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Edward Sparshott

2023-10-05T09:08:06Z

Lovebuddy143: .

{{Short description|British Royal Navy officer}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}

{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
|name = Edward Sparshott
|honorific_suffix = [[Royal Navy|R.N.]], [[Royal Guelphic Order|K.H.]], [[Order of the Red Eagle|K.R.E.]]
|image =
|image_upright =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1788|03|03}}
|birth_place = [[Portsea, Hampshire]], England
|death_date = {{death date and age|1873|11|09|1788|03|03}}
|death_place = Botley House, [[Botley, Hampshire]]
|placeofburial = All Saints churchyard, [[Botley, Hampshire|Botley]]
|placeofburial_coordinates = {{coord|50.9143383|-1.2764113|display=inline,title}}
|branch = [[Royal Navy]]
|branch_label = Service
|serviceyears = 1801–1838
|rank = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Retired-admiral]] (1866)
|commands = [[HMS Prince Regent (1823)|HMS ''Prince Regent'']] [[HMS Rochfort|HMS ''Rochfort'']] [[HMS Winchester (1822)|HMS ''Winchester'']]
|known_for =
|battles = [[Napoleonic Wars]]
|awards = [[Royal Guelphic Order]] [[Order of the Red Eagle]]
|spouse = 
|children =
|relations = [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]] [[Samuel Sparshott]]
|signature = Edward Sparshott signature.JPG
|signature_size = 150px
|signature_alt = E. Sparshott
|website = 
}}

'''Edward Sparshott''' (3 March 1788 – 9 November 1873) was an English officer of the [[Royal Navy]], serving during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. As [[midshipman]] on [[HMS Centaur (1759)|HMS ''Centaur'']], flagship of [[Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet|Sir Samuel Hood]], he was present at the surrender of [[Madeira]]. As captain, he commanded [[HMS Prince Regent (1823)|HMS ''Prince Regent'']], and [[HMS Winchester (1822)|HMS ''Winchester'']], flagships of Sir [[Henry Blackwood]] and Sir [[Thomas Bladen Capel]], besides [[HMS Rochfort|HMS ''Rochfort'']] as [[post-captain]] under [[Charles Marsh Schomberg]]. He retired as captain, and ended his life with the rank of retired [[admiral (Royal Navy)|admiral]].

Sparshott was descended from a [[Hampshire]] farming family, and was the youngest of eleven siblings. His brother was [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]] [[Samuel Sparshott]], [[Royal Navy|R.N.]]

==Background==
[[File:Botley House, Botley, Hampshire.jpg|thumb|right|Botley House, Sparshott's last home]]
Sparshott came from a Hampshire family. His paternal grandparents were [[husbandman]] John Sparshott of [[Soberton]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Church of England |title=Hampshire Church of England Burials. Hamble and Hound. 1792 |date=1792 |publisher=Ancestry |location=Hampshire, England |page=1 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/283426:62421?tid=&pid=&queryId=445d27fe412ba760c91278736a1dc868&_phsrc=kwN22&_phstart=successSource |access-date=12 September 2023|quote= Hamble burials 1792. March 15th 1792. John Sparshott. Paid tax 3.}}</ref>{{Refn|John Sparshott ([[Titchfield]] 1709 – [[Hamble-le-Rice|Hamble]] March 1792)|group=nb}} and Elizabeth née Hall,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Church of England |title=Hampshire: - Marriage License allegations, Bishop of Winchester, 1689-1837 (Marriage) |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/24734:5883?tid=&pid=&queryId=445d27fe412ba760c91278736a1dc868&_phsrc=kwN22&_phstart=successSource |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=Ancestry |access-date=12 September 2023 |date=12 May 1730 |quote=Sparshat, John, of Soberton, husbandman, b., & Elizabeth Hall, of the s., sp., at Porchester, Southwick, or Wymering, 12 May 1730}}</ref>{{Refn|Elizabeth Sparshott ([[Soberton]] 1710 – Portsea 1785|group=nb}} who married in 1730.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Church of England |title=Hampshire: - Marriage Licences, Bishop of Winchester, 1689-1837 (Marriage) |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/8698:5883?tid=&pid=&queryId=445d27fe412ba760c91278736a1dc868&_phsrc=kwN22&_phstart=successSource |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=Ancestry |access-date=12 September 2023 |date=12 May 1730 |quote=Sparshat, John, of Soberton, husbandman, b., & Elizabeth Hall, of the s., sp., at Porchester, Southwick, or Wymering, 12 May 1730.}}</ref> His parents were Daniel Sparshott and Mary née Sparkman, who was illiterate.<ref name="England Births and Christenings" />{{Refn|Daniel Sparshott (1750 – Portsea 15 January 1808). Daniel and Mary Sparshott's surname is spelled "Sparshett" in some records, as was their son Edward's surname in his baptism record.|group=nb}} They married in Hampshire on 29 November 1771,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Church of England |title=England, Select Marriages, 1538-1973 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/5848607:9852?tid=&pid=&queryId=6fd7be3459f5896ebef35ab71aa182ee&_phsrc=kwN26&_phstart=successSource |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=Ancestry |access-date=12 September 2023 |date=29 November 1771 |quote=Daniel Sparshott and Mary Sparkman 29 November 1771. Marriage at St Mary's, Portsea, Hampshire.FHL Film Number 919735, 919736, 919744}}</ref>{{Refn|Mary Sparkman ([[Alton, Hampshire]] 25 September 1751 – [[Portsea, Portsmouth]] November 1821). From Winchester archive: Marriage certificate. "Daniel Sparshatt of this parish in the County of Southampton, and Mary Sparkman of the same parish, were married in this church by banns on this twenty-ninth day of November in the year one thousand seven hundred and seventy-one. The marriage was solemnised between us: Daniel Sparshat (signed); the mark X of Mary Sparkman".|group=nb}} and had eleven children, of which Edward was the youngest.{{Refn|The 11 children of Daniel and Mary Sparshott included 2 sets of twins: William (1772–1858), Thomas (1772–1835), John (b.1774), James (1777–1854), Daniel (1781-1845), Joseph (b.1781), Samuel (1783–1851), Elizabeth (1785–1847), Ann (1786–1867), Sarah (b.1790), Edward (1801–1873). James and Daniel were pursers of the Royal Navy.|group=nb}} Daniel Sparshott was later described as a gentleman.<ref name="Sam Sparshott marriage cert" >{{cite book |title=Church of England Marriages and Banns 1841-1848 |date=7 July 1842 |publisher=Church of England |location=St Marylebone |page=107 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1623/images/31280_194681-00197?pId=1051938385 |access-date=17 September 2023|quote=At St Marylebone Parish Church, 7th July 1842, Samuel Sparshott, bachelor, gentleman of St Marylebone, son of Daniel Sparshott, gentleman, and Elizabeth Cooper, spinster of same, daughter of William Cooper, farmer}}</ref>{{Refn|In 18th–19th century terms, a gentleman was a man living on his own means. It did not necessarily signify social rank or behaviour.|group=nb}}

[[File:Gravestone of Admiral Edward Sparshott (1).jpg|thumb|right|Sparshott's gravestone in [[Botley, Hampshire|Botley]] churchyard]]
Edward Sparshott was born in [[Kingsley, Hampshire|Kingsley]],<ref name="1861 England Census" >{{cite web |title=1861 England Census. RG9/681, page 1, schedule 17/98.. High Street, Botley, Hampshire. |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/16407656:8767?ssrc=pt&tid=152178402&pid=222053317151 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=H.M. Government |access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref> or [[Portsea, Portsmouth|Portsea]] on 3 March 1788,<ref name="Gazette 10 March 2006" /> and baptised on 28 June 1801 at [[St Mary's Church, Portsea]].<ref name="England Births and Christenings" >{{cite web |title=England, select births and christenings |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/13937705:9841?tid=&pid=&queryId=35c77a543a3324e27bfa2eb0613cbac2&_phsrc=kwN6&_phstart=successSource |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=Church of England |access-date=10 September 2023 |quote=Edward Sparshott, male. Birth 3 March 1788. Baptism 28 June 1801. At St Mary's Portsea, Hampshire, England. Father Daniel Sparshett. Mother Mary Sparshett. FHL Film Number 1596292, 919736, 919737, 919738 Reference ID yr 1801 p.11}}</ref> His brother, the seventh of the eleven siblings, was [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]] [[Samuel Sparshott]], [[Royal Navy|R.N.]]<ref name="Byrne 1849" /><ref name="Marshall 1832" /><ref>{{cite web |title=England, Select Births and Christenings, 1538-1975 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/165530259:9841?tid=&pid=&queryId=6fd7be3459f5896ebef35ab71aa182ee&_phsrc=kwN26&_phstart=successSource |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=Ancestry |access-date=12 September 2023 |quote=Samuel Sparshott, child of Daniel Sparshott and Mary Sparshott}}</ref> His brothers James and Daniel, fourth and fifth siblings respectively, were [[purser]]s in the Royal Navy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Navy List 1834 |date=1834 |publisher=Royal Navy |location=Portsmouth |pages=52,53 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Navy_List/Jg8YAAAAMAAJ?q=&gbpv=1&bshm=rime/1#f=false |access-date=24 September 2023 |quote=Pursers: Daniel Sparshott 30 October 1800. James Sparshott 31 December 1809}}</ref>

At [[St Pancras New Church|St Pancras Old Church]] on 16 August 1843, at the age of 45, Sparshott married Sarah Cooper, who was 20 or 25 years old, and literate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Church of England marriages and banns. St Pancras Parish Chapel (St Pancras Old Church). 16 August 1843 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1623/images/31280_195020-00026?treeid=&personid=&rc=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=kwN13&_phstart=successSource&pId=1052307976 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=Church of England |access-date=10 September 2023 |page=40 |date=16 August 1843|quote= Marriage certificate: By licence, at St Pancras Church 16th August 1843. Edward Sparshott of St Pancras, bachelor, captain in Royal Navy, Sarah Cooper of Kensington in Middlesex, spinster, both of full age, both fathers dead.}} Note: Sarah Cooper was about 4 months pregnant with her daughter Sarah when she married.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=England, Select Marriages 1538-1973 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/19303130:9852?tid=&pid=&queryId=aef4e7eaf729dcabad31a10934ee5cd3&_phsrc=kwN9&_phstart=successSource |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=Church of England |access-date=10 September 2023 |quote=Edward Sparshott and Sarah Cooper, at Old Church, St Pancras, London. FHL Film Number 598186, 598187, 598188, 598189, 598336, 598337, 598338, 598339, 598340}}</ref>{{Refn|Sarah Sparshott (1818 or 1823 – 1903). GRO index: Marriages Sep 1843 Sparshott Edward and Sarah Cooper St Pancras 1 308. Deaths Mar 1903 Sparshott Sarah 85 Kingston 2a 261.|group=nb}} Their daughter Sarah was born on 5 December 1843.<ref>{{cite web |title=Church of England Births and Baptisms, Kensington and Chelsea, London, 1841-1852. Parish of St Luke, Chelsea. |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1558/images/31280_194885-00122?treeid=&personid=&rc=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=kwN10&_phstart=successSource&pId=151783824 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=Church of England |access-date=10 September 2023 |quote=Baptised 29 December 1843. Sarah daughter of Edward Sparshott, captain of the Royal Navy, and Sarah Sparshott, of Elson Terrace, Brompton. Child Sarah born 5 December 1843}}</ref>{{Refn|GRO index: Births Dec 1843 Sparshott Sarah Kensington III 260|group=nb}} Their son Adolphus Edward, a major of the [[Royal Marines]], was born on 7 December 1845.<ref>{{cite web |title=Church of England births and baptisms, parish of St Luke, Chelsea, 1841-1852 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/1558/images/31280_194885-00209?treeid=&personid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=kwN11&_phstart=successSource&pId=151848720 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=Church of England |access-date=10 September 2023 |pages=58 |date=1846 |quote=Baptism 24 January 1846. Adolphus Edward, born 7 December 1845. Parents Edward captain of the Royal Navy and Sarah Sparshott, of Elon Terrace, Brompton.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran major's death |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003202/19360919/122/0013 |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=Eastbourne Chronicle |agency=|via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=19 September 1936 |page=13 col.5}}</ref>{{Refn|Adolphus Edward Sparshott (7 December 1845 – 1936). GRO index: Births Mar 1846 Sparshott Adolphus Edward Kensington III 288. Deaths Sep 1936 Sparshott Adolphus E 90 Eastbourne 2b 121|group=nb}} Both children were born in [[Brompton, London]]. In 1851 he was living with his wife, two children and two servants in Clarence Cottage, Bridge Road, Marylebone, London, and describing himself as a retired captain R.N., with a "good service pension".<ref>{{cite web |title=1851 England census. Clarence Cottage, Bridge Road, Marylebone, London. HO107/1491. Page 24. Schedule 870/74 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/3219901:8860 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=H.M. Government |access-date=21 September 2023 |date=1851}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Navy List 1855. Officers of the Royal Navy ... in receipt of pensions |date=1855 |location=London |page=279 |url=https://archive.org/details/navylist00allegoog/page/n294/mode/2up?q=sparshott |access-date=24 September 2023|quote=Captains £150 per annum.: Edward Sparshott 9 April 1850}}</ref> Sparshott and his family were living in Botley House, High Street, [[Botley, Hampshire]], from at least 1855 until at least 1873. The 1861 census finds the family living in the High Street, Botley, with Sparshott describing himself as a retired rear-admiral, R.N.<ref name="1861 England Census" /> In 1871 the family was at the same address, and their daughter Sarah, still unmarried, had remained at home. Sparshott was by then describing himself as "Admiral R.N., Retired List".<ref name="1871 England Census" >{{cite web |title=1871 England Census. RG10/1197. Page 19. Schedule 23/99 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/7619/images/HAMRG10_1194_1197-0593?pId=500342 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=H.M. Government |access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref>

Sparshott died on 9 November 1873 at Botley House, 25 High Street, [[Botley, Hampshire]],<ref name="Gazette 10 March 2006" /><ref name="Homeward Mail 17 November 1873" >{{cite news |title=Obituary notices |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001712/18731117/084/0020 |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=Homeward Mail from India, China and the East |agency=|via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=17 November 1873 |page=20 col.1}}</ref>{{Refn|Deaths Dec 1873 Sparshott Edward 85 S. Stoneham 2c 35. Botley House was rented by Sparshott from the Guillaume family, who owned the building between 1782 and 1936 (see [https://www.botley.com/itineries/historic-botley Historic Botley]). |group=nb}} which is now a [[listed building]].<ref>{{NHLE|num=1112071 |desc=Botley House, 25 High Street |accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref> His death was noted in various places, including [[Mumbai|Bombay]],<ref name="Homeward Mail 17 November 1873" /> Hampshire,<ref>{{cite news |title=Deaths |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18731115/020/0004 |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=Hampshire Advertiser |agency=|via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=15 November 1873 |page=4 col.2}}</ref> and London.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deaths |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18731113/043/0008 |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=Morning Post |agency=|via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=13 November 1873 |page=8 col.4}}</ref><ref name="Weeks Niews 15 November 1873" >{{cite news |title=Admiral E. Sparshott, K.H. |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002774/18731115/054/0015 |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=Week's News (London) |agency=|via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=15 November 1873 |page=15 col.1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Death of the Admiral Edward Sparshott K.H. |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0004565/18731117/045/0005 |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=Magnet (London) |agency=|via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=17 November 1873 |page=5 col.5}}</ref> His will was proved at [[Winchester]] on 7 January 1874.<ref>{{cite web |title=England and Wales, National Probate Calendar |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/3467775:1904?ssrc=pt&tid=37684482&pid=28043883601 |website=ancestry.co.uk |publisher=H.M. Government |access-date=20 September 2023 |page=105 |date=7 January 1874 |quote=Proved at Winchester}}</ref> He was buried ln, or close to, the [[narthex]] of All Saints Church, Botley, Hampshire. In 2006, the narthex was demolished, and a two-storey extension with kitchen and toilets built in its place. Headstones and monuments were "relocated", and the planning application noted that "graves may be rendered inaccessible".<ref name="Gazette 10 March 2006" >{{cite news |title=Church use and fabric |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/L-57922-114 |access-date=22 August 2023 |work=The Gazette |agency=|via=thegazette.co.uk |issue=57922 |date=10 March 2006 |page=3460}}</ref>{{Refn|Deaths Dec 1873 Sparshott Edward 85 S. Stoneham 2c 35. The gravestone of Edward Sparshott, All Saints Churchyard, Botley, Hampshire is a plain stone cross on a stepped base.The inscription says: Edward Sparshott / Admiral Royal Navy / (...?) a kt of Hanover / kt of the Red Eagle of Prussia / Died 9th November 1873 / aged 68 years.|group=nb}}

==Career==
===Midshipman, 1801–1808===
Sparshott joined the Royal Navy as [[midshipman]] on 23 July 1801,<ref name="Byrne 1849" /><ref name="Homeward Mail 17 November 1873" /> at thirteen years of age. He was appointed to the [[sloop]] [[HMS Beaver (1795)|HMS ''Beaver'']] of 18 guns under Captain Charles Bassett Jones, initially "on a convoy for [[Cork (city)|Cork]] with [[Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner|Lord Gardner]]".<ref name="Byrne 1849" >{{cite book |last1=O'Byrne |first1=William Richard |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary |date=1849 |location=London|publisher=John Murray |page=1101/1115 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/Sparshott,_Edward |access-date=22 August 2023 |chapter=Sparshott, K.H. (Captain, 1830. f-p., 29; h-p., 17.)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Captain Inman to Nelson, HMS DESIRE, Rostock Bay, 7 June 1801 |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-481272 |website=rmg.co.uk |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=31 August 2023 |date=1801}}</ref> ''Beaver'' was employed on the north coast of Ireland until September 1802. Between January 1803 and March 1805 he served in the [[cutter (boat)|cutter]] [[French cutter Mutin (1778)|HMS ''Pigmy'']] of 14 guns, at [[Guernsey]] under [[lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)|lieutenant commander]]s Samuel Burgess and Martin White. From March 1805 until December 1807, he was appointed to the sloop [[HMS Hazard (1794)|HMS ''Hazard'']], of 16 guns, under Captain R. J. Neve, and HMS ''Niobe'', of 40 guns, under Captain [[John Wentworth Loring]] and Captain Matthew Wentworth Scott. "While cruizing with Captain Loring off [[Lorient|L'Orient]] he assisted the capture, 28 March 1806, of ''[[French brig Néarque (1804)|Le Néarque]]'' [[corvette]] of 16 guns and 97 men, in company at the time with three French [[frigate]]s".<ref name="Byrne 1849" /> He served from 1807 to 1808 in [[HMS Centaur (1759)|HMS ''Centaur'']], of 74 guns, under the flag of [[Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet|Sir Samuel Hood]]. While in ''Centaur'', Sparshott was "present at the surrender of [[Madeira]]" on 24 December 1807.<ref name="Byrne 1849" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gregory |first1=Desmond |title=British Occupations of Madeira During the Wars Against Napoleon |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |date=Summer 1988 |volume=66 |issue=266 |pages=80-96 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44229784 |access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Surrender of Madeira |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002430/18080120/020/0002 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=Oracle and the Daily Advertiser |agency=|via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=20 January 1808 |page=2 col.3}}</ref>

<gallery>
Hazard (1794) RMG J4435.jpg|HMS ''Hazard'' (built1794)
Brig Cygne.jpg|French brig ''Néarque'' (b.1804)
HMS Centaur chasing the Vaillant and Amethyste January 1760.jpg|HMS ''Centaur'' (b.1759), centre
</gallery>

