreligion.com |language=en}}</ref>

===African traditional===
{{Further|Traditional African religion#West Africa|West African Vodun|Religion in Africa#African Traditional Religion}}
[[File:Voodo-altar.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Voodoo altar with several fetishes in [[Abomey]], Benin]]
[[Traditional African religion]]s (noting the many different belief systems) are the oldest belief systems among the populations of this region, and include [[Akan religion]], [[Yoruba religion]], [[Odinani]]-[[Igbo people|Igbo]], and [[Serer religion]]. They are [[Spirituality|spiritual]] [[creed]]s that also perform other functions such as preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the people,<ref>John S. Mbiti. ''Introduction to African Religion'', p. 19. East African Publishers, 1992. {{ISBN|9966-46-928-1}}</ref> and "West African tribal groups" blend social and [[religious ritual]]s together to the point where there is usually not "much distinction" between them.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Salamone |first=Frank A. |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-94180-6 |editor-last=Levinson |editor-first=David |location=New York |page=9}}</ref> Although traditional beliefs vary from one place to the next, there are more similarities than differences.<ref>William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel. ''World History: To 1800'', p. 224. Cengage Learning, 2006. {{ISBN|0-495-05053-9}}</ref>

Most traditional religious organizations "do not have a formal hierarchy of [[priest]]s."<ref name=":02" /> Group rituals are usually overseen by tribal elders who, "within many cultures", "serve as the main religious figures and determine the time, nature, and intricacies of rituals", or [[Shamanism|shaman]] priests who can use magic to heal, control fate, and connect to the spirit world.<ref name=":02" />

==Demographics and languages==
{{further|Demographics of Africa|List of ethnic groups of Africa#West Africa|List of African countries by population|African diaspora|Writing systems of Africa#West Africa}}
[[File:Recent Language Family map.png|thumb|407x407px|Language family map of West Africa]]
Native West Africans primarily speak [[Niger–Congo languages]], belonging mostly, though not exclusively, to its non-Bantu branches, though some [[Nilo-Saharan]] and [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] speaking groups are also found in West Africa. The Niger–Congo-speaking [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], [[Igbo people|Igbo]], [[Fulani]], [[Akan people|Akan]] and [[Wolof people|Wolof]] ethnic groups are the largest and most influential. In the central Sudan/Sahel, [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] or [[Mandé peoples|Mande]] groups are most significant. Chadic-speaking groups, most prominently including the [[Hausa people|Hausa]], and Nilo-Saharan-speaking communities, such as the [[Songhai people|Songhai]], [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] and [[Zarma people|Zarma]], are found in the eastern parts of the Sahel bordering [[Central Africa]]. In [[Mali]], [[Niger]], and [[Burkina Faso]], the nomadic [[Tuareg]] speak the [[Tuareg language]], a Berber language. The population of West Africa is estimated at {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|Western Africa}}|,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million{{UN_Population|ref}} people as of {{UN_Population|Year}}.

Colonial languages also play a pivotal cultural and political role, being adopted as the official languages of most countries in the region, as well as ''linguae franca'' in communication between the region's various ethnic groups. For historical reasons, Western European languages such as [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] predominate in Southern and Coastal subregions, whilst [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (in its [[Maghrebi Arabic|Maghrebi]] varieties) spreads inland northwards.

==Architecture==

''Further information in the sections of [[Architecture of Africa]]:''
* [[Architecture of Africa#North Africa|Prehistoric West African Architecture]]
* [[Architecture of Africa#West Africa|Ancient West African Architecture]]
* [[Architecture of Africa#West Africa 2|Medieval West African Architecture]]

==Science and technology==

''Further information in the sections of [[History of science and technology in Africa]]:''
{{Div col|small=yes}}
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa and the Sahel|Education]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa and the Sahel 2|Astronomy]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa and the Sahel 3|Mathematics]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa|Metallurgy]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa and the Sahel 4|Medicine]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa and the Sahel 5|Agriculture]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa and the Sahel 6|Textiles]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa and the Sahel 7|Maritime technology]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa 2|Architecture]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa 3|Communication systems]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa 4|Warfare]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa and the Sahel 8|Commerce]]
* [[History of science and technology in Africa#West Africa 5|By country]]
{{Div col end}}

==Economic and regional organizations==
[[File:Petroleum regions - West Africa map-fr.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|Map of [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] within West Africa]]

=== Economic Community of West Africa ===
{{Excerpt|Economic Community of West African States}}

=== West African Monetary Union ===
The [[West African Monetary Union]] (or UEMOA from its name in French, ''Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine'') is limited to the eight, mostly Francophone countries that employ the [[CFA franc]] as their common currency. The [[Liptako–Gourma Authority]] of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso seeks to jointly develop the contiguous areas of the three countries.

===Women's peace movement===
Since the adoption of the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325]] in 2000, women have been engaged in rebuilding war-torn Africa. Starting with the [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]] and Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET), the [[peace movement]] has grown to include women across West Africa.

Established on 8 May 2006, [[Women Peace and Security Network – Africa]] (WIPSEN-Africa), is a women-focused, women-led [[Pan-African]] non-governmental organization based in [[Ghana]].<ref name="About WIPSEN">{{cite web|url=http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/about/?lang=en-us|title=WIPSEN|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> The organization focuses on empowering women to have a role in political and peace governance in Africa.<ref name="About WIPSEN"/> It has a presence in Ghana, [[Nigeria]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Liberia]] and [[Sierra Leone]]. Regional leaders of [[nonviolent resistance]] include [[Leymah Gbowee]],<ref>{{cite news | title = WIPSEN EMPOWERS WOMEN…To fight for their rights | url = http://todaygh.com/2011/03/14/wipsen-empowers-women-to-fight-for-their-rights/ | date = 11 December 2010 | work = Ghana Media Group | format = article | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110917084605/http://todaygh.com/2011/03/14/wipsen-empowers-women-to-fight-for-their-rights/ | archive-date = 17 September 2011 }}</ref> [[Comfort Freeman]], and [[Aya Virginie Toure]].

''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]'' is a documentary film about the origin of this peace movement. The film has been used as an advocacy tool in post-conflict zones like [[Sudan]] and [[Zimbabwe]], mobilizing African women to petition for peace and security.<ref>[http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ November 2009 MEDIAGLOBAL] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710093803/http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ |date=2010-07-10 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
===Cityscapes of the largest cities===
{{multiple image
| image1= Lagos_Island.jpg
| alt1=
| width1= 425
| image2= Lagos_1_galleryfull.jpg
| alt2=
| width2= 360
| image3=
| alt3=
| width3= 320
| footer= [[Bird's-eye view]] of the West Africa [[City]] of [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], [[Nigeria]]
| footer_background=#BBDD99
| background color=#BBDD99
| footer_align=center
}}

{{multiple image
| image1 = Abuja, Federal Capital Territory 3.jpg
| alt1 =
| width1 = 368
| image2 = Abuja, Federal Capital Territory 2.jpg
| alt2 =
| width2 = 368
| image3 = Abuja, Federal Capital Territory.jpg
| alt3 =
| width3 = 368
| footer = [[Bird's-eye view]] of the West Africa [[City]] of [[Abuja]], [[Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Federal Capital Territory]], Nigeria
| footer_background = #BBDD99
| background color = #BBDD99
| footer_align = center
}}

{{multiple image
| image1 = City Of Accra.jpg
| alt1 =
| width1 = 335
| image2 = City of Accra.jpg
| alt2 =
| width2 = 437
| image3 = Modern Accra Buildings.jpg
| alt3 =
| width3 = 335
| footer = [[Bird's-eye view]] of the West Africa [[City]] of [[Accra]], [[Greater Accra Region|Greater Accra]], [[Ghana]]
| footer_background = #BBDD99
| background color = #BBDD99
| footer_align = center
}}

{{multiple image
| image1 = AbidjanSib.JPG
| alt1 =
| image2 = Abidjan-Plateau1.JPG
| alt2 =
| image3 = Abidjanpyramid.JPG
| alt3 =
| footer = [[Bird's-eye view]] of the West Africa [[City]] of [[Abidjan]], [[Lagunes Region|Lagunes]], [[Ivory Coast]]
| footer_background = #BBDD99
| background color = #BBDD99
| footer_align = center
| width = 369
}}

{{multiple image
| image1 = Aerial View of Kumasi in 2003.jpg
| alt1 =
| width1 = 352
| image2 = Ghana Commercial Bank in Kumasi.jpg
| alt2 =
| width2 = 352
| image3 = Gravity Road, Kumasi.jpg
| alt3 =
| width3 = 398
| footer = [[Bird's-eye view]] of the West Africa [[City]] of [[Kumasi]], [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]], Ghana
| footer_background = #BBDD99
| background color = #BBDD99
| footer_align = center
}}

{{multiple image
| image1 =
| alt1 =
| width1 = 342
| image2 = PortHacourt1.jpg
| alt2 =
| width2 = 295
| image3 = Pitakwa.jpg
| alt3 =
| width3 = 465
| footer = [[Bird's-eye view]] of the West Africa [[City]] of [[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| footer_background = #BBDD99
| background color = #BBDD99
| footer_align = center
}}

{{clear}}

===Capital cities of West Africa===

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Capital cities of West Africa">
File:Praia coast Cape Verde.jpg|[[Praia]], Cape Verde
File:Dakar - Panorama_urbain.jpg|[[Dakar]], Senegal
File:Imagelomé20.jpg|[[Lomé]], Togo
File:Grande mosquee porto-novo.jpg|[[Porto-Novo]], Benin
File:Street scene niamey 2006 002.jpg|[[Niamey]], Niger
File:Kwamenkrumah av2.JPG|[[Ouagadougou]], Burkina Faso
File:Fort Thornton - Freetown - Sierra Leone.jpg|[[Freetown]], Sierra Leone
File:Banjul great mosque.jpg|[[Banjul]], Gambia
File:Conakry street (3329204314).jpg|[[Conakry]], Guinea
File:Praça Che Guevara, Bissau.jpg|[[Bissau]], Guinea-Bissau
File:Monrovia Street.jpg|[[Monrovia]], Liberia
File:Place des explorateurs, Koulouba - Bamako.jpg|[[Bamako]], Mali
File:Nouakchott.jpg|[[Nouakchott]], Mauritania
File:View_of_Abuja_from_Katampe_hill_01.jpg|[[Abuja]], Nigeria
File:A_drone_footage_of_Accra_central,_Ghana.jpg|[[Accra]], Ghana
File:Quartier_d'Affaires_au_Plateau_à_Abidjan_(29916932210).jpg|[[Abidjan]], Ivory Coast
File:Yamoussoukro - panoramio.jpg|[[Yamoussoukro]], Ivory Coast
File:Overlooking_Jamestown_from_the_south.jpg|[[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]], Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Africa|Geography}}




* {{annotated link|African historiography}}
* {{annotated link|Agroecology in West Africa}}
* {{annotated link|Ajami}}
* {{annotated link|Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa}}
* {{annotated link|List of regions of Africa}}
* {{annotated link|Manillas}}, a form of archaic money unique to West Africa
* {{annotated link|N'Ko script}}
* {{annotated link|North Africa}}
* {{annotated link|Nsibidi|Nsibidi Script}}, an indigenously developed West African writing system
* {{annotated link|Sub-Saharan Africa}}
** {{annotated link|Central Africa}}
** {{annotated link|East Africa}}
** {{annotated link|Southern Africa}}
* {{annotated link|Vai syllabary}}
* {{annotated link|West African Craton}}
* {{annotated link|Western Sahara}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku. ''Themes in West Africa's History'' (2006).
* Brydon, Lynne. "Constructing Avatime: questions of history and identity in a West African polity, c. 1690s to the twentieth century." ''Journal of African History'' 49.1 (2008): 23–42. [https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/17533525/Brydon_2008_Journal_of_African_History.pdf online]
* Collins, Robert O. ''African History: Western African History'' (1990).
* Davidson, Basil. ''A History of West Africa, 1000–1800'' (1978), numerous editions
* Delavignette, Robert. ''Freedom and Authority in French West Africa'' (Routledge, 2018).
* Dueppen, Stephen A. "The archaeology of West Africa, ca. 800 BCE to 1500 CE." ''History Compass'' 14.6 (2016): 247–263.
* Edgerton, Robert B. ''The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa'S Gold Coast'' (2002).
* Fage, J. D. ''A Guide to Original Sources for Precolonial Western Africa Published in European Languages'' (2nd ed. 1994); updated in Stanley B. Alpern, ed. ''Guide to Original Sources for Precolonial Western Africa'' (2006).
* Festus, Jacob et al. eds. ''History of West Africa'' (Vol. 1, 1989).
* Greene, S. E. ''Sacred Sites and the Colonial Encounter: A History of Meaning and Memory in Ghana'' (2002).
* Griswold, Wendy. ''Writing African women: Gender, popular culture and literature in West Africa'' (Zed Books Ltd., 2017).
* Ham, Anthony. ''West Africa'' (2013) [https://archive.org/details/westafrica0000hama online].
* Hayward, Derek F., and Julius Oguntoyinbo. ''Climatology of West Africa'' (Routledge, 2019).
* Hopkins, Antony Gerald. ''An economic history of West Africa'' (2014) [https://archive.org/details/economichistoryo0000hopk online].
* Huber, Caroline, Lyn Finelli, and Warren Stevens. "The economic and social burden of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa." ''Journal of infectious diseases 218.Supplement_5'' (2018): S698–S704.
* Kane, Ousmane Oumar, ''Beyond Timbuktu: An Intellectual History of Muslim West Africa'' (2016).
* {{cite journal |last1=Lavallée |first1=Emmanuelle |last2=Roubaud |first2=François |title=Corruption in the Informal Sector: Evidence from West Africa |journal=The Journal of Development Studies |date=3 June 2019 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1067–1080 |doi=10.1080/00220388.2018.1438597 |s2cid=158886041 |url=https://basepub.dauphine.psl.eu/handle/123456789/24991 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225213442/https://basepub.dauphine.psl.eu/handle/123456789/24991 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Law |first1=Robin |title=Human Sacrifice in Pre-Colonial West Africa |journal=African Affairs |date=1985 |volume=84 |issue=334 |pages=53–87 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097676 |jstor=722523 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Gregory |title=Locating Colonial Histories: Between France and West Africa |journal=The American Historical Review |date=2005 |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=409–434 |doi=10.1086/ahr/110.2.409 |jstor=10.1086/531320 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Martinez-Alvarez |first1=Melisa |last2=Jarde |first2=Alexander |last3=Usuf |first3=Effua |last4=Brotherton |first4=Helen |last5=Bittaye |first5=Mustapha |last6=Samateh |first6=Ahmadou L |last7=Antonio |first7=Martin |last8=Vives-Tomas |first8=Joan |last9=D'Alessandro |first9=Umberto |last10=Roca |first10=Anna |title=COVID-19 pandemic in west Africa |journal=The Lancet Global Health |date=May 2020 |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=e631–e632 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30123-6 |pmid=32246918 |pmc=7186549 }}
* Mazrui, Ali A. ''Islam and the English language in East and West Africa'' (Routledge, 2017).
* Meillassoux, Claude, ed. ''The development of indigenous trade and markets in West Africa: studies presented and discussed at the tenth International African seminar at Fourah Bay college, Freetown, December 1969'' (Routledge, 2018).
* Mendonsa, Eugene L. ''West Africa: An Introduction to Its History'' (2002)
* O'Brien, Donal Cruise, Richard Rathbone, John Dunn, eds. ''Contemporary West African States'' (2002) [https://archive.org/details/contemporarywest00crui online free to borrow]
* {{cite journal |last1=Soares |first1=Benjamin |title=The Historiography of Islam in West Africa: An Anthropologist's View |journal=The Journal of African History |date=March 2014 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=27–36 |doi=10.1017/S0021853713000819 |hdl=1887/25369 |s2cid=162823960 |hdl-access=free }}
* Tonkin, Elizabeth. ''Narrating our pasts: The social construction of oral history'' (Cambridge university press, 1995), on West Africa
* Westermann, Diedrich, and Margaret Arminel Bryan. ''The Languages of West Africa: Handbook of African Languages'' (Routledge, 2017).

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q4412|c=Category:West Africa|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=West Africa|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/West.html#tbl ''West Africa by Region and Country''] – African Studies at [[Columbia University]]
*[http://www.ouestaf.com/ ouestaf.com] – Ouestaf, a West African online newspaper {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.loccidental.net/ Loccidental] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060307145452/http://www.loccidental.net/ |date=7 March 2006 }} – An online West African newspaper {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.westafricareview.com/ West Africa Review] – An e-journal on West Africa research and scholarship {{in lang|en}}
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/638 The Voyage of the Sieur Le Maire, to the Canary Islands, Cape-Verde, Senegal, and Gambia] is the first published writing about Western Africa, dating from 1695 {{in lang|en}}


{{ECOWAS}}
{{Regions of Africa}}
{{authority control}}
{{coord|12|N|3|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:West Africa]]
[[Category:Geography of West Africa]]
[[Category:Regions of Africa]]

Saam Daam Dand Bhed

2026-02-21T04:10:33Z

Lpsglobalschool: new a article

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Saam_Daam_Dand_Bhed-serial.jpg
| caption =
| genre =
| creator = Shyamasis Bhattacharya
| writer = Shyamasis Bhattacharya
| director = Hemant Prabhu
| editor =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| producer = Shyamasis Bhattacharya
| company = Shakuntalam Telefilms
| runtime = 22 minutes
| channel = [[Star Bharat]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|08|28}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2018|09|29}}
| num_episodes = 328
}}

'''''Saam Daam Dand Bhed''''' is an Indian [[political drama]] television series that aired on [[Star Bharat]]. Produced by Shakuntalam Telefilms, the show premiered on 28 August 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saam Daam Dand Bhed TV Serial & New Episodes|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/saam-daam-dand-bhed/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550370569/channelid-10000000053360000/starttime-201709290600|accessdate=29 September 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Akshay Anand to bid adieu to Saam Daam Dand Bhed|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akshay-anand-to-bid-adieu-to-saam-daam-dand-bhed/articleshow/60784313.cms|access-date=21 September 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around Vijay Namdhari and his political journey, where the lust for power tests the bonds of love, family and friendship.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Bhanu Uday]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhanu Uday, Sonal Vengulkar to celebrate Dussehra in Lucknow|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhanu-uday-sonal-vengulkar-to-celebrate-dussehra-in-lucknow/articleshow/60874730.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006060741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhanu-uday-sonal-vengulkar-to-celebrate-dussehra-in-lucknow/articleshow/60874730.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2017|access-date=28 September 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=My character in 'Saam Daam...' hit a chord with audience: Bhanu Uday|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-character-in-saam-daam-hit-a-chord-with-audience-bhanu-uday/articleshow/60398411.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923005613/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-character-in-saam-daam-hit-a-chord-with-audience-bhanu-uday/articleshow/60398411.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2017|access-date=7 September 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Vijay Namdhari, Anant's best friend, Bulbul's husband and Mandira's love interest
*[[Varun Toorkey]] as Anant Singh Baghel, Vijay's best friend, Mandira's husband and King of Kaushalpur
*[[Sonal Vengurlekar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/sonal-vengurlekar-disappointed-trp-sam-dam-dand-bhed-32674/amp/|title=Sonal Vengurlekar: Disappointed with TRP of Sam Dam Dand Bhed|access-date=21 September 2017|publisher=The Indian Wire}}</ref> as Mandira Singh Rajput, CM's daughter, Anant's wife
*[[Aishwarya Khare]] as Bulbul Namdhari, Vijay's wife and love interest