===Lieutenant, 1808–1821===
Sparshott passed his lieutenant examination on 2 March 1808. On 16 July 1808, in the [[Baltic Sea]] as acting-[[lieutenant]], he was given command of the [[prize (law)|prize]]-[[cutter (boat)|cutter]] [[Russian cutter Opyt (1806)|HMS ''Baltic'']], of 14 guns.<ref name="Byrne 1849" /> He "was signal mate of [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|Lord Gambier’s]] flag-ship, the [[HMS Caledonia (1808)|''Caledonia'']] 120, during the [[Battle of the Basque Roads|operations against the French squadron in Aix Roads]], in April 1809".<ref name="Marshall 1832" >{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=John |title=Royal Naval Biography: Vol.III, Part II, Edward Sparshott, captain of 1830 |date=1832 |publisher=Longman |location=London |page=166/152 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Biography/Sparshott,_Edward |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> On 28 April 1809, he was formally promoted to lieutenant,<ref name="Navy List 1815" >{{cite book |title=Navy List, 1815: Lieutenants |date=1815 |publisher=Royal Navy |location=Portsmouth |page=92 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Navy_List/0xYYAAAAMAAJ?q=COOPER&gbpv=1&bshm=rime/1#f=false |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> "for his zeal and activity in [HMS ''Baltic''] in effecting the capture of as many as 21 sail of [[Merchant ship|merchantmen]]".<ref name="Byrne 1849" /> From 12 May 1809 he served in HMS ''Niobe'' for "the rest of the war",<ref name="Marshall 1832" /> under Captain [[William Augustus Montagu]] and Captain Loring, working at [[Cadiz]], [[Lisbon]] and the Home Station. In 1810, as lieutenant of ''Niobe'', he was involved in the "attack on two [French] [[frigate]]s under the batteries of [[Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue|La Hogue]]", and in 1811 was involved in the "destruction of ''Amazone'' off Cape [[Barfleur]]".<ref name="Navy List 1855 p.53" >{{cite book |title=Navy List 1855: Services of captains. |date=1855 |publisher=Parker, Furnivall & Parker |location=London |page=53 |url=https://archive.org/details/navylist00allegoog/page/n68/mode/2up?view=theater&q=sparshott |access-date=24 September 2023 |quote=E. Sparshott lieut. of ''Niobe'' at the attack on 2 Fr. frigates under the batteries of La Hogue, 1810; and destruction of ''Amazone'' off Cape Barfleur, 1811. Capt of ''Winchester'', and rendered important services in quelling an insurrection on the coast of Malabar in 1837.}}</ref> From 8 July,<ref name="Byrne 1849" /> or 8 August,<ref name="Marshall 1832" /> 1814 he served as 1st lieutenant in [[HMS Forester (1748)|HMS ''Forester'']], of 18 guns, around [[Newfoundland]] under Captain William Hendry. On 15 June 1815 he embarked as 2nd lieutenant for England in [[HMS Warrior (1781)|HMS ''Warrior'']], of 74 guns, captained by [[John Tremayne Rodd]].<ref name="Byrne 1849" />

Sparshott was next employed in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], as 1st lieutenant in [[HMS Myrmidon (1813)|HMS'' Myrmidon'']], of 20 guns, under Captain Robert Gambier from 15 October 1815, and [[HMS Tagus|HMS ''Tagus'']], of 38 guns, under Captain [[James Whitley Deans Dundas]] from 28 October,<ref name="Byrne 1849" /> or 28 December,<ref name="Marshall 1832" /> 1816. Still employed in the Mediterranean, in 26 August 1818 he was appointed as [[First lieutenant#Royal Navy|first lieutenant]] to [[HMS Rochfort|HMS ''Rochfort'']], of 80 guns, under the flags of Sir Graham Moore and Sir Thomas Fraser Fremantle.<ref name="Byrne 1849" /> He was fitting out ''Rochfort'' as the flagship of Fremantle, who was [[Head of the Armed Forces|commander-in-chief]] on the Mediterranean station.<ref name="Marshall 1832" /> On 11 January 1820 he was appointed to [[HMS Révolutionnaire (1794)|HMS ''Révolutionnaire'']], of 46 guns, under Captain [[Fleetwood Pellew|Fleetwood Broughton Reynolds Pellew]]. Continuing to work in the Mediterranean, he was serving again in ''[[Rochfort]]'' from 15 April 1820 until promoted to commander. During his time in the Mediterranean, he was involved in several exploits:<ref name="Byrne 1849" /><ref name="Marshall 1832" />

<blockquote>[Sparshott] assisted in the ''Niobe'' at the capture, 20 Oct. 1810, of ''[[L’Hirondelle]]'' [[privateer]] of 4 guns and 30 men; took part, in the following Nov., in a gallant attack made, in company with the ''[[HMS Diana (1794)|Diana]]'' 38, upon the French 40-gun frigates ''Amazone'' and ''[[Elisa (frigate)|Eliza]],'' who were driven under the batteries of [[Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue|La Hogue]], where the latter was ultimately burnt; aided in taking, 4 March, 1811, ''Le Loup Marin'' privateer of 16 guns and 64 men; and witnessed, at the close of the same month, the self-destruction, near Cape [[Barfleur]], of the above-named ''Amazone''. While serving as Second-Lieutenant in the ''Warrior'' he experienced a furious hurricane, which [[Dismasting|dismasted]] that ship, filled her hold with 11 feet water, and nearly sunk her. In endeavouring on the occasion to clear her of one of a [[convoy]] which had run on board of her, he was washed into the sea; but his exertions nevertheless materially contributed to extricate her from her critical situation. As First-Lieutenant of the ''Forester'', ''Myrmidon'', ''Tagus'', and ''Rochfort'', Mr. Sparshott acquired much professional reputation and succeeded by his eminent good qualities in securing the friendship and esteem of his superiors.<ref name="Byrne 1849" /></blockquote>

On the ''Rochfort'', at anchor in the [[Gulf of Naples|Bay of Naples]], Lt Sparshott encouraged his men to [[furl (sailing)|furl]] sails faster than the crew of [[HMS Révolutionnaire (1794)|HMS ''Révolutionnaire'']], and the ''Rochfort'' crew won. Immediately afterwards, Sparshott called up the ship's prisoners to the [[Quarterdeck|quarter-deck]]. Bechervaise (1847) describes what happened next:<ref name="Bechervaise 1847" />{{rp|55,56}}

<blockquote>Mr S. addressed them as follows. "Now gentry, there are some of you before me who deserve as good a [[Flagellation|flogging]] as ever was given in the navy, but I'll [[Pardon|whitewash]] you all." Observing that one of the prisoners was about to thank him, he said, "Don't thank me sir, thank your shipmates for having done your work and their own smartly and well;" then taking the list from the [[master-at-arms]], he tore it to pieces, and pitched the fragments through the [[Gun-port|port]].<ref name="Bechervaise 1847" />{{rp|55,56}}</blockquote>

<gallery>
Opyt and Salsette.jpg|HMS ''Baltic'', or ''Opyt'', built 1806, in foreground
H.M.S. Caledonia, 120guns, lying in Plymouth Sound - RMG PY0771.jpg|HMS ''Caledonia'' (b.1808)
NIOBE 1800 RMG J5257.jpg|HMS ''Niobe'' (b.1800)
HMS Warrior.jpg|HMS ''Warrior'' (b.1781)
MYRMIDON 1813 RMG J6929.jpg|HMS ''Myrmidon'' (b.1813)
HMS Tagus (1813) in 1815 at Malta.jpg|HMS ''Tagus'' (b.1813)
HMS Rochefort during the interment of Sir Thos. Fremantle 22nd Dec 1829 at Baia Bay Naples RMG PW8021 (cropped).jpg|HMS ''Rochfort'' (b.1814)
HMS Revolutionnaire-Antoine Roux.png|HMS ''Révolutionnaire'' (b. 1794)
</gallery>

===Commander, 1821–1828===
Sparshott was promoted to [[commander (Royal Navy)|commander]] on 29 January 1821.<ref>{{cite book |title=Navy List 1827: Commanders with the dates of their seniority |date=1827 |publisher=Royal Navy |location=Portsmouth |page=13/223 |url=https://archive.org/details/navylist12admigoog/page/n222/mode/2up?view=theater&q=sparshott |access-date=23 September 2023 |quote=Edward Sparshott 23 Jan 1821}}</ref> On 15 April 1821, he was appointed to ''Rochfort'' as 1st lieutenant. In 1824 he was appointed to the [[His Majesty's Coastguard|Coast Guard]].<ref name="Byrne 1849" />

===Second captain and captain, 1828–1838===
From 28 August 1828 until his name was posted as captain in ''[[The London Gazette]]'' and the [[Navy Directory|Navy List]] on 22 July 1830,<ref name="Byrne 1849" /><ref name="RN exec officers" >{{cite web |title=R.N. executive officers |url=https://sites.rootsweb.com/~pbtyc/Nbd/exec/S/Index.html |website=sites.rootsweb.com |publisher=Rootsweb and Ancestry |access-date=22 August 2023 |date=2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Navy List, 1834: Captains, with their dates of seniority |date=1834 |publisher=Royal Navy |location=Portsmouth |page=10 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Navy_List/Jg8YAAAAMAAJ?q=&gbpv=1&bshm=rime/1#f=false |access-date=23 September 2023|quote=Edward Sparshott, K.H., 22 July 1830}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Royal Navy Post Captains 1714-1830, version 4 |url=https://www.navyrecords.org.uk/site/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Royal-Navy-Post-Captains-list-v.-4.pdf |website=navyrecords.org.uk |publisher=Royal Navy |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> he was appointed second captain of [[HMS Prince Regent (1823)|HMS ''Prince Regent'']], of 120 guns, under the flag of Sir [[Henry Blackwood]], based on the [[River Medway]] near [[Chatham Dockyard]].<ref name="Byrne 1849" /><ref name="Marshall 1832" />

As a captain, Sparshott was described in the memoirs of a former crew member, thus:<ref name="Bechervaise 1847" >{{cite book |last1=Bechervaise |first1=John |title=A Farewell to My Old Shipmates and Messmates |date=1847 |publisher=W. Woodward |location=England |edition=1 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Farewell_to_My_Old_Shipmates_and_Messm/Aa5WAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Edward+Sparshott+-Francis&pg=PR1&printsec=frontcover |access-date=28 August 2023}}{{rp|52}}</ref>

<blockquote>[At some date between 1828 and 1832, in the 74-gun [[HMS Rochfort|HMS ''Rochfort'']], under Captain [[Charles Marsh Schomberg|C.M. Schomberg]], Lt Sparshott] now an old [[post-captain]], [was] as strict a disciplinarian, and as smart an officer, as could well be met with. Ships of war had not, in those days, arrived at that flying method of performing their various evolutions to which they have now attained; but the ''Rochfort'''s ship's company were smart in all their motions. Indeed, with Mr. S., they must be so; for although every order was rigorously enforced, it was done without a shadow of tyranny.<ref name="Bechervaise 1847" />{{rp|52}}</blockquote>

Following a recommendation from [[William IV]], from 4 June 1834 until June 1838 Sparshott was in command as [[flag captain]] of [[HMS Winchester (1822)|HMS ''Winchester'']], of 52 guns, in the [[East Indies]], Chatham, and Portsmouth under Sir [[Thomas Bladen Capel]].<ref name="Byrne 1849" /><ref name="Homeward Mail 17 November 1873" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Navy List, 1834. |date=1834 |publisher=Royal Navy |location=Portsmouth |page=84 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Navy_List/Jg8YAAAAMAAJ?q=&gbpv=1&bshm=rime/1#f=false |access-date=23 September 2023 |quote=Winchester, 52, East Indies. Captain, Edw. Sparshott, K.H., 4 Jun 1834}}</ref> As captain of ''Winchester'', he "rendered important services in quelling an insurrection on the [[Malabar Coast|coast of Malabar]] in 1837".<ref name="Navy List 1855 p.53" /> Byrne (1849) says:<ref name="Byrne 1849" />

<blockquote>In 1837 [Sparshott] was sent with a body of troops and two steamers and a corvette of the Indian Navy under his orders, to suppress an insurrection in the province of [[Kanara|Canara]]; and so prompt and successful were his arrangements that he received the written thanks of the Governors in Council of [[chennai|Madras]] and [[Mumbai|Bombay]], and the fullest approbation of his Commander-in-Chief.<ref name="Byrne 1849" /></blockquote>

<gallery>
Royal Navy Post Captain.jpg|Uniform of a post-captain
HMS Prince Regent at The British Fleet at Spithead in July 1853 ILN-1853-0806-0033 (cropped).jpg|HMS ''Prince Regent'' (b.1823)
H.M.S. Winchester RMG PY0825 (cropped).jpg|HMS ''Winchester'' (b.1822)
</gallery>

===Retired rear-admiral, vice-admiral, admiral, 1838–1873===
On 6 June 1838, Sparshott was paid off,<ref name="Byrne 1849" /> and his name appears as a retired captain in the [[Navy Directory|Navy List]] of December 1848.<ref name="RN exec officers" /> He was promoted to retired [[rear admiral (Royal Navy)|rear admiral]] on 4 October 1855,<ref name="Homeward Mail 17 November 1873" /><ref name="Edinburgh Gazette 9 October 1855" >{{cite news |title=Admiralty, October 4, 1855 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/6534/page/1253 |access-date=22 August 2023 |work=Edinburgh Gazette |agency=|via=thegazette.co.uk |issue=6534 |date=9 October 1855 |page=1253}}</ref> at £365 ({{Inflation|UK|365|1855|fmt=eq|r=2|cursign=£}}) per annum,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/navylist00allegoog/page/n52/mode/2up?view=theater&q=sparshott |title=Navy List 1855: Retired captains with their dates of several commissions |date=1855 |publisher=Parker, Furnivall & Parker |location=London |page=36 |quote=Edward Sparshott. Captain 22 July 1830, commander 29 January 1821, lieutenant 28 April 1809. O.P.G., Knight of Red Eagle of Prussia}}</ref>{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} then promoted to retired [[vice-admiral (Royal Navy)|vice-admiral]] on 4 or 13 October 1862.<ref name="RN exec officers" /><ref name="Homeward Mail 17 November 1873" /><ref name="Edinburgh Gazette 17 October 1862" >{{cite news |title=Admiralty, October 13, 1862 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/7267/page/1593 |access-date=22 August 2023 |work=Edinburgh Gazette |agency=|via=thegazette.co.uk |issue=7267 |date=17 October 1862 |page=1593}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Navy List. Naval and Marine officers of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order. |date=1854 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |page=144 |url=https://archive.org/details/navylist06admigoog/page/143/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Sparshott |access-date=24 September 2023 |quote=Knights. Vice Admiral Edward Sparshott. Knight of Hanover 19 April 1831}}</ref> He was finally promoted to retired-[[admiral (Royal Navy)|admiral]] on 2 April 1866,<ref>{{cite book |title=Navy List 1868 |date=1868 |publisher=Clowes |location=London |page=423 |url=https://archive.org/details/navylist07admigoog/page/423/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=24 September 2023 |quote=Sparshott, Edward, K.H., A(dmiral). 2 April 1866}}</ref> and retained this rank until his death in 1873.<ref name="Weeks Niews 15 November 1873" /><ref name="RN exec officers" /><ref name="Edinburgh Gazette 6 April 1866" >{{cite news |title=Admiralty, April 2, 1866 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/7630/page/422 |access-date=22 August 2023 |work=The Edinburgh Gazette |agency=|via=thegazette.co.uk |date=6 April 1866 |page=422|issue=7630}}</ref><ref name="London Gazette 3 April 1866" >{{cite news |title=Admiralty, 2nd April, 1866 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23094/page/2190 |access-date=22 August 2023 |work=Supplement to London Gazette |agency=|via=thegazette.co.uk |date=3 April 1866 |page=2190|issue=23094}}</ref>

===Greenwich out-pensioner, 1846–1873===

Sparshott was accepted as an out-pensioner of [[Greenwich Hospital, London]] on 4 November 1846.<ref name="Byrne 1849" />

==Awards==
On 19 April 1831, Sparshott was nominated a [[Royal Guelphic Order|Knight of Hanover]] (K.H.)<ref name="Byrne 1849" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Navy List, 1834: Naval and marine officers of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order. Knights |date=1834 |publisher=Royal Navy |location=Portsmouth |page=57 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Navy_List/Jg8YAAAAMAAJ?q=&gbpv=1&bshm=rime/1#f=false |access-date=23 September 2023 |quote=Captain Edward Sparshott 19 Apr 1831}}</ref> He received the [[Order of the Red Eagle]], making him a Knight of the Red Eagle of Prussia (K.R.E.), from the [[Frederick William III of Prussia|King of Prussia]] in 1832.<ref>{{cite book |title=Navy List 1855: Officers of the Royal Navy ... having received foreign orders, whose names have not appeared in ''London Gazette'' Captains. |date=1855 |publisher=Parker, Furnivall & Parker |location=London |page=215 |url=https://archive.org/details/navylist00allegoog/page/n230/mode/2up?view=theater&q=sparshott |access-date=24 September 2023 |quote=E. Sparshott, Kt of Red Eagle.}}</ref><ref>''[[The Nautical Magazine]]'', 4 May 1832</ref>

<gallery>
GuelphenOrden HoferAntikschmuckBerlin.jpg|[[Royal Guelphic Order]]
PrRAO4obv.jpg|[[Order of the Red Eagle]]
</gallery>

==Business==
In 1841, when both Sparshott and his brother Samuel were captains, they were patrons of the floating [[breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] which had been invented by captain Tayler. The breakwater protected harbours from ocean swell, and was said to be less liable to storm damage than rigid wooden structures. It was a commercial endeavour which called for investors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Patrons of the floating breakwater |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001702/18411027/010/0001 |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=Shipping and Mercantile Gazette |agency=|via=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=27 October 1841 |page=1 col.4}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sparshott, Edward}}

[[Category:1788 births]]
[[Category:1873 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals]]
[[Category:People from Hampshire]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]

Richie Richardson

2023-05-27T12:38:53Z

Lovebuddy143: Moving :Category:Cricket players and officials awarded knighthoods to :Category:Cricket people awarded knighthoods per Bharatpedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

{{Short description|West Indian cricketer}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Richie Richardson
| image = File:Priya Lal with West Indies former captain Richie Richardson.jpg
| country = West Indies
| fullname = Sir Richard Benjamin Richardson
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|1|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Five Islands Village, [[Antigua and Barbuda]]
| nickname =
| heightcm = 183
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = Batsman
| family =
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 24 November
| testdebutyear = 1983
| testdebutagainst = India
| testcap = 180
| lasttestdate = 24 August
| lasttestyear = 1995
| lasttestagainst = England
| testshirt =
| odidebutdate = 17 December
| odidebutyear = 1983
| odidebutagainst = India
| odicap = 41
| lastodidate = 14 March
| lastodiyear = 1996
| lastodiagainst = Australia
| club1 = [[Leeward Islands cricket team|Leeward Islands]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1981–1996}}
| club2 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year2 = 1993–1994
| club3 = [[Northerns cricket team|Northern Transvaal]]
| year3 = 1996/97
| club4 = [[Windward Islands cricket team|Windward Islands]]
| year4 = 1997/98
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 86
| runs1 = 5,949
| bat avg1 = 44.39
| 100s/50s1 = 16/27
| top score1 = 194
| deliveries1 = 66
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 90/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 224
| runs2 = 6,248
| bat avg2 = 33.41
| 100s/50s2 = 5/44
| top score2 = 122
| deliveries2 = 58
| wickets2 = 1
| bowl avg2 = 46.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 1/4
| catches/stumpings2 = 75/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 234
| runs3 = 14,618
| bat avg3 = 40.71
| 100s/50s3 = 37/68
| top score3 = 194
| deliveries3 = 914
| wickets3 = 13
| bowl avg3 = 33.92
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/40
| catches/stumpings3 = 207/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 313
| runs4 = 8,458
| bat avg4 = 31.67
| 100s/50s4 = 6/59
| top score4 = 122
| deliveries4 = 88
| wickets4 = 2
| bowl avg4 = 42.50
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 1/4
| catches/stumpings4 = 94/–
| date = 19 October
| year = 2010
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1743/1743.html CricketArchive
}}

'''Sir Richard Benjamin Richardson,''' [[Order of the Nation (Antigua and Barbuda)|KCN]] [[Order of Merit (Antigua and Barbuda)|GCM]] (born 12 January 1962) is a former [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] international [[cricket]]er and a former [[captain (cricket)|captain]] of the West Indian cricket team. He was a flamboyant batsman and superb player of [[fast bowling]]. He was named, in 1992, one of [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|Wisden's Cricketers of the Year]]. Richardson was famous for his wide-brimmed maroon hat which he wore against even the fastest bowlers, though in his later career, he started wearing a helmet instead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richens |first=Matt |date=2013-12-06 |title=Fire still burning for Windies great Richardson |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/9487315/Fire-still-burning-for-Windies-great-Richardson |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CRICKETER OF THE YEAR 1992 Richie Richardson |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154423.html |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Cricinfo |publisher=[[Wisden]]}}</ref>

Richardson, who skippered the [[Leeward Islands]], also featured for [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] and [[Northern Transvaal (cricket team)|Northern Transvaal]] in his career.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mRjVQ9C9YwC&q=Richardson&pg=PA96 |title=The Development of West Indies Cricket, Vol. 2: The Age of Nationalism |author=Hilary Beckles |author-link=Hilary Beckles |year=1998 |page=201|isbn=9780745314624 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Richardson assumed the role, in January 2011, of West Indies' manager for an eventual five year period. Since then he has continually worked as an [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] match referee.<ref name=ICC /><ref name=Manager />

==Early days==
Richardson was born in [[Five Islands, Antigua and Barbuda|Five Islands Village]], [[Antigua]]. He began his career with the [[Leeward Islands cricket team|Leewards Islands]] in 1982 as an opener.