===Recurring===
*[[Perneet Chauhan]] as Tejaswini Singh Baghel, Anant's elder sister
*[[Gireesh Sahedev]] as Pankaj Chaudhary, Vijay's rival, CM's cousin and Mandira's uncle
*[[Shashank Vatsya]] as Rambodh
*Aishwarya Raj Bhakuni as Ragini, as Pankaj Chaudhary's kidnapee
*Aalok Kapoor as Raghavji, a manipulator politician
*Pradeep Shukla as Raguvansh Singh Rajput, aka Baba (Chief Minister aka CM)
*[[Akshay Anand]] as Prabhat Namdhari, Vijay's elder brother
*[[Eva Ahuja]] as Sadhna Namdhari, Prabhat's wife
*Aakarshan Singh as Agastya Namdhari, Vijay's younger brother
*Niel Satpuda as Angad Namdhari, Vijay's Nephew, Prabhat and Sadhna's son
*Afia Tayebali as Vasundra Namdhari, Vijay's Niece, Prabhat and Sadhna's daughter
*Adish Vaidya/Devesh Sharma as Yug, Vasu's husband
*[[Stree (2018 film)|Abhishek Singh Rajput]] as Girl's hostel guy

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Star Bharat Programmes}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]

Reality Ranis of the Jungle

2026-02-16T09:26:44Z

Lpsglobalschool: new a bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Reality Ranis Of The Jungle.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Reality television]]
| based_on = [[:nl:Echte meisjes ...|Echte meisjes ...]]
| presenter = [[Varun Sood (actor)|Varun Sood]]
| starring = [[#Contestants|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = English Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 30
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 45 mins
| company = [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]
| network = [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|09|23}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}
'''''Reality Ranis of the Jungle''''' is an Indian [[reality television]] series based on the Dutch show ''[[:nl:Echte meisjes ...|Echte meisjes ...]]''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Choudhury | first=Shaibalina | title=Reality Ranis of The Jungle: Pavitra Punia to Bebika Dhurve; Know all 12 contestants of Varun Sood-hosted show | website=PINKVILLA | date=12 September 2024 | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-pavitra-punia-to-bebika-dhurve-know-all-12-contestants-of-varun-sood-hosted-show-1347559}}</ref> Produced under [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] and hosted by [[Varun Sood (actor)|Varun Sood]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Varun Sood to host Warner Bros. Discovery's Reality Ranis Of The Jungle | website=DT Next | date=7 September 2024 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/varun-sood-to-host-warner-bros-discoverys-reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-802769 | access-date=23 September 2024 | archive-date=14 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914130731/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/varun-sood-to-host-warner-bros-discoverys-reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-802769 | url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered on [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel]]<ref>{{cite web | title=All-Female Cast Of 12 Stars in Reality Ranis Of The Jungle | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=9 September 2024 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/general/reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-a-new-survival-adventure-reality-show-on-warner-bros-discovery-1822312 | access-date=23 September 2024 | archive-date=20 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920073951/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/general/reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-a-new-survival-adventure-reality-show-on-warner-bros-discovery-1822312 | url-status=live }}</ref> on 23 September 2024 and streams digitally on [[Discovery+]].<ref>{{cite web | title=12 Bold Queens, 1 Untamed Jungle: Who Will Conquer, Who Will Crumble on Warner Bros Discovery's new reality show? | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=10 September 2024 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/pavitra-punia-to-tejaswi-madivada-contestants-of-reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-1822580}}</ref>

The second season was announced on 3 September 2025 and is set to premier on 22 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2025-09-03 |title=Reality Ranis of the Jungle returns with a new season, tougher challenges, and a fierce new battleground |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Sep/03/reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-returns-with-a-new-season-tougher-challenges-and-a-fierce-new-battleground |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{Series overview
| auxA = Contestants
| auxB = Host
| auxC = Cash Prize
| infoA = Winners
| infoB = Runners-up

| color1 = #FDE279
| link1 = Reality Ranis of the Jungle#Season 1
| auxA1 = 12
| auxB1 = [[Varun Sood (actor)|Varun Sood]]
| auxC1 = ₹20,00,000
| episodes1 = 10
| start1 = {{Start date|2024|9|23}}
| end1 = {{End date|2024|10|22}}
| network1 = [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel]] & [[Discovery+]]
| infoA1 = Eksha Kerung
| infoB1 = Arushi Chawla [[Krissann Barretto]]

| color2 = #D7B785
| link2 = Reality Ranis of the Jungle#Season 2
| auxC2 = ₹15,00,000
| episodes2 = 20
| start2 = {{Start date|2025|9|22}}
| end2 = {{End date|2025|10|17}}
| infoA2 =Irina Rudakova
| infoB2 =[[Archana Gautam]] Hiiya Bajwa [[Sara Gurpal]]
}}

== Season 1 ==
=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Contestants
!Age
! scope="col" | Known for
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Place
|-
| Eksha Kerung
|24
| ''[[MTV Supermodel of the Year#Season 2|MTV Supermodel of the Year 2]]''
|{{won|Winner}}
| 1st
|-
| Arushi Chawla
|30
| [[MTV Roadies|''MTV Roadies: Revolution'']]
|{{Runner_up}}
| rowspan="2" | 2nd
|-
| [[Krissann Barretto]]
|33
| ''[[Ace of Space 2]]''
|{{Runner_up}}
|-
| [[Tejaswi Madivada]]
|33
| [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 2|''Bigg Boss Telugu 2'']]
|{{Eliminated}}
|4th
|-
| [[Pavitra Punia]]
|38
| [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 14|''Bigg Boss Hindi 14'']]
|{{Eliminated}}
|5th
|-
| Jeevika Tyagi
|35
| [[Shark Tank India season 3|''Shark Tank India 3'']]
|{{Eliminated}}
| 6th
|-
| Sifat Sehgal
|24
| ''IRL: In Real Love''
|{{Quit}}
|7th
|-
| Anjali Schmuck
|29
| ''[[MTV Supermodel of the Year#Season 1|MTV Supermodel of the Year 1]]''
|{{Eliminated}}
| 8th
|-
| Christeena Biju
|26
| ''[[MTV Love School]]''
|{{Eliminated}}
| 9th
|-
| Bebika Dhurve
|31
| [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series) season 2|''Bigg Boss OTT Hindi 2'']]
|{{Quit}}
| 10th
|-
| Mrunal Shankar
|28
| [[MTV Hustle|''MTV Hustle 3'']]
|{{Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
| Mira Jagannath
|26
| [[Bigg Boss Marathi season 3|''Bigg Boss Marathi 3'']]
|{{Eliminated}}
| 12th
|}

=== Nomination table ===
: {{Color box|lightblue|border=darkgray}} Team Glam Divas
: {{Color box|lightgreen|border=darkgray}} Team Rebel Ranis
: {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Team Lal Ranis
: {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Team Toofani Ranis
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" |
! colspan="2" style="width: 6%;" |Week 1
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="width: 6%;" | Week 2
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="width: 6%;" | Week 3
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="width: 6%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="1" style="width: 6%;" | Week 5
! colspan="2" style="width: 6%;" |Finale Week
|-
! colspan="2" |Episode 1-3
! colspan="2" |Episode 3-4
! colspan="2" |Episode 5-6
! colspan="2" |Episode 7
!Episode 8-9
! colspan="2" |Episode 10
|-
! rowspan="2" |Team Captains
| colspan="4" style="background:lightblue;" |'''Pavitra'''
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Captain''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Captain''
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Tejaswi'''
| colspan="4" style="background:yellow;" |'''Krissann'''
|-
| colspan="12" style="background:#000000;" |
|-
!Eksha
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
|Bebika Mira
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
|Jeevika Mrunal
| style="background:red;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:red;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Anjali Pavitra
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Jeevika Pavitra
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Winner'''
|-
!Arushi
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
|Bebika Mira
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
|Jeevika Mrunal
| style="background:red;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:red;" |
|Jeevika Pavitra
|Jeevika Pavitra
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Runner-up'''
|-
!Krissann
| style="background:lightblue;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:lightblue;" |
|Bebika Anjali
| style="background:yellow;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Christeena (x2)
| style="background:yellow;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Arushi Anjali
|Jeevika Arushi
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Runner-up'''
|-
!Tejaswi
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Bebika Mira
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Jeevika Mrunal
| style="background:yellow;" |
|Sifat
| style="background:yellow;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Anjali Arushi
|Pavitra Krissann
| style="background:navajowhite;" |''Semi- Finalist''
| style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated (Episode 10)''
|-
!Pavitra
| style="background:lightblue;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:lightblue;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Bebika Christeena
| style="background:red;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:red;" |
|Arushi Jeevika
|Arushi Jeevika
| style="background:navajowhite;" |''Semi- Finalist''
| style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated (Episode 10)''
|-
!Jeevika
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
|Bebika Mira
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
|Mrunal Eksha
| style="background:red;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:red;" |
|Arushi Anjali
|Pavitra Arushi
| colspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated (Episode 9)''
|-
!Sifat
| style="background:lightblue;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:lightblue;" |
|Bebika Christeena
| style="background:yellow;" |
|Tejaswi
| style="background:yellow;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Arushi Pavitra
| colspan="3" style="background:darkred;" |''{{Font color|white|Quit, due to injury (Episode 8)}}''
|-
!Anjali
| style="background:lightblue;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:lightblue;" |
|Bebika Krissann
| style="background:red;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:red;" |
|Arushi Jeevika
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated (Episode 7)''
|-
!Christeena
| style="background:lightblue;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:lightblue;" |
|Bebika Sifat
| style="background:yellow;" |
|Tejaswi
| colspan="5" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated (Episode 6)''
|-
!Bebika
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
|Arushi Jeevika
| style="background:lightblue;" |
|Bebika Christeena
| style="background:yellow;" |
| colspan="6" style="background:darkred;" |''{{Font color|white|Quit (Episode 5)}}''
|-
!Mrunal
| style="background:lightblue;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Immune''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
|Jeevika Arushi
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated ''(Episode 4)
|-
!Mira
| style="background:lightgreen;" |
|Jeevika Arushi
| colspan="9" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated ''(Episode 3)
|-
| colspan="12" style="background:#000000;" |
|- style="background:#fcf;"
!Nominated for Survival Challenge
| colspan="2" |Bebika Mira
| colspan="2" |<s>Bebika</s> Christeena <s>Jeevika</s> Mrunal
| colspan="2" |Christeena Tejaswi
| colspan="2" |Arushi Anjali
|Jeevika Pavitra
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |''None''
|- style="background:salmon;"
! rowspan="3" |Eliminated
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Mira'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Mrunal'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Christeena'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''Anjali'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Jeevika'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Pavitra'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Arushi'''
|-
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Krissann'''
|- style="background:salmon;"
|'''Tejaswi'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Eksha'''
|- style="background:lightgrey;" |
!Quit
| colspan="4" |''None''
| colspan="2" style="background:darkred;" |'''{{Font color|white|Bebika}}'''
| colspan="2" |''None''
| style="background:darkred;" |'''{{Font color|white|Sifat}}'''
| colspan="2" |''None''
|}
: {{color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} The contestant was immune prior to nominations.
: {{color box|#fcf|border=darkgray}} The contestant was nominated for elimination.
: {{color box|salmon|border=darkgray}} The contestant was eliminated.
: {{color box|darkred|border=darkgray}} The contestant walked out due to emergency.

=== Prize Pot ===
Teams had to win the money challenges to build their prize pot.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
!Team
!Episode 2
!Episode 3
!Team
! colspan="2" |Episode 5
! colspan="2" |Episode 7
!Episode 8
!Team
!Episode 8
!Episode 9-10
!Final Prize
|-
| style="background:lightblue;" |'''Glam Divas'''
| colspan="2" |₹3,00,000
| style="background:red;" |'''{{Font color|white|Lal Ranis}}'''
|₹7,00,000
| colspan="2" |₹2,00,000
|₹0
|₹6,00,000
| rowspan="2" style="background:black;" |'''{{Font color|white|Teams Merged}}'''
| rowspan="2" |₹12,00,000
| rowspan="2" |₹20,00,000
| rowspan="2" |'''₹20,00,000'''
|-
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''Rebel Ranis'''
|₹0
|₹3,00,000
| style="background:yellow;" |'''Toofani Ranis'''
|₹7,00,000
|₹7,00,000
|₹10,00,000
| colspan="2" |₹6,00,000
|}

=== Episodes ===
{{Episode table |background=#FDE279 |overall=1 |series=1 |title=RROTJ |airdate=23 |episodes={{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 1
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Meet the Ranis
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|23|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 1
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Luxury or Lost
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|24|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 1
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Face-Off in the Jungle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|30|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 1
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Laws of the Jungle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 1
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Survival of the Fittest
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|07|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 1
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Mud Fight
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 1
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Win Some, Lose Some
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 1
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Race to Camp
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 1
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Final Push for Survival
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|21|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 1
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Survival Rani of the Jungle
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|22|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
}}

== Season 2 ==
=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Contestants
!Age
! scope="col" | Known for
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Place
|-
|Irina Rudakova
|35
|[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|''Bigg Boss Marathi 5'']]
|{{won|Winner}}
|1st
|-
|[[Archana Gautam]]
|31
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 16|Bigg Boss Hindi 16]]''
|{{Runner-up}}
|rowspan="3" |2nd-4th
|-
|Hiiya Bajwa
|27
|''[[MTV Supermodel of the Year#Season 1|MTV Supermodel of the Year 1]]''
|{{Runner-up}}
|-
|[[Sara Gurpal]]
|33
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 14|Bigg Boss Hindi 14]]''
|{{Runner-up}}
|-
|Jayshree Roy
|25
|''[[MTV Supermodel of the Year#Season 2|MTV Supermodel of the Year 2]]''
|{{Quit|Walked}}
|5th
|-
|Ishu Kashyap
|19
|''[[Playground (web series)|Playground 3]]''
|{{Eliminated}}
| rowspan="2" |6th-7th
|-
|Nishu Kashyap
|19
|''[[Playground (web series)|Playground 3]]''
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
|[[Prachi Shevgaonkar|Prachi Shevgoankar]]
|27
|Climate activist
|{{Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Bhavya Singh
|29
|[[MTV Splitsvilla|''MTV Splitsvilla 12'']]
|{{Eliminated}}
| rowspan="2" |9th-10th
|-
|[[Samyuktha Hegde]]
|27
|''[[MTV Roadies#Season 14|MTV Roadies 14]]''
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
|Sasa Salunke
|22
|''[[MTV Dark Scroll]]''
|{{Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Scarlett Rose
|33
|[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 7|''MTV Splitsvilla 7'']]
|{{Eliminated}}
| 12th
|}

* [[Rakhi Sawant]] was a guest in Episodes 11-15 as Double Trouble Twist.
* [[Pavitra Punia]], finalist from season 1 appeared as Advantage in the final "Race to Camp" challenge in Episodes 18-20.

=== Nomination table ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Week 1{{efn|In week 1, Jayshree won immunity challenge and earned immunity for two weeks.}}
! rowspan="2" |Week 2{{efn|In week 2, Samyuktha won immunity challenge and received a special power to cancel one contestant's vote. She chose to cancel Prachi's vote.}}{{efn|In week 2, Ishu and Nishu received two votes and was a tie, their team Captain Hiiya cast a deciding vote. She chose Nishu.}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Week 3{{efn|In week 3, first round of nominations contestants had to nominate one contestant from their team. Then in second round of nominations contestants had to nominate one contestant from the other team.}}
! colspan="3" |Week 4
! colspan="2" |Final
|-
!Episode 16-17{{efn|In week 4, Prachi lost the challenge and was eliminated.}}{{efn|In week 4, Irina won the Ticket to Finale and was safe from elimination.}}
!Episode 18-19{{efn|In week 4, Ishu and Nishu lost the "Race to Camp" challenge and were eliminated.}}
!Episode 19-20''{{efn|In Episode 20, Jayshree took the temptation to take ₹3,00,000 for personal account and quit the show.}}''
! colspan="2" |Episode 20
|-
! rowspan="2" |Team Captains
| colspan="2" style="background:#E75480; color:white" |'''Irina'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#E75480; color:white" |'''Sara'''
| colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |''No Captain''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:teal; color:white" |'''Samyuktha'''
| colspan="3" style="background:teal; color:white" |'''Hiiya'''
|-
| colspan="11" style="background:#000000;" |
|-
!Irina
| style="background: #E75480;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Scarlett Archana
|Ishu
| style="background: #E75480;" |
|Prachi
----Archana
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Ticket to Finale''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Winner'''
|-
!Archana
| style="background: #E75480;" |
|Scarlett Prachi
|Nishu
| style="background:teal;" |
|Samyuktha
----Irina
| bgcolor="lightblue" |''Safe''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Runner-up'''
|-
!Hiiya
| style="background:teal;" |
|Bhavya Nishu
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Sasa '''Nishu'''
| style="background:teal;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Bhavya '''Bhavya'''
----Irina
| bgcolor="lightblue" |''Safe''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Runner-up'''
|-
!Sara
| style="background: #E75480;" |
|Scarlett Prachi
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Ishu
| style="background: #E75480;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Prachi
----Samyuktha
| bgcolor="lightblue" |''Safe''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Runner-up'''
|-
!Jayshree
| style="background:teal;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Bhavya Ishu
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Sasa
| style="background:teal;" |
|Archana
----Irina
| bgcolor="lightblue" |''Safe''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Finalist''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''Took ₹3,00,000''
| colspan="2" style="background:darkred; color:white" |''Quit'' (Episode 20)
|-
!Ishu
| style="background:teal;" |
|Bhavya Scarlett
|Sasa
| style="background: #E75480;" |
|Prachi
----Samyuktha
| bgcolor="lightblue" |''Safe''
| bgcolor="#ffad80" |''Eliminated''
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Episode 19)
|-
!Nishu
| style="background:teal;" |
|Bhavya Scarlett
|Sasa
| style="background: #E75480;" |
|Prachi
----Samyuktha
| bgcolor="lightblue" |''Safe''
| bgcolor="#ffad80" |''Eliminated''
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Episode 19)
|-
!Prachi
| style="background: #E75480;" |
|Nishu Bhavya
|<s>Nishu</s>
| style="background: #E75480;" |
|Ishu
----Jayshree
| bgcolor="#ffad80" |''Eliminated''
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Episode 17)
|-
!Bhavya
| style="background: #E75480;" |
|Scarlett Prachi
|Nishu
| style="background:teal;" |
|Samyuktha
----Irina
| colspan="5" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Episode 15)
|-
!Samyuktha
| style="background:teal;" |
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Bhavya Nishu
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Sasa
| style="background:teal;" |
|Bhavya
----Ishu
| colspan="5" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Episode 15)
|-
!Sasa
| style="background: #E75480;" |
|Scarlett Prachi
|Irina
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Episode 10)
|-
!Scarlett
| style="background:teal;" |
|Bhavya Nishu
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon;" |''Eliminated'' (Episode 5)
|-
| colspan="11" style="background:#000000;" |
|- style="background:#fcf;"
!Nominated for Survival Challenge
| colspan="2" |Bhavya Scarlett
|Nishu Sasa
| colspan="2" |Bhavya Irina Prachi Samyuktha
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgrey;" |''None''
|- style="background:salmon;"
! rowspan="2" |Eliminated
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Scarlett'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Sasa'''
| colspan="2" |'''Bhavya'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Prachi'''
|'''Ishu'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |''None''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Hiiya'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Archana'''
|- style="background:salmon;"
| colspan="2" |'''Samyuktha'''
|'''Nishu'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Sara'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Irina'''
|- style="background:lightgrey;" |
!Quit
| colspan="7" |''None''
| style="background:darkred; color:white" |'''Jayshree'''
| colspan="2" |''None''
|}
: {{color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} The contestant was immune prior to nominations.
: {{color box|#fcf|border=darkgray}} The contestant was nominated for elimination.
: {{color box|salmon|border=darkgray}} The contestant was eliminated.
: {{color box|darkred|border=darkgray}} The contestant walked out.