==International career==
After his second season he was called up by the West Indies to tour India in the 1983–84 season. Richardson joined a successful West Indies Test team captained by [[Clive Lloyd]] batting in the middle order. His first tour started inauspiciously when Richardson lost his luggage and was left with few clothes. Veteran fast bowler [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]] felt that Richardson was not getting enough practice as in the nets even bowlers were given a chance to bat ahead of him and by the time Richardson had an opportunity the main bowlers had finished. Roberts went out of his way to bowl at Richardson during the tour to make sure he had some preparation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/576267.html|title=If I write a book, a lot of people will get hurt| publisher= ESPNcricinfo| date=9 August 2012| access-date= 11 August 2012}}</ref>

On 24 November 1983, Richardson debuted in the fourth match of the six-Test series, at which point the West Indies had a 2–0 lead, replacing [[Gus Logie]] who had bagged a pair in the previous Test. In his first innings Richardson too failed to score a run when was the victim of a poor umpiring decision. He was given out [[leg before wicket]] off the bowling of off-spinner [[Shivlal Yadav]] though he had hit the ball. He was more successful in the second innings, making 26 before he was bowled, and the match ended in a draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/77221.html|title=Richie Richardson: My First Test | publisher= ESPNcricinfo| date=9 October 1988| access-date= 11 August 2012}}</ref>

===1985 World Championship of Cricket===
Australia hosted the [[World Championship of Cricket]] in February and March 1985 to commemorate the founding of Victoria. During the group stages the West Indies faced [[Sri Lankan national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] on a pitch with uneven bounce. Though the West Indies won the match, a delivery from [[Ashantha de Mel]] reared and hit Richardson in the face; with [[Larry Gomes]], he was one of two West Indian batsmen to retire hurt during the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/266958.html|title=The coach who caught Sachin, and a much-travelled man| author=Steven Lynch| publisher= ESPNcricinfo| date=5 November 2006| access-date= 12 August 2012}}</ref>

===Captaincy===
Late in 1991, West Indies captain [[Viv Richards]] informed the [[West Indies Cricket Board]] of his intention to relinquish the Test captaincy and retire after the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]]. Though Richards had publicly picked [[Desmond Haynes]] as his successor, the board chose Richardson to take over the captaincy and Richards was dropped from the team. Richardson supported the board dropping his predecessor, which led to ill-feeling towards him in Antigua, the home of both men.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mRjVQ9C9YwC&q=Richards+Richardson&pg=PA96 |title=The Development of West Indies Cricket, Vol. 2: The Age of Nationalism |author=Hilary Beckles |author-link=Hilary Beckles |year=1998 |page=96|isbn=9780745314624 }}</ref> The West Indies never lost a series under Richards' leadership,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaM8IJYLnTAC&q=%22never+lost%22+%22viv+richards%22 |title=Amazing Cricket Facts |author=Nick Callow |year=2007 |page=22|isbn=9780753510704 }}</ref> so there was a great deal of pressure on Richardson. Under his captaincy, [[Curtly Ambrose]] and [[Courtney Walsh]] led the bowling attack and [[Brian Lara]] emerged as a world-class batsman.<ref name="BBC website 4 April 2012">{{cite web |author=Soni |first=Paresh |date=4 April 2007 |title=Chilled out Richardson |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/west_indies/6524151.stm |access-date=12 August 2012 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> In the 4 years of his captaincy, the West Indies only lost one series – versus [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in 1995 which was the West Indies' first series defeat since 1980.

===Trivia===
Richardson played 86 [[Test cricket|Test match]]es until 1995 scoring 5,949 runs and 16 centuries. He was very successful against Australia, hitting 9 centuries against them, and scored his highest score of 194 against [[India national cricket team|India]] in [[Bourda|Guyana]] in 1989. He also played 224 [[One Day International]]s including 3 [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]]s. As well he was named, in 1992, one of [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|Wisden's Cricketers of the Year]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Richie Richardson |url=https://wisden.com/players/richie-richardson |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Wisden |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[Image:Richie Richardson graph.png|left|thumb|350px|Richie Richardson's career performance graph.]]

===Late career===
Coming into the [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 World Cup]] Richardson was under pressure as captain, and the tournament would prove to be his last in international cricket. In the group stages the West Indies suffered a shock defeat at the hands of [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]], prompting the Caribbean media to call for Richardson's resignation. Despite the setback, the team progressed to the semi-final where they lost to Australia; it was his last match for the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/505731.html|title=Kenya down the lacklustre legends|author=Martin Williamson| publisher= ESPNcricinfo| date=12 March 2012| access-date= 11 August 2012}}</ref>

Reflecting on his decision to retire years later, Richardson remarked "I resigned and retired because I was suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome, I was burnt out and it was a struggle to continue playing cricket. Every day was stressful, everybody wanted a piece of you and I had no time for myself. I was training harder and trying hard on the field but I couldn't do what I wanted to do. I felt like I was selling myself and my fans short. They wanted me to continue, but if I had I would have got ill so it was time to move on."<ref name="BBC website 4 April 2012"/>

==Domestic career==
Richardson captained the Leeward Islands, to a [[Red Stripe Cup]] title in 1994. As well he skippered to Leewards, in 1993 and 1994, to consecutive [[Geddes Grant Shield]] titles.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 February 2014 |title=Daren Ganga is the most successful Regional one day captain |url=https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2014/02/23/daren-ganga-is-the-most-successful-regional-one-day-captain/ |website=kaieteurnewsonline.com |publisher=[[Kaieteur News]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Devers |first=Sean |date=5 January 2007 |title=Rich history, Guyana ( British Guiana ) participated in first regional game |url=https://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news701/nk07010511.html |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=www.landofsixpeoples.com |publisher=Kaiteur News}}</ref> Richardson also played for English [[County Championship]] side [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] in both of those said seasons. In 2009 he was signed to [[Thames Ditton|Thames Ditton Cricket Club]] in Surrey.

After his retirement from international cricket, Richardson became the first high-profile signing by the English all-star club cricket team [[Lashings World XI]], also going on to captain the side. In 2006 he smashed a double hundred with included four sixes of a hapless Robert Saunders over. Since 2001 he has also played bass guitar in [[reggae]] band Big Bad Dread and The Baldhead, alongside [[Curtly Ambrose]] and the band has released several albums.<ref name="BBC website 4 April 2012"/>

==Cricket administration==
He was bestowed, in 2003, with a [[Order of Merit (Antigua and Barbuda)|Grand Cross of the Most Illustrious Order of Merit]] (GMC) from the State of Antigua and Barbuda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bijoux |date=2022-08-31 |title=Antigua’s Richie Richardson is among UWI’s honorary degrees recipient |url=https://antigua.news/2022/08/31/antiguas-richie-richardson-is-among-uwis-honorary-degrees-recipient/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Antigua and Barbuda News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-30 |title=Sir Richie Richardson to receive UWI honorary degree as ‘in-person’ graduation ceremonies return |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/sir-richie-richardson-to-receive-uwi-honorary-degrees-as-in-person-graduation-ceremonies-return/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Antigua News Room |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2011, Richardson was appointed the West Indies' team manager, assuming the role until January 2016.<ref name=Manager>{{cite web |date=21 September 2015 |title=Richie Richardson appointed to Elite Panel of ICC Match Referees |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/181952/amp |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=icc-cricket.com |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref><ref name=ICC /> He was later awarded a [[Order of the Nation (Antigua and Barbuda)|Knight Commander of the Order of the Nation]] (KCN) by the Antigua and Barbuda government on 28 February 2014.<ref>{{cite web| title=Three New Knights| url=http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/uf/00/09/92/20/00063/01-2014.pdf|publisher=The Antigua and Barbuda High Commission Official News letter |access-date=3 January 2016 |date=28 February 2014}}</ref> On 8 October 2022, Richardson was bestowed with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LLD) from the [[University of the West Indies]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 October 2022 |title=West Indies legend Sir Richie Richardson receives honorary doctorate from University of the West Indies |url=https://sportsmax.tv/cricket/cricket-windies/item/107370-west-indies-legend-sir-richie-richardson-receives-honorary-doctorate-from-university-of-the-west-indies |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=sportsmax.tv |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Richardson was appointed to the Elite Panel of Match Referees by the International Cricket Council (ICC) on 21 September 2015.<ref name=ICC>{{cite web |date=21 September 2015 |title=Richie Richardson appointed to Elite Panel of ICC Match Referees |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/181952/amp |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=icc-cricket.com |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=52810}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Viv Richards]] |
title=[[West Indian national cricket captains#Test match captains|West Indies Test cricket captains]] |
years=1991/92–1995 |
after=[[Courtney Walsh]] |
}}
{{s-end}}
{{West Indies Test Cricket Captains}}
{{West Indies ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title= West Indies squads
|bg= #79001F
|fg= #FCED00
|bordercolor=#FCED00
|list1=
{{West Indies Squad 1987 Cricket World Cup}}
{{West Indies Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}
{{West Indies Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}
{{West Indies Squad 2015 Cricket World Cup}}
}}
{{ICC Match Referees}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richardson, Richie}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Leeward Islands cricketers]]
[[Category:Northerns cricketers]]
[[Category:Windward Islands cricketers]]
[[Category:West Indies One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:West Indies Test cricketers]]
[[Category:West Indies Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:People from Saint John Parish, Antigua]]
[[Category:West Indian cricketers of 1970–71 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:Yorkshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Antigua and Barbuda]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Antigua and Barbuda expatriate sportspeople in England]]
[[Category:Antigua and Barbuda cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricket people awarded knighthoods]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Nation (Antigua and Barbuda)]]
[[Category:Antigua and Barbuda cricket coaches]]
[[Category:West Indies B cricketers]]
[[Category:M Parkinson's World XI cricketers]]

A1 Team India

2023-05-13T16:01:17Z

Lovebuddy143: Moving :Category:Indian auto racing teams to :Category:Auto racing teams in India per Bharatpedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy

{{Infobox A1 Grand Prix team
| team_name = A1 Team India
| flag_name = India
| country = India
| founded = 2005
| seat_holder = [[Narain Karthikeyan]]
| chairman = [[David Sears (motorsport)|David Sears]]
| drivers = [[Armaan Ebrahim]] [[Narain Karthikeyan]]
| car_name = -
| first_race = [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Great Britain|2005–06 Great Britain]]
| events = 35 (69 starts)
| championships = 0
| main_wins = 2
| sprint_wins = 0
| poles = 1
| fastest_laps = 0
| total_points = 93
| current_season = 2008–09
| current_position = 12th
| current_points = 19
}}
[[File:A1 Grand Prix, Kyalami - India.jpg|thumb|A1 Grand Prix, Kyalami - India]]
'''A1 Team India''' was the [[India]]n team of [[A1 Grand Prix]], an international racing series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/groups/a1teamindia/|title=A1 Team India|access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a1-team-india-pushed-to-back-of-grid/articleshow/2751674.cms|title=A1 Team India pushed to back of grid|access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/karthikeyan-to-drive-for-a1-team-india-1620092|title=Karthikeyan to drive for A1 Team India|access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

== Management ==
The seatholder for Team India was former [[Formula One]] driver [[Narain Karthikeyan]].

[[Argo Racing Cars|Argo racing Cars Ltd.]] were the Technical Servicer Provider for A1 Team India in Season 4. The UK based team was founded by [[David Sears (motorsport)|David Sears]] and was best known for competing in GP2, and many other single-seater championships. David Sears’ experience lay not only in single-seaters, but in almost all other forms of motorsport. He is considered one of the most widely experienced team principals in recent decades.

Gordon Flynn was the team manager, and Greg Wheeler was the team's race engineer.

Yohann Setna had been involved with A1 Team India since the first season and stood as Sporting Director this year.

== History ==

The inaugural A1 Team India car was presented to the public in July 2005. The team did not take part in the full [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season|first season]], with their last race in [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Indonesia|Indonesia]]. They failed to score any points.

In [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season|2006-07]], the team only scored points on three occasions, scoring 13 points total. The [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix season|2007–08 season]] was a much greater success than the previous two seasons. Narain Karthikeyan scored 61 points for the team, as well as two victories.

Despite missing the opening race of the [[2008–09 A1 Grand Prix season|2008–09 season]] due to lack of available cars, Team India managed to score a podium in the final Sprint race of the season, en route to scoring 19 points.

== Drivers ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" width="100%"
|-
! Name
! Seasons
!width=90px| Rounds (Starts)
!width=40px| Titles
!width=40px| Wins
!width=40px| Sprint wins
!width=40px| Feature wins
!width=40px| 2nd
!width=40px| 3rd
!width=40px| Poles
!width=40px| Fastest Laps
!width=40px| Points
|-
|[[Karun Chandhok]]
|[[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season|2005–06]]
|2 (3 starts)
|
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|
|style="background:#FFFFDF;"|
|style="background:#FFFFDF;"|
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|
|
|
|0
|-
|[[Armaan Ebrahim]]
|[[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season|2005–06]], [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season|2006–07]]
|11 (22 starts)
|
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|
|style="background:#FFFFDF;"|
|style="background:#FFFFDF;"|
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|
|
|
|0
|-
|[[Narain Karthikeyan]]
|[[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season|2006–07]], [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix season|2007–08]], [[2008–09 A1 Grand Prix season|2008–09]]
|20 (40 starts)
|
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|2
|style="background:#FFFFDF;"|
|style="background:#FFFFDF;"|2
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|1
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|
|1
|
|93
|-
|[[Parthiva Sureshwaren]]
|[[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season|2006–07]], [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix season|2007–08]]
|2 (4 starts)
|
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|
|style="background:#FFFFDF;"|
|style="background:#FFFFDF;"|
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|
|
|
|0
|}

== Complete A1 Grand Prix results ==
([[Template:A1GP results legend|key]]), "spr" indicates the Sprint Race, "fea" indicates the Feature Race.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%" width="100%"
|-
! Year
!width=66px| Racing team
!width=66px| Chassis, Engine, Tyres
! Drivers
!width=22px|1
!width=22px|2
!width=22px|3
!width=22px|4
!width=22px|5
!width=22px|6
!width=22px|7
!width=22px|8
!width=22px|9
!width=22px|10
!width=22px|11
!width=22px|12
!width=22px|13
!width=22px|14
!width=22px|15
!width=22px|16
!width=22px|17
!width=22px|18
!width=22px|19
!width=22px|20
!width=22px|21
!width=22px|22
! Points
! Rank


|-
!rowspan=4|[[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season|2005–06]]
|rowspan=4|[[Akbar Ebrahim]]
|rowspan=4|[[Lola Cars|Lola]], [[Zytek Engineering|Zytek]], [[Cooper Tire & Rubber Company|Cooper Avon]]
|rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Great Britain|GBR]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|GER}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Germany|GER]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|POR}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Portugal|POR]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Australia|AUS]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|MYS}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Malaysia|MYS]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, United Arab Emirates|UAE]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, South Africa|RSA]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|INA}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Indonesia|INA]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Mexico|MEX]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|USA}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, United States of America|USA]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2005–06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, China|CHN]]
!rowspan=4|0
!rowspan=4|24th
|-
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|-
|[[Karun Chandhok]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|15
|DNS
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|16
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Armaan Ebrahim]]
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|17
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|13
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|17
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|13
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|11
|EX
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|20
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|14
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|14
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|18
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|colspan=28|


|-
!rowspan=5|[[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season|2006–07]]
|rowspan=5|[[Arena Motorsport]]
|rowspan=5|[[Lola Cars|Lola]] [[Zytek Engineering|Zytek]] [[Cooper Tire & Rubber Company|Cooper Avon]]
|rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|NED}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Netherlands|NED]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Czech Republic|CZE]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Beijing, China|BEI]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|MYS}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Malaysia|MYS]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|INA}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Indonesia|INA]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, New Zealand|NZL]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Australia|AUS]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, South Africa|RSA]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Mexico|MEX]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Shanghai, China|SHA]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Great Britain|GBR]]
!rowspan=5|13
!rowspan=5|16th
|-
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|-
|[[Armaan Ebrahim]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|17
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|18
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|18
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|11
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|16
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|19
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|18
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Narain Karthikeyan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|7
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|15
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|9
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|11
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|18
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|7
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|17
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|4
|-
|[[Parthiva Sureshwaren]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|18
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|colspan=28|


|-
!rowspan=4|[[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix season|2007–08]]
|rowspan=4|[[Arena Motorsport]]
|rowspan=4|[[Lola Cars|Lola]] [[Zytek Engineering|Zytek]] [[Cooper Tire & Rubber Company|Cooper Avon]]
|rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|NED}} [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Netherlands|NED]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Czech Republic|CZE]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|MYS}} [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Malaysia|MYS]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Zhuhai, China|ZHU]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, New Zealand|NZL]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Australia|AUS]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, South Africa|RSA]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Mexico|MEX]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Shanghai, China|SHA]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Great Britain|GBR]]
|colspan=2 rowspan=4|
!rowspan=4|61
!rowspan=4|10th
|-
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|-
|[[Narain Karthikeyan]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|10
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|21
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|9
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|11
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|6
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|7
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|1
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|10
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|11
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|11
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|13
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|5
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|5
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1'''
|-
|[[Parthiva Sureshwaren]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|17
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|colspan=28|


|-
!rowspan=3|[[2008–09 A1 Grand Prix season|2008–09]]
|rowspan=3|[[Argo Racing Cars]]
|rowspan=3|[[Ferrari]], [[Ferrari]], [[Michelin]]
|rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|NED}} [[2008–09 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Netherlands|NED]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2008–09 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, China|CHN]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|MYS}} [[2008–09 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Malaysia|MYS]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[2008–09 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, New Zealand|NZL]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2008–09 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, South Africa|RSA]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|POR}} [[2008–09 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Portugal|POR]]
!colspan=2|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[2008–09 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Great Britain|GBR]]
|colspan=8 rowspan=3|
!rowspan=3|19
!rowspan=3|12th
|-
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|spr
|fea
|-
|[[Narain Karthikeyan]]
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|10
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|9
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|6
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|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|Ret
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== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
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Economy of Maharashtra

2022-08-30T15:41:48Z

Lovebuddy143: Added a new addition to the collection.