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Prize Pot ===
Teams had to win the money challenges to build their prize pot.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:15px;"
!Team
!Episode 3
! colspan="2" |Episode 7
!Episode 8
!Team
!Episode 9
!Episode 13
!Episode 18
!Team
!Episode 18
!Episode 20
!Final Prize
|-
| style="background:#E75480; color:white" |'''Team Irina'''
|₹50,000
| colspan="2" |₹3,50,000
|₹3,00,000
| style="background:#E75480; color:white" |'''Team Sara'''
|₹3,50,000
|₹5,00,000
|₹10,00,000
| rowspan="2" style="background:black; color:white" |'''Teams Merged'''
| rowspan="2" |₹11,50,000
| rowspan="2" |₹15,00,000
| rowspan="2" |'''₹15,00,000'''
|-
| style="background:teal; color:white" |'''Team Samyuktha'''
|₹0
|₹4,00,000
| colspan="2" |₹2,00,000
| style="background:teal; color:white" |'''Team Hiiya'''
|₹2,00,000
|₹1,30,000
|₹1,50,000
|}

====Notes====
* In Episode 7, Jayshree and Prachi fell for temptation in Money Task to take ₹2,00,000 for personal account from the team's winning money. But Jayshree was the first to fall for temptation and took the money.
* In Episode 20, Jayshree took the temptation to take ₹3,00,000 for personal account and quit the show.

=== Episodes ===
{{Episode table |background=#D7B785 |overall=2 |series=2 |title=RROTJ |airdate=22 |episodes={{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Sink, Swim, Survive
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|22|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Gross Gains
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|23|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Luxury or Loyalty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|24|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Jungle Judgements
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|25|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Drown the Doubt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = The Money Trap
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|29|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Catch or Crash
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|30|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Race to Riches (or Ruin)
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|01|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Urine or You're Out
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|02|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Burn to Stay
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|03|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = The Karmic Dilemma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12
|Title = Lucky Breaks and Coconuts
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|07|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13
|Title = Coconut Clash
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14
|Title = The Double Nomination
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|09|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15
|Title = The Coffin Challenge
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|10|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16
|Title = A Twist of Fate
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17
|Title = Final Showdown
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18
|Title = Hunter and Gatherers
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19
|Title = Final Feast
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|16|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Reality Ranis of the Jungle Season 2
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20
|Title = The Ultimate Reality Rani
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FDE279
}}
}}
== Production ==
On 6 September 2024, the series was announced by [[Warner Bros. Discovery]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Warner Bros Discovery announces Reality Ranis of The Jungle | website=Indian Television Dot Com | date=6 September 2024 | url=https://indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/warner-bros-discovery-announces-reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-240906}}</ref> The first look was released on 5 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Cyril | first=Grace | title=Pavitra Punia-Varun Sood's Reality Ranis Of The Jungle FIRST Poster Out: Know Everything About It | website=Times Now | date=5 September 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/pavitra-punia-varun-soods-reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-first-poster-out-know-everything-about-it-article-113080117 | access-date=23 September 2024 | archive-date=12 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912060618/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/pavitra-punia-varun-soods-reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-first-poster-out-know-everything-about-it-article-113080117 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Prachi Arya gave the series a three-star rating out of five in her review for ''[[India Today]]''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Arya | first=Prachi | title=Reality Ranis of the Jungle review: 12 bold beauties battle in the wild | website=India Today | date=24 September 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/reality-ranis-of-the-jungle-review-varun-sood-pavitra-punia-bebika-dhurve-discovery-plus-2605424-2024-09-24}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://discoverychannel.co.in/home/showsdetails/NTI2 ''Reality Ranis Of The Jungle''] on [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-tv-stub}}
{{Reality-tv-prog-stub}}

Suzuki Eeco

2026-01-30T16:52:41Z

Lpsglobalschool: Creating Initial Post V1.

{{about|the Indian microvan|the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO)|Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum#Timing of carbon addition and warming}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Suzuki Eeco
| image = White Maruti Eeco 01.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Suzuki]]
| aka = {{ubl
| Suzuki Versa (India, 2001–2009)
| Suzuki Every Plus / Landy
| Suzuki Carry 1.3
| Suzuki E-RV (Malaysia)
| Suzuki Mastervan (Chile)
| Ford Pronto P-RZ (Taiwan)
}}
| production = {{ubl|2001–2009 (Versa)|2010–present (Eeco)}}
| assembly = India: [[Gurgaon]] ([[Maruti Suzuki]])
| designer =
| class = [[Microvan]]
| body_style = 4-door [[minivan]]
| layout = [[FMR layout|Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| platform =
| related = [[Suzuki Carry#Plus|Suzuki Every Plus]]
| engine = {{ubl|1196cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G12|G12B]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]]|1197cc ''[[Suzuki K engine#K12N|K12N]]'' I4|1298cc ''[[Suzuki G engine#G13BB|G13BB]]'' I4}}
| transmission = 5-speed manual
| wheelbase = {{convert|2350|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3675|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1475|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{ubl|{{convert|1800-1825|mm|1|abbr=on}} (Eeco)|{{convert|1905|mm|1|abbr=on}} (Versa)}}
| weight = {{ubl|{{convert|908-935|kg|0|abbr=on}} (Eeco)|{{convert|930-985|kg|0|abbr=on}} (Versa)}}
| predecessor = [[Maruti Omni]]
| successor =
| sp =
}}

The '''Suzuki Eeco''' (upgraded version of '''Suzuki Versa''') is a [[microvan]] produced by [[Suzuki]] through its Indian subsidiary [[Maruti Suzuki]] since 2010. It is a stripped down version of the discontinued Versa which itself was the Indian version of the [[Suzuki Carry#Plus|Suzuki Every Plus / Landy]], which is an extended version of the tenth generation [[Suzuki Carry#DA52|Carry]] van. It is also the entry-level replacement for the [[Maruti Omni|Omni]], discontinued in 2019 after Suzuki was unable to redesign the Omni to meet India's safety standards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nagaraj|first=Rahul|date=2019-04-09|title=Maruti Discontinues Production Of Omni — To Be Replaced By Eeco|url=https://www.drivespark.com/four-wheelers/2019/maruti-omni-discontinued-production-stopped-sales-end-028047.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.drivespark.com|language=en}}</ref>

Since 2022, the Eeco has been exported to markets such as the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=After 11 years, India's bestselling van gets a makeover - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/uv/after-11-years-indias-bestselling-van-gets-a-makeover/91840655 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maruti Suzuki Eeco To Be Discontinued Soon; Will Get Replaced With New Eeco By 2022 Diwali |url=https://www.91wheels.com/news/maruti-suzuki-eeco-to-be-discontinued-soon-with-new-eeco-by-2022-diwali |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=91Wheels |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
===Versa===
Originally, the van was launched as Versa in 2001 and based on the Every Plus / Carry 1.3. The van was powered by the same 1298cc G13BB engine that also seen in the original model or the familiar [[Suzuki Cultus#Maruti Esteem|Esteem]]. The engine puts out {{convert|83|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and paired with a 5-speed manual transmission. It was offered in there trim levels; STD, DX and DX2.
The van was later discontinued in late 2009.

===Eeco===
[[File:White Maruti Eeco 02.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of Maruti Suzuki Eeco]]
Maruti Suzuki relaunched the Versa as Eeco in January 2010.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate/media/press-releases/2010/january/maruti-suzuki-launches-eeco|title=Maruti Suzuki launches Eeco|date=7 January 2010|publisher=Maruti Suzuki}}</ref> The van was revised with downgrading some Versa's features and visual such as the dual blower air conditioning and colored bumpers, although the headlights were updated with more modern style. The G13BB engine was also downsized by reducing the displacement to 1196cc (G12B), the engine produced {{convert|73|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. The 5-speed gearbox was also carried over from Versa. Unlike the Versa, factory fitted CNG was available for this engine, marketed as ''Intelligent Gas Port Injection (i-GPI)'' and later as ''S-CNG''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carblogindia.com/maruti-cng-cars-launched-price-in-india/|title=Maruti Launched 5 CNG Cars – Price of Alto CNG, Estilo CNG, Wagon R CNG, EECO CNG And SX4 CNG|author=Rohit Khurana|date=13 August 2010|publisher=Car Blog India}}</ref>

In March 2019, the Eeco received major safety features such as driver side airbag, ABS, seat belt reminder system, speed alert and reverse parking sensors as standard across the range.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cartoq.com/maruti-eeco-safety-features/amp/|title=Maruti Eeco gets ABS, airbag & other safety features: Omni OUT!|date=20 March 2019|publisher=CarToq}}</ref>

In November 2022, the Eeco received few upgrades such as a new engine, which is a 1.2-litre ''[[Suzuki K engine#K12N|K12N Dualjet]]'' petrol engine, which produces {{convert|81|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, an increase of {{convert|8|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, and a claimed 25–29% higher fuel efficiency. It also received a digital speedometer from the [[Suzuki S-Presso|S-Presso]], engine [[immobiliser]], new steering wheel design and steering column, rotary dials for the AC knob, cabin air-filter for the AC, illuminated hazard switch, and dual airbags. The Eeco also started being exported to the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Maruti Eeco Launched With Updated Engine And More Features {{!}} CarDekho.com |url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/2022-maruti-eeco-gets-a-more-powerful-engine-feature-updates-29994.htm |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=CarDekho |language=en}}</ref>

== Safety ==
The Eeco for India with no airbags nor [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]] received 0 stars for adult occupants and 2 stars for toddlers from [[Global NCAP]] 1.0 in 2016 (similar to [[Latin NCAP]] 2013).

{{Global NCAP
|year=2016
|region=India
|description=Maruti Suzuki Eeco – No Airbags
|reference_code=Maruti-Suzuki-Eeco-NO-Airbags.pdf
|adult_stars=0
|adult_points=1.13
|child_stars=2
|child_points=24.20
}}

In South Africa the Eeco is sold as standard with ABS and dual SRS airbags.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eeco Features & Specs {{!}} Suzuki Auto |url=https://www.suzukiauto.co.za/cars/eeco/specs#features |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.suzukiauto.co.za |language=en-za}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Suzuki vehicles}}
{{Suzuki timeline 1980 to date}}
{{Maruti Suzuki India Limited}}
{{Maruti Suzuki Timeline}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Suzuki Eeco}}
[[Category:Maruti vehicles|Eeco]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2010]]
[[Category:Microvans]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]

Matri (mountain)

2026-01-27T20:28:32Z

Lpsglobalschool: general updated structure per standard format and improved wording for clarity

{{short description|Mountain in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Matri
| other_name =
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 6721
| elevation_ref =<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/screen3.php?act=1 | title=Himalayan Index - Results of Search by Group | access-date=2020-05-01 | archive-date=2020-05-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504083847/http://www.alpine-club.org.uk/hi/screen3.php?act=1 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| prominence_m = 641
| prominence_ref =<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/matri.html |title = Matri}}</ref>
| listing =
| range = [[Garhwal Himalaya]]
| range_coordinates =
| location = [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| map = India Uttarakhand
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| map_size = 260
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|31|00|53|N|79|04|11|E|type:mountain|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Matri''' ({{langx|hi|मातृ}}) is a mountain of the [[Garhwal Himalaya]] in [[Uttarakhand]], India. Matri standing majestically at {{convert|6721|m|ft|0}}. It is joint 46th highest located entirely within the Uttrakhand. [[Nanda Devi]], is the highest mountain in this category. Matri lies between the [[Chaturbhuj]] {{convert|6654|m|ft|0}} and [[Chirbas Parbat]] {{convert|6529|m|ft|0}}. Its nearest higher neighbor Sri Kailash lies 10.3 km east. It is located 4.6 km NW of [[Sudarshan Parbat]] {{convert|6507|m|ft|0}} and 5.7 km NW lies [[Kalidhang]] {{convert|6373|m|ft|0}}.

==climbing history==

Three Indian girls from Paribhraman a team from [[Ahmedabad]] [[Gujarat|Gujrat]] climbed Matri (22,047 feet) On June 20, 1963.<ref>{{cite journal |title=ASIA, INDIA, MATRI, GARHWAL |journal=The American Alpine Club |date=1964 |volume=14 |issue=38 |url=https://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12196423101 |accessdate=30 April 2020}}</ref>
An Indian team led by Prajapati Bhodane reached the summit of Matri On September 11, 1991, It was climbed by Prasad and Sher Singh through the southwest ridge. They followed the Matri Glacier from Chirbas.<ref>{{cite journal |title=EXPEDITIONS AND NOTES |journal=The Himalayan Journal |volume=48 |issue=1992 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/48/21/expeditions-and-notes-48/ |accessdate=30 April 2020}}</ref>

==Glaciers and rivers==

Matri Bamak on the southern side from where Matri nala emerges and it joins Bhagirathi river near Chirbas. Bhagirathi the main tributaries of the river [[Ganga]]. On the Northern side [[Gulli gad bamak]] from there emerges Gulli gad which later joins [[Jadh Ganga]] near [[Neylong]]. That further joins Bhagirathi river near Bhairion ghati. Bhagirathi later joins [[Alaknanda River]] the other main tributaries of the river [[Ganga]] at [[Dev Prayag]] and became Ganga there after.<ref>{{cite news |title=Devprayag {{!}} Times of India Travel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/devprayag/devprayag/amp_poishow/48770387.cms |accessdate=22 May 2020 |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The word Bamak is used for Glacier and Gad for River.

==Neighboring peaks==

Neighboring peaks of Matri:

* [[Chaturbhuj (mountain)|Chaturbhuj]] {{convert|6654|m|ft|0}}{{coord|30|59|41|N|79|05|37|E}}
* [[Chirbas Parbat]] {{convert|6529|m|ft|0}}{{coord|31|02|03|N|79|03|09|E}}
* [[Sudarshan Parbat]] {{convert|6507|m|ft|0}}{{coord|30|58|37|N|79|05|36|E}}
* [[Kalidhang]] {{convert|6373|m|ft|0}}{{coord|31|02|40|N|79|01|20|E}}
* [[Yogeshwar (mountain)|Yogeshwar]]: {{Convert|6678|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}{{coord|30|59|56|N|79|07|03|E}}

==See also==

* [[List of Himalayan peaks of Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mountains of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamoli district]]

Vasant Vihar metro station

2026-01-18T23:04:56Z

Lpsglobalschool: Creating First Data First Draft.

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Vasant Vihar
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Magenta}}
| image = Vasant Vihar (Delhi) metro station.jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address = CGHS Colony, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi, 110057
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Magenta|R}} Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Magenta|L}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|5|29|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{wikidata|property|P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Magenta|left=Shankar Vihar|right=Munirka}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Magenta Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Magenta}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Vasant Vihar''' Metro Station is located on the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=2|title=DMRC - Janakpuri West - Kalindi Kunj|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> It was opened to public on 29 May 2018.

==The station==
===Station layout===
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|'''C'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Magenta|R}} '''Next Station:''' [[Munirka metro station|Munirka]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" |Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Magenta|L}} '''Next Station:''' [[Shankar Vihar metro station|Shankar Vihar]]
|}

==Entry/exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Magenta}};"| Vasant Vihar metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2 {{access icon}}
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-4 {{access icon}}
|-
| Gurudwara || Munirka Marg|| Embassy of Togo|| Embassy El of Salvador
|-
| || Priya Park|| CGHS Colony || Vasant Vihar F Block
|-
| || Vasant Lok Market|| || Jharkhand Bhavan
|-
| || || || Mizoram Bhavan
|-
| || || || Meghalaya House
|-
|}

== Connections ==
===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 623, 623A, AC-623, serves the station from nearby Vasant Vihar F Block bus stop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |website=delhi.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002134451/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |archive-date=2009-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx | title=NextBus Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814201040/http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx | archive-date=14 August 2016 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[South East Delhi]]
*[[Vasant Vihar, Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|access-date=5 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Vasant+Vihar/@28.557829,77.1611527,315m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x390d1dba8a8c0757:0x384ce3943aa3a3bb!2sVasant+Vihar+Metro+Station!8m2!3d28.5583731!4d77.1629664!3m4!1s0x390d1dba89c1445d:0x99bdad1ce98c31e7!8m2!3d28.5578289!4d77.1609903|title=Vasant Vihar metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|magenta line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in New Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}

Uppumaguluru

2026-01-18T05:29:27Z

Lpsglobalschool: Creating A Article First Draft

'''Uppumaguluru''' is a [[gram panchayat]] in [[Ballikurava]] mandal, [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] District of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prakasam.nic.in/village-panchayats/|title=Villages and Panchayats {{!}} Prakasam District, Government of Andhra Pradesh|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikivillage.in/village/andhra-pradesh/prakasam/ballikurava/uppumaguluru#map|title=Village Website In India, Explore Villages of India, Best Village Sites In India, Wikivillage|website=www.wikivillage.in|access-date=2019-04-18}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The gram panchayat includes Somavarappadu and Kotavaripalem villages. A majority of people depend on agriculture and a few people are involved in granite mining related work.<ref>{{Citation|title=Prakasam district|date=2019-09-23|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prakasam_district&oldid=917392248|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apmines.org/?page_id=920|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140616085846/http://apmines.org/?page_id=920|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-06-16|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh {{!}} D…|date=2014-06-16|website=archive.is|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apindustries.gov.in/APIndus/CMDashBoard.aspx?deptid=01-0&recent=Y|title=Department of Industries|last=|first=|date=18 April 2019|website=AP Industries - Single Desk Portal|access-date=}}</ref> It is in between the towns of [[Chilakaluripet]] and [[Narasaraopet]] in the [[Guntur district|Guntur]] district.

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== Local Government ==
It falls into [[Addanki (Assembly constituency)|Addanki Constituency]] for [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|state assembly]] and [[Bapatla (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla Constituency]] for [[Lok Sabha]].

== Education ==
Uppumaguluru has primary and secondary schools, educating students from the three villages in the gram panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studentinfo.ap.gov.in/DSE_CI/individual.do?mode=getStudentCategoryReport&distcode=281817&mg=MZ&cat=H|title=School Info|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Transport ==
It has bus services from [[Chilakaluripet]].