{{Short description|Economy of the state of India}}
{{EngvarB}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = Maharashtra
| image = File:Mumbai.jpg
| image_size = 350px
| caption = Skyline of [[Mumbai]], the capital of [[Maharashtra]], and the [[financial center]] of India<ref name="ibef.org">{{cite. NYOOOZ
Mumbai remains hottest day of the season due to late sea-breeze ... formation About Maharashtra, Industries, Economy Exports of Maharashtra|publisher=ibef.org|access-date=12 April 2014|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110503191524/http://www.ibef.org/states/maharashtra.aspx|archive-date=3 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|title=Logistics Management for International Business: Text and Cases|author1=SUDALAIMUTHU, S.|author2=RAJ, S.A.|year=2009|publisher=PHI Learning|isbn=9788120337923|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NG2TjfQF6zEC|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514103308/https://books.google.com/books?id=NG2TjfQF6zEC|archive-date=14 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| year = 1 April – 31 March
| currency = [[Indian Rupee]] [[₹]]
| group = {{plainlist|
*[[Developing country|Developing/Emerging]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/01/weodata/groups.htm |title=World Economic and Financial Surveys World Economic Outlook Database—WEO Groups and Aggregates Information April 2020 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>
*Upper-middle income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
*[[Newly industrialized country]]}}
| organs =
| gdp = {{INRConvert|38.8|t|lk=r|0}} (2023–24; est)<ref name="BA-23">{{cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/maharashtra-budget-analysis-2023-24|title=Maharashtra Budget Analysis 2023-24 }}</ref>
| gdp rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|1st]]
| growth = 12% (2021–2022)<ref name="Budget Analysis">{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Budget Analysis 2022-23|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/maharashtra-budget-analysis-2022-23|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref>
| per capita = {{INRConvert|242247|r|0}} (2022–23; est)<ref name="EcoSur21">{{cite web|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/ESM1920/chapter/English/esm2122_e.pdf|title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2021-22, Government of Maharashtra|work=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|pages=21|access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref>
| per capita rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|12th]]
| sectors = [[Agriculture]]: 13.2% [[Industrial sector|Industry]]: 26.8% [[Service (economics)|Services]]: 60%(2020–21)<ref name="EcoSur">{{cite web|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/ESM1920/chapter/English/esm2122_e.pdf|title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2021-22, Government of Maharashtra|work=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|page=44|access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref>
| components =
| inflation =
| bankrate =
| poverty = {{decreasepositive}} [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|17.35%]] in poverty (2019–20)<ref>{{cite web |title=SDGs India Index |url=https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/ranking |work=[[NITI Aayog]] }}</ref>
| gini = {{steady}}
35.0 {{color|#fc0|medium}} (2012)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/brief/india-states-briefs-maharashtra | title=India States Briefs – Maharashtra }}</ref>
| hdi = {{increase}}
0.688 {{color|#fc0|medium}} (2021) ([[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|12th]])
| labor =
| occupations = Agriculture 51% Industry 9% Services 40% (2015)<ref name="Budget Analysis2016">{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Budget Analysis 2016-17|url=http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/general/1458640609_Maharashtra%20Budget%20Analysis%202016-17.pdf|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213090804/http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/general/1458640609_Maharashtra%20Budget%20Analysis%202016-17.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| unemployment = {{decreasePositive}} 4.3% (Feb 2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=Unemployment Rate in India |url=https://unemploymentinindia.cmie.com/ |publisher=Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>
| average gross salary =
| gross median =
| average net salary =
| net median =
| industries =
| edbr =
| exports =
| export-goods =
| export-partners =
| imports =
| import-goods =
| import-partners =
| FDI = {{INRConvert|1.19|t|lk=r}}
(2020-21)<ref name="EcoSur165">{{cite web|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/ESM1920/chapter/English/esm2122_e.pdf|title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2021-22, Government of Maharashtra|work=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|page=165|access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref>
| current account =
| gross external debt =
| NIIP =
| debt = {{increasenegative}}18.14% of GSDP (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis" />
| balance = {{INRConvert|-89598|c}} 2.50% of GSDP (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis" />
| revenue = {{INRConvert|4.05|lc|nolink=yes}} (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis" />
| expenses = {{INRConvert|4.95|lc|nolink=yes}} (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis">{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Budget Analysis 2022-23|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/maharashtra-budget-analysis-2022-23|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref>
| aid =
| credit =
| spelling = Oxford
| presentUS$asdefault = no
}}
The economy of the state of [[Maharashtra]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|largest in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/ESM_Mar2016_17.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816153104/https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/ESM_Mar2016_17.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the most urbanised of Indian States.

[[Mumbai]], the capital of Maharashtra is considered the financial capital of India with the headquarters of almost all major banks, financial institutions, insurance companies and [[mutual fund]]s being based in the city. India's largest stock exchange [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], the oldest in Asia, is also located in the city. More than 41% of the ''S&P CNX 500'' conglomerates have corporate offices in Maharashtra.

Maharashtra is India's second most industrialised state contributing 20% of national industrial output. Almost 46% of the GSDP is contributed by industry. Maharashtra has software parks in many cities around the state, and is the second largest exporter of software with annual exports over {{INR}} 80,000 crores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Maharashtra_060710.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816021858/http://www.ibef.org/download/Maharashtra_060710.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although highly industrialized, agriculture continues to be the main occupation in many regions of the state. 24.14% of the working age population is employed in agriculture and allied activities.<ref name="Kalamkar2011" />{{rp|18}}

==Political and Economic History ==
===Political history===
[[File:Maharashtra Divisions Eng.svg|thumb|right|alt=refer caption|Divisions of Maharashtra, along with their respective districts (With Palghar district formed in 2014 from the northern part of Thane district)]]

The British [[East India Company]] controlled [[Mumbai]] beginning in the 17th century, and used it as one of their main trading posts. The company slowly expanded areas under its rule during the 18th century. Their conquest of Maharashtra was completed in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa [[Bajirao II]] in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>Omvedt, G. "Development of the Maharashtrian Class Structure, 1818 to 1931". ''Economic and Political Weekly'', pp. 1417–1432.</ref>

The [[United Kingdom|British]] governed western Maharashtra as part of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. A number of the [[Maratha]] states persisted as [[princely state]]s, retaining autonomy in return for acknowledging British [[suzerainty]]. The largest princely states in the territory were [[Nagpur]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]] and [[Kolhapur]]; Satara was annexed to the Bombay Presidency in 1848, and Nagpur was annexed in 1853 to become [[Nagpur Province]], later part of the [[Central Provinces]]. [[Berar Province|Berar]], which had been part of the [[Nizam]]'s Hyderabad State, was occupied by the British in 1853 and annexed to the Central Provinces in 1903.<ref name="Russell1997">{{cite book|author=R. V. Russell|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Volumes I and II)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&pg=PT8|year=1997|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-8294-2|page=8|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101080935/https://books.google.com/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&pg=PT8|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> However, a large part called [[Marathwada]] remained part of the Nizam's [[Hyderabad State]]e throughout the British period. The British ruled for more than a century and ruined the economy of the Maharashtra. After Indian independence in 1947, princely states and Jagirs of the [[Deccan States Agency]], were merged into [[Bombay State]], which was created from the former Bombay Presidency in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Kolhapur City|url=http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/english/Ancient_Historical_Places.html|publisher=Kolhapur Corporation|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912164315/http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/english/Ancient_Historical_Places.html|archive-date=12 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1956, the [[States Reorganisation Act]] reorganised the Indian states along linguistic lines, and Bombay Presidency State was enlarged by the addition of the predominantly [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking regions of [[Marathwada]] ([[Aurangabad Division]]) from erstwhile [[Hyderabad state]] and [[Vidarbha]] region from the [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. The southernmost part of Bombay State was ceded to [[Karnataka|Mysore]]. In the 1950s, Marathi people strongly protested against bilingual [[Bombay state]] under the banner of [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Radheshyam Jadhav|title=Samyukta Maharashtra movement|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-pioneered-Samyukta-Maharashtra-movement/articleshow/5874479.cms|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113064222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-pioneered-Samyukta-Maharashtra-movement/articleshow/5874479.cms|archive-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Samyukta Maharashtra movement|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-what-is-the-samyukta-maharashtra-movement-1983811|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|agency=Diligent Media Corporation|publisher=Dainik Bhaskar Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073631/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-what-is-the-samyukta-maharashtra-movement-1983811|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 May 1960, a separate Marathi-speaking state of Maharashtra by dividing earlier bilingual Bombay State into the new states of Maharashtra and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhagwat|first1=Ramu|title=Linguistic states|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/People-dont-want-Vidarbha-to-be-treated-as-colony-of-Maharashtra/articleshow/21564818.cms|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113062718/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/People-dont-want-Vidarbha-to-be-treated-as-colony-of-Maharashtra/articleshow/21564818.cms|archive-date=13 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Economic history===
Before British rule, the Maharashtra region was divided into many revenue divisions. The medieval equivalent of a county or district was the [[pargana]]. The chief of the pargana was called [[Deshmukh]] and record keepers were called [[Deshpande]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Stewart|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|publisher=Cambridge University|location=New York|isbn=978-0521268837|pages=22, xiii|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=%22deshmukh%22+%22deshpande%22+sultanate+pargana&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture - Google Books">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN4nTmnlwsAC&q=deshpande+surname&pg=PA74 | title=Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture - Google Books | publisher=Yoda Press, 2005 | author=Ruth Vanita | year=2005 | page=316 | isbn=9788190227254}}</ref> The lowest administrative unit was the village. Village society in Marathi areas included the Patil or the head of the village, collector of revenue, and [[Kulkarni]], the village record-keeper. These were hereditary positions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Deshpande|first1=Arvind M.|title=John Briggs in Maharashtra: A Study of District Administration Under Early British rule|publisher=Mittal|location=Delhi|isbn=9780836422504|pages=118–119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79sS_w_bOQYC&q=balutedar+maharashtra&pg=PP15}}</ref> The village also used to have twelve hereditary servants called the [[Bara Balutedar|Balutedar]]. The Balutedar system was supportive of the agriculture sector. Servants under this system provided services to the farmers and the economic system of the village. The base of this system was caste. The servants were responsible for tasks specific to their castes. There were twelve kinds of servants under Bara Balutedar<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=44140322 | title=Social and Economic Position of Brahmins in Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji | last1=Kulkarni | first1=A. R. | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | year=1964 | volume=26 | pages=66–75 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Kosambi |editor-first=Meera |last=Kulkarni |first=A. R. |chapter=The Mahar Watan: A Historical Perspective |title=Intersections: Socio-Cultural Trends in Maharashtra|publisher=Sangam|location=London|isbn=978-0863118241|pages=121–140|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&pg=PA121|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>Sugandhe, Anand, and Vinod Sen. "SCHEDULED CASTES IN MAHARASHTRA: STRUGGLE AND HURDLES IN THEIR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." Journal of Indian Research (ISSN: 2321-4155) 3.3 (2015): 53-64.[http://mujournal.mewaruniversity.in/JIR%203-3/4.pdf]</ref>
In exchange for their services, the ''balutedars'' were granted complex sets of hereditary rights (watan) to a share in the village harvest under a [[Barter]] system.<ref>Fukazawa, H., 1972. Rural Servants in the 18th Century Maharashtrian Village—Demiurgic or Jajmani System?. Hitotsubashi journal of economics, 12(2), pp.14-40.</ref> In the 1700s, the important cities of Maharashtra region were the trading port of Mumbai under the British, Pune as the de facto political and finincial capital under Peshwa rule,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nilekani|first1=Harish Damodaran|title=India's new capitalists: caste, business, and industry in a modern nation|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire|isbn=978-0230205079|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJp_DAAAQBAJ&q=pantpratinidhi+deshastha&pg=PP1}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|pages=120, 137|title=Gokhale Kulavruttanta |script-title=mr:गोखले कुलवृत्तान्त |edition=2nd |editor=[[Gangadhar Pathak|Gangadhar Ramchandra Pathak]] |publisher=Sadashiv Shankar Gokhale |year=1978 |language=mr|place=[[Pune]], India}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kosambi|first1=Meera|title=Glory of Peshwa Pune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=248|issue=5|page=247}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar – Mumbai – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com }}</ref> and Bhosale ruled Nagpur. In the previous century, Aurangabad had been the most important city in the region as the seat of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal governors]].

Under the British rule (1818-1947), different parts of the present day state were ruled under different systems of government, their economic development also reflected this difference. Although the British originally regarded India as a place for the supply of raw materials for the factories of England, by the end of the 19th-century a modern manufacturing industry was developing in the city of Mumbai.<ref>Majumdar, Sumit K. (2012), India's Late, Late Industrial Revolution: Democratizing Entrepreneurship, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|1-107-01500-6}}, retrieved 7 December 2013</ref> The main product was cotton and the bulk of the workforce in these [[cotton mills|mills]] was <ref>{{cite book|last1=Lacina|first1=Bethany Ann|title=Rival Claims: Ethnic Violence and Territorial Autonomy Under Indian Federalism|publisher=University of Michigan press|location=Ann arbor, MI, USA|isbn=978-0472130245|page=129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd1CDgAAQBAJ&q=%22ravindra+kumar%22+maharashtra+marathi&pg=PR7}}</ref> from Western Maharashtra, but more specifically from the coastal Konkan region.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morris|first1=David|title=Emergence of an Industrial Labor Force in India: A Study of the Bombay Cotton Mills, 1854-1947|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520008854|page=[https://archive.org/details/emergenceofindus0000morr/page/63 63]|url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofindus0000morr|url-access=registration|quote=konkan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chandavarkar|first1=Rajnarayan|title=The origins of industrial capitalism in India business strategies and the working classes in Bombay, 1900-1940|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [England]|isbn=9780521525954|page=33|edition=1st pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFa5tb75QUsC&q=marathi+migration+bombay+mill&pg=PR10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Gugler|editor-first1=Josef|title=World cities beyond the West : globalization, development, and inequality|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521830034|page=334|edition=Repr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC&q=bombay+industry++marathi+%22working+class%22+colonial&pg=PA328}}</ref> The completion of The [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway|Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railway]] in 1896, with a {{convert|391|mi|km}} line from Hyderabad city to [[Manmad Junction railway station|Manmad Junction]] opened the Nizam ruled Marathwada region to growth of industry. In the early twentieth century, the [[cotton]] industry held an important place in Nizam's Hyderabad Government as the largest export of [[Hyderabad State]]. In 1889, a [[Cotton-spinning machinery|cotton spinning]] mill and a [[weaving]] mill were erected in [[Aurangabad division|Aurangabad]], employing a total of 700 people. In [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]] alone there were 9 [[cotton gin]]ning factories and five cotton presses, with two more ginning factories at Aurangabad. The area of cultivated land under cotton in 1914 was three million [[acre]]s (12,000 km2) in Hyderabad state, with most of the cotton being grown in the [[Marathwada]] districts, where the soil was particularly well suited to it.<ref name="hydgodavari">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Godavari Valley Railway: Buldana, Aurangabad & Parbhanai Districts, Sheet No.56 A/N.W - Unknown |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/hyderabad-godavari-valley-railway-buldana-aurangabad-parbhanai-districts-sheet-no-56-a-n-w/VgGD0xllzz7OBA |website=Google Arts & Culture |access-date=14 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 1914 69,943 people were employed in cotton spinning, sizing, and 517,750 in weaving, cotton ginning, cleaning, and pressing. The wages paid were good, but the cost of living in Marathwara rose significantly due to the rise of the cotton industry, the uncertainty of rainfall, and availability of credit from money lenders.<ref>{{cite web |last1=J |first1=Nikhil |title=Hyderabad–Godavari Valley Railway and Cotton Industry |url=https://citykatta.com/hyderabad-godavari-valley-railway/ |website=CityKatta }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:200px; float:right;"
|-
! Year || Gross Domestic Product (millions of [[Indian Rupees|INR]])
|-
| 1980 || [[Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg|8px]] 166,310
|-
| 1985 || [[Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg|8px]] 296,160
|-
| 1990 || [[Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg|8px]] 644,330
|-
| 1995 || [[Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg|8px]] 1,578,180
|-
| 2000 || [[Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg|8px]] 2,386,720
|-
| 2005 || [[Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg|8px]] 3,759,150<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide13-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |title=Maharashtra economy soars to $85b by 2005 |access-date=27 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214205023/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide13-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |archive-date=14 December 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || [[Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg|8px]] 9,013,300
|-
| 2014 || [[Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg|8px]]16,866,950
|-
| 2019 || [[Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg|8px]]26,327,920 <ref>{{Cite web | url= https://m.statisticstimes.com/economy/india/indian-states-gdp.php| title=Indian states by GDP}}</ref>
|}
After the formation of Maharashtra, the state government established the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation ([[MIDC]]) in 1962 to spur growth in other areas of the state. In the decades since its formation, MIDC has acted as the primary industrial infrastructure development agency of the government of Maharashtra. Since its inception, MIDC has established at least one industrial area in every district of the state.<ref>Anand, V., 2004. Multi-party accountability for environmentally sustainable industrial development: the challenge of active citizenship. PRIA Study Report, no. 4, March 2004.[https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/12505/anand_2004_multi-party.pdf?sequence=1]</ref> The areas with biggest industrial growth were the Pune metropolitan region and areas close to Mumbai such as [[Thane district]] and [[Raigad district]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Sudha|title=Pimpri-Chinchwad industrial belt: Placing Pune at the front|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm|access-date=29 January 2012|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref>

Maharashtra was a pioneer in the development of [[Agricultural Cooperative]] Societies after independence. In fact, it was an integral part of the then Governing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party's vision of 'rural development with local initiative'. A 'special' status was accorded to the [[sugar]] cooperatives and the government assumed the role of a mentor by acting as a stakeholder, guarantor and regulator,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lalvani|first1=Mala|title=Sugar Co-operatives in Maharashtra: A Political Economy Perspective|journal=The Journal of Development Studies|volume= 44|issue=10|doi=10.1080/00220380802265108|pages=1474–1505|s2cid=154425894}}</ref><ref name="Patil"/><ref name="helsinki">{{cite web|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers2/Das72.pdf|publisher=XIV International Economic History Congress, Helsinki 2006, Session 72|title=Problems and Prospects of the Cooperative Movement in India Under the Globalization Regime|author1=Banishree Das|author2=Nirod Kumar Palai|author3=Kumar Das|name-list-style=amp|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051908/http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers2/Das72.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from sugar, Cooperatives played a crucial role in dairy,<ref name="Mahanand Dairy">{{cite web|title=Mahanand Dairy|url=http://www.mahanand.in/Index.aspx?mid=1|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124105202/http://mahanand.in/Index.aspx?mid=1|archive-date=24 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> cotton, and fertiliser industries.
Support by the state government led to more than 25,000 cooperatives being set up by 1990s in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dahiwale |first1=S. M. |title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=340–342 |jstor=4402382 }}</ref>

In 1982 the State Government under [[Vasantdada Patil]] liberalised the Education Sector. This led to hundreds of private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions being set up in the state.<ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|last1=Bhosale|first1=Jayashree|title=Economic Times: Despite private participation Education lacks quality in Maharashtra|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010054204/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|archive-date=10 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Politicians and leaders involved in the huge cooperative movement in Maharashtra were instrumental in setting up the private institutes<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dahiwale Vol. 30, No. 6 (11 Feb. 1995), pp.|first1=S. M.|title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=30|issue=6|pages=341–342|jstor=4402382}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baviskar|first1=B. S.|title=Cooperatives in Maharashtra: Challenges Ahead|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=42|issue=42|pages=4217–4219|jstor=40276570}}</ref>

After the [[Economic liberalisation in India|1991 economic liberalization]], Maharashtra began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries. The late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century saw huge development in the Information Technology sector, and IT Parks were set up in [[Aundh (Pune)|Aundh]], and [[Hinjawadi]] areas of Pune.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heitzman|first1=James|title=The city in South Asia|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0415574266|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/218 218]|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|quote=pune.|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>

==Sectors==
===Energy production===
[[File:Current functioning units of CSTPS.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Current functioning units of Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station|[[Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station]], the state's power production source]]
Although its population makes Maharashtra one of the country's largest energy users,<ref name=consumes>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra used up 1193 MW more power in wintert|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-used-up-1193-MW-more-power-in-winter/articleshow/11983942.cms|access-date=13 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=The Times Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115123353/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-used-up-1193-MW-more-power-in-winter/articleshow/11983942.cms|archive-date=15 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Thermal>{{cite web|title=Indian Power Sector|url=http://indianpowersector.com/home/about/|website=indianpowersector.com/|publisher=Ministry of Power|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822222704/http://indianpowersector.com/home/about/|archive-date=22 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centres and strong environmental movements have kept its per capita energy use to one of the smallest of any Indian state.<ref name=Regulatory>{{cite web|title=Electricity Governance Initiative|url=http://electricitygovernance.wri.org/files/egi/Maharashtra%20Case%20Study.pdf|website=electricitygovernance.wri.org/|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903064333/http://electricitygovernance.wri.org/files/egi/Maharashtra%20Case%20Study.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The high electricity demand of the state constitutes 13% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in India, which is mainly from fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. There are large coal production facilities in [[Chandrapur]] district.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hiro|first1=Dilip|title=The Age of Aspiration: Power, Wealth, and Conflict in Globalizing India|publisher=New Press|isbn=9781620971413|page=182}}</ref>
The Vidarbha region of the state is known to have significant coal reserves.<ref name="Chauhan2006">{{cite book|author=D. S. Chauhan|title=Non-Conventional Energy Resources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78oW6WeBTKMC&pg=PA1|year=2006|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1768-5|pages=2, 9}}</ref> [[Mumbai High Field|Mumbai High]] , the offshore [[oilfield]] {{convert|165|km}} off the coast of Mumbai accounted for a significant percentage crude oil production in India.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ongc-makes-significant-oil-gas-discovery-in-arabian-sea/articleshow/62325917.cms | title=ONGC makes significant oil, gas discovery in Arabian Sea - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=January 2018 | access-date=16 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728020943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ongc-makes-significant-oil-gas-discovery-in-arabian-sea/articleshow/62325917.cms | archive-date=28 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Rao, R.P., and Talukdar, S.N., Petroleum Geology of Bombay High Field - India, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, Halbouty, M.T., editor, AAPG Memoir 30, 1980, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, {{ISBN|0891813063}}, p. 504</ref><ref name="Rao Talukdar 1980 p487">Rao, R.P., and Talukdar, S.N., Petroleum Geology of Bombay High Field, India, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, Halbouty, M.T., editor, AAPG Memoir 30, 1980, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, {{ISBN|0891813063}}, p. 487</ref>

Nuclear and renewable sources such as Hydroelectricity, Wind, solar, and biomass make a smaller contribution to electricity generation capability in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity tariff in Maharashtra|url=http://www.mercindia.org.in/pdf/LT_Booklet.pdf|website=mercindia.org.in/|publisher=[[Maharashtra State Electricity Board]]|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412133658/http://www.mercindia.org.in/pdf/LT_Booklet.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> A number of sugarmills use bagasse cogeneration to produce electricity for the mill use and surplus for the grid.<ref>Patil, D.A., From sugar production to sustainable energy production: exploring scenarios and policy implications for bioenergy in the sugar bowl of India.[http://www.envirobiotechjournals.com/EEC/Vol26AugSuppl20/EEC-43.pdf]</ref>

Maharashtra is the largest power generating state in India, with installed electricity generation capacity of 44 thousand MW.<ref name=Thermal /> The state forms a major constituent of the western grid of India, which now comes under the North, East, West and North Eastern (NEWNE) grids of India.<ref name=consumes /> Maharashtra Power Generation Company (MAHAGENCO) operates [[Thermal power station|thermal power plants]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra State Power Generation Company -A Power Generating Utility|url=http://www.mahagenco.in/index.php/about-us|website=mahagenco.in/|publisher=[[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company]]|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921080018/http://www.mahagenco.in/index.php/about-us|archive-date=21 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the state government-owned power generation plants, there are privately owned power generation plants that transmit power through the [[Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company]], which is responsible for transmission of electricity in the state.<ref name="power supply">{{cite web|title=Power demand-supply position of the state of Maharashtra|url=http://greencleanguide.com/2012/11/27/power-supply-position-of-the-state-of-maharashtra/|publisher=Green guide|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331205356/http://greencleanguide.com/2012/11/27/power-supply-position-of-the-state-of-maharashtra/|archive-date=31 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are a number of hydroelectric projects, particularly in western Maharashtra districts of Pune, Satara and Kolhapur for electricity generation. [[Koyna Hydroelectric Project]] in satara district is the largest by generation capacity in the state. The state also has a good potential for wind generated electricity, and is one of the leading states in generating wind power.<ref>Kasisomayajula, S.R., 2013. Compressive study on importance of wind power in India. American Journal of Engineering Research, 2(03), pp.27-35.[http://www.ajer.org/papers/v2(3)/Volume.2-Issue.3.pdf#page=30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222162745/http://www.ajer.org/papers/v2(3)/Volume.2-Issue.3.pdf#page=30}}</ref>

[[Mahavitaran]] is responsible for distribution of electricity throughout the state by buying power from Mahanirmiti, captive power plants, other state electricity boards and private sector power generation companies.<ref name=Regulatory /> Some areas of Mumbai get their electricity from private sector companies such as [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]], [[Tata Power]] and [[Adani Transmission|Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited]] are electricity distributors.

===Agriculture===
[[File:Sorghum farm Chinawal 3.jpg|200px|right|Sorghum farm at [[Chinawal]] village in Maharashtra]]
[[File:Sugarcane weighing at sugarmill.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sugarcane weighing at a Cooperative Sugar mill in [[Maharashtra]], India.]]
[[File:Paddy Fields.jpg|thumb|right|Paddy field near the village of [[Dhakti Jui]] in the Konkan region]]
[[File:Cattle Egret with Plough by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN1746 (1).jpg|thumb|right|Ploughing in Yavatmal district]]
Historically, India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors: agriculture, industry, and services. Agriculture includes crops, horticulture, milk and animal husbandry, aquaculture, fishing, sericulture, aviculture, forestry, and related activities.<ref>[http://indiainbusiness.nic.in/newdesign/index.php?param=advantage/163 Indian Economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705201433/http://indiainbusiness.nic.in/newdesign/index.php?param=advantage%2F163 }} Government of India (2013)</ref><ref>[http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0306/table%20116.pdf Employment across various sectors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123143408/http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0306/table%20116.pdf }}, NSSO 66th Nationwide Survey, Planning Commission, Government of India (3 June 2014)</ref>

Although [[Maharashtra]] is a highly industrialized state of India, agriculture continues to be the main occupation in the state.<ref name="Kalamkar2011" />{{rp|18}} Since most of the cultivable land is still rain-fed, the [[Monsoon|Southwest Monsoon]] season between June and September is critical to the food sufficiency and quality of life in the state. Therefore, the agricultural calendar of Maharashtra and other parts of India is governed by Monsoon. Any fluctuations in the time distribution, spatial distribution or quantity of the monsoon rains may lead to conditions of floods or droughts causing the agricultural sector to adversely suffer. This has a cascading effect on the secondary economic sectors, the overall economy, food inflation and therefore the overall quality and cost of living for the general population. Many areas in Western Maharashtra on the Deccan plateau such as eastern [[Pune District|Pune]] district, Solapur, Sangli, Satara and [[Ahmadnagar District|Ahmadnagar]] and the [[Marathwada]] region are particularly prone to drought.
Just like rest of India, land holdings tend to remain small and the percent of marginal farmers (landholding of less than 1.0 hectare 92.5 acre)) was 43%. The average holding over all size groups was under three hectares.{{citation needed}}

Recent years have seen a huge increase in [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmers committing suicide]] in Maharashtra because of indebtedness resulting from monsoon failure, climate change, and at times cost of growing crops being higher than the market price.<ref name="wire">{{cite news|last1=Hardikar|first1=Jaideep|title=With No Water and Many Loans, Farmers' Deaths Are Rising in Tamil Nadu|url=https://thewire.in/149054/drought-tamil-nadu-farmers-deaths/|access-date=21 June 2017|work=The Wire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621045357/https://thewire.in/149054/drought-tamil-nadu-farmers-deaths/|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/01/59000-farmer-suicides-in-india-over-three-decades-may-be-linked-to-climate-change-study-says/ Vidhi, Doshi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404214306/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/01/59000-farmer-suicides-in-india-over-three-decades-may-be-linked-to-climate-change-study-says/ }} ''The Washington Post'': "59,000 farmer suicides in India over 30 years may be linked to climate change, study says", 1 August 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/politics/maharashtra-assembly-over-23000-farmer-suicides-have-taken-place-since-2009-says-devendra-fadnavis-3337806.html 'Sawant, Sanjay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716204805/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/maharashtra-assembly-over-23000-farmer-suicides-have-taken-place-since-2009-says-devendra-fadnavis-3337806.html }} ''First Post'': "Maharashtra Assembly: Over 23,000 farmer suicides have taken place since 2009, says Devendra Fadnavis", 16 March 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.</ref><ref name="Kalamkar2011">{{cite book|author=S.S. Kalamkar|title=Agricultural Growth and Productivity in Maharashtra: Trends and Determinants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzHrY4GhHlIC&pg=PR5|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-8424-692-6|pages=18, 39, 64, 73}}</ref> The cause for suicide has been linked in some studies to inability to [[loans]] mostly taken from banks and [[NBFC & MFI in India|NBFCs]] to purchase expensive [[Monsanto|seeds]] and fertilizers, often marketed by foreign [[MNCs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In 80% farmer-suicides due to debt, loans from banks, not moneylenders |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-80-farmer-suicides-due-to-debt-loans-from-banks-not-moneylenders-4462930/ |access-date=25 March 2019 |work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325102325/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-80-farmer-suicides-due-to-debt-loans-from-banks-not-moneylenders-4462930/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Irrigation]] facilities are being extended so that agriculture could be made less dependent upon rain water. Maharashtra has by far the largest number of [[Dam]]s in India. Despite that, the net irrigated area totals only 33,500 square kilometres or about 16% of cultivable land.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sengupta |first1=S.K. |title=NATIONAL REGISTER OF LARGE DAMS – 2009 |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20dams%202009.pdf |website=Central Water Commission - An apex organization in water resources development in India |publisher=Central water Commission |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

Principal Monsoon crops include millets such as [[Sorghum bicolor|jwari]], [[Pearl millet|Bajri]], and Finger millet. These have been grown in the region for thousands of years.<ref name="Srivastava2008">{{cite book|author=Vinod Chandra Srivastava|title=History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&pg=PA107|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-521-6|pages=108–109}}</ref> In the high rain fall areas of Konkan and the eastern foothills of the [[Sahyadri]] mountains, different varieties of rice are cultivated. Other crops include [[Wheat]], [[pulse]]s, vegetables and [[onions]]. Maharashtra lags behind in the productivity of all the crops as compared to the Indian national averages, which itself is way behind the averages of some of
the other progressive countries of Europe and Asia.<ref>Kalamkar, S.S., 2003. Agricultural development and sources of output growth in Maharashtra State.[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/29737/GIPE-WP-05.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=2]</ref>

The main Cash crops include [[cotton]], [[sugarcane]], [[turmeric]], and several [[oil seed]]s including [[peanut|groundnut]], [[sunflower]] and [[soybean]]. The state has huge areas under fruit cultivation of which [[mango]]es, [[bananas]], [[grapes]], [[pomegranate]] and [[oranges]] are the main ones.

The state is a significant producer of milk. The milk is primarily obtained from [[Water buffalo]], crossbred cattle, and indigenous cattle respectively. Unlike some southern states in India, in Maharashtra water buffalo and indigenous cattle account for bulk of milk production. The Pandharpuri is a popular buffalo breed in the state. Zebu and Gir are popular dairy cattle. Jersey and Holstein are the European breeds used for crossbreeding indigenous cattle. Although half of the milk is consumed by the owners, the other half is marketed and processed through a combination of small-scale vendors, private companies and dairy cooperatives.<ref>Landes, M., Cessna, J., Kuberka, L. and Jones, K., 2017. India's Dairy Sector: Structure, Performance, and Prospects. United States Department of Agriculture.[https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/outlooks/82639/ldpm-272-01.pdf?v=2655.9]</ref> Cattle is extensively used for agricultural work.the popular breeds for that include Khillar, Deoni, Gaolao, Red Kandhari and
Dangi. These breeds offer good draught power capacity, heat tolerance, disease resistance, adaptability to harsh agro-climatic
conditions and ability to survive and perform under scarce feed and fodder.<ref>Gokhale, S.B., Bhagat, R.L., Singh, P.K. and Singh, G., 2009. Morphometric characteristics and utility pattern of Khillar cattle in breed tract. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 79(1), pp.47-51.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rl-Bhagat/publication/297708852_Morpho-metric_characteristics_and_utility_pattern_of_Khillar_cattle_in_breed_tract/links/5c8ceb70a6fdcc381756e3e1/Morpho-metric-characteristics-and-utility-pattern-of-Khillar-cattle-in-breed-tract.pdf]</ref>

Maharashtra was a pioneer in the development of [[Agricultural Cooperative]] Societies after independence. In fact, it was an integral part of the then Governing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party's vision of 'rural development with local initiative'. A 'special' status was accorded to the [[sugar]] cooperatives and the government assumed the role of a mentor by acting as a stakeholder, guarantor and regulator,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lalvani|first1=Mala|s2cid=154425894|title=Sugar Co-operatives in Maharashtra: A Political Economy Perspective|journal=The Journal of Development Studies|year=2008|volume= 44|issue=10|doi=10.1080/00220380802265108|pages=1474–1505}}</ref><ref name="Patil">{{cite web |last=Patil |first=Anil |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jul/09sugar.htm |title=Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra |publisher=Rediff India |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828234602/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jul/09sugar.htm |archive-date=28 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="helsinki" /> Cooperatives play a crucial role in dairy,<ref name="Mahanand Dairy"/> cotton, and fertiliser industries. The members of the respective society include all farmers, small and large, supplying their produce to the processing mill, dairy etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coopsugar.org/history.php |title=National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Limited |publisher=Coopsugar.org |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205214802/http://coopsugar.org/history.php |archive-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As with dairy and sugar, cooperatives play a significant part in marketing of fruit and vegetables in Maharashtra. Since the 1980s, the amount of produce handled by Cooperative societies has increased exponentially. Common fruit and vegetables marketed by the societies include products such as bananas, mangoes, grapes, onions and many others.<ref name="SubrahmanyamGajanana2000">{{cite book|author1=K. V. Subrahmanyam|author2=T. M. Gajanana|title=Cooperative Marketing of Fruits and Vegetables in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRX2XYcJn7gC&pg=PA5|year=2000|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-820-2|pages=45–60}}</ref> Over the last fifty years, the local sugar mills and other cooperative bodies have played a crucial part in encouraging political participation and as a stepping stone for aspiring politicians.<ref name="Patil" />

Maharashtra and Karnataka have been at the forefront of obtaining [[Geographical indication]]s for a variety of fruit, vegetables, and other crops in the state. Agricultural products on the list from Maharashtra includes [[Manilkara zapota|Chiku]] of [[Gholvad]], [[Nagpur orange]]s, [[Nashik grape]]s, [[Mahabaleshwar strawberry]], Waghya Ghevada (a [[French bean]] variety) of [[Satara district]],<ref name="LalithaVinayan2019">{{cite book|author1=N. Lalitha|author2=Soumya Vinayan|title=Regional Products and Rural Livelihoods: A Study on Geographical Indications from India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivqNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT12|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-909537-7}}</ref> Jalgaon eggplant, [[Ambemohar]] rice etc.,<ref>Kishore, K., 2018. Geographical Indications in Horticulture: An Indian perspective.[http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/45825/1/JIPR%2023%284-5%29%20159-166.pdf]</ref><ref name="LalithaVinayan108">{{cite book|author1=N. Lalitha|author2=Soumya Vinayan|title=Regional Products and Rural Livelihoods: A Study on Geographical Indications from India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivqNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-909537-7|pages=108–}}</ref>
[[File:India - Fishing boats - 7250.jpg|thumb|right|Fishing boats in Mumbai]]
Maharashtra with a coastline of 720 km is one of the leading states in India in marine fish production. Major fish landing centres are New Ferry Wharf, Sassoon Dock and Versova, situated in Mumbai metropolitan area, and they account for nearly 60% of the state fish landings. In year 2017–18, the production was 475,000 metric tons from fish caught in the Arabian sea off coastal Konkan region of the state.<ref>Devi, M.S., Singh, V.V., Xavier, M. and Shenoy, L., 2019. Catch Composition of Trawl landings along Mumbai coast, Maharashtra. Fishery Technology, 56(1), pp.89-92.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ka_Martin_Xavier/publication/330753719_Trawl_fisheries_with_special_reference_to_catch_composition_along_Mumbai_coast_Maharashtra/links/5c52bd2a92851c22a39d4173/Trawl-fisheries-with-special-reference-to-catch-composition-along-Mumbai-coast-Maharashtra.pdf]</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.esakal.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-ranks-fourth-marine-fish-production-216926 |title = सागरी मत्स्य उत्पादनात महाराष्ट्र चौथ्या स्थानावर | eSakal}}</ref>

As part of its sustainability efforts, the state has started a project for the identification of suitable plantation sites for [[Jatropha incentives in India|Jatropha]], a drought resistance plant.<ref>http://oar.icrisat.org/10872/1/A%20Better%20World%20-%20Volume%204.pdf {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unipune.ernet.in/dept/geography/vhdeosthali_files/jatropha.htm |title=Identification of suitable sites for Jatropha plantation in Maharashtra using remote sensing and GIS |publisher=University of Pune |access-date=15 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327230241/http://www.unipune.ernet.in/dept/geography/vhdeosthali_files/jatropha.htm |archive-date=27 March 2008}}</ref> The village of [[Ralegaon Siddhi]] in [[Ahmednagar District]] is heralded as a [[Sustainable development|sustainable model]] of village development.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/rallegan.htm
|title=A model Indian village- Ralegaon Siddhi
|access-date=30 October 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011121216/http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/rallegan.htm
|archive-date=11 October 2006
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

=== Manufacturing Industry ===
{{see also|Make in Maharashtra}}
[[File:An embroidery unit in Dharavi, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|right|An embroidery unit, one of the many small scale industrial companies, in [[Dharavi]], Mumbai.]]
Maharashtra is India's leading industrial state contributing 18.4% of national industrial output in 2013. Almost 46% of the GSDP is contributed by industry.<ref>MEMON, M.S.A., 2015. ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM IN MAHARASHTRA INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (MIDC) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KOLHAPUR, MAHARASHTRA (Doctoral dissertation, Bharati Vidyapeeth).[http://14.139.111.203/moodle/pluginfile.php/1176/mod_resource/content/0/Shabana%20Memon.pdf]</ref><ref>Kanchan Banerjee, ‘MAHARASHTRA- Economic Picture Brightens Ahead in Race’. Vol 3(8)
APRIL 2013</ref> 
Western Maharashtra around the metropolitan areas around Mumbai and Pune account for a significant percentage industrial output.