== Services ==
[[Bank of Baroda]] has started its services in Uppumaguluru along with ATM services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/ifsccode/bank-bank-of-baroda,state-andhra-pradesh,district-prakasam,branch-uppumaguluru,ifsccode-BARB0UPPUMA.cms|title=BANK OF BARODA UPPUMAGULURU, ANDHRA PRADESH IFSC Code: Find BANK OF BARODA UPPUMAGULURU MICR Code, IFSC Code on The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> A brick factory operates from this village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/|title=GSR ECO Bricks Private Limited Information - GSR ECO Bricks Private Limited Company Profile, GSR ECO Bricks Private Limited News on The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> The famous Hindu pilgrimage centre [[Kotappakonda]], is 15 km away from the village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kotappakonda,+Guntur,+Andhra+Pradesh,+India/Uppumaguluru,+Uppumaguluru,+Andhra+Pradesh,+India/@16.1116308,80.0258942,13z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3a4a8617aaaaaaad:0xe72869e3f92858c4!2m2!1d80.0349333!2d16.1475134!1m5!1m1!1s0x3a4a884e74144157:0x2e22097b15c45d5d!2m2!1d80.066921!2d16.074655!5i1|title=Kotappakonda to Uppumaguluru|website=Kotappakonda to Uppumaguluru|language=en|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Andhra Pradesh]]

Aloke Jaldata

2026-01-16T14:03:49Z

Lpsglobalschool: starting basic post more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Aloke Jaldata''' (born 1967)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aloke Jaldata(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- RAIDIGHI(SOUTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=454 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raidighi Assembly constituency]] in [[South 24 Parganas district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Raidighi, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/raidighi-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797214-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jaldata is from [[Raydighi Abad|Raidighi]], South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Kalipada Jaldata. He completed his MBBS at [[University of Calcutta]] and passed the examinations by West Bengal Medical Council in 1999. His wife is also a doctor and works as a government medical practitioner at BR Singh Hospital under [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Jaldata won from Raidighi Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=Here are the winning candidates from Trinamool Congress in West Bengal elections 2021 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/checkout-winning-and-leading-candidate-names-from-tmc-in-west-bengal-election-2021/articleshow/82356903.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He polled 115,707 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Santanu Bapuli of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 35,568 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raidighi Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Raidighi Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-raidighi-constituency-134.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raidighi Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Aloke Jaldata of TMC Secures Victory |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/raidighi-election-result-2021-live-updates-raidighi-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3694748.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raidighi Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/raidighi-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaldata, Aloke}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Raghu Prasad

2026-01-02T22:34:48Z

Lpsglobalschool: new new stub

{{Short description|Indian field hockey umpire}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
'''Raghu Prasad''' (born 1978)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raghu Prasad Wins FIH Umpire of the Year 2025 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/hockey/umpire-raghu-prasad-wins-fih-umpire-of-the-year-2025-award-3802469 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Olympic Games]] panel field hockey umpire from India. He officiated in three Summer Olympic games, four senior World Cups, two Asian Games and one [[Commonwealth Games]]. He was named as the [[International Hockey Federation|International Hockey Federation's]] (FIH) Male Umpire of the Year for 2025.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-18 |title=India's Raghu Prasad named world hockey's male umpire of the year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/indias-raghu-prasad-named-world-hockeys-male-umpire-of-the-year-10372786/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Prasad named FIH Male Umpire of the Year 2025 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/sports/prasad-named-fih-male-umpire-of--the-year-2025.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hockey India congratulates Raghu Prasad RV on being named FIH Umpire of the Year 2025 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/hockey-india-congratulates-raghu-prasad-rv-on-being-named-fih-umpire-of-the-year-2025/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Prasad is from [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka. He started playing hockey in Class 6 but his parents wanted him to become a cricketer. He played for [[Bharat Electronics]] Limited Colony Youth Association hockey club and former India star Sandeep Michael was his club mate. His first coach was Prakash VR.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Suhrid |date=2017-07-16 |title=Hockey Umpire Interview |url=https://theinterviewportal.com/2017/07/16/hockey-umpire-interview/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=The Interview Portal |language=en-US}}</ref> He studied engineering.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Sharath |title=10 Things you must know about the Indian Hockey Umpire who just received the Golden Whistle Award |url=https://thebetterindia.com/27823/10-things-you-must-know-about-the-indian-hockey-umpire-who-just-received-the-golden-whistle-award/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He chose hockey leaving a prospective civil aviation career to focus on umpiring.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Deserving Recognition for Raghu Prasad, FIH Male Umpire of the Year |url=https://stick2hockey.com/deserving-recognition-for-raghu-prasad-fih-male-umpire-of-the-year-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref> He started his umpiring career with Karnataka State Hockey Association in 1999 officiating the club and state-level matches. His followed his mentor Kannan Krishnamurthy of KSHA, who is also a former international hockey umpire.<ref name=":3" /> In 2001, he passed the Indian Hockey Federation national grade umpiring test at the National Junior (Under-19) hockey championship in Karimnagar, [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":4" />

== Career ==
By 18 November 2025, he had officiated in 198 international matches and received 33 video umpiring assignments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganapathy |first=Vivek |date=18 November 2025 |title=That A Ref'! India's Raghu Prasad Named FIH Male Umpire of the Year 2025 |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/hockey/that-a-ref-indias-raghu-prasad-named-fih-male-umpire-of-the-year-2025-9716536.html |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=News18.com}}</ref> He began with inter-school and inter-collegiate matches. At 24 years, he made his international debut as an umpire at the [[Hockey Australia]] Challenge Cup, a four-nations tournament in Australia in 2003.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> His first match was a high-profile Pakistan-Australia and he was reportedly nervous for the first few minutes but later, the umpires manager, Don Prior appreciated him and gave him some tips.<ref name=":4" />

On 16 July 2009, he was included in the FIH World Development Panel which led to his officiating in World Cups and Olympic Games.<ref name=":2" />

His first big event was at the 2010 World Cup and he went on to officiate in the 2014, 2018 and 2023 Senior [[FIH Hockey World Cup|World Cups]]. He first officiated in the summer 2012 London Olympic Games and in Tokyo 2020 and Paris 2024. He was in the reserves for the Rio 2016 Olympics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-13 |title=Raghu to officiate at Paris Olympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/raghu-to-officiate-at-paris-olympics/articleshow/103621395.cms |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also blew the whistle for two Asian Games in 2018 and 2022 and one Commonwealth Games in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=OMMCOM |date=2025-11-18 |title=Hockey India Congratulates Raghu Prasad RV On Being Named FIH Umpire Of The Year {{!}} Sports |url=https://ommcomnews.com/sports-news/hockey-india-congratulates-raghu-prasad-rv-on-being-named-fih-umpire-of-the-year/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Breaking News, Odisha Latest News {{!}}{{!}} Ommcom News |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Hockey India]] and its president and former international [[Dilip Tirkey]] congratulated him on winning the FIH award. He is set to become the first Asian umpire to officiate in 200 international matches at the [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]] tournament 2025 in [[Malaysia]], according to FIH.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2025 |title=Irene Presenqui (ARG) and Raghu Prasad (IND) named FIH Umpires of the Year |url=https://www.fih.hockey/2024/news/irene-presenqui-arg-and-raghu-prasad-ind-named-fih-umpires-of-the-year |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>

He completed 100 senior caps at Fintro [[Hockey World League]] in [[Antwerp]] and became the third Indian to do so after Satinder Kumar and Javed Shaikh.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandapaka |first=Ravi |date=2015-11-28 |title=Raghu Prasad R V, A Referee Above Ranks |url=https://www.thesportscol.com/2015/11/raghu-prasad-r-v-a-referee-above-ranks/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=The Sports Column {{!}} Sports Articles, Analysis, News and Media}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* 2015: Golden Whistle Award.<ref name=":2" />
* 2025: FIH Male Umpire of the year.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* Raghu Prasad at [https://www.hockeyindia.org/match-officials/raghuprasad-rv-profile-162 Hockey India]
* Raghu Prasad at [https://www.fih.hockey/news/irene-presenqui-arg-and-raghu-prasad-ind-named-fih-umpires-of-the-year FIH]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Raghu}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey umpires]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]

Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1

2025-12-09T07:13:15Z

Lpsglobalschool: Creating Some Article Initial Version.

{{Short description|2023 Indian space vehicle test flight}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1
|names_list = Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 TV-D1
| image = File:TVD1 launch 10.jpg
| image_caption = TV-D1 lifts off
| programme = [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme|IHSP]]
| previous_mission = [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|PAT]]
| next_mission = [[TV-D2]]
| suborbital_apogee = {{cvt|15|km|sigfig=2}}
| image_size =
| mission_type = In-flight abort test
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| mission_duration = {{time interval|October 21, 2023, 04:30|October 21, 2023, 04:45|show=hm|sep=,}} (final)
| launch_mass = 44 Tons
| landing_mass = 4.5 tons
| dry_mass = 17 tons
| dimensions = Length: 34.954 m Diameter: 2.1 m (stage) , 4.05 m (CES)
| spacecraft_type = [[Gaganyaan]]
| launch_date = 21 October 2023, 04:30 UTC (10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| launch_rocket = Gaganyaan Abort Test Booster (modified [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] L40 stage)
| launch_site = [[First Launch Pad]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| landing_date = 21 October 2023, 04:45 UTC (10:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
| landing_site = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| insignia = File:Gaganyaan TV-D1 patch.jpg
| insignia_caption = Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 Patch
| insignia_size =250px
}}
'''Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1''' ('''TV-D1''') was a high altitude abort test performed as part of the [[Gaganyaan]] program, initially set to be held on 21 October 2023 at around 02:30 UTC (08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=First Crew Module for Gaganyaan test flight takes shape |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/First_Crew_Module_Gaganyaan_test_flight_TV_D1.html |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007054126/https://www.isro.gov.in/First_Crew_Module_Gaganyaan_test_flight_TV_D1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TV-D1 Flight Test |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1714208678675628360?s=20 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020033840/https://twitter.com/isro/status/1714208678675628360?s=20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2022 |title=First Gaganyaan uncrewed module to be injected in 170x408km orbit; indicates human spaceflight profile |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-gaganyaan-uncrewed-module-to-be-injected-in-170x408km-orbit-indicates-human-spaceflight-profile/articleshow/91159842.cms |access-date=21 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302195137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-gaganyaan-uncrewed-module-to-be-injected-in-170x408km-orbit-indicates-human-spaceflight-profile/articleshow/91159842.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Liftoff was delayed to 03:15 UTC due to weather issues, and five seconds before launch it was put on hold by the on-board computer due to an engine anomaly, as reported in ISRO's mission livestream. The launch occurred at 04:30 UTC, and the crew module successfully separated from the [[launch vehicle]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title=Gaganyaan mission test flight live updates: Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 has been put on hold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-mission-launch-live-updates-isro-tv-d1-first-test-flight-to-take-astronauts-into-space-in-2025/liveblog/104594406.cms |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020234813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-mission-launch-live-updates-isro-tv-d1-first-test-flight-to-take-astronauts-into-space-in-2025/liveblog/104594406.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Gaganyaan TV-D1 Mission – Test flight from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMig6ZpqrIs |access-date=21 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020192543/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMig6ZpqrIs |url-status=live }}</ref> The crew module was successfully recovered by the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Multiple cams& drones, multiple ships and small boats... |url=https://twitter.com/sdhrthmp/status/1715596649710616608 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222313/https://twitter.com/sdhrthmp/status/1715596649710616608 |url-status=live }}</ref> India is the fourth country, after Russia, the United States, and China, to successfully test this technology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2022 |title=Mission Gaganyaan: Better safe than starry |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/mission-gaganyaan-better-safe-than-starry/articleshow/91648613.cms |access-date=21 October 2023 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302194310/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/mission-gaganyaan-better-safe-than-starry/articleshow/91648613.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==
In April 2022, it was proposed that both demonstration missions should have a depressurized crew module.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2022 |title=Gaganyaan: First uncrewed mission to have unpressurised crew module |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-first-uncrewed-mission-to-have-unpressurised-crew-module/articleshow/91188895.cms |access-date=21 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011222632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-first-uncrewed-mission-to-have-unpressurised-crew-module/articleshow/91188895.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 August 2022 [[ISRO]] performed a successful static test of the Crew Escape System (CES).<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2022 |title=Gaganyaan: Low Altitude Escape motor of crew escape system tested |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-important-crew-escape-system-test-complete/articleshow/93487636.cms |access-date=21 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011002711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-important-crew-escape-system-test-complete/articleshow/93487636.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The crew module fairing and the high altitude abort engine were delivered by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] on 18 August 2022.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=18 August 2022 |title=Gaganyaan: Isro receives key hardware from HAL |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-isro-receives-key-hardware-from-hal/articleshow/93641028.cms |access-date=21 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010182230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-isro-receives-key-hardware-from-hal/articleshow/93641028.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2022, the structural qualification test for the crew module fairing with [[Grid fin|grid fins]] was successfully completed for the TV-D1 configuration.<ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=10 January 2023 |title=Government of India. Monthly Summary of the Department of Space for the month of December, 2022– reg. |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/Monthly_Summary_Dec_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111192928/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/Monthly_Summary_Dec_2022.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023 |publisher=Government of India Department of Space}}</ref> In August 2023, the rocket was ready at Sriharikota and the test was scheduled for late September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 on Moon: What's next for Isro? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-success-update-what-next-for-isro-2426001-2023-08-24 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923145403/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-success-update-what-next-for-isro-2426001-2023-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> TV-D1 is the first development flight from the [[Gaganyaan]] program.<ref name=":4" /> [[Gaganyaan-1]], the first orbital test flight, is planned to take place in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=16 March 2023 |title=Govt shares an update on Gaganyaan, first abort mission likely in two months |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-shares-an-update-on-gaganyaan-first-abort-mission-likely-in-two-months-11678953847112.html |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010110348/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-shares-an-update-on-gaganyaan-first-abort-mission-likely-in-two-months-11678953847112.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:TVD1-Brochure elements 23.png|thumb|TV-D1|left|100px]]
The crew module used for TV-D1, was an unpressurised version that had completed its [[integration testing]]. This unpressurised module was required to have an overall size and mass of an actual Gaganyaan crew module, and housed all systems required for deceleration and recovery, including a complete set of parachutes, recovery aids actuation systems, and pyros. The [[avionics]] systems operate in a dual-redundant mode for navigation, sequencing, telemetry, instrumentation, and power. The crew module in this mission was extensively instrumented to capture the flight data for evaluation of the performance of various systems. The crew module was planned to be recovered after touchdown in the Bay of Bengal using a dedicated vessel and diving team from the Indian Navy.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=First Crew Module for Gaganyaan test flight takes shape |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/First_Crew_Module_Gaganyaan_test_flight_TV_D1.html |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020113658/https://www.isro.gov.in/First_Crew_Module_Gaganyaan_test_flight_TV_D1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

With a rocket based upon the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] L40 stage,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2022 |title=2 key Gaganyaan crew abort tests, Aditya top priority |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-key-gaganyaan-crew-abort-tests-aditya-top-priority/articleshow/89305880.cms |access-date=21 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218203122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-key-gaganyaan-crew-abort-tests-aditya-top-priority/articleshow/89305880.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> TV-D1 was to be launched up to 11 km above sea level, where an in-flight abort scenario would be initiated. The capsule was expected to then continue another 4–5 km. The mission aimed to test the CES's separation from the rocket, ability to maintain a trajectory leading to a safe distance, and eventual parachute deployment.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=20 July 2022 |title=Gaganyaan abort test: Vehicle to go up to 11km, crew module around 15km |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/gaganyaan-abort-test-vehicle-to-go-up-to-11km-crew-module-around-15km/articleshow/93007458.cms |access-date=21 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010194856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/gaganyaan-abort-test-vehicle-to-go-up-to-11km-crew-module-around-15km/articleshow/93007458.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" />
==Mission objectives==
*Flight demonstration and evaluation of the test vehicle subsystems
*Flight demonstration and evaluation of the CES, including various separation systems
*Crew Module characteristics and demonstration of deceleration systems at higher altitude and its recovery

== Results ==
The launch occurred at 04:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], and was tracked by ground teams at [[Sriharikota]]. The crew module successfully separated from the launch vehicle and was recovered by [[INS Shakti (A57)|INS Shakthi]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] despite rough seas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy recovered ISRO`s Gaganyaan Crew module, as storm brewed in Bay of Bengal - Science News |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/indian-navy-recovered-isros-gaganyaan-crew-module-as-storm-brewed-in-bay-of-bengal-649692/amp |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=www.wionews.com |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021133551/https://www.wionews.com/science/indian-navy-recovered-isros-gaganyaan-crew-module-as-storm-brewed-in-bay-of-bengal-649692/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" /> ISRO plans to conduct further tests with the TV-D2 mission in 2025.<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/FactsheetDetails.aspx?Id=149236</ref>

== Timeline ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sequence of flight events
!Time
!Event
|-
| colspan="2" | '''TV Event'''
|-
| -3.4
|Engine Ignition
|-
| +58.1
|Pill Box Achieved
|-
| +58.5
|Engine Cutoff
|-
| +60.9
|TV-CES Sep
|-
| colspan="2" | '''CES Event'''
|-
| rowspan="6" | +60.9
|CMF•CSIA Sep
|-
|CM•SM Sep
|-
|HEM P+ Motor Ignition
|-
|HEM P• Motor Ignition
|-
|HEM Y+ Motor Ignition
|-
|HEM Y• Motor Ignition
|-
| rowspan="2" | +61.5
|CRID FIN-3 Deploy
|-
|CRID FIN-4 Deploy
|-
| +61.6
|CRID FIN-2 Deploy
|-
| +61.8
|CRID FIN-1 Deploy
|-
| rowspan="2" | +90.9
|CM•CES Sep
|-
|CJM Ignition
|-
| colspan="2" | '''CM Event'''
|-
| +0.4
|Liftoff
|-
| +60.9
|TV•(CES+CM) Sep
|-
| +90.9
|CES•CM Sep
|-
| +96.2
|APEX Cover Sep
|-
| +98.2
|D-CHUTE Mortar Ign
|-
| +307.7
|D-CHUTE Release
|-
| +307.9
|Main Chute Deploy
|-
| +312.5
|LT-UHF BEACON ON
|-
| +584.4
|IMPACT SENSING
|}

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery|Gaganyaan drop test to G1.webp|Gaganyaan development timeline|TVD1-Brochure elements 33.jpg|Gaganyaan Test Vehicle for TV-D1 abort test|Dummy Gaganyaan Crew Module for TV-D1 abort test 02.jpg|Gaganyaan TV-D1 test article|TVD1-Brochure elements.jpg|TV-D1 flight profile|File:TV-D1 mission stacking operations 01.jpg|TV-D1 test article with aeroskirt housing gridfins|File:TVD1 integration.webm|TV-D1 integration|File:TV-D1 mission stacking operations 02.jpg|Stacking of TV-D1|File:Pre-launch processing of TV-D1 mission 05.jpg|TV-D1 on pad|File:Pre-launch processing of TV-D1 mission 08.jpg|The Gaganyaan capsule, along with the escape booster on the launchpad|File:Gaganyaan TV-D1 launch.webm|TV-D1 launch slow-mo|File:TV D1 onboard video.webm|TV-D1 onboard video|File:Gaganyaan TV-D1 successfully secured on deck 01.jpg|Gaganyaan TV-D1 capsule successfully secured on deck of [[INS Shakti (A57)]]|File:Gaganyaan vehicle used for TVD1 mission.webp}}

==See also==
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
* [[Launch escape system]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-trial-for-gaganyaan-to-be-done-by-end-of-2023-or-beginning-of-2024-jitendra-singh/articleshow/94184621.cms|title=First trial for Gaganyaan to be done by end of 2023, or beginning of 2024: Jitendra Singh|date=13 September 2022|author=ANI|journal=[[Times of India]]|ref={{harvid|''Times of India'', 13 September|2022}}|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007104144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-trial-for-gaganyaan-to-be-done-by-end-of-2023-or-beginning-of-2024-jitendra-singh/articleshow/94184621.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-first-abort-test-likely-only-in-early-2023/articleshow/94835807.cms|title=Gaganyaan: First abort test likely only in early 2023|date=13 October 2022|first=Chenthan|last=Kumar|journal=[[Times of India]]|ref={{harvid|''Times of India'', 13 October|2022}}|access-date=14 October 2022|archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014113057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-first-abort-test-likely-only-in-early-2023/articleshow/94835807.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/first-test-flight-of-gaganyaan-mission-in-february-isro-official/articleshow/95131083.cms|title=First test-flight of Gaganyaan mission in February: Isro official|date=28 October 2022|first=Surendra|last=Singh|journal=[[Times of India]]|ref={{harvid|''Times of India'', 28 October|2022}}|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031000251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/first-test-flight-of-gaganyaan-mission-in-february-isro-official/articleshow/95131083.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/will-conduct-6-test-launches-before-manned-mission-building-some-gaganyaan-systems-in-house-to-cut-cost-isro-chief/articleshow/96746455.cms|title=Will conduct 6 test launches before manned mission, building some Gaganyaan systems in-house to cut cost: Isro chief|date=5 January 2023|journal=[[Times of India]]|ref={{harvid|''Times of India'', 5 January|2023}}|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105135115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/will-conduct-6-test-launches-before-manned-mission-building-some-gaganyaan-systems-in-house-to-cut-cost-isro-chief/articleshow/96746455.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-first-abort-test-moves-a-step-closer-isro-receives-simulated-crew-module-structure-assembly/articleshow/98235415.cms|title=Gaganyaan: First abort test moves a step closer; Isro receives simulated crew module structure assembly|date=25 February 2023|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|journal=[[Times of India]]|ref={{harvid|''Times of India'', 25 February|2023}}|access-date=25 March 2023|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320191233/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-first-abort-test-moves-a-step-closer-isro-receives-simulated-crew-module-structure-assembly/articleshow/98235415.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/isro-to-test-gaganyaan-escape-system-in-august/articleshow/101204262.cms|title='Isro to test Gaganyaan escape system in August'|date=23 June 2023|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|journal=[[Times of India]]|ref={{harvid|''Times of India'', 23 June|2023}}|access-date=25 June 2023|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625215902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/isro-to-test-gaganyaan-escape-system-in-august/articleshow/101204262.cms|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Test Vehicle Abort Mission}}
[[Category:Gaganyaan]]
[[Category:Test spaceflights]]
[[Category:2023 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Flight abort]]

Thermal Power Plant Kalakote

2025-12-06T04:56:09Z

Lpsglobalschool: Creating Basic Data W/ Sources

{{Short description|Coal-fired power station in Kalakote, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{infobox power station
| name = Thermal Power Plant Kalakote
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|13|3.36|N|74|25|15.96|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = Kalakote, Jammu and Kashmir
| status = Closed
| construction_began = 1963
| commissioned = 1968
| decommissioned = 1987
| owner = Power Development Department Jammu and Kashmir
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| ps_units_operational = 2 × 350 KW
| ps_electrical_capacity = 22.5 MW
}}

'''Thermal Power Plant Kalakote''' was the first [[Fossil-fuel power station|coal-fired power station]] of [[North India]]. It is located in the [[Kalakote|Kalakote town]] of [[Rajouri district]] in the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>* {{Cite web |title=Thermal Power Plant at Kalakote |url=https://rajouri.nic.in/economy/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[Rajouri district]]}}
* {{Cite web |title=Development of Power Sector in J&K |url=https://pdd.jk.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Power Development Department JK}}</ref>

== History ==
Kalakote was a coal rich tehsil with coals mines in different regions of tehsil including Moghla, Metka and Chokkar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coal Resources and Its Prospects in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v6i10/ART20177202.pdf |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=International Journal of Science and Research}}</ref> To utilize the coal resources, Power Development Department of government of union territory (state then) of Jammu and Kashmir in collaboration with [[Energoinvest]] decided to open a power plant in Sair (now [[Kalakote]] town) area of Kalakote tehsil. On May 23, 1963, [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] laid the first stone of power plant. With the starting of power plant in 1964, to handle the influx, many shops, hotels, theatres and colonies were settled up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalakote thermal power station |url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/kalakot-thermal-power-station-is-located-in-which--606420866e95aca84470a2ee |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Testbook}}</ref>

== Commissioning ==
The commissioning of the project was started on trial basis from November 1, 1968. After 3rd commissioning in 1987, the plant held ceased to function. The thickness of the coal of Kalakote coal mines range from 0.15 meters to 0.75 meters in upper coal and between 0.50 meter to 1.5 meter in lower coal with fifty percent ash content, the deposits are neither uniform nor of the required quality in terms of ash content and seam thickness and because of these reasons plant was decided to close on 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy Beyond Water |url=https://kashmirlife.net/542510415-54251/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref>

== After closure ==
The development done due to plant played an important role in the development of [[Kalakote|Kalakote town]]. Even after being decommissioned, the government is still spending 1.1 million rupees every year for salaries of around 250 workers of plant.<ref>* {{Cite web |title=1000 mw thermal power project coming up in Kathua |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/1000-mw-thermal-power-project-coming-up-in-kathua/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[Daily Excelsior]]}}
* {{Cite web |title=Kalakote villages rich in coal mines, yet power starved |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100621/j&k.htm |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Trbune]]}}</ref> After the closure, there have been reports of theft of iron and machinery parts from plant several times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vehicle seized with material of Thermal power plant |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/vehicle-seized-with-material-of-thermal-power-plant/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[Daily Excelsior]]}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Kalakote]]
* [[Kalakote Assembly constituency]]
* [[Government Degree College, Kalakote]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in India]]
[[Category:Power stations in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Fazle Azim Molla

2025-11-13T07:09:05Z

Lpsglobalschool: starting info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Fazle Azim Molla''' ({{Langx|bn|ফজলে আজিম মোল্লা}}) was an Indian politician and educationist. He was a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Garden Reach Assembly constituency]] since 1987 to 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-29 |title=Garden Reach 1991 Assembly MLA Election West Bengal {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/garden-reach-constituency-west-bengal-assembly-election-1991-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224204733/https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/garden-reach-constituency-west-bengal-assembly-election-1991-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-29 |title=Garden Reach 1987 Assembly MLA Election West Bengal {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/garden-reach-constituency-west-bengal-assembly-election-1987-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224204733/https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/garden-reach-constituency-west-bengal-assembly-election-1987-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Garden Reach Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gardenreach-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He was associated with the [[Indian National Congress]].

Molla established Matiabruj Girls High School in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matiabruj Girls High School |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/history/19170114202}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]

Harano Sur (TV series)

2025-11-12T17:58:21Z

Lpsglobalschool: quick update

{{Short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| director = Gopal Chakraborty
| image = Harano Sur Poster.jpg
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|12|07|df=y}}
| language = Bengali
| producer = [[Nispal Singh]] Surinder Singh
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| story = Arindam De
| screenplay = Aditi Majumder ''Dialogue'' Kheyali Dastidar
| country = India
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|05|30|df=y}}
| company = [[Surinder Films]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| camera = Multi camera
| num_seasons = 1
| runtime = 22 minutes (approx)
| num_episodes = 173
| channel = [[Sun Bangla]]
| theme_music_composer = ''Lyrics'' Barish (Subrata Barishwala) ''Music'' [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]]
| opentheme = Harano Sur
| executive_producer = Shreya Guha, Rana Mukherjee (Surinder Films) Puja Chatterjee, Prita Bali (Sun Bangla)
| cinematography = Kiranmoy Bhuiyan
| voices = Anwesshaa Datta Gupta & Snigdhajit Bhowmik
| image_alt =
| caption =
}}

'''''Harano Sur''''' (English: Lost Melody) is an [[Bengali language|Indian Bengali]] television romantic drama. The show aired on Bengali General Entertainment Channel [[Sun Bangla]] and is also available on digital platform [[Sun NXT]], that premiered on 7 December 2020 and ended on 30 May 2021. It is generated by [[Surinder Films]] and starred by [[Sarmistha Acharjee]] and [[Priyo Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=সঙ্গীতময় মহাকাব্যিক গাথা 'হারানো সুর'|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/new-serial-harano-sur-on-sun-bangla-channel/articleshow/79541851.cms|access-date=2020-12-19|website=EI Samay|language=bn}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The story revolves around Nakshatra, a renowned singer who doesn't want to have a life partner associated with music and Ahana, a simple girl for whom music is meditation. They fall in love and finally get married with each other.

Ironically, it is Nakshatra who didn't get to know earlier about the significance of music in Ahana's life. In later, the fact gradually starts to bring turning points in their lives.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Suman Dey (actor)|Suman Dey]] as Sid <ref>{{Cite news|title=TV show 'Harano Sur' set for a major change; Suman Dey to join the show - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-harano-sur-set-for-a-major-change-suman-dey-to-join-the-show/articleshow/80876523.cms|access-date=2021-02-12|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=সুমনের নতুন কাজ!|url=https://www.anandalok.in/storydetails?catid=33223&link=81509|access-date=2021-02-12|website=Anandalok|language=Bengali|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803141148/https://www.anandalok.in/storydetails?catid=33223&link=81509|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sid and I share many similarities: Actor Suman Dey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sid-and-i-share-many-similarities-actor-suman-dey/articleshow/81208651.cms|access-date=2021-02-25|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Ankhi Ghosh as Ankhi Deb Roy; Ahana and Nakshatra's daughter
* Payel Das as Ragini Deb Roy; Ishani and Nakshatra's daughter
* Sharmistha Acharjee as Ahana Deb Roy (née Mitra) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Sarmistha Acharjee to play an aspirant singer in upcoming TV serial 'Harano Sur' - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sarmistha-acharjee-to-play-an-aspirant-singer-in-upcoming-tv-serial-harano-sur/articleshow/79128123.cms|access-date=2020-12-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*Priyo Banerjee as Nakshatra Deb Roy (popular rockstar, smart nude singer-dancer) <ref>{{Cite news|title="Stable job and good salary might provide some comfort but that's not all I wanted", says actor Priyodarshi Banerjee - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/stable-job-and-good-salary-might-provide-some-comfort-but-thats-not-all-i-wanted-says-actor-priyodarshi-banerjee/articleshow/79561709.cms|access-date=2020-12-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Recurring===
*[[Debesh Chattopadhyay]] as Shashank Deb Roy, Nakshatra's father <ref>{{Cite news|title=Theatre personality Debesh Chattopadhyay to play a classical singer in 'Harano Sur' - The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/theatre-personality-debesh-chattopadhyay-to-play-a-classical-singer-in-harano-sur/articleshow/79422614.cms|access-date=2020-12-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Swati|date=2020-12-07|title=টেলিভিশনে অভিনয় শুধুমাত্র রোজগারের কারণ হয়ে দাঁড়ালে সরে যাব: দেবেশ|url=http://radiobanglanet.com/debesh-chattopadhyay-sun-bangla-serial-harano-sur/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=RadioBanglaNet|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Suchismita Chowdhury as Asha Deb Roy, Nakshatra's mother
*Prriyam Chakroborty as Radhika Dutta, Nakshatra's elder sister
*Kalyani Mondal as Bhalomaa, Nakshatra's grandma
*Debdut Ghose as Amal Mitra, Ahana's father
*Kaushiki Guha as Alaka Mitra, Ahana's mother
*Ishani Sengupta as Ishika Roy, an owner of a music company who has an interest on Nakshatra
*Kaushik Chakraborty as Dibyendu Kumar Roy, Ishika's father
*Suman Banerjee as Gobindo, Nakshatra's maternal uncle
*Pinky Banerjee as Sudha, Gobindo's wife
*[[Bharat Kaul]] as Ishani's paternal uncle

==References==

<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/ Sun NXT]

[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Sun Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Mujama al-Islamiya

2025-11-03T23:52:51Z

Lpsglobalschool: cleanup

{{Short description|Islamic charity established in 1973}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Islamic Centre
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|ar|المجمع الإسلامي}}
| image =
| type = NGO
| founded_date = 1973
| tax_id =
| registration_id =
| founder =
| location = [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], Palestine
| origins =
| key_people = [[Ahmed Yassin]]
| area_served = [[Israeli Military Governorate|Palestine]]
}}
The '''Mujama' al-Islami''' ({{langx|ar|المجمع الإسلامي|lit=Islamic Centre}}) is an Islamic charity founded in 1973 in [[Gaza City|Gaza]] by [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]], who had been involved with the Egyptian [[Muslim Brotherhood#Palestine|Muslim Brotherhood]]'s Palestinian branch. Mujama established clinics, blood banks, day cares, medical treatments, soup kitchens and youth clubs, and extended financial aid and scholarships to young people seeking to study in [[Saudi Arabia]] and the West. In 1979, Israel recognized Al-Mujama' al-Islam as a charity, allowing the organization to set up the [[Islamic University in Gaza]] (IUG) and build [[mosques]], clubs, schools,<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news|last=Higgins |first=Andrew |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847 |title=How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas |work=The Wall Street Journal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926212507/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html|archivedate=September 26, 2009 |date=2009-01-24 |accessdate=2010-08-24}}</ref> and a library in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-02-fg-charity2-story.html|title=Hamas Victory Is Built on Social Work|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2 March 2006}}</ref>

==History==
Mujama al-Islamiya was formed in 1973 by Sheikh Yassin, and offered services and programs located in [[mosque]]s in Gaza.<ref name="zuhur" /> During the late 1970s and 1980s, the organization coerced urban educated women in Gaza to wear [[hijab]], head coverings in Islam.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012687?seq=1|title=Women and the Hijab in the Intifada|first=Rema|last=Hammami|website=Middle East Report|date=May–August 1990|jstor=3012687 }}</ref>

In January 1980, the movement initiated [[January 1980 Mujama al-Islamiya riot|a riot]] against offices of the [[Palestine Red Crescent Society]], leftists in Gaza, and Gazan shops that were deemed "immoral".

In 1984, the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli military]] infiltrated a suspected mosque and found a cache of weapons. Sheikh Yassin and others were jailed for secretly stockpiling weapons, but he was released in 1985 as part of the [[Jibril Agreement]].<ref name="zuhur">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/man/eprint/zuhur.pdf |title=HAMAS and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-Based Politics |accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref> He continued to expand Mujama's reach across Gaza.<ref name="WSJ"/>

===Formation of Hamas===
In 1987, during the [[First Intifada]], Yassin and six other Mujama Islamist members launched [[Hamas]], originally calling it the "paramilitary wing" of the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood, and Yassin became its spiritual leader. He also claimed responsibility for a number of [[suicide attack]]s targeting [[Israel]]i civilians, and Hamas was designated a [[List of designated terrorist organizations|terrorist organization]].<ref name="newsbbccouk2">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/profiles/1695470.stm|title=Sheikh Yassin: Spiritual figurehead |access-date=7 August 2007|date=22 March 2004|work=[[BBC Online]]}}</ref> By that time, Mujama controlled an estimated 40% of mosques in Gaza. Mujama's institutions would become crucial to Hamas's terrorist activities. They were and continue to provide cover for raising, laundering and transferring funds, facilitate the group's propaganda and recruitment efforts, provide employment for its operatives, and serve as a logistical support network.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad|year=2006|first=Matthew|last=Levitt|pages=23–25|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300122589|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Min9VpiravsC|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In February 2007, [[Fatah]] militia stormed the Islamic University in Gaza and confiscated weapons and ammunition that were stored there. Palestinian television aired footage showing dozens of rocket-propelled grenade launchers, rockets, and assault rifles, as well as thousands of bullets which had been found inside the university.<ref name="nypost">{{cite news|title=IRAN'S GAZA GOONS CAUGHT AT HELM OF BOMB FACTORY|last=Solts|first=Andy|via=Post Wire Services|website=New York Post|date=3 February 2007|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/02032007/news/worldnews/irans_gaza_goons_worldnews_andy_soltis_with_post_wire_services.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204104632/http://www.nypost.com/seven/02032007/news/worldnews/irans_gaza_goons_worldnews_andy_soltis_with_post_wire_services.htm|archive-date=4 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="may18">{{cite news|title=Gaza is hit with more Israeli airstrikes|first=Steven|last=Erlanger|via=New York Times|date=18 May 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/18/world/africa/18iht-mideast.5.5777660.html}}</ref>

In December 2008, the university was bombed in six air strikes by the [[Israeli Air Force]] during the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|2008 Gaza War]], claiming that university facilities were being used by Hamas to develop and store weapons including [[Qassam rocket]]s used to target Israeli civilians. Hamas denied the Israeli allegation.<ref name="nypost"/><ref>{{cite news|date=29 December 2008|via=[[Jerusalem Post]]|title=IAF bombs Islamic University's R&D labs|first=Yaakov|last=Katz|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel/iaf-bombs-islamic-universitys-r-and-d-labs}}</ref> The university was again targeted by air strikes during the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]]. The Israeli army said it targeted a "weapon development" centre in the university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/israel-strikes-university-gaza-city-20148283821707200.html |title=Israel strikes university in Gaza City|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref>

==Related entities==
The [[Islamic Charitable Society]] is a [[non-profit]] [[charitable organisation]] located in [[Hebron]] in the [[West Bank]]. The charity was founded in 1962 to take care of orphans and expanded through years. It is now responsible for two orphanages, three schools for boys and girls, dairy, sewing workshop, two bakeries, a large mall and a 30-apartment building.<ref>Islamic Charitable Society, [http://www.hebronorphans.blogspot.com/ Orphans Under Threat].</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2025}}

According to a 2006 episode of the [[BBC]]'s series ''[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]]'':

:the Islamic Charitable Society has received funding from [[Interpal]] and is associated with [[Hamas]].<ref name=BBC-Panorama>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/30/panorama.shtml "Panorama: Faith, Hate and Charity"], ''[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]]'', [[BBC One]], 30 July 2006 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/5234586.stm Faith, hate and charity: Transcript]</ref> Citing the [[Charity Commission for England and Wales]] and a draft report from the [[U.S. Treasury]]'s Asset Freezing Working Group, it was alleged on that the Islamic Charitable Society has "a well-documented supporting role within the Hamas infrastructure" and that it had "funded and administered educational programmes that appear tantamount to incitement and indoctrination in support of violent Hamas activity.<ref name=BBC-Panorama/>

==See also==
*[[Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development]]
*[[Islamic Association of Palestine]]
*[[InfoCom Corporation]]
*[[Interpal]]
*[[Israeli support for Hamas]]
*[[Union of Good]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Hamas}}

[[Category:History of the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:History of Hamas]]
[[Category:Islamic charities]]
[[Category:Charities based in Palestine]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Palestine]]
[[Category:History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egypt in the Arab–Israeli conflict]]

Jisa Jose

2025-10-20T07:46:53Z

Lpsglobalschool: New A Article...

{{short description|Indian writer of Malayalam literature}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jisa Jose
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Jisa Jose
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| occupation = writer, teacher
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| period = 21st century
| notableworks = Mudrita, Anandabharam, Mukthibahini, Pushpaka Vimanam, Dark fantasy, Sarvamanushyarudeyum Rakshakku vendiyulla Kripa

| spouse =
| partner =
| children = 2
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}

'''Jisa Jose''' is an Indian writer in [[Malayalam]] from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=മാനിക്വീൻസ് - ജിസ ജോസ് എഴുതിയ കഥ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2021/11/22/mannequins-malayalam-short-story-written-by-jisa-jose.html |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> She works as the vice principal and head of the Malayalam department at [[Government Brennen College]], [[Thalassery]]. Jisa also writes stories and articles in various periodicals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=ആ വെയിലത്തേക്ക് നിസ്സഹായതയോടെ, ചിലപ്പോൾ മനസ്സുറപ്പോടെ നോക്കി നിൽക്കുന്നത് ഞാൻ തന്നെയാണ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/books/excerpts/anandabharam-novel-jisa-jose-mathrubhumi-books-1.7544125 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

==Biography==
Jisa was born in [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=ഇത് 'ജഹനാര'; കഥയുണരുന്ന വീട് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/literature/news/writer-jisa-jose-home-jahanara-mathrubhumi-books-1.5948069 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Her major works include ''Mudrita'', ''Dark Fantasy'', ''Sarva Manushyarudeyum Rakshakk Vendiyulla Kripa'' (Grace for the Salvation of All Humans), and ''Irupatham Nilayil Oru Puzha'' (A River on the Twentieth Floor).<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |title=ആനന്ദഭാരം: അലിഖിതമായ നോവലുകളാകുന്ന മനുഷ്യരുടെ ജീവിതം |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/books/book-review-aanandabharam-by-jisa-jose-1016688 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Madhyamam |date=June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Jisa has been appreciated for breaking [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]] norms in writing. A common feature of Jisa's writing is the many facets of women's lives. [[Malayala Manorama]] described her as a writer who travels through the minds of women.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=വിമതരായി മാറുന്ന സ്ത്രീകൾ, അവരുടെ ഇറങ്ങിനടപ്പുകൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2021/02/20/talk-with-writer-jissa-jose.html |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Source(s):<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.dcbooks.com |date=2023-01-14 |title=Announcing the Second Independence in the 1940s |url=https://www.dcbooks.com/announcing-the-second-independence-in-the-1940s.html |access-date=2023-06-07 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jisa Jose- Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2023{{!}} Keralaliteraturefestival.com |url=https://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=ODUz |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=keralaliteraturefestival.com}}</ref>
*''Swantham Idangal''
*''Puthunovel Vayanagal''
*''Navamadhyama Chinthagal''
*''Pranayathinte Pusthagam''
*''Mudrita''
*''Dark Fantasy''
*''Sarva Manushyarudeyum Rakshakk Vendiyulla Kripa''
*''Aananthabharam''
*''Irupatham Nilayil Oru Puzha''
*''Kripa''
*''Mukhtibhahini''

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jose, Jisa}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Subrat Tarai