To attract industries to different areas of the state, the government of Maharashtra established [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC) in 1962. MIDC facilitates manufacturing business by creating [[Special economic zone]]s that have infrastructure such as land (open plot or built-up spaces), roads, water supply, drainage facilities, etc.<ref name="Khandewale1989">{{cite book|author=Shrinivas Vishnu Khandewale|title=Industrial Area and Regional Resources: A Case Study of Nagpur Industrial Area|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_SDhC12S7q4C&pg=PA1|year=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-134-2|pages=1–4}}</ref><ref name="Balakrishnan2019">{{cite book|author=Sai Balakrishnan|title=Shareholder Cities: Land Transformations Along Urban Corridors in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzPEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-5146-3|page=128}}</ref> To date, 233 areas have been developed around the state with an emphasis on different sectors such as manufacturing, IT, pharmaceutical and wine.

Maharashtra has had a long history in textiles with [[Mumbai]] being the original home of India's textile mills. [[Solapur]], [[Ichalkaranji]], [[Malegaon]] and [[Bhiwandi]] are some of the cities known for the textile industry today.
[[Pharmaceutical]]s, [[petrochemical]]s, heavy [[chemical]]s, [[electronics]], [[automobile]]s, engineering, [[food processing]], and plastics are some of the major industries in the state. Maharashtra is renowned for the production of three-wheelers, [[jeep]]s, commercial vehicles and [[car]]s, [[synthetic fiber|synthetic]] [[fiber]]s, cold rolled products and industrial alcohol. Pune is emerging as one of the largest automobile hubs in the country.
The state capital Mumbai and the Mumbai Metropolitan Region has historically been the most industrialized area in the state. Industrial development in the state is largely concentrated in the [[Pune Metropolitan Area]], [[Nashik]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] and [[Nagpur]]. The six important industries in the state are cotton textiles, chemicals, machinery, electricals, transport, and metallurgy.<ref>[http://www.webindia123.com/maharashtra/economy/economy.htm Economy of Maharashtra @ webindia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809132051/http://www.webindia123.com/maharashtra/economy/economy.htm }} Suni System (P) Ltd. Retrieved 20 June 2007</ref>

====Chemical and pharmaceutical Industry====

===Information and Media ===
[[File:Shahrukh interacts with media after KKR's maiden IPL title.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shahrukh Khan]], one of the biggest stars of Mumbai film industry.]]
Maharashtra is the leading Indian state for many [[Creative industries]] including [[advertising]], [[architecture]], [[art]], [[crafts]], [[design]], [[fashion]], [[film industry|film]], [[music industry|music]], [[performing arts]], [[publishing]], [[research and development|R&D]], [[software]], [[toy]]s and [[game]]s, [[Television|TV]] and [[radio]], and [[video game]]s.

Maharashtra is a prominent location for the Indian entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there.<ref>{{cite web|title=Media and Entertainment Industry -Brief Introduction|url=http://www.ibef.org/industry/media-entertainment-india.aspx|website=ibef.org/|publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF)|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920204535/http://www.ibef.org/industry/media-entertainment-india.aspx|archive-date=20 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai is the largest centre for film and television production and a third of all Indian films are produced in the state. Multimillion-dollar [[Bollywood]] productions, with the most expensive costing up to {{INRConvert|1.5|b}}, are filmed there.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985129,00.html?internalid=atm100|title=Hooray for Bollywood!|author=Richard Corliss|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026154551/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985129,00.html?internalid=atm100|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=live|author-link=Richard Corliss}}</ref> [[Marathi film]] used to be previously made primarily in [[Kolhapur]], but now are produced in Mumbai.

====Telecommunications====

===Construction and real estate===

===Service Sector===
[[File:National Stock Exchange of India 2.jpg|right|thumb|National Stock Exchange of India in Mumbai]]
The [[Service sector]] dominates the economy of Maharashtra, accounting for 61.4% of the value addition and 69.3% of the value of output in the state.<ref name=service>{{cite web|title=Service sector synopsis on Maharashtra|url=http://www.dipp.gov.in/English/Publications/SIA_NewsLetter/AnnualReport2011/Chapter6.3.i.pdf|website=RBI's Regional Office – Mumbai|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201201044/http://www.dipp.gov.in/English/Publications/SIA_NewsLetter/AnnualReport2011/Chapter6.3.i.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> The service sector includes traditional fields such as education, health, transport, real estate, banking and insurance as well as newer sectors such as information technology.

====Banking and finance====
Mumbai, the capital of state and the [[financial capital]] of India, houses the corporate [[List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai|headquarters]] of numerous [[List of Indian companies|Indian companies]], [[multinational corporations]], and financial institutions. India's main [[Bombay Stock Exchange|stock exchanges]] and capital market and commodity exchanges are located in Mumbai. These include the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the Bombay Stock Exchange, the [[National Stock Exchange of India]], the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]].
The State continues to attract industrial investments from domestic as well as foreign institutions. Share markets in the state transact almost 70 per cent of the country's stocks.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pachouly|first1=Manish|title=Taxpayers in Maharashtra|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/more-than-12-77-lakh-taxpayers-filed-e-returns-in-maharashtra/article1-731073.aspx|access-date=7 September 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|agency=[[HT Media Ltd]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907192947/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/more-than-12-77-lakh-taxpayers-filed-e-returns-in-maharashtra/article1-731073.aspx|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Maharashtra is one of the leading states in cooperative urban and rural banking. The state's urban cooperative banks in 2007 accounted for 40% of the sector in India and majority of the deposits.<ref>Baviskar, B. S. "Cooperatives in Maharashtra: Challenges Ahead." Economic and Political Weekly 42, no. 42 (2007): 4217-221. Accessed March 10, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40276570</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dandge |first1=R G |last2=Patil |first2=Sunanda Baburao |title=A study of Karad Janata Sahakari Bank Ltd Karad |publisher=Shivaji University |location=Kolhapur |page=49 |url=http://ir.unishivaji.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1329/9/09_Chapter%202.pdf}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agrawal |first1=Sanjivkumar S. |title=A study of Customer Services and Financial Performance of Selected Urban Cooperative Banks in Marathwada |pages=33, 65 |url=https://www.toshniwalcollege.ac.in/uploaddata/Downloads/2016_17/Report_MRP_AgrawalSS_2016.pdf |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

===Wholesale and retail trade===
[[File:Phoenix Marketcity Kurla.jpg|right|thumb|A Phoenix Marketcity mall in [[Kurla]], Mumbai]]
The retail scenario in the state consists of both organized and unorganized sectors. The
organized sector includes supermarkets, hypermarkets, departmental stores, malls and other privately owned retail chains. The
unorganized includes mainly the family owned and operated local grocery stores,
convenience stores, vegetable markets, and hawkers.<ref>Venkatachalam, R. and Madan, A., 2012. A comparative study of customer preferences towards fresh groceries: organized v/s unorganized retailers. IPEDR, 55(38), pp.188-192.[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260250142]</ref>
The unorganized sector dominates retail trade and is preferred by the consumers.<ref>[Sarwar, S., 2017. Emerging Malls Boom in Maharashtra State. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, 2(8) [http://ijasret.com/VolumeArticles/FullTextPDF/74_IJASRET_Emerging_Malls_Boom_In_Maharashtra_State.pdf]</ref>
Online shopping is becoming popular in India with Maharashtra, and particularly the city of Mumbai, leading the nation.<ref>Bansal, R., 2013. Prospects of electronic commerce in India. Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 3(1), pp.11-20.[]https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1037.3382&rep=rep1&type=pdf</ref>

===Education and Training===
The literacy rate in the state was 88.69% in 2011. Of this, male literacy stood at 92.12% and female literacy 75.75%.

*'''Primary and secondary level'''
[[File:Students of a Maharashtra Primary School (9601442866).jpg|right|thumb|Students at a state-run primary school in [[Raigad district|Raigad]] district.]]
Maharashtra schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. It is mandatory for local authorities to provide primary education under state law. However, secondary education is an optional duty.{{citation needed}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Govt-dissolves-education-board-schools-now-under-Pune-Municipal-Corporations-wing/articleshow/20920981.cms|title=Govt dissolves education board; schools now under Pune Municipal Corporation's wing - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202110818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Govt-dissolves-education-board-schools-now-under-Pune-Municipal-Corporations-wing/articleshow/20920981.cms|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/maharashtra-assembly-passes-bill-allowing-private-companies-to-open-schools-in-state-sets-guidelines/180757|title=Maharashtra Assembly passes bill allowing private companies to open schools in state, sets guidelines|access-date=2018-06-04|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202154012/https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/maharashtra-assembly-passes-bill-allowing-private-companies-to-open-schools-in-state-sets-guidelines/180757|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Public primary schools in the rural and urban are run by the area [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] or the municipal corporations respectively. Private schools are run mainly by education trusts and are required to undergo mandatory inspection by the concerned authorities. Private schools are eligible for financial aid from the state government.<ref name="ccsindia.org">Joshi, R., Regulatory Requirements for Starting a School in Poona. Centre for Civil Society, CCS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PAPERS 2004 [http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030245/http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf}}</ref>

The secondary schools are affiliated with the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)]], the [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Institute of Open School (NIOS)]] or the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]. Under the [[10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]], also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely [[liberal arts]], commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.
Instruction in schools is mainly in Marathi, English or Hindi, though instruction in other languages such as [[Urdu]], Gujarati or Kannada is also offered if there is sufficient local demand.{{citation needed}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pmc-schools-to-run-junior-colleges-from-2018-19/articleshow/63945908.cms|title=PMC schools to run junior colleges from 2018-19 - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/free-sanitary-napkins-for-girls-in-civic-schools/articleshow/64325150.cms|title=Free sanitary napkins for girls in civic schools - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202111002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/free-sanitary-napkins-for-girls-in-civic-schools/articleshow/64325150.cms|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punezp.org/educmadhyamic.html|title=Zilla Parishad Pune|website=punezp.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529175416/http://www.punezp.org/educmadhyamic.html|archive-date=29 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Private schools vary in their choice of curriculum and may follow the State Board or one of the two central boards of education, the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] or [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/cbse-class-xii-results-pune-schools-stand-tall-arts-students-shine-again/articleshow/64337808.cms|title=CBSE Class XII Results: Pune schools stand tall; Arts students shine again – Pune Mirror -|work=Pune Mirror |access-date=2018-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527072125/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/cbse-class-xii-results-pune-schools-stand-tall-arts-students-shine-again/articleshow/64337808.cms|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/done-high-90-scores-full-marks-in-subjects-bring-cheer-to-icse-schools/articleshow/64165885.cms|title=High 90% scores & full marks in subjects bring cheer to ICSE schools|work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620043432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/done-high-90-scores-full-marks-in-subjects-bring-cheer-to-icse-schools/articleshow/64165885.cms|archive-date=20 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''*Tertiary level'''
[[File:AFMC Main Building.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=AFMC Pune|[[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune]], was one of the institutions established after the Indian independence movement]]
Maharashtra has 24 universities with a turnout of 160,000 Graduates every year.<ref name="educational institute">{{cite web |title=State University |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=2 |publisher=University Grants Commission |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422051850/http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=2 |archive-date=22 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=universities>{{cite web|title=Universities of Maharashtra |url=http://www.educationinfoindia.com/maharashtradir.htm|publisher=Education information of India|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915133355/http://www.educationinfoindia.com/maharashtradir.htm|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[University of Mumbai]], is the largest university in the world in terms of the number of graduates and has 141 affiliated colleges.<ref name=colleges>{{cite web|title=Mumbai University Affiliated Colleges |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges.html |publisher=University of Mumbai |access-date=13 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509004327/http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges.html |archive-date=9 May 2014}}</ref>
According to prominent national rankings, many Maharashtra colleges and universities are ranked among highest in India.><ref>{{cite news|title=India's Best Universities for 2013|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=5&Y=2013|access-date=17 May 2014|newspaper=[[India Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518020839/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=5&Y=2013|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top colleges in state|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=8&Y=2013|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518013312/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2013/ranks.jsp?ST=Commerce&LMT=8&Y=2013|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra is also home many autonomous institutes as [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]].<ref name="autonomous colleges">{{cite web|title=List of autonomous institutes in Maharashtra|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/374autocolleges_april11.pdf|publisher=University Grants Commission|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102205937/http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/374autocolleges_april11.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of these autonomous institutes are ranked the highest in India and have very competitive entry requirements.
Pune has historically been known as a center for higher education and has been referred to as the "Oxford of the East" . In 2006, it was reported that nearly 200,000 students from across India study in Pune at nine universities and more than a hundred educational institutes.<ref>Kaul, S., 2006. Higher education in India; seizing the opportunity.INDIAN COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS [http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627163237/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/WP_179.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Top universities of Largest metropolitan economy -Pune, January −31, 2015|url=https://www.pagesecret.com/a-leading-university-of-pune/|publisher=AICTE David|access-date=31 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403183400/https://www.pagesecret.com/a-leading-university-of-pune/|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
The state has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions. Most of the private colleges were set up in the last thirty years after the State Government of [[Vasantdada Patil]] liberalised the Education Sector in 1982.<ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com"/> Although private, the government plays a regulatory role in the operations of these colleges. Politicians and leaders involved in the huge cooperative movement in Maharashtra were instrumental in setting up many private institutes<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dahiwale Vol. 30, No. 6 (11 Feb. 1995), pp.|first1=S. M.|title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=1995|volume=30|issue=6|pages=341–342|jstor=4402382}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baviskar|first1=B. S.|title=Cooperatives in Maharashtra: Challenges Ahead|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=2007|volume=42|issue=42|pages=4217–4219|jstor=40276570}}</ref> The growth of IT clusters in the state has led to a corresponding increase in setting up engineering colleges to cater for the demand for skilled labor in areas where the clusters are located such as Pune.<ref>Krishnan, S., 2014. Political Economy of India’s Tertiary Education. Economic & Political Weekly, 49(11), p.63.[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/38523421/political_economy_of_indias_tertiary_education.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DPolitical_Economy_of_Indias_Tertiary_Edu.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20190823%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190823T171446Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=49de8f9fe10de62c9167d840fb43d61e31ba561c02918439e8b008ede927edda]</ref>

[[File:PDKV Akola - Agricultural University.png|thumb|right|Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural university) at Akola]]
The state also has four agricultural universities located in different regions of state.<ref name="mcaer">{{cite web|url=http://www.mcaer.org/|title=Welcome to MCAER official website|publisher=mcaer.org|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929163851/http://www.mcaer.org/|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
There are also many regional universities that higher education needs at the district levels of the state. Apart from this, there are a number of [[Deemed university|deemed universities]] in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Deemed Universities|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/deemedunivertisite.pdf|website=aicte-india.org|publisher=[[All India Council for Technical Education]]|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219220504/http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/deemedunivertisite.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
There are also local [[community colleges]] with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition{{citation needed|reason=Your explanation here}}.

'''*Vocational training'''

There are a total of 416 ITIs and 310 ITCs with an intake of approximately 1,50,000
(1,13,644 in ITIs and 35,512 in ITCs) students.
The state has 416 post-secondary school [[industrial training institute]]s (ITIs) run by the government and 310 Industrial Training Centres (ITC) run by private entities that offer [[Vocational education|vocational training]] in numerous trades such as construction, plumbing, welding, automobile mechanic etc. Successful candidates receive the National Trade Certificate.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=James (editor)|last2=Melsens|first2=S|last3=Mangaonkar – Vaiude|first3=P|last4=Bertels|first4=Inge (Authors)|title=Building Histories: the Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Construction History Society Conference|publisher=The Construction History Society|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=978-0-9928751-3-8|pages=27–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93kkDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Industrial+training+institute%22++pune&pg=PA27|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> In 2012 approximately 1,50,000 (1,13,644 in ITIs and 35,512 in ITCs) students were enrolled in programs run by these organizations.<ref>Mujumdar, M.S.S., 2012. A Study of Significance of Vocationalization of Education and Skill Development in India-with special reference to the State of Maharashtra. Unpublished PhD Thesis). Symbiosis International University, Pune, India. MHRD.(2014). Revised Scheme of Vocationalization of Higher Secondary Education, Department of School Education and Literacy. New Delhi: MHRD.[http://www.scdl.net/pdf/PhDThesis.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123125722/http://www.scdl.net/pdf/PhDThesis.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|32}}

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Maharashtra}}
Mumbai has been the major port in Maharashtra with flourishing trade and industrial development since 17th century A.D. Major national highways, railways pass through state, aiding in fast movement of goods and people. The state has also added to the road network connecting district places to major trading ports and cities. Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur are the major airports in the state. Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport was recorded as the busiest single runway airport in the world. Two new airports, one each in Navi Mumbai and Pune are proposed to be constructed.

'''*Road Transport'''
[[File:Nashik Mumbai NH3.jpg|thumb|right|NH3, the highway that connects Mumbai and Nashik]]
The state has a large, multi-modal transportation system with the largest road network in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Multimodal transportation system in state|url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/multimodal-corridor-from-virar-to-alibaug|publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151114/https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/multimodal-corridor-from-virar-to-alibaug|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, the total length of surface road in Maharashtra was 267,452 km;<ref name=Highwaylength>{{cite web|title=Public Private Partnerships in India|url=http://pppinindia.com/infrastructure-maharashtra.php|website=pppinindia.com/|publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]|access-date=29 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830113346/http://www.pppinindia.com/infrastructure-maharashtra.php|archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> national highways comprised 4,176 km<ref>{{cite web|title=List of State-wise National Highways in India|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/general_info.php?id=15|website=knowindia.gov.in/|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=29 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021156/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/general_info.php?id=15|archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> and state highways 3,700 km.<ref name=Highwaylength /> Other district roads and village roads provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as well as the means to transport agricultural produce from villages to nearby markets. Major district roads provide a secondary function of linking between main roads and rural roads. Almost 98% of villages are connected via the highways and modern roads in Maharashtra. Average speed on state highways varies between 50 and 60 km/h (31–37 mi/h) due to heavy presence of vehicles; in villages and towns, speeds are as low as 25–30 km/h (15–18 mi/h).<ref>{{cite web|title=Village speed limit in maharashtra|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/speed/20070329.htm|website=rediff.com/|publisher=Rediff News|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903114901/http://www.rediff.com/money/report/speed/20070329.htm|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The national highways get funding from the central government, however, state highways and local roads rely on the state government. Lack of funding has led Maharashtra government to rely on the private sector to fund state highways.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singru |first1=N |title=Profile of the Indian transport sector. Operations Evaluation Department |publisher=World Bank |location=Manilla |page=9 |url=http://www.iptu.co.uk/content/trade_cluster_info/india/indian-transport-profile.pdf |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221122952/http://iptu.co.uk/content/trade_cluster_info/india/indian-transport-profile.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC) provides economical and reliable passenger road transport service in the public sector.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation |url=http://www.msrtc.gov.in/msrtc/history.html |website=msrtc.gov.in/ |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |access-date=29 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903042657/http://www.msrtc.gov.in/msrtc/history.html |archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> These buses, popularly called ST (State Transport), are the preferred mode of transport for much of the populace. Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and [[auto rickshaws]], which often ply specific routes in cities.