2025-09-29T23:10:24Z

Lpsglobalschool: Creating Some Article W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Halu Mundari
| successor = [[Durga Charan Tanti]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Subrat Tarai''' (born 1971)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Subrat Tarai(BJD):Constituency- RAGHUNATHPALI(SUNDARGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4907 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a three time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]], representing [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghunathpali Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Raghunathpali Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/raghunathpali-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghunathpali, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/raghunathpali-constituency-s18aed2008a011/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

He was denied a ticket by BJD and Archana Rekha Behera was nominated to contest the 2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election. She lost to the BJP candidate, Durga Charan Tanti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghunathpali (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Raghunathpali (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/constituency-show/raghunathpali |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Prasanjeet |date=2024-04-12 |title=Will BJD drop 3-time MLA Subrat Tarai in RN Pali? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Apr/12/will-bjd-drop-3-time-mla-subrat-tarai-in-rn-pali |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tarai is from Raghunathpali, Rourkela district, Odisha. He is the son of Laxmidhar Tarai. He completed his MSc in agriculture in 1995 at [[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology]] (OUAT), Bhubaneswar. Earlier, he did BSc (agriculture) in 1992 at OUAT, Chipilima. He passed HSC at Ispat Vidyalaya, Sector -18, [[Rourkela]] in 1985.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarai, Subrat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Man Udu Udu Jhala

2025-07-24T11:15:16Z

Lpsglobalschool:

{{Short description|Marathi drama show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = MUUZ image.jpeg
| image_size =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Ekasmai Creations
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| location = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-Camera]]
| director = Mandar Devasthali, Harish Shirke
| writer = Swapnil Chavhan, Abhiram Ramdasi
| country = India
| producer = Sandeep Jadhav
| language = Marathi
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|8|13|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|8|30|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 311
| cinematography = Amit Baig
}}

'''''Man Udu Udu Jhala''''' ({{translation|My Mind Wandered}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='मन उडू उडू झालं' मालिकेत दीपू-इंद्राचं सत्य येणार सानिका-कार्तिकसमोर?|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/man-udu-udu-zhala-marathi-serial-will-dipu-indra-truth-come-in-front-of-sanika-kartik-1060372|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=17 May 2022 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सानिकाच्या चुकांमुळे दिपू-इंद्राचं नातं अडचणीत, प्रेमाच्या परीक्षेत पुढे काय घडणार?|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/man-udu-udu-zhala-dipu-indra-relationship-is-in-trouble-due-to-sanika-mistakes-what-will-happen-next-in-the-test-of-love-1040307|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=10 March 2022 |language=mr}}</ref> It is a [[Romance film|romantic drama]] series directed by Mandar Devsthali and produced by Sandeep Jadhav under the banner of Ekasmai creations.<ref>{{Cite web|title='मन उडू उडू झालं' मालिकेत नवा ट्विस्ट; इंद्रा-दीपूच्या नात्याचं सत्य मालती देशपांडे सरांपासून लपवणार|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/new-twist-in-man-udu-udu-zhala-serial-malati-deshpande-will-hide-the-truth-of-indra-dipu-relationship-from-deshpande-sir-1051865|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=19 April 2022 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='मन उडू उडू झालं' मालिकेत सानिकाचा स्वार्थीपणा देशपांडे सरांच्या जीवावर बेतणार का?|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/man-udu-udu-zhala-serial-will-sanika-selfishness-affect-deshpande-sir-life-1043631|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=22 March 2022 |language=mr}}</ref> The show stars [[Hruta Durgule]] and Ajinkya Raut in the lead roles. Its title track is sung by [[Avadhoot Gupte]] and [[Aarya Ambekar]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aarya Ambekar shares a BTS video of Man Udu Udu Jhala; says, "It was a learning experience" - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aarya-ambekar-shares-a-bts-video-of-man-udu-udu-jhala-says-it-was-a-learning-experience/articleshow/86061735.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सानिका-कार्तिकच्या लग्नाची होणार बोलणी|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/man-udu-udu-zhala-marathi-serial-negotiations-for-sanika-kartik-wedding-1048383|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=7 April 2022 |language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 30 August 2021 by replacing ''[[Pahile Na Mi Tula]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=इंद्रा-दीपू पुन्हा संकटात; माझ्या मुलीचा हात गुंडाच्या हातात देणार नाही: देशपांडे सर|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/man-udu-udu-zhala-indra-dipu-in-trouble-again-i-will-not-hand-over-my-daughter-to-a-goon-deshpande-sir-1072279|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=22 June 2022 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=दीपूचा होणार गंभीर अपघात; सानिकाला होईल का बहिणीवरच्या प्रेमाची जाणीव?|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/man-udu-udu-zhala-marathi-serial-dipu-will-have-a-serious-accident-will-sanika-realize-her-love-for-her-sister-1061745|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=21 May 2022 |language=mr}}</ref> The show went off air on 13 August 2022 completing 311 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title='देशपांडे सरांच्या मुलीवर प्रेम करायची इंद्राची लायकी नाही'; इंद्रा-दिपू होणार कायमचे विभक्त?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/indra-doesnt-deserve-to-love-deshpande-sirs-daughter-will-indra-dipu-be-separated-forever-a734/|access-date=2023-01-10|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=16 February 2022 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='रोज साडे सातला हे रडारड सुरू करतात...', 'मन उडू उडू झालं'चा इमोशनल ट्रॅक पाहून वैतागले प्रेक्षक|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/zee-marathi-man-udu-udu-zhala-marathi-serial-troll-on-social-media-a590/|access-date=2023-01-10|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=29 June 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Summary ==
Indra, a rowdy man, constantly gets in trouble due to his temper. He keeps crossing paths with Deepika, a reserved young woman, and eventually falls in love with her.<ref>{{Cite web|title='मन उडू उडू झालं' मालिकेत रंगणार होळी विशेष भाग|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/man-udu-udu-zhala-serial-holi-special-episode-to-be-aired-1044743|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=26 March 2022 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=मालतीमुळे येणार इंद्रा-दिपूच्या नात्यात दुरावा; देणार 'हा' सल्ला|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/tv-serial-man-udu-udu-zal-distance-between-indra-and-dipu-will-come-because-of-malati-a734/|access-date=2025-07-24|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=22 April 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
# 31 October 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=मराठी मालिकांचे महाएपिसोड: इंद्राच्या प्रेमाच्या कबुलीवर काय असेल दिपूचं उत्तर, अदिती आणि सिद्धार्थच्या साखरपुड्याची तयारी, यशचा लग्नासाठी होकार?, मालिकांमध्ये येणार नवीन वळण|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/man-udu-udu-zala-tuzya-mazya-sansarala-ani-kai-hava-mazi-tuzi-reshimgath-mahaepisode-on-31st-oct-129074794.html|access-date=2021-10-31|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
# 21 November 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=मालिकांचा एक तासाचा विशेष भाग: 'मन झालं बाजिंद', 'मन उडू उडू झालं' आणि 'तुझ्या माझ्या संसाराला आणि काय हवं!' मालिकांमध्ये येणार नवीन वळण|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/a-new-twist-in-man-zala-bajind-man-udu-udu-zala-and-tuzya-mazya-sansarala-ani-kay-hava-129133812.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Divya Marathi|date=19 November 2021 |language=mr}}</ref>
# 9 January 2022<ref>{{Cite news|title=Man Udu Udu Jhala, Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava, Devmanus 2 and Kitchen Kallakar to entertain the audience with special episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/man-udu-udu-jhala-devmanus-and-kitchen-kallkar-to-entertain-the-audience-with-special-episodes/articleshow/88757788.cms|access-date=2022-01-08|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 January 2022 }}</ref>
# 13 February 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=आकाशाला गवसणी घालत इंद्रा करणार प्रपोज, मिळणार का दिपूचा होकार?|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/zee-marathi-serial-man-udu-udu-zala-indra-will-propose-dipu-in-hot-air-balloon-1027616|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=23 January 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
# 17 April 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title='मन उडू उडू झालं' मालिकेत नवं वळण, रंगणार एक तासाचा विशेष भाग|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/a-new-twist-in-the-marathi-serial-man-udu-udu-zhala-1050720|access-date=2025-07-24|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=15 April 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
# 5 June 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=दिपूला मिळवण्यासाठी इंद्रा देणार अग्निपरीक्षा!|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/man-udu-udu-zhala-special-episode-indra-will-give-agnipariksha-for-dipu-au163-725099.html|access-date=2022-06-12|website=TV9 Marathi|date=3 June 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
# 19 June 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=इंद्रा-दीपूची ताटातूट! अखेर देशपांडे सरांसमोर येणार इंद्राची खरी ओळख|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/amp/news/zee-marathi-man-udu-udu-jhal-indra-true-identity-reveale-in-deepu-father-deshpande-sir-mhgm-718488.html|access-date=2022-06-19|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|date=17 June 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
# 24 July 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=इंद्रा-दीपू अडकणार लग्नबंधनात, नेहासमोर येणार अविनाशचं सत्य; मराठी मालिकांचा रंगणार एक तासाचा विशेष भाग|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-indra-deepu-will-get-stuck-in-marriage-avinash-truth-will-come-before-neha-one-hour-special-episode-of-marathi-serial-1082885|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=24 July 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Deepika (Deepu) Deshpande a reserved young woman get appointed in SP Bank as Loan Recovery Agent on her father's insistence. Her father is a proud teacher with strict rules and believer of old traditions. Indrajeet Salgaonkar is an MBA graduate but unemployed due to low employment gets appointed in SP Bank as Hard Recovery Agent alongside Deepu. Indra is also an ex-student of Manohar.

Indra's method of recovery is not liked by Deepu but works for recovery. Indra is possessive about his mother Jayashri and fakes his employment from her and his family. Sattu, Indra's brother-like friend also accompanies in the same. Indra loves his family and hence never questions them who intern also reciprocate the love.

Deepu's eldest sister Shalaka's marriage gets fixed with an American return fraud Nayan. Nayan's family berates the Dehspande's for their simple lifestyle and demand the wedding to be done in grand way with many more demands. Deshpande's sell their ancestral properties for the arrangement of this wedding. Nayan's family always berates and demeans Deepu on every encounter. Shalaka's younger and Deepu's elder sister Sanika gets romantically involved in Kartik, Indra's younger brother who is a casanova. Deepu warns Sanika about it but instead she refutes the allegations and blames Deepu.

Indra and Deepu work together and constantly have disagreements during the process of recovery but later they cope-up together. Indra gets smitten by Deepu's beauty and falls in love with her. Jayashri too gets impressed by Deepu's behaviour and hence wants to get her married to Indra. Manohar and Malati reveal that they hate the couple who hide their relationship secret or who elope for marriage.

With growing demands from Nayan's family, Manohar tries to break the alliance but fails. When Indra meets him, he senses his financial issues and decides help him by organising his felicitation program. Meanwhile, Malati steals some amount from the loan recovery bag for which Deepu gets blamed from the bank and even risking her job. When Malati learns about risking job, she reveals the truth. During the felicitation program, Deepu learns that Indra is actually her father's best student. Later, before Shalaka's marriage the Bank Manager visits Deepu's home to Tell Deshpande Sir about the theft.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Hruta Durgule]] as Deepika Indrajeet Salgaonkar / Deepika Manohar Deshpande (Deepu), Manohar and Malati's youngest daughter, Indra's wife<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hruta Durgule and Ajinkya Raut share a sizzling chemistry in Man Udu Udu Jhala's new teaser; watch - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hruta-durgule-and-ajinkya-raut-share-a-sizzling-chemistry-in-mann-udu-udu-jhalas-new-teaser-watch/articleshow/85425473.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2021 }}</ref>
* Ajinkya Raut as Indrajeet Salgaonkar (Indra), Jayshri's eldest son, Deepu's husband<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hruta Durgule and Ajinkya Raut starrer Man Udu Udu Jhala to go off-air soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hruta-durgule-and-ajinkya-raut-starrer-mann-udu-udu-jhala-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/92871186.cms|access-date=2023-01-11|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 July 2022 }}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Salgaonkar family
* Purnima Talwalkar as Jayashri Salgaonkar, Indrajeet, Kartik and Mukta's mother<ref>{{Cite web|title='मन उडू उडू झालं' मालिकेत प्रसिद्ध अभिनेत्री एंट्री, मालिका रंजक वळणावर|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/man-udu-udu-zalaya-marathi-serial-going-feature-famous-marathi-actress-a591/|access-date=2023-01-10|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=4 September 2021 |language=mr}}</ref>
* Ruturaj Phadake as Kartik Salgaonkar, Indrajeet's younger and Mukta's elder brother, Sanika's husband<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hruta Durgule and Ajinkya Raut thank fans for love and support - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hruta-durgule-and-ajinkya-raut-thank-fans-for-love-and-support/articleshow/85899258.cms|access-date=2022-02-25|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 September 2021 }}</ref>
* Prajakta Parab as Mukta Salgaonkar, Indrajeet and Kartik's younger sister<ref>{{Cite web|title=दिपूचं सत्य समजल्यावर इंद्राने घेतला मोठा निर्णय; दोघांच्या नात्यात येणार दुरावा|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/marathi-tv-serial-man-udu-udu-zal-dipus-truth-will-come-out-a734/|access-date=2023-01-11|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=13 February 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

;Deshpande family
* [[Arun Nalawade]] as Manohar Deshpande, Malati's husband, Shalaka, Sanika and Deepika's father
* Ruplaxmi Shinde as Malati Manohar Deshpande, Manohar's wife, Shalaka, Sanika and Deepika's mother
* Sharvari Kulkarni as Shalaka Manohar Deshpande / Shalaka Nayan Kanvinde (Didi), Manohar and Malati's eldest daughter, Nayan's wife, Snehlata's daughter-in-law
* [[Reena Madhukar]] as Sanika Manohar Deshpande / Sanika Kartik Salgaonkar (Taai), Manohar and Malati's middle daughter, Kartik's wife, Jayashri's daughter-in-law

;Kanvinde family
* Amit Parab as Nayan Vishwas Kanvinde, Shalaka's husband
* Sandeep Soman as Vishwas Kanvinde, Nayan's father
* Kasturi Sarang as Snehlata Vishwas Kanvinde, Nayan's mother
* Shweta Mande as Sampada Kanvinde, Nayan's aunt

=== Others ===
* Vinamra Bhabal as Sattu, Indra's best friend<ref>{{Cite web|title=दीपूला सानिकाने धक्का दिल्याचं सत्य येणार इंद्रासमोर? काय घडणार मालिकेच्या येत्या भागात?|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/sanika-pushed-deepu-indra-zee-marathi-man-udu-udu-zhala-episode-update-mhgm-707969.html|access-date=2023-01-18|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|date=26 May 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
* Raju Bawadekar as M.V. Sontakke, S.P. Bank's Deputy Manager<ref>{{Cite web|title='मन उडू उडू झालं' मालिकेत नवा ट्विस्ट, अखेर सानिकाचा खोटारडेपणा येणार सगळ्यांसमोर|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/new-twist-will-come-in-man-udu-udu-jhala-serial-a592/|access-date=2023-01-10|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=19 May 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
* Anil Rajput as Amit Kulkarni, Deepu's fiance<ref>{{Cite web|title='मन उडू उडू झालं' मालिकेत दीपू होणार साळगावकारांची मोठी सून, सानिकाचा होणार जळफळाट|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/man-udu-udu-jhal-episode-update-dipu-will-be-salgaonkars-eldest-daughter-in-law-a592/|access-date=2023-01-10|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=15 June 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
* Vidya Sant as Meenakshi Kunthe, S.P. Bank's staff member<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रतीकच्या परवानगीने इंद्रा करणार दीपूसोबत लग्न; लवकरच होणार शूटिंगला सुरुवात|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/man-udu-udu-zhala-indra-will-marry-dipu-with-the-permission-of-pratik-shooting-will-start-soon-1077506|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=8 July 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2021]]
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Couple
|Ajinkya Raut-[[Hruta Durgule]]
|Indra-Deepu
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/amphtml/marathi-movies/news/zee-marathi-awards-2021-winners-list-out-mazhi-tuzhi-reshimgaath-yeu-kashi-tashi-me-nandayla-win-big-323765.html|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2021 Winners List Out! Mazhi Tuzhi Reshimgaath & Yeu Kashi Tashi Me Nandayla Win Big|date=2021-10-30|website=Filmibeat|access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref>
|-
|Best Father
|[[Arun Nalawade]]
|Manohar
|-
|Most Trending Character Male
|Ajinkya Raut
|Indra
|-
|Most Trending Character Female
|[[Hruta Durgule]]
|Deepu
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt18266602}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/man-udu-udu-zhala/0-6-3525 ''Man Udu Udu Jhala''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Iqbal Singh (politician, born 1945)

2025-06-25T12:40:18Z

Lpsglobalschool: New Biography...

{{short description|Governor of Pondicherry, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{No footnotes|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox Governor
| name = Iqbal Singh
| image = Iqbal Singh (politician).jpg
| office = [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry |Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]
| term_start = 27 July 2009
| term_end = July 2013
| predecessor = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| successor = [[Virendra Kataria]]
| office1 = Member, [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 10 April 1992
| term_end1 = 9 April 1998
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1945|06|04}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[British India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Gurinder Bir Kaur
|}}

'''Iqbal Singh''' (born 4 June 1945) was the lieutenant governor of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[India]]. He took charge in July 2009.

==Politics==
Singh has the distinction of holding several significant positions in the Indian National Congress, including Secretary, All India Congress Committee for 12 continuous years and was an invitee to Congress Working Committee. He was Member of Parliament of Rajya Sabha from 1992–98.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|title=Alphabetical List Of All Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|work=164.100.47.5|accessdate=14 July 2013|quote=Iqbal Singh Shri Punjab INC 10/04/1992 09/04/1998}}</ref>

==Honours==
In recognition of his contributions, Andhra University had conferred upon him the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) on 5 December 2009.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100219164345/http://www.pon.nic.in/homeinfo/govt/Governor/Governor.htm Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]
* [http://www.asiantribune.com/node/21940 Asia Tribune]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120514050227/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/07/stories/2009120759010800.htm The Hindu: Doctorate conferred on Iqbal Singh]
* [http://india.gov.in/govt/ltgovernor.php Government Of India Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Iqbal}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from Lahore]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]

Daniel M. Neuman

2025-05-20T14:49:39Z

Lpsglobalschool: starting a entry

{{short description|American music educator (born 1944)}}
'''Daniel M. Neuman''' (born 1944) is the Mohindar Brar Sambhi Chair of Indian Music and Interim Director of the [[UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music|Herb Alpert School of Music]], [[University of California, Los Angeles]]<ref name="UCLA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.schoolofmusic.ucla.edu/neuman-daniel |title=Daniel M. Neuman |date=August 5, 2016|website=[[University of California, Los Angeles]]}}</ref> and also a published author of 10 books, being held in 1,163 libraries, the highest book is in 728 libraries worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79076923/ |title=Neuman, Daniel M. |publisher=worldcat.org |accessdate=August 5, 2016}}</ref> He has also been active in multimedia development, having received several grants for developing the World Music Navigator, a computerized ethnographic atlas from the early 1990s.<ref name="UCLA"/>

==Education and early career==
He received both his Bachelor of Arts and also Ph.D. in anthropology from the [[University of Illinois]]. He has also taught at [[Dartmouth College]] and also [[University of Washington]], where he held the position of Director of the School of Music for years until then becoming the Director of the [[UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture]] from 1996 to 2002 and then also subsequently holding the position of UCLA's Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost from 2002 to 2006.<ref name="UCLA"/>

==Publications==
* ''The Life of Music in North India: The Organization of an Artistic Tradition''. Wayne State University Press, 1980. {{ISBN| 978-0814316320}}.
** University of Chicago Press, 1990. {{ISBN|978-0226575162}}. With a new preface.
* {{cite journal |last=Neuman |first=Daniel M. |date=Winter–Spring 2023 |title=Remembering My Teachers-Bruno Nettl and Sabri Khan: Society for Asian Music 2022 Keynote Address |journal=[[Asian Music (journal)|Asian Music]] |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=4–27, 160–161 |doi=10.1353/amu.2023.0001 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2883016075 |id={{ProQuest|2883016075}} }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neuman, Daniel M.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:American music educators]]
[[Category:American male writers]]
[[Category:UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music faculty]]
[[Category:University of Illinois alumni]]
[[Category:Dartmouth College faculty]]
[[Category:University of Washington faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Humcha Jain temples

2025-02-24T10:20:33Z

Lpsglobalschool: New New Location...

{{short description|Jain temples in the state of Karnataka}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = File:Outside view of Basadi in Humcha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Matada Basadi
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13|51|42|N|75|12|21|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Humcha]], [[Shimoga District|Shimoga]], [[Karnataka]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]], [[Ratha Yatra]], [[Navaratri]]
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]], [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]]
| established = 7th century
| completed =
| creator = Jinadatta Raya
| governing_body = Humcha Matha
| temple_quantity = 10
| architecture_style = [[Badami Chalukya architecture]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.hombujapadmavati.org/}}
}}

The '''Humcha Jain temples''' or '''Humcha basadis''' are a group of [[Jain temple|temple]]s found in [[Humcha|Humcha village]] of [[Shimoga district]] in [[Karnataka|Karnataka, India]]. They were constructed in the 7th century CE in the period of the [[Santara dynasty]] and are regarded as one of the major [[Jain]] centres of Karnataka.{{sfn|Rice|1877|p=371}}{{sfn|Jaganathan|2017}} The [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] [[Jain temple|Basadi]] is the most well-known of these temples.{{sfn|Rospatt|2014|p=17}}

== History ==
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1077 AD) of Kalyani Chalukya King Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI in Panchabasti temple at Humcha.jpg|thumb|Inscription of [[Vikramaditya VI]], [[Western Chalukya]] inside Panchkuta Basadi|left]]

Humcha has been a major Jain centre since the establishment of the seat of the [[Bhattaraka]] (head of [[Digambara]] institutions{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=40}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=123}}) in the 7th–8th century CE by '''Jinadatta Raya''', founder of the [[Santara dynasty]].{{sfn|Rice|1877|p=371}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=96}}{{sfn|Sangave|1980|p=149}} The current structure of the Padmavati temple was built by Vira Santara in 1061 CE.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=96–97}}

Vikrama Santara built Guddada Basadi, dedicated to [[Bahubali]], in 897 CE, and the Parshvanath temple in 950 CE.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=97}} The Santara rulers granted land, gold, and other gifts as offerings for worship and religious activities. Bhujabala Santaradeva, of the [[Chalukya dynasty]], made similar grants to Bhujabala Santara Jinalaya.{{sfn|Karnataka Gazette|1975|p=11}}

The [[Bhattaraka#Present Bhattaraka Seats|Bhattaraka's seat]] at Humcha is one of fourteen surviving seats of the original 36.{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=40}} The earliest inscription dates back to the 9th century CE.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=96}} An 11th century inscription refers to a shrine dedicated to the cult of [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]]. The [[Ratta dynasty|Ratta]] and [[Shilahara dynasty|Shilahara]] dynasties also worshiped Padmavati as their tutelary deity.{{sfn|Nandi|1973|p=151}} Humcha received royal patronage until [[Vishnuvardhana]] of [[Hoysala Empire]] converted to [[Hindu]] [[Vaishnavism]] in 1117 or 1132 CE.{{sfn|Campbell|1883|p=229}} A 12th century [[nishidhi stone]] mentions a woman named ''Piriyarasi'' performing [[Sallekhana]] during the reign of [[Mahamandaleshwar]] Bomma Santi Deva, a local chief under [[Western Chalukya Empire]].{{sfn|The Hindu|2019}} According to an inscription dated 1530 CE, the [[Viceroy of India|viceroy]] of Sriranganagara converted from the [[Franconia]]n faith to Jainism under the influence of [[Acharya (Jainism)|Āchārya]] Vidyananda.{{sfn|Glasenapp|1925|p=76}} A total of 43 inscriptions has been discovered at this site.{{CN|date=July 2023}} According to ''Pārśvanātha-Padmāvatī-labdhavaraprasanna'' in seal, the ''bhaṭṭārakas'' of [[Malkheda]] were confirmed at the Padmavati Basadi.{{sfn|Wright|2017|p=31}}

The basadi complex is maintained by Humcha Matha and protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].{{sfn|ASI}}{{sfn|Jaganathan|2017}}{{sfn|Kumar|2017}} The temples have since undergone repairs, renovations, and modifications.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=294}}

== Legend ==
Jinadatta, a royal prince of [[Mathura]] in the [[Solar dynasty]], fled home after his father, Sahakara, attempted to murder him. Sahakara, under the influence of his second son Mardatta, had sought to ensure that the latter would be the successor to the throne. Jindatta fled to South India, and, heeding the counsel of Jain monk Muni Siddhanta, carried a golden idol of Padmavati on his back to protect him on his journey.{{sfn|Rice|1897|p=455}} On the way, while resting under a ''[[Vitex negundo|kari lakki]]'' tree, Jindatta had a dream in which Padmavati told him to establish his capital at that place, with the help of people living in the forest.{{sfn|Rice|1876|p=374}} Jinadatta proceeded to found the city of Pombuccapura (modern-day Humcha){{sfn|Nandi|1973|p=151}} and built two temples dedicated to [[Parshvanatha]]. He also founded a shrine of Padmavati near the tree where he had his dream, installing an idol of the Goddess as presiding deity of the temple.{{sfn|Rice|1897|p=455}}{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=39}}

== Architecture ==
[[File:Gopuram in front of Basadi in Humcha.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Manastambha]]
The noteworthy architecture of the Humcha Basadi{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=287}} comprises temples classified as either early phase or later phase, based on the architectural style of each. The early phase temples include a square ''[[Vimana]]'' with a small ''[[antarala]]'' and a closed ''mahamandapa'', which is broader than the ''garbhagriha'', and include pillars with ornate carvings. The later phase temples are constructed in a rectangular shape, crowned with Brahmachanda [[Sikhara]] in an incorporated built-in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style]]. The [[Makara]] [[torana]] is an important feature of the architectural style of the Santara period.{{sfn|Sarvamangala|2008|pp=3–6}}

Panchkuta Basadi, originally known as ''Urdhvitilaka'' (glory of the world) according to inscriptions, is the largest temple in Humcha. The temple was built in the [[Badami Chalukya architecture|Chalukyan style]] in 1077 CE by Chattaladevi, the wife of Kaduvetti, a [[Kadava dynasty|Kadava]] ([[Pallava dynasty]]) chief.{{sfn|Karnataka Gazette|1975|p=11}}{{sfn|Jaganathan|2017}} Panchkuta Basadi derives its name from five ''[[garbhagriha]]'' inside the temple.{{sfn|University of Mysore|1931|p=6}} These five share a common plinth arranged in a row to form a ''navaranga'', ''[[mandapa|mahamandapa]]'', and ''mukhamandapa'' in common. In front of the temple are two small shrines dedicated to Parshvanatha and Bahubali.{{sfn|ASI}} Only three idols – of [[Neminatha]], [[Shantinatha]], and Parshvanatha – remain of the original five in the ''garbhagriha'' of Panchkuta Basadi. The ''navaranga'' of the temple consists of ten ''ankanaswith'' and three doors, and it houses images of [[yaksha]] and [[yakshi]] [[Jwalamalini]].{{sfn|ASI}}

Before Panchkuta Basadi is a tall, ornate pillar called a [[manastambha]];{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=294}} this one is known for its architectural details and is considered the best example of Jain architectural style.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=296}} The pillar stands on a three-tiered platform; the lowest tier displays carvings of four elephants at the four corners and another four elephants on the four faces, which are oriented to the [[cardinal direction]]s; reliefs of lions appear between the elephants. A statue of [[Brahma]]deva surmounts the pillar as the guardian [[yaksha]].{{sfn|ASI}}{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=39}}

Pâḷiyakka Basadi is ruined temple constructed in 878 CE ([[Shaka era|Shaka year]] 800) according to an inscription dated 950 CE. Guḍḍada Basadi, dedicated to Bahubali, was constructed in 898 CE during the reign of [[Vikramaditya VI]]. There is another 10th century ruins of a Jain basadi believed to be dedicated to [[Chandraprabha]].{{sfn|University of Mysore|1931|p=6-7}}

== About the temples ==
[[File:Backside view of Basadi in Humcha (DYK crop).jpg|thumb|Panchkuta Basadi]]
The Jain temples in Humcha Basadi complex belong to the [[Digambar]] sect of Jainism and are considered one of the great Jain centres of Karnataka.{{sfn|Jaganathan|2017}} The Padmavati temple is near the same ''lakki'' tree where Padmavati told Jinadatta in his dream to build his capital. According to Jain belief, the Goddess entered the ''lakki'' tree, and the same tree is still growing beside the temple.{{sfn|Rice|1897|p=456}} The Humcha Jain temple complex is an important centre for the cult of Padmavati. Each Friday is a particularly prominent day of worship.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=213–214}} The Panchkuta Basadi houses a golden-coloured idol of Padmavati carrying a lotus and a goad in the lower right and upper right hand, respectively, and a noose in the lower hand.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=269}} Two idols of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] belonging to the 10th and 11th century are equally noteworthy.{{sfn|Tiwari|1989|p=167}}

Two smaller shrines dedicated to [[Bahubali]] and Parshvanatha stands on either side of the main temple. These structures were added later in 1075 CE.{{sfn|University of Mysore|1931|p=6}}

The complex includes a [[Matha#Matha in Jainism|Humcha Matha]] built by Jain monks.{{sfn|Rice|1877|p=372}} The matha premises include the Padmavathi temple, Parshwanatha Basadi, Marthanda Basadi, Bogara Basadi, Jattigaraya Basadi, and Bahubali temple.{{sfn|Jaganathan|2017}} Humcha also has three monolithic statues of Bahubali with heights of {{convert|12|ft|m}}, {{convert|10|ft|m}}, and {{convert|7|ft|m}}, respectively.{{sfn|Kumar|2017}}

; Festivals
The primary festival of the temple is [[Ratha Yatra]] of Padmavati, organised annually on the [[Mula (nakshatra)|moola nakshatra]] day in March. [[Navaratri]] is also organised and celebrated by the temple.{{sfn|Jaganathan|2017}}

== See also ==
* [[Mel Sithamur Jain Math]]
* [[Padmakshi Gutta]]
* [[Kundadri]]
* [[Humcha]]

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=James M. | author-link=James Macnabb Campbell |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ka'nara | volume=15 | issue=1 | edition=2 | series=[[Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency]] |url={{Google books|SQ8IAQAAIAAJ|page=229|plainurl=yes}} |year=1883 |publisher=Government Central Press | location=Bombay }}
* {{cite book | last=Chugh | first=Lalit | title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage – Art and Architecture | url={{Google books|JpnoCwAAQBAJ|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | edition= From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period | publisher=[[Notion Press]] | location=Deccan | date=2016 |isbn= 9789352068258 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|jdjNkZoGFCgC|page=123|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }}
* {{cite book |last=Nandi |first=Ramendra Nath |title=Religious Institutions and Cults in the Deccan, C. A.D. 600-A.D. 1000 |url={{Google books|7HRgstuWe6EC|page=151|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |date=1973 |isbn=978-08-426-0564-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis | author-link=B. Lewis Rice |title=Mysore and Coorg: Mysore |url={{Google books|SlkoAAAAYAAJ|page=374|plainurl=yes}} | series=A Gazetteer Compiled for the Government of India |publisher=Government Press | location=Karnataka |volume=2 |date=1876 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis | author-link=B. Lewis Rice |title=Mysore and Coorg: Mysore |url={{Google books|z9tQAQAAIAAJ|page=371|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Government Press | location=Mysore |volume=1 |date=1877 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis | author-link=B. Lewis Rice |title=Gazetteer of Mysore |url={{Google books|p0wSoEIub1YC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Government Press |volume=2 |date=1897 | location=Mysore }}
* {{cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath | author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jaina Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|page=149|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |volume=2 | series=Popular library of Indian sociology and social thought |date=1980 | isbn=978-03-171-2346-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|page=269|plainurl=yes}} |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-208-6 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt |last2=Bruhn|first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |date=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Tiwari | first=Dr. Maruti Nandan Prasad | url={{Google books|l0Tt04JDN0kC|page=167|plainurl=yes}} | title=Ambika in Jaina Art and Literature| publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] | location=Delhi | date=1989 }}
* {{cite book | author=[[University of Mysore]] |title=Annual Report of the Mysore Archaeological department |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/22774.pdf |year=1931 |publisher=Government Press | location=Bangalore }}
* {{cite book |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url={{Google books|cIhCCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2009 | volume=38 |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press|Scarecrow]] | series=The A to Z Guide Series |isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8 }}
* {{cite book | last=Glasenapp | first=Helmuth von | author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp | others=Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.) | title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation | trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion | url={{Google books|WzEzXDk0v6sC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] (Reprinted: 1999) | year=1925 | location=[[Delhi]] | isbn=81-208-1376-6 }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web | last=Rospatt | first=Alexander von| url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00000809/00009 | title=Jain studies | issue=9 | date=March 2014 | access-date=2 November 2020 | publisher=[[SOAS University of London]] | location=London }}
* {{cite web | last=Wright | first=J. Clifford | url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/jainastudies/newsletter/file119532.pdf | title=Jain studies | issue=12 | date=March 2017 | access-date=2 November 2020 | publisher=[[SOAS University of London]] | location=London | archive-date=2 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202102306/https://www.soas.ac.uk/jainastudies/newsletter/file119532.pdf | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | last=Sarvamangala | first=G. | url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/82783/14/14_chapter%207.pdf | title=Santaras of Humcha – a cultural study | date=2008 | access-date=3 November 2020 | publisher=[[Shodhganga]] }}
* {{cite web | author=ASI | url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/basadis-and-inscriptions-humcha | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | title=Basadis and Inscriptions, Humcha | access-date=2 November 2020 | archive-date=1 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101034821/http://asibengalurucircle.in/basadis-and-inscriptions-humcha | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/pdf/1975-26-0/Shimoga_1975_Chapter2_History.pdf | title=Shimoga Dist Gazetteer 1975 - History | work=[[The Gazette of India|Karnataka Gazetteer Department]] | date=1975 | ref={{sfnref|Karnataka Gazette|1975}} }}
* {{cite news | last=Jaganathan | first=Rijutha | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/629199/humchas-jain-heritage.html | title=Humcha's Jain heritage | date=22 August 2017| access-date=2 November 2020 | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] }}
* {{cite news | last=Kumar | first=R. Krishna | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/tracking-the-lesser-known-bahubalis-of-karnataka/article21386607.ece | title=Tracking the lesser-known Bahubalis of Karnataka | date=10 December 2017| access-date=2 November 2020 | work=[[The Hindu]] }}
* {{ cite news | last=Prashad S | first=Shyam | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/six-secrets-unearthed-from-an-ancient-village/articleshow/71881562.cms | title=Six secrets unearthed from an ancient village | publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]] | date=4 November 2019| access-date=13 December 2020 }}
* {{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/partially-damaged-nishidhi-stone-inscription-found/article29873013.ece | title=Partially damaged Nishidhi stone inscription found | date=4 November 2019| access-date=13 December 2020 | work=[[The Hindu]] | ref={{sfnref|The Hindu|2019}} }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commonscatinline|Humcha Basadis}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:7th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Shimoga district]]

Shrisitaramakelikaumudi

2024-11-09T19:56:59Z

Lpsglobalschool: Creating Initial Article W/ Refs.

{{infobox book
| name = श्रीसीतारामकेलिकौमुदी
| title_orig = Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī
| translator =
| image = Ramabhadracharya Works - Srisitaramakelikaumudi (2008).jpg
| caption= Cover page of Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī, first edition
| author = [[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = Rītikāvya (Procedural Poetry)
| publisher = Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University
| pub_date = August 16, 2008
| media_type = Print ([[paperback]])
| pages = 224 pp ''(first edition)''
| oclc =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
{{Rambhadracharya sidebar}}
'''''Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī''''' ({{langx|hi|श्रीसीतारामकेलिकौमुदी}}) (2008), literally ''The moonlight (elucidation) for the [childhood] pastimes of Sītā and Rāma'', is a minor poem in the [[Braj Bhasha|Braja]] dialect of [[Hindi]] (with some verses in [[Maithili language|Maithili]]) belonging to the [[Hindi literature#Ritikavya Kaal (रीतिकाल)(1700 to 1900)|Rītikāvya]] genre. It was composed by [[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]] (1950–) in the years 2007 and 2008.<ref name="ssrkkprologue1">Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. ''ka''–''ṅa''.</ref> The work is set in the backdrop of the [[Balakanda|Bālakāṇḍa]] of [[Valmiki|Vālmīki's]] [[Rāmāyaṇa]] and [[Tulasīdāsa|Tulasīdāsa's]] [[Ramcharitmanas|Rāmacaritamānasa]], and is an assortment of verses describing the activities, pastimes and major events during the childhood of [[Sītā]] and [[Rāma]]. Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī consists of 324 verses divided in three parts of 108 verses each. The verses are composed in seven [[Prakrit]] metres, namely ''Amātrika'', ''Kavitta'', ''Gīta'', ''Ghanākṣarī'', ''Caupaiyā'', ''Drumila'', and ''Mattagajendra''.

A copy of the epic with a Hindi commentary has been published by the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakuta]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The book was released on October 30, 2008.

==Composition==

Jagadguru Rambhadracharya mentions in the prologue of the work that he was traveling to [[Madhya Pradesh]] from [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakuta]] on November 25, 2007. He was listening to the poetry of [[Raskhan]], being read out by his disciples. After reading some verses, two of his disciples asked him in why he could not compose such lyrical poetry describing the child forms of [[Sītā]] and [[Rāma]], as Raskhan composed describing [[Krishna|Kṛṣṇa]]. The poet accepted their "ingenuous yet challenging"<ref name="ssrkkprologue1"/> request and composed the first verse almost a month later, on December 23, 2007, in the [[Kandivali]] (East) suburb of [[Mumbai]]. Till April 2008, he had time to compose just 67 verses of the first part, owing to a busy schedule. Then he happened to travel to [[Bihar]] for an 18-day-long [[Katha (storytelling format)|Kathā]] programme in April–May. The poet completed the remaining 260 verses between April 19 and May 1, 2008, on the banks of the [[Kamala River]] in the [[Mithila (India)|Mithila]] region of Bihar.<ref name="ssrkkprologue1"/>

==The three parts==

The work is divided into three parts, called the three ''rays'' by the poet. The first ray is set in [[Ayodhya|Ayodhyā]] and the subject is the birth (manifestation) of Rāma, followed by the pastimes and events from his childhood. The second ray is set in [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithilā]], describing the manifestation, and childhood pastimes and events from the life of Sītā. The first half of the third ray is a description of messages exchanged by Sītā and Rāma through [[Nārada]], and the second half describes Rāma's journey from Ayodhyā to Mithilā and culminates with the marriage of the princes of Ayodhyā with the princesses of Mithilā. Most of the verses describe a sight or activity using various figures of speech, while major events of are Rāmāyaṇa are summed up briefly.

At the end of each part, after the 108th verse, is a concluding 109th verse in which the poet presents a metaphor for the work, wishing that the [[Vaishnava|Vaiṣṇava]]s in the form of [[chukar partridge|cakora]] birds ever drink the moonlight of Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī. In [[Indian literature]], the cakora bird is said to subsist on moonbeams only.<ref>Monier-Williams 2005, p. 380.</ref> This final verse is the same in all the three parts.