'''*Railways'''
[[File:RoRo.jpg|thumb|right|A [[RORO]] train at the [[Sawantwadi Road railway station]]]]
Indian government owned [[Indian Railways]] runs Rail network in Maharashtra as well as the rest of the country. The state is well-connected to other parts of the country with a railway network spanning 5,983 km between four Railways.<ref name=western>{{cite web|title=Western Railway in its present form|url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283|website=Indian Railways|publisher=[[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213185804/http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283|archive-date=13 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=central>{{cite web|title=Central Railway's Head Quarter|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,287|publisher=[[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222234920/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,287|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Central Railway Zone (India)|Central Railway]] and the [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western Railway]] zones of the [[Indian Railways]] that are headquartered in Mumbai, at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] and [[Churchgate]] respectively,
* The [[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Junction]] has the division, [[Nagpur CR railway division|Nagpur (Central)]] & [[Nagpur SEC railway division|Nagpur (South East Central)]] of [[Central Railway Zone (India)|Central Railway]] & [[South East Central Railway]] respectively.
* The [[Nanded]] division of the [[South Central Railway]] that caters to the [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra and
* The [[Konkan Railway]], a subsidiary of the Indian Railways based in [[CBD Belapur]], [[Navi Mumbai]] that serves the [[Konkan]] coastal region of Maharashtra and continues down the west coast of India.
The rail network is used for carrying freight and people but a greater percentage of freight is carried by trucks than by rail.

'''*Passenger rail'''
[[File:Nagpur - Bhusawal SF Express.jpg|thumb|right|Nagpur - Bhusawal SF Express]]
There are multiple train services that connect major cities of India to cities in Maharashtra, for example, the [[Mumbai Rajdhani Express]], the fastest [[Rajdhani Express|rajdhani]] train, connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to Mumbai.<ref name=rajdhani>{{cite news|title=Mumbai-New Delhi Rajdhani Express|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-New-Delhi-Rajdhani-Express-turns-40/articleshow/13308876.cms?referral=PM|access-date=1 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303054341/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-New-Delhi-Rajdhani-Express-turns-40/articleshow/13308876.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also many services that connect cities within Maharashtra such as the [[Deccan Queen]] connecting Mumbai with Pune. The [[Maharashtra Express]] service which connects the city of [[Kolhapur]] in southwestern Maharashtra to [[Gondia]] in Northeast Maharashtra holds the current record for the longest distance covered in one state as its entire run of 1,346 km (836 mi) is entirely within Maharashtra.
Thane and CST are the busiest railway stations in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thane-is-busiest-railway-station-in-Mumbai/articleshow/20129363.cms|title=Thane is busiest railway station in Mumbai|website=The Times of India|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031152836/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thane-is-busiest-railway-station-in-Mumbai/articleshow/20129363.cms|archive-date=31 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> the latter serving as a terminal for both long-distance trains and commuter trains of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.

Maharashtra also has suburban railway networks in [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai]] and [[Pune Suburban Railway|Pune]] that carry around 6.4 million passengers every day using the same tracks that are used by long-distance passenger and freight trains.<ref name="IBE2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Maharasthra_271211.pdf |title=Maharashtra – Physical Infrastructure, Railways |publisher=IBEF |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517141307/http://www.ibef.org/download/Maharasthra_271211.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
'''*Sea ports'''
The two principal sea ports, [[Mumbai Port Trust|Mumbai Port]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNP]] (also called Nhava Sheva), which is also in the Mumbai region, are under the control and supervision of the government of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of ports in Maharashtra|url=http://www.mahammb.com/regional-port-offices.htm|website=Regional Port Offices|publisher=Maharashtra Maritime Board|access-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203004608/http://www.mahammb.com/regional-port-offices.htm|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> JNP accounts for more than half of total container volumes handled at India's 12 public ports and around 40 percent of the nation's overall containerized ocean trade.<ref name="JOC">{{cite web | url = http://www.joc.com/port-news/asian-ports/port-nhava-sheva/india's-major-ports-see-67-percent-growth-container-volumes_20150407.html | title = India's major ports see 6.7 percent growth in container volumes | publisher = JOC.com. | date = 7 April 2015 | access-date = 27 June 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150507235822/http://www.joc.com/port-news/asian-ports/port-nhava-sheva/india%E2%80%99s-major-ports-see-67-percent-growth-container-volumes_20150407.html | archive-date = 7 May 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref> There are around 48 minor ports in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sea ports of Maharashtra|url=http://www.oocities.org/ggavaska/seaports.html|publisher=Geo cities organisation|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222132738/http://www.oocities.org/ggavaska/seaports.html|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of these handle passenger traffic and have a limited capacity. None of the major rivers in Maharashtra are navigable and so river transport does not exist in the state.
'''*Air transport'''
Almost all the major cities of Maharashtra have airports. [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|CSIA]] (formerly Bombay International Airport) and [[Juhu Airport]] are the two airports in Mumbai. The two other international airports are [[Pune International Airport]] and [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]] (Nagpur). While [[Aurangabad Airport]] is a domestic airport operated by [[Airports Authority of India]]. Flights are operated by both private and government airline companies. [[Ozar Airport|Nashik Airport]] is also a major airport.
Most of the State's airfields are operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) while [[Reliance Infrastructure#Reliance Airport Project|Reliance Airport Developers (RADPL)]], currently operate five non-metro airports at [[Latur Airport|Latur]], [[Nanded Airport|Nanded]], [[Baramati Airport|Baramati]], [[Osmanabad Airport|Osmanabad]] and [[Yavatmal airport|Yavatmal]] on a 95-year lease.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Reliance Airport gets five projects on lease |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Reliance-Airport-gets-five-projects-on-lease/articleshow/4861274.cms?referral=PM |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130212553/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Reliance-Airport-gets-five-projects-on-lease/articleshow/4861274.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=30 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] (MADC) was set up in 2002 to take up development of airports in the state that are not under the AAI or the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC). MADC is playing the lead role in the planning and implementation of the [[Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur]] (MIHAN) project.<ref name="MADC">{{cite web|url=http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html |title=MIDC projects |publisher=[[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] |access-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226054653/http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html |archive-date=26 February 2012}}</ref> Additional smaller airports include [[Akola Airport|Akola]], [[Amravati Airport|Amravati]], [[Chandrapur Airport|Chandrapur]], [[Dhule Airport|Dhule]], [[Gondia Airport|Gondia]], [[Jalgaon Airport|Jalgaon]], [[Karad Airport|Karad]], [[Kolhapur Airport|Kolhapur]], [[Gandhinagar Airport|Nashik Road]], [[Ratnagiri Airport|Ratnagiri]], and [[Solapur Airport|Solapur]].<ref name=smaller>{{cite web|title=Statewise airfield list|url=http://cad.gujarat.gov.in/maharashtra-airfiled.htm|website=cad.gujarat.gov.in/|publisher=Director Civil Aviation, Government of Gujarat|access-date=5 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208124543/http://cad.gujarat.gov.in/maharashtra-airfiled.htm|archive-date=8 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Maharashtra}}
Tourism is a major industry in Maharashtra with areas around Aurangabad, Mumbai and Pune. Places of interest include ancient caves and monuments at [[Ajantha, Maharashtra|Ajanta]], [[Ellora]], [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]] and [[Karli, India|Karle]]-Bhaje, numerous mountain forts from the Maratha empire era such as [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]], [[Sinhagad]], [[Rajgad]], [[Shivneri]], [[Panhala]], British era hill stations such as [[Lonavala]], [[Khandala]], [[Mahabaleshwar]], and [[Matheran]], tiger reserves such as Melghat, Nagzira, and [[Tadoba]], and national parks such as Navegaon Bandh.

Religious tourism includes places such as Shirdi (Saibaba temple), Nashik (Hindu holy place), Nanded (Gurdwara), Nagpur (Dikshabhomi), [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak temple]] and Haji Ali Dargah in Mumbai and Pandharpur (Vitthal-Rukmini temple) as well as the five [[Jyotirlinga]]s out of eleven and [[Shakti peetha]]s such as Kolhapur (Mahalakshmi Temple).

Numerous beaches, adventure tourism sites, amusement parks, and water parks also add to the tourism in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/?MenuID=1124 |title=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816110004/https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/?MenuID=1124 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==State Government revenue and spending==

Article 246<ref name=coi/> of the [[Indian Constitution]], distributes legislative powers including taxation, between the [[Parliament of India]] and the [[Vidhan Sabha|State Legislature]].<ref name=coi>{{cite act| title =[[Constitution of India|THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA]]| type = Act| language =en| date =26 November 1949| article =| article-type = | page =| url =http://www.legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india}}</ref>

The constitution does not have provision for the central government and the States to have concurrent power of taxation.<ref name="Distribution of">{{Citation|title=Distribution of Powers between Centre, States and Local Governments |url=http://www.hcicolombo.org/PDF/Presentation%20on%20Distribution%20of%20Powers.ppt |access-date=2009-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611181342/http://www.hcicolombo.org/PDF/Presentation%20on%20Distribution%20of%20Powers.ppt |archive-date=11 June 2007 }}</ref> The tables below lists the thirteen taxes to be levied by the Central government and nineteen taxes by States including Maharashtra.<ref name="Distribution of" />

=== Central government of India ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! SL. No.
! Taxes as per [[Union List]]
|-
| 82
| '''[[Income tax in India|Income tax]]:''' Taxes on income other than agricultural income.
|-
| 83
| '''Custom Duty''': Duties of [[customs]] including [[export]] duties
|-
| 84
| '''Excise Duty''': Duties of [[excise]] on the following goods manufactured or produced in India namely (a)[[Petroleum|Petroleum crude]] (b)[[Diesel fuel|high speed diesel]] (c)[[Gasoline|motor spirit]] (commonly known as petrol) (d)[[natural gas]] (e) [[Jet fuel|aviation turbine fuel]] and (f)[[Tobacco]] and tobacco products
|-
| 85
| [[Corporation Tax]]
|-
| 86
| [[Property tax|Taxes on capital value of assets]], exclusive of agricultural land, of individuals and companies, taxes on capital of companies
|-
| 87
| [[Estate duty]] in respect of property other than agricultural land
|-
| 88
| [[Inheritance tax|Duties in respect of succession to property]] other than agricultural land
|-
| 89
| Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway fares and freight.
|-
| 90
| Taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets
|-
| 92A
| Taxes on sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce
|-
| 92B
| Taxes on the consignment of goods in the course of inter-State trade or commerce
|-
| 97
| All residuary types of taxes not listed in any of the three lists of Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/|title=Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation - Government Of India|website=mospi.nic.in|access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref>

=== State governments ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! SL. No.
! '''Taxes as per [[State List]]'''
|-
| 45
| Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance of land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues etc.
|-
| 46
| Taxes on agricultural income
|-
| 47
| Duties in respect of succession to agricultural land.
|-
| 48
| Estate Duty in respect of agricultural land
|-
| 49
| Taxes on lands and buildings.
|-
| 50
| Taxes on mineral rights.
|-
| 51
| Duties of excise for following goods manufactured or produced within the State (i) alcoholic liquors for human consumption, and (ii) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics.
|-
| 53
| '''Electricity Duty''':Taxes on the consumption or sale of [[electricity]]<ref name=dutyact1963>{{cite act| title =THE KERALA ELECTRICITY DUTY ACT, 1963| type = ACT 23 | language =en| date =1963| article =| article-type = | page =| url=http://ceikerala.gov.in/images/pdf/ActsRules/dutyact1963_a.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 54
| Taxes on sale of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (commonly known as petrol), Natural gas aviation turbine fuel and alcohol liquor for human consumption but not including sale in the course of inter state or commerce or sale in the source of international trade or commerce such goods.
|-
| 56
| Taxes on goods and passengers carried by roads or on inland waterways.
|-
| 57
| [[Road tax|Taxes on vehicles suitable for use on roads]].
|-
| 58
| Taxes on animals and boats.
|-
| 59
| [[Toll road|Tolls]].
|-
| 60
| [[Professional Tax|Taxes on profession, trades, callings and employments]].
|-
| 61
| [[Poll tax|Capitation taxes]].
|-
| 62
| Taxes on entertainment and amusements to be extent levied and collected by a panchayat or Municipality or a regional council or a district council.
|-
| 63
| [[Stamp duty]]
|}

===Goods and Services Tax ===
The tax came into effect from 1 July 2017 through the implementation of the [[One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India]] by the [[Indian government]]. The GST replaced existing multiple taxes levied by the [[Govt of India|central]] and [[States of India|state]] governments.
It an [[indirect tax]] (or [[consumption tax]]) used on the supply of goods and services. It is a comprehensive, multistage, destination-based tax: comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the indirect taxes except a few state taxes. Multi-staged as it is, the GST is imposed at every step in the production process, but is meant to be refunded to all parties in the various stages of production other than the final consumer and as a destination-based tax, it is collected from point of consumption and not point of origin like previous taxes.

==Labour force==
As of 2015, 52.7% of the workers in the state were in the agriculture sector. 25.4% are of these were cultivators (land owners), while 27.3% were agricultural labourers.<ref>Shroff, S., 2015. 1 lakh farmers quit agriculture in 5 years in Maharashtra.[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/36567]</ref>
The state has a significant interstate and intrastate migrant worker population. Out of state workers primarily come from states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Rajasthan]]. Migrant workers primarily find employment in the more developed regions of the state such Mumbai, Pune and Nashik metropolitan areas of western Maharashtra as well as to a lesser extent in the Aurangabad and Nagpur regions. Intrastate migrants also find opportunities in the regions mentioned above.<ref>Kisan Algur Regional Composition of Migrant and Non -Migrant Workers in Maharashtra, India International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS), 2017, Vol 4, No.2,152-156.
[http://www.ijims.com]</ref>

===Income and poverty===
===Organized labour===

==Economy of regions==
[[File:Maharashtra Divisions Eng.svg|thumb|right|Divisions of Maharashtra]]
Maharashtra is divided into six divisions for administrative purposes viz. Amravati, Nagpur, Aurangabad, Konkan, Nashik, and Pune. These divisions broadly coincide with Vidarbha (Amravati & Nagpur divisions), Marathwada (Aurangabad), Western Maharashtra (Pune and Nashik divisions), Konkan (Excluding Mumbai Metropolitan region), and Mumbai Metropolitan region. Mumbai metropolitan region and Western Maharashtra are economically the most developed regions and account for the greatest proportion of the states GDP. The Marathwada region is the least developed region mainly because it previously belonged to the princely state of Hyderabad.

===Mumbai Metropolitan area===
{{Main|Mumbai}}
[[File:Mumbai Metropolitan Region.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Mumbai metropolitan region]]
Mumbai is India's largest city (by population) and is the financial and commercial capital of India as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP.<ref name="mmrda muip gdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-date=26 February 2009 |title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref name="Mumbai global">{{cite web|url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm|title = Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course!|last = Thomas|first = T.|publisher = Rediff|date = 27 April 2007|access-date = 31 May 2009|location = New Delhi|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081118221806/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm|archive-date = 18 November 2008|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite news|url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636|title=GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest|access-date=5 September 2009|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105082319/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636|archive-date=5 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It serves as an economic hub of India, contributing 10% of factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of [[income tax]] collections, 60% of [[customs (tax)|customs duty]] collections, 20% of central [[excise tax]] collections, 40% of India's [[foreign trade]] and {{INRConvert|4000|c}} in [[corporate tax]]es.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=51}}</ref> Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s.<ref>{{harvnb|Kelsey|2008|p=208}}</ref> Although Mumbai had prominently figured as the hub of economic activity of India in the 1990s, the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] is presently witnessing a reduction in its contribution to India's GDP.<ref name="ecoprofile">{{cite web | url = http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf | title = City Development Plan (Economic Profile) | access-date = 25 August 2013 | author = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) | quote = Mumbai, at present, is in reverse gear, as regards the economic growth and quality of life. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131125052153/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf | archive-date = 25 November 2013 | url-status = live}}</ref>

{{As of|2015}}, Mumbai's metro area GDP (PPP) was estimated at $368 billion.<ref name="times Delhi-not-Mumbai">{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Clara|title=Delhi, not Mumbai, India's economic capital|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Delhi-not-Mumbai-Indias-economic-capital/articleshow/55655582.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214065413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Delhi-not-Mumbai-Indias-economic-capital/articleshow/55655582.cms|archive-date=14 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[State Bank of India]] (SBI), [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC), [[Tata Group]], [[Godrej Group|Godrej]] and [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]]),<ref name="Mumbai global" /> and five of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies are based in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fortune Global 500|url=http://fortune.com/global500/|publisher=CNN|access-date=28 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509014825/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/index.html|archive-date=9 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> This is facilitated by the presence of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE), and financial sector regulators such as the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI).<ref name="ecoprofile" />

Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since then diversified to include [[finance]], [[engineering]], diamond-polishing, [[healthcare]] and information technology.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=52}}</ref>
The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and [[Business process outsourcing|ITES]], textiles, and entertainment. [[Nariman Point]] and [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres.<ref name="ecoprofile" /> Despite competition from [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Pune]], Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. The Santacruz Electronic [[Free-trade zone|Export Processing Zone]] (SEEPZ) and the International Infotech Park ([[Navi Mumbai]]) offer excellent facilities to IT companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Role%20of%20Mumbai%20City%20in%20Indian%20Economy.pdf |title=Role of Mumbai in Indian Economy |access-date=25 August 2013 |last=Jadhav |first=Narendra |author-link=Narendra Jadhav |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522221937/http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Role%20of%20Mumbai%20City%20in%20Indian%20Economy.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref>

State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such [[blue collar]] professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, with [[Mumbai Port]] being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |title=Indian Ports Association, Operational Details |access-date=16 April 2009 |publisher=Indian Ports Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022515/http://ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], in central Mumbai, has an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.<ref name="gua">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=McDougall |title=Waste not, want not in the £700m slum |work=The Guardian|location=UK |access-date=29 April 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831032146/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |archive-date=31 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mumbai has been ranked sixth among top ten global cities on the billionaire count with 28<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-sixth-among-top-10-global-cities-on-billionaire-count/articleshow/19978005.cms?referral=PM|title=Mumbai sixth among top 10 global cities on billionaire count|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804042725/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-sixth-among-top-10-global-cities-on-billionaire-count/articleshow/19978005.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=4 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and 46,000 millionaires, with total wealth around $820 billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/|title=Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 billion, Delhi comes second: Report|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063903/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/|archive-date=27 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 48th on the [[Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index]] 2008,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url = http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf|title = Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008|publisher = [[MasterCard]]|page = 21|access-date = 28 April 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014257/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf|archive-date = 4 May 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> seventh in the list of "Top Ten Cities for Billionaires" by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine (April 2008),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000|work=Forbes|title=In Pictures: The Top 10 Cities For Billionaires|access-date=28 April 2009|first=Chaniga|last=Vorasarun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422212819/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000|archive-date=22 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> and first in terms of those billionaires' average wealth.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |title=Cities of the Billionaires |last=Vorasarun |first=Chaniga |work=Forbes |access-date=28 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417171221/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |archive-date=17 April 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2008}}, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an "Alpha world city", third in its categories of [[Global city|Global cities]].<ref name="lboro2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2008|work=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC)|publisher=[[Loughborough University]]|access-date=7 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301154717/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|archive-date=1 March 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009.<ref name="World Bank and International Financial Corporation">{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/subnational-reports/india|title=Doing Business in India 2009|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=8 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018092951/http://www.doingbusiness.org/Reports/Subnational-Reports/India|archive-date=18 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Pune Division===
====Pune metropolitan region====
{{Main|Pune}}
As one of the largest cities of India and major centre of learning with several colleges and universities, Pune has emerged as a prominent location for [[information technology|IT]] and manufacturing. Pune has the eighth largest metropolitan economy
<ref>{{citation|url= https://www.pagesecret.com/a-leading-university-of-pune/|title= Top universities of Largest metropolitan economy -Pune, January −31, 2015|publisher= AICTE David|access-date= 26 February 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150403183400/https://www.pagesecret.com/a-leading-university-of-pune/|archive-date= 3 April 2015|url-status= live}}</ref> and the sixth highest per capita income in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/top-ten-cities-of-india/top-ten-wealthiest-towns-india.html|title=Top Ten Wealthiest Towns of India|publisher=Maps of India|access-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309081911/http://www.mapsofindia.com/top-ten-cities-of-india/top-ten-wealthiest-towns-india.html|archive-date=9 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Automotive companies such as [[Bajaj Auto]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], [[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes Benz]], [[Force Motors]] (Firodia-Group), [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Motors]], [[General Motors]], [[Land Rover]], [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], [[Renault]], [[Volkswagen India|Volkswagen]], and [[Fiat India Automobiles|Fiat]] have set up greenfield facilities near Pune, leading ''[[The Independent]]'' to cite Pune as India's "Motor City".<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/the-boom-is-over-in-detroit-but-now-india-has-its-own-motor-city-812050.html |title = The boom is over in Detroit. But now India has its own motor city |access-date = 22 April 2008 |date = 20 April 2008 |location = London |work = The Independent |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080421010509/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/the-boom-is-over-in-detroit-but-now-india-has-its-own-motor-city-812050.html |archive-date = 21 April 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref>

The [[Kirloskar Group]], was the first to bring industry to Pune by setting up Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. in 1945 at Kirkee in Pune. The Group was originally set up in [[Kirloskarwadi]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/kk-swamy-appointed-md-and-vice-president-of-volkswagen-india/315964/ |title = K. K. Swamy appointed MD of Volkswagen India|work=The Indian Express |access-date=14 December 2009}}</ref> [[Kirloskar Brothers Limited]] (One of India's largest manufacturer and exporter of pumps and the largest infrastructure pumping project contractor in Asia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/kirloskar-brothers-restructure-group-dilute-cross-holdings_428696.html|title=Kirloskar Brothers restructure group|publisher=CNBC-TV18|access-date=14 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206043708/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/kirloskar-brothers-restructure-group-dilute-cross-holdings_428696.html|archive-date=6 December 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianpumpsandvalves.com/pumps|title=Pump Industry in India – Overview, Market, Manufacturers, Opportunities|website=Indian Pumps And Valves|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613183819/https://www.indianpumpsandvalves.com/pumps|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>), Kirloskar Oil Engines (India's largest [[diesel engine]] company<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14612146_ITM|title=Kirloskar Oil Engines|publisher=India Business Insight|access-date=14 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909200603/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14612146_ITM|archive-date=9 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>), Kirloskar Pneumatics Co. Ltd., and other [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]] companies are based in Pune.

The Hinjawadi IT Park (officially called the Rajeev Gandhi IT Park) is a project started by [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] to house the IT sector in Pune. When completed, the Hinjawadi IT Park is expected to encompass an area of about {{convert|2800|acre|km2}}. The estimated investment in the project is {{INRConvert|600|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://megapolis.co.in/hinjewadi-it-park.html |title=Hinjawadi IT park |work=The MegaPolis |access-date=13 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318015457/http://www.megapolis.co.in/hinjewadi-it-park.html |archive-date=18 March 2009}}</ref> To facilitate economic growth, the government made liberal incentives in its IT and [[Www.mah.stpi.in/document/itPolicy2003.pdf|ITES Policy, 2003]] and leased properties on MIDC land.<ref name="hinjewadiet">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2604416.cms |title=Hinjawadi, the land of opportunity |work=The Economic times |location=India |access-date=13 November 2009 |first1=Prachi |last1=Bari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509022917/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2604416.cms |archive-date=9 May 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The IT sector employs more than 4 lakh people. Software giant [[Microsoft]] intends to set up a {{INRConvert|7|b}} project in [[Hinjawadi]].<ref name="hinjewadiet" />
[[File:World-Trade-Center-Pune.jpg|thumb|World Trade Centre in Pune, Maharashtra|200x200px]]
Pune Food Cluster development project is an initiative funded by the [[World Bank]]. It is being implemented with the help of [[Small Industries Development Bank of India|SIDBI]], Cluster Craft to facilitate the development of the fruit and vegetable processing industries in and around Pune.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.punefoodhub.com/about |title = PuneFoodHub.com – Food Cluster Pune |access-date = 15 October 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090904140153/http://www.punefoodhub.com/about |archive-date = 4 September 2009 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.punefoodhub.com/partners |title = PuneFoodHub.com – Project Partners |access-date = 15 October 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090905173144/http://www.punefoodhub.com/partners |archive-date = 5 September 2009 |url-status = live }}</ref>

Pune has also emerged as a new startup hub in India with tech startups like Pubmatic, Firstcry.com, Storypick.com, TripHobo,<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://trak.in/tags/business/2014/06/30/triphobo-funding/|title = Pune Based TripHobo Raises $3 Mln Series B Funding|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160103182259/http://trak.in/tags/business/2014/06/30/triphobo-funding|archive-date = 3 January 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> TastyKhana.com (acquired by Foodpanda),<ref>{{cite news|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-18/news/56221947_1_tastykhana-shachin-bharadwaj-hellofood|title = Food delivery service Foodpanda acquires rival TastyKhana|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151113204604/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-18/news/56221947_1_tastykhana-shachin-bharadwaj-hellofood|archive-date = 13 November 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> Swipe setting up base in Pune.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Startups-find-Pune-a-fertile-ground/articleshow/48566273.cms|title = Startups find Pune a fertile ground|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150824090600/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Startups-find-Pune-a-fertile-ground/articleshow/48566273.cms|archive-date = 24 August 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> [[NASSCOM]] in association with [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] have started a co-working space for city based startups under its '10,000 startup' initiative at Kharadi MIDC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasscom.in/startup-warehouses-set-navi-mumbai-and-pune?fg=1420175|title=Start-up Warehouses set up in Navi Mumbai and Pune {{!}} NASSCOM|website=www.nasscom.in|access-date=2016-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207202001/http://www.nasscom.in/startup-warehouses-set-navi-mumbai-and-pune?fg=1420175|archive-date=7 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It will incubate startup such as Kandawale from OhMyDealer in first batch.

The [[Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions]] trade is expected to get a boost once the Pune International Exhibition and Convention Centre (PIECC) completes in 2017. The 97-hectare PIECC will boast a [[seating capacity]] of 20,000 with a floor area of {{convert|13000|m²|0|abbr=on}}. It will have seven exhibition centres, a convention centre, a golf course, a five-star hotel, a business complex, shopping malls, and residences. The US$115 million project is developed by the Pimpri-Chinchwad New Town Development Authority.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune gets green light for massive MICE centre|url=http://www.ttgmice.com/article/pune-gets-green-light-for-massive-mice-centre/|publisher=TTGmice|access-date=12 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605132238/http://www.ttgmice.com/article/pune-gets-green-light-for-massive-mice-centre/|archive-date=5 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nowadays a growing number of automotive dealerships are springing up all over the city. They include luxury car makers like [[Jaguar Land Rover]], [[Mercedes Benz]], [[BMW]], [[Audi]], and motorcycle manufacturers like [[Kawasaki motorcycles|Kawasaki]], [[KTM]], [[Benelli (motorcycles)|Benelli]], [[Ducati]], [[BMW]] and [[Harley Davidson]].

===Vidarbha===
{{Main|Nagpur}}
[[File:Vidarbha Region.png|thumb|right|Vidarbha region]]
[[Vidarbha]]'s economy is primarily agricultural, with the addition of forest and mineral wealth.
An international cargo hub project, the [[Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur]], (MIHAN), has been developed.<ref name="aboutmadc">{{cite web|url=http://www.madcindia.org/aboutmadc.htm |title=Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited |access-date=14 May 2008 |publisher=madcindia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510173353/http://www.madcindia.org/aboutmadc.htm |archive-date=10 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="factsheet">{{cite web|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archieve/factsheet/2005/fscivil2005.pdf|title=Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited|access-date=29 January 2008|publisher=Press Information Bureau and Ministry of Civil Aviation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909000315/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archieve/factsheet/2005/fscivil2005.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> MIHAN will be used for handling heavy cargo coming from South-East Asia and Middle-East Asia. The project will also include a {{INRConvert|100|b}} [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ)<ref name="Nagpur container depot fastest growing in India, Nagpur ATR busiest in India, Trains going through Nagpur, National Highways through Nagpur, Nagpur SEZ stats, Land prices in Ramdaspeth etc./"> {{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/3713.html|title=Nagpur stakes claim to lead boomtown pack|work=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125003/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/3713.html |archive-date=29 September 2007|access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> for information-technology companies. This will be India's biggest development project.<ref name="biggest_development_project">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-22/nagpur/27875804_1_mihan-health-city-r-c-sinha|title=Mihan is biggest development|access-date=22 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314133754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-22/nagpur/27875804_1_mihan-health-city-r-c-sinha|archive-date=14 March 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Gondia]], [[Yavatmal]], [[Chandrapur]], [[Akola]], [[Amravati]] and [[Nagpur]] are the major cities of the region. Nagpur is a central hub for business and healthcare. Nagpur is the winter capital, a sprawling metropolis and the third largest city of the state after Mumbai and Pune. Nagpur is also called Orange city for the huge orange producing area surrounding the city. It also has the largest timber market of Asia.
Amravati is known for film distributors and cloth markets.
[[Chandrapur]] has a thermal power station which is one of the biggest in India and some other heavy industries such as paper ([[BILT]] Ballarpur), steel (MEL from [[Steel Authority of India]], etc.), cement ([[UltraTech Cement]], [[Ambuja Cements]], [[ACC Limited]], Manikgarh Cement, Murli Cement) industries and numerous coal mines.<ref>{{cite web |quote=ET Bureau 24 Dec 2008, 01.29am IST |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-12-24/news/27722689_1_nagpur-growth-nucleus-second-greenest-city |title=Nagpur - Growth Nucleus of India - timesofindia-economictimes |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2015-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714065339/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-12-24/news/27722689_1_nagpur-growth-nucleus-second-greenest-city |archive-date=14 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Nashik Division===
{{Main|Nashik}}
[[File:Nashik Division.png|right|thumb|Map of Nashik Division which includes districts of Ahmadnagar, Nashik, Jalgaon, Nandurbar and Dhule]]
Nashik is one of the fast-growing cities of India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |title=City Mayors: World's fastest growing urban areas (1) |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090345/http://citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> and has been included in Smart city project by Central Government of India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/Amritsar-tops-new-smart-city-list/articleshow/54448624.cms |title=Smart City mission: Amritsar tops new smart city list | Amritsar News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010075736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/Amritsar-tops-new-smart-city-list/articleshow/54448624.cms |archive-date=10 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/smart-city-projects-to-kick-off-this-month/articleshow/63633799.cms |title=Smart City projects to kick off this month | Nashik News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207044653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/smart-city-projects-to-kick-off-this-month/articleshow/63633799.cms |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> along with The Igatpuri-Nashik-Sinnar investment region<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/magnetic-maharashtra-delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor-to-be-showcased-5058042/ |title=Magnetic Maharashtra: Delhi-Mumbai industrial corridor to be showcased |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519121542/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/magnetic-maharashtra-delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor-to-be-showcased-5058042/ |archive-date=19 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> as an important node in the US$90 billion [[Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor-launched-in-maharashtra/1230819/ |title=Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor launched in Maharashtra |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021338/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor-launched-in-maharashtra/1230819/ |archive-date=14 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>"Magnetic Maharashtra: Delhi-Mumbai industrial corridor to be showcased". ''The Indian Express''. Retrieved 19 May 2018.</ref> Economy of the city is mainly driven by manufacturing and engineering industry and highly progressive agriculture in the areas surrounding the Nashik city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/95441/15/15_chapter6.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409110143/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/95441/15/15_chapter6.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many Large scale industry giants have their manufacturing plants and units in the city with presence of companies such as [[Atlas Copco]], [[Robert Bosch GmbH]], [[CEAT Limited]], [[Crompton Greaves]], Graphite India, [[Schneider Electric]], [[ThyssenKrupp]], [[Epcos]], Everest Industries, Gabriel India, [[GlaxoSmithKline]], Hindustan Coca-Cola, [[Hindustan Unilever Limited]], Jindal Polyester, Jyoti Structures, Kirloskar Oil Engines, KSB Pumps, Larsen & Toubro, [[Mahindra and Mahindra]], Mahindra Sona, United Spirits Limited, Perfect Circle Industries, Mahindra Ugine Steel, [[Samsonite]], Shalimar Paints, Siemens, VIP Industries, Indian Oil Corporation, XLO India Limited and Jindal Saw.

Apart from manufacturing, Nashik is also emerging as an investment destination for Information Technology companies. [[Tata Consultancy Services]] has invested in Nashik under the Government of India BPO promotion scheme (IBPS).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://meity.gov.in/ibps |title=Request Rejected |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207030745/https://meity.gov.in/ibps |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, WNS, ACRES, Accenture, ICOMET technologies TCS has set up Digital Impact Square, or DISQ,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.digitalimpactsquare.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207021332/https://www.digitalimpactsquare.com/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> which is a social innovation center.

Nashik has a textile industry. [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nabard.org/ |title=NABARD - National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203021303/https://nabard.org/ |archive-date=3 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> has selected Yeola Block for development of [[Paithani]] Cluster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/paithani-cluster-yeola-private-limited/U74120MH2011PTC221183|title=Paithani Cluster Yeola Private Limited Information - Paithani Cluster Yeola Private Limited Company Profile, Paithani Cluster Yeola Private Limited News on the Economic Times}}</ref> To facilitate exports, a container freight station was started at [[MIDC]] Ambad by the Central Government.
The city also have pharmaceutical industry with presence of [[Mylan]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mylan.in/ |title=Mylan - Better Health for a Better World |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072207/http://www.mylan.in/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Holden,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://holdenlabindia.com/ |title=Your Choice for Better Health-Holden Medical Laboratories |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119105232/http://holdenlabindia.com/ |archive-date=19 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> fem and Glaxo
Smith Kline. There are main five industrial zones under [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.midcindia.org/home |title=MIDC |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015523/https://www.midcindia.org/home |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the city which are Satpur, Ambad, Sinnar, Igatpuri, Dindori, and Vinchur. The proposed additional areas are Sinnar, Malegaon and Rajur Bahula.
Lately, Nasik has emerged as Wine Capital of India<ref>http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/Wines-from-Nashik---the-wine-capital-of-India_19223423.html {{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> with 45
local wineries and vineyards lead by brands such as [[Sula Vineyards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sulawines.com/ |title=Sula Vineyards PVT. LTD. - Taste the SULA Life |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212233548/https://sulawines.com/ |archive-date=12 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Sula Vineyards]]</ref>{{Circular reference}}, Yorkwinery,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yorkwinery.com/ |title=YORK is the best winery in India, producing the finest wines in Nashik |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015605/http://www.yorkwinery.com/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zampa<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.groverzampa.in/ |title=Grover Zampa |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225184133/http://www.groverzampa.in/ |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Soma which have
international recognition as Nashik Valley wines<ref>[[Nashik valley wine]]</ref>{{Circular reference}} these vineyards are also developing the tourism related to wine testing and vineyards. Nashik is also known as a main
exporter of pomegranates, grapes<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailyrecords.com/2018-2019-2020-2021/world-famous-top-10-list/india/largest-grapes-producing-states-india-maharashtra/18389/ |title=Top 10 Largest Grapes Producing States in India |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015133/http://www.thedailyrecords.com/2018-2019-2020-2021/world-famous-top-10-list/india/largest-grapes-producing-states-india-maharashtra/18389/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and onions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/Onion-cultivation-on-the-rise-in-some-districts-of-Maharashtra/article20690178.ece|title = Onion cultivation on the rise in some districts of Maharashtra| date=17 November 2013 }}</ref>

Nashik is a defense and aerospace manufacturing hub with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] aircraft manufacturing plant and [[DRDO]] located at Ozar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hal-india.com/aircraftdivisionnasik.asp |title=Welcome to HAL - Aircraft Division |website=hal-india.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323073214/http://hal-india.com/aircraftdivisionnasik.asp |archive-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Artillery Centre in Nashik is the biggest in Asia<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nashikonline.in/city-guide/artillery-centre-in-nashik |title=Artillery Centre in Nashik, Features of Artillery Centre in Nashik |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207021447/http://www.nashikonline.in/city-guide/artillery-centre-in-nashik |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nashik is also among the two cities selected by the Central Government for establishing defence innovation centre<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/innovation-hub-announced-for-nashik/articleshow/67577217.cms |title=Innovation hub announced for Nashik | Nashik News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416181615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/innovation-hub-announced-for-nashik/articleshow/67577217.cms |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> other being in Coimbatore.
The city is also home to The Currency Note Press<ref>"Currency Note Press, Nashik has Highest Ever Monthly Production of 451.5 Million Pieces (MPCS) of Banknotes during January 2013". Press Information Bureau, Government of India</ref> and India Security Press, where Indian currency and government stamp papers are printed respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cnpnashik.spmcil.com/SPMCIL/Interface/Home.aspx |title=CNPN Home |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627223555/http://cnpnashik.spmcil.com/spmcil/Interface/Home.aspx |archive-date=27 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=92109 |title=Press Information Bureau |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015107/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=92109 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Marathwada===
[[File:Aurangabad Division.png|thumb|right|map of Marathwada]]
{{Main|Economy of Aurangabad, Maharashtra}}
The word "[[Marathwada]]" has been used since the times of the Nizams. The region coincides with the Aurangabad Division of Maharashtra. Since the establishment of the state of Maharashtra in 1960 and later that of MIDC, new industrial development has taken place in Marathwada region however it is concentrated mainly around the district of Aurangabad. The remaining six districts of the region have not benefited to any great extent in the process of industrialization. The main reason for such uneven development was the better
infrastructure facilities available in Aurangabad city in relation to other districts and places in the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chobe. |first1=C.N. |title=(MIDC and Infrastructure: Role of MIDC in Development of Industrial Infrastructure |journal=International Journal in Management and Social Science |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=527–538 |access-date=22 December 2021|url=https://ijmr.net.in/current/ExBBKsg8IZF70P2.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]]
* [[Make in India]]

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Pradeep|title=Human Geography: Energy Resources|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8183562867|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=gluten+solubility|year=2007}}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.joc.com/port-news/asian-ports/port-nhava-sheva/india’s-major-ports-see-67-percent-growth-container-volumes_20150407.html | title = India's major ports see 6.7 percent growth in container volumes | publisher = JOC.com. | date = 7 April 2015| access-date = 27 June 2015}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |title=Mumbai vision 2015: agenda for urban renewal |last1=Swaminathan |first1=R. |first2=Jaya |last2=Goyal |publisher=Macmillan India in association with Observer Research Foundation |year=2006}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kelsey |first=Jane |title=Serving Whose Interests?: The Political Economy of Trade in Services Agreements |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-44821-5 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://finance.maharashtra.gov.in/default.aspx Finance Department, Maharashtra State]

{{Maharashtra}}
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[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra| ]]

K. M. Munshi

2022-03-17T07:43:27Z

Lovebuddy143: Article constructed.

#REDIRECT [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]]

CEO

2022-01-17T11:46:35Z

Lovebuddy143: Published a well-researched resource.

#REDIRECT [[Chief executive officer]]

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