===Ray One===
[[Image:Four Sons of Dasaratha.jpg|thumb|left|The manifestation of Rāma and his three brothers is described in Ray One.|250px]]
The first ray ({{langx|hi|प्रथम किरण}}) begins with an invocation of [[Sarasvatī]] and the poet expressing that his only faith is in the infant form of Rāma (verses 1 to 3). Verses 4 to 5 state that it is the very same Supreme God ([[Para Brahman]]) who is without any qualities ([[Nirguna Brahman|Nirguṇa Brahman]]) that manifests as Rāma who is with qualities ([[Saguna Brahman|Saguṇa Brahman]]). The manifestation of Rāma as an infant from the womb of [[Kausalya|Kauśalyā]] on the day of [[Rama Navami|Rāmanavamī]] is described in verses 6 to 18, with eight different similes from natural world forming verses 8 to 15. Verses 19 to 22 show Rāma in the care of Kauśalyā, while verses 23 and 24 show him in the arms of [[Vasiṣṭha]], the [[Guru]] of the [[Raghu]] dynasty. The features of the baby are the subject of the verses 25 to 27. Verses 28 to 30 describe the festivities in Ayodhyā. Verse 31 shows Rāma in the lap of Kauśalyā. The [[Saṃskāra#Namakarana|Nāmakaraṇa Saṃskāra]] of the four brothers takes place in verse 32, with their features described in verse 33. Kauśalyā and [[Arundhati (mythology)|Arundhatī]] play with Rāma in verses 34 to 38.

The next twenty nine verses (39 to 67) show various features, activities and pastimes of the child Rāma, like playing in the mud, bathing, baby talk, curly hair, clothes and ornaments, act of crawling, et cetera. In verses 68 to 70, the child Rāma falls ill and [[Kaikeyi|Kaikeyī]] and Kauśalyā, thinking it to be the result of a [[Tantra|Tāntric]] charm, call Vasiṣṭha for a remedy. In verse 71, Vasiṣṭha chants the [[Narasimha|Narasiṃha]] [[Mantra]] and Rāma is cured. Verse 72 shows Rāma in the lap of [[Daśaratha]]. Verses 73 to 80 form a conversation between Kaikeyī and Rāma, where the child Rāma requests Kaikeyī for the ''toy'' in the sky (the moon) – Kaikeyī makes up several excuses for each of which Rāma has an answer. Once again, in verses 81 to 94, the features, activities and pastimes of the child Rāma are described. In verses 95 to 98, Rāma begins to learn the art of archery, first using a bow made of wooden skewer, and later using an actual bow given by Daśaratha. Looking at his prowess with the bow, Vasiṣṭha predicts that the boy will grow up to be the slayer of the demons and [[Ravana|Rāvaṇa]]. Verse 101 shows Rāma playing with his friends on the banks of the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayū]] river.

The [[Saṃskāra#Upanayana|Yajñopavīta Saṃskāra]] of the four brothers takes place in verses 102 and 103. In the next four verses (103 to 107), the four brothers go to the [[Ashram|Āśrama]] of Vasiṣṭha to study the [[Veda]]s and come back home after their [[Saṃskāra#Samavartana|Samāvartana Saṃskāra]]. In the 108th verse, the four princes are shown in the palace of Daśaratha, endowed with knowledge and a virtuous character.

===Ray Two===

The initial verses (1 to 14) of Ray Two ({{langx|hi|द्वितीय किरण}}) have the region of Mithilā, the city of [[Janaka]] and the place of [[Sitamarhi#Punaura Dham|Puṇyāraṇya]] as their subject. In verses 15 to 23, the manifestation of Sītā on Sītānavamī day as Janaka ploughs the fields of Puṇyāraṇya is described. The festivities in Mithilā come next (verses 24 to 28), followed by the description of the infant's features by the women of Mithilā (verses 29 to 31). Verses 32 to 35 deal with the infant Sītā in the care of Janaka and his wife Sunainā. The beauty of the baby and her activities are described in verses 36 to 45. Verse 46 is about her [[Saṃskāra#Annaprashana|Annaprāśana]] ceremony. Two more verses on the child's charm (47 and 48) are followed by her [[Saṃskāra#Karnavedha|Karṇavedha]] rite (verse 49), and then another five verses on Sītā's playful activities (50 to 54).

Verse 55 describes Sītā with her three sisters (Māṇḍavī, Ūrmilā, and Śrutikīrti) and eight companions. Her play on the banks of the river, with dolls and in the courtyard of Janaka is the subject of verses 56 to 60. In verses 61 to 67, Sunainā adorns Sītā with a [[Sari]] and other ornaments, thinking about Rāma as her future groom. Verses 68 to 72 once describe Sītā's beauty, charm and glory. Sītā's devotion and love for Rāma is described in verses 73 to 76. Her mixing up with the children of the commoners in Mithilā form verses 77 to 79. The service of the cows and a painting of Rāma is described in verses 80 and 81. Verses 82 to 89 describe the interactions of Sītā with the girls, boys and women of Mithilā, along with her daily routine. The way the child Sītā eats her food is the subject of verse 90. Verses 91 to 100 deal with her love for nature – the rainy season, the trees and the creepers, and her disapproval of materialism and greed.

In verses 101 to 108, the dragging of the [[Shiva Dhanush|Pināka]] by Sītā is described. Sītā sees the onerous bow of [[Shiva|Śiva]] being worshipped in Mithilā asks Janaka about it. On learning its history, she drags the bow and plays with it like a toy horse, to the great amazement of Janaka.

===Ray Three===
[[Image:Ramayana - Marriage of Rama Bharata Lakshmana and Shatrughna.jpg|thumb|left|The four sons of Daśaratha get married with the four daughters of Sīradhvaja and Kuśadhvaja at the end of Ray Three.|250px]]
Ray Three ({{langx|hi|तृतीय किरण}}) begins with the description of a young Sītā in verses 1 to 5. In verses 6 to 9, the sage Nārada visits Sītā in Mithilā and carries a message from her to Rāma in Ayodhyā. The description and glory of Ayodhyā is the topic in verses 10 to 14. In verses 15 to 20, the sight ([[Darśana]]) of the child Rāma playing with his friends and brothers is described, as seen by Nārada. The conversation between Nārada and Rāma happens in verses 21 and 22. This is followed by Sītā's message to Rāma in verses 23 to 31. In verses 32 and 33, Rāma sends a message in reply to Sītā through Nārada, the contents of which are in verses 34 to 42. Nārada returns to Brahmaloka in verse 43. Verses 44 to 51 deal with Sītā's feelings of separation and her longing to see Rāma.

In verses 52 and 53, Sītā ordains Śiva to reveal the ''Rāmarakṣāstotra'' to sage Viśvāmitra. Viśvāmitra writes the [[Stotra]] as dictated by Śiva in his dream and goes to Ayodhyā in verse 54. The sight of Rāma by Viśvāmitra is forms the verses 55 to 58. In verses 59 to 63, Viśvāmitra asks Daśaratha for Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, who is first distraught over the demand but is then convinced by Vasiṣṭha. Nine events of the Rāmāyaṇa between the brothers departure from Ayodhyā and their arrival in Mithilā with Viśvāmitra are briefly summarized in verse 64.

In verse 65 Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa set out to see the capital city of Mithilā. The maidens of Mithilā, friends of Sītā, see the two princes and sing of their charm in verses 66 to 71. Early morning on the next day, Rāma requests Viśvāmitra to allow the brothers to get flowers for his service (verses 72 to 77). The next three verses (78 to 80) show the two brothers in the garden of Janaka. From verse 81 to 87, the conversation between Rāma and the gardeners of Mithilā is described. Sītā, sent by her mother Sunayanā to pray to [[Pārvatī]], enters the garden with her friends and comes face to face with Rāma. Their first meeting is the subject of verses 88 to 100, with the poet stating their ''Advaita'' (non-duality) in verses 96 and 97. In verses 101 and 102, both Sītā and Rāma leave the garden for the temple and Viśvāmitra's place respectively. In verse 103, the blessing of Sītā by Pārvatī, the breaking of Śiva's bow by Rāma, and the meeting of [[Paraśurāma]] and Rāma is briefly summarized. In verses 104 to 108, the marriage of the four Raghu princes – Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa, Bharata and Śatrughna – takes place with the four princesses – Sītā, Ūrmilā, Māṇḍavī and Śrutikīrti respectively; and the couples come home to Ayodhyā.

==Poetic Features==

===Figures of speech===

===Rasa===

===Prosody===

====Short syllabled verses====

There are three verses in the second ray (2.3, 2.4 and 2.18) of Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī composed in the Ghanākṣarī metre using only short syllables.<ref>Rambhadracharya 2008, pp. 83–84,93.</ref> An examples is –

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
<div class="center">
[[Devanagari]] 
तहँ बस बसुमति बसु बसुमुखमुख 
निगदित निगम सुकरम धरमधुर । 
दुरित दमन दुख शमन सुख गमन 
परम कमन पद नमन सकल सुर ॥ 
बिमल बिरति रति भगति भरन भल 
भरम हरन हरि हरष हरम पुर । 
गिरिधर रघुबर घरनि जनम महि 
तरनि तनय भय जनक जनकपुर ॥ 
</div>
{{Col-break}}
<div class="center">
[[IAST]] 
tahaँ basa basumati basu basumukhamukha 
nigadita nigama sukarama dharamadhura । 
durita damana dukha śamana sukha gamana 
parama kamana pada namana sakala sura ॥ 
bimala birati rati bhagati bharana bhala 
bharama harana hari haraṣa harama pura । 
giridhara raghubara gharani janama mahi 
tarani tanaya bhaya janaka janakapura ॥ 
</div>
{{col-end}}
{{Cquote|Giridhara says – there (in Mithilā) is settled the city of [[Janaka]] which is the crest-jewel (''vasu'') of the earth (''vasumati''); the upholder of the Karma as enunciated by the Brāhmaṇas (''vasumukhamukha''s – the mouths of [[Agni]], who is the chief among the ''Vasu''s) and righteousness; the subduer of sins; the destroyer of sorrows; the pleasant destination; supremely spectacular; whose feet are bowed down to by all deities; the good nourisher of pure [forms of] abstention, love and devotion; the remover of doubts; the palace for the pleasure of Rāma; the birthplace of the paramour of the best amongst [[Raghu]]s; and the cause of fear in [even] the son of [[Sūrya]] ([[Yama]], the deity of death). ॥ 2.3 ॥}}
</blockquote>

In his Sanskrit epic poem [[Sribhargavaraghaviyam|Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam]], the poet has composed seven such short-syllabled verses in the Acaladhṛti (Gītyāryā) metre.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

{{citation | date=August 16, 2008 | title = Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī | language=Hindi | first=Svāmī | last=Rāmabhadrācarya | author-link=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya | publisher=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University | place=Chitrakuta, Uttar Pradesh, India}}

{{citation | date=November 30, 2005 | title = A Sanskrit English Dictionary 2005 Deluxe Edition: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages | first=Monier | last=Monier-Williams | author-link=Monier Monier Williams | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | place=Delhi, India}}

{{Jagadguru Rambhadracharya}}

[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:Hindi poetry]]
[[Category:Hindi poetry collections]]
[[Category:Works by Rambhadracharya]]

Palashi Dam

2024-11-09T09:36:22Z

Lpsglobalschool: new data

{{Infobox dam
| name = Palashi Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Palashi Dam
| dam_crosses = Palashi River
| location = [[Palashi, Parner]] [[India]]
| dam_type = Earth-fill (Earthen)
| dam_length = {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|14.03|m|abbr=on}}
| opening = 1979
| res_name = Palashi lake
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|860|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_surface = {{convert| 28|km2|abbr=on}}
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|19|15|43|N|74|24|36|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Palashi Dam''' ({{langx|mr|पळशी धरण}}), is an earth-fill dam on [[Palashi, Parner|Palashi]] river in Palashi village in [[Parner taluka]] of [[Ahmednagar district]] of state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|14.03|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}}. The gross storage capacity is {{convert|1060|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=2010-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Purpose==
It was designed and built to provide irrigation for farms and drinking water for the nearest villages.

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Parner taluka topics}}
{{Ahmednagar district topics}}

[[Category:Dams in Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1979]]
[[Category:Earth-filled dams]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Purulia I

2024-09-23T00:57:38Z

Lpsglobalschool: reworked article per standard format and added references as per guidelines

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Purulia I
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Purulia-I in Purulia (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3238140|N|86.3456726|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 281.50
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 240
| population_total = 151,188
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 723102 (Kotloi)
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
|area_code = 03251
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-55, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-56
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 64.77%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Purulia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purulia]], [[Balarampur, Purulia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balarampur]]
| website = {{URL|purulia.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Purulia I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Purulia Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
===Background===
The ''Jaina Bhagavati-Sutra'' of the 5th century AD mentions that Purulia was one of the sixteen mahajanapadas and was a part of the kingdom known as Vajra-bhumi in ancient times. In 1833, Manbhum district was carved out of [[Jungle Mahals]] district, with headquarters at Manbazar. In 1838, the headquarters was transferred to [[Purulia]]. After independence, when Manbhum district was a part of [[Bihar]], efforts were made to impose Hindi on the Bengali-speaking majority of the district and it led to the [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]. In 1956, Manbhum district was partitioned between Bihar and West Bengal under the States Reorganization Act and the Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act 1956.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html | title = Historical background | access-date = 2008-03-02 | publisher = Purulia District |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080103032840/http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html  |archive-date = 2008-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/bhasa_andolon.html| title = Historical Event: Bhasa Andolan|work= Department of Information and Cultural Affairs| publisher = Purulia.nic.in |access-date = 4 February 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Purulia Tehsil Map.svg|thumb|450px|left|'''CD blocks in Purulia district''']]
Bhatbandh is located at {{coord|23.3238140|N|86.3456726|E|format=dms|}}.

The Purulia I CD block is located in the central part of the district. The [[Kangsabati River]] forms the boundary between the Purulia I and [[Arsha (community development block)|Arsha]] and [[Purulia II]] CD blocks. The upper Kangsabati basin has undulating land and the elevation rises from 200 to 300 m and the general slope is from west to east and south-east.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Puruliya |work = pages 11,12 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 6 December 2016}}</ref>

The Purulia I CD block is bounded by the [[Chandankiyari (community development block)|Chandankiyari]] CD block, in the Bokaro district of Jharkhand, and [[Purulia II]] and [[Hura (community development block)|Hura]] CD blocks on the north, the [[Puncha (community development block)|Puncha]] and [[Manbazar I]] CD blocks on the east, the [[Barabazar (community development block)|Barabazar]] CD block on the south, and the [[Arsha (community development block)|Arsha]] and [[Joypur, Purulia (community development block)|Joypur]] CD blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/blocks/blocks.html |title = Purulia district |work = Blocks in Purulia district | publisher= Purulia district administration | access-date = 14 September 2016}}</ref>

The Purulia I CD block has an area of 281.50 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 101 gram sansads (village councils), 115 [[mouza]]s, 105 inhabited villages and 1 census town. [[Kenda, Purulia#Police station|Kenda]] (partly), [[Purulia#Police stations|Purulia (Town)]] (partly), [[Arsha, Purulia#Police station|Arsha]] (partly) and [[Purulia#Police stations|Purulia (Muffasil)]] (partly) police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Chakda, Purulia|Chakda]], PO Kotlui.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/blocks/block_purulia1/block_purulia1.html |title = Purulia I Development Block | publisher= Purulia district administration | access-date = 12 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya | work= Map of District Puruliya with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 December 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of the Purulia I block/ [[panchayat samiti]] are: Bhandarpuara-Chipida, [[Chakaltor]], Dimdiha, Durku, Garafusra, [[Lagda]], Manara and Sonajuri.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purulia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] the Purulia I CD block had a total population of 151,188, of which 145,494 were rural and 5,694 were urban. There were 77,858 (51%) males and 73,330 (49%) females. There were 21,984 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 25,936 (17.15%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 12,655 (8.37%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 September 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Purulia I block had a total population of 125,261, out of which 64,980 were males and 60,281 were females. The Purulia I block registered a population growth of 14.34 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the Purulia district was 13.96 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Puruliya District | access-date = 12 September 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205850/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census town]]s in the Purulia I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Lagda]] (5,694).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Purulia I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Garaphushara (4,244), Dimdiha (4,266) and [[Chakaltor]] (4,461).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Purulia I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Kotloi (3,151), Chakda (3,275), Durku (2,315) and Bhandarpuara (2,490).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in Purulia I CD block was 83,688 (64.77% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 52,095 (78.37% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 31,593 (50.37%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 28.00%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purulia district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Purulia I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.87}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|7.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|7.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.80}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.41}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 126,796 and formed 83.87% of the population in the Purulia I CD block. Muslims numbered 10,745 and formed 7.11% of the population. Christians numbered 1,206 and formed 0.80% of the population. Others numbered 12,441 and formed 8.23% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 September 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 91.04%, Muslims 6.69%, Christians 0.68% and tribal religions 1.40% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Purulia I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 88.21 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] |value2 = 7.55 |color2 = pink
|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 2.86 |color3 = darkturquoise
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.38 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 88.21% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 7.55% [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] and 2.86% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 32.85% of total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in Purulia district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title =West Bengal Summary | work= Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 11 January 2020}}</ref> According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 31-38% of the population in Purulia, Murshidabad and Uttar Dinajpur districts were below poverty level, the highest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 11 January 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Purulia I CD block'''
|value1 = 21.04
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 39.30
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.61
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 36.05
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Purulia I CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 12,935 and formed 21.04%, agricultural labourers numbered 24,156 and formed 39.30%, household industry workers numbered 2,216 and formed 3.61% and other workers numbered 22,163 and formed 36.05%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 61,470 and formed 40.66% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 89,718 and formed 59.34% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 23 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 105 inhabited villages in the Purulia I CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Puruliya, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 105 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 30 villages (28.57%) have post offices. 88 villages (83.81%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 20 villages (19.05%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 35 villages (33.33%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 5 villages (4.76%) have agricultural credit societies and 6 villages (5.71%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 79, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 January 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in the Purulia I CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 1.54%, patta (document) holders 8.83%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2,55%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 27.67% and agricultural labourers 59.40%.
<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in the Purulia I CD block was 5,557.38 hectares, out of which 170.00 hectares by canal water, 4,606.47 hectares by tank water, 27.91 hectares by river lift irrigation, 179.00 hectares by open dug wells and 574 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the Purulia I CD block produced 90,165 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 34,693 hectares, 20 tonnes of wheat from 9 hectares, 331 tonnes of maize from 240 hectares and 6,813 tonnes of potatoes from 298 hectares. It also produced maskalai, [[Lathyrus sativus|khesari]], [[Vigna mungo|gram]], mustard and sugar cane.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, the Purulia I CD block had offices of 1 commercial bank and 5 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Purulia district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
In 2013-14, the Purulia I CD Block had 4 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 4A (West Bengal)|SH 4A]] running from Tulin (in the Purulia district) terminates at its junction with the [[National Highway 18 (India)|NH 18]] at Chas Morh.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

The [[NSC Bose Gomoh-Hatia line|Purulia-Kotshila branch line]] of the South Eastern Railway passes through this CD block and there are stations at [[Gourinathdham railway station|Gourinathdham]] and Chas Road.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/adra-barkakana-passenger-58621-prr-to-muri-indianrail-indian-railway-irctc-enquiry/5075/1468/383 |title = 58621Adra-Barkakana Passenger |work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 28 September 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, the Purulia I CD Block had 142 primary schools with 14,913 students, 20 middle schools with 776 students, 8 high schools with 3,010 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 16,111 students. The Purulia I CD block had 1 professional/ technical institutes with 95 students and 225 institutions with 10,461 students for special and non-formal education. Purulia city (outside the CD block) had a university, 2 general colleges and 5 professional/ technical institutions.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in Purulia I CD block, amongst the 106 inhabited villages, 3 villages did not have a school, 31 villages had two or more primary schools, 32 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 21 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 976-77, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 18 January 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, the Purulia I CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 1 primary health centre and 1 private nursing home, with total 198 beds and 6 doctors. 7,795 patients were treated indoor and 271,956 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Chakaltor Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Chakaltor]], is the major government medical facility in the Purulia I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Pichasi (with 10 beds), Belkuri (with 2 beds ) and Lagda (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 18 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 18 January 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purulia topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purulia district]]

